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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Observations on the Oleum Jecoris
-Aselli or Cod-liver Oil, by John Savory
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Observations on the Oleum Jecoris Aselli or Cod-liver Oil
-       Its nature, properties, mode of preparation, &c.
-
-Author: John Savory
-
-Release Date: August 30, 2021 [eBook #66185]
-
-Language: English
-
-Produced by: Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-             Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
-             images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBSERVATIONS ON THE OLEUM
-JECORIS ASELLI OR COD-LIVER OIL ***
-
-
-
-
-
-                             OBSERVATIONS
-                                  ON
-                          THE COD-LIVER OIL.
-
-
-
-
-                             OBSERVATIONS
-                                ON THE
-                         OLEUM JECORIS ASELLI,
-                                  OR
-                            COD-LIVER OIL;
-
-           ITS NATURE, PROPERTIES, MODE OF PREPARATION, &c.
-
-
-                                  BY
-                             JOHN SAVORY,
-
-     MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES, LATE PRESIDENT OF THE
-        ROYAL PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN, &c. &c.
-
-
-                                LONDON:
-                 JOHN CHURCHILL, PRINCES STREET, SOHO.
-                                 1849.
-
-
-
-
-                                LONDON:
-             G. J. PALMER, PRINTER, SAVOY-STREET, STRAND.
-
-
-
-
-                                  ON
-                            COD-LIVER OIL.
-
-
-The introduction of a new therapeutical agent into general practice
-cannot fail to interest the medical profession and the public, and,
-profiting by the experience attained in a consideration of the manner
-in which former remedies have been brought into notice, extolled for
-their efficacy, persevered in for a time, and then gradually permitted
-to fall into disuse, and finally sink into oblivion, it will doubtless
-be useful to review the circumstances attendant upon the proposal now
-so generally entertained of the administration of the cod-liver oil for
-a variety of diseases and disorders.
-
-Although it is only of late that the attention of the public has
-been particularly drawn to this subject, principally by the zealous
-endeavours of the Medical Practitioners of Germany, it will be found
-upon inquiry that the remedy is by no means a novel proposal; nor are
-we even indebted to our foreign _savans_ for its introduction. It is to
-be traced back to the latter part of the 18th century, at which time
-it was extensively used in the Manchester infirmary, and its effects,
-as there exhibited, have been reported by the late Dr. Samuel Argent
-Bardsley, in his “Medical Reports,” 1807, 8vo. This able physician,
-who was for many years attached to the Manchester infirmary, in which
-institution chronic rheumatism formed a very large proportion of the
-medical cases under treatment, states, that for this afflicting malady,
-the Oleum Jecoris Aselli, or cod-liver oil, enjoyed a high reputation
-in Lancashire, and that thirty years previously to the time at which he
-published his useful and truly practical work, it was introduced by one
-of the physicians to the infirmary, and that its success was such as to
-induce the celebrated Dr. Percival to recommend it to his notice and
-attention as deserving of a fair and extensive trial.
-
-Dr. Percival remarks, (Works, vol. iv. p. 355,) that it was so largely
-dispensed at the Manchester infirmary, that “near a hogshead of it was
-disposed of annually;” yet its employment was almost solely confined
-to the relief of cases of chronic rheumatism, sciatica, and those
-contractions and rigidities so frequently the consequences of exposure
-to damp and cold. In these cases it was considered as superior to all
-other remedial means that had been used, and its beneficial effects
-were strikingly apparent. The operation of the oil in the first
-instance was mostly to increase the pain sustained by the afflicted,
-but this was soon succeeded by a gradual subsidence of the severity
-of the symptoms. It occasioned, particularly in irritable habits, an
-acceleration of the pulse, and diffused a glow of warmth over the whole
-frame of a very agreeable description. It promoted the secretions
-of the skin, and occasionally acted on the bowels. It was observed,
-that when its use had been persisted in for a few weeks the tongue
-became foul and the appetite impaired, so that an emetic was found to
-be necessary. It was, however, given in large doses, varying from one
-to three table-spoonfuls twice, thrice, or four times daily. It was
-also employed extensively as a liniment to the stiffened joints or
-limbs; but if soreness existed its use was forbidden; it was also never
-exhibited internally when fever was present.
-
-The oil employed at the Manchester Infirmary was obtained from
-Newfoundland, and brought thence in barrels containing from 400 to 520
-pounds in weight; it was obtained by the putrefaction of the livers
-of the fish, which were heaped together for the purpose. The oil so
-procured was, however, found to be exceedingly nauseous and offensive,
-both as regards smell and taste, so that but few stomachs could bear
-it, although a variety of means were resorted to to disguise its
-unpleasant character.
-
-Notwithstanding this, Dr. Bardsley remarks, that where it could be
-persisted in, such was the power of habit, that a relish for its
-flavour succeeded to its use, and what before was taken with such
-extreme disgust became pleasurably received. Dr. Percival says, the
-oil left upon the palate a savour like that of putrid fish, and that
-the perspiration of those taking it was strongly tainted with it. The
-oil, however, was not solely obtained from the livers of the cod-fish,
-but also from the ling (the Gadus Molva). So offensive was it found to
-be, that it was, in many instances, rendered necessary to combine it
-into the form of a liquid soap, and it is not too much to assert, that
-the efficiency of it as a remedy must have been, in no inconsiderable
-degree, impaired by the formulæ to which it was reduced.
-
-Mr. Darbey, the house surgeon of the infirmary, in a letter to Dr.
-Percival, states the discovery of the effects of cod-liver oil to
-have been accidental, and to have occurred in a patient who, using
-it externally, was induced also to take some of it internally. She
-recovered the use of her limbs, and in a few weeks was dismissed.
-No particular attention was directed to the circumstance until her
-return to the infirmary, in the course of 12 months, on account of a
-renewal of her complaint with considerable violence, which, however,
-soon subsided by the employment of the same means of relief. Dr. Kay,
-one of the physicians of the infirmary, remarked upon the case, and
-wished to test the character of the remedies in similar cases, and
-found the practice to succeed beyond his most sanguine expectations.
-It is worthy of remark, that the instances in which it was found to be
-most serviceable were those in which the perspiration was gradually
-promoted. Those who had been cripples for many years were found, after
-persisting in its use for a few weeks, not only to be able to quit
-their seats, to which they had been confined, but also to walk even
-without the aid of crutches or a stick. The effects were so remarkable,
-that application was made to the infirmary for the oil in all kinds of
-lameness, and an expenditure of not less than 50 or 60 gallons annually
-was the result. This practice was commenced about the year 1772, and
-continued for many years afterwards.
-
-One of the great evils attendant upon the introduction of a new
-remedy is the universality of its application to cases, often of very
-dissimilar nature. Its inefficiency to such a variety of purposes
-thereby speedily becomes apparent, and those disorders to which it may
-be beneficially applicable cease to be subjected to its operation:
-the novelty is gone; a prejudice against its use is created, and some
-new proposition speedily serves to banish it from a position it might
-probably, with advantage, have held in the Materia Medica.
-
-Dr. Bardsley, writing in 1807, however, gives his testimony to the
-efficiency of cod-liver oil in cases of chronic rheumatism, and says,
-“In some instances, where every other means have proved unsuccessful,
-it has operated in a manner so decidedly beneficial as to excite
-astonishment.” In many cases, however, of a mild description, it has
-not been of any advantage. In the chronic rheumatism of aged persons,
-in whom the muscles and their tendons have acquired great rigidity, so
-that the joints have become almost inflexible, it was found to be most
-serviceable. In females, also, whose powers had been much depressed
-by frequent parturition, and in whom debility towards the decline of
-life prevailed to a great degree, it has served to produce the happiest
-effects. And, in all the cases, in which it has been attended with
-benefit, it has uniformly been remarked that the consequences produced
-by the exhibition of the oil have been to occasion an increase of
-power, size, and general fatness. Its operation was far from being
-uniform, for whilst in some instances it produced increased action
-of the bowels and promoted the alvine discharges, in others it had
-a tendency to induce constipation. In some it occasioned increased
-perspiration, and in others an addition to the secretion of the urine.
-In some it produced an eruption of the skin, attended with a sense of
-prickling heat. In some few cases, none of these sensible effects were
-to be observed. When it proved serviceable, its beneficial effects
-were found to be apparent in the course of a fortnight, and if at the
-expiration of that time no good resulted, little was to be expected
-from a continuance of its use; it was, however, remarked, that when
-it began to be useful its progress was observed to be gradual, and it
-became necessary, in order to insure a cure of the patient and to guard
-against a renewal of the attack, to continue its daily exhibition for a
-period extending to not less than six or eight months.
-
-The observations of these enlightened physicians have been confirmed
-by more modern practitioners. Corroborative evidence has been adduced
-against its employment in acute cases, or those attended by active
-inflammatory action, and for its employment in chronic cases attended
-by a low inflammatory condition, or in those cases where want of power
-and diminished strength are most apparent.
-
-It is not a little remarkable, that after the able and valued testimony
-just alluded to, an agent of such therapeutical properties should have
-been allowed to fall into utter neglect in this country. Much praise
-is due to the physicians of Germany for investigating the subject, and
-practically testing its efficiency. It would be out of place here,
-and foreign to my purpose, to call attention to the various trials to
-which the remedy has been submitted and its efficient powers confirmed;
-these are to be found in the medical periodical literature of Germany
-and France, and have been translated and transferred to the pages of
-our own journals. (See “Medical Gazette,” “Lancet,” “Pharmaceutical
-Journal,” “Medico-Chirurgical Review,” “British and Foreign Medical
-Review,” “Continental and British Medical Review,” “London Journal of
-Medicine,” &c.)
-
-The cod-liver oil has been found principally efficacious in rheumatic,
-gouty, and scrophulous cases, with their accompanying manifestations of
-cutaneous eruptions and neuralgic pains. Whenever a deficiency of tone
-is apparent in the system, its employment has been found of benefit.
-Where, as in pulmonary cases, it cannot be looked upon as curative,
-it nevertheless tends to the general support of the frame, and may
-probably serve to give time for the employment of other remedies more
-especially directed to the existing disease.
-
-That cod-liver oil should produce fatness, will not occur as
-remarkable to any one who looks at its composition, the principal
-ingredient of which consists of carbon; this is present in all oils
-to a great degree, and it therefore offers a very valuable aid in
-cachectic cases, and others of diminished power and general weakness;
-hence it has been remarkably efficacious in cases of mesenteric
-disease: its powers also in exciting the lymphatic system to activity,
-in promoting also the capillary circulation, and in effecting
-absorption of scrophulous deposits, have been very striking, and
-demand the attention of every practitioner. Its effect is not merely
-increasing the deposition of fatty matter in the system, but, as Dr.
-J. C. B. Williams has asserted, increasing the muscular strength and
-action, and improving the colour of the cheeks and lips, and thereby
-affording evidence of improving the nature and condition of the blood.
-Dr. Copland, in his valuable Dictionary of Medicine, has given his
-approbation to its employment in cases of rheumatism and sciatica,
-and also in several cases of neuralgia. It would form a volume to
-give, even in abstract, the cases which, within the last three years,
-have been recorded of the efficacy of the cod-liver oil in a variety
-of affections; and my object in at all addressing the public on this
-occasion, is to point out the necessity of obtaining this remedy in its
-purest and most effective form, in order to insure its operation, and
-prevent it from falling into that desuetude which has characterized so
-many preceding remedies proposed by the profession.
-
-One of the greatest objections to its use was, as already stated, the
-exceedingly unpleasant savour it possessed, and the consequent disgust
-to its exhibition produced in persons of delicate stomach. This has in
-some measure originated from the introduction of a spurious article,
-or from the manner in which the original has been introduced. What
-could be expected otherwise than a most loathsome material, from
-livers heaped together by thousands sent over from Newfoundland, to
-deposit their oil by a course of putrefaction? The livers of other
-fish have also been found to have accompanied those of the cod, hence,
-probably, deteriorating the effect of that of the cod, or introducing
-an article calculated to produce no good result. At Berlin it is
-known that a spurious oil was introduced into the hospital, and the
-failure in its operation had well nigh superseded its use altogether. A
-genuine oil was however happily obtained, and the value of the remedy
-established. Various modes of adulteration have been detected. It has
-been found to be mixed with whale oil, the oil of the seal, &c.; and
-its offensive character may easily be estimated. The price at which
-the oil is to be obtained may probably, in some measure, serve as a
-clue to the discovery of these attempts, than which nothing can be
-more reprehensible. It is melancholy to reflect that in nothing more,
-or perhaps equally so, is adulteration practised than in medicinal
-articles. The public have little means of detecting these fraudulent
-proceedings, which ought, however, when brought to light, to be
-subjected to the severest censure and punishment.
-
-It is questionable how far these adulterations may be detected by the
-operation of the oil, since the principles of its immediate action in
-various diseases is far from having been satisfactorily ascertained.
-Its nutrient properties are known, and must be admitted in common with
-all adipose substances, and a knowledge of their constituents and
-action upon the human frame; but beyond this, namely, the specific
-qualities as adapted to counteract scrophula, rickets, rheumatic or
-gouty inflammation, neuralgia, pulmonary disorders, &c. is unknown.
-The well-ascertained effects of iodine in the relief of scrophulous
-diseases point out that substance as the immediate agent affording
-relief in those cases, but it has been ascertained that the quantity
-of iodine in the cod-liver oil is exceedingly small, being much
-beneath that which is ordinarily given in the treatment of scrophulous
-disorders, and without effect in those cases; still this small quantity
-may perhaps by nature be so incorporated in the composition of the
-oil, that although of diminished proportions, it may yet possess an
-increased power of action, as in the case of natural mineral waters.
-It may probably be truly averred, that no fictitious mineral waters,
-however admirably prepared, and however accurately constituted,
-according to the proportions of the several ingredients as ascertained
-by chemical analysis, are capable of producing the same effects as
-those by the water derived from the original spring. This may perhaps
-be the result of some electric or galvanic agency operating in its
-constitution, the place of which cannot be supplied by any substitute
-to be found in the laboratory of the chemist. Nature here manifests
-her decided superiority to the efforts of art, though ably directed
-by the hand of science. Dr. Pereira has suggested bromine to be the
-active principle in the oil, and others have attributed its efficiency
-to various phosphoric compounds. Dr. Williams refers its agency to some
-biliary principle; in short, nothing certain is known upon the subject:
-the cause may here be said to be occult, but the effect is apparent.
