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diff --git a/old/66182-0.txt b/old/66182-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6723126..0000000 --- a/old/66182-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3466 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notes and Queries, Number 198, August 13, -1853, by George Bell - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Notes and Queries, Number 198, August 13, 1853 - A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, - Antiquaries, Geneologists, etc - -Author: Various - -Editor: George Bell - -Release Date: August 30, 2021 [eBook #66182] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was - produced from images generously made available by The Internet - Library of Early Journals.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, NUMBER 198, -AUGUST 13, 1853 *** - - - - - -{141} - -NOTES AND QUERIES: - -A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, -GENEALOGISTS, ETC. - - * * * * * - -="When found, make a note of."=--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. - - * * * * * - - No. 198.] - SATURDAY, AUGUST 13. 1853. - [Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition, 5_d._ - - * * * * * - - -CONTENTS. - - - NOTES:-- Page - - Bacon's Essays, by Markby 141 - - The Isthmus of Panama 144 - - FOLK LORE:--Legends of the County Clare--Moon - Superstitions--Warwickshire Folk Lore--Northamptonshire - Folk Lore--Slow-worm Superstition--A - Devonshire Charm for the Thrush 145 - - Old Jokes 146 - - An Interpolation of the Players: Tobacco, by W. Robson 147 - - MINOR NOTES:--Curious Epitaph--Enigmatical Epitaph--Books - worthy to be reprinted--Napoleon's Thunderstorm--Istamboul: - Constantinople 147 - - QUERIES:-- - - Strut-stowers, and Yeathers or Yadders, by C. H. - Cooper 148 - - MINOR QUERIES:--Archbishop Parker's Correspondence--Amor - Nummi--The Number Nine--Position of Font--Aix Ruochim or - Romans Ioner--"Lessons for Lent," &c.--"La Branche des - réaus Lignages"--Marriage Service--"Czar" or "Tsar"--Little - Silver--On Æsop's (?) Fable of washing the Blackamoor--Wedding - Proverb--German Phrase--German Heraldry--Leman Family--A - Cob-wall--Inscription near Chalcedon--Domesday - Book--Dotinchem--"Mirrour to all," &c.--Title wanted--Portrait - of Charles I.: Countess Du Barry 149 - - MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--"Preparation for - Martyrdom"--Reference wanted--Speaker of the - House of Commons in 1697 152 - - REPLIES:-- - - Inscriptions in Books 153 - - The Drummer's Letter, by Henry H. Breen 153 - - Old Fogies 154 - - Descendants of John of Gaunt, by William Hardy 155 - - PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Lining of Cameras--Cyanuret - of Potassium--Minuteness of Detail on Paper--Stereoscopic - Angles--Sisson's developing Solution--Multiplying - Photographs--Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-nitrate of - Silver? 157 - - REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Burke's Marriage--Stars and - Flowers--Odour from the Rainbow--Judges styled Reverend--Jacob - Bobart--"Putting your foot into it"--Simile of the Soul and the - Magnetic Needle--The Tragedy of Polidus--Robert Fairlie--"Mater - ait natæ," &c.--Sir John Vanbrugh--Fête des Chaudrons--Murder - of Monaldeschi--Land of Green Ginger--Unneath--Snail - Gardens--Parvise--Humbug--Table-moving--Scotch - Newspapers--Door-head Inscriptions--Honorary Degrees--"Never - ending, still beginning" 158 - - MISCELLANEOUS:-- - - Books and Odd Volumes wanted 162 - - Notices to Correspondents 162 - - Advertisements 163 - - * * * * * - - - - -Notes. - - -BACON'S ESSAYS, BY MARKBY. - -Mr. Markby has recently published his promised edition of Bacon's -_Essays_; and he has in this, as in his edition of the _Advancement of -Learning_, successfully traced most of the passages alluded to by Lord -Bacon. The following notes relate to a few points which still deserve -attention: - -Essay I. On Truth:--"The poet that beautified the sect that was otherwise -inferior to the rest."] By "beautified" is here meant "set off to -advantage," "embellished." - -Essay II. On Death.-- - -Many of the thoughts in the _Essays_ recur in the "Exempla Antithetorum," -in the 6th book _De Augmentis Scientiarum_. With respect to this Essay, -compare the article "Vita," No. 12., in vol. viii. p. 360. ed. Montagu. - -"You shall read in some of the friars' books of mortification, that a man -should think with himself what the pain is, if he have but his finger's -end pressed or tortured, and thereby imagine what the pains of death are -when the whole body is corrupted and dissolved."] Query, What books are -here alluded to? - -"Pompa mortis magis terret, quam mors ipsa."] Mr. Markby thinks these -words are an allusion to Sen. _Ep._ xxiv. § 13. Something similar also -occurs in _Ep._ xiv. § 3. Compare Ovid, _Heroid._ x. 82.: "Morsque minus -pœnæ quam mora mortis habet." - -"Galba, with a sentence, 'Feri si ex re sit populi Romani.'"] In addition -to the passage of Tacitus, quoted by Mr. Markby, see Sueton. _Galb._ c. -20. - -"Septimus Severus in despatch, 'Adeste si quid mihi restat agendum.'"] No -such dying words are attributed to Severus, either in Dio Cassius, lxxvi. -15., the passage cited by Mr. Markby, or in Spartian. _Sever._ c. 23. - -In the passage of Juvenal, the words are, "qui spatium vitæ," and not -"qui finem vitæ," as quoted by Lord Bacon. Length of life is meant. - -Essay III. Of Unity in Religion.-- - -"Certain Laodiceans and lukewarm persons."] The allusion is to Rev. iii. -14-16. - -{142} - -"It is noted by one of the Fathers, Christ's coat indeed had no seam, but -the Church's vesture was of divers colours; whereupon he saith, 'in veste -varietas sit, scissura non sit.'"] Query, Who is the Father alluded to? - -"The massacre in France."] _I. e._ the massacre of St. Bartholomew. - -Essay IV. Of Revenge.--See _Antitheta_, No. 39. vol. viii. p. 374. - -The saying of Cosmo, Duke of Florence, as to not forgiving friends, -recurs in the _Apophthegms_, vol. i. p. 394. ed. Montagu. - -Essay V. Of Adversity.-- - -On the fable of Hercules sailing over the ocean in an earthen pot, -see _Sap. Vet._, vol. x. p. 335. And concerning the Greek fable, see -Schneidewin, _Del. Poes._ Gr., p. 329. - -Essay VI. Of Simulation and Dissimulation.--See _Antitheta_, No. 32. vol. -viii. p. 370. - -"Arts of state and arts of life, as Tacitus well calleth them."] Mr. -Markby does not trace this allusion, which is not obvious. - -Essay VII. Of Parents and Children.--See _Antitheta_, No. 5. vol. viii. -p. 356. - -"The Italians make little difference between children and nephews, or -near kinsfolk."] Query, What ground is there for this assertion? - -"Generally the precept is good: 'Optimum elige, suave et facile illud -faciet consuetudo.'"] Query, Who is the author of this precept? - -Essay VIII. Of Marriage and Single Life.--See _Antitheta_, No. 5. vol. -viii. p. 356. - -The answer of Thales concerning marriage is also given in Plut. _Symp._ -iii. 3. - -Essay IX. Of Envy.--See _Antitheta_, No. 16. vol. viii. p. 362. - -"The Scripture calleth envy an evil eye."] Lord Bacon appears to allude -to James iv. 5.: "Do ye think that the Scripture saith in vain, the -Spirit that dwelleth in us lusteth to envy?" - -"Non est curiosus, quin idem sit malevolus."] From Plautus, _Stich._ 1. -3. v. 55. "Nam curiosus nemo est, quin sit malevolus." - -"Therefore it was well said, 'Invidia festos dies non agit.'"] Whence is -this saying taken? It occurs likewise in the _Antitheta_. - -Essay X. Of Love.--See _Antitheta_, No. 36. vol. viii. p. 373. - -"It hath been well said, that the arch-flatterer, with whom all the petty -flatterers have intelligence, is a man's self."] Query, From whom is this -saying quoted? - -"It was well said, that it is impossible to love and to be wise."] -Mr. Markby cites a verse of Publius Syrus, "Amare et sapere vix Deo -conceditur." Compare Menander, _Andria_, Fragm. 1., and Ovid, _Met._ ii. -846.: "Non bene conveniunt, nec in unâ sede morantur, Majestas et amor." - -"I know not how, but martial men are given to love."] Aristotle (_Pol._ -ii. 9.) has the same remark, adding that there was good reason for the -fable which made Venus the spouse of Mars. - -Essay XI. Of Great Place.--See _Antitheta_, No. 7. vol. viii. p. 357. - -"Cum non sis qui fueris, non esse cur velis vivere."] Whatever may be the -source of this quotation, the sense seems to require _est_ for _esse_. - -"It is most true that was anciently spoken: 'A place showeth the man.'"] -The allusion is to the celebrated Greek proverb "ἀρχὴ ἄνδρα δείκνυσι," -attributed to Bias, Solon, Pittacus, and others. See Diogenianus, _Prov._ -ii. 94., with the note of Leutsch and Schneidewin. - -Essay XII. Of Boldness.--See _Antitheta_, No. 33. vol. viii. p. 371. - -"Question was asked of Demosthenes," &c.] See _Cic. de Orat._ iii. 56.; -_Brut._ 38.; _Plut. Vit. X. Orat._ c. 8. By the Greek word ὑπόκρισις, and -the Latin word _actio_, in this anecdote, is meant all that belongs to -the _acting_ or _delivery_ of a speech. Bacon appears, by his following -remarks, not to include elocution in _actio_; which was certainly not -Cicero's understanding of the word. - -"If the hill will not come to Mahomet, Mahomet will go to the hill."] -Query, What is the authority for this well-known story? - -Essay XIII. Of Goodness.-- - -"The Turks, a cruel people, nevertheless are kind to beasts, and give -alms to dogs and birds; insomuch, as Busbechius reporteth, a Christian -boy in Constantinople had like to have been stoned for gagging in a -waggishness a long-billed fowl."] A. G. Busbequius, _Legationis Turcicæ -Epistolæ quattuor_, in Epist. iii. p. 107. of his works, Lond. 1660, -tells a story of a Venetian goldsmith at Constantinople, who was fond -of fowling, and had caught a bird of the size of the cuckoo, and of the -same colour; with a beak not very large, but with jaws so wide that, -when opened, they would admit a man's fist. This bird he fastened over -his door, with extended wings, and a stick in his beak, so as to extend -the jaws to a great width, as a joke. The Turks, who were passing by, -took compassion on the bird; seized the goldsmith by the neck, and led -him before the criminal judge. He was with difficulty saved from an -infliction of the bastinado by the interference of the Venetian Bailo. -The man told the story to Busbequius, and showed him the bird; who -supposed it to be the _Caprimulgus_, or goat-sucker. A full account of -the _Caprimulgus Europæus_ (the bird here alluded to) may be seen in -the _Penny Cyclopædia_, art. NIGHTJARS. It will be observed that Bacon -quotes the story from memory, and does not represent the particulars of -it with accuracy. It is not a Christian _boy_, nor is he threatened with -_stoning_, nor is the bird a _long-billed_ fowl. - -{143} - -"Neither give thou Æsop's cock a gem," &c.] Compare _Apophthegms_, No. -203. p. 393. - -"Such men in other men's calamities are, as it were, in season, _and are -ever on the loading part_."] By "the loading part," seems to be meant -the part which is most heavily laden; the part which supports the chief -burthen. - -"Misanthropi, that make it their practice to bring men to the bough, and -yet have never a tree for the purpose in their gardens as Timon had."] -Query, What is the allusion in this passage? Nothing of the sort occurs -in Lucian's dialogue of Timon. - -Essay XIV. Of Nobility.--See _Antitheta_, No. 1. vol. viii. p. 354. - -Essay XV. Of Seditions and Troubles.-- - -"As Machiavel noteth well, when princes, that ought to be common parents, -make themselves as a party," &c.] Perhaps Lord Bacon alludes to _Disc._ -iii. 27. - -"As Tacitus expresseth it well, 'Liberius quam ut imperantium -meminissent.'"] Mr. Markby is at a loss to trace this quotation. I am -unable to assist him. - -The verses of Lucan are quoted from memory. The original has, "Avidumque -in tempora," and "Et concussa fides." - -"Dolendi modus, timendi non item."] Query, Whence are these words taken? - -"Solvam cingula regum."] Mr. Markby refers to Job xii. 18.; but the -passage alluded to seems to be Isaiah xlv. 1. - -The story of Epimetheus is differently applied in _Sap. Vet._, vol. x. p. -342. - -The saying of Cæsar on Sylla is inserted in the _Apophthegms_, No. 135. -p. 379. That of Galba is likewise to be found in Suet. _Galb._ 16. - -Essay XVI. Of Atheism.--See _Antitheta_, No. 13. vol. viii. p. 360. - -"Who to him is instead of a god, or melior natura."] From Ovid, _Met._ 1. -21. "Hanc deus et melior litem natura diremit." - -Essay XVII. Of Superstition.--See _Antitheta_, No. 13. vol. viii. p. 360. - -Essay XIX. Of Empire.--See _Antitheta_, No. 8. vol. viii. p. 358. - -"And the like was done by that league, which Guicciardini saith was the -security of Italy," &c.] The league alluded to, is that of 1485. See -Guicciardini, lib. i. c. 1. - -"Neither is the opinion of some of the school-men to be received, that a -war cannot justly be made but upon a precedent injury or provocation."] -Grotius lays down the same doctrine as Bacon, _De J. B. et P._, ii. 1. §§ -2, 3. Query, What school-men are here referred to? - -Essay XX. Of Counsel.--See _Antitheta_, No. 44. vol. viii. p. 377. - -Jupiter and Metis.] See _Sap. Vet._, vol. xi. p. 354. - -"For which inconveniences, the doctrine of Italy, and practice of France, -in some kings' times, hath introduced cabinet councils: a remedy worse -than the disease." By "cabinet councils" are here meant private meetings -of selected advisers in the king's own apartment. - -"Principis est virtus maxima nosse suos."] From Martial, viii. 15. - -"It was truly said, '_Optimi consiliarii mortui._'"] Compare -_Apophthegms_, No. 105.: "Alonzo of Arragon was wont to say of himself, -that he was a great necromancer; for that he used to ask counsel of the -dead, meaning books." - -Essay XXI. Of Delays.--See _Antitheta_, No. 41. vol. viii. p. 376. - -"Occasion (as it is in the common verse) turneth a bald noddle," &c.] See -"N. & Q.," Vol. iii., pp. 8. 43., where this saying is illustrated. - -Essay XXII. Of Cunning.-- - -"The old rule, to know a fool from a wise man: 'Mitte ambos nudos ad -ignotos, et videbis.'"] Attributed to "one of the philosophers" in -_Apophthegms_, No. 255. p. 404. - -"I knew a counsellor and secretary that never came to Queen Elizabeth of -England with bills to sign, but he would always first put her into some -discourse of estate, that she might the less mind the bills."] King's -or queen's bills is a technical expression for a class of documents -requiring the royal signature, which is still, or was recently, in use. -See Murray's _Official Handbook_, by Mr. Redgrave, p. 257. Query, To -which of Queen Elizabeth's Secretaries of State does Bacon allude? And -again, who are meant by the "two who were competitors for the Secretary's -place in Queen Elizabeth's time," mentioned lower down? - -Essay XXIII. Of Wisdom for a Man's Self.-- - -"It is the wisdom of rats, that will be sure to leave a house somewhat -before it fall."] Query, How and when did this popular notion (now -engrafted upon our political language) originate? - -"It is the wisdom of crocodiles, that shed tears when they would -devour."] This saying seems to be derived from the belief, that the -crocodile imitates the cry of children in order to attract their mothers, -and then to devour them. See Salgues, _Des Erreurs et des Préjugés_, tom. -ii. p. 406. - -Essay XXIV. Of Innovations.--See _Antitheta_, No. 40. vol. viii. p. 375. - -Essay XXV. Of Despatch.