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diff --git a/old/66185-0.txt b/old/66185-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e88a0f1..0000000 --- a/old/66185-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,762 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Observations on the Oleum Jecoris -Aselli or Cod-liver Oil, by John Savory - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Observations on the Oleum Jecoris Aselli or Cod-liver Oil - Its nature, properties, mode of preparation, &c. - -Author: John Savory - -Release Date: August 30, 2021 [eBook #66185] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBSERVATIONS ON THE OLEUM -JECORIS ASELLI OR COD-LIVER OIL *** - - - - - - OBSERVATIONS - ON - THE COD-LIVER OIL. - - - - - OBSERVATIONS - ON THE - OLEUM JECORIS ASELLI, - OR - COD-LIVER OIL; - - ITS NATURE, PROPERTIES, MODE OF PREPARATION, &c. - - - BY - JOHN SAVORY, - - MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES, LATE PRESIDENT OF THE - ROYAL PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN, &c. &c. - - - LONDON: - JOHN CHURCHILL, PRINCES STREET, SOHO. - 1849. - - - - - LONDON: - G. J. PALMER, PRINTER, SAVOY-STREET, STRAND. - - - - - ON - COD-LIVER OIL. - - -The introduction of a new therapeutical agent into general practice -cannot fail to interest the medical profession and the public, and, -profiting by the experience attained in a consideration of the manner -in which former remedies have been brought into notice, extolled for -their efficacy, persevered in for a time, and then gradually permitted -to fall into disuse, and finally sink into oblivion, it will doubtless -be useful to review the circumstances attendant upon the proposal now -so generally entertained of the administration of the cod-liver oil for -a variety of diseases and disorders. - -Although it is only of late that the attention of the public has -been particularly drawn to this subject, principally by the zealous -endeavours of the Medical Practitioners of Germany, it will be found -upon inquiry that the remedy is by no means a novel proposal; nor are -we even indebted to our foreign _savans_ for its introduction. It is to -be traced back to the latter part of the 18th century, at which time -it was extensively used in the Manchester infirmary, and its effects, -as there exhibited, have been reported by the late Dr. Samuel Argent -Bardsley, in his “Medical Reports,” 1807, 8vo. This able physician, -who was for many years attached to the Manchester infirmary, in which -institution chronic rheumatism formed a very large proportion of the -medical cases under treatment, states, that for this afflicting malady, -the Oleum Jecoris Aselli, or cod-liver oil, enjoyed a high reputation -in Lancashire, and that thirty years previously to the time at which he -published his useful and truly practical work, it was introduced by one -of the physicians to the infirmary, and that its success was such as to -induce the celebrated Dr. Percival to recommend it to his notice and -attention as deserving of a fair and extensive trial. - -Dr. Percival remarks, (Works, vol. iv. p. 355,) that it was so largely -dispensed at the Manchester infirmary, that “near a hogshead of it was -disposed of annually;” yet its employment was almost solely confined -to the relief of cases of chronic rheumatism, sciatica, and those -contractions and rigidities so frequently the consequences of exposure -to damp and cold. In these cases it was considered as superior to all -other remedial means that had been used, and its beneficial effects -were strikingly apparent. The operation of the oil in the first -instance was mostly to increase the pain sustained by the afflicted, -but this was soon succeeded by a gradual subsidence of the severity -of the symptoms. It occasioned, particularly in irritable habits, an -acceleration of the pulse, and diffused a glow of warmth over the whole -frame of a very agreeable description. It promoted the secretions -of the skin, and occasionally acted on the bowels. It was observed, -that when its use had been persisted in for a few weeks the tongue -became foul and the appetite impaired, so that an emetic was found to -be necessary. It was, however, given in large doses, varying from one -to three table-spoonfuls twice, thrice, or four times daily. It was -also employed extensively as a liniment to the stiffened joints or -limbs; but if soreness existed its use was forbidden; it was also never -exhibited internally when fever was present. - -The oil employed at the Manchester Infirmary was obtained from -Newfoundland, and brought thence in barrels containing from 400 to 520 -pounds in weight; it was obtained by the putrefaction of the livers -of the fish, which were heaped together for the purpose. The oil so -procured was, however, found to be exceedingly nauseous and offensive, -both as regards smell and taste, so that but few stomachs could bear -it, although a variety of means were resorted to to disguise its -unpleasant character. - -Notwithstanding this, Dr. Bardsley remarks, that where it could be -persisted in, such was the power of habit, that a relish for its -flavour succeeded to its use, and what before was taken with such -extreme disgust became pleasurably received. Dr. Percival says, the -oil left upon the palate a savour like that of putrid fish, and that -the perspiration of those taking it was strongly tainted