-Mons. Bretonneau asserts that he has obtained effects just as markedly
-beneficial to result from the use of the common whale oil, as from the
-cod-liver oil, although we know the power to be but very partially
-obtained from the liver of the cetaceous tribe.
-
-As, however, cod-liver oil is admitted to be an important medical
-agent, and as so many eminent medical practitioners have given
-their decided approbation to its employment, it is of the greatest
-consequence to have the article in the most perfect state of purity.
-Under this impression I have for a considerable time been engaged
-in various methods to accomplish this end, and without occasioning
-any change in its constituent properties, or altering the relative
-proportion of the several substances which enter into its formation,
-I have at length been enabled to obtain the oil from the fresh livers
-in a state of purity and comparative sapidity which I flatter myself
-will be universally approved. Its clearness and transparency is equal
-to that of any other oil even of a vegetable nature; its taste is
-such that it needs no admixture to disguise it, and it is therefore
-freed from the suspicion of being, by any combination, deprived of its
-essential and curative properties. It may be taken, not in the large
-doses previously administered in the Manchester Infirmary, of one, two,
-or three table-spoonfuls, two, three, or four times daily, but in that
-of one, two, or three tea-spoonfuls twice a day, and may, without
-fear of counteracting its medicinal quality, be agreeably taken in a
-small quantity of milk, or coffee, or beer. Infusion of orange-peel
-is a convenient and agreeable vehicle for its administration.
-Peppermint-water is also a convenient and proper means. If it be
-employed in the form of an emulsion, care must be taken that no syrup
-be employed into the constitution of which acid enters, as it would be
-incompatible with the alkali necessarily used to form the mixture.
-
-If the oil be pure and freed from all extraneous matters, and the
-livers from which it is procured be in a recent and not in a putrid
-state, there is little apprehension as to any disagreeable effects
-following its exhibition; in some cases, however, it has been found to
-disorder the bowels in a slight degree upon commencing its use, but
-that speedily subsides, and has rarely required the aid of remedies to
-counteract such effects.
-
-Externally it may be used by itself, or in combination with ammonia, or
-camphor, spermaceti, wax, &c., according to the intention with which
-it is employed, and which it is hardly necessary to say should be under
-the direction of a professional adviser.
-
-  _143, New Bond Street,
-      Feb. 21, 1849._
-
-
-                                LONDON:
-             G. J. PALMER, PRINTER, SAVOY STREET, STRAND.
-
-
-
-
-                         _By the same Author._
-
-
-                  Third Edition, 12mo., cloth, 5_s._
-
-A COMPENDIUM of DOMESTIC MEDICINE, and COMPANION to the MEDICINE CHEST.
-Comprising Plain Directions for the Employment of Medicines――their
-Properties and Doses――Brief Descriptions of the Symptoms and Treatment
-of Diseases――Disorders incidental to Infants and Children――Directions
-for restoring Suspended Animation――Counteracting the Effects of
-Poison――A Selection of the most Efficacious Prescriptions and various
-Mechanical Auxiliaries to Medicine.
-
-By JOHN SAVORY, Member of the Society of Apothecaries, and late
-President of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.
-
-
-“This is decidedly the completest work of its kind that has fallen
-under our notice.”――_Mirror._
-
-“This very useful little manual is entirely divested of scientific
-phraseology, and may be safely consulted, in cases of emergency,
-by persons residing at a distance from their medical adviser, more
-particularly where delay may be productive of fatal results.”――_Analyst._
-
-“A work which merits the attention of our parochial clergy, who
-are often called upon to act the part of the good Samaritan. In
-cases of trying emergency, when medical assistance is not at hand,
-it will be found a safe guide, the symptoms of diseases being
-clearly defined, and their appropriate remedies plainly pointed
-out.”――_Essex Standard._
-
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
- Transcriber’s Notes:
-
- ――Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).
-
- ――Obvious punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected.
-
- ――Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBSERVATIONS ON THE OLEUM
-JECORIS ASELLI OR COD-LIVER OIL ***
-
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 66185 ***
+
+                             OBSERVATIONS
+                                  ON
+                          THE COD-LIVER OIL.
+
+
+
+
+                             OBSERVATIONS
+                                ON THE
+                         OLEUM JECORIS ASELLI,
+                                  OR
+                            COD-LIVER OIL;
+
+           ITS NATURE, PROPERTIES, MODE OF PREPARATION, &c.
+
+
+                                  BY
+                             JOHN SAVORY,
+
+     MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES, LATE PRESIDENT OF THE
+        ROYAL PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN, &c. &c.
+
+
+                                LONDON:
+                 JOHN CHURCHILL, PRINCES STREET, SOHO.
+                                 1849.
+
+
+
+
+                                LONDON:
+             G. J. PALMER, PRINTER, SAVOY-STREET, STRAND.
+
+
+
+
+                                  ON
+                            COD-LIVER OIL.
+
+
+The introduction of a new therapeutical agent into general practice
+cannot fail to interest the medical profession and the public, and,
+profiting by the experience attained in a consideration of the manner
+in which former remedies have been brought into notice, extolled for
+their efficacy, persevered in for a time, and then gradually permitted
+to fall into disuse, and finally sink into oblivion, it will doubtless
+be useful to review the circumstances attendant upon the proposal now
+so generally entertained of the administration of the cod-liver oil for
+a variety of diseases and disorders.
+
+Although it is only of late that the attention of the public has
+been particularly drawn to this subject, principally by the zealous
+endeavours of the Medical Practitioners of Germany, it will be found
+upon inquiry that the remedy is by no means a novel proposal; nor are
+we even indebted to our foreign _savans_ for its introduction. It is to
+be traced back to the latter part of the 18th century, at which time
+it was extensively used in the Manchester infirmary, and its effects,
+as there exhibited, have been reported by the late Dr. Samuel Argent
+Bardsley, in his “Medical Reports,” 1807, 8vo. This able physician,
+who was for many years attached to the Manchester infirmary, in which
+institution chronic rheumatism formed a very large proportion of the
+medical cases under treatment, states, that for this afflicting malady,
+the Oleum Jecoris Aselli, or cod-liver oil, enjoyed a high reputation
+in Lancashire, and that thirty years previously to the time at which he
+published his useful and truly practical work, it was introduced by one
+of the physicians to the infirmary, and that its success was such as to
+induce the celebrated Dr. Percival to recommend it to his notice and
+attention as deserving of a fair and extensive trial.
+
+Dr. Percival remarks, (Works, vol. iv. p. 355,) that it was so largely
+dispensed at the Manchester infirmary, that “near a hogshead of it was
+disposed of annually;” yet its employment was almost solely confined
+to the relief of cases of chronic rheumatism, sciatica, and those
+contractions and rigidities so frequently the consequences of exposure
+to damp and cold. In these cases it was considered as superior to all
+other remedial means that had been used, and its beneficial effects
+were strikingly apparent. The operation of the oil in the first
+instance was mostly to increase the pain sustained by the afflicted,
+but this was soon succeeded by a gradual subsidence of the severity
+of the symptoms. It occasioned, particularly in irritable habits, an
+acceleration of the pulse, and diffused a glow of warmth over the whole
+frame of a very agreeable description. It promoted the secretions
+of the skin, and occasionally acted on the bowels. It was observed,
+that when its use had been persisted in for a few weeks the tongue
+became foul and the appetite impaired, so that an emetic was found to
+be necessary. It was, however, given in large doses, varying from one
+to three table-spoonfuls twice, thrice, or four times daily. It was
+also employed extensively as a liniment to the stiffened joints or
+limbs; but if soreness existed its use was forbidden; it was also never
+exhibited internally when fever was present.
+
+The oil employed at the Manchester Infirmary was obtained from
+Newfoundland, and brought thence in barrels containing from 400 to 520
+pounds in weight; it was obtained by the putrefaction of the livers
+of the fish, which were heaped together for the purpose. The oil so
+procured was, however, found to be exceedingly nauseous and offensive,
+both as regards smell and taste, so that but few stomachs could bear
+it, although a variety of means were resorted to to disguise its
+unpleasant character.
+
+Notwithstanding this, Dr. Bardsley remarks, that where it could be
+persisted in, such was the power of habit, that a relish for its
+flavour succeeded to its use, and what before was taken with such
+extreme disgust became pleasurably received. Dr. Percival says, the
+oil left upon the palate a savour like that of putrid fish, and that
+the perspiration of those taking it was strongly tainted with it. The
+oil, however, was not solely obtained from the livers of the cod-fish,
+but also from the ling (the Gadus Molva). So offensive was it found to
+be, that it was, in many instances, rendered necessary to combine it
+into the form of a liquid soap, and it is not too much to assert, that
+the efficiency of it as a remedy must have been, in no inconsiderable
+degree, impaired by the formulæ to which it was reduced.
+
+Mr. Darbey, the house surgeon of the infirmary, in a letter to Dr.
+Percival, states the discovery of the effects of cod-liver oil to
+have been accidental, and to have occurred in a patient who, using
+it externally, was induced also to take some of it internally. She
+recovered the use of her limbs, and in a few weeks was dismissed.
+No particular attention was directed to the circumstance until her
+return to the infirmary, in the course of 12 months, on account of a
+renewal of her complaint with considerable violence, which, however,
+soon subsided by the employment of the same means of relief. Dr. Kay,
+one of the physicians of the infirmary, remarked upon the case, and
+wished to test the character of the remedies in similar cases, and
+found the practice to succeed beyond his most sanguine expectations.
+It is worthy of remark, that the instances in which it was found to be
+most serviceable were those in which the perspiration was gradually
+promoted. Those who had been cripples for many years were found, after
+persisting in its use for a few weeks, not only to be able to quit
+their seats, to which they had been confined, but also to walk even
+without the aid of crutches or a stick. The effects were so remarkable,
+that application was made to the infirmary for the oil in all kinds of
+lameness, and an expenditure of not less than 50 or 60 gallons annually
+was the result. This practice was commenced about the year 1772, and
+continued for many years afterwards.
+
+One of the great evils attendant upon the introduction of a new
+remedy is the universality of its application to cases, often of very
+dissimilar nature. Its inefficiency to such a variety of purposes
+thereby speedily becomes apparent, and those disorders to which it may
+be beneficially applicable cease to be subjected to its operation:
+the novelty is gone; a prejudice against its use is created, and some
+new proposition speedily serves to banish it from a position it might
+probably, with advantage, have held in the Materia Medica.
+
+Dr. Bardsley, writing in 1807, however, gives his testimony to the
+efficiency of cod-liver oil in cases of chronic rheumatism, and says,
+“In some instances, where every other means have proved unsuccessful,
+it has operated in a manner so decidedly beneficial as to excite
+astonishment.” In many cases, however, of a mild description, it has
+not been of any advantage. In the chronic rheumatism of aged persons,
+in whom the muscles and their tendons have acquired great rigidity, so
+that the joints have become almost inflexible, it was found to be most
+serviceable. In females, also, whose powers had been much depressed
+by frequent parturition, and in whom debility towards the decline of
+life prevailed to a great degree, it has served to produce the happiest
+effects. And, in all the cases, in which it has been attended with
+benefit, it has uniformly been remarked that the consequences produced
+by the exhibition of the oil have been to occasion an increase of
+power, size, and general fatness. Its operation was far from being
+uniform, for whilst in some instances it produced increased action
+of the bowels and promoted the alvine discharges, in others it had
+a tendency to induce constipation. In some it occasioned increased
+perspiration, and in others an addition to the secretion of the urine.
+In some it produced an eruption of the skin, attended with a sense of
+prickling heat. In some few cases, none of these sensible effects were
+to be observed. When it proved serviceable, its beneficial effects
+were found to be apparent in the course of a fortnight, and if at the
+expiration of that time no good resulted, little was to be expected
+from a continuance of its use; it was, however, remarked, that when
+it began to be useful its progress was observed to be gradual, and it
+became necessary, in order to insure a cure of the patient and to guard
+against a renewal of the attack, to continue its daily exhibition for a
+period extending to not less than six or eight months.
+
+The observations of these enlightened physicians have been confirmed
+by more modern practitioners. Corroborative evidence has been adduced
+against its employment in acute cases, or those attended by active
+inflammatory action, and for its employment in chronic cases attended
+by a low inflammatory condition, or in those cases where want of power
+and diminished strength are most apparent.
+
+It is not a little remarkable, that after the able and valued testimony
+just alluded to, an agent of such therapeutical properties should have
+been allowed to fall into utter neglect in this country. Much praise
+is due to the physicians of Germany for investigating the subject, and
+practically testing its efficiency. It would be out of place here,
+and foreign to my purpose, to call attention to the various trials to
+which the remedy has been submitted and its efficient powers confirmed;
+these are to be found in the medical periodical literature of Germany
+and France, and have been translated and transferred to the pages of
+our own journals. (See “Medical Gazette,” “Lancet,” “Pharmaceutical
+Journal,” “Medico-Chirurgical Review,” “British and Foreign Medical
+Review,” “Continental and British Medical Review,” “London Journal of
+Medicine,” &c.)
+
+The cod-liver oil has been found principally efficacious in rheumatic,
+gouty, and scrophulous cases, with their accompanying manifestations of
+cutaneous eruptions and neuralgic pains. Whenever a deficiency of tone
+is apparent in the system, its employment has been found of benefit.
+Where, as in pulmonary cases, it cannot be looked upon as curative,
+it nevertheless tends to the general support of the frame, and may
+probably serve to give time for the employment of other remedies more
+especially directed to the existing disease.
+
+That cod-liver oil should produce fatness, will not occur as
+remarkable to any one who looks at its composition, the principal
+ingredient of which consists of carbon; this is present in all oils
+to a great degree, and it therefore offers a very valuable aid in
+cachectic cases, and others of diminished power and general weakness;
+hence it has been remarkably efficacious in cases of mesenteric
+disease: its powers also in exciting the lymphatic system to activity,
+in promoting also the capillary circulation, and in effecting
+absorption of scrophulous deposits, have been very striking, and
+demand the attention of every practitioner. Its effect is not merely
+increasing the deposition of fatty matter in the system, but, as Dr.
