diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/66048-h/66048-h.htm')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/66048-h/66048-h.htm | 24075 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 24075 deletions
diff --git a/old/66048-h/66048-h.htm b/old/66048-h/66048-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index d88a65c..0000000 --- a/old/66048-h/66048-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24075 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> - <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Interpretation of Dreams, by Sigmund Freud</title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - body { margin-left: 8%; margin-right: 10%; } - h1 { text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: xx-large; } - h2 { text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: x-large; } - h3 { text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: large; } - .pageno { right: 1%; font-size: x-small; background-color: inherit; color: silver; - text-indent: 0em; text-align: right; position: absolute; - border: thin solid silver; padding: .1em .2em; font-style: normal; - font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; } - p { text-indent: 0; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: justify; } - sup { vertical-align: top; font-size: 0.6em; } - .fss { font-size: 75%; } - .sc { font-variant: small-caps; } - .large { font-size: large; } - .xlarge { font-size: x-large; } - .small { font-size: small; } - .lg-container-b { text-align: center; } - .x-ebookmaker .lg-container-b { clear: both; } - .lg-container-r { text-align: right; } - .x-ebookmaker .lg-container-r { clear: both; } - .linegroup { display: inline-block; text-align: justify; } - .x-ebookmaker .linegroup { display: block; margin-left: 1.5em; } - .linegroup .group { margin: 1em auto; } - .linegroup .line { text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em; } - div.linegroup > :first-child { margin-top: 0; } - .linegroup .in1 { padding-left: 3.5em; } - .linegroup .in10 { padding-left: 8.0em; } - .linegroup .in12 { padding-left: 9.0em; } - .linegroup .in16 { padding-left: 11.0em; } - .linegroup .in2 { padding-left: 4.0em; } - .linegroup .in28 { padding-left: 17.0em; } - .index li {text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em; } - .index ul {list-style-type: none; padding-left: 0; } - ul.index {list-style-type: none; padding-left: 0; } - .dl_1 dd { text-align: justify; padding-top: .5em; padding-left: .5em; - margin-left: 3.2em; text-indent: -1em; } - .dl_1 dt { float: left; clear: left; text-align: right; width: 2.0em; - padding-top: .5em; padding-right: .5em; } - .ol_1 li {padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; } - @media handheld { .dl_1 dt { float: left; clear: left; text-align: right; - width: 2.0em; padding-top: .5em; padding-right: .5em; } } - dl.dl_1 { margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em; } - ol.ol_1 {padding-left: 0; margin-left: 2.78%; margin-top: .5em; - margin-bottom: .5em; list-style-type: decimal; } - div.footnote > :first-child { margin-top: 1em; } - div.footnote p { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: 0.25em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } - div.pbb { page-break-before: always; } - hr.pb { border: none; border-bottom: thin solid; margin-bottom: 1em; } - .x-ebookmaker hr.pb { display: none; } - .chapter { clear: both; page-break-before: always; } - .figcenter { clear: both; max-width: 100%; margin: 2em auto; text-align: center; } - div.figcenter p { text-align: center; text-indent: 0; } - .figcenter img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; } - .id001 { width:80%; } - .x-ebookmaker .id001 { margin-left:10%; width:80%; } - .ic001 { width:100%; } - .ig001 { width:100%; } - .table0 { margin: auto; margin-top: 2em; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 0%; - width: 100%; } - .table1 { margin: auto; } - .nf-center { text-align: center; } - .nf-center-c0 { text-align: justify; margin: 0.5em 0; } - .c000 { margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } - .c001 { page-break-before: always; margin-top: 4em; } - .c002 { margin-top: 2em; } - .c003 { margin-top: 1em; } - .c004 { page-break-before:auto; margin-top: 4em; } - .c005 { margin-top: 2em; text-indent: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } - .c006 { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: 0.25em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } - .c007 { font-size: .9em; text-indent: 1em; margin-top: 0.25em; - margin-bottom: 0.25em; } - .c008 { text-decoration: none; } - .c009 { vertical-align: top; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; } - .c010 { vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1em; - padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; } - .c011 { vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right; } - .c012 { margin-top: 4em; } - .c013 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: .9em; } - .c014 { page-break-before: auto; margin-top: 2em; } - .c015 { margin-top: 1em; text-indent: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } - .c016 { page-break-before: always; margin-top: 2em; } - .c017 { text-indent: 0; margin-top: 0.25em; margin-bottom: 0.25em; } - .c018 { vertical-align: top; text-align: center; padding-right: 1em; } - .c019 { vertical-align: top; text-align: center; } - .c020 { margin-top: .5em; } - .c021 { border: none; border-bottom: thin solid; width: 10%; margin-left: 0; - margin-top: 1em; text-align: justify; } - div.tnotes { padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;background-color:#E3E4FA; - border:thin solid silver; margin:2em 10% 0 10%; font-family: Georgia, serif; - } - .covernote { visibility: hidden; display: none; } - div.tnotes p { text-align: justify; } - .x-ebookmaker .covernote { visibility: visible; display: block; } - .figcenter {font-size: .9em; page-break-inside: avoid; max-width: 100%; } - .x-ebookmaker img {max-height: 31em; width: auto; } - .footnote {font-size: .9em; } - div.footnote p {text-indent: 2em; margin-bottom: .5em; } - .chapter { clear: both; page-break-before: always; } - .ol_1 li {font-size: .9em; } - .x-ebookmaker .ol_1 li {padding-left: 1em; text-indent: 0em; } - body {font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: justify; } - table {font-size: .9em; padding: 1.5em .5em 1em; page-break-inside: avoid; - clear: both; } - div.titlepage {text-align: center; page-break-before: always; - page-break-after: always; } - div.titlepage p {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; - line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 3em; } - .ph1 { text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; font-size: xx-large; - margin: .67em auto; page-break-before: always; } - .ph2 { text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; font-size: x-large; margin: .75em auto; - page-break-before: always; } - .x-ebookmaker p.dropcap:first-letter { float: left; } - </style> - </head> - <body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Interpretation of Dreams, by Sigmund Freud</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Interpretation of Dreams</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Sigmund Freud</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Commentator: A. A. Brill</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: August 12, 2021 [eBook #66048]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS ***</div> - -<div class='tnotes covernote'> - -<p class='c000'><strong>Transcriber’s Note:</strong></p> - -<p class='c000'>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> - -</div> - -<div class='titlepage'> - -<div> - <h1 class='c001'>THE INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS</h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='small'>BY</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='xlarge'><span class='sc'>Prof. Dr.</span> SIGMUND FREUD, LL.D.</span></div> - <div class='c003'>AUTHORISED TRANSLATION OF THIRD EDITION WITH INTRODUCTION</div> - <div class='c003'><span class='small'>BY</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='xlarge'>A. A. BRILL, <span class='sc'>Ph.B.</span>, M.D.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='small'>CHIEF OF THE NEUROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE BRONX HOSPITAL AND DISPENSARY CLINICAL ASSISTANT IN NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY FORMER ASSISTANT PHYSICIAN IN THE CENTRAL ISLIP STATE HOSPITAL AND IN THE CLINIC OF PSYCHIATRY, ZÜRICH</span></div> - <div class='c002'><span class='small'>“<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Flectere si nequeo superos, Acheronta movebo</span></i>”</span></div> - <div class='c002'>NEW YORK</div> - <div><span class='large'>THE MACMILLAN COMPANY</span></div> - <div>1913</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_v'>v</span> - <h2 class='c004'>INTRODUCTORY REMARKS</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c005'>In attempting a discussion of the Interpretation of Dreams, I -do not believe that I have overstepped the bounds of neuropathological -interest. For, on psychological investigation, -the dream proves to be the first link in a chain of abnormal -psychic structures whose other links, the hysterical phobia, -the obsession, and the delusion must, for practical reasons, -claim the interest of the physician. The dream (as will -appear) can lay no claim to a corresponding practical significance; -its theoretical value as a paradigm is, however, all -the greater, and one who cannot explain the origin of the -dream pictures will strive in vain to understand the phobias, -obsessive and delusional ideas, and likewise their therapeutic -importance.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But this relation, to which our subject owes its importance, -is responsible also for the deficiencies in the work before us. -The surfaces of fracture which will be found so frequently in -this discussion correspond to so many points of contact at -which the problem of the dream formation touches more -comprehensive problems of psychopathology, which cannot be -discussed here, and which will be subjected to future elaboration -if there should be sufficient time and energy, and if further -material should be forthcoming.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Peculiarities in the material I have used to elucidate the -interpretation of dreams have rendered this publication difficult. -From the work itself it will appear why all dreams -related in the literature or collected by others had to remain -useless for my purpose; for examples I had to choose between -my own dreams and those of my patients who were under -psychoanalytic treatment. I was restrained from utilising -the latter material by the fact that in it the dream processes -were subjected to an undesirable complication on account -of the intermixture of neurotic characters. On the other -<span class='pageno' id='Page_vi'>vi</span>hand, inseparably connected with my own dreams was the circumstance -that I was obliged to expose more of the intimacies -of my psychic life than I should like and than generally falls -to the task of an author who is not a poet but an investigator -of nature. This was painful, but unavoidable; I had to put -up with the inevitable in order not to be obliged to forego -altogether the demonstration of the truth of my psychological -results. To be sure, I could not at best resist the temptation -of disguising some of my indiscretions through omissions -and substitutions, and as often as this happened it detracted -materially from the value of the examples which I employed. -I can only express the hope that the reader of this work, -putting himself in my difficult position, will show forbearance, -and also that all persons who are inclined to take offence at -any of the dreams reported will concede freedom of thought -at least to the dream life.