with it. The -oil, however, was not solely obtained from the livers of the cod-fish, -but also from the ling (the Gadus Molva). So offensive was it found to -be, that it was, in many instances, rendered necessary to combine it -into the form of a liquid soap, and it is not too much to assert, that -the efficiency of it as a remedy must have been, in no inconsiderable -degree, impaired by the formulæ to which it was reduced. - -Mr. Darbey, the house surgeon of the infirmary, in a letter to Dr. -Percival, states the discovery of the effects of cod-liver oil to -have been accidental, and to have occurred in a patient who, using -it externally, was induced also to take some of it internally. She -recovered the use of her limbs, and in a few weeks was dismissed. -No particular attention was directed to the circumstance until her -return to the infirmary, in the course of 12 months, on account of a -renewal of her complaint with considerable violence, which, however, -soon subsided by the employment of the same means of relief. Dr. Kay, -one of the physicians of the infirmary, remarked upon the case, and -wished to test the character of the remedies in similar cases, and -found the practice to succeed beyond his most sanguine expectations. -It is worthy of remark, that the instances in which it was found to be -most serviceable were those in which the perspiration was gradually -promoted. Those who had been cripples for many years were found, after -persisting in its use for a few weeks, not only to be able to quit -their seats, to which they had been confined, but also to walk even -without the aid of crutches or a stick. The effects were so remarkable, -that application was made to the infirmary for the oil in all kinds of -lameness, and an expenditure of not less than 50 or 60 gallons annually -was the result. This practice was commenced about the year 1772, and -continued for many years afterwards. - -One of the great evils attendant upon the introduction of a new -remedy is the universality of its application to cases, often of very -dissimilar nature. Its inefficiency to such a variety of purposes -thereby speedily becomes apparent, and those disorders to which it may -be beneficially applicable cease to be subjected to its operation: -the novelty is gone; a prejudice against its use is created, and some -new proposition speedily serves to banish it from a position it might -probably, with advantage, have held in the Materia Medica. - -Dr. Bardsley, writing in 1807, however, gives his testimony to the -efficiency of cod-liver oil in cases of chronic rheumatism, and says, -“In some instances, where every other means have proved unsuccessful, -it has operated in a manner so decidedly beneficial as to excite -astonishment.” In many cases, however, of a mild description, it has -not been of any advantage. In the chronic rheumatism of aged persons, -in whom the muscles and their tendons have acquired great rigidity, so -that the joints have become almost inflexible, it was found to be most -serviceable. In females, also, whose powers had been much depressed -by frequent parturition, and in whom debility towards the decline of -life prevailed to a great degree, it has served to produce the happiest -effects. And, in all the cases, in which it has been attended with -benefit, it has uniformly been remarked that the consequences produced -by the exhibition of the oil have been to occasion an increase of -power, size, and general fatness. Its operation was far from being -uniform, for whilst in some instances it produced increased action -of the bowels and promoted the alvine discharges, in others it had -a tendency to induce constipation. In some it occasioned increased -perspiration, and in others an addition to the secretion of the urine. -In some it produced an eruption of the skin, attended with a sense of -prickling heat. In some few cases, none of these sensible effects were -to be observed. When it proved serviceable, its beneficial effects -were found to be apparent in the course of a fortnight, and if at the -expiration of that time no good resulted, little was to be expected -from a continuance of its use; it was, however, remarked, that when -it began to be useful its progress was observed to be gradual, and it -became necessary, in order to insure a cure of the patient and to guard -against a renewal of the attack, to continue its daily exhibition for a -period extending to not less than six or eight months. - -The observations of these enlightened physicians have been confirmed -by more modern practitioners. Corroborative evidence has been adduced -against its employment in acute cases, or those attended by active -inflammatory action, and for its employment in chronic cases attended -by a low inflammatory condition, or in those cases where want of power -and diminished strength are most apparent. - -It is not a little remarkable, that after the able and valued testimony -just alluded to, an agent of such therapeutical properties should have -been allowed to fall into utter neglect in this country. Much praise -is due to the physicians of Germany for investigating the subject, and -practically testing its efficiency. It would be out of place here, -and foreign to my purpose, to call attention to the various trials to -which the remedy has been submitted and its efficient powers confirmed; -these are to be found in the medical periodical literature