+J. C. B. Williams has asserted, increasing the muscular strength and
+action, and improving the colour of the cheeks and lips, and thereby
+affording evidence of improving the nature and condition of the blood.
+Dr. Copland, in his valuable Dictionary of Medicine, has given his
+approbation to its employment in cases of rheumatism and sciatica,
+and also in several cases of neuralgia. It would form a volume to
+give, even in abstract, the cases which, within the last three years,
+have been recorded of the efficacy of the cod-liver oil in a variety
+of affections; and my object in at all addressing the public on this
+occasion, is to point out the necessity of obtaining this remedy in its
+purest and most effective form, in order to insure its operation, and
+prevent it from falling into that desuetude which has characterized so
+many preceding remedies proposed by the profession.
+
+One of the greatest objections to its use was, as already stated, the
+exceedingly unpleasant savour it possessed, and the consequent disgust
+to its exhibition produced in persons of delicate stomach. This has in
+some measure originated from the introduction of a spurious article,
+or from the manner in which the original has been introduced. What
+could be expected otherwise than a most loathsome material, from
+livers heaped together by thousands sent over from Newfoundland, to
+deposit their oil by a course of putrefaction? The livers of other
+fish have also been found to have accompanied those of the cod, hence,
+probably, deteriorating the effect of that of the cod, or introducing
+an article calculated to produce no good result. At Berlin it is
+known that a spurious oil was introduced into the hospital, and the
+failure in its operation had well nigh superseded its use altogether. A
+genuine oil was however happily obtained, and the value of the remedy
+established. Various modes of adulteration have been detected. It has
+been found to be mixed with whale oil, the oil of the seal, &c.; and
+its offensive character may easily be estimated. The price at which
+the oil is to be obtained may probably, in some measure, serve as a
+clue to the discovery of these attempts, than which nothing can be
+more reprehensible. It is melancholy to reflect that in nothing more,
+or perhaps equally so, is adulteration practised than in medicinal
+articles. The public have little means of detecting these fraudulent
+proceedings, which ought, however, when brought to light, to be
+subjected to the severest censure and punishment.
+
+It is questionable how far these adulterations may be detected by the
+operation of the oil, since the principles of its immediate action in
+various diseases is far from having been satisfactorily ascertained.
+Its nutrient properties are known, and must be admitted in common with
+all adipose substances, and a knowledge of their constituents and
+action upon the human frame; but beyond this, namely, the specific
+qualities as adapted to counteract scrophula, rickets, rheumatic or
+gouty inflammation, neuralgia, pulmonary disorders, &c. is unknown.
+The well-ascertained effects of iodine in the relief of scrophulous
+diseases point out that substance as the immediate agent affording
+relief in those cases, but it has been ascertained that the quantity
+of iodine in the cod-liver oil is exceedingly small, being much
+beneath that which is ordinarily given in the treatment of scrophulous
+disorders, and without effect in those cases; still this small quantity
+may perhaps by nature be so incorporated in the composition of the
+oil, that although of diminished proportions, it may yet possess an
+increased power of action, as in the case of natural mineral waters.
+It may probably be truly averred, that no fictitious mineral waters,
+however admirably prepared, and however accurately constituted,
+according to the proportions of the several ingredients as ascertained
+by chemical analysis, are capable of producing the same effects as
+those by the water derived from the original spring. This may perhaps
+be the result of some electric or galvanic agency operating in its
+constitution, the place of which cannot be supplied by any substitute
+to be found in the laboratory of the chemist. Nature here manifests
+her decided superiority to the efforts of art, though ably directed
+by the hand of science. Dr. Pereira has suggested bromine to be the
+active principle in the oil, and others have attributed its efficiency
+to various phosphoric compounds. Dr. Williams refers its agency to some
+biliary principle; in short, nothing certain is known upon the subject:
+the cause may here be said to be occult, but the effect is apparent.
+Mons. Bretonneau asserts that he has obtained effects just as markedly
+beneficial to result from the use of the common whale oil, as from the
+cod-liver oil, although we know the power to be but very partially
+obtained from the liver of the cetaceous tribe.
+
+As, however, cod-liver oil is admitted to be an important medical
+agent, and as so many eminent medical practitioners have given
+their decided approbation to its employment, it is of the greatest
+consequence to have the article in the most perfect state of purity.
+Under this impression I have for a considerable time been engaged
+in various methods to accomplish this end, and without occasioning
+any change in its constituent properties, or altering the relative
+proportion of the several substances which enter into its formation,
+I have at length been enabled to obtain the oil from the fresh livers
+in a state of purity and comparative sapidity which I flatter myself
+will be universally approved. Its clearness and transparency is equal
+to that of any other oil even of a vegetable nature; its taste is
+such that it needs no admixture to disguise it, and it is therefore
+freed from the suspicion of being, by any combination, deprived of its
+essential and curative properties. It may be taken, not in the large
+doses previously administered in the Manchester Infirmary, of one, two,
+or three table-spoonfuls, two, three, or four times daily, but in that
+of one, two, or three tea-spoonfuls twice a day, and may, without
+fear of counteracting its medicinal quality, be agreeably taken in a
+small quantity of milk, or coffee, or beer. Infusion of orange-peel
+is a convenient and agreeable vehicle for its administration.
+Peppermint-water is also a convenient and proper means. If it be
+employed in the form of an emulsion, care must be taken that no syrup
+be employed into the constitution of which acid enters, as it would be
+incompatible with the alkali necessarily used to form the mixture.
+
+If the oil be pure and freed from all extraneous matters, and the
+livers from which it is procured be in a recent and not in a putrid
+state, there is little apprehension as to any disagreeable effects
+following its exhibition; in some cases, however, it has been found to
+disorder the bowels in a slight degree upon commencing its use, but
+that speedily subsides, and has rarely required the aid of remedies to
+counteract such effects.
+
+Externally it may be used by itself, or in combination with ammonia, or
+camphor, spermaceti, wax, &c., according to the intention with which
+it is employed, and which it is hardly necessary to say should be under
+the direction of a professional adviser.
+
+  _143, New Bond Street,
+      Feb. 21, 1849._
+
+
+                                LONDON:
+             G. J. PALMER, PRINTER, SAVOY STREET, STRAND.
+
+
+
+
+                         _By the same Author._
+
+
+                  Third Edition, 12mo., cloth, 5_s._
+
+A COMPENDIUM of DOMESTIC MEDICINE, and COMPANION to the MEDICINE CHEST.
+Comprising Plain Directions for the Employment of Medicines――their
+Properties and Doses――Brief Descriptions of the Symptoms and Treatment
+of Diseases――Disorders incidental to Infants and Children――Directions
+for restoring Suspended Animation――Counteracting the Effects of
+Poison――A Selection of the most Efficacious Prescriptions and various
+Mechanical Auxiliaries to Medicine.
+
+By JOHN SAVORY, Member of the Society of Apothecaries, and late
+President of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.
+
+
+“This is decidedly the completest work of its kind that has fallen
+under our notice.”――_Mirror._
+
+“This very useful little manual is entirely divested of scientific
+phraseology, and may be safely consulted, in cases of emergency,
+by persons residing at a distance from their medical adviser, more
+particularly where delay may be productive of fatal results.”――_Analyst._
+
+“A work which merits the attention of our parochial clergy, who
+are often called upon to act the part of the good Samaritan. In
+cases of trying emergency, when medical assistance is not at hand,
+it will be found a safe guide, the symptoms of diseases being
+clearly defined, and their appropriate remedies plainly pointed
+out.”――_Essex Standard._
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ Transcriber’s Notes:
+
+ ――Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).
+
+ ――Obvious punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected.
+
+ ――Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 66185 ***
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-<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Observations on the Oleum Jecoris Aselli or Cod-liver Oil, by John Savory</p>
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
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-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Observations on the Oleum Jecoris Aselli or Cod-liver Oil</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Its nature, properties, mode of preparation, &c.</p>
-  <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: John Savory</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: August 30, 2021 [eBook #66185]</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p>
-  <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p>
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBSERVATIONS ON THE OLEUM JECORIS ASELLI OR COD-LIVER OIL ***</div>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="cover">
-  <img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover" title="cover" />
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p class="noi halftitle">OBSERVATIONS</p>
-
-<p class="noi halftitlesm">ON</p>
-
-<p class="noi halftitle">THE COD-LIVER OIL.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<h1>OBSERVATIONS<br />
-<span class="works">ON THE</span><br />
-OLEUM JECORIS ASELLI,<br />
-<span class="works">OR</span><br />
-COD-LIVER OIL;</h1>
-
-<p class="p2 subtitle">ITS NATURE, PROPERTIES, MODE OF PREPARATION, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 noic">BY</p>
-
-<p class="noi author">JOHN SAVORY,</p>
-
-<p class="noi works">MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES, LATE PRESIDENT OF THE<br />
-ROYAL PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="p4 noic"><span class="adauthor">LONDON:<br />
-JOHN CHURCHILL, PRINCES STREET, SOHO.</span><br />
-1849.</p>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p class="noic">LONDON:</p>
-
-<p class="noic">G. J. PALMER, PRINTER, SAVOY-STREET, STRAND.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="ON"><span class="halftitlesm">ON</span><br />
-COD-LIVER OIL.</h2>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>The introduction of a new therapeutical agent
-into general practice cannot fail to interest the
-medical profession and the public, and, profiting
-by the experience attained in a consideration of
-the manner in which former remedies have been
-brought into notice, extolled for their efficacy,
-persevered in for a time, and then gradually
-permitted to fall into disuse, and finally sink
-into oblivion, it will doubtless be useful to review
-the circumstances attendant upon the proposal
-now so generally entertained of the administration
-of the cod-liver oil for a variety of
-diseases and disorders.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p>
-
-<p>Although it is only of late that the attention
-of the public has been particularly drawn to this
-subject, principally by the zealous endeavours of
-the Medical Practitioners of Germany, it will be
-found upon inquiry that the remedy is by no
-means a novel proposal; nor are we even indebted
-to our foreign <i>savans</i> for its introduction.
-It is to be traced back to the latter part of the
-18th century, at which time it was extensively
-used in the Manchester infirmary, and its effects,
-as there exhibited, have been reported by the
-late Dr. Samuel Argent Bardsley, in his “Medical
-Reports,” 1807, 8vo. This able physician,
-who was for many years attached to the Manchester
-infirmary, in which institution chronic
-rheumatism formed a very large proportion of
-the medical cases under treatment, states, that
-for this afflicting malady, the Oleum Jecoris
-Aselli, or cod-liver oil, enjoyed a high reputation
-in Lancashire, and that thirty years previously
-to the time at which he published his useful and
-truly practical work, it was introduced by one of
-the physicians to the infirmary, and that its success
-was such as to induce the celebrated Dr.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span>
-Percival to recommend it to his notice and attention
-as deserving of a fair and extensive
-trial.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Percival remarks, (Works, vol. iv. p. 355,)
-that it was so largely dispensed at the Manchester
-infirmary, that “near a hogshead of it
-was disposed of annually;” yet its employment
-was almost solely confined to the relief of
-cases of chronic rheumatism, sciatica, and those
-contractions and rigidities so frequently the
-consequences of exposure to damp and cold.
-In these cases it was considered as superior to
-all other remedial means that had been used,
-and its beneficial effects were strikingly apparent.
-The operation of the oil in the first instance
-was mostly to increase the pain sustained
-by the afflicted, but this was soon succeeded by
-a gradual subsidence of the severity of the symptoms.
-It occasioned, particularly in irritable
-habits, an acceleration of the pulse, and diffused
-a glow of warmth over the whole frame of a very
-agreeable description. It promoted the secretions
-of the skin, and occasionally acted on the bowels.
-It was observed, that when its use had been persisted<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span>
-in for a few weeks the tongue became foul
-and the appetite impaired, so that an emetic was
-found to be necessary. It was, however, given
-in large doses, varying from one to three table-spoonfuls
-twice, thrice, or four times daily. It
-was also employed extensively as a liniment to
-the stiffened joints or limbs; but if soreness existed
-its use was forbidden; it was also never
-exhibited internally when fever was present.</p>
-
-<p>The oil employed at the Manchester Infirmary
-was obtained from Newfoundland, and brought
-thence in barrels containing from 400 to 520
-pounds in weight; it was obtained by the putrefaction
-of the livers of the fish, which were
-heaped together for the purpose. The oil so
-procured was, however, found to be exceedingly
-nauseous and offensive, both as regards smell
-and taste, so that but few stomachs could bear
-it, although a variety of means were resorted to
-to disguise its unpleasant character.</p>
-
-<p>Notwithstanding this, Dr. Bardsley remarks,
-that where it could be persisted in, such was
-the power of habit, that a relish for its flavour
-succeeded to its use, and what before was taken<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span>
-with such extreme disgust became pleasurably
-received. Dr. Percival says, the oil left upon
-the palate a savour like that of putrid fish, and
-that the perspiration of those taking it was
-strongly tainted with it. The oil, however, was
-not solely obtained from the livers of the cod-fish,
-but also from the ling (the Gadus Molva).
-So offensive was it found to be, that it was, in
-many instances, rendered necessary to combine
-it into the form of a liquid soap, and it is not
-too much to assert, that the efficiency of it as a
-remedy must have been, in no inconsiderable
-degree, impaired by the formulæ to which it was
-reduced.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Darbey, the house surgeon of the infirmary,
-in a letter to Dr. Percival, states the
-discovery of the effects of cod-liver oil to have
-been accidental, and to have occurred in a patient
-who, using it externally, was induced also
-to take some of it internally. She recovered the
-use of her limbs, and in a few weeks was dismissed.
-No particular attention was directed to
-the circumstance until her return to the infirmary,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span>
-in the course of 12 months, on account of
-a renewal of her complaint with considerable
-violence, which, however, soon subsided by the
-employment of the same means of relief. Dr.