--See _Antitheta_, No. 27. vol. viii. p. 368. - -"I knew a wise man, that had it for a by-word, when he saw men hasten to -a conclusion, 'Stay a little, that we may make an end the sooner.'"] Mr. -Markby says that Sir Amias Paulet is the {144} person alluded to. The -saying in _Apophthegms_, No. 14. p. 414. - -"The Spartans and Spaniards have been noted to be of small despatch: 'Mi -venga la muerte de Spagna,--Let my death come from Spain, for then it -will be sure to be long in coming.'"] The slow and dilatory character of -the Lacedæmonians is noted in Thucyd. i. 70.: "Καὶ μὴν καὶ ἄοκνοι πρὸς -ὑμᾶς μελλητάς." And again, i. 84.: "Καὶ τὸ βραδὺ καὶ μέλλον, ὃ μέμφονται -μάλιστα ἡμῶν." Livy represents the Rhodians making a similar remark to -the Roman senate in 167 B.C.: "Atheniensium populum fama est celerem et -supra vires audacem esse ad conandum: Lacedæmoniorum cunctatorem, et vix -in ea, quibus fidit, ingredientem," xlv. 23. Bayle, in his _Pensées sur -les Comètes_, § 243., has a passage which illustrates the slowness of the -Spaniards:--"D'un côté on prévoyoit, que l'empereur et le roi d'Espagne -se serviroient de très grandes forces, pour opprimer la chrétienté: -mais on prévoyoit aussi de l'autre, qu'ils ne seroient jamais en état -de l'accabler, parceque la lenteur et les longues délibérations qui -ont toujours fait leur partage, font perdre trop de bonnes occasions. -Vous savez la pensée de Malherbe sur ce sujet: S'il est vrai, dit-il -dans quelqu'une de ses lettres, que l'Espagne aspire à la monarchie -universelle, je lui conseille de demander à Dieu une surséance de la fin -du monde." - -Essay XXVI. Of seeming wise.-- - -"Magno conatu nugas."] From Terence, _Heaut._ iii. _5._ 8.: "Ne ista, -hercle, magno jam conatu magnas nugas dixerit." - -Essay XXVII. Of Friendship.-- - -"Epimenides the Candian."] Bacon calls the ancient Cretan priest -Epimenides a "Candian," as Machiavel speaks of the capture of Rome by -the "Francesi" under Brennus. Mr. Pashley, in his _Travels in Crete_, -vol. i. p. 189., shows that Candia is a name unknown in the island; and -that among the natives its ancient denomination is still in use. The name -Candia has been propagated over Europe from the Italian usage. - -"The Latin adage meeteth with it a little: 'Magna civitas, magna -solitudo.'"] See Erasm. _Adag._, p. 1293. It is taken from a verse of a -Greek comic poet, which referred to the city of Megalopolis in Arcadia: -"Ἐρημία μεγάλη 'στὶν ἡ Μεγάλη πόλις."--Strab. viii. 8. § 1. - -"The Roman name attaineth the true use and cause thereof, naming them -'participes curarum.'"] To what examples of this expression does Bacon -refer? - -"The parable of Pythagoras is dark, but true: 'Cor ne edito.'"] -Concerning this Pythagorean precept, see Diog., Laert. viii. 17, 18., cum -not. - -The saying of Themistocles is repeated in _Apophthegms_, No. 199. p. 392. - -The saying of Heraclitus is repeated, _Apophthegms_, No. 268.; _De -Sap. Vet._, vol. xi. p. 346. It is alluded to in _Nov. Org._, ii. 32.: -"Quicquid enim abducit intellectum a consuetis, æquat et complanat aream -ejus, ad recipiendum _lumen siccum et purum_ notionum verarum." - -"It was a sparing speech of the ancients, to say that a friend is another -himself."] See Aristot., _Mag. Mor._ ii. 11.: "Μία φανὲν ψυχὴ ἡ ἐμὴ καὶ -ἡ τούτου;" and again, c. 15.: "Τοιοῦτος οἷος ἕτερος εἶναι ἐγὼ, ἀν γε καὶ -σφόδρα φίλον τοιήσῃς, ὥσπερ τὸ λεγόμενον 'ἄλλος οὗτος Ἡρακλῆς,' 'ἄλλος -φίλος ἐγώ.'" _Eth. Eud._ vii. 12.: "Ὁ γὰρ φίλος βούλεται εἶναι, ὥσπερ ἡ -παροιμία φησὶν, ἄλλος Ἠρακλῆς, ἄλλος οὗτος." - -L. - -(_To be continued._) - - * * * * * - - -THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. - -The interest which the execution of the railroad across the Isthmus of -Panama excites, induces me to transmit you the following extract from -Gage's _New Survey of the West Indies_, 8vo., London, 1699. - -A few lines relative to the author, of whom but little is known, may be -also of use. He was the son of John Gage, of Haling; and his brother -was Sir Henry Gage, governor of Oxford, killed at the battle at Culham -Bridge, Jan. 11, 1644. His family were of the Roman Catholic faith; and -he was sent by his father in 1612 into Spain, to study under the Jesuits, -in the hope he would join that society; but his aversion to them led him -to enter the Dominican Order at Valladolid, in 1612. His motives were -suspected; his father was irritated--threatened to disinherit him and to -arouse against him the power of the Jesuits of England if he returned -home. He now determined to pass over to the Spanish possessions in South -America; but as an order had been issued by the king, forbidding this to -any _Englishman_, it was only by inclosing him in an empty sea-biscuit -case, he was able to sail from Cadiz, July 2, 1625. He arrived at -Mexico on October 8; and after residing there for some time to recruit -himself from the voyage, resolved to abandon a missionary scheme to the -Philippine islands he had planned, and accordingly, on the day fixed for -their departure to Acapulco, escaped with three other Dominicans for -Chispat. He was here well received, and went subsequently to the head -establishment at Guatimala. He was soon appointed curate of Amatitlan; -and during his residence at this and another district contrived to amass -a sum of 9000 piastres, with the aid of which he sought to accomplish -his long-cherished desire of returning to England. Many difficulties -were in his way; but on the 7th January, 1637, he quitted Amatitlan, -traversed the province of Nicaragua, and embarked from the coast of -Costa Rica. The ship was soon after boarded by a Dutch corsair, and Gage -was robbed of 8000 piastres. He succeeded in reaching Panama, traversed -the Isthmus, and sailed from Porto Bello {145} in the Spanish fleet, -which reached San Sucar, Nov. 28, 1637. He returned to England after -an absence of twenty-four years. His father was dead: he found himself -disinherited, and although hardly recognised by his family at first, he -met ultimately with kindly treatment. During his residence in S. America, -doubts had arisen in his mind as to the truth and validity of the creed -and ritual to which he was attached. Whether this was the consequence -of reflection from his theological studies, or animated love of change -which his conduct at times betrayed, cannot be decided. He resolved to -proceed to Italy, and renew his studies there. Upon his return, after a -short residence, he renounced Catholicism in a sermon he preached at St. -Paul's. About 1642 he attached himself to the Parliament cause, and it -is said he obtained the living of Deal in Kent; as the parish registers -contain an entry of the burial of Mary daughter, and Mary wife, of -Thomas Gage, parson of Deal, March 21, 1652; but when he was married, -and whom he married, does not appear. Gage's work has been rather too -much decried. It contains matter of interest relative to the state of -the Spanish possessions; and his credulity and superstition must be -considered in relation to his opportunities and his age. Perhaps some -of your readers may contribute farther information concerning him, as -the general accounts I have been able to meet with are contradictory -and insufficient. The _Biographie Universelle_ states, that it was his -_Survey of the West Indies_ that led to the English expeditions to the -Spanish Main, which secured Jamaica to the English in 1654, and adds he -died there in 1655. The registers at Deal could probably prove this fact; -but I confess to doubt as to whether Gage really were the parson alluded -to as resident there in 1652. He was evidently of a roving unsteady -nature, fond of adventure, and the first to open to English enterprise -a knowledge of the state of the Spanish possessions, to prevent which -the council of the Indies had passed so many stringent laws. Colbert -caused this work to be translated, and it has been often reprinted on the -Continent, but much mutilated, as his statements relative to the Roman -Catholic priesthood gave offence. A good memoir of Gage is still to be -desired. The following is the extract relative to the Isthmus of Panama, -_West Indies_, p. 151.:-- - - "The Peruvian part containeth all the southern tract, and - is tyed to the Mexican by the Isthmus or Strait of Darien, - being no more than 17, or, as others say, in the narrowest - place, but 12 miles broad, from the north to the south sea. - Many have mentioned to the Council of Spain the cutting of a - navigable channel through this small Isthmus, so to shorten - the voyage to China and the Moluccoes. But the kings of Spain - have not yet attempted to do it; some say lest in the work he - should lose those few Indians which are left (would to God it - were so, that they were or had been so careful and tender of - the poor Indians' lives, more populous would that vast and - spacious country be at this day), but others say he hath not - attempted it lest the passage by the Cape Bona Esperanza (Good - Hope) being left off, those seas might become a receptacle - for pirates. However, this hath not been attempted by the - Spaniards; they give not for reason any extraordinary great - charge, for that would soon be recompensed with the speedie and - easie conveying that way the commodities from S. to N. seas." - -This bears reference to projects before 1625, or during his residence in -S. America, between 1625-1637; but Gage could hardly have understood the -nature of the Spanish character, and the genius of the government, to -speculate upon the cause of their neglect of every useful enterprise for -the promotion of commerce and public good. - -S. H. - - * * * * * - - -FOLK LORE. - -_Legends of the County Clare._--On the west coast of Ireland, near the -Cliffs of Moher, at some distance out in the bay, the waves appear -continually breaking in white foam even on the calmest day. The tradition -among the country people is, that a great city was swallowed up there for -some great crime, and that it becomes visible once every seven years. -And if the person who sees it could keep his eyes fixed on it till he -reached it, it would then be restored, and he would obtain great wealth. -The man who related the legend stated farther, that some years ago some -labourers were at work in a field on the hill side in view of the bay; -and one of them, happening to cast his eyes seaward, saw the city in all -its splendour emerge from the deep. He called to his companions to look -at it; but though they were close to him, he could not attract their -attention: at last, he turned round to see why they would not come; but -on looking back, when he had succeeded in attracting their attention, the -city had disappeared. - -The Welsh legend of the Islands of the Blessed, which can only be seen -by a person who stands on a turf from St. David's churchyard, bears a -curious coincidence to the above. It is not impossible that there may -have been some foundation for the vision of the enchanted city at Moher -in the _Fata Morgana_, very beautiful spectacles of which have been seen -on other parts of the coast of Ireland. - -FRANCIS ROBERT DAVIES. - -_Moon Superstitions_ (Vol. viii., p. 79.).--In this age of fact and -science, it is remarkable that even with the well-informed the old faith -in the "change of the moon" as a prognostic of fair and foul weather -still keeps its hold. W. W. asks "have we any proof of" the "correctness" -of this faith? To suppose that the weather varies with the amount of -{146} illuminated surface on the moon would make the change in the -weather vary with the amount of moonshine, which of course is absurd, -as in that case the clouds would have much more to do with the question -than the moon's shadow. But still it may be said the moon may influence -the weather as it is supposed to cause the tides. In answer to this I -beg to state the opinion of Dr. Ick, who was for upwards of ten years -the curator of the Birmingham Philosophical Institute, an excellent -meteorologist, geologist, and botanist. He assured me that after the -closest and most accurate observation of the moon and the weather, he had -arrived at the conclusion that _there is not the slightest observable -dependence between them_. - -C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY. - -Birmingham. - -_Warwickshire Folk Lore._--The only certain remedy for the bite of an -adder is to kill the offending reptile, and apply some of its fat to the -wound. Whether the fat should be raw or melted down, my informant did not -say, but doubtless the same effect would be produced in either case. - -If a pig is killed in the wane of the moon, the bacon is sure to shrink -in the boiling; if, on the other hand, the pig is killed when the moon is -at the full, the bacon will swell. - -ERICA. - -Warwick. - -_Northamptonshire Folk Lore._--There is a singular custom prevailing in -some parts of Northamptonshire, and perhaps some of your correspondents -may be able to mention other places where a similar practice exists. If -a female is afflicted with fits, nine pieces of silver money and nine -threehalfpences are collected from nine bachelors: the silver money -is converted into a ring to be worn by the afflicted person, and the -threehalfpences (_i. e._ 13½_d._) are paid to the maker of the ring, -an inadequate remuneration for his labour, but which he good-naturedly -accepts. If the afflicted person be a male, the contributions are levied -upon females. - -E. H. - -_Slow-worm Superstition_ (Vol. viii., p. 33.).--As a child I was always -told by the servants that if _any serpent_ was "scotched, not killed," it -would revive if it could reach its hole before sunset, but that otherwise -it must die. Hence the custom, so universal, of hanging any serpent on a -tree after killing it. - -SELEUCUS. - -_A Devonshire Charm for the Thrush._--On visiting one of my parishioners, -whose infant was ill with the thrush, I asked her what medicine she -had given the child? She replied, she had done nothing to it but say -the eighth Psalm over it. I found that her cure was to repeat the -eighth Psalm over the infant three times, three days running; and on my -hesitating a doubt as to the efficacy of the remedy, she appealed to the -case of another of her children who had suffered badly from the thrush, -but had been cured by the use of no other means. If it was said "with -the virtue," it was, she declared, an unfailing cure. The mention, in -this Psalm, of "the mouths of babes and sucklings," I suppose led to its -selection. - -W. FRASER. - -Tor-Mohun. - - * * * * * - - -OLD JOKES. - -Every man ought to read the jest-books, that he may not make himself -disagreeable by repeating "old Joes" as the very last good things. -One book of this class is little more than the copy of another as to -the points, with a change of the persons; and the same joke, slightly -varied, appears in as many different countries as the same fairy-tale. -Seven years ago I found at Prague the "Joe" of the Irishman saying that -there were a hundred judges on the bench, because there was one with two -cyphers. The valet-de-place told me that when the Emperor and Metternich -were together they were called "the council of ten," because they were -_eins und zero_. - -It is interesting to trace a joke back, of which process I send an -example. In the very clever version of the Chancellor of Oxford's speech -on introducing the new doctors (_Punch_, No. 622.) are these lines: - - "En Henleium! en Stanleium! Hic eminens prosator: - Ille, filius pulchro patre, hercle pulchrior orator; - Demosthenes in herbâ, _sed in ore retinens illos_ - _Quos, antequam peroravit, Græcus respuit lapillos._" - -Ebenezer Grubb, in his description of the opposition in 1814, thus -notices Mr. F. Douglas: - - "He is a forward and frequent speaker; remarkable for a - graceful inclination of the upper part of his body in advance - of the lower, and speaketh, I suspect _(after the manner of an - ancient), with pebbles in his mouth_."