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span> - <h2 class='c004'>PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c005'>If there has arisen a demand for a second edition of this rather -difficult book before the end of the first decade, I owe no -gratitude to the interest of the professional circles to whom -I appealed in the preceding sentences. My colleagues in -psychiatry, apparently, have made no effort to shake off the -first surprise which my new conception of the dream evoked, -and the professional philosophers, who are accustomed to treat -the problem of dream life as a part of the states of consciousness, -devoting to it a few—for the most part identical—sentences, -have apparently failed to observe that in this -field could be found all kinds of things which would inevitably -lead to a thorough transformation of our psychological -theories. The behaviour of the scientific critics could only -justify the expectation that this work of mine was destined -to be buried in oblivion; and the small troop of brave pupils -who follow my leadership in the medical application of psychoanalysis, -and also follow my example in analysing dreams in -order to utilise these analyses in the treatment of neurotics, -would not have exhausted the first edition of the book. I -therefore feel indebted to that wider circle of intelligent -seekers after truth whose co-operation has procured for me -the invitation to take up anew, after nine years, the difficult -and in so many respects fundamental work.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I am glad to be able to say that I have found little to -change. Here and there I have inserted new material, added -new views from my wider experience, and attempted to revise -certain points; but everything essential concerning the dream -and its interpretation, as well as the psychological propositions -derived from it, has remained unchanged: at least, -subjectively, it has stood the test of time. Those who are -acquainted with my other works on the Etiology and Mechanism -of the psychoneuroses, know that I have never offered -<span class='pageno' id='Page_viii'>viii</span>anything unfinished as finished, and that I have always striven -to change my assertions in accordance with my advancing -views; but in the realm of the dream life I have been able to -stand by my first declarations. During the long years of my -work on the problems of the neuroses, I have been repeatedly -confronted with doubts, and have often made mistakes; but -it was always in the “interpretation of dreams” that I found -my bearings. My numerous scientific opponents, therefore, -show an especially sure instinct when they refuse to follow me -into this territory of dream investigation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Likewise, the material used in this book to illustrate the -rules of dream interpretation, drawn chiefly from dreams of -my own which have been depreciated and outstripped by -events, have in the revision shown a persistence which resisted -substantial changes. For me, indeed, the book has -still another subjective meaning which I could comprehend -only after it had been completed. It proved to be for me a -part of my self-analysis, a reaction to the death of my father—that -is, to the most significant event, the deepest loss, in -the life of a man. After I recognised this I felt powerless to -efface the traces of this influence. For the reader, however, -it makes no difference from what material he learns to value -and interpret dreams.</p> - -<p class='c007'><span class='sc'>Berchtesgaden</span>, Summer of 1908.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_ix'>ix</span> - <h2 class='c004'>PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c005'>Whereas a period of nine years elapsed between the first and -second editions of this book, the need for a third edition has -appeared after little more than a year. I have reason to be -pleased with this change; but, just as I have not considered -the earlier neglect of my work on the part of the reader as a -proof of its unworthiness, I am unable to find in the interest -manifested at present a proof of its excellence.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The progress in scientific knowledge has shown its influence -on the <cite>Interpretation of Dreams</cite>. When I wrote it in -1899 the “Sexual Theories” was not yet in existence, and the -analysis of complicated forms of psychoneuroses was still in -its infancy. The interpretation of dreams was destined to -aid in the psychological analysis of the neuroses, but since -then the deeper understanding of the neuroses has reacted -on our conception of the dream. The study of dream interpretation -itself has continued to develop in a direction -upon which not enough stress was laid in the first edition of -this book. From my own experience, as well as from the -works of W. Stekel and others, I have since learned to attach -a greater value to the extent and the significance of symbolism -in dreams (or rather in the unconscious thinking). -Thus much has accumulated in the course of this year which -requires consideration. I have endeavoured to do justice to -this new material by numerous insertions in the text and by -the addition of footnotes. If these supplements occasionally -threaten to warp the original discussion, or if, even with their -aid, we have been unsuccessful in raising the original text to the -<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">niveau</span></i> of our present views, I must beg indulgence for the -gaps in the book, as they are only consequences and indications -of the present rapid development of our knowledge. I -also venture to foretell in what other directions later editions -of the <cite>Interpretation of Dreams</cite>—in case any should be -<span class='pageno' id='Page_x'>x</span>demanded—will differ from the present one. They will have, -on the one hand, to include selections from the rich material -of poetry, myth, usage of language, and folk-lore, and, on the -other hand, to treat more profoundly the relations of the -dream to the neuroses and to mental diseases.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Mr. Otto Rank has rendered me valuable service in the -selection of the addenda and in reading the proof sheets. I -am gratefully indebted to him and to many others for their -contributions and corrections.</p> - -<p class='c007'><span class='sc'>Vienna</span>, Spring of 1911.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_xi'>xi</span> - <h2 class='c004'>TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c005'>Since the appearance of the author’s <cite>Selected Papers on -Hysteria and other Psychoneuroses</cite>, and <cite>Three Contributions to -the Sexual Theory</cite>,<a id='rA' /><a href='#fA' class='c008'><sup>[A]</sup></a> much has been said and written about -Freud’s works. Some of our readers have made an honest -endeavour to test and utilise the author’s theories, but they -have been handicapped by their inability to read fluently -very difficult German, for only two of Freud’s works have -hitherto been accessible to English readers. For them this -work will be of invaluable assistance. To be sure, numerous -articles on the Freudian psychology have of late made their -appearance in our literature;<a id='rB' /><a href='#fB' class='c008'><sup>[B]</sup></a> but these scattered papers, -read by those unacquainted with the original work, often serve -to confuse rather than enlighten. For Freud cannot be -mastered from the reading of a few pamphlets, or even one or -two of his original works. Let me repeat what I have so often -said: No one is really qualified to use or to judge Freud’s -psychoanalytic method who has not thoroughly mastered -his theory of the neuroses—<cite>The Interpretation of Dreams</cite>, -<cite>Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory</cite>, <cite>The Psychopathology -of Everyday Life</cite>, and <cite>Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious</cite>, -and who has not had considerable experience in analysing -the dreams and psychopathological actions of himself and -others. That there is required also a thorough training in -normal and abnormal psychology goes without saying.</p> - -<p class='c006'><cite>The Interpretation of Dreams</cite> is the author’s greatest and -most important work; it is here that he develops his psychoanalytic -technique, a thorough knowledge of which is absolutely -indispensable for every worker in this field. The difficult -task of making a translation of this work has, therefore, been -<span class='pageno' id='Page_xii'>xii</span>undertaken primarily for the purpose of assisting those who -are actively engaged in treating patients by Freud’s psychoanalytic -method. Considered apart from its practical aim, -the book presents much that is of interest to the psychologist -and the general reader. For, notwithstanding the fact that -dreams have of late years been the subject of investigation -at the hands of many competent observers, only few have -contributed anything tangible towards their solution; it was -Freud who divested the dream of its mystery, and solved its -riddles. He not only showed us that the dream is full of -meaning, but amply demonstrated that it is intimately connected -with normal and abnormal mental life. It is in the -treatment of the abnormal mental states that we must recognise -the most important value of dream interpretation. -The dream does not only reveal to us the cryptic mechanisms -of hallucinations, delusions, phobias, obsessions, and other -psychopathological conditions, but it is also the most potent -instrument in the removal of these.<a id='rC' /><a href='#fC' class='c008'><sup>[C]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>I take this opportunity of expressing my indebtedness to -Professor F. C. Prescott for reading the manuscript and for -helping me overcome the almost insurmountable difficulties -in the translation.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-r'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>A. A. BRILL.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c007'><span class='sc'>New York City.</span></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_xiii'>xiii</span> - <h2 class='c004'>CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<table class='table0' summary='CONTENTS'> -<colgroup> -<col width='7%' /> -<col width='86%' /> -<col width='5%' /> -</colgroup> - <tr> - <th class='c009'><span class='small'>CHAP.</span></th> - <th class='c010'> </th> - <th class='c011'><span class='small'>PAGE</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>I.</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>The Scientific Literature on the Problems of the Dream</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>II.</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>Method of Dream Interpretation: The Analysis of a Sample Dream</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_80'>80</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>III.</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>The Dream is the Fulfilment of a Wish</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_103'>103</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>IV.</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>Distortion in Dreams</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_113'>113</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>V.</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>The Material and Sources of Dreams</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_138'>138</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>VI.</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>The Dream-Work</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_260'>260</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>VII.</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>The Psychology of the Dream Activities</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_403'>403</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>VIII.</td> - <td class='c010'><span class='sc'>Literary Index</span></td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_494'>494</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'> </td> - <td class='c010'>INDEX</td> - <td class='c011'><a href='#Page_501'>501</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='chapter ph1'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c012'> - <div>THE INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span> - <h2 class='c004'>I<br /> <span class='large'>THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE ON THE PROBLEMS OF THE DREAM<a id='rD' /><a href='#fD' class='c008'><sup>[D]</sup></a></span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c005'>In the following pages I shall prove that there exists a psychological -technique by which dreams may be interpreted, and -that upon the application of this method every dream will -show itself to be a senseful psychological structure which -may be introduced into an assignable place in the psychic -activity of the waking state. I shall furthermore endeavour -to explain the processes which give rise to the strangeness -and obscurity of the dream, and to discover through them -the nature of the psychic forces which operate, whether in -combination or in opposition, to produce the dream. This -accomplished, my investigation will terminate, as it will have -reached the point where the problem of the dream meets with -broader problems, the solution of which must be attempted -through other material.