-Kay, one of the physicians of the infirmary, remarked
-upon the case, and wished to test the
-character of the remedies in similar cases, and
-found the practice to succeed beyond his most
-sanguine expectations. It is worthy of remark,
-that the instances in which it was found to be
-most serviceable were those in which the perspiration
-was gradually promoted. Those who had
-been cripples for many years were found, after
-persisting in its use for a few weeks, not only to
-be able to quit their seats, to which they had
-been confined, but also to walk even without the
-aid of crutches or a stick. The effects were so
-remarkable, that application was made to the infirmary
-for the oil in all kinds of lameness, and
-an expenditure of not less than 50 or 60 gallons
-annually was the result. This practice was commenced
-about the year 1772, and continued for
-many years afterwards.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p>
-
-<p>One of the great evils attendant upon the introduction
-of a new remedy is the universality of
-its application to cases, often of very dissimilar
-nature. Its inefficiency to such a variety of
-purposes thereby speedily becomes apparent, and
-those disorders to which it may be beneficially
-applicable cease to be subjected to its operation:
-the novelty is gone; a prejudice against its use
-is created, and some new proposition speedily
-serves to banish it from a position it might probably,
-with advantage, have held in the Materia
-Medica.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Bardsley, writing in 1807, however, gives
-his testimony to the efficiency of cod-liver oil in
-cases of chronic rheumatism, and says, “In some
-instances, where every other means have proved
-unsuccessful, it has operated in a manner so
-decidedly beneficial as to excite astonishment.”
-In many cases, however, of a mild description,
-it has not been of any advantage. In the chronic
-rheumatism of aged persons, in whom the
-muscles and their tendons have acquired great
-rigidity, so that the joints have become almost<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span>
-inflexible, it was found to be most serviceable.
-In females, also, whose powers had been much
-depressed by frequent parturition, and in whom
-debility towards the decline of life prevailed to a
-great degree, it has served to produce the happiest
-effects. And, in all the cases, in which it
-has been attended with benefit, it has uniformly
-been remarked that the consequences produced
-by the exhibition of the oil have been to occasion
-an increase of power, size, and general fatness.
-Its operation was far from being uniform,
-for whilst in some instances it produced increased
-action of the bowels and promoted the alvine
-discharges, in others it had a tendency to induce
-constipation. In some it occasioned increased
-perspiration, and in others an addition to the
-secretion of the urine. In some it produced an
-eruption of the skin, attended with a sense of
-prickling heat. In some few cases, none of
-these sensible effects were to be observed. When
-it proved serviceable, its beneficial effects were
-found to be apparent in the course of a fortnight,
-and if at the expiration of that time no good<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span>
-resulted, little was to be expected from a continuance
-of its use; it was, however, remarked,
-that when it began to be useful its progress was
-observed to be gradual, and it became necessary,
-in order to insure a cure of the patient and to
-guard against a renewal of the attack, to continue
-its daily exhibition for a period extending
-to not less than six or eight months.</p>
-
-<p>The observations of these enlightened physicians
-have been confirmed by more modern practitioners.
-Corroborative evidence has been
-adduced against its employment in acute cases, or
-those attended by active inflammatory action,
-and for its employment in chronic cases attended
-by a low inflammatory condition, or in those
-cases where want of power and diminished
-strength are most apparent.</p>
-
-<p>It is not a little remarkable, that after the able
-and valued testimony just alluded to, an agent of
-such therapeutical properties should have been
-allowed to fall into utter neglect in this country.
-Much praise is due to the physicians of Germany
-for investigating the subject, and practically testing
-its efficiency. It would be out of place here,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span>
-and foreign to my purpose, to call attention to the
-various trials to which the remedy has been submitted
-and its efficient powers confirmed; these
-are to be found in the medical periodical literature
-of Germany and France, and have been translated
-and transferred to the pages of our own journals.
-(See “Medical Gazette,” “Lancet,” “Pharmaceutical
-Journal,” “Medico-Chirurgical Review,”
-“British and Foreign Medical Review,” “Continental
-and British Medical Review,” “London
-Journal of Medicine,” &amp;c.)</p>
-
-<p>The cod-liver oil has been found principally
-efficacious in rheumatic, gouty, and scrophulous
-cases, with their accompanying manifestations of
-cutaneous eruptions and neuralgic pains. Whenever
-a deficiency of tone is apparent in the
-system, its employment has been found of
-benefit. Where, as in pulmonary cases, it cannot
-be looked upon as curative, it nevertheless
-tends to the general support of the frame, and
-may probably serve to give time for the employment
-of other remedies more especially directed
-to the existing disease.</p>
-
-<p>That cod-liver oil should produce fatness,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span>
-will not occur as remarkable to any one who
-looks at its composition, the principal ingredient
-of which consists of carbon; this is present in
-all oils to a great degree, and it therefore offers
-a very valuable aid in cachectic cases, and others
-of diminished power and general weakness;
-hence it has been remarkably efficacious in cases
-of mesenteric disease: its powers also in exciting
-the lymphatic system to activity, in promoting also
-the capillary circulation, and in effecting absorption
-of scrophulous deposits, have been very
-striking, and demand the attention of every practitioner.
-Its effect is not merely increasing
-the deposition of fatty matter in the system,
-but, as Dr. J. C. B. Williams has asserted,
-increasing the muscular strength and action,
-and improving the colour of the cheeks and lips,
-and thereby affording evidence of improving the
-nature and condition of the blood. Dr. Copland,
-in his valuable Dictionary of Medicine, has given
-his approbation to its employment in cases of
-rheumatism and sciatica, and also in several
-cases of neuralgia. It would form a volume to
-give, even in abstract, the cases which, within<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span>
-the last three years, have been recorded of the
-efficacy of the cod-liver oil in a variety of affections;
-and my object in at all addressing the
-public on this occasion, is to point out the necessity
-of obtaining this remedy in its purest and
-most effective form, in order to insure its operation,
-and prevent it from falling into that desuetude
-which has characterized so many preceding
-remedies proposed by the profession.</p>
-
-<p>One of the greatest objections to its use was,
-as already stated, the exceedingly unpleasant
-savour it possessed, and the consequent disgust
-to its exhibition produced in persons of delicate
-stomach. This has in some measure originated
-from the introduction of a spurious article, or
-from the manner in which the original has been
-introduced. What could be expected otherwise
-than a most loathsome material, from livers
-heaped together by thousands sent over from
-Newfoundland, to deposit their oil by a course
-of putrefaction? The livers of other fish have
-also been found to have accompanied those of
-the cod, hence, probably, deteriorating the effect
-of that of the cod, or introducing an article calculated<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span>
-to produce no good result. At Berlin it
-is known that a spurious oil was introduced into
-the hospital, and the failure in its operation had
-well nigh superseded its use altogether. A genuine
-oil was however happily obtained, and the
-value of the remedy established. Various modes
-of adulteration have been detected. It has been
-found to be mixed with whale oil, the oil of the
-seal, &amp;c.; and its offensive character may easily
-be estimated. The price at which the oil is to
-be obtained may probably, in some measure,
-serve as a clue to the discovery of these attempts,
-than which nothing can be more reprehensible.
-It is melancholy to reflect that in
-nothing more, or perhaps equally so, is adulteration
-practised than in medicinal articles. The
-public have little means of detecting these fraudulent
-proceedings, which ought, however, when
-brought to light, to be subjected to the severest
-censure and punishment.</p>
-
-<p>It is questionable how far these adulterations
-may be detected by the operation of the oil,
-since the principles of its immediate action in
-various diseases is far from having been satisfactorily<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span>
-ascertained. Its nutrient properties are
-known, and must be admitted in common with
-all adipose substances, and a knowledge of their
-constituents and action upon the human frame;
-but beyond this, namely, the specific qualities as
-adapted to counteract scrophula, rickets, rheumatic
-or gouty inflammation, neuralgia, pulmonary
-disorders, &amp;c. is unknown. The well-ascertained
-effects of iodine in the relief of scrophulous diseases
-point out that substance as the immediate
-agent affording relief in those cases, but it has
-been ascertained that the quantity of iodine in
-the cod-liver oil is exceedingly small, being much
-beneath that which is ordinarily given in the
-treatment of scrophulous disorders, and without
-effect in those cases; still this small quantity
-may perhaps by nature be so incorporated in the
-composition of the oil, that although of diminished
-proportions, it may yet possess an increased
-power of action, as in the case of natural
-mineral waters. It may probably be truly
-averred, that no fictitious mineral waters, however
-admirably prepared, and however accurately
-constituted, according to the proportions of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span>
-several ingredients as ascertained by chemical
-analysis, are capable of producing the same
-effects as those by the water derived from the
-original spring. This may perhaps be the result
-of some electric or galvanic agency operating in
-its constitution, the place of which cannot be
-supplied by any substitute to be found in the
-laboratory of the chemist. Nature here manifests
-her decided superiority to the efforts of art,
-though ably directed by the hand of science.
-Dr. Pereira has suggested bromine to be the
-active principle in the oil, and others have
-attributed its efficiency to various phosphoric
-compounds. Dr. Williams refers its agency to
-some biliary principle; in short, nothing certain
-is known upon the subject: the cause may here
-be said to be occult, but the effect is apparent.
-Mons. Bretonneau asserts that he has obtained
-effects just as markedly beneficial to result from
-the use of the common whale oil, as from the
-cod-liver oil, although we know the power to be
-but very partially obtained from the liver of the
-cetaceous tribe.</p>
-
-<p>As, however, cod-liver oil is admitted to be an<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span>
-important medical agent, and as so many eminent
-medical practitioners have given their decided
-approbation to its employment, it is of the
-greatest consequence to have the article in the
-most perfect state of purity. Under this impression
-I have for a considerable time been engaged
-in various methods to accomplish this
-end, and without occasioning any change in its
-constituent properties, or altering the relative
-proportion of the several substances which enter
-into its formation, I have at length been enabled
-to obtain the oil from the fresh livers in a
-state of purity and comparative sapidity which I
-flatter myself will be universally approved. Its
-clearness and transparency is equal to that of
-any other oil even of a vegetable nature; its
-taste is such that it needs no admixture to disguise
-it, and it is therefore freed from the suspicion
-of being, by any combination, deprived of
-its essential and curative properties. It may be
-taken, not in the large doses previously administered
-in the Manchester Infirmary, of one, two,
-or three table-spoonfuls, two, three, or four
-times daily, but in that of one, two, or three tea-spoonfuls<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span>
-twice a day, and may, without fear of
-counteracting its medicinal quality, be agreeably
-taken in a small quantity of milk, or coffee, or
-beer. Infusion of orange-peel is a convenient
-and agreeable vehicle for its administration.
-Peppermint-water is also a convenient and proper
-means. If it be employed in the form of an
-emulsion, care must be taken that no syrup be
-employed into the constitution of which acid
-enters, as it would be incompatible with the
-alkali necessarily used to form the mixture.</p>
-
-<p>If the oil be pure and freed from all extraneous
-matters, and the livers from which it is
-procured be in a recent and not in a putrid state,
-there is little apprehension as to any disagreeable
-effects following its exhibition; in some cases,
-however, it has been found to disorder the bowels
-in a slight degree upon commencing its use, but
-that speedily subsides, and has rarely required
-the aid of remedies to counteract such effects.</p>
-
-<p>Externally it may be used by itself, or in combination
-with ammonia, or camphor, spermaceti,
-wax, &amp;c., according to the intention with which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span>
-it is employed, and which it is hardly necessary
-to say should be under the direction of a professional
-adviser.</p>
-
-<p><i>143, New Bond Street,</i><br />
-<span class="ident"><i>Feb. 21, 1849.</i></span></p>
-
-
-<p class="p6 noic">LONDON:</p>
-
-<p class="noi works">G. J. PALMER, PRINTER, SAVOY STREET, STRAND.</p>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p class="noic"><i>By the same Author.</i></p>
-
-<hr class="r20" />
-
-<p class="noic">Third Edition, 12mo., cloth, 5<i>s.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="lrgfont">A COMPENDIUM of DOMESTIC MEDICINE,</span>
-and COMPANION to the MEDICINE CHEST. Comprising
-Plain Directions for the Employment of Medicines—their Properties
-and Doses—Brief Descriptions of the Symptoms and Treatment
-of Diseases—Disorders incidental to Infants and Children—Directions
-for restoring Suspended Animation—Counteracting the
-Effects of Poison—A Selection of the most Efficacious Prescriptions
-and various Mechanical Auxiliaries to Medicine.</p>
-
-<p>By JOHN SAVORY, Member of the Society of Apothecaries,
-and late President of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great
-Britain.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 smfont">“This is decidedly the completest work of its kind that has
-fallen under our notice.”—<cite>Mirror.</cite></p>
-
-<p class="smfont">“This very useful little manual is entirely divested of scientific
-phraseology, and may be safely consulted, in cases of emergency,
-by persons residing at a distance from their medical adviser, more
-particularly where delay may be productive of fatal results.”—<cite>Analyst.</cite></p>
-
-<p class="smfont">“A work which merits the attention of our parochial clergy,
-who are often called upon to act the part of the good Samaritan.
-In cases of trying emergency, when medical assistance is not at
-hand, it will be found a safe guide, the symptoms of diseases
-being clearly defined, and their appropriate remedies plainly
-pointed out.”—<cite>Essex Standard.</cite></p>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="tnote">
-<p class="noi tntitle">Transcriber’s Notes:</p>
-
-<p class="smfont">Obvious punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected.</p>
-
-<p class="smfont">Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBSERVATIONS ON THE OLEUM JECORIS ASELLI OR COD-LIVER OIL ***</div>
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+      Observations on the Oleum Jecoris Aselli, or Cod-liver Oil, by John Savory—A Project Gutenberg eBook
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 66185 ***</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="cover">
+  <img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover" title="cover" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p class="noi halftitle">OBSERVATIONS</p>
+
+<p class="noi halftitlesm">ON</p>
+
+<p class="noi halftitle">THE COD-LIVER OIL.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<h1>OBSERVATIONS<br />
+<span class="works">ON THE</span><br />
+OLEUM JECORIS ASELLI,<br />
+<span class="works">OR</span><br />
+COD-LIVER OIL;</h1>
+
+<p class="p2 subtitle">ITS NATURE, PROPERTIES, MODE OF PREPARATION, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 noic">BY</p>
+
+<p class="noi author">JOHN SAVORY,</p>
+
+<p class="noi works">MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES, LATE PRESIDENT OF THE<br />
+ROYAL PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="p4 noic"><span class="adauthor">LONDON:<br />
+JOHN CHURCHILL, PRINCES STREET, SOHO.</span><br />
+1849.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p class="noic">LONDON:</p>
+
+<p class="noic">G. J. PALMER, PRINTER, SAVOY-STREET, STRAND.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ON"><span class="halftitlesm">ON</span><br />
+COD-LIVER OIL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The introduction of a new therapeutical agent
+into general practice cannot fail to interest the
+medical profession and the public, and, profiting
+by the experience attained in a consideration of
+the manner in which former remedies have been
+brought into notice, extolled for their efficacy,
+persevered in for a time, and then gradually
+permitted to fall into disuse, and finally sink
+into oblivion, it will doubtless be useful to review
+the circumstances attendant upon the proposal
+now so generally entertained of the administration
+of the cod-liver oil for a variety of
+diseases and disorders.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p>
+
+<p>Although it is only of late that the attention
+of the public has been particularly drawn to this
+subject, principally by the zealous endeavours of
+the Medical Practitioners of Germany, it will be
+found upon inquiry that the remedy is by no
+means a novel proposal; nor are we even indebted
+to our foreign <i>savans</i> for its introduction.