of Germany -and France, and have been translated and transferred to the pages of -our own journals. (See “Medical Gazette,” “Lancet,” “Pharmaceutical -Journal,” “Medico-Chirurgical Review,” “British and Foreign Medical -Review,” “Continental and British Medical Review,” “London Journal of -Medicine,” &c.) - -The cod-liver oil has been found principally efficacious in rheumatic, -gouty, and scrophulous cases, with their accompanying manifestations of -cutaneous eruptions and neuralgic pains. Whenever a deficiency of tone -is apparent in the system, its employment has been found of benefit. -Where, as in pulmonary cases, it cannot be looked upon as curative, -it nevertheless tends to the general support of the frame, and may -probably serve to give time for the employment of other remedies more -especially directed to the existing disease. - -That cod-liver oil should produce fatness, will not occur as -remarkable to any one who looks at its composition, the principal -ingredient of which consists of carbon; this is present in all oils -to a great degree, and it therefore offers a very valuable aid in -cachectic cases, and others of diminished power and general weakness; -hence it has been remarkably efficacious in cases of mesenteric -disease: its powers also in exciting the lymphatic system to activity, -in promoting also the capillary circulation, and in effecting -absorption of scrophulous deposits, have been very striking, and -demand the attention of every practitioner. Its effect is not merely -increasing the deposition of fatty matter in the system, but, as Dr. -J. C. B. Williams has asserted, increasing the muscular strength and -action, and improving the colour of the cheeks and lips, and thereby -affording evidence of improving the nature and condition of the blood. -Dr. Copland, in his valuable Dictionary of Medicine, has given his -approbation to its employment in cases of rheumatism and sciatica, -and also in several cases of neuralgia. It would form a volume to -give, even in abstract, the cases which, within the last three years, -have been recorded of the efficacy of the cod-liver oil in a variety -of affections; and my object in at all addressing the public on this -occasion, is to point out the necessity of obtaining this remedy in its -purest and most effective form, in order to insure its operation, and -prevent it from falling into that desuetude which has characterized so -many preceding remedies proposed by the profession. - -One of the greatest objections to its use was, as already stated, the -exceedingly unpleasant savour it possessed, and the consequent disgust -to its exhibition produced in persons of delicate stomach. This has in -some measure originated from the introduction of a spurious article, -or from the manner in which the original has been introduced. What -could be expected otherwise than a most loathsome material, from -livers heaped together by thousands sent over from Newfoundland, to -deposit their oil by a course of putrefaction? The livers of other -fish have also been found to have accompanied those of the cod, hence, -probably, deteriorating the effect of that of the cod, or introducing -an article calculated to produce no good result. At Berlin it is -known that a spurious oil was introduced into the hospital, and the -failure in its operation had well nigh superseded its use altogether. A -genuine oil was however happily obtained, and the value of the remedy -established. Various modes of adulteration have been detected. It has -been found to be mixed with whale oil, the oil of the seal, &c.; and -its offensive character may easily be estimated. The price at which -the oil is to be obtained may probably, in some measure, serve as a -clue to the discovery of these attempts, than which nothing can be -more reprehensible. It is melancholy to reflect that in nothing more, -or perhaps equally so, is adulteration practised than in medicinal -articles. The public have little means of detecting these fraudulent -proceedings, which ought, however, when brought to light, to be -subjected to the severest censure and punishment. - -It is questionable how far these adulterations may be detected by the -operation of the oil, since the principles of its immediate action in -various diseases is far from having been satisfactorily ascertained. -Its nutrient properties are known, and must be admitted in common with -all adipose substances, and a knowledge of their constituents and -action upon the human frame; but beyond this, namely, the specific -qualities as adapted to counteract scrophula, rickets, rheumatic or -gouty inflammation, neuralgia, pulmonary disorders, &c. is unknown. -The well-ascertained effects of iodine in the relief of scrophulous -diseases point out that substance as the immediate agent affording -relief in those cases, but it has been ascertained that the quantity -of iodine in the cod-liver oil is exceedingly small, being much -beneath that which is ordinarily given in the treatment of scrophulous -disorders, and without effect in those cases; still this small quantity -may perhaps by nature be so incorporated in the composition of the -oil, that although of diminished proportions, it may yet possess an -increased power of action, as in the case of natural mineral waters. -It may probably be truly averred, that no fictitious mineral waters, -however admirably prepared, and however accurately