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I must presuppose that the reader is acquainted with the -work done by earlier authors as well as with the present -status of the dream problem in science, since in the course of -this treatise I shall not often have occasion to return to them. -For, notwithstanding the effort of several thousand years, -little progress has been made in the scientific understanding -of dreams. This has been so universally acknowledged by -the authors that it seems unnecessary to quote individual -opinions. One will find in the writings indexed at the end -of this book many stimulating observations and plenty of -interesting material for our subject, but little or nothing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>that concerns the true nature of the dream or that solves -definitively any of its enigmas. Still less of course has been -transmitted to the knowledge of the educated laity.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The first book in which the dream is treated as an object -of psychology seems to be that of Aristotle<a id='r1' /><a href='#f1' class='c008'><sup>[1]</sup></a> (<cite>Concerning -Dreams and their Interpretation</cite>). Aristotle asserts that the -dream is of demoniacal, though not of divine nature, which -indeed contains deep meaning, if it be correctly interpreted. -He was also acquainted with some of the characteristics of -dream life, <em>e.g.</em>, he knew that the dream turns slight sensations -perceived during sleep into great ones (“one imagines -that one walks through fire and feels hot, if this or that part -of the body becomes slightly warmed”), which led him to -conclude that dreams might easily betray to the physician -the first indications of an incipient change in the body passing -unnoticed during the day. I have been unable to go more -deeply into the Aristotelian treatise, because of insufficient -preparation and lack of skilled assistance.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As every one knows, the ancients before Aristotle did not -consider the dream a product of the dreaming mind, but a -divine inspiration, and in ancient times the two antagonistic -streams, which one finds throughout in the estimates of -dream life, were already noticeable. They distinguished -between true and valuable dreams, sent to the dreamer to -warn him or to foretell the future, and vain, fraudulent, and -empty dreams, the object of which was to misguide or lead -him to destruction.<a id='rE' /><a href='#fE' class='c008'><sup>[E]</sup></a> This pre-scientific conception of the -dream among the ancients was certainly in perfect keeping -with their general view of life, which was wont to project as -reality in the outer world that which possessed reality only -within the mind. It, moreover, accounted for the main impression -<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>made upon the waking life by the memory left from -the dream in the morning, for in this memory the dream, as -compared with the rest of the psychic content, seems something -strange, coming, as it were, from another world. It -would likewise be wrong to suppose that the theory of the -supernatural origin of dreams lacks followers in our own day; -for leaving out of consideration all bigoted and mystical -authors—who are perfectly justified in adhering to the -remnants of the once extensive realm of the supernatural -until they have been swept away by scientific explanation—one -meets even sagacious men averse to anything adventurous, -who go so far as to base their religious belief in the -existence and co-operation of superhuman forces on the -inexplicableness of the dream manifestations (Haffner<a id='r32' /><a href='#f32' class='c008'><sup>[32]</sup></a>). -The validity ascribed to the dream life by some schools of -philosophy, <em>e.g.</em> the school of Schelling, is a distinct echo of -the undisputed divinity of dreams in antiquity, nor is discussion -closed on the subject of the mantic or prophetic power -of dreams. This is due to the fact that the attempted psychological -explanations are too inadequate to overcome the -accumulated material, however strongly all those who devote -themselves to a scientific mode of thought may feel that such -assertions should be repudiated.</p> - -<p class='c006'>To write a history of our scientific knowledge of dream -problems is so difficult because, however valuable some parts -of this knowledge may have been, no progress in definite -directions has been discernible. There has been no construction -of a foundation of assured results upon which future -investigators could continue to build, but every new author -takes up the same problems afresh and from the very beginning. -Were I to follow the authors in chronological order, and give -a review of the opinions each has held concerning the problems -of the dream, I should be prevented from drawing a clear and -complete picture of the present state of knowledge on the -subject. I have therefore preferred to base the treatment -upon themes rather than upon the authors, and I shall cite -for each problem of the dream the material found in the -literature for its solution.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But as I have not succeeded in mastering the entire -literature, which is widely disseminated and interwoven with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>that on other subjects, I must ask my readers to rest content -provided no fundamental fact or important viewpoint be lost -in my description.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Until recently most authors have been led to treat the -subjects of sleep and dream in the same connection, and with -them they have also regularly treated analogous states of -psychopathology, and other dreamlike states like hallucinations, -visions, &c. In the more recent works, on the other -hand, there has been a tendency to keep more closely to the -theme, and to take as the subject one single question of the -dream life. This change, I believe, is an expression of the -conviction that enlightenment and agreement in such obscure -matters can only be brought about by a series of detailed -investigations. It is such a detailed investigation and one of -a special psychological nature, that I would offer here. I have -little occasion to study the problem of sleep, as it is essentially -a psychological problem, although the change of functional -determinations for the mental apparatus must be included in -the character of sleep. The literature of sleep will therefore -not be considered here.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A scientific interest in the phenomena of dreams as such -leads to the following in part interdependent inquiries:</p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>a</em>) <cite>The Relation of the Dream to the Waking State.</cite>—The naïve -judgment of a person on awakening assumes that the dream—if -indeed it does not originate in another world—at any rate -has taken the dreamer into another world. The old physiologist, -Burdach,<a id='r8' /><a href='#f8' class='c008'><sup>[8]</sup></a> to whom we are indebted for a careful and -discriminating description of the phenomena of dreams, expressed -this conviction in an often-quoted passage, p. 474: -“The waking life never repeats itself with its trials and joys, -its pleasures and pains, but, on the contrary, the dream aims to -relieve us of these. Even when our whole mind is filled with -one subject, when profound sorrow has torn our hearts or -when a task has claimed the whole power of our mentality, the -dream either gives us something entirely strange, or it takes for -its combinations only a few elements from reality, or it only -enters into the strain of our mood and symbolises reality.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>L. Strümpell<a id='r66' /><a href='#f66' class='c008'><sup>[66]</sup></a> expresses himself to the same effect in his -<cite>Nature and Origin of Dreams</cite> (p. 16), a study which is everywhere -justly held in high respect: “He who dreams turns -<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>his back upon the world of waking consciousness” (p. 17). “In -the dream the memory of the orderly content of the waking -consciousness and its normal behaviour is as good as entirely -lost” (p. 19). “The almost complete isolation of the mind -in the dream from the regular normal content and course of -the waking state....”</p> - -<p class='c006'>But the overwhelming majority of the authors have -assumed a contrary view of the relation of the dream to -waking life. Thus Haffner<a href='#f32' class='c008'><sup>[32]</sup></a> (p. 19): “First of all the dream -is the continuation of the waking state. Our dreams always -unite themselves with those ideas which have shortly before -been in our consciousness. Careful examination will nearly -always find a thread by which the dream has connected itself -with the experience of the previous day.” Weygandt<a id='r75' /><a href='#f75' class='c008'><sup>[75]</sup></a> -(p. 6), flatly contradicts the above cited statement of Burdach: -“For it may often be observed, apparently in the great -majority of dreams, that they lead us directly back into -everyday life, instead of releasing us from it.” Maury<a id='r48' /><a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> -(p. 56), says in a concise formula: “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Nous rêvons de ce que -nous avons vu, dit, désiré ou fait.</span>” Jessen,<a id='r36' /><a href='#f36' class='c008'><sup>[36]</sup></a> in his <cite>Psychology</cite>, -published in 1855 (p. 530), is somewhat more explicit: “The -content of dreams is more or less determined by the individual -personality, by age, sex, station in life, education, habits, and -by events and experiences of the whole past life.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The ancients had the same idea about the dependence of -the dream content upon life. I cite Radestock<a id='r54' /><a href='#f54' class='c008'><sup>[54]</sup></a> (p. 139): -“When Xerxes, before his march against Greece, was dissuaded -from this resolution by good counsel, but was again -and again incited by dreams to undertake it, one of the old -rational dream-interpreters of the Persians, Artabanus, told -him very appropriately that dream pictures mostly contain -that of which one has been thinking while awake.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the didactic poem of Lucretius, <cite><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">De Rerum Natura</span></cite> -(IV, v. 959), occurs this passage:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">“Et quo quisque fere studio devinctus adhaeret,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aut quibus in rebus multum sumus ante morati</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">atque in ea ratione fuit contenta magis mens,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">in somnis eadem plerumque videmur obire;</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">causidici causas agere et componere leges,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">induperatores pugnare ac proelia obire,” &c., &c.</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>Cicero (<cite><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">De Divinatione</span></cite>, II) says quite similarly, as does -also Maury much later:—</p> - -<p class='c006'>“Maximeque reliquiae earum rerum moventur in animis -et agitantur, de quibus vigilantes aut cogitavimus aut egimus.