+It is to be traced back to the latter part of the
+18th century, at which time it was extensively
+used in the Manchester infirmary, and its effects,
+as there exhibited, have been reported by the
+late Dr. Samuel Argent Bardsley, in his “Medical
+Reports,” 1807, 8vo. This able physician,
+who was for many years attached to the Manchester
+infirmary, in which institution chronic
+rheumatism formed a very large proportion of
+the medical cases under treatment, states, that
+for this afflicting malady, the Oleum Jecoris
+Aselli, or cod-liver oil, enjoyed a high reputation
+in Lancashire, and that thirty years previously
+to the time at which he published his useful and
+truly practical work, it was introduced by one of
+the physicians to the infirmary, and that its success
+was such as to induce the celebrated Dr.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span>
+Percival to recommend it to his notice and attention
+as deserving of a fair and extensive
+trial.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Percival remarks, (Works, vol. iv. p. 355,)
+that it was so largely dispensed at the Manchester
+infirmary, that “near a hogshead of it
+was disposed of annually;” yet its employment
+was almost solely confined to the relief of
+cases of chronic rheumatism, sciatica, and those
+contractions and rigidities so frequently the
+consequences of exposure to damp and cold.
+In these cases it was considered as superior to
+all other remedial means that had been used,
+and its beneficial effects were strikingly apparent.
+The operation of the oil in the first instance
+was mostly to increase the pain sustained
+by the afflicted, but this was soon succeeded by
+a gradual subsidence of the severity of the symptoms.
+It occasioned, particularly in irritable
+habits, an acceleration of the pulse, and diffused
+a glow of warmth over the whole frame of a very
+agreeable description. It promoted the secretions
+of the skin, and occasionally acted on the bowels.
+It was observed, that when its use had been persisted<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span>
+in for a few weeks the tongue became foul
+and the appetite impaired, so that an emetic was
+found to be necessary. It was, however, given
+in large doses, varying from one to three table-spoonfuls
+twice, thrice, or four times daily. It
+was also employed extensively as a liniment to
+the stiffened joints or limbs; but if soreness existed
+its use was forbidden; it was also never
+exhibited internally when fever was present.</p>
+
+<p>The oil employed at the Manchester Infirmary
+was obtained from Newfoundland, and brought
+thence in barrels containing from 400 to 520
+pounds in weight; it was obtained by the putrefaction
+of the livers of the fish, which were
+heaped together for the purpose. The oil so
+procured was, however, found to be exceedingly
+nauseous and offensive, both as regards smell
+and taste, so that but few stomachs could bear
+it, although a variety of means were resorted to
+to disguise its unpleasant character.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding this, Dr. Bardsley remarks,
+that where it could be persisted in, such was
+the power of habit, that a relish for its flavour
+succeeded to its use, and what before was taken<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span>
+with such extreme disgust became pleasurably
+received. Dr. Percival says, the oil left upon
+the palate a savour like that of putrid fish, and
+that the perspiration of those taking it was
+strongly tainted with it. The oil, however, was
+not solely obtained from the livers of the cod-fish,
+but also from the ling (the Gadus Molva).
+So offensive was it found to be, that it was, in
+many instances, rendered necessary to combine
+it into the form of a liquid soap, and it is not
+too much to assert, that the efficiency of it as a
+remedy must have been, in no inconsiderable
+degree, impaired by the formulæ to which it was
+reduced.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Darbey, the house surgeon of the infirmary,
+in a letter to Dr. Percival, states the
+discovery of the effects of cod-liver oil to have
+been accidental, and to have occurred in a patient
+who, using it externally, was induced also
+to take some of it internally. She recovered the
+use of her limbs, and in a few weeks was dismissed.
+No particular attention was directed to
+the circumstance until her return to the infirmary,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span>
+in the course of 12 months, on account of
+a renewal of her complaint with considerable
+violence, which, however, soon subsided by the
+employment of the same means of relief. Dr.
+Kay, one of the physicians of the infirmary, remarked
+upon the case, and wished to test the
+character of the remedies in similar cases, and
+found the practice to succeed beyond his most
+sanguine expectations. It is worthy of remark,
+that the instances in which it was found to be
+most serviceable were those in which the perspiration
+was gradually promoted. Those who had
+been cripples for many years were found, after
+persisting in its use for a few weeks, not only to
+be able to quit their seats, to which they had
+been confined, but also to walk even without the
+aid of crutches or a stick. The effects were so
+remarkable, that application was made to the infirmary
+for the oil in all kinds of lameness, and
+an expenditure of not less than 50 or 60 gallons
+annually was the result. This practice was commenced
+about the year 1772, and continued for
+many years afterwards.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p>
+
+<p>One of the great evils attendant upon the introduction
+of a new remedy is the universality of
+its application to cases, often of very dissimilar
+nature. Its inefficiency to such a variety of
+purposes thereby speedily becomes apparent, and
+those disorders to which it may be beneficially
+applicable cease to be subjected to its operation:
+the novelty is gone; a prejudice against its use
+is created, and some new proposition speedily
+serves to banish it from a position it might probably,
+with advantage, have held in the Materia
+Medica.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Bardsley, writing in 1807, however, gives
+his testimony to the efficiency of cod-liver oil in
+cases of chronic rheumatism, and says, “In some
+instances, where every other means have proved
+unsuccessful, it has operated in a manner so
+decidedly beneficial as to excite astonishment.”
+In many cases, however, of a mild description,
+it has not been of any advantage. In the chronic
+rheumatism of aged persons, in whom the
+muscles and their tendons have acquired great
+rigidity, so that the joints have become almost<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span>
+inflexible, it was found to be most serviceable.
+In females, also, whose powers had been much
+depressed by frequent parturition, and in whom
+debility towards the decline of life prevailed to a
+great degree, it has served to produce the happiest
+effects. And, in all the cases, in which it
+has been attended with benefit, it has uniformly
+been remarked that the consequences produced
+by the exhibition of the oil have been to occasion
+an increase of power, size, and general fatness.
+Its operation was far from being uniform,
+for whilst in some instances it produced increased
+action of the bowels and promoted the alvine
+discharges, in others it had a tendency to induce
+constipation. In some it occasioned increased
+perspiration, and in others an addition to the
+secretion of the urine. In some it produced an
+eruption of the skin, attended with a sense of
+prickling heat. In some few cases, none of
+these sensible effects were to be observed. When
+it proved serviceable, its beneficial effects were
+found to be apparent in the course of a fortnight,
+and if at the expiration of that time no good<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span>
+resulted, little was to be expected from a continuance
+of its use; it was, however, remarked,
+that when it began to be useful its progress was
+observed to be gradual, and it became necessary,
+in order to insure a cure of the patient and to
+guard against a renewal of the attack, to continue
+its daily exhibition for a period extending
+to not less than six or eight months.</p>
+
+<p>The observations of these enlightened physicians
+have been confirmed by more modern practitioners.
+Corroborative evidence has been
+adduced against its employment in acute cases, or
+those attended by active inflammatory action,
+and for its employment in chronic cases attended
+by a low inflammatory condition, or in those
+cases where want of power and diminished
+strength are most apparent.</p>
+
+<p>It is not a little remarkable, that after the able
+and valued testimony just alluded to, an agent of
+such therapeutical properties should have been
+allowed to fall into utter neglect in this country.
+Much praise is due to the physicians of Germany
+for investigating the subject, and practically testing
+its efficiency. It would be out of place here,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span>
+and foreign to my purpose, to call attention to the
+various trials to which the remedy has been submitted
+and its efficient powers confirmed; these
+are to be found in the medical periodical literature
+of Germany and France, and have been translated
+and transferred to the pages of our own journals.
+(See “Medical Gazette,” “Lancet,” “Pharmaceutical
+Journal,” “Medico-Chirurgical Review,”
+“British and Foreign Medical Review,” “Continental
+and British Medical Review,” “London
+Journal of Medicine,” &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p>The cod-liver oil has been found principally
+efficacious in rheumatic, gouty, and scrophulous
+cases, with their accompanying manifestations of
+cutaneous eruptions and neuralgic pains. Whenever
+a deficiency of tone is apparent in the
+system, its employment has been found of
+benefit. Where, as in pulmonary cases, it cannot
+be looked upon as curative, it nevertheless
+tends to the general support of the frame, and
+may probably serve to give time for the employment
+of other remedies more especially directed
+to the existing disease.</p>
+
+<p>That cod-liver oil should produce fatness,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span>
+will not occur as remarkable to any one who
+looks at its composition, the principal ingredient
+of which consists of carbon; this is present in
+all oils to a great degree, and it therefore offers
+a very valuable aid in cachectic cases, and others
+of diminished power and general weakness;
+hence it has been remarkably efficacious in cases
+of mesenteric disease: its powers also in exciting
+the lymphatic system to activity, in promoting also
+the capillary circulation, and in effecting absorption
+of scrophulous deposits, have been very
+striking, and demand the attention of every practitioner.
+Its effect is not merely increasing
+the deposition of fatty matter in the system,
+but, as Dr. J. C. B. Williams has asserted,
+increasing the muscular strength and action,
+and improving the colour of the cheeks and lips,
+and thereby affording evidence of improving the
+nature and condition of the blood. Dr. Copland,
+in his valuable Dictionary of Medicine, has given
+his approbation to its employment in cases of
+rheumatism and sciatica, and also in several
+cases of neuralgia. It would form a volume to
+give, even in abstract, the cases which, within<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span>
+the last three years, have been recorded of the
+efficacy of the cod-liver oil in a variety of affections;
+and my object in at all addressing the
+public on this occasion, is to point out the necessity
+of obtaining this remedy in its purest and
+most effective form, in order to insure its operation,
+and prevent it from falling into that desuetude
+which has characterized so many preceding
+remedies proposed by the profession.</p>
+
+<p>One of the greatest objections to its use was,
+as already stated, the exceedingly unpleasant
+savour it possessed, and the consequent disgust
+to its exhibition produced in persons of delicate
+stomach. This has in some measure originated
+from the introduction of a spurious article, or
+from the manner in which the original has been
+introduced. What could be expected otherwise
+than a most loathsome material, from livers
+heaped together by thousands sent over from
+Newfoundland, to deposit their oil by a course
+of putrefaction? The livers of other fish have
+also been found to have accompanied those of
+the cod, hence, probably, deteriorating the effect
+of that of the cod, or introducing an article calculated<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span>
+to produce no good result. At Berlin it
+is known that a spurious oil was introduced into
+the hospital, and the failure in its operation had
+well nigh superseded its use altogether. A genuine
+oil was however happily obtained, and the
+value of the remedy established. Various modes
+of adulteration have been detected. It has been
+found to be mixed with whale oil, the oil of the
+seal, &amp;c.; and its offensive character may easily
+be estimated. The price at which the oil is to
+be obtained may probably, in some measure,
+serve as a clue to the discovery of these attempts,
+than which nothing can be more reprehensible.
+It is melancholy to reflect that in
+nothing more, or perhaps equally so, is adulteration
+practised than in medicinal articles. The
+public have little means of detecting these fraudulent
+proceedings, which ought, however, when
+brought to light, to be subjected to the severest
+censure and punishment.</p>
+
+<p>It is questionable how far these adulterations
+may be detected by the operation of the oil,
+since the principles of its immediate action in
+various diseases is far from having been satisfactorily<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span>
+ascertained. Its nutrient properties are
+known, and must be admitted in common with
+all adipose substances, and a knowledge of their
+constituents and action upon the human frame;
+but beyond this, namely, the specific qualities as
+adapted to counteract scrophula, rickets, rheumatic
+or gouty inflammation, neuralgia, pulmonary
+disorders, &amp;c. is unknown. The well-ascertained
+effects of iodine in the relief of scrophulous diseases
+point out that substance as the immediate
+agent affording relief in those cases, but it has
+been ascertained that the quantity of iodine in
+the cod-liver oil is exceedingly small, being much
+beneath that which is ordinarily given in the
+treatment of scrophulous disorders, and without
+effect in those cases; still this small quantity
+may perhaps by nature be so incorporated in the
+composition of the oil, that although of diminished
+proportions, it may yet possess an increased
+power of action, as in the case of natural
+mineral waters. It may probably be truly
+averred, that no fictitious mineral waters, however
+admirably prepared, and however accurately
+constituted, according to the proportions of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span>
+several ingredients as ascertained by chemical
+analysis, are capable of producing the same
+effects as those by the water derived from the
+original spring. This may perhaps be the result
+of some electric or galvanic agency operating in
+its constitution, the place of which cannot be
+supplied by any substitute to be found in the
+laboratory of the chemist. Nature here manifests
+her decided superiority to the efforts of art,
+though ably directed by the hand of science.
+Dr. Pereira has suggested bromine to be the
+active principle in the oil, and others have
+attributed its efficiency to various phosphoric
+compounds. Dr. Williams refers its agency to
+some biliary principle; in short, nothing certain
+is known upon the subject: the cause may here
+be said to be occult, but the effect is apparent.