constituted, -according to the proportions of the several ingredients as ascertained -by chemical analysis, are capable of producing the same effects as -those by the water derived from the original spring. This may perhaps -be the result of some electric or galvanic agency operating in its -constitution, the place of which cannot be supplied by any substitute -to be found in the laboratory of the chemist. Nature here manifests -her decided superiority to the efforts of art, though ably directed -by the hand of science. Dr. Pereira has suggested bromine to be the -active principle in the oil, and others have attributed its efficiency -to various phosphoric compounds. Dr. Williams refers its agency to some -biliary principle; in short, nothing certain is known upon the subject: -the cause may here be said to be occult, but the effect is apparent. -Mons. Bretonneau asserts that he has obtained effects just as markedly -beneficial to result from the use of the common whale oil, as from the -cod-liver oil, although we know the power to be but very partially -obtained from the liver of the cetaceous tribe. - -As, however, cod-liver oil is admitted to be an important medical -agent, and as so many eminent medical practitioners have given -their decided approbation to its employment, it is of the greatest -consequence to have the article in the most perfect state of purity. -Under this impression I have for a considerable time been engaged -in various methods to accomplish this end, and without occasioning -any change in its constituent properties, or altering the relative -proportion of the several substances which enter into its formation, -I have at length been enabled to obtain the oil from the fresh livers -in a state of purity and comparative sapidity which I flatter myself -will be universally approved. Its clearness and transparency is equal -to that of any other oil even of a vegetable nature; its taste is -such that it needs no admixture to disguise it, and it is therefore -freed from the suspicion of being, by any combination, deprived of its -essential and curative properties. It may be taken, not in the large -doses previously administered in the Manchester Infirmary, of one, two, -or three table-spoonfuls, two, three, or four times daily, but in that -of one, two, or three tea-spoonfuls twice a day, and may, without -fear of counteracting its medicinal quality, be agreeably taken in a -small quantity of milk, or coffee, or beer. Infusion of orange-peel -is a convenient and agreeable vehicle for its administration. -Peppermint-water is also a convenient and proper means. If it be -employed in the form of an emulsion, care must be taken that no syrup -be employed into the constitution of which acid enters, as it would be -incompatible with the alkali necessarily used to form the mixture. - -If the oil be pure and freed from all extraneous matters, and the -livers from which it is procured be in a recent and not in a putrid -state, there is little apprehension as to any disagreeable effects -following its exhibition; in some cases, however, it has been found to -disorder the bowels in a slight degree upon commencing its use, but -that speedily subsides, and has rarely required the aid of remedies to -counteract such effects. - -Externally it may be used by itself, or in combination with ammonia, or -camphor, spermaceti, wax, &c., according to the intention with which -it is employed, and which it is hardly necessary to say should be under -the direction of a professional adviser. - - _143, New Bond Street, - Feb. 21, 1849._ - - - LONDON: - G. J. PALMER, PRINTER, SAVOY STREET, STRAND. - - - - - _By the same Author._ - - - Third Edition, 12mo., cloth, 5_s._ - -A COMPENDIUM of DOMESTIC MEDICINE, and COMPANION to the MEDICINE CHEST. -Comprising Plain Directions for the Employment of Medicines――their -Properties and Doses――Brief Descriptions of the Symptoms and Treatment -of Diseases――Disorders incidental to Infants and Children――Directions -for restoring Suspended Animation――Counteracting the Effects of -Poison――A Selection of the most Efficacious Prescriptions and various -Mechanical Auxiliaries to Medicine. - -By JOHN SAVORY, Member of the Society of Apothecaries, and late -President of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. - - -“This is decidedly the completest work of its kind that has fallen -under our notice.”――_Mirror._ - -“This very useful little manual is entirely divested of scientific -phraseology, and may be safely consulted, in cases of emergency, -by persons residing at a distance from their medical adviser, more -particularly where delay may be productive of fatal results.”――_Analyst._ - -“A work which merits the attention of our parochial clergy, who -are often called upon to act the part of the good Samaritan. In -cases of trying emergency, when medical assistance is not at hand, -it will be found a safe guide, the symptoms of diseases being -clearly defined, and their appropriate remedies plainly pointed -out.”――_Essex Standard._ - - - * * * * * - - - Transcriber’s Notes: - - ――Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_). - - ――Obvious punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected. - - ――Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBSERVATIONS ON THE OLEUM -JECORIS ASELLI OR COD-LIVER OIL *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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