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The contradiction expressed in these two views as to the -relation between dream life and waking life seems indeed -insoluble. It will therefore not be out of place to mention -the description of F. W. Hildebrandt<a id='r35' /><a href='#f35' class='c008'><sup>[35]</sup></a> (1875), who believes -that the peculiarities of the dream can generally be described -only by calling them a “series of contrasts which apparently -shade off into contradictions” (p. 8). “The first of these -contrasts is formed on the one hand by the strict isolation or -seclusion of the dream from true and actual life, and on the -other hand by the continuous encroachment of the one upon -the other, and the constant dependency of one upon the -other. The dream is something absolutely separated from -the reality experienced during the waking state; one may call -it an existence hermetically sealed up and separated from -real life by an unsurmountable chasm. It frees us from -reality, extinguishes normal recollection of reality, and places -us in another world and in a totally different life, which at -bottom has nothing in common with reality....” Hildebrandt -then asserts that in falling asleep our whole being, with all its -forms of existence, disappears “as through an invisible trap -door.” In the dream one is perhaps making a voyage to -St. Helena in order to offer the imprisoned Napoleon something -exquisite in the way of Moselle wine. One is most amicably -received by the ex-emperor, and feels almost sorry when the -interesting illusion is destroyed on awakening. But let us -now compare the situation of the dream with reality. The -dreamer has never been a wine merchant, and has no desire to -become one. He has never made a sea voyage, and St. Helena -is the last place he would take as destination for such a voyage. -The dreamer entertains no sympathetic feeling for Napoleon, -but on the contrary a strong patriotic hatred. And finally the -dreamer was not yet among the living when Napoleon died on -the island; so that it was beyond the reach of possibility for -him to have had any personal relations with Napoleon. The -dream experience thus appears as something strange, inserted -between two perfectly harmonising and succeeding periods.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>“Nevertheless,” continues Hildebrandt, “the opposite is -seemingly just as true and correct. I believe that hand in -hand with this seclusion and isolation there can still exist -the most intimate relation and connection. We may justly -say that no matter what the dream offers, it finds its material -in reality and in the psychic life arrayed around this reality. -However strange the dream may seem, it can never detach -itself from reality, and its most sublime as well as its most -farcical structures must always borrow their elementary -material either from what we have seen with our eyes in the -outer world, or from what has previously found a place somewhere -in our waking thoughts; in other words, it must be -taken from what we had already experienced either objectively -or subjectively.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>b</em>) <cite>The Material of the Dream.—Memory in the Dream.</cite>—That -all the material composing the content of the dream in -some way originates in experience, that it is reproduced in -the dream, or recalled,—this at least may be taken as an -indisputable truth. Yet it would be wrong to assume that -such connection between dream content and reality will be -readily disclosed as an obvious product of the instituted comparison. -On the contrary, the connection must be carefully -sought, and in many cases it succeeds in eluding discovery for -a long time. The reason for this is to be found in a number of -peculiarities evinced by the memory in dreams, which, though -universally known, have hitherto entirely eluded explanation. -It will be worth while to investigate exhaustively these -characteristics.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It often happens that matter appears in the dream content -which one cannot recognise later in the waking state as belonging -to one’s knowledge and experience. One remembers -well enough having dreamed about the subject in question, -but cannot recall the fact or time of the experience. The -dreamer is therefore in the dark as to the source from which -the dream has been drawing, and is even tempted to believe -an independently productive activity on the part of the -dream, until, often long afterwards, a new episode brings back -to recollection a former experience given up as lost, and thus -reveals the source of the dream. One is thus forced to admit -that something has been known and remembered in the dream -<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>that has been withdrawn from memory during the waking -state.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Delbœuf<a id='r16' /><a href='#f16' class='c008'><sup>[16]</sup></a> narrates from his own experience an especially -impressive example of this kind. He saw in his dream the -courtyard of his house covered with snow, and found two -little lizards half-frozen and buried in the snow. Being a -lover of animals, he picked them up, warmed them, and put -them back into a crevice in the wall which was reserved for -them. He also gave them some small fern leaves that had -been growing on the wall, which he knew they were fond -of. In the dream he knew the name of the plant: <em>Asplenium -ruta muralis</em>. The dream then continued, returning after a -digression to the lizards, and to his astonishment Delbœuf -saw two other little animals falling upon what was left of the -ferns. On turning his eyes to the open field he saw a fifth -and a sixth lizard running into the hole in the wall, and finally -the street was covered with a procession of lizards, all wandering -in the same direction, &c.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In his waking state Delbœuf knew only a few Latin names -of plants, and nothing of the Asplenium. To his great surprise -he became convinced that a fern of this name really existed -and that the correct name was <em>Asplenium ruta muraria</em>, which -the dream had slightly disfigured. An accidental coincidence -could hardly be considered, but it remained a mystery for -Delbœuf whence he got his knowledge of the name Asplenium -in the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The dream occurred in 1862. Sixteen years later, while -at the house of one of his friends, the philosopher noticed a -small album containing dried plants resembling the albums -that are sold as souvenirs to visitors in many parts of Switzerland. -A sudden recollection occurred to him; he opened -the herbarium, and discovered therein the Asplenium of his -dream, and recognised his own handwriting in the accompanying -Latin name. The connection could now be traced. -While on her wedding trip, a sister of this friend visited Delbœuf -in 1860—two years prior to the lizard dream. She had with -her at the time this album, which was intended for her brother, -and Delbœuf took the trouble to write, at the dictation of a -botanist, under each of the dried plants the Latin name.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The favourable accident which made possible the report of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>this valuable example also permitted Delbœuf to trace another -portion of this dream to its forgotten source. One day in -1877 he came upon an old volume of an illustrated journal, -in which he found pictured the whole procession of lizards -just as he had dreamed it in 1862. The volume bore the date -of 1861, and Delbœuf could recall that he had subscribed to -the journal from its first appearance.</p> - -<p class='c006'>That the dream has at its disposal recollections which are -inaccessible to the waking state is such a remarkable and -theoretically important fact that I should like to urge more -attention to it by reporting several other “Hypermnesic -Dreams.” Maury<a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> relates that for some time the word -Mussidan used to occur to his mind during the day. He knew -it to be the name of a French city, but nothing else. One -night he dreamed of a conversation with a certain person who -told him that she came from Mussidan, and, in answer to his -question where the city was, she replied: “Mussidan is a -principal country town in the Département de La Dordogne.” -On waking, Maury put no faith in the information received in -his dream; the geographical lexicon, however, showed it to be -perfectly correct. In this case the superior knowledge of the -dream is confirmed, but the forgotten source of this knowledge -has not been traced.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Jessen<a href='#f36' class='c008'><sup>[36]</sup></a> tells (p. 55) of a quite similar dream occurrence, -from more remote times. Among others we may here -mention the dream of the elder Scaliger (Hennings, <em>l.c.</em>, p. 300), -who wrote a poem in praise of celebrated men of Verona, and -to whom a man, named Brugnolus, appeared in a dream, -complaining that he had been neglected. Though Scaliger -did not recall ever having heard of him, he wrote some verses -in his honour, and his son later discovered at Verona that a -Brugnolus had formerly been famous there as a critic.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Myers is said to have published a whole collection of such -hypermnesic dreams in the <cite>Proceedings of the Society for -Psychical Research</cite>, which are unfortunately inaccessible to -me. I believe every one who occupies himself with dreams -will recognise as a very common phenomenon the fact that the -dream gives proof of knowing and recollecting matters unknown -to the waking person. In my psychoanalytic investigations -of nervous patients, of which I shall speak later, I am every -<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>week more than once in position to convince my patients from -their dreams that they are well acquainted with quotations, -obscene expressions, &c., and that they make use of these in -their dreams, although they have forgotten them in the waking -state. I shall cite here a simple case of dream hypermnesia -because it was easy to trace the source which made the knowledge -accessible to the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A patient dreamed in a lengthy connection that he ordered -a “Kontuszówka” in a café, and after reporting this inquired -what it might mean, as he never heard the name before. I -was able to answer that Kontuszówka was a Polish liquor -which he could not have invented in his dream, as the name -had long been familiar to me in advertisements. The patient -would not at first believe me, but some days later, after he had -realised his dream of the café, he noticed the name on a signboard -at the street corner, which he had been obliged to pass -for months at least twice a day.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I have learned from my own dreams how largely the discovery -of the origin of some of the dream elements depends -on accident. Thus, for years before writing this book, I was -haunted by the picture of a very simply formed church tower -which I could not recall having seen. I then suddenly recognised -it with absolute certainty at a small station between -Salzburg and Reichenhall. This was in the later nineties, -and I had travelled over the road for the first time in the year -1886. In later years, when I was already busily engaged in -the study of dreams, I was quite annoyed at the frequent recurrence -of the dream picture of a certain peculiar locality. -I saw it in definite local relation to my person—to my left, a -dark space from which many grotesque sandstone figures -stood out. A glimmer of recollection, which I did not quite -credit, told me it was the entrance to a beer-cellar, but I -could explain neither the meaning nor the origin of this dream -picture. In 1907 I came by chance to Padua, which, to my -regret, I had been unable to visit since 1895. My first visit -to this beautiful university city was unsatisfactory; I was -unable to see Giotto’s frescoes in the church of the Madonna -dell’ Arena, and on my way there turned back on being informed -that the little church was closed on the day. On my -second visit, twelve years later, I thought of compensating -<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>myself for this, and before everything else I started out for -Madonna dell’ Arena. On the street leading to it, on my left, -probably at the place where I had turned in 1895, I discovered -the locality which I had so often seen in the dream, with its -sandstone figures. It was in fact the entrance to a restaurant -garden.