+Mons. Bretonneau asserts that he has obtained
+effects just as markedly beneficial to result from
+the use of the common whale oil, as from the
+cod-liver oil, although we know the power to be
+but very partially obtained from the liver of the
+cetaceous tribe.</p>
+
+<p>As, however, cod-liver oil is admitted to be an<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span>
+important medical agent, and as so many eminent
+medical practitioners have given their decided
+approbation to its employment, it is of the
+greatest consequence to have the article in the
+most perfect state of purity. Under this impression
+I have for a considerable time been engaged
+in various methods to accomplish this
+end, and without occasioning any change in its
+constituent properties, or altering the relative
+proportion of the several substances which enter
+into its formation, I have at length been enabled
+to obtain the oil from the fresh livers in a
+state of purity and comparative sapidity which I
+flatter myself will be universally approved. Its
+clearness and transparency is equal to that of
+any other oil even of a vegetable nature; its
+taste is such that it needs no admixture to disguise
+it, and it is therefore freed from the suspicion
+of being, by any combination, deprived of
+its essential and curative properties. It may be
+taken, not in the large doses previously administered
+in the Manchester Infirmary, of one, two,
+or three table-spoonfuls, two, three, or four
+times daily, but in that of one, two, or three tea-spoonfuls<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span>
+twice a day, and may, without fear of
+counteracting its medicinal quality, be agreeably
+taken in a small quantity of milk, or coffee, or
+beer. Infusion of orange-peel is a convenient
+and agreeable vehicle for its administration.
+Peppermint-water is also a convenient and proper
+means. If it be employed in the form of an
+emulsion, care must be taken that no syrup be
+employed into the constitution of which acid
+enters, as it would be incompatible with the
+alkali necessarily used to form the mixture.</p>
+
+<p>If the oil be pure and freed from all extraneous
+matters, and the livers from which it is
+procured be in a recent and not in a putrid state,
+there is little apprehension as to any disagreeable
+effects following its exhibition; in some cases,
+however, it has been found to disorder the bowels
+in a slight degree upon commencing its use, but
+that speedily subsides, and has rarely required
+the aid of remedies to counteract such effects.</p>
+
+<p>Externally it may be used by itself, or in combination
+with ammonia, or camphor, spermaceti,
+wax, &amp;c., according to the intention with which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span>
+it is employed, and which it is hardly necessary
+to say should be under the direction of a professional
+adviser.</p>
+
+<p><i>143, New Bond Street,</i><br />
+<span class="ident"><i>Feb. 21, 1849.</i></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="p6 noic">LONDON:</p>
+
+<p class="noi works">G. J. PALMER, PRINTER, SAVOY STREET, STRAND.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p class="noic"><i>By the same Author.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="r20" />
+
+<p class="noic">Third Edition, 12mo., cloth, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="lrgfont">A COMPENDIUM of DOMESTIC MEDICINE,</span>
+and COMPANION to the MEDICINE CHEST. Comprising
+Plain Directions for the Employment of Medicines—their Properties
+and Doses—Brief Descriptions of the Symptoms and Treatment
+of Diseases—Disorders incidental to Infants and Children—Directions
+for restoring Suspended Animation—Counteracting the
+Effects of Poison—A Selection of the most Efficacious Prescriptions
+and various Mechanical Auxiliaries to Medicine.</p>
+
+<p>By JOHN SAVORY, Member of the Society of Apothecaries,
+and late President of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great
+Britain.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 smfont">“This is decidedly the completest work of its kind that has
+fallen under our notice.”—<cite>Mirror.</cite></p>
+
+<p class="smfont">“This very useful little manual is entirely divested of scientific
+phraseology, and may be safely consulted, in cases of emergency,
+by persons residing at a distance from their medical adviser, more
+particularly where delay may be productive of fatal results.”—<cite>Analyst.</cite></p>
+
+<p class="smfont">“A work which merits the attention of our parochial clergy,
+who are often called upon to act the part of the good Samaritan.
+In cases of trying emergency, when medical assistance is not at
+hand, it will be found a safe guide, the symptoms of diseases
+being clearly defined, and their appropriate remedies plainly
+pointed out.”—<cite>Essex Standard.</cite></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<div class="tnote">
+<p class="noi tntitle">Transcriber’s Notes:</p>
+
+<p class="smfont">Obvious punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected.</p>
+
+<p class="smfont">Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 66185 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook of Observations on the Oleum Jecoris
+Aselli or Cod-liver Oil, by John Savory
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
+will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
+using this eBook.
+
+Title: Observations on the Oleum Jecoris Aselli or Cod-liver Oil
+       Its nature, properties, mode of preparation, &c.
+
+Author: John Savory
+
+Release Date: August 30, 2021 [eBook #66185]
+
+Language: English
+
+Produced by: Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+             Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
+             images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBSERVATIONS ON THE OLEUM
+JECORIS ASELLI OR COD-LIVER OIL ***
+
+
+
+
+
+                             OBSERVATIONS
+                                  ON
+                          THE COD-LIVER OIL.
+
+
+
+
+                             OBSERVATIONS
+                                ON THE
+                         OLEUM JECORIS ASELLI,
+                                  OR
+                            COD-LIVER OIL;
+
+           ITS NATURE, PROPERTIES, MODE OF PREPARATION, &c.
+
+
+                                  BY
+                             JOHN SAVORY,
+
+     MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES, LATE PRESIDENT OF THE
+        ROYAL PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN, &c. &c.
+
+
+                                LONDON:
+                 JOHN CHURCHILL, PRINCES STREET, SOHO.
+                                 1849.
+
+
+
+
+                                LONDON:
+             G. J. PALMER, PRINTER, SAVOY-STREET, STRAND.
+
+
+
+
+                                  ON
+                            COD-LIVER OIL.
+
+
+The introduction of a new therapeutical agent into general practice
+cannot fail to interest the medical profession and the public, and,
+profiting by the experience attained in a consideration of the manner
+in which former remedies have been brought into notice, extolled for
+their efficacy, persevered in for a time, and then gradually permitted
+to fall into disuse, and finally sink into oblivion, it will doubtless
+be useful to review the circumstances attendant upon the proposal now
+so generally entertained of the administration of the cod-liver oil for
+a variety of diseases and disorders.
+
+Although it is only of late that the attention of the public has
+been particularly drawn to this subject, principally by the zealous
+endeavours of the Medical Practitioners of Germany, it will be found
+upon inquiry that the remedy is by no means a novel proposal; nor are
+we even indebted to our foreign _savans_ for its introduction. It is to
+be traced back to the latter part of the 18th century, at which time
+it was extensively used in the Manchester infirmary, and its effects,
+as there exhibited, have been reported by the late Dr. Samuel Argent
+Bardsley, in his “Medical Reports,” 1807, 8vo. This able physician,
+who was for many years attached to the Manchester infirmary, in which
+institution chronic rheumatism formed a very large proportion of the
+medical cases under treatment, states, that for this afflicting malady,
+the Oleum Jecoris Aselli, or cod-liver oil, enjoyed a high reputation
+in Lancashire, and that thirty years previously to the time at which he
+published his useful and truly practical work, it was introduced by one
+of the physicians to the infirmary, and that its success was such as to
+induce the celebrated Dr. Percival to recommend it to his notice and
+attention as deserving of a fair and extensive trial.
+
+Dr. Percival remarks, (Works, vol. iv. p. 355,) that it was so largely
+dispensed at the Manchester infirmary, that “near a hogshead of it was
+disposed of annually;” yet its employment was almost solely confined
+to the relief of cases of chronic rheumatism, sciatica, and those
+contractions and rigidities so frequently the consequences of exposure
+to damp and cold. In these cases it was considered as superior to all
+other remedial means that had been used, and its beneficial effects
+were strikingly apparent. The operation of the oil in the first
+instance was mostly to increase the pain sustained by the afflicted,
+but this was soon succeeded by a gradual subsidence of the severity
+of the symptoms. It occasioned, particularly in irritable habits, an
+acceleration of the pulse, and diffused a glow of warmth over the whole
+frame of a very agreeable description. It promoted the secretions
+of the skin, and occasionally acted on the bowels. It was observed,
+that when its use had been persisted in for a few weeks the tongue
+became foul and the appetite impaired, so that an emetic was found to
+be necessary. It was, however, given in large doses, varying from one
+to three table-spoonfuls twice, thrice, or four times daily. It was
+also employed extensively as a liniment to the stiffened joints or
+limbs; but if soreness existed its use was forbidden; it was also never
+exhibited internally when fever was present.
+
+The oil employed at the Manchester Infirmary was obtained from
+Newfoundland, and brought thence in barrels containing from 400 to 520
+pounds in weight; it was obtained by the putrefaction of the livers
+of the fish, which were heaped together for the purpose. The oil so
+procured was, however, found to be exceedingly nauseous and offensive,
+both as regards smell and taste, so that but few stomachs could bear
+it, although a variety of means were resorted to to disguise its
+unpleasant character.
+
+Notwithstanding this, Dr. Bardsley remarks, that where it could be
+persisted in, such was the power of habit, that a relish for its
+flavour succeeded to its use, and what before was taken with such
+extreme disgust became pleasurably received. Dr. Percival says, the
+oil left upon the palate a savour like that of putrid fish, and that
+the perspiration of those taking it was strongly tainted with it. The
+oil, however, was not solely obtained from the livers of the cod-fish,
+but also from the ling (the Gadus Molva). So offensive was it found to
+be, that it was, in many instances, rendered necessary to combine it
+into the form of a liquid soap, and it is not too much to assert, that
+the efficiency of it as a remedy must have been, in no inconsiderable
+degree, impaired by the formulæ to which it was reduced.
+
+Mr. Darbey, the house surgeon of the infirmary, in a letter to Dr.
+Percival, states the discovery of the effects of cod-liver oil to
+have been accidental, and to have occurred in a patient who, using
+it externally, was induced also to take some of it internally. She
+recovered the use of her limbs, and in a few weeks was dismissed.
+No particular attention was directed to the circumstance until her
+return to the infirmary, in the course of 12 months, on account of a
+renewal of her complaint with considerable violence, which, however,
+soon subsided by the employment of the same means of relief. Dr. Kay,
+one of the physicians of the infirmary, remarked upon the case, and
+wished to test the character of the remedies in similar cases, and
+found the practice to succeed beyond his most sanguine expectations.
+It is worthy of remark, that the instances in which it was found to be
+most serviceable were those in which the perspiration was gradually
+promoted. Those who had been cripples for many years were found, after
+persisting in its use for a few weeks, not only to be able to quit
+their seats, to which they had been confined, but also to walk even
+without the aid of crutches or a stick. The effects were so remarkable,
+that application was made to the infirmary for the oil in all kinds of
+lameness, and an expenditure of not less than 50 or 60 gallons annually
+was the result. This practice was commenced about the year 1772, and
+continued for many years afterwards.
+
+One of the great evils attendant upon the introduction of a new
+remedy is the universality of its application to cases, often of very
+dissimilar nature. Its inefficiency to such a variety of purposes
+thereby speedily becomes apparent, and those disorders to which it may
+be beneficially applicable cease to be subjected to its operation:
+the novelty is gone; a prejudice against its use is created, and some
+new proposition speedily serves to banish it from a position it might
+probably, with advantage, have held in the Materia Medica.
+
+Dr. Bardsley, writing in 1807, however, gives his testimony to the
+efficiency of cod-liver oil in cases of chronic rheumatism, and says,
+“In some instances, where every other means have proved unsuccessful,
+it has operated in a manner so decidedly beneficial as to excite
+astonishment.” In many cases, however, of a mild description, it has
+not been of any advantage. In the chronic rheumatism of aged persons,
+in whom the muscles and their tendons have acquired great rigidity, so
+that the joints have become almost inflexible, it was found to be most
+serviceable. In females, also, whose powers had been much depressed
+by frequent parturition, and in whom debility towards the decline of
+life prevailed to a great degree, it has served to produce the happiest
+effects. And, in all the cases, in which it has been attended with
+benefit, it has uniformly been remarked that the consequences produced
+by the exhibition of the oil have been to occasion an increase of
+power, size, and general fatness. Its operation was far from being
+uniform, for whilst in some instances it produced increased action
+of the bowels and promoted the alvine discharges, in others it had
+a tendency to induce constipation. In some it occasioned increased
+perspiration, and in others an addition to the secretion of the urine.
+In some it produced an eruption of the skin, attended with a sense of
+prickling heat. In some few cases, none of these sensible effects were
+to be observed. When it proved serviceable, its beneficial effects
+were found to be apparent in the course of a fortnight, and if at the
+expiration of that time no good resulted, little was to be expected
+from a continuance of its use; it was, however, remarked, that when
+it began to be useful its progress was observed to be gradual, and it
+became necessary, in order to insure a cure of the patient and to guard
+against a renewal of the attack, to continue its daily exhibition for a
+period extending to not less than six or eight months.
+
+The observations of these enlightened physicians have been confirmed
+by more modern practitioners. Corroborative evidence has been adduced
+against its employment in acute cases, or those attended by active
+inflammatory action, and for its employment in chronic cases attended
+by a low inflammatory condition, or in those cases where want of power
+and diminished strength are most apparent.
+
+It is not a little remarkable, that after the able and valued testimony
+just alluded to, an agent of such therapeutical properties should have
+been allowed to fall into utter neglect in this country. Much praise
+is due to the physicians of Germany for investigating the subject, and
+practically testing its efficiency. It would be out of place here,
+and foreign to my purpose, to call attention to the various trials to
+which the remedy has been submitted and its efficient powers confirmed;
+these are to be found in the medical periodical literature of Germany
+and France, and have been translated and transferred to the pages of
+our own journals. (See “Medical Gazette,” “Lancet,” “Pharmaceutical
+Journal,” “Medico-Chirurgical Review,” “British and Foreign Medical
+Review,” “Continental and British Medical Review,” “London Journal of
+Medicine,” &c.)
+
+The cod-liver oil has been found principally efficacious in rheumatic,
+gouty, and scrophulous cases, with their accompanying manifestations of
+cutaneous eruptions and neuralgic pains. Whenever a deficiency of tone
+is apparent in the system, its employment has been found of benefit.
+Where, as in pulmonary cases, it cannot be looked upon as curative,
+it nevertheless tends to the general support of the frame, and may
+probably serve to give time for the employment of other remedies more
+especially directed to the existing disease.
+
+That cod-liver oil should produce fatness, will not occur as
+remarkable to any one who looks at its composition, the principal
+ingredient of which consists of carbon; this is present in all oils
+to a great degree, and it therefore offers a very valuable aid in
+cachectic cases, and others of diminished power and general weakness;
+hence it has been remarkably efficacious in cases of mesenteric
+disease: its powers also in exciting the lymphatic system to activity,
+in promoting also the capillary circulation, and in effecting
+absorption of scrophulous deposits, have been very striking, and
+demand the attention of every practitioner. Its effect is not merely
+increasing the deposition of fatty matter in the system, but, as Dr.
+J. C. B. Williams has asserted, increasing the muscular strength and
+action, and improving the colour of the cheeks and lips, and thereby
+affording evidence of improving the nature and condition of the blood.
+Dr. Copland, in his valuable Dictionary of Medicine, has given his
+approbation to its employment in cases of rheumatism and sciatica,
+and also in several cases of neuralgia. It would form a volume to
+give, even in abstract, the cases which, within the last three years,
+have been recorded of the efficacy of the cod-liver oil in a variety
+of affections; and my object in at all addressing the public on this
+occasion, is to point out the necessity of obtaining this remedy in its
+purest and most effective form, in order to insure its operation, and
+prevent it from falling into that desuetude which has characterized so
+many preceding remedies proposed by the profession.
+
+One of the greatest objections to its use was, as already stated, the
+exceedingly unpleasant savour it possessed, and the consequent disgust
+to its exhibition produced in persons of delicate stomach. This has in
+some measure originated from the introduction of a spurious article,
+or from the manner in which the original has been introduced. What
+could be expected otherwise than a most loathsome material, from
+livers heaped together by thousands sent over from Newfoundland, to
+deposit their oil by a course of putrefaction? The livers of other
+fish have also been found to have accompanied those of the cod, hence,
+probably, deteriorating the effect of that of the cod, or introducing
+an article calculated to produce no good result. At Berlin it is
+known that a spurious oil was introduced into the hospital, and the
+failure in its operation had well nigh superseded its use altogether. A
+genuine oil was however happily obtained, and the value of the remedy
+established. Various modes of adulteration have been detected. It has
+been found to be mixed with whale oil, the oil of the seal, &c.; and
+its offensive character may easily be estimated. The price at which
+the oil is to be obtained may probably, in some measure, serve as a
+clue to the discovery of these attempts, than which nothing can be
+more reprehensible. It is melancholy to reflect that in nothing more,
+or perhaps equally so, is adulteration practised than in medicinal
+articles. The public have little means of detecting these fraudulent
+proceedings, which ought, however, when brought to light, to be
+subjected to the severest censure and punishment.
+
+It is questionable how far these adulterations may be detected by the
+operation of the oil, since the principles of its immediate action in
+various diseases is far from having been satisfactorily ascertained.
+Its nutrient properties are known, and must be admitted in common with
+all adipose substances, and a knowledge of their constituents and
+action upon the human frame; but beyond this, namely, the specific
+qualities as adapted to counteract scrophula, rickets, rheumatic or
+gouty inflammation, neuralgia, pulmonary disorders, &c. is unknown.
+The well-ascertained effects of iodine in the relief of scrophulous
+diseases point out that substance as the immediate agent affording
+relief in those cases, but it has been ascertained that the quantity
+of iodine in the cod-liver oil is exceedingly small, being much
+beneath that which is ordinarily given in the treatment of scrophulous
+disorders, and without effect in those cases; still this small quantity
+may perhaps by nature be so incorporated in the composition of the
+oil, that although of diminished proportions, it may yet possess an
+increased power of action, as in the case of natural mineral waters.
+It may probably be truly averred, that no fictitious mineral waters,
+however admirably prepared, and however accurately constituted,
+according to the proportions of the several ingredients as ascertained
+by chemical analysis, are capable of producing the same effects as
+those by the water derived from the original spring. This may perhaps
+be the result of some electric or galvanic agency operating in its
+constitution, the place of which cannot be supplied by any substitute
+to be found in the laboratory of the chemist. Nature here manifests
+her decided superiority to the efforts of art, though ably directed
+by the hand of science. Dr. Pereira has suggested bromine to be the
+active principle in the oil, and others have attributed its efficiency
+to various phosphoric compounds. Dr. Williams refers its agency to some
+biliary principle; in short, nothing certain is known upon the subject:
+the cause may here be said to be occult, but the effect is apparent.
+Mons. Bretonneau asserts that he has obtained effects just as markedly
+beneficial to result from the use of the common whale oil, as from the
+cod-liver oil, although we know the power to be but very partially
+obtained from the liver of the cetaceous tribe.
+
+As, however, cod-liver oil is admitted to be an important medical
+agent, and as so many eminent medical practitioners have given
+their decided approbation to its employment, it is of the greatest
+consequence to have the article in the most perfect state of purity.
+Under this impression I have for a considerable time been engaged
+in various methods to accomplish this end, and without occasioning
+any change in its constituent properties, or altering the relative
+proportion of the several substances which enter into its formation,
+I have at length been enabled to obtain the oil from the fresh livers
+in a state of purity and comparative sapidity which I flatter myself
+will be universally approved. Its clearness and transparency is equal
+to that of any other oil even of a vegetable nature; its taste is
+such that it needs no admixture to disguise it, and it is therefore
+freed from the suspicion of being, by any combination, deprived of its
+essential and curative properties. It may be taken, not in the large
+doses previously administered in the Manchester Infirmary, of one, two,
+or three table-spoonfuls, two, three, or four times daily, but in that
+of one, two, or three tea-spoonfuls twice a day, and may, without
+fear of counteracting its medicinal quality, be agreeably taken in a
+small quantity of milk, or coffee, or beer. Infusion of orange-peel
+is a convenient and agreeable vehicle for its administration.
+Peppermint-water is also a convenient and proper means. If it be
+employed in the form of an emulsion, care must be taken that no syrup
+be employed into the constitution of which acid enters, as it would be
+incompatible with the alkali necessarily used to form the mixture.
+
+If the oil be pure and freed from all extraneous matters, and the
+livers from which it is procured be in a recent and not in a putrid
+state, there is little apprehension as to any disagreeable effects
+following its exhibition; in some cases, however, it has been found to
+disorder the bowels in a slight degree upon commencing its use, but
+that speedily subsides, and has rarely required the aid of remedies to
+counteract such effects.
+
+Externally it may be used by itself, or in combination with ammonia, or
+camphor, spermaceti, wax, &c., according to the intention with which
+it is employed, and which it is hardly necessary to say should be under
+the direction of a professional adviser.
+
+  _143, New Bond Street,
+      Feb. 21, 1849._
+
+
+                                LONDON:
+             G. J. PALMER, PRINTER, SAVOY STREET, STRAND.
+
+
+
+
+                         _By the same Author._
+
+
+                  Third Edition, 12mo., cloth, 5_s._
+
+A COMPENDIUM of DOMESTIC MEDICINE, and COMPANION to the MEDICINE CHEST.
+Comprising Plain Directions for the Employment of Medicines――their
+Properties and Doses――Brief Descriptions of the Symptoms and Treatment
+of Diseases――Disorders incidental to Infants and Children――Directions
+for restoring Suspended Animation――Counteracting the Effects of
+Poison――A Selection of the most Efficacious Prescriptions and various
+Mechanical Auxiliaries to Medicine.
+
+By JOHN SAVORY, Member of the Society of Apothecaries, and late
+President of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.
+
+
+“This is decidedly the completest work of its kind that has fallen
+under our notice.”――_Mirror._
+
+“This very useful little manual is entirely divested of scientific
+phraseology, and may be safely consulted, in cases of emergency,
+by persons residing at a distance from their medical adviser, more
+particularly where delay may be productive of fatal results.”――_Analyst._
+
+“A work which merits the attention of our parochial clergy, who
+are often called upon to act the part of the good Samaritan. In
+cases of trying emergency, when medical assistance is not at hand,
+it will be found a safe guide, the symptoms of diseases being
+clearly defined, and their appropriate remedies plainly pointed
+out.”――_Essex Standard._
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ Transcriber’s Notes:
+
+ ――Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).
+
+ ――Obvious punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected.
+
+ ――Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBSERVATIONS ON THE OLEUM
+JECORIS ASELLI OR COD-LIVER OIL ***
+
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+      Observations on the Oleum Jecoris Aselli, or Cod-liver Oil, by John Savory—A Project Gutenberg eBook
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+<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Observations on the Oleum Jecoris Aselli or Cod-liver Oil, by John Savory</p>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
+at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
+are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
+country where you are located before using this eBook.
+</div>
+
+<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Observations on the Oleum Jecoris Aselli or Cod-liver Oil</p>
+<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Its nature, properties, mode of preparation, &c.</p>
+  <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: John Savory</p>
+<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: August 30, 2021 [eBook #66185]</p>
+<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p>
+  <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p>
+<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBSERVATIONS ON THE OLEUM JECORIS ASELLI OR COD-LIVER OIL ***</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="cover">
+  <img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover" title="cover" />
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p class="noi halftitle">OBSERVATIONS</p>
+
+<p class="noi halftitlesm">ON</p>
+
+<p class="noi halftitle">THE COD-LIVER OIL.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<h1>OBSERVATIONS<br />
+<span class="works">ON THE</span><br />
+OLEUM JECORIS ASELLI,<br />
+<span class="works">OR</span><br />
+COD-LIVER OIL;</h1>
+
+<p class="p2 subtitle">ITS NATURE, PROPERTIES, MODE OF PREPARATION, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 noic">BY</p>
+
+<p class="noi author">JOHN SAVORY,</p>
+
+<p class="noi works">MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES, LATE PRESIDENT OF THE<br />
+ROYAL PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="p4 noic"><span class="adauthor">LONDON:<br />
+JOHN CHURCHILL, PRINCES STREET, SOHO.</span><br />
+1849.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p class="noic">LONDON:</p>
+
+<p class="noic">G. J. PALMER, PRINTER, SAVOY-STREET, STRAND.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ON"><span class="halftitlesm">ON</span><br />
+COD-LIVER OIL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The introduction of a new therapeutical agent
+into general practice cannot fail to interest the
+medical profession and the public, and, profiting
+by the experience attained in a consideration of
+the manner in which former remedies have been
+brought into notice, extolled for their efficacy,
+persevered in for a time, and then gradually
+permitted to fall into disuse, and finally sink
+into oblivion, it will doubtless be useful to review
+the circumstances attendant upon the proposal
+now so generally entertained of the administration
+of the cod-liver oil for a variety of
+diseases and disorders.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p>
+
+<p>Although it is only of late that the attention
+of the public has been particularly drawn to this
+subject, principally by the zealous endeavours of
+the Medical Practitioners of Germany, it will be
+found upon inquiry that the remedy is by no
+means a novel proposal; nor are we even indebted
+to our foreign <i>savans</i> for its introduction.
+It is to be traced back to the latter part of the
+18th century, at which time it was extensively
+used in the Manchester infirmary, and its effects,
+as there exhibited, have been reported by the
+late Dr. Samuel Argent Bardsley, in his “Medical
+Reports,” 1807, 8vo. This able physician,
+who was for many years attached to the Manchester
+infirmary, in which institution chronic
+rheumatism formed a very large proportion of
+the medical cases under treatment, states, that
+for this afflicting malady, the Oleum Jecoris
+Aselli, or cod-liver oil, enjoyed a high reputation
+in Lancashire, and that thirty years previously
+to the time at which he published his useful and
+truly practical work, it was introduced by one of
+the physicians to the infirmary, and that its success
+was such as to induce the celebrated Dr.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span>
+Percival to recommend it to his notice and attention
+as deserving of a fair and extensive
+trial.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Percival remarks, (Works, vol. iv. p. 355,)
+that it was so largely dispensed at the Manchester
+infirmary, that “near a hogshead of it
+was disposed of annually;” yet its employment
+was almost solely confined to the relief of
+cases of chronic rheumatism, sciatica, and those
+contractions and rigidities so frequently the
+consequences of exposure to damp and cold.
+In these cases it was considered as superior to
+all other remedial means that had been used,
+and its beneficial effects were strikingly apparent.
+The operation of the oil in the first instance
+was mostly to increase the pain sustained
+by the afflicted, but this was soon succeeded by
+a gradual subsidence of the severity of the symptoms.
+It occasioned, particularly in irritable
+habits, an acceleration of the pulse, and diffused
+a glow of warmth over the whole frame of a very
+agreeable description. It promoted the secretions
+of the skin, and occasionally acted on the bowels.
+It was observed, that when its use had been persisted<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span>
+in for a few weeks the tongue became foul
+and the appetite impaired, so that an emetic was
+found to be necessary. It was, however, given
+in large doses, varying from one to three table-spoonfuls
+twice, thrice, or four times daily. It
+was also employed extensively as a liniment to
+the stiffened joints or limbs; but if soreness existed
+its use was forbidden; it was also never
+exhibited internally when fever was present.</p>
+
+<p>The oil employed at the Manchester Infirmary
+was obtained from Newfoundland, and brought
+thence in barrels containing from 400 to 520
+pounds in weight; it was obtained by the putrefaction
+of the livers of the fish, which were
+heaped together for the purpose. The oil so
+procured was, however, found to be exceedingly
+nauseous and offensive, both as regards smell
+and taste, so that but few stomachs could bear
+it, although a variety of means were resorted to
+to disguise its unpleasant character.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding this, Dr. Bardsley remarks,
+that where it could be persisted in, such was
+the power of habit, that a relish for its flavour
+succeeded to its use, and what before was taken<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span>
+with such extreme disgust became pleasurably
+received. Dr. Percival says, the oil left upon
+the palate a savour like that of putrid fish, and
+that the perspiration of those taking it was
+strongly tainted with it. The oil, however, was
+not solely obtained from the livers of the cod-fish,
+but also from the ling (the Gadus Molva).