--_New Whig Guide_, 1819, - p. 47. - -In Foote's _Patron_, Sir Roger Dowlas, an East India proprietor, who has -sought instruction in oratory from Sir Thomas Lofty, is introduced to the -_conversazione_:-- - - "_Sir Thomas._ Sir Roger, be seated. This gentleman has, in - common with the greatest orator the world ever saw, a small - natural infirmity; he stutters a little: but I have prescribed - the same remedy that Demosthenes used, and don't despair of a - radical cure. Well, sir, have you digested those general rules? - - _Sir Roger._ Pr-ett-y well, I am obli-g'd to you, Sir Th-omas. - - _Sir Thomas._ Did you open at the last general court? - - _Sir Roger._ I att-empt-ed fo-ur or five times. - - _Sir Thomas._ What hindered your progress? - - _Sir Roger._ _The pe-b-bles._ - - {147} - - _Sir Thomas._ _Oh, the pebbles in his mouth_: but they are only - put in to practise in private: _you should take them out when - you are addressing the public_." - -I cannot trace the joke farther, but as Foote, though so rich in wit, was -a great borrower, it might not be new in 1764. - -H. B. C. - -Garrick Club. - - * * * * * - - -AN INTERPOLATION OF THE PLAYERS: TOBACCO. - -I have witnessed the representation of the _Twelfth Night_ as often, -during the last five-and-forty years, as I have had an opportunity; -and, in every instance, Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and the Clown, in their -rollicking orgies, _smoke tobacco_. Now, this must be an "interpolation -of the players;" for not only was tobacco unknown in Illyria, at the -period of the story, but _Shakspeare does not once name tobacco in his -works, and, therefore_, was not likely to give a stage-direction for the -use of it. The great poet is freely blamed for anachronisms; it is but -fair he should have due credit when he avoids them. The stories of his -plays are all antecedent to his own time, therefore he never mentions -either the _drinking of tobacco_, or the tumultuous scenes of the -_ordinary_ which belonged to it, and which are so constantly met with in -his cotemporary dramatists. I see there is a note in my commonplace-book, -after some remarks upon Green's _Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay_, "that -this play, though written by a pedant, and a Master of Arts, contains -more anachronisms than any one play of Shakspeare's." - -Can any of your correspondents learned in stage traditions say when this -"smoking interpolation" was first made? - - * * * * * - -But, Sir, I think I shall surprise some of your readers by pointing out -another instance of the absence of tobacco or smoking. In the _Arabian -Night's Entertainments_, which are said to be such faithful pictures of -oriental manners, there is no mention of the pipe. Neither is coffee to -be met with in those tales, so delightful to all ages. We with difficulty -imagine an oriental without his _chibauk_; and yet it is certain they -knew nothing of this luxury before the sixteenth century. At present, -such is the almost imperious necessity felt by the Turk for smoking -and coffee, that as soon as the gun announces the setting of the sun, -during the fast of the Ramada, before he thinks of satisfying his craving -stomach with any solid food, he takes his cup of coffee and lights his -pipe.--As I think it dishonest to deck ourselves with knowledge that is -not self-acquired, I confess to the having but just read this "note" -in the last number of the _Revue des Deux Mondes_, in a fine work upon -America by the celebrated savant, M. Ampère. - -W. ROBSON. - -Stockwell. - - * * * * * - - -Minor Notes. - -_Curious Epitaph._--In the _Diary of Thomas Moore_, Charles Lamb is said -at a certain dinner party to have "quoted an epitaph by Clio Rickman, in -which, after several lines in the usual jog-trot style of epitaph, he -continued thus: - - 'He well perform'd the husband's, father's part, - And knew immortal Hudibras by heart.'" - -There is an epitaph in the churchyard of Newhaven, Sussex, in which -the last of these two lines occurs, but which does not answer in other -respects to the character of the one quoted by Lamb. On the contrary, -it is altogether eminently quaint, peculiar, and consistent. The stone -is to the memory of Thomas Tipper, who departed this life May the 14th, -1785, aged fifty-four years; and the upper part is embellished with a -representation, in bas-relief, of the drawbridge which crosses the river, -whence it might be inferred that the comprehensive genius of Mr. Tipper -included engineering and architecture. The epitaph runs thus: - - "Reader, with kind regard this grave survey, - Nor heedless pass where Tipper's ashes lay. - Honest he was, ingenuous, blunt and kind, - And dared do what few dare do--speak his mind. - Philosophy and History well he knew, - Was versed in Physick and in Surgery too: - The best old Stingo he both brew'd and sold, - Nor did one knavish act to get his gold. - He play'd through life a varied comic part, - And knew immortal Hudibras by heart. - Reader, in real truth this was the man: - Be better, wiser, laugh more if you can." - -Is there any reason for supposing this epitaph to have been written by -Clio Rickman; and is anything known of Mr. Tipper beyond the biography of -his tombstone? - -G. J. DE WILDE. - -_Enigmatical Epitaph._--I offer for solution an enigma, copied from a -tomb in the churchyard of Christchurch in Hampshire: - - "WE WERE NOT SLAYNE BUT RAYSD; - RAYSD NOT TO LIFE, - BVT TO BE BVRIED TWICE - BY MEN OF STRIFE. - WHAT REST COVLD ᵀᴴ LIVING HAVE, - WHEN DEAD HAD NONE? - AGREE AMONGST YOV, - HERE WE TEN ARE ONE. - HEN. ROGERS DIED APRIL 17, 1641. - - I. R." - -The popular legend is, that the ten men perished by the falling in of a -gravel-pit, and that their remains were buried together. This, however, -will not account for the "men of strife." - -Is it not probable that, in the time of the civil wars, the bodies might -have been disinterred for the sake of the leaden coffins, and then -deposited in their present resting-place? - -{148} - -The tomb may have been erected some time afterwards by "I. R.," probably -a relative of the "Henry Rogers," the date of whose death is commemorated. - -T. J. - -Bath. - -_Books worthy to be reprinted_ (Vol. vii., pp. 153. 203.).--In addition -to those previously mentioned in "N. & Q.," there is one for which a -crying necessity exists for a new edition, namely, _The Complaynt of -Scotland_. It is often advertised and otherwise sought for; and when -found, can only be had at a most extravagant price. It was originally -written in 1548; and in 1801, a limited impression, edited by Dr. Leyden, -was published; and in 1829, "Critiques upon it by David Herd, and others, -with observations in answer by Dr. Leyden," to the number of seventy -copies. _The Complaynt of Scotland_ and _Sir Tristrem_, an edition of -which was edited by Sir Walter Scott, and published in 1804, are two of -the oldest works of which the literature of Scotland can boast. - -INVERNESS. - -_Napoleon's Thunderstorm._--The passage of the Niemen by the French army, -and its consequent entry on Russian territory, may be said to have been -Napoleon's first step towards defeat and ruin. A terrible thunderstorm -occurred on that occasion, according to M. Ségur's account of the Russian -campaign. - -When Napoleon commenced the retreat, by which he yielded all the -country beyond the Elbe (and which, therefore, may be reckoned a second -step towards his downfall), it was accompanied by a thunderstorm more -remarkable from occurring at such a season. Odelben says: - - "C'était un phenomène bien extraordinaire dans un pareil - saison, et avec le froid qu'on venait d'éprouver," - &c.--Odelben, _Camp. de 1813_, vol. i. p. 289. - -The first step towards his second downfall, or third towards complete -ruin, was his advance upon the British force at Quatre-Bras, June 17, -1815. This also was accompanied by an awful thunderstorm, which (although -gathering all the forenoon) commenced at the very moment he made his -attack on the British rear-guard (about two p. m.), when the first gun -fired was instantaneously responded to by a tremendous peal of thunder. - -Thunder, to Wellington, was the precursor of victory and triumph. Witness -the above-mentioned introduction to the victory of Waterloo; the terrible -thunder, that scattered the horses of the dragoons, the eve of Salamanca; -also, the night preceding Sabugal. And perhaps some of the Duke's old -companions in arms may be able to add to the category. - -A. C. M. - -Exeter. - -_Istamboul--Constantinople._--Mr. (afterwards Sir George) Wheler, who -took holy orders and became rector of Houghton-le-Spring in the diocese -of Durham, makes the following remarks in his _Journey into Greece, &c._ -(fol., Lond. 1682), p. 178.: - - "Constantinople is now vulgarly called _Stambol_ by the Turks; - but by the Greeks more often _Istampoli_, which must needs be - a corruption from the Greek ... either from Constantinopolis, - which in process of time might be corrupted into _Stanpolis_ - or _Istanpoli_; or rather, from it being called πόλις κατ' - ἐξοχήνο. For the Turks, hearing the Greeks express their going - to Constantinople by εἰς τὴν πόλιν, which they pronounce - Is-tin-polin, and often for brevity's sake Stinpoli, might - soon ignorantly call it _Istanpoli_ or _Stambol_, according as - either of them came into vogue first. And therefore I think - theirs is a groundless fancy who fetch it from the Turkish word - _Istamboal_, which signifies a city full of or abounding in the - true faith, the name being so apparently of Greek original." - -W. S. G. - -Newcastle-on-Tyne. - - * * * * * - - - - -Queries. - - -STRUT-STOWERS, AND YEATHERS OR YADDERS. - -In the Collection of divers curious Historical Pieces printed by the Rev. -Francis Peck at the end of his _Memoirs of Oliver Cromwell_, is-- - - "Some account of the Murder of the Hermit of Eskdale-side, - near Whitby, in Com. Ebor. by William de Bruce (Lord of Ugle - Barnby), Ralph de Peircy (Lord of Snealon), and one Allatson, a - Gent., and of the remarkable penance which the Hermit enjoyned - them before he died." - -The story is briefly this:--On the 16th October, 15 Henry II., De Bruce, -De Peircy, and Allatson were hunting the wild boar in Eskdale-side, where -was a chapel and hermitage, in which lived a monk of Whitby, who was a -hermit. The boar being hotly pursued by the dogs, ran into the chapel and -there laid down and died. The hermit shut the door on the hounds, who -stood at bay without. The three gentlemen coming up, flew into a great -fury, and ran with their boar-staves at the hermit and so wounded him -that he ultimately died. The three gentlemen, fearing his death, took -sanctuary at Scarborough, but the Abbot of Whitby being in great favour -with the king, removed them out of sanctuary, whereby they became liable -to the law. The dying hermit (he survived till the 8th December), on the -abbot's proposing to put them to death, suggested the following penance, -to which, in order to save their lives and goods, they consented, and to -which the abbot likewise agreed: - - "You and yours shall hold your lands of the Abbat of Whitby and - his successors after this manner, viz. upon the eve [or morrow - before] Ascension Day, you, or some of you, shall come to the - wood of Stray-Head, which is in Eskdale-side, by sun-rising, - and there shall {149} the officer of the abbat blow his horn, - that ye may know how to find him. And he shall deliver to you, - William de Bruce, ten stakes, eleven strut-stowers, and eleven - yeathers, to be cut by you, and those that come for you, with - a knife of a penny price. And you Ralph de Peircy, shall take - one and twenty of each sort, to be cut in the same manner. - And you, Allatson, shall take nine of each sort, to be cut as - aforesaid. And then ye shall take them on your backs, and carry - them to the town of Whitby, and take care to be there before - nine of the clock, and at the same hour, if it be a full sea, - to cease your service. But, if it be low water at nine of the - clock, then each of you shall, the same hour, set your stakes - at the edge of the water, each stake a yard from the other, - and so yeather them with your yeathers, and stake them on each - side with your strut-stowers, that they may stand three tides, - without removing by the force of the water. And each of you - shall really do, perform, and execute this service yearly at - the hour appointed, except it be a full sea, when this service - shall cease; in remembrance that ye did most cruelly slay me. - And that ye may the more seriously and fervently call upon God - for mercy, and repent unfeignedly of your sins, and do good - works, the officer of Eskdale-side shall blow, Out on you! Out - on you! Out on you! for this heinous crime of yours. And if you - or yours shall refuse this service at the aforesaid hour, when - it shall not be a full sea, then you shall forfeit all your - lands to the Abbat of Whitby and his successors." - -There is a similar account, with verbal and other variations, "From a -printed copy published at Whitby a few years ago," in Blount's _Jocular -Tenures_, by Beckwith, pp. 557-560. In that account the word, which in -Mr. Peck's account is "yeathers," is "yadders." Mr. Beckwith states, -"This service is still annually performed." - -Sir Walter Scott (_Marmion_, Canto II. st. 13.) thus alludes to the -legend: - - "Then Whitby's nuns exulting told, - How to their house three Barons bold - Must menial service do; - While horns blow out a note of shame, - And monks cry 'Fye upon your name! - In wrath, for loss of silvan game, - Saint Hilda's priest ye slew.'-- - 'This on Ascension Day, each year, - While labouring on our harbour pier, - Must Herbert, Bruce, and Percy hear.'" - -In note 2. C. the popular account printed and circulated at Whitby -is given. It is substantially the same with that given by Beckwith, -but for "strut-stowers" we have "strout-stowers;" and for "yadders" -we have "yethers." It appears, also, that the service was not at that -time performed by the proprietors in person; and that part of the lands -charged therewith were then held by a gentleman of the name of Herbert. - -I shall be glad if any of your correspondents will elucidate the terms -strut-stowers, and yeathers or yadders. - -C. H. COOPER. - -Cambridge. - - * * * * * - - -Minor Queries. - -_Archbishop Parker's Correspondence._--I am now engaged in carrying out -a design which has been long entertained by the Parker Society, that -of publishing the Correspondence of the distinguished prelate whose -name that Society bears. If any of your readers can favour me with -references to any letters of the archbishop, either unpublished, or -published in works but little known, I shall feel extremely obliged. I -add my own address, in order that I may not encumber your pages with -mere references. Any information beyond a reference will probably be as -interesting to your readers generally as to myself. - -JOHN BRUCE. - -5. Upper Gloucester Street, Dorset Square. - -_Amor Nummi._--Can any of your correspondents inform me as to the -authorship of the following verses? - - _Amor Nummi._ - - "'The love of money is the root of evil, - Sending the folks in cart-loads to the devil.' - So says an ancient proverb, as we're told, - And spoke the truth, we [no?] doubt, in days of old. - But now, thanks to our good friend, BILLY PITT, - This wholesome golden adage will not sit [fit?]; - On English ground the vice dissolves in vapour, - Being at best only a love--of paper." - -It must have appeared in an English ministerial paper about the year -1805.--From the _Navorscher_. - -DIONYSIOS. - -_The Number Nine._--Can any of your mathematical correspondents inform me -of the law and reason of the following singular property of the numbers? -If from any number above nine the same number be subtracted written -backwards, the addition of the figures of the remainder will always be a -multiple of nine; for instance-- - - 972619 - 916279 - ------ - 56340 the sum of which is 18, or 9 × 2. - ====== - - 925012 - 210529 - ------ - 714483 the sum of which is 27, or 9 × 3. - ====== - - 83 - 38 - -- - 45 the sum of which is 9. - == - -JOHN LAMMENS. - -_Position of Font._--The usual and very significant position of the -font is near the church door. But there is one objection to this, viz. -that the benches being best arranged facing the chancel, the people -cannot without much confusion see the baptisms. This being so, perhaps -a better place {150} for the font is at the entrance of the chancel. -The holy rite, so edifying to the congregation, as well as profitable -to the recipient, can then be duly seen; and the position is tolerably -symbolical, expressing as it were "the way that is opened for us into the -holiest of all." I am curious to know if there are any ancient examples -of this position, and how far the canon sanctions it, which directs that -the font be set up in "the ancient usual _places_" [plural]? While on -the subject let me put another Query. The Rubric directs that the font -be "then," _i. e._ just before the baptism, filled with pure water. In -what vessel is the water brought, and who fills the font? What are the -precedents in this matter? Rules, I think, there are none. - -A. A. D. - -_Aix Ruochim or Romans Ioner._--On the verge of the cliff at Kingsgate, -near the North Foreland, is a small castle or fort of chalk and flint, -known by the above name. Can any of your readers give any information -regarding the date of the erection of this curious edifice? Some of the -local guidebooks attribute it to the time of Vortigern, or about 448; but -this seems an almost fabulous antiquity. - -A. O. H. - -Blackheath. - -_"Lessons for Lent," &c._--_Lessons for Lent, or Instructions on the Two -Sacraments of Penance and the B. Eucharist_, printed in the year 1718. -Who was the author? - -H. - -_"La Branche des réaus Lignages."_--Have any of your correspondents met -with a romance, of which I have a MS. copy, entitled "La Branche des -réaus Lignages?" The MS. I possess is evidently a modern copy, and begins -thus: - - "Et tens de celi mandement - Duquel j'ai fait ramembrement - Et qu'aucun homme d'avis oit - Jehan, qui Henaut justisoit - Guerréoit et grevoit yglises - En la garde le roi commises - Ne ... li vouloit faire hommage." - -The poem is divided by numbers, probably referring to the pages of the -original: beginning with 1292, and ending with 1307. It is also evident, -from the first verses themselves, that I have only a fragment before -me.--From the _Navorscher_. - -GANSKE. - -_Marriage Service._--Are there any parishes in which the custom of -presenting the fee, together with the ring, in the marriage service, as -ordered by the rubric, is observed? - -E. W. - -_"Czar" or "Tsar."_--Whence the derivation of the title _Czar_ or _Tsar_? -I know that some suppose it to be derived from Cæsar, while others trace -it from the terminal _-sar_ or _-zar_ in the names of the kings of -Babylon and Assyria: as Phalas-_sar_, Nebuchadnez-_zar_, &c. In Persian, -_sar_ means the supreme power. I have heard much argument about its -origin, and would be much obliged if any reader of "N. & Q." could state -the correct derivation of the word. - -By which Emperor of Russia was the title first assumed? - -J. S. A. - -Old Broad Street. - -_Little Silver._--There are several places in Devonshire so called, -villages or hamlets. It is said, they are alway situated in the immediate -neighbourhood of a Roman, or some other ancient camp. Hence, some people -suppose the name is given to these localities from the number of silver -coins frequently found there. - -Will any of your correspondents throw light on this subject? - -As every one knows, there is also a Silverton in Devonshire--Silver-town -_par excellence_. Is it in any way connected with the "Little Silvers?" - -A. C. M. - -Exeter. - -_On Æsop's (?) Fable of washing the Blackamoor._--Is it possible the -well-known fable was a real occurrence? The following extract would seem -to allude to an analogous fact: - - "Counting the labour as endlesse as the maids in the Strand, - which endeavoured by washing the Black-a-more to make him - white."--_Case of Sir Ignoramus of Cambridge_, 1648, p. 23. - -R. C. WARDE. - -Kidderminster. - -_Wedding Proverb._--Is the following distich known in any part of -England?-- - - "To change the name, but not the letter, - Is to marry for worse, and not for better." - -I met with it in an American book, but it was probably an importation. - -SPINSTER. - -_German Phrase._--What is the origin of a sarcastic German phrase often -used? - - "Er erwartet dass der Himmel voll Bassgeigen längt." - -L. M. M. R. - -_German Heraldry._--Where can I refer to a book in which the armorial -bearings of all the principal German families are engraved? - -SPERIEND. - -_Leman Family._--About the middle of the seventeenth century, say 1650 to -1670, two gentlemen left England for America, who are supposed to have -been brothers or near relatives of Sir John Leman, who was Lord Mayor -of London in 1616. Traditions, which have been preserved in manuscript, -and which can be traced back over one {151} hundred years, tell of a -correspondence which took place between the said Sir John and the widow -of one of the brothers, in relation to her returning to England. - -The writer of this (a descendant of one of these gentlemen) is anxious to -learn _the names of the brothers and near relatives of this Sir John_; -and whether any evidence exists of their leaving England for America, -&c., &c.; and would feel much indebted to any one who would supply the -information through your paper. - -R. W. L. - -Philadelphia. - -_A Cob-wall._--Why do the inhabitants of Devonshire call a wall made of -tempered earth, straw, and small pebbles mixed together, a _cob-wall_? -Walls so constructed require a foundation of stone or bricks, which is -commonly continued to the height of about two feet from the surface of -the ground. Has the term _cob_ reference to the fact that such a wall is -a superstructure on the foundation of stone or brick? - -A. B. C. - -_Inscription near Chalcedon._--In 1675, when Sir Geo. Wheler and his -travelling companion visited Chalcedon (as recorded in his _Voyage from -Venice to Constantinople_, fol., Lond. 1682, p. 209.), it was famous only -for the memory of the great council held there in A.D. 327, the twentieth -of the reign of Constantine the Great: - - "The first thing we did (he says) was to visit the metropolitan - church, where they say it was kept; but M. Nanteuil assured us - that it was a mile from thence, and that he had there read an - inscription that mentioneth it. Besides, it is a small obscure - building, incapable to contain such an assembly." - -Has the inscription here spoken of been noticed by any traveller, and -can any of your readers refer to a copy of it; and say whether it is -cotemporary, and whether it has been more recently noticed? - -W. S. G. - -Newcastle-on-Tyne. - -_Domesday Book._--What does the abbreviation glđ, or gelđ, applied to -terra, signify? Also, in the description of places, there is frequently a -capital letter, B., or M., or S. before it, as in one case, _e. g._ "B. -terr. glđ wasta." Can any one inform me what it signifies? - -In the case of many parishes, it is stated that there was a church there: -is it considered _conclusive_ authority that there was not one, if it is -not mentioned in _Domesday Book_? - -A. W. H. - -_Dotinchem._--What modern town in Holland, or elsewhere, bore or bears -the name of Dotinchem, at which is dated a MS. missal I have inspected, -written in the fifteenth century? The reason for believing the place to -be Dutch is, that the Calendar marks the days of the principal saints of -Holland with red letters. There are other indications in the Calendar of -the missal having been written in and for the use of a community situated -where the influence of Cologne, Liège, Maestricht, and Daventer would -have been felt. - -Perhaps, should the above Query not be answered in England, some -correspondent of your Dutch cotemporary the _Navorscher_ may have the -goodness to reply to it. - -G. J. R. GORDON. - -Sidmouth. - -_"Mirrour to all," &c._--Can you refer me to any possessor of the -poetical work entitled a _Mirrour to all who love to follow the Wars_ -(_or Waves_), 4to.: London, printed by John Wolfe, 1589? A copy was sold -by Mr. Rodd for six guineas. (See his Catalogue for 1846.) - -H. DELTA. - -Oxford. - -_Title wanted._--I have a copy of the _Pugna Porcorum_, the margin of -which is covered with illustrative and parallel passages, among which is -the following: - - "Heros - Ad magnum se accingit opus ferrumque bifurcum - Cote acuit, pinguique perungit acumina lardo; - Deinde suis, vasto consurgens corpore, rostrum - Perforat et furcam capulo tenus urget, at illa - Prominuit rostro summisque in naribus hæsit." - - Χοιροχοιρογ. 182. - -I shall be much obliged to any one who will give me the full title to the -book from which this is quoted, and any account of it. - -G. H. W. - -_Portrait of Charles I.--Countess Du Barry._--In Bachaumont's _Mémoires -Secrets, &c._, I read the following passage under date of March 25, 1771: - - "L'impératrice des Russies a fait enlever tout le cabinet de - tableaux de M. le Comte de Thiers, amateur distingué, qui avait - une très-belle collection en ce genre. M. de Marigny a eu la - douleur de voir passer ces richesses chez l'étranger, faute de - fonds pour les acquérir pour le compte du roi. - - "On distinguait parmi ces tableaux un portrait en pied de - Charles I., roi d'Angleterre, original de Vandyk. C'est le - seul qui soit resté en France. Madame la Comtesse Dubarri, - qui déploie de plus en plus son goût pour les arts, a ordonné - de l'acheter: elle l'a payé 24,000 livres. Et sur le reproche - qu'on lui faisait de choisir un pareil morceau entre tant - d'autres qui auraient dû lui mieux convenir, elle a répondu que - c'était un portrait de famille qu'elle retirait. En effet, les - Dubarri se prétendent parents de la Maison des Stuards." - -Can you give me any account of this portrait of King Charles by Vandyk, -for which the Countess Du Barry paid the sum of 1000_l._ sterling? - -What grounds are there for the allegation, that the Countess was related -to the royal House of Stuart? - -HENRY H. BREEN. - -St. Lucia. - - * * * * *{152} - - -Minor Queries with Answers. - -_"Preparation for Martyrdom."_--Can any of your correspondents discover -for me the author of the following work?-- - - "A Preparation for Martyrdom; a Discourse about the Cause, - the Temper, the Assistances, and Rewards of a Martyr of Jesus - Christ: in Dialogue betwixt a Minister and a Gentleman his - Parishioner. Lond. 1681, 4to." - -In order to afford somewhat of a clue to this discovery, I send a few -extracts from another anonymous work: _A Letter to the late Author of -the_ "_Preparation for Martyrdom_," alluding to various circumstances -relating to the author: - - "I must confess that I had once as great a veneration for - you as for any one [of] your figure in the church; but then - you preach'd honestly, and liv'd peaceably; but since pride - or ambitious discontent, or some particular respects to some - special friends of the adverse party, or something I know not - what else, has thrust you upon scribbling, and a design of - being popular; since you had forsaken your first love (if ever - you had any) to our church and establishment, and appear to - be running over _ad partem Donati_, to the disturbers of our - church and peace, you must needs pardon this short reflection, - though from an old friend, and sometimes a great admirer of you. - - "As for the present establishment, you have (you conclude) - as much already from that as you are likely to have, but you - claw the democratical party, hoping at long run to see an - (_English_) Parliament; that is, we must know, one that has - no _French_ pensioners shuffled into it to blast the whole - business, such as will be govern'd by your instructions; and - then Presbytery (you trust) will be turn'd up Trump, the - Directory once more take place of the Liturgy, and God knows - what become of the Monarchy, and Mr. C. be made a great man. - - "What an excellent design was that of your Stipulation, which - I heard one say was like a new modell'd Independency. 'Twas - intended, I suppose, as an expedient to reduce the sheep - of your own flock, which through your default chiefly (as - is commonly reported) were gone astray; but because this - tool could not work, without the force of a law to move it, - therefore by law it must have been establisht, and the whole - nation forsooth comprehended under it, and all must have set - their instruments to your key, and their voices to the tune of - _B--ley_. Oh! had this engine but met with firm footings in - Parliament, as was hoped, our _English_ world had been lifted - off its pillars long before this day; it had gone round, and in - the church all old things had been done away, and everything - had appeared new. But, Sir, I trust the foundations of our - church stand more sure than to need such silly props as your - _Catholicon_ (as you vainly call it) to support 'em. - - "What an excellent thing too is your book of Patronage? 'Twere - no living for _Simon Magus_, or any of his disciples here, if - those rules you there lay down were but duly attended to. - - "But in those two books you showed yourself pragmatical - only; but in this of _Martyrdom_ not a little impious, in - your unworthy reflections upon almost all the honest people - of England since the beginning of the reign of _Oliver_ the - First, and some time before; not sparing many loyal worthies' - memory who held up a good cause upon their sword points (as you - express it) as long as they could; and when they could do so no - longer, either dy'd for't, or deliver'd themselves up to the - will of the conqueror, yet never (as you) abjur'd the cause. - Our rulers you suppose are ill affected (otherwise your talk - of Popery at your rate is like that of one that were desirous - and in conspiracy to bring in Popery): and, undoubtedly, it had - been in already, had not the prayers of Mr. C., and the fifty - righteous _Non-Cons_ in every city, prevented it." - -Ἁλιέυς. - -Dublin. - -[_The Preparation for Martyrdom_ is not to be found either in the -Bodleian or British Museum Catalogues. The author of the _Letter_ in -reply to it, however, has afforded a clue to its authorship. Zachary -Cawdrey, who appears to have been an admirer of the Vicar of Bray, was -Rector of _Barthomley_ in Cheshire during the Commonwealth, and for -fourteen years after the Restoration; this explains the hint in the -_Letter_, of "setting their voices to the tune of _B--ley_." Cawdrey, -moreover, was the author of _Discourse of Patronage; being a Modest -Inquiry into the Original of it, and a further Prosecution of the History -of it_: which is also noticed in the _Letter_. Zachary Cawdrey was born -at Melton Mowbray about 1616; at the age of sixteen he entered St. John's -College, Cambridge; and in 1649 became Rector of Barthomley, where he -died Dec. 24, 1684. His brother David was one of the ejected, and the -author of several works.] - -_Reference wanted._--I find, in Blackwood, No. XXXVI. p. 432., a -reference to an article in the _Edinburgh Review_, by Sir D. K. Sandford, -on Greek banquets. As I cannot find the article itself, may I ask your -assistance? - -P. J. F. GANTILLON. - -N. B.