</p> - -<p class='c006'>One of the sources from which the dream draws material -for reproduction—material which in part is not recalled or -employed in waking thought—is to be found in childhood. I -shall merely cite some of the authors who have observed and -emphasized this.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Hildebrandt<a href='#f35' class='c008'><sup>[35]</sup></a> (p. 23): “It has already been expressly -admitted that the dream sometimes brings back to the mind -with wonderful reproductive ability remote and even forgotten -experiences from the earliest periods.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Strümpell<a href='#f66' class='c008'><sup>[66]</sup></a> (p. 40): “The subject becomes more interesting -when we remember how the dream sometimes brings -forth, as it were, from among the deepest and heaviest strata -which later years have piled upon the earliest childhood experiences, -the pictures of certain places, things, and persons, -quite uninjured and with their original freshness. This is not -limited merely to such impressions as have gained vivid consciousness -during their origin or have become impressed with -strong psychic validity, and then later return in the dream as -actual reminiscences, causing pleasure to the awakened consciousness. -On the contrary, the depths of the dream memory -comprise also such pictures of persons, things, places, and -early experiences as either possessed but little consciousness -and no psychic value at all, or have long ago lost both, and therefore -appear totally strange and unknown both in the dream and -in the waking state, until their former origin is revealed.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Volkelt<a id='r72' /><a href='#f72' class='c008'><sup>[72]</sup></a> (p. 119): “It is essentially noteworthy how -easily infantile and youthful reminiscences enter into the -dream. What we have long ceased to think about, what has -long since lost for us all importance, is constantly recalled by -the dream.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The sway of the dream over the infantile material, which, -as is well known, mostly occupies the gaps in the conscious -memory, causes the origin of interesting hypermnestic dreams, -a few of which I shall here report.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>Maury<a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> relates (p. 92) that as a child he often went from -his native city, Meaux, to the neighbouring Trilport, where -his father superintended the construction of a bridge. On a -certain night a dream transported him to Trilport, and he was -again playing in the city streets. A man approached him -wearing some sort of uniform. Maury asked him his name, -and he introduced himself, saying that his name was C——, -and that he was a bridge guard. On waking, Maury, who -still doubted the reality of the reminiscence, asked his old -servant, who had been with him in his childhood, whether she -remembered a man of this name. “Certainly,” was the -answer, “he used to be watchman on the bridge which your -father was building at that time.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Maury reports another example demonstrating just as -nicely the reliability of infantile reminiscences appearing in -dreams. Mr. F——, who had lived as a child in Montbrison, -decided to visit his home and old friends of his family after -an absence of twenty-five years. The night before his departure -he dreamt that he had reached his destination, and -that he met near Montbrison a man, whom he did not know by -sight, who told him he was Mr. F., a friend of his father. The -dreamer remembered that as a child he had known a gentleman -of this name, but on waking he could no longer recall his -features. Several days later, having really arrived at Montbrison, -he found the supposedly unknown locality of his dream, -and there met a man whom he at once recognised as the Mr. F. -of his dream. The real person was only older than the one in -the dream picture.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I may here relate one of my own dreams in which the -remembered impression is replaced by an association. In my -dream I saw a person whom I recognised, while dreaming, as -the physician of my native town. The features were indistinct -and confused with the picture of one of my colleague teachers, -whom I still see occasionally. What association there was -between the two persons I could not discover on awakening. -But upon questioning my mother about the physician of my -early childhood, I discovered that he was a one-eyed man. -My teacher, whose figure concealed that of the physician in -the dream, was also one-eyed. I have not seen the physician -for thirty-eight years, and I have not to my knowledge thought -<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>of him in my waking state, although a scar on my chin might -have reminded me of his help.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As if to counterbalance the immense rôle ascribed to the -infantile impressions in the dream, many authors assert that -the majority of dreams show elements from the most recent -time. Thus Robert<a id='r55' /><a href='#f55' class='c008'><sup>[55]</sup></a> (p. 46) declares that the normal dream -generally occupies itself only with the impressions of the -recent days. We learn indeed that the theory of the dream -advanced by Robert imperatively demands that the old impressions -should be pushed back, and the recent ones brought -to the front. Nevertheless the fact claimed by Robert really -exists; I can confirm this from my own investigations. -Nelson,<a id='r50' /><a href='#f50' class='c008'><sup>[50]</sup></a> an American author, thinks that the impressions most -frequently found in the dream date from two or three days -before, as if the impressions of the day immediately preceding -the dream were not sufficiently weakened and remote.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Many authors who are convinced of the intimate connection -between the dream content and the waking state are impressed -by the fact that impressions which have intensely -occupied the waking mind appear in the dream only after they -have been to some extent pushed aside from the elaboration -of the waking thought. Thus, as a rule, we do not dream of a -dead beloved person while we are still overwhelmed with -sorrow. Still Miss Hallam,<a id='r33' /><a href='#f33' class='c008'><sup>[33]</sup></a> one of the latest observers, has -collected examples showing the very opposite behaviour, and -claims for the point the right of individual psychology.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The third and the most remarkable and incomprehensible -peculiarity of the memory in dreams, is shown in the selection -of the reproduced material, for stress is laid not only on the -most significant, but also on the most indifferent and superficial -reminiscences. On this point I shall quote those authors -who have expressed their surprise in the most emphatic manner.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Hildebrandt<a href='#f35' class='c008'><sup>[35]</sup></a> (p. 11): “For it is a remarkable fact that -dreams do not, as a rule, take their elements from great and -deep-rooted events or from the powerful and urgent interests -of the preceding day, but from unimportant matters, from the -most worthless fragments of recent experience or of a more -remote past. The most shocking death in our family, the -impressions of which keep us awake long into the night, becomes -obliterated from our memories, until the first moment -<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>of awakening brings it back to us with depressing force. On -the other hand, the wart on the forehead of a passing stranger, -of whom we did not think for a second after he was out of sight, -plays its part in our dreams.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Strümpell<a href='#f66' class='c008'><sup>[66]</sup></a> (p. 39): “... such cases where the analysis -of a dream brings to light elements which, although derived -from events of the previous day or the day before the last, -yet prove to be so unimportant and worthless for the waking -state that they merge into forgetfulness shortly after coming -to light. Such occurrences may be statements of others -heard accidentally or actions superficially observed, or fleeting -perceptions of things or persons, or single phrases from -books, &c.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Havelock Ellis<a id='r23' /><a href='#f23' class='c008'><sup>[23]</sup></a> (p. 727): “The profound emotions of -waking life, the questions and problems on which we spread -our chief voluntary mental energy, are not those which -usually present themselves at once to dream-consciousness. -It is, so far as the immediate past is concerned, mostly the -trifling, the incidental, the “forgotten” impressions of daily -life which reappear in our dreams. The psychic activities -that are awake most intensely are those that sleep most -profoundly.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Binz<a id='r4' /><a href='#f4' class='c008'><sup>[4]</sup></a> (p. 45) takes occasion from the above-mentioned -characteristics of the memory in dreams to express his dissatisfaction -with explanations of dreams which he himself -has approved of: “And the normal dream raises similar -questions. Why do we not always dream of memory impressions -from the preceding days, instead of going back to -the almost forgotten past lying far behind us without any -perceptible reason? Why in a dream does consciousness so -often revive the impression of indifferent memory pictures -while the cerebral cells bearing the most sensitive records of -experience remain for the most part inert and numb, unless an -acute revival during the waking state has shortly before excited -them?”</p> - -<p class='c006'>We can readily understand how the strange preference -of the dream memory for the indifferent and hence the -unnoticed details of daily experience must usually lead us -to overlook altogether the dependence of the dream on -the waking state, or at least make it difficult to prove this -<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>dependence in any individual case. It thus happened that in -the statistical treatment of her own and her friend’s dreams, -Miss Whiton Calkins<a id='r12' /><a href='#f12' class='c008'><sup>[12]</sup></a> found 11 per cent. of the entire number -that showed no relation to the waking state. Hildebrandt -was certainly correct in his assertion that all our dream -pictures could be genetically explained if we devoted enough -time and material to the tracing of their origin. To be sure, -he calls this “a most tedious and thankless job.” For it -would at most lead us to ferret out all kinds of quite worthless -psychic material from the most remote corners of the memory -chamber, and to bring to light some very indifferent moments -from the remote past which were perhaps buried the next -hour after their appearance. I must, however, express my -regret that this discerning author refrained from following -the road whose beginning looked so unpromising; it would -have led him directly to the centre of the dream problem.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The behaviour of the memory in dreams is surely most -significant for every theory of memory in general. It teaches -us that “nothing which we have once psychically possessed -is ever entirely lost” (Scholz<a id='r59' /><a href='#f59' class='c008'><sup>[59]</sup></a>); or as Delbœuf puts it, “que -toute impression même la plus insignifiante, laisse une trace -inaltérable, indéfiniment susceptible de reparaître au jour,” a -conclusion to which we are urged by so many of the other -pathological manifestations of the psychic life. Let us now -bear in mind this extraordinary capability of the memory in -the dream, in order to perceive vividly the contradictions which -must be advanced in certain dream theories to be mentioned -later, when they endeavour to explain the absurdities and -incoherence of dreams through a partial forgetting of what -we have known during the day.