+So offensive was it found to be, that it was, in
+many instances, rendered necessary to combine
+it into the form of a liquid soap, and it is not
+too much to assert, that the efficiency of it as a
+remedy must have been, in no inconsiderable
+degree, impaired by the formulæ to which it was
+reduced.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Darbey, the house surgeon of the infirmary,
+in a letter to Dr. Percival, states the
+discovery of the effects of cod-liver oil to have
+been accidental, and to have occurred in a patient
+who, using it externally, was induced also
+to take some of it internally. She recovered the
+use of her limbs, and in a few weeks was dismissed.
+No particular attention was directed to
+the circumstance until her return to the infirmary,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span>
+in the course of 12 months, on account of
+a renewal of her complaint with considerable
+violence, which, however, soon subsided by the
+employment of the same means of relief. Dr.
+Kay, one of the physicians of the infirmary, remarked
+upon the case, and wished to test the
+character of the remedies in similar cases, and
+found the practice to succeed beyond his most
+sanguine expectations. It is worthy of remark,
+that the instances in which it was found to be
+most serviceable were those in which the perspiration
+was gradually promoted. Those who had
+been cripples for many years were found, after
+persisting in its use for a few weeks, not only to
+be able to quit their seats, to which they had
+been confined, but also to walk even without the
+aid of crutches or a stick. The effects were so
+remarkable, that application was made to the infirmary
+for the oil in all kinds of lameness, and
+an expenditure of not less than 50 or 60 gallons
+annually was the result. This practice was commenced
+about the year 1772, and continued for
+many years afterwards.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p>
+
+<p>One of the great evils attendant upon the introduction
+of a new remedy is the universality of
+its application to cases, often of very dissimilar
+nature. Its inefficiency to such a variety of
+purposes thereby speedily becomes apparent, and
+those disorders to which it may be beneficially
+applicable cease to be subjected to its operation:
+the novelty is gone; a prejudice against its use
+is created, and some new proposition speedily
+serves to banish it from a position it might probably,
+with advantage, have held in the Materia
+Medica.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Bardsley, writing in 1807, however, gives
+his testimony to the efficiency of cod-liver oil in
+cases of chronic rheumatism, and says, “In some
+instances, where every other means have proved
+unsuccessful, it has operated in a manner so
+decidedly beneficial as to excite astonishment.”
+In many cases, however, of a mild description,
+it has not been of any advantage. In the chronic
+rheumatism of aged persons, in whom the
+muscles and their tendons have acquired great
+rigidity, so that the joints have become almost<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span>
+inflexible, it was found to be most serviceable.
+In females, also, whose powers had been much
+depressed by frequent parturition, and in whom
+debility towards the decline of life prevailed to a
+great degree, it has served to produce the happiest
+effects. And, in all the cases, in which it
+has been attended with benefit, it has uniformly
+been remarked that the consequences produced
+by the exhibition of the oil have been to occasion
+an increase of power, size, and general fatness.
+Its operation was far from being uniform,
+for whilst in some instances it produced increased
+action of the bowels and promoted the alvine
+discharges, in others it had a tendency to induce
+constipation. In some it occasioned increased
+perspiration, and in others an addition to the
+secretion of the urine. In some it produced an
+eruption of the skin, attended with a sense of
+prickling heat. In some few cases, none of
+these sensible effects were to be observed. When
+it proved serviceable, its beneficial effects were
+found to be apparent in the course of a fortnight,
+and if at the expiration of that time no good<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span>
+resulted, little was to be expected from a continuance
+of its use; it was, however, remarked,
+that when it began to be useful its progress was
+observed to be gradual, and it became necessary,
+in order to insure a cure of the patient and to
+guard against a renewal of the attack, to continue
+its daily exhibition for a period extending
+to not less than six or eight months.</p>
+
+<p>The observations of these enlightened physicians
+have been confirmed by more modern practitioners.
+Corroborative evidence has been
+adduced against its employment in acute cases, or
+those attended by active inflammatory action,
+and for its employment in chronic cases attended
+by a low inflammatory condition, or in those
+cases where want of power and diminished
+strength are most apparent.</p>
+
+<p>It is not a little remarkable, that after the able
+and valued testimony just alluded to, an agent of
+such therapeutical properties should have been
+allowed to fall into utter neglect in this country.
+Much praise is due to the physicians of Germany
+for investigating the subject, and practically testing
+its efficiency. It would be out of place here,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span>
+and foreign to my purpose, to call attention to the
+various trials to which the remedy has been submitted
+and its efficient powers confirmed; these
+are to be found in the medical periodical literature
+of Germany and France, and have been translated
+and transferred to the pages of our own journals.
+(See “Medical Gazette,” “Lancet,” “Pharmaceutical
+Journal,” “Medico-Chirurgical Review,”
+“British and Foreign Medical Review,” “Continental
+and British Medical Review,” “London
+Journal of Medicine,” &amp;c.)</p>
+
+<p>The cod-liver oil has been found principally
+efficacious in rheumatic, gouty, and scrophulous
+cases, with their accompanying manifestations of
+cutaneous eruptions and neuralgic pains. Whenever
+a deficiency of tone is apparent in the
+system, its employment has been found of
+benefit. Where, as in pulmonary cases, it cannot
+be looked upon as curative, it nevertheless
+tends to the general support of the frame, and
+may probably serve to give time for the employment
+of other remedies more especially directed
+to the existing disease.</p>
+
+<p>That cod-liver oil should produce fatness,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span>
+will not occur as remarkable to any one who
+looks at its composition, the principal ingredient
+of which consists of carbon; this is present in
+all oils to a great degree, and it therefore offers
+a very valuable aid in cachectic cases, and others
+of diminished power and general weakness;
+hence it has been remarkably efficacious in cases
+of mesenteric disease: its powers also in exciting
+the lymphatic system to activity, in promoting also
+the capillary circulation, and in effecting absorption
+of scrophulous deposits, have been very
+striking, and demand the attention of every practitioner.
+Its effect is not merely increasing
+the deposition of fatty matter in the system,
+but, as Dr. J. C. B. Williams has asserted,
+increasing the muscular strength and action,
+and improving the colour of the cheeks and lips,
+and thereby affording evidence of improving the
+nature and condition of the blood. Dr. Copland,
+in his valuable Dictionary of Medicine, has given
+his approbation to its employment in cases of
+rheumatism and sciatica, and also in several
+cases of neuralgia. It would form a volume to
+give, even in abstract, the cases which, within<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span>
+the last three years, have been recorded of the
+efficacy of the cod-liver oil in a variety of affections;
+and my object in at all addressing the
+public on this occasion, is to point out the necessity
+of obtaining this remedy in its purest and
+most effective form, in order to insure its operation,
+and prevent it from falling into that desuetude
+which has characterized so many preceding
+remedies proposed by the profession.</p>
+
+<p>One of the greatest objections to its use was,
+as already stated, the exceedingly unpleasant
+savour it possessed, and the consequent disgust
+to its exhibition produced in persons of delicate
+stomach. This has in some measure originated
+from the introduction of a spurious article, or
+from the manner in which the original has been
+introduced. What could be expected otherwise
+than a most loathsome material, from livers
+heaped together by thousands sent over from
+Newfoundland, to deposit their oil by a course
+of putrefaction? The livers of other fish have
+also been found to have accompanied those of
+the cod, hence, probably, deteriorating the effect
+of that of the cod, or introducing an article calculated<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span>
+to produce no good result. At Berlin it
+is known that a spurious oil was introduced into
+the hospital, and the failure in its operation had
+well nigh superseded its use altogether. A genuine
+oil was however happily obtained, and the
+value of the remedy established. Various modes
+of adulteration have been detected. It has been
+found to be mixed with whale oil, the oil of the
+seal, &amp;c.; and its offensive character may easily
+be estimated. The price at which the oil is to
+be obtained may probably, in some measure,
+serve as a clue to the discovery of these attempts,
+than which nothing can be more reprehensible.
+It is melancholy to reflect that in
+nothing more, or perhaps equally so, is adulteration
+practised than in medicinal articles. The
+public have little means of detecting these fraudulent
+proceedings, which ought, however, when
+brought to light, to be subjected to the severest
+censure and punishment.</p>
+
+<p>It is questionable how far these adulterations
+may be detected by the operation of the oil,
+since the principles of its immediate action in
+various diseases is far from having been satisfactorily<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span>
+ascertained. Its nutrient properties are
+known, and must be admitted in common with
+all adipose substances, and a knowledge of their
+constituents and action upon the human frame;
+but beyond this, namely, the specific qualities as
+adapted to counteract scrophula, rickets, rheumatic
+or gouty inflammation, neuralgia, pulmonary
+disorders, &amp;c. is unknown. The well-ascertained
+effects of iodine in the relief of scrophulous diseases
+point out that substance as the immediate
+agent affording relief in those cases, but it has
+been ascertained that the quantity of iodine in
+the cod-liver oil is exceedingly small, being much
+beneath that which is ordinarily given in the
+treatment of scrophulous disorders, and without
+effect in those cases; still this small quantity
+may perhaps by nature be so incorporated in the
+composition of the oil, that although of diminished
+proportions, it may yet possess an increased
+power of action, as in the case of natural
+mineral waters. It may probably be truly
+averred, that no fictitious mineral waters, however
+admirably prepared, and however accurately
+constituted, according to the proportions of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span>
+several ingredients as ascertained by chemical
+analysis, are capable of producing the same
+effects as those by the water derived from the
+original spring. This may perhaps be the result
+of some electric or galvanic agency operating in
+its constitution, the place of which cannot be
+supplied by any substitute to be found in the
+laboratory of the chemist. Nature here manifests
+her decided superiority to the efforts of art,
+though ably directed by the hand of science.
+Dr. Pereira has suggested bromine to be the
+active principle in the oil, and others have
+attributed its efficiency to various phosphoric
+compounds. Dr. Williams refers its agency to
+some biliary principle; in short, nothing certain
+is known upon the subject: the cause may here
+be said to be occult, but the effect is apparent.
+Mons. Bretonneau asserts that he has obtained
+effects just as markedly beneficial to result from
+the use of the common whale oil, as from the
+cod-liver oil, although we know the power to be
+but very partially obtained from the liver of the
+cetaceous tribe.</p>
+
+<p>As, however, cod-liver oil is admitted to be an<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span>
+important medical agent, and as so many eminent
+medical practitioners have given their decided
+approbation to its employment, it is of the
+greatest consequence to have the article in the
+most perfect state of purity. Under this impression
+I have for a considerable time been engaged
+in various methods to accomplish this
+end, and without occasioning any change in its
+constituent properties, or altering the relative
+proportion of the several substances which enter
+into its formation, I have at length been enabled
+to obtain the oil from the fresh livers in a
+state of purity and comparative sapidity which I
+flatter myself will be universally approved. Its
+clearness and transparency is equal to that of
+any other oil even of a vegetable nature; its
+taste is such that it needs no admixture to disguise
+it, and it is therefore freed from the suspicion
+of being, by any combination, deprived of
+its essential and curative properties. It may be
+taken, not in the large doses previously administered
+in the Manchester Infirmary, of one, two,
+or three table-spoonfuls, two, three, or four
+times daily, but in that of one, two, or three tea-spoonfuls<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span>
+twice a day, and may, without fear of
+counteracting its medicinal quality, be agreeably
+taken in a small quantity of milk, or coffee, or
+beer. Infusion of orange-peel is a convenient
+and agreeable vehicle for its administration.
+Peppermint-water is also a convenient and proper
+means. If it be employed in the form of an
+emulsion, care must be taken that no syrup be
+employed into the constitution of which acid
+enters, as it would be incompatible with the
+alkali necessarily used to form the mixture.</p>
+
+<p>If the oil be pure and freed from all extraneous
+matters, and the livers from which it is
+procured be in a recent and not in a putrid state,
+there is little apprehension as to any disagreeable
+effects following its exhibition; in some cases,
+however, it has been found to disorder the bowels
+in a slight degree upon commencing its use, but
+that speedily subsides, and has rarely required
+the aid of remedies to counteract such effects.</p>
+
+<p>Externally it may be used by itself, or in combination
+with ammonia, or camphor, spermaceti,
+wax, &amp;c., according to the intention with which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span>
+it is employed, and which it is hardly necessary
+to say should be under the direction of a professional
+adviser.</p>
+
+<p><i>143, New Bond Street,</i><br />
+<span class="ident"><i>Feb. 21, 1849.</i></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="p6 noic">LONDON:</p>
+
+<p class="noi works">G. J. PALMER, PRINTER, SAVOY STREET, STRAND.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p class="noic"><i>By the same Author.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="r20" />
+
+<p class="noic">Third Edition, 12mo., cloth, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="lrgfont">A COMPENDIUM of DOMESTIC MEDICINE,</span>
+and COMPANION to the MEDICINE CHEST. Comprising
+Plain Directions for the Employment of Medicines—their Properties
+and Doses—Brief Descriptions of the Symptoms and Treatment
+of Diseases—Disorders incidental to Infants and Children—Directions
+for restoring Suspended Animation—Counteracting the
+Effects of Poison—A Selection of the most Efficacious Prescriptions
+and various Mechanical Auxiliaries to Medicine.</p>
+
+<p>By JOHN SAVORY, Member of the Society of Apothecaries,
+and late President of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great
+Britain.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 smfont">“This is decidedly the completest work of its kind that has
+fallen under our notice.”—<cite>Mirror.</cite></p>
+
+<p class="smfont">“This very useful little manual is entirely divested of scientific
+phraseology, and may be safely consulted, in cases of emergency,
+by persons residing at a distance from their medical adviser, more
+particularly where delay may be productive of fatal results.”—<cite>Analyst.</cite></p>
+
+<p class="smfont">“A work which merits the attention of our parochial clergy,
+who are often called upon to act the part of the good Samaritan.
+In cases of trying emergency, when medical assistance is not at
+hand, it will be found a safe guide, the symptoms of diseases
+being clearly defined, and their appropriate remedies plainly
+pointed out.”—<cite>Essex Standard.</cite></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<div class="tnote">
+<p class="noi tntitle">Transcriber’s Notes:</p>
+
+<p class="smfont">Obvious punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected.</p>
+
+<p class="smfont">Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBSERVATIONS ON THE OLEUM JECORIS ASELLI OR COD-LIVER OIL ***</div>
+<div style='text-align:left'>
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