--In the article in Blackwood, p. 441., for "Heges_ander_" read -Hege_sippus_; p. 444., for "Demg_le_" read Demgl_us_; p. 450., for -"Nausi_dice_" read Nausi_nicus_; p. 455., for "H_es_perides" read -H_y_perides. - -[The article will be found in the _Edinburgh Review_, vol. lvi. p. 350. -January, 1833.] - -_Speaker of the House of Commons in 1697._--Who was the Speaker who -succeeded Sir John Trevor, and was Speaker of the House of Commons in -1697? - -W. FRASER. - -Tor-Mohun. - -[Peter Foley, Esq., succeeded Sir John Trevor, March 14, 1694. Sir Thomas -Littleton, Bart., was chosen the next Speaker, December 3, 1698.] - - * * * * *{153} - - - - -Replies. - - -INSCRIPTIONS IN BOOKS. - -(Vol. vii. _passim._) - -Under this head the following translation of part of the inscription at -Behistun may be classed. It is, I apprehend, the earliest of this sort of -inscription: - - "Darius rex dicit: si hanc tabulam, hasque effigies spectas, - et iis injuriam facias, et quamdiu tibi proles sit non eas - conserves, Oromasdes hostis fiat tibi, et tibi proles non sit, - et quod facias id tibi Oromasdes frustretur." - -See Rawlinson's "Translation of the Great Persian Inscription at -Behistun," par. 17. _Asiatic Society's Transactions_. - -The following is an extract from Maitland's _Dark Ages_, p. 270., notes 3 -and 4: - - "Terrible imprecations were occasionally annexed by the donors - or possessors of books; as in a sacramentary which Mastene - found at St. Benoit sur Loire, and which he supposed to belong - to the ninth century. 'Ut si quis eum de Monasterio aliquo - ingenio non redditurus abstraxerit cum Juda proditore, Anna - et Caipha, portionem æternæ damnationis accipiat. Amen, Amen, - Fiat, Fiat.'" - -There is a curious instance of this in a manuscript of some of the works -of Augustine and Ambrose in the Bodleian Library: - - "Liber S. Mariæ de Ponte Roberti, qui eum abstulerit, aut - vendiderit, vel quolibet modo ab hâc domo absciderit, sit - anathema maranatha. Amen." - -In another hand (alienâ manu),-- - - "Ego Johannes Exōn Epūs, nescio ubi est domus predicta, nec - hunc librum abstuli, sed modo legitimo adquisivi." - -Also page 283.: - - "Liber B. Mariæ de Camberone: si quis eum abstulerit, anathema - esto." - -In the preface to a late publication (1853), _Fragments of the Iliad of -Homer from a Syrian Palimpsest_, edited by William Cureton, the editor -tells us: - - "The Palimpsest Manuscript, in which I discovered these - fragments of a very ancient copy of the Iliad of Homer, - formed a part of the library of the Syrian convent of St. - Mary Deipara, in the Valley of the Ascetics, or the Deserts - of Nigritia. On the first page of the last leaf the following - notice occurs: 'This volume of my Lord Severus belongs to the - reverend and holy my Lord Daniel, Bishop of the province of - Orrhoa (Edessa), who acquired it from the armour of God, when - he was down in the province of the city of Amida, for his own - benefit, and that of every one that readeth it. But under the - curse of God is he whosoever steals it, or hides or removes it - ... or tears, or erases, or cuts off this memorial from it, - for ever. And through our Lord Jesus Christ may he who readeth - it pray for the same Daniel, that he may find mercy in the day - of judgment! Yea, and Amen, and Amen. And upon the sinner who - wrote it, may there be mercy in the day of judgment! Amen. But - at the end of his life he bequeathed it to this sacred convent - of my Lord Silas, which is in Tarug (a city of Mesopotamia), - for the sake of the remembrance of himself and of the dead - belonging to him. May the Lord have mercy upon him in the day - of judgment! Amen. Whosoever removeth this volume from this - same convent, may the anger of the Lord overtake him in both - worlds to all eternity! Amen.'" - - ANON. - -In some of Dugdale's MS. volumes in this College is the following, -written by himself: - - "Maledictus sit qui abstulerit." - -THOMAS W. KING, YORK HERALD. - -College of Arms. - - * * * * * - - -THE DRUMMER'S LETTER. - -(Vol. vii., p. 431.) - -Mr. Forbes rightly describes the Drummer's Letter in the _Sentimental -Journey_ as "not only correctly but elegantly written." There is, -moreover, in two or three places, a play upon words, which indicates an -intimate acquaintance with the idiomatic turns of the language. But all -these circumstances are, to my mind, only so many grounds for the belief -that the French of the letter is not Sterne's. - -If we are to judge of Sterne's French from the samples to be met with in -_Tristram Shandy_ and the _Sentimental Journal_, there is ample evidence -that his knowledge of that language was somewhat superficial. I shall -give a few examples. - -Your readers are familiar with the incident in _Tristram Shandy_, where -the Abbess and Margarita, having occasion to make use of two very coarse -and indecent expressions, resort to the ludicrous expedient of splitting -them in two, each pronouncing a separate syllable. Those words are -scandalously common in the mouths of Frenchmen; and yet Sterne seems so -little aware of the correct spelling of them, that he makes the poor nuns -give utterance to two words, one of which, "bouger," means "to move," and -the other, "fouter," is unknown to the French language. - -Farther on, in chapter xxxiv., the commissary employs the expression -"C'est tout égal;" but this is merely the translation of our English -phrase "'Tis all one." The French say "C'est égal," but never "C'est tout -égal." - -In the _Sentimental Journey_, under the head of "The Bidet," La Fleur is -made to say "C'est _un_ cheval le plus opiniâtre du monde." Now, the man -who could write the Drummer's Letter would not have applied the epithet -"opiniâtre" {154} to a horse; and, at any rate, he would have said -"C'est _le_ cheval le plus opiniâtre du monde." - -In the chapter headed "The Passport," and also in another place, we have -the phrase "Ces Messieurs Anglais sont des gens très extraordinaires." -This should be "Messieurs les Anglais," &c. - -Again, under the head of "Characters," Count de B. says, "But if you do -support it, _M. Anglais_, you must do it with all your powers." This -"M. Anglais" is our "Mr. Englishman." The correct expression is "M. -l'Anglais"--Mr. _the_ Englishman. - -I might add other instances; but these, I trust, are sufficient to -warrant the opinion that the Drummer's Letter, in its present shape, was -not written by Sterne. - -HENRY H. BREEN. - -St. Lucia. - - * * * * * - - -OLD FOGIES. - -(Vol. vii., p. 632.) - -At the place above referred to, MR. KEIGHTLEY puts to me several Queries; -but being resident in the country, I had not an opportunity of seeing -them till the 15th instant, and it took some days to get the information -that would enable me to answer them. - -I have now obtained the most ample evidence of the existence, in the -latter part of the last, and the beginning of the present, centuries, of -the existence of a peculiar body of men called the _Fogies_, in Edinburgh -Castle. My informants agree in describing them as old men, dressed in -red coats with apple-green facings, and cocked hats. One says that they -fired the Castle guns; another says that he understood them to be the -keepers, or, as we might say, the warders of the Castle, and that they -were sometimes brought into the town to assist in quelling riots; and -this gentleman's recollection of them goes back to 1784 at least. But the -oldest date I have been able to get is from a much respected friend, the -retired Town Clerk of Edinburgh, who writes to me thus: "I have a most -vivid recollection of the _Castle Foggies_. They were an invalid company, -and my recollection of them goes as far back at least as 1780, when I was -at Stalker's English school in the Lawnmarket." - -To the testimony of these still living witnesses, I have to add that of -Dr. Jamieson, who gives the word in his _Dictionary_ as one of common -and well-known use in Scotland in his time, 1759-1808; though he may -have mistaken in supposing it to be exclusively Scottish. It was for his -testimony to this _fact_ that I referred to Dr. Jamieson's _Dictionary_, -and not for his etymology, for I am not so much of a "true Scot" as -to consider him infallible in that department. I have not leisure at -present to search any farther for the word in books, but in the meantime -I presume to think the evidence I have procured of its use in Scotland, -will carry us nearly as far back as MR. KEIGHTLEY'S for its use in -Ireland. - -I cannot pretend to much acquaintance with the Swedish language, but -I was quite well aware that that "is what is meant by the mysterious -Su.-G." I was also aware that in the kindred Teutonic tongues the word -runs through the various forms of _vogt_, _fogat_, _phogat_, _voget_, -_voogd_, _fogde_, _foged_, _fogeti_, with the meaning of bailiff, -steward, preses, watchman, guard or protector, tutor, overseer, judge, -mayor, policeman; and I doubt not that _fogie_ belongs to the same -family, though it has lost its tail. MR. KEIGHTLEY does not need to -be told that words frequently degenerate in meaning, falling from the -noblest to the basest, from the purest to the most obscene. Is there then -anything improbable in supposing that a word once applied to the governor -or chief keeper of a castle, came at last to be applied to all, even the -meanest, of his subordinates? Dr. Jamieson asserts that the word _fogde_ -in the Su.-G. has actually had that fate; can MR. KEIGHTLEY controvert -him? - -As a proof, _quantum valeat_, that the _Castle fogies_ were so called for -some other reason than merely because of their being "old folks," I may -mention that there was in Edinburgh, for more than a century, another -body of veterans, called the Town Guard, or City Guard, maintained by the -magistrates as a sort of military police, or gendarmerie, and finally -disbanded in 1817. This corps was generally recruited from old soldiers; -and during the period of my acquaintance with them (9½ years) they were -all aged, and some of them very old men; yet I never heard the word -_fogies_ applied to them. On the contrary, they were always distinguished -from the fogies by the elegant appellation of the "Toon Rottens," or Town -Rats, as well as by their facings, which were _dark blue_. Some, indeed, -of my younger friends, who remember the "Rats" very well, say they never -heard of the "Fogies" at all; only one of them, who lived when a boy at -the Castle Hill, perhaps about forty years ago, recollects of the word -"fogie" as being then applied to the soldiers of the ordinary veteran or -garrison battalions, with blue facings, that had superseded the fogies in -the keeping of the Castle; but of the veritable apple-green fogies of the -older establishment, he has no remembrance. As my own recollections of -Edinburgh go back to 1808, the fogies, I presume, must have been by that -time extinct, for I never saw any of them, though I frequently heard them -spoken of by those who had seen them. - -I may mention also that while "fogie" was in use, and of well understood -application in Scotland, {155} the phrase "old folks," or, to write it -according to our vernacular pronunciation, "auld fo'k," was also, and -continues to be, in general and familiar use; but nobody in Scotland, I -dare say, ever imagined that "the auld fo'k" of his ordinary acquaintance -were just "old fogies," or had anything whatever to do with that peculiar -class of men, properly so called, the keepers of the royal castles. It -is most remarkable, also, that while the corrupt derivative, as MR. -KEIGHTLEY says "old fogie" is, has been almost quite forgotten among us, -having disappeared with the men that bore the name of fogies, the parent -form, as he would have "old folks" or "auld fo'k" to be, should remain -in full vigour and common use, as part of our living speech. In a word, -from all I can learn it would appear that the word "fogie," in its most -general acceptation, means by itself, without the "old," an old soldier; -and that "old fogie" is only a tautological form, arising from ignorance -of its meaning. Be its origin, however, what it may, I have no hesitation -now in expressing my conviction that MR. KEIGHTLEY'S etymology of the -word is utterly groundless. - -J. L. - -City Chambers, Edinburgh. - - * * * * * - - -DESCENDANTS OF JOHN OF GAUNT. - -(Vol. vii., p. 628.) - -All persons will, I think, agree with MR. WARDEN in his very just -complaint of the carelessness with which many of the English Peerages -are compiled. It would be a task, little short of a new compilation, to -correct the errors and inaccuracies with which many of these productions -abound, the less pardonable now, because of the facilities afforded -for consulting the Public Records, should even our older genealogists, -without such aids, be in some degree excused; but as MR. WARDEN invites, -by a personal appeal, the rectification of a chronological error which -has crept into all the Peerages, founded upon the authority of Dugdale, -respecting the period of the death of Thomas, sixth Lord Fauconberge, I -am induced to send you a few Notes, which a recent examination of the -Records in the Tower of London has supplied. - -When the facts are made patent, there will be no need to dwell upon -the inconsistencies pointed out by MR. WARDEN, and the alleged -incompatibility in regard to age for an union between two persons of -some note in family history, the son of the first Earl of Westmoreland -and his Countess Joan and the daughter and heir of the Lord Fauconberge, -who formed an alliance from which the co-heirs are, it is believed, -represented at this day. - -The birth of William Nevill, Lord Fauconberge, afterwards created Earl of -Kent, second son of a marriage which took place early in, or just before, -the year 1397, may be assigned to in or about the year 1400; and we shall -presently see that his future wife was born on the 18th of October, 1406, -and married to him before the 1st of May, 1422. - -Walter, fifth Lord Fauconberge, died on the 29th of September, 1362 -(Esc. 36 Edw. III., 1st part, No. 77.), leaving a son Thomas (issue of -his first marriage with Matilda, sister and co-heir of Sir William de -Pateshull, Kt., Esc. 33 Edw. III., 1st part, No. 40., and _Rot. Orig._, -34 Edw. III., Ro. 2.), then a minor, under eighteen years of age. - -Thomas, who was born circa 1345, was already in 1362 married to his -first wife Constancia, by whom he does not appear to have left any issue -surviving. His was rather an eventful life; some incidents not noticed by -Dugdale will be briefly cited. On the 10th of August, 1372, being then a -knight or chivaler, he had letters of protection on going abroad in the -king's service, in the company of Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick -(_Rot. Franc._, 46 Edw. III.). Here it seems he forgot his allegiance, -and having gone over to the French side was branded "tanquam proditor -domini Regis Angliæ" (Esc. 5 Ric. II., No. 67., 6 Ric. II., No. 180., -and 11 Ric. II., No. 59.). Can this have been the origin of the error -in assigning his death to the year 1376? He was, however, yet living -in 1401, as in that year he succeeded to the reversion of the estates -which his step-mother Isabella (a sister of Sir John Bygot, Chivaler), -the widow of Walter Lord Fauconberge, held in dower (Esc. 2 Hen. IV., -No. 47.). Not long after this, and apparently a few years only before -his death, and when somewhat advanced in years, he married a second -time. I have not been able to ascertain to what family his wife Joan, or -Johanna, belonged, but she survived her husband only a short time. About -the period of his marriage, too (9th August, 1405), an occurrence of -some importance to his descendants is recorded, namely, a grant by the -king to Sir Thomas Bromflete and Sir Robert Hilton, of the custody and -governance of all his estates in England, which had come into the king's -hands "ratione ideociæ Thomæ Fauconberge, Chivaler," to hold during the -life of the said Thomas. This grant, however, was in the following year, -on 24th December, 1406, revoked and annulled, because the said Thomas -had proved before the king and his council in Chancery, "quod ipse sanæ -discretionis hactenus fuerit et ad tunc existat," and he was thereupon -re-admitted to his estates which had descended to him "jure hæreditario -post mortem Walteri Fauconberge patris sui, cujus hæres ipse est" (_Rot. -Pat._, p. 1., 8 Hen. IV., m. 16.). He had only a few months before (15th -February, 1406) obtained from the king livery of an estate which had come -to him in {156} 1375 as one of the co-heirs, on his mother's side, of -his grandmother Mabilia, a sister of Otho de Graunson, upon the death -without issue of Thomas de Graunson, son of the said Otho. (_Rot. Pat._, -p. 1., 7 Hen. IV., m. 6.) - -Was there in fact any real ground for the suggestion of Lord -Fauconberge's idiocy? This is one of the gravest imputations that can -be cast upon a family, and it is a most unpardonable presumption to -make it lightly and without justice; but it is somewhat singular that -nearly fifty years afterwards, his only daughter and heir, born at the -very period when this charge was being refuted, and when he himself was -upwards of sixty years of age, became the subject of a commission issued -to inquire of her alleged imbecility and idiocy. The commissioners sat at -Gisburn in Cleveland in the county of York, on the 28th of March, 1463, -and it was then found by the inquest that "Johanna Fauconberge nuper -comitissa de Kent, fatua et ydeota est, et a nativitate sua semper fuit, -ita quod se terras et tenementa sua neque alia bona sua regere scit, aut -aliquo tempore scivit:" the jury also returned that she had not alienated -any lands or tenements since the death of William, late Earl of Kent, -her late husband. That Joan, the wife of Sir Edward Bethom, Kt., thirty -years old and upwards, Elizabeth, the wife of Richard Strangeways, Esq., -twenty-eight years old and upwards, and Alice, wife of John Conyers, -Esq., twenty-six years old and upwards, were the daughters and heirs, -as well of the said William the late earl, as of the said Joan the late -countess. (Esc. 3 Edw. IV., No. 33.) - -Thomas Lord Fauconberge died on the 9th of September, 1407, leaving the -above-mentioned Joan, or Johanna, his daughter and heir, an infant of one -year old. (Esc. 9 Hen. IV., No. 19.; see also Esc. 9 Hen. V., No. 42.) -His widow Joan had assignment of dower after her husband's death on 20th -October, 1408, and she herself died in the following year, on the 4th of -March, 1409. (Esc. 10 Hen. IV., No. 15.) A later inquisition, however, -taken on 1st of April, 1422 (Esc. 10 Hen. V., No. 22ᵃ.), states that the -said Joan, widow of Sir Thomas Fauconberge, Chivaler, died on the 23rd of -June, 1411. The first date is most probably the correct one, as a fact -would be more likely to be accurately stated by a jury impanneled a few -months only after the event recorded, than by an inquest taken after an -interval of twelve or thirteen years. - -On the formal proof of age (Esc. 10 Hen. V., No. 22ᵇ.) of Joan -Fauconberge, daughter and heir of Thomas Lord Fauconberge and Joan his -wife, taken at Northallerton, in the county of York, on the 1st of May, -10 Henry V., 1422, she was described as the wife of William Neville. She -appears to have been born at Skelton in the said county, and baptized -in the church there on the feast of Saint Luke the Evangelist (18th of -October), 1406; and on the same feast in 1421, being the 9th of Henry V., -she had accomplished her fifteenth year. Dugdale (tom. ii. p. 4.) has -fallen into a singular mistake in alluding to this event, not to speak of -the obvious inconsistency which those writers who follow his account have -introduced in assigning the year of Lord Fauconberge's decease to 1372, -thus making the daughter's birth to have occurred more than thirty years -after her father's death. It is this:--One of the witnesses, who speaks -to the period of the baptism of Joan, was named _Thomas_ Blawefrount the -elder, fifty years of age and upwards, and the reason assigned by him for -his remembrance of the event is as follows: "Et hoc scit eo quod Isabella -filia prædicti Thomæ desponsata fuit cuidam Johanni Wilton, et idem -Thomas fuit ad sponsalia eodem die quo præfata Johanna baptizata fuit, -propter quod bene recolit quod præfata Johanna fuit ætatis prædictæ." -Dugdale has by a strange oversight made the Isabella here described to be -the daughter of Thomas Fauconberge, and sister of Joan, instead of the -witness' own daughter. - -It is not quite evident, from the language of the document which records -the imbecility of the Countess of Kent in March 1463, whether she was -then actually dead. It appears, however, clear that she survived her -husband, who lived but a few months to enjoy his newly acquired dignity. - -The account given by Dugdale of John, son of Thomas Lord Fauconberge, -is scarcely intelligible. He says this lord "left issue John, his son -and heir," and subsequently adds, "which John died without issue in the -lifetime of his father." - -Lord Fauconberge may have had a son by his former wife, but I have -seen nothing to confirm this supposition. By an inquisition taken -after the death of Sir Walter Fauconberge, Chivaler, at Bedford, on -the 18th of November, 1415, it was found that Joan, widow of one Sir -John Fauconberge, Chivaler, deceased, whom Thomas Brounflete, junior, -afterwards married, was then living, and that she granted to the said Sir -Walter all the estate which she had in certain rents payable by Matilda -Wake, formerly the wife of Sir Thomas Wake, Chivaler; that the said Sir -Walter died on the 1st of September, 1415, but the jurors knew not who -was his heir. (Esc. 3 Hen. V., No. 15.) Dugdale (vol. ii. p. 234.) cites -a feoffment dated 9 Hen. IV., 1407-8, which shows that Thomas Brounflete, -Esq., was then married to the said Joan, and consequently that Sir John -Fauconberge was dead at that time. - -I must close this, for I fear I have now exceeded the limits which your -valuable paper may, with justice to others, spare to subjects of this -nature. - -WILLIAM HARDY. - - * * * * *{157} - - -PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. - -_Lining of Cameras._--I find nothing so good to line a camera with as -_black velvet_; for, black the inside of a camera as you will, if it is -hard wood or any size used, there will be reflection from the bottom, -which, with very sensitive plates, gives a dulness which, I think I may -say, is caused by this reflection. I think even the inside of the lens -tube might advantageously be lined with black velvet. - -W. M. F. - -_Cyanuret of Potassium._--I have been using lately 12 grs. of cyanuret of -potassium in 1 oz. of water for clearing the collodion plates, instead -of hypo. There is one advantage, that there are no crystals formed if -imperfectly washed, which is too common with hypo. You must take care to -well wash off the developing fluid, whether pyrogallic, protonitrate, -or protosulphite: if you use the latter 40-grains strong, the _whitest_ -pictures can be obtained, nearly as white as after bichloride of mercury. -A good formula to make it is-- - - Distilled water 11 drachms. - Alcohol 1 drachm. - Nitric acid 20 minims. - Protosulphate of iron 60 grains. - -This I know to act well with care, and it will keep a long time. - -I find protonitrate solution-- - - Water 1½ ounce. - Barytes 150 grains. - Protosulph. 150 " - -mixed in a proportion of 8 to 4, with a 3-grain solution of pyrogallic--a -very nice developing mixture; and, if poured back again after being used, -will suffice 6 or 8 times over; but it is _best_ new. - -W. M. F. - -_Minuteness of Detail on Paper._--Being fond of antiquarian studies, -and having learned from "N. & Q." the value of photography to the -archæologist, I have serious thoughts of taking up the practice of -the art. Before doing so, however, I am anxious to learn how far that -minuteness of detail which I so much prize, and which is of such value to -the antiquary, is to be obtained by any of the processes on paper. I have -seen some specimens produced by collodion which certainly exhibit that -quality in an eminent degree. Is anything approaching to such minuteness -attainable by any of the Talbotype processes? - -F. S. A. - -[Had this Query reached us last week, we should then, as now, have -replied in the affirmative. We should then have referred, for evidence -in support of our statement, to Mr. Fenton's Well Walk, Cheltenham, -published in the _Photographic Album_, and to Mr. Buckle's View of -Peterborough. But we may now adduce a work almost more remarkable for -this quality, namely, a view of Salisbury, by Mr. Russell Sedgefield, a -young wood engraver, which is about to appear in the forthcoming part of -the _Photographic Album_. - -To this beautiful specimen of the art we may certainly refer as a proof -that it is quite possible to obtain upon paper the greatest nicety of -detail; in short, every minuteness that can be desired, or ought to be -attempted.] - -_Stereoscopic Angles._--I think there can be little doubt that MR. T. L. -MERRITT (Vol. viii., p. 110.) has solved the problem as to stereoscopic -angles: there can be no reason why one angle should be used for _near_ -objects, and another for _distant_. A _true_ representation of nature is -required: and, as we cannot view any object with one of our eyes eighteen -or twenty feet separate from the other, so it appears to me a true -picture cannot be obtained by taking two views so far apart. The result -must be to _dwarf_ the objects; and, in confirmation of this, I may state -that I was not convinced that the stereoscopic views were taken from -nature till I understood the cause of their reduction. All views that I -have been able to purchase, of out-door nature, appear to me to be taken -from models, and not from the objects themselves. - -A view of a tower conveys the idea, not of a tower of stone and lime, but -of a very careful model in cardboard; and this is exactly what might be -expected from taking the views at so wide an angle. A church is seen, as -it would be seen by a giant whose eyes were twenty feet apart, or as we -would see a small model of it near at hand. - -I hope that some of your photographic correspondents will settle this -question, by taking views of the same object both by the wide and close -angle, and, by comparing them, ascertain which conveys to the mind the -truest representation of nature. - -T. B. JOHNSTON. - -Edinburgh. - -_Sisson's developing Solution_ (Vol. vii., p. 462.).--Will you be so good -as to ask MR. SISSON if he finds the above to answer as a bath to plunge -the plate _into_, instead of pouring on, as in the case of pyrogallic? - -He is entitled to the warm thanks of all photographers for the discovery -of a solution which produces such pleasing tints with so much ease; and -it needs but the qualification I inquire after to render it perfect. I -have used it when at least three weeks made, and am not sure that it is -not even better than when fresh. - -S. B. - -P.S.--Why not devote a little more space to this fascinating art in "N. & -Q."? I think, if anything, it grows less latterly. - -_Multiplying Photographs._--In Vol. viii., p. 60., you reprint a -communication from Sir W. Herschel which has appeared in _The Athenæum_. - -{158} - -It describes a method of printing from glass negatives, but there being -no _cut_ renders the meaning somewhat obscure. - -In the last number of the _Photographic Journal_ (21st ult.), some -mention is made of this letter. They say it proves to be one already -long in use, Mr. Kilburn having practised it for four years. I am very -desirous of obtaining more information about it. I want to know the -length of the box or camera required; and also the focus of the lens, and -the best size. Probably Mr. Kilburn or Sir W. Herschel would one of them -be so kind as to say. - -W. M. F. - -What kind of lens should be used for taking enlarged copies of glass -negatives according to Mr. Stewart's plan? and will the same lens also -diminish the picture? Will not the usual camera lens act? - -PLY. - -[The usual compound lens is all that is required.] - -Would you have the goodness to explain, in some detail, the two methods -by which Mr. Stewart and Mr. Kilburn multiply photographs in a reduced -or magnified size; the one by reflected light, the other by transmitted. -Mr. Stewart's experiments are upon glass, Mr. Kilburn's on cameras and -daguerreotypes. I have never seen any description of this latter process, -or of the method of preparing the stereoscope objects: vide _Athenæum_, -July 30, 1853. - -I observe with great pleasure that the cost of apparatus is becoming -less, &c. - -AMATEUR. - -[However much we may agree in the views expressed in the latter part of -AN AMATEUR'S letter, we have been obliged to omit it, as it violates our -rule of not opening the columns of "N. & Q." to the recommendation of any -particular manufacturer.] - -_Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-Nitrate of Silver?_ (Vol. viii., -p. 134.).--No: it is now generally used as the best of _marking inks, -without preparation_; and we have never yet heard of an explosion from -its use. Mr. Delamotte has evidently confounded this preparation with -the chloride of silver precipitated with _strong ammonia_, which, when -dried, forms the article known as _fulminating silver_; or by adding -to the oxide of silver lime-water, and afterwards a strong solution of -ammonia, a black powder is thrown down, which, when dried, is known as -_Berthollet's fulminating silver_. There is also one other, formed by -adding chloric acid to oxide of silver; after drying this, and then -adding potassa to a solution of it, the precipitate, by again being -dried, becomes an explosive compound. - -The photographer forms a weak solution for his purpose with one of the -least soluble and _weakest_ of the ammoniacal preparations, and which, -by drying _around the stopper of the bottle_, is very unlikely to become -explosive, from its wanting the addition of another element as necessary -to the formation of an explosive compound. For my own part, I must say, -that I have found, from experience, all the compound solutions of silver -keep much better, and the photogenic effect more satisfactory, by mixing -only so much as I may require for immediate use, at this time of the year -especially. - -J. H. - - * * * * * - - -Replies to Minor Queries. - -_Burke's Marriage._--I am obliged to MR. GANTILLON (Vol. viii., p. 134.), -but the authority referred to does not answer my questions (Vol. vii., p. -382.): When and _where_ was Burke married? There is no doubt as to _who_ -he married. But some biographers say the ceremony took place in 1766, -others in 1767. Some leave it to be inferred that he was married at Bath, -others in London. - -B. E. B. - -_Stars and Flowers_ (Vol. iv., p. 22.; Vol. vii., pp. 151. 341. -513.).--To the passages quoted from Cowley, Longfellow, Hood, Moir, -and Darwin, may be added the following ingenious application of this -metaphorical language:-- - - "Alas for life!--but we will on with those - Who have an age beyond their being's day. - Mount with our Newton where Light ever flows; - See him unveil its marvels--and display - The hidden richness of a single ray! - Unfold its latent hues like blossoms shed, - Or flowers of air, outshining flowers of May! - A luminous wreath in rainbow beauty spread, - The noblest Fame could leave round starry Newton's head." - - _The Mind, and other Poems_, by Charles Swain, p. 64. - -BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM. - -_Odour from the Rainbow_ (Vol. iii. pp. 224. 310.).--This idea has been -traced to Bacon's _Sylva_, Browne's _Britannia's Pastorals_, Snow's -_Miscellaneous Poems_, and to a Greek writer referred to by Coleridge. -Georgius de Rhodes, in his _Peripatetic Philosophy_, mentions the same -effect of the rainbow, and quotes Pliny: - - "Dico sexto, iridis effectus duos præcipue numerari. Primus - est, quod plantas, arbores, frutices, quibus incubuerit, - efficit odorationes. Tradunt, inquit Plinius lib. xii. c. - 24., in quocunque frutice incurvetur cœlestis arcus, eandem - quæ sit aspalato suavitatem odoris existere; aspalato autem - inenarrabilem quandam. Terra etiam ipsa suavius halare dicitur." - -In the annotations on Pliny, _in loco_, Aristotle is referred to in -_Problem. Quæst._ xii. - -BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM. - -_Judges styled Reverend_ (Vol. iv., pp. 151. 198).--The following is -an extract from the title of a small octavo volume, printed for the -assignees of {159} John More, Esq., London, 1635, which lately came into -my hands:--_La novel Natura Brevium du Juge Tresreverend Monsieur Anthony -Fitzherbert_; with a new table by William Rastall. The preface is headed -as follows:--"La Preface sur cest lieuz compose per le Reverend Justice -Anthony Fitzherbert." - -Anthony Fitzherbert was appointed Chief Justice of the Common Pleas -in 1523, and died in 30 Hen. VIII. William Rastall was appointed -Serjeant-at-law in 1554, and one of the Justices of the Common Pleas -in 1558: it would seem, therefore, that as Rastall is not styled -"Serjeant-at-law" in the title-page of the book when he made a new table -to its contents, that the complimentary style of Reverend, as applicable -to the judges, was used at least as late as the middle of the sixteenth -century. - -THOMAS W. KING, YORK HERALD. - -College of Arms. - -_Jacob Bobart_ (Vol. viii., p. 37.).--I beg to supply the following -additional particulars relating to the Bobart family. In the -_Correspondence of Dr. Richardson_, edited by Mr. Dawson Turner, will -be found a letter from Bobart junior to the Doctor, with a reference to -two other letters. In pages 9, 10, and 11, a copious note respecting -the Bobart family, by the editor, is given. A short notice of Bobart -jun. also appears in the Memoirs of John Martyn, Professor of Botany at -Cambridge. The following epitaph on Bobart jun. is in Amherst's _Terræ -Filius_, 1726: - - "Here lies Jacob Bobart, - Nail'd up in a cupboard." - -In the preface to Mr. Nichols' work on _Autographs_, among other albums -noticed by him as being in the British Museum, is that of David Krieg, -with Jacob Bobart's autograph, and the following verses: - - "VIRTUS SUA GLORIA. - - Think that day lost whose descending sun, - Views from thy hand no noble action done. - - Your success and happyness - - Is sincerely wished by - - JA. BOBART, Oxford." - -Mr. Richardson's engraved portrait of Bobart the Elder is only a copy -of Burghers' engraving, so highly spoken of by Granger, and cannot, -therefore, be nearly so valuable as the latter. - -GARLICHITHE. - -_"Putting your foot into it"_ (Vol. viii., p. 77.).--W. W. is certainly -"Will o' the Wisp" himself. We must not allow him to lead us into Asia, -hunting for the origin of a saying which is nothing more than a coarse -allusion to an accident that happens day after day to every heedless or -benighted pedestrian in England; but if a foreign origin _must_ be found -for this saying, let us travel to Greece rather than to Hindostan, and we -shall see in the writings of Æschylus: - - "Ἐλαφρὸν, ὅστις πημάτων ἔξω πόδα - Ἔχει, παραινεῖν νουθετεῖν τε τὸν κακῶς - Πράσσοντ'." κ.τ.λ.--_Prom. Vinc._ 271. - -C. FORBES. - -Temple. - -_Simile of the Soul and the Magnetic Needle_ (Vol. vi., pp. 127. 207. -280. 368. 566.; Vol. vii., p. 508.).--We have all overlooked the -following use of this simile in Thomas Hood's poem, addressed to Rae -Wilson: - - "Spontaneously to God should tend the soul, - Like the magnetic needle to the Pole; - But what were that intrinsic virtue worth, - Suppose some fellow, with more zeal than knowledge, - Fresh from St. Andrew's College, - Should nail the conscious needle to the north?" - -C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY. - -Birmingham. - -_The Tragedy of Polidus_ (Vol. vii., p. 499.).--This tragedy, printed at -London 1723, 12mo., has a farce appended to it called _All Bedevil'd, or -the House in a Hurry_. Browne was patronised by Hervey, the author of the -_Meditations_. The scene of the drama is in Cyprus. The lover of Polidus, -"the banished general," and Rosetta, daughter to Orlont, chief favourite -to the king, form the groundwork of the plot. My copy was formerly in -the collection of plays which belonged to Stephen Jones, author of the -_Biographia Dramatica_. - -J. MT. - -_Robert Fairlie_ (Vol. vii., p. 581.).--In answer to the Query as to -Robert Fairley, or more properly Fairlie, I may mention that there is -in my possession a presentation by the Faculty of Advocates, dated July -27, 1622, to "Robert Fairlie, son lawfull to Umquhill Robert Fairlie, -goldsmith, Burgh of Edinburgh, to the said bursar place and haill -immunities quhill he pass his course of Philosophie," in the College of -Edinburgh. This undoubtedly was the author of the two very rare little -poetical volumes referred to; and it proves, from the use of the word -"Umquhill," that his father was then dead. - -There is an error in stating that the _Kalendarium_ is dedicated to the -Earl of Ancrum. In the copy before me it is inscribed "Illustrissimo et -Nobilissimo Domino, Domino Roberto Karo Comiti a Summerset," &c. The -other work is the one dedicated to Lord Ancrum. I have both works, and -they certainly were costly, as I gave five guineas for them. They had -originally been priced at ten guineas. - -A _Bursary_, according to Jamieson, is "the endowment given to a student -in a university, an exhibition." It is believed that Fairlie was of the -Ayrshire family of that name. - -J. MT. - -{160} - -_"Mater ait natæ," &c._ (Vol. vii., pp. 247, 248.).--When calling -attention to these lines in "N. & Q." (Vol. vii., p. 155.), I at the same -time asked if such a relationship as that mentioned in them was ever -known to exist? This Query was very kindly and satisfactorily answered by -your correspondents ANON and TYE. But, remarkable as were the instances -mentioned by them of the two old ladies in Cheshire and Limington, -who could speak to their descendants in a female line to the fifth -generation, still that I am now to record of an old man in Montenegro is -much more singular, as he could converse with his lineal descendants in -an uninterrupted _male_ line one generation farther from him, (i. e.) -to the sixth. The case is too well authenticated to admit of a doubt, -and until some one of your correspondents shall favour me with another -equally to be credited, it will remain in the columns of "N. & Q." as the -only one known to its readers:-- - - "Colonel Vialla de Sommières, a Frenchman, who was for a long - time governor of the province of Catano, mentions a family he - saw in a village of Montenegro, which reckoned six generations. - The venerable head of the family was 117 years old, his son - 100, his grandson 82, great-grandson 60, and the son of this - last, who was 43, had a son aged 21, whose child was 2 years - old!" - -W. W. - -Malta. - -_Sir John Vanbrugh_ (Vol. viii., p. 65.).--ANON. points at Chester as -the probable birthplace of the above knight, named in MR. HUGHES'S -Query. Now, Mr. Davenport, in his _Biog. Dict._, p. 546. (wherein is -a wood-engraved portrait of Sir John), states that he was born in -London, about 1672; but, supposing his place of nativity was, as your -correspondent suggests, Chester, it might very easily be ascertained by -searching the parochial register of that city in or about the above year. - -GARLICHITHE. - -_Fête des Chaudrons_ (Vol. viii., p. 57.).--Some account of this -fête will probably be found in Ducange's _Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ -Latinitatis_. I have not a copy of the work at hand for reference. - -JOHN MACRAY. - -Oxford. - -_Murder of Monaldeschi_ (Vol. viii., p. 34.).--The following account -of this event is taken from the _Biographie Universelle_, article -"Christine, reine de Suède:" - - "Cet Italien avait joui de toute la confiance de la reine, - qui lui avait révélé ses pensées les plus secrètes. Arrivée - à Fontainebleau, elle l'accusa de trahison, et résolut de le - faire mourir. Un religieux de l'ordre de la Trinité, le P. - Lebel, fut appelé pour le préparer à la mort. Monaldeschi se - jeta aux pieds de la reine et fondit en larmes. Le religieux, - qui a publié lui-même un récit de l'événement, fit à Christine - les plus fortes représentations sur cet acte de vengeance - qu'elle voulait exercer arbitrairement dans une terre étrangère - et dans le palais d'un grand souverain; mais elle resta - inflexible, et ordonna à Sentinelli, capitaine de ses gardes, - de faire exécuter l'arrêt qu'elle avait prononcé. Monaldeschi, - soupçonnant le danger qu'il courait, s'était cuirassé: il - fallut le frapper de plusieurs coups avant qu'il expirât, et - la galerie des Cerfs, où se passa cette scène révoltante, fut - teinte de son sang. Pendant ce temps, Christine, au rapport - de plusieurs historiens, était dans une pièce attenante, - s'entretenant avec beaucoup de calme de choses indifférentes; - selon d'autres rapports, elle fut présente à l'exécution, - accabla Monaldeschi de reproches amers, et contempla ensuite - son cadavre sanglant avec une satisfaction qu'elle ne chercha - point à dissimuler. Que ces détails soient fondés ou non, la - mort de Monaldeschi est une tache ineffaçable à la mémoire de - Christine, et c'est à regret qu'on voit sur la liste de ses - apologistes le nom du fameux Leibnitz." - -In the answer which Queen Christina sent to the objections made in Poland -to her election as their sovereign, occurs the following passage: - - "Le Père dira en témoignage de la vérité, que cet homme me - força de le faire mourir par la trahison la plus noire qu'un - serviteur puisse faire à son maître; que je n'ordonnai sa - mort, qu'après l'avoir convaincu de son crime par les lettres - en original écrites de sa propre main, et après de lui avoir - fait avouer à lui-même, en présence de trois témoins, et du - Père prieur de Fontainebleau: qu'ils savent qu'il dit lui-même: - 'Je suis digne de mille morts,' et que je lui fis donner - les sacremens dont il était capable avant que de le faire - mourir."--_Mémoires concernant Christine_, Amst. et Leipzig, - 1759, tom. iii. pp. 386-7. - -Ἁλιέυς. - -Dublin. - -Your correspondent will find an account of this affair in the Appendix to -Ranke's _History of the Popes_. - -T. K. H. - -_Land of Green Ginger_ (Vol. viii., p. 34.).--It is so called from the -sale of ginger having been chiefly carried on there in early times. As -far as I can recollect, none of the local histories gives any derivation -of the name; those of Gent and Frost certainly do not, and this is the -one generally received by the inhabitants. Salthouse Lane and Blanket -Row are other streets, which may be referred to as having obtained their -names in a similar way. - -R. W. ELLIOT. - -Clifton. - -An inhabitant of Hull has informed me that this street was so named by a -house-proprietor whose fortune had been made in the West Indies, and I -think by the sweetmeat trade. - -T. K. H. - -_Unneath_ (Vol. vii., p. 631.).--It strikes me that your correspondents -MR. C. H. COOPER and E. G. R., in reply to MR. WRIGHT'S inquiry -respecting the {161} use of the word "unneath," used in Parnell's -_Fairy Tale_, have fallen into a slight mistake in supposing that the -seemingly old words used in this poem are really so. I make no doubt -that MR. HALLIWELL is correct in noting the word "unneath" as signifying -"beneath," in the _patois_ of Somerset; but I gravely suspect that -Parnell had picked up the word out of our older poets, and used it in the -passage quoted without consideration. - -The true meaning of "unneath" (which is of Saxon origin, and variously -written "unnethe, unnethes") is _scarcely_, _not easily_. - -Thus Chaucer says: - - "The miller that for-dronken was all pale, - So that _unnethes_ upon his hors he sat." - - _The Millers Prologue_, v. 3123. [Tyrwhitt.] - -And again: - - "Yeve me than of thy gold to make our cloistre, - Quod he, for many a muscle and many an oistre, - When other men han ben ful wel at ese - Hath been our food, our cloistre for to rese: - And yet, GOD wot, _unneth_ the fundament - Parfourmed is, ne of our pauement - N'is not a tile," &c. - - _The Sompnours Tale_, v. 7685. - -"Unneath," signifying _difficult_, _scarcely_, _with difficulty_, occurs -so frequently in Spenser, that it is unnecessary to burden your pages -with references. It may be remarked, however, that this latter author -occasionally employs this word in the sense of _almost_. - -T. H. DE H. - -_Snail Gardens_ (Vol. viii., p. 33.).--In very many places on the -Continent snails are regularly bred for the table: this is the case at -Ulm, Wirtemberg, and various other places. A very lively description of -the sale of snails in the Roman market is given by Sir Francis Head. I -have collected much interesting information on this point, and shall feel -grateful for any farther "Notes" on the subject. - -SELEUCUS. - -_Parvise_ (Vol. vii., p. 624.).--Perhaps the following quotation may -throw light on your correspondent D. P.'s inquiry respecting this word, -in French _Parvis_. It is taken from a _Dictionnaire Universel, contenant -généralement tous les mots françois, tant vieux que modernes, &c., par -feu Messire Antoine Furetière, Abbé de Chalivoi_, three vols. folio, La -Haye et la Rotterdam, 1701: - - "PARVIS, _s. m._--Place publique qui est ordinairement devant - la principale face des grandes Eglises. Le parvis de Nôtre - Dame, de Saint Généviève. On le disoit autrefois de toutes les - places qui étoient devant les palais, et grandes maisons. Les - auteurs Chrétiens appellent le _Parvis des Gentiles_, ce que - les Juifs appelloient le _premier Temple_. Il y avoit deux - _Parvis_ dans le Temple de Jérusalem; l'un intérieur, qui étoit - celui des Prêtres; et l'autre extérieur, qu'on appelloit aussi - le _Parvis d'Israël_, ou le _Grand Parvis_.--LE CL. - - "Quelques-uns disent que ce mot vient de _Paradisus_; d'autres - de _parvisium_, qui est un lieu au bas de la nef où l'on tenoit - autrefois les petites Ecoles, _à docendo parvis pueris_. Voyez - Menage, qui rapporte plusieurs titres curieux en faveur de - l'une et de l'autre opinion. D'autres le dérivent de _pervius_, - disant qu'on appelloit autrefois _pervis_, une place publique - devant un batiment." - -T. H. DE H. - -_Humbug_ (Vol. vii., p. 631.).--Allow me to add the following to the list -of explanations as to the origin of this word. There appeared in the -_Berwick Advertiser_ the following origin of the word _humbug_, and it -assuredly is a very feasible one. It may be proper to premise, that the -name of _bogue_ is commonly pronounced _bug_ in that district of Scotland -formerly called the "Mearns." - - "It is not generally known that this word, presently so much in - vogue, is of Scottish origin. There was in olden time a race - called Bogue, or Boag of that ilk, in Berwickshire. A daughter - of the family married a son of Hume of Hume. In process of - time, by default of male issue, the Bogue estate devolved on - one Geordie Hume, who was called popularly 'Hume o' the Bogue,' - or rather 'Aum o' the Bug.' This worthy was inclined to the - marvellous, and had a vast inclination to exalt himself, his - wife, family, brother, and all his ancestors on both sides. His - tales however did not pass current; and at last, when any one - made an extraordinary statement in the Mearns, the hearer would - shrug up his shoulders, and style it just 'a hum o' the bug.' - This was shortened into _hum-bug_, and the word soon spread - like wildfire over the whole kingdom." - -How far this is, or is not true, cannot be known; but it is certain that -the Lands of Bogue, commonly called by country folk "Bug," passed by -marriage into the Hume family; and that the male representatives of this -ancient family are still in existence. This much may be fairly asserted, -that the Berwickshire legend has more apparent probability about it than -any of the other ones. - -J. MT. - -P. S.--"That ilk," in old Scotch, means "the same:" in other words, Hume -of that ilk is just Hume of Hume; and Brodie of that ilk, Brodie of -Brodie. - -_Table-moving_ (Vol. vii., p. 596.).--I imagine that the great object -in _table-moving_ is to produce the desired effect _without_ pressure. -During experiments I have often heard the would-be "table-movers" cry -"Don't press: it must be done without any pressure." - -J. A. T. - -_Scotch Newspapers_ (Vol. viii., p. 57.).--In Ruddiman's _Life_, by G. -Chalmers (8vo. Lond. 1794), it is stated that Cromwell was the first who -communicated the benefit of a newspaper to Scotland. {162} In 1652, -Christopher Higgins, a printer, whom Cromwell had conveyed with his army -to Leith, reprinted there what had been already published at London, _A -Diurnal of some passages and affairs for the information of the English -Soldiers_. A newspaper of Scottish manufacture appeared at Edinburgh, the -same authority relates, on the 31st of December, 1660, under the title of -_Mercurius Caledonius_; comprising the affairs in agitation in Scotland, -with a survey of foreign intelligence. It was published once a week, in a -small 4to. form of eight pages. Chalmers adds, that-- - - "It was a son of the Bishop of Orkney, Thomas Lydserfe, who now - thought he had the wit to amuse, the knowledge to instruct, and - the address to captivate the lovers of news in Scotland. But he - was only able, with all his powers, to extend his publication - to ten numbers, which were very loyal, very illiterate, and - very affected." - -JOHN MACRAY. - -Oxford. - -_Door-head Inscriptions_ (Vol. vii., pp. 23. 190. 588.; Vol. viii., p. -38.).--Over the door of the house at Salvington, Sussex, in which Selden -was born, is this inscription: - - "Gratvs, honeste, mihi; non clavdar, inito sedeq' - Fvr, abeas; non sv' facta solvta tibi." - -It has been thus paraphrased: - -1. By the late William Hamper, Esq., _Gent. Mag._, 1824, vol. ii. p. 601.: - - "Thou'rt welcome, honest friend; walk in, make free: - Thief, get thee gone; my doors are clos'd to thee." - -2. By Dr. Evans: - - "An honest man is always welcome here; - To rogues I grant no hospitable cheer." - -3. In Evans's _Picture of Worthing_, p. 129.: - - "Dear to my heart, the honest here shall find - The gate wide open, and the welcome kind; - Hence, _thieves_, away! on you my door shall close, - Within these walls the wicked ne'er repose." - -4. In Shearsmith's _Worthing_, p. 71.: - - "The honest man shall find a welcome here, - My gate wide open, and my heart sincere; - Within these walls, for him I spend my store. - But _thieves_, away! on you I close my door." - -ANON. - -_Honorary Degrees_ (Vol. viii., pp. 8. 86.).--The short note of C. does -not elucidate--if, indeed, it touches upon--the matter propounded. It -was stated, whether correctly I know not, that honorary doctors created -by _diploma_ (reference being made to the Duke of Cambridge, and one or -two other royal personages) would have the _distinctive_ privilege of -voting in Convocation. It then occurred to me that Johnson--whose Oxford -dignity was conferred in 1776, by special requisition of the Chancellor, -Lord North (his M.A. degree had been, I judge, likewise by _diploma_)--is -not mentioned by Boswell or Croker, as having on any occasion exercised -the right referred to. Did he possess that right? and, if so, was it ever -exercised? The frequency of his visits to Oxford, and the alleged rigid -adherence to academical costume, make the question one of some interest: -besides, in regard to a person so entirely _sui generis_, and upon whose -character and career so much minuteness of biographical detail has been -bestowed, it is not a little remarkable how many points are almost barren -of illustration. - -M. A. - -_"Never ending, still beginning"_ (Vol. viii., p. 103.).--See Dryden's -_Alexander's Feast_, l. 101. - -F. B--W. - - * * * * * - - - - -Miscellaneous. - - -BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. - -SCOTT'S NOVELS, without the Notes. Constable's Miniature Edition. The -Volumes containing Anne of Geierstein, Betrothed, Castle Dangerous, Count -Robert of Paris, Fair Maid of Perth, Highland Widow, &c., Red Gauntlet, -St. Ronan's Well, Woodstock, Surgeon's Daughter, Talisman. - -WEDDELL'S VOYAGE TO THE SOUTH POLE. - -SCHLOSSER'S HISTORY OF THE 18TH CENTURY, translated by Davison. Parts -XIII. and following. - -SOWERBY'S ENGLISH BOTANY, with or without Supplementary Volumes. - -DUGDALE'S ENGLAND AND WALES, Vol. VIII. London, L. Tallis. - -LINGARD'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Second Edition, 1823, 9th and following -Volumes, in Boards. - -LONG'S HISTORY OF JAMAICA. - -LIFE OF THE REV. ISAAC MILLES. 1721. - -SIR THOMAS HERBERT'S THRENODIA CAROLINA: or, Last Days of Charles I. Old -Edition, and that of 1813 by Nicol. - -SIR THOMAS HERBERT'S TRAVELS IN ASIA AND AFRICA. Folio. - -LETTERS OF THE HERBERT FAMILY. - -BISHOP MORLEY'S VINDICATION. 4to. 1683. - -LIFE OF ADMIRAL BLAKE, written by a Gentleman bred in his Family. London. -12mo. With Portrait by Fourdrinier. - -OSWALDI CROLLII OPERA. Genevæ, 1635. 12mo. - -UNHEARD-OF CURIOSITIES, translated by Chilmead. London, 1650. 12mo. - -BEAUMONT'S PSYCHE. Second Edition. Camb. 1702. fol. - -⁂ _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send -their names._ - -⁂ Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be -sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. - - * * * * * - - -Notices to Correspondents. - -J. M. (Dublin), _who inquires respecting the origin of Sterne's_ "God -tempers the wind to the shorn lamb," _is referred to our_ 1st Volume, pp. -211. 236. 325. 357. 418. - -CLERICUS (D.). The Beggar's Petition _was written by the Rev. T. Moss, -minister of Brierly Hill and Trentham, in Staffordshire_. _See_ "N. & -Q.," Vol. iii., p. 209. - -ARTERUS _should complete his Query by stating where the Latin lines -resembling_ Shakspeare's Seven Ages _are to be found. We shall then -gladly insert it._ - -BEGINNER _must consult some Photographic friend, or our Advertising -Columns. We cannot, for obvious reasons, recommend where to purchase -Photographic necessaries._ - -_A few complete sets of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vols. i. _to_ vii., _price -Three Guineas and a Half, may now be had; for which early application is -desirable._ - -"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country -Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them -to their Subscribers on the Saturday._ - - * * * * *{163} - - -INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.--BARRY, DU BARRY & CO.'S -HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS. - -THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, - -the only natural, pleasant, and effectual remedy (without medicine, -purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it saves fifty times its cost in -other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, intestinal, liver and bilious -complaints, however deeply rooted, dyspepsia (indigestion), habitual -constipation, diarrhœa, acidity, heartburn, flatulency, oppression, -distension, palpitation, eruption of the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy, -sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at sea, and under all other -circumstances, debility in the aged as well as infants, fits, spasms, -cramps, paralysis, &c. - - _A few out of 50,000 Cures_:-- - - Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart - de Decies:--"I have derived considerable benefit from your - Revalenta Arabica Food, and consider it due to yourselves and - the public to authorise the publication of these lines.--STUART - DE DECIES." - - Cure, No. 49,832:--"Fifty years' indescribable agony from - dyspepsia, nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, - flatulency, spasms, sickness at the stomach, and vomitings - have been removed by Du Barry's excellent food.--MARIA JOLLY, - Wortham Ling, near Diss, Norfolk." - - Cure, No. 180:--"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation, - indigestion, and debility, from which I had suffered great - misery, and which no medicine could remove or relieve, have - been effectually cured by Du Barry's food in a very short - time.--W. R. REEVES, Pool Anthony, Tiverton." - - Cure, No. 4,208:--"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, - debility, with cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant - had consulted the advice of many, have been effectually removed - by Du Barry's delicious food in a very short time. I shall - be happy to answer any inquiries.--REV. JOHN W. FLAVELL, - Ridlington Rectory, Norfolk." - - _Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial._ - - "Bonn, July 19. 1852. - - "This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent, - nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many - cases, all kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in - confined habit of body, as also diarrhœa, bowel complaints, - affections of the kidneys and bladder, such as stone or gravel; - inflammatory irritation and cramp of the urethra, cramp of - the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and hemorrhoids. This - really invaluable remedy is employed with the most satisfactory - result, not only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints, where - irritation and pain are to be removed, but also in pulmonary - and bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts effectually - the troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth - to express the conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica - is adapted to the cure of incipient hectic complaints and - consumption. - - "DR. RUD WURZER. - "Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn." - -London Agents:--Fortnum, Mason & Co., 182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her -Majesty the Queen; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent Street; and through -all respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine venders. In canisters, -suitably packed for all climates, and with full instructions, 1lb. 2_s._ -9_d._; 2lb. 4_s._ 6_d._; 5lb. 11_s._; 12lb. 22_s._; super-refined, 5lb. -22_s._; 10lb. 33_s._ The 10lb. and 12lb. carriage free, on receipt of -Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry & Co., 77. Regent Street, London. - -IMPORTANT CAUTION.--Many invalids having been seriously injured by -spurious imitations under closely similar names such as Ervalenta, -Arabaca, and others, the public will do well to see that each canister -bears the name BARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in full, -_without which none is genuine_. - - * * * * * - -PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions -(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at -BLAND & LONG'S, 153. 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New Bond Street, and 22. Paternoster Row. - - * * * * * - -THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE AND HISTORICAL REVIEW FOR AUGUST, contains the -following articles:--1. State Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. 2. -Madame de Longueville. 3. The Prospero of "The Tempest." 4. Letter of -Major P. Ferguson during the American War. 5. Wanderings of an Antiquary: -Bramber Castle and the Sussex Churches, by Thomas Wright, F.S.A. (with -Engravings). 6. St. Hilary Church, Cornwall (with an Engraving). 7. -Benjamin Robert Haydon. 8. The Northern Topographers--Whitaker, Surtees, -and Raine. 9. Passage of the Pruth in the year 1739. 10. Early History -of the Post-Office. 11. Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban: A Peep at the -Library of Chichester Cathedral--Christ's Church at Norwich--Rev. Wm. -Smith of Melsonby--Godmanham and Londesborough. With Reviews of New -Publications, a Report of the Meeting of the Archæological Institute at -Chichester, and of other Antiquarian Societies, Historical Chronicle, and -OBITUARY. Price 2_s._ 6_d._ - -NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street. - - * * * * * - -Now ready, price 25_s._, Second Edition, revised and corrected. Dedicated -by Special Permission to - -THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. - -PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH. The words selected by -the Very Rev. H. H. MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. The Music arranged -for Four Voices, but applicable also to Two or One, including Chants -for the Services, Responses to the Commandments, and a Concise SYSTEM -OF CHANTING, by J. B. SALE, Musical Instructor and Organist to Her -Majesty. 4to., neat, in morocco cloth, price 25_s._ To be had of Mr. J. -B. SALE, 21. Holywell Street, Millbank, Westminster, on the receipt of -a Post-office Order for that amount: and, by order, of the principal -Booksellers and Music Warehouses. - -"A great advance on the works we have hitherto had, connected with our -Church and Cathedral Service."--_Times._ - -"A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly unequalled in this -country."--_Literary Gazette._ - -"One of the best collections of tunes which we have yet seen. Well merits -the distinguished patronage under which it appears."--_Musical World._ - -"A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of Chanting of -a very superior character to any which has hitherto appeared."--_John -Bull._ - -London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. - -Also, lately published, - -J. B. SALE'S SANCTUS, COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as performed at the Chapel -Royal St. James, price 2_s._ - -C. LONSDALE, 26. Old Bond Street. - - * * * * * - -8vo., price 21_s._ - -SOME ACCOUNT of DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE in ENGLAND, from the Conquest -to the end of the Thirteenth Century, with numerous Illustrations of -Existing Remains from Original Drawings. By T. HUDSON TURNER. - -"What Horace Walpole attempted, and what Sir Charles Lock Eastlake has -done for oil-painting--elucidated its history and traced its progress -in England by means of the records of expenses and mandates of the -successive Sovereigns of the realm--Mr. Hudson Turner has now achieved -for Domestic Architecture in this country during the twelfth and -thirteenth centuries."--_Architect._ - -"The writer of the present volume ranks among the most intelligent of the -craft, and a careful perusal of its contents will convince the reader -of the enormous amount of labour bestowed on its minutest details, -as well as the discriminating judgment presiding over the general -arrangement."--_Morning Chronicle._ - -"The book of which the title is given above is one of the very few -attempts that have been made in this country to treat this interesting -subject in anything more than a superficial manner. - -"Mr. Turner exhibits much learning and research, and he has consequently -laid before the reader much interesting information. It is a book that -was wanted, and that affords us some relief from the mass of works on -Ecclesiastical Architecture with which of late years we have been deluged. - -"The work is well illustrated throughout with wood-engravings of the -more interesting remains, and will prove a valuable addition to the -antiquary's library."--_Literary Gazette._ - -"It is as a text-book on the social comforts and condition of the Squires -and Gentry of England during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, that -the leading value of Mr. Turner's present publication will be found to -consist. - -"Turner's handsomely-printed volume is profusely illustrated with careful -woodcuts of all important existing remains, made from drawings by Mr. -Blore and Mr. Twopeny."--_Athenæum._ - -JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London. - - * * * * * - -Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish -of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. 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