</p> - -<p class='c006'>One might even think of reducing the phenomenon of -dreaming to that of memory, and of regarding the dream as the -manifestation of an activity of reproduction which does not -rest even at night, and which is an end in itself. Views like -those expressed by Pilcz<a id='r51' /><a href='#f51' class='c008'><sup>[51]</sup></a> would corroborate this, according -to which intimate relations are demonstrable between the time -of dreaming and the contents of the dream from the fact -that the impressions reproduced by the dream in sound sleep -belong to the remotest past while those reproduced towards -morning are of recent origin. But such a conception is rendered -<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>improbable from the outset by the manner of the dream’s -behaviour towards the material to be remembered. Strümpell<a href='#f66' class='c008'><sup>[66]</sup></a> -justly calls our attention to the fact that repetitions of experiences -do not occur in the dream. To be sure the dream -makes an effort in that direction, but the next link is wanting, -or appears in changed form, or it is replaced by something -entirely novel. The dream shows only fragments of reproduction; -this is so often the rule that it admits of theoretical -application. Still there are exceptions in which the dream -repeats an episode as thoroughly as our memory would in its -waking state. Delbœuf tells of one of his university colleagues -who in his dream repeated, with all its details, a dangerous -wagon ride in which he escaped accident as if by miracle. -Miss Calkins<a href='#f12' class='c008'><sup>[12]</sup></a> mentions two dreams, the contents of which -exactly reproduced incidents from the day before, and I -shall later take occasion to report an example which came to -my notice, showing a childish experience which returned unchanged -in a dream.<a id='rF' /><a href='#fF' class='c008'><sup>[F]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>c</em>) <em>Dream Stimuli and Dream Sources.</em>—What is meant -by dream stimuli and dream sources may be explained by -referring to the popular saying, “Dreams come from the -stomach.” This notion conceals a theory which conceives -the dream as a result of a disturbance of sleep. We should -not have dreamed if some disturbing element had not arisen -in sleep, and the dream is the reaction from this disturbance.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The discussion of the exciting causes of dreams takes up -the most space in the descriptions of the authors. That this -problem could appear only after the dream had become an -object of biological investigation is self-evident. The ancients -who conceived the dream as a divine inspiration had no need -of looking for its exciting source; to them the dream resulted -from the will of the divine or demoniacal powers, and its -content was the product of their knowledge or intention. -Science, however, soon raised the question whether the stimulus -to the dream is always the same, or whether it might be -manifold, and thus led to the question whether the causal -<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>explanation of the dream belongs to psychology or rather to -physiology. Most authors seem to assume that the causes of the -disturbance of sleep, and hence the sources of the dream, might be -of various natures, and that physical as well as mental irritations -might assume the rôle of dream inciters. Opinions differ greatly -in preferring this or that one of the dream sources, in ranking -them, and indeed as to their importance for the origin of dreams.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Wherever the enumeration of dream sources is complete -we ultimately find four forms, which are also utilised for the -division of dreams:—</p> - - <dl class='dl_1'> - <dt> I.</dt> - <dd>External (objective) sensory stimuli. - </dd> - <dt> II.</dt> - <dd>Internal (subjective) sensory stimuli. - </dd> - <dt>III.</dt> - <dd>Internal (organic) physical excitations. - </dd> - <dt> IV.</dt> - <dd>Purely psychical exciting sources. - </dd> - </dl> - -<p class='c006'>I. <em>The External Sensory Stimuli.</em>—The younger Strümpell, -son of the philosopher whose writings on the subject have -already more than once served us as a guide in the problem -of dreams, has, as is well known, reported his observations on -a patient who was afflicted with general anæsthesia of the -skin and with paralysis of several of the higher sensory organs. -This man merged into sleep when his few remaining sensory -paths from the outer world were shut off. When we wish to -sleep we are wont to strive for a situation resembling the -one in Strümpell’s experiment. We close the most important -sensory paths, the eyes, and we endeavour to keep away from -the other senses every stimulus and every change of the -stimuli acting upon them. We then fall asleep, although we -are never perfectly successful in our preparations. We can -neither keep the stimuli away from the sensory organs -altogether, nor can we fully extinguish the irritability of the -sensory organs. That we may at any time be awakened by -stronger stimuli should prove to us “that the mind has remained -in constant communication with the material world -even during sleep.” The sensory stimuli which reach us during -sleep may easily become the source of dreams.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There are a great many stimuli of such nature, ranging -from those that are unavoidable, being brought on by the -sleeping state or at least occasionally induced by it, to the -accidental waking stimuli which are adapted or calculated -to put an end to sleep. Thus a strong light may force itself -<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>into the eyes, a noise may become perceptible, or some odoriferous -matter may irritate the mucous membrane of the nose. -In the spontaneous movements of sleep we may lay bare parts -of the body and thus expose them to a sensation of cold, or -through change of position we may produce sensations of -pressure and touch. A fly may bite us, or a slight accident at -night may simultaneously attack more than one sense. Observers -have called attention to a whole series of dreams in -which the stimulus verified on waking, and a part of the -dream content corresponded to such a degree that the stimulus -could be recognised as the source of the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I shall here cite a number of such dreams collected by -Jessen<a href='#f36' class='c008'><sup>[36]</sup></a> (p. 527), traceable to more or less accidental objective -sensory stimuli. “Every indistinctly perceived noise gives -rise to corresponding dream pictures; the rolling of thunder -takes us into the thick of battle, the crowing of a cock may be -transformed into human shrieks of terror, and the creaking of a -door may conjure up dreams of burglars breaking into the -house. When one of our blankets slips off at night we may -dream that we are walking about naked or falling into the -water. If we lie diagonally across the bed with our feet -extending beyond the edge, we may dream of standing on -the brink of a terrifying precipice, or of falling from a steep -height. Should our head accidentally get under the pillow -we may then imagine a big rock hanging over us and about to -crush us under its weight. Accumulation of semen produces -voluptuous dreams, and local pain the idea of suffering ill -treatment, of hostile attacks, or of accidental bodily injuries.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>“Meier (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Versuch einer Erklärung des Nachtwandelns</span></cite>, Halle, -1758, p. 33), once dreamed of being assaulted by several -persons who threw him flat on the ground and drove a stake -into the ground between his big and second toes. While -imagining this in his dream he suddenly awoke and felt a blade -of straw sticking between his toes. The same author, according -to Hemmings (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Von den Traumen und Nachtwandeln</span></cite>, -Weimar, 1784, p. 258) dreamed on another occasion that he -was being hanged when his shirt was pinned somewhat tight -around his neck. Hauffbauer dreamed in his youth of having -fallen from a high wall and found upon waking that the bedstead -had come apart, and that he had actually fallen to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>floor.... Gregory relates that he once applied a hot-water -bottle to his feet, and dreamed of taking a trip to the summit -of Mount Ætna, where he found the heat on the ground almost -unbearable. After having applied a blistering plaster to his -head, a second man dreamed of being scalped by Indians; a -third, whose shirt was damp, dreamed of being dragged through -a stream. An attack of gout caused the patient to believe -that he was in the hands of the Inquisition, and suffering pains -of torture (Macnish).”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The argument based upon the resemblance between -stimulus and dream content is reinforced if through a systematic -induction of stimuli we succeed in producing dreams -corresponding to the stimuli. According to Macnish such -experiments have already been made by Giron de Buzareingues. -“He left his knee exposed and dreamed of travelling in a -mail coach at night. He remarked in this connection that -travellers would well know how cold the knees become in a -coach at night. Another time he left the back of his head -uncovered, and dreamed of taking part in a religious ceremony -in the open air. In the country where he lived it was customary -to keep the head always covered except on such occasions.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Maury<a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> reports new observations on dreams produced in -himself. (A number of other attempts produced no results.)</p> - -<p class='c006'>1. He was tickled with a feather on his lips and on the tip -of his nose. He dreamed of awful torture, viz. that a mask -of pitch was stuck to his face and then forcibly torn off, -taking the skin with it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>2. Scissors were sharpened on pincers. He heard bells -ringing, then sounds of alarm which took him back to the -June days of 1848.</p> - -<p class='c006'>3. Cologne water was put on his nose. He found himself -in Cairo in the shop of John Maria Farina. This was followed -by mad adventures which he was unable to reproduce.</p> - -<p class='c006'>4. His neck was lightly pinched. He dreamed that a -blistering plaster was put on him, and thought of a doctor -who treated him in his childhood.</p> - -<p class='c006'>5. A hot iron was brought near his face. He dreamed -that <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">chauffeurs</span></i><a id='rG' /><a href='#fG' class='c008'><sup>[G]</sup></a> broke into the house and forced the occupants -<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>to give up their money by sticking their feet into burning -coals. The Duchess of Abrantés, whose secretary he imagined -himself in the dream, then entered.</p> - -<p class='c006'>6. A drop of water was let fall on his forehead. He -imagined himself in Italy perspiring heavily and drinking -white wine of Orvieto.</p> - -<p class='c006'>7. When a burning candle was repeatedly focussed on him -through red paper, he dreamed of the weather, of heat, and of a -storm at sea which he once experienced in the English Channel.</p> - -<p class='c006'>D’Hervey,<a id='r34' /><a href='#f34' class='c008'><sup>[34]</sup></a> Weygandt,<a href='#f75' class='c008'><sup>[75]</sup></a> and others have made other -attempts to produce dreams experimentally.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Many have observed the striking skill of the dream in -interweaving into its structure sudden impressions from the -outer world in such a manner as to present a gradually prepared -and initiated catastrophe (Hildebrandt)<a href='#f35' class='c008'><sup>[35]</sup></a>. “In -former years,” this author relates, “I occasionally made use -of an alarm clock in order to wake regularly at a certain -hour in the morning. It probably happened hundreds of -times that the sound of this instrument fitted into an apparently -very long and connected dream, as if the entire -dream had been especially designed for it, as if it found in -this sound its appropriate and logically indispensable point, -its inevitable issue.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>I shall cite three of these alarm-clock dreams for another -purpose.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Volkelt (p. 68) relates: “A composer once dreamed that -he was teaching school, and was just explaining something to -his pupils. He had almost finished when he turned to one -of the boys with the question: ‘Did you understand me?’ -The boy cried out like one possessed ‘Ya.’ Annoyed at this, -he reprimanded him for shouting. But now the entire class -was screaming ‘Orya,’ then ‘Euryo,’ and finally ‘Feueryo.’ -He was now aroused by an actual alarm of fire in the street.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Garnier (<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Traité des Facultés de l’Âme</span></cite>, 1865), reported by -Radestock,<a href='#f54' class='c008'><sup>[54]</sup></a> relates that Napoleon I., while sleeping in a -carriage, was awakened from a dream by an explosion which -brought back to him the crossing of the Tagliamento and the -bombarding of the Austrians, so that he started up crying, -“We are undermined!”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The following dream of Maury<a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> has become celebrated. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>He was sick, and remained in bed; his mother sat beside -him. He then dreamed of the reign of terror at the time of -the Revolution. He took part in terrible scenes of murder, -and finally he himself was summoned before the Tribunal. -There he saw Robespierre, Marat, Fouquier-Tinville, and all -the sorry heroes of that cruel epoch; he had to give an account -of himself, and, after all sort of incidents which did not fix -themselves in his memory, he was sentenced to death. Accompanied -by an enormous crowd, he was led to the place of -execution. He mounted the scaffold, the executioner tied him -to the board, it tipped, and the knife of the guillotine fell. He -felt his head severed from the trunk, and awakened in terrible -anxiety, only to find that the top piece of the bed had fallen -down, and had actually struck his cervical vertebra in the -same manner as the knife of a guillotine.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This dream gave rise to an interesting discussion introduced -by Le Lorrain<a id='r45' /><a href='#f45' class='c008'><sup>[45]</sup></a> and Egger<a id='r20' /><a href='#f20' class='c008'><sup>[20]</sup></a> in the <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue Philosophique</span></cite>. -The question was whether, and how, it was possible for the -dreamer to crowd together an amount of dream content -apparently so large in the short space of time elapsing between -the perception of the waking stimulus and the awakening.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Examples of this nature make it appear that the objective -stimuli during sleep are the most firmly established of all -the dream sources; indeed, it is the only stimulus which plays -any part in the layman’s knowledge. If we ask an educated -person, who is, however, unacquainted with the literature of -dreams, how dreams originate, he is sure to answer by referring -to a case familiar to him in which a dream has been explained -after waking by a recognised objective stimulus. Scientific -investigation cannot, however, stop here, but is incited to -further research by the observation that the stimulus influencing -the senses during sleep does not appear in the dream -at all in its true form, but is replaced by some other presentation -which is in some way related to it. But the relation -existing between the stimulus and the result of the dream is, -according to Maury,<a id='r47' /><a href='#f47' class='c008'><sup>[47]</sup></a> “une affinité quelconque mais qui n’est -pas unique et exclusive” (p. 72). If we read, <em>e.g.</em>, three of -Hildebrandt’s “Alarm Clock Dreams,” we will then have to -inquire why the same stimulus evoked so many different -results, and why just these results and no others.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>(P. 37). “I am taking a walk on a beautiful spring morning. -I saunter through the green fields to a neighbouring village, -where I see the natives going to church in great numbers, -wearing their holiday attire and carrying their hymn-books -under their arms. I remember that it is Sunday, and that -the morning service will soon begin. I decide to attend it, -but as I am somewhat overheated I also decide to cool off -in the cemetery surrounding the church. While reading the -various epitaphs, I hear the sexton ascend the tower and see the -small village bell in the cupola which is about to give signal for -the beginning of the devotions. For another short while it -hangs motionless, then it begins to swing, and suddenly its -notes resound so clearly and penetratingly that my sleep -comes to an end. But the sound of bells comes from the -alarm clock.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>“A second combination. It is a clear day, the streets are -covered with deep snow. I have promised to take part in a -sleigh-ride, but have had to wait for some time before it was -announced that the sleigh is in front of my house. The -preparations for getting into the sleigh are now made. I put -on my furs and adjust my muff, and at last I am in my place. -But the departure is still delayed, until the reins give the -impatient horses the perceptible sign. They start, and the -sleigh bells, now forcibly shaken, begin their familiar janizary -music with a force that instantly tears the gossamer of my -dream. Again it is only the shrill sound of my alarm clock.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Still a third example. “I see the kitchen-maid walk along -the corridor to the dining-room with several dozen plates -piled up. The porcelain column in her arms seems to me to -be in danger of losing its equilibrium. ‘Take care,’ I exclaim, -‘you will drop the whole pile.’ The usual retort is -naturally not wanting—that she is used to such things. Meanwhile -I continue to follow her with my worried glance, and -behold! at the door-step the fragile dishes fall, tumble, and -roll across the floor in hundreds of pieces. But I soon notice -that the noise continuing endlessly is not really a rattling but -a true ringing, and with this ringing the dreamer now becomes -aware that the alarm clock has done its duty.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The question why the dreaming mind misjudges the nature -of the objective sensory stimulus has been answered by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>Strümpell,<a href='#f66' class='c008'><sup>[66]</sup></a> and almost identically by Wundt,<a id='r76' /><a href='#f76' class='c008'><sup>[76]</sup></a> to the effect -that the reaction of the mind to the attacking stimuli in sleep -is determined by the formation of illusions. A sensory impression -is recognised by us and correctly interpreted, i.e. it -is classed with the memory group to which it belongs according -to all previous experience, if the impression is strong, clear, -and long enough, and if we have the necessary time at our -disposal for this reflection. If these conditions are not fulfilled, -we mistake the objects which give rise to the impression, and -on its basis we form an illusion. “If one takes a walk in an -open field and perceives indistinctly a distant object, it may -happen that he will at first take it for a horse.” On closer -inspection the image of a cow resting may obtrude itself, and -the presentation may finally resolve itself with certainty into -a group of people sitting. The impressions which the mind -receives during sleep through outer stimuli are of a similar -indistinct nature; they give rise to illusions because the -impression evokes a greater or lesser number of memory -pictures through which the impression receives its psychic -value. In which of the many spheres of memory to be taken -into consideration the corresponding pictures are aroused, -and which of the possible association connections thereby -come into force, this, even according to Strümpell, remains -indeterminable, and is left, as it were, to the caprice of the -psychic life.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We may here take our choice. We may admit that the -laws of the dream formation cannot really be traced any -further, and therefore refrain from asking whether or not the -interpretation of the illusion evoked by the sensory impression -depends upon still other conditions; or we may suppose that -the objective sensory stimulus encroaching upon sleep plays -only a modest part as a dream source, and that other factors -determine the choice of the memory picture to be evoked. -Indeed, on carefully examining Maury’s experimentally produced -dreams, which I have purposely reported in detail, one is apt -to think that the experiment really explains the origin of only -one of the dream elements, and that the rest of the dream -content appears in fact too independent, too much determined -in detail, to be explained by the one demand, viz. that it must -agree with the element experimentally introduced. Indeed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>one even begins to doubt the illusion theory, and the power of -the objective impression to form the dream, when one learns -that this impression at times experiences the most peculiar -and far-fetched interpretations during the sleeping state. -Thus B. M. Simon<a id='r63' /><a href='#f63' class='c008'><sup>[63]</sup></a> tells of a dream in which he saw persons -of gigantic stature<a id='rH' /><a href='#fH' class='c008'><sup>[H]</sup></a> seated at a table, and heard distinctly the -awful rattling produced by the impact of their jaws while -chewing. On waking he heard the clacking of the hoofs of a -horse galloping past his window. If the noise of the horse’s -hoofs had recalled ideas from the memory sphere of “Gulliver’s -Travels,” the sojourn with the giants of Brobdingnag and the -virtuous horse-creatures—as I should perhaps interpret it -without any assistance on the author’s part—should not the -choice of a memory sphere so uncommon for the stimulus have -some further illumination from other motives?</p> - -<p class='c006'>II. <em>Internal (Subjective) Sensory Stimuli.</em>—Notwithstanding -all objections to the contrary, we must admit that the rôle of -the objective sensory stimuli as a producer of dreams has been -indisputably established, and if these stimuli seem perhaps -insufficient in their nature and frequency to explain all dream -pictures, we are then directed to look for other dream sources -acting in an analogous manner. I do not know where the -idea originated that along with the outer sensory stimuli the -inner (subjective) stimuli should also be considered, but as a -matter of fact this is done more or less fully in all the more -recent descriptions of the etiology of dreams. “An important -part is played in dream illusions,” says Wundt<a href='#f36' class='c008'><sup>[36]</sup></a> (p. 363), -“by those subjective sensations of seeing and hearing which -are familiar to us in the waking state as a luminous chaos in -the dark field of vision, ringing, buzzing, &c., of the ears, and -especially irritation of the retina. This explains the remarkable -tendency of the dream to delude the eyes with numbers of -similar or identical objects. Thus we see spread before our eyes -numberless birds, butterflies, fishes, coloured beads, flowers, &c. -Here the luminous dust in the dark field of vision has taken on -phantastic figures, and the many luminous points of which it -consists are embodied by the dream in as many single pictures, -which are looked upon as moving objects owing to the mobility -<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>of the luminous chaos. This is also the root of the great -fondness of the dream for the most complex animal figures, -the multiplicity of forms readily following the form of the -subjective light pictures.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The subjective sensory stimuli as a source of the dream -have the obvious advantage that unlike the objective stimuli -they are independent of external accidents. They are, so to -speak, at the disposal of the explanation as often as it needs -them. They are, however, in so far inferior to the objective -sensory stimuli that the rôle of dream inciter, which observation -and experiment have proven for the latter, can be verified -in their case only with difficulty or not at all. The main proof -for the dream-inciting power of subjective sensory excitements -is offered by the so-called hypnogogic hallucinations, which -have been described by John Müller as “phantastic visual -manifestations.” They are those very vivid and changeable -pictures which occur regularly in many people during the -period of falling asleep, and which may remain for awhile even -after the eyes have been opened. Maury,<a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> who was considerably -troubled by them, subjected them to a thorough study, -and maintained that they are related to or rather identical -with dream pictures—this has already been asserted by John -Müller. Maury states that a certain psychic passivity is -necessary for their origin; it requires a relaxation of the tension -of attention (p. 59). But in any ordinary disposition a hypnogogic -hallucination may be produced by merging for a second -into such lethargy, after which one perhaps awakens until this -oft-repeated process terminates in sleep. According to Maury, -if one awakens shortly thereafter, it is often possible to demonstrate -the same pictures in the dream which one has perceived -as hypnogogic hallucinations before falling asleep (p. 134). -Thus it once happened to Maury with a group of pictures of -grotesque figures, with distorted features and strange headdresses, -which obtruded themselves upon him with incredible -importunity during the period of falling asleep, and which -he recalled having dreamed upon awakening. On another -occasion, while suffering from hunger, because he kept himself -on a rather strict diet, he saw hypnogogically a plate and a -hand armed with a fork taking some food from the plate. In -his dream he found himself at a table abundantly supplied with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>food, and heard the rattle made by the diners with their forks. -On still another occasion, after falling asleep with irritated -and painful eyes, he had the hypnogogic hallucination of -seeing microscopically small characters which he was forced -to decipher one by one with great exertion; having been -awakened from his sleep an hour later, he recalled a dream -in which there was an open book with very small letters, which -he was obliged to read through with laborious effort.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Just as in the case of these pictures, auditory hallucinations -of words, names, &c., may also appear hypnogogically, and -then repeat themselves in the dream, like an overture announcing -the principal motive of the opera which is to follow.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A more recent observer of hypnogogic hallucinations, -G. Trumbull Ladd,<a id='r40' /><a href='#f40' class='c008'><sup>[40]</sup></a> takes the same path pursued by John -Müller and Maury. By dint of practice he succeeded in -acquiring the faculty of suddenly arousing himself, without -opening his eyes, two to five minutes after having gradually -fallen asleep, which gave him opportunity to compare the -sensations of the retina just vanishing with the dream pictures -remaining in his memory. He assures us that an intimate -relation between the two can always be recognised, in the -sense that the luminous dots and lines of the spontaneous light -of the retina produced, so to speak, the sketched outline or -scheme for the psychically perceived dream figures. A dream, -<em>e.g.</em>, in which he saw in front of him clearly printed lines which -he read and studied, corresponded to an arrangement of the -luminous dots and lines in the retina in parallel lines, or, to -express it in his own words: “The clearly printed page, -which he was reading in the dream, resolved itself into an -object which appeared to his waking perception like part of an -actual printed sheet looked at through a little hole in a piece -of paper, from too great a distance to be made out distinctly.” -Without in any way under-estimating the central part of the -phenomenon, Ladd believes that hardly any visual dream -occurs in our minds that is not based on material furnished -by this inner condition of stimulation in the retina. This is -particularly true of dreams occurring shortly after falling asleep -in a dark room, while dreams occurring in the morning near the -period of awakening receive their stimulation from the objective -light penetrating the eye from the lightened room. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>The shifting and endlessly variable character of the spontaneous -luminous excitation of the retina corresponds exactly -to the fitful succession of pictures presented to us in our -dreams. If we attach any importance to Ladd’s observations, -we cannot underrate the productiveness of this subjective -source of excitation for the dream; for visual pictures apparently -form the principal constituent of our dreams. The -share furnished from the spheres of the other senses, beside -the sense of hearing, is more insignificant and inconstant.</p> - -<p class='c006'>III. <em>Internal (Organic) Physical Excitation.</em>—If we are disposed -to seek dream sources not outside, but inside, the -organism, we must remember that almost all our internal -organs, which in their healthy state hardly remind us of their -existence, may, in states of excitation—as we call them—or -in disease, become for us a source of the most painful sensations, -which must be put on an equality with the external -excitants of the pain and sensory stimuli. It is on the strength -of very old experience that, <em>e.g.</em>, Strümpell<a href='#f66' class='c008'><sup>[66]</sup></a> declares that -“during sleep the mind becomes far more deeply and broadly -conscious of its connection with the body than in the waking -state, and it is compelled to receive and be influenced by -stimulating impressions originating in parts and changes of the -body of which it is unconscious in the waking state.” Even -Aristotle<a href='#f1' class='c008'><sup>[1]</sup></a> declares it quite possible that the dream should -draw our attention to incipient morbid conditions which we -have not noticed at all in the waking state owing to the -exaggeration given by the dream to the impressions; and -some medical authors, who were certainly far from believing -in any prophetic power of the dream, have admitted this -significance of the dream at least for the foretelling of disease. -(Compare M. Simon, p. 31, and many older authors.)</p> - -<p class='c006'>Even in our times there seems to be no lack of authenticated -examples of such diagnostic performances on the part of the -dream. Thus Tissié<a id='r68' /><a href='#f68' class='c008'><sup>[68]</sup></a> cites from Artigues (<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Essai sur la Valeur -séméiologique des Réves</span></cite>), the history of a woman of forty-three -years, who, during several years of apparently perfect health, -was troubled with anxiety dreams, and in whom medical -examination later disclosed an incipient affection of the heart -to which she soon succumbed.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Serious disturbances of the internal organs apparently act -<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>as inciters of dreams in a considerable number of persons. -Attention is quite generally called to the frequency of anxiety -dreams in the diseases of the heart and lungs; indeed this -relation of the dream life is placed so conspicuously in the -foreground by many authors that I shall here content myself -with a mere reference to the literature. (Radestock,<a href='#f54' class='c008'><sup>[54]</sup></a> Spitta,<a id='r64' /><a href='#f64' class='c008'><sup>[64]</sup></a> -Maury, M. Simon, Tissié.) Tissié even assumes that the -diseased organs impress upon the dream content their characteristic -features. The dreams of persons suffering from -diseases of the heart are generally very brief and terminate -in a terrified awakening; the situation of death under terrible -circumstances almost always plays a part in their content. -Those suffering from diseases of the lungs dream of suffocation, -of being crowded, and of flight, and a great many of them are -subject to the well-known nightmare, which, by the way, -Boerner has succeeded in producing experimentally by lying -on the face and closing up the openings of the respiratory -organs. In digestive disturbances the dream contains ideas -from the sphere of enjoyment and disgust. Finally, the -influence of sexual excitement on the dream content is perceptible -enough in every one’s experience, and lends the strongest -support to the entire theory of the dream excitation through -organic sensation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Moreover, as we go through the literature of the dream, -it becomes quite obvious that some of the authors (Maury,<a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> -Weygandt<a href='#f75' class='c008'><sup>[75]</sup></a>) have been led to the study of dream problems -by the influence of their own pathological state on the content -of their dreams.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The addition to dream sources from these undoubtedly -established facts is, however, not as important as one might -be led to suppose; for the dream is a phenomenon which -occurs in healthy persons—perhaps in all persons, and every -night—and a pathological state of the organs is apparently -not one of its indispensable conditions. For us, however, -the question is not whence particular dreams originate, but -what may be the exciting source for the ordinary dreams of -normal persons.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But we need go only a step further to find a dream source -which is more prolific than any of those mentioned above, -which indeed promises to be inexhaustible in every case. If -<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>it is established that the bodily organs become in sickness -an exciting source of dreams, and if we admit that the mind, -diverted during sleep from the outer world, can devote more -attention to the interior of the body, we may readily assume -that the organs need not necessarily become diseased in order -to permit stimuli, which in some way or other grow into -dream pictures, to reach the sleeping mind. What in the -waking state we broadly perceive as general sensation, distinguishable -by its quality alone, to which, in the opinion of the -physicians, all the organic systems contribute their shares—this -general sensation at night attaining powerful efficiency -and becoming active with its individual components—would -naturally furnish the most powerful as well as the most common -source for the production of the dream presentations. It still -remains, however, to examine according to what rule the -organic sensations become transformed into dream presentations.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The theory of the origin of dreams just stated has been the -favourite with all medical authors. The obscurity which -conceals the essence of our being—the “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">moi splanchnique</span></i>,” as -Tissié terms it—from our knowledge and the obscurity of the -origin of the dream correspond too well not to be brought into -relation with each other. The train of thought which makes -organic sensation the inciter of the dream has besides another -attraction for the physician, inasmuch as it favours the etiological -union of the dream and mental diseases, which show so -many agreements in their manifestations, for alterations in -the organic sensations and excitations emanating from the -inner organs are both of wide significance in the origin of the -psychoses. It is therefore not surprising that the theory of -bodily sensation can be traced to more than one originator -who has propounded it independently.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A number of authors have been influenced by the train -of ideas developed by the philosopher Schopenhauer in 1851. -Our conception of the universe originates through the fact -that our intellect recasts the impressions coming to it from -without in the moulds of time, space, and causality. The -sensations from the interior of the organism, proceeding from -the sympathetic nervous system, exert in the day-time an -influence on our mood for the most part unconscious. At -<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>night, however, when the overwhelming influence of the -day’s impressions is no longer felt, the impressions pressing -upward from the interior are able to gain attention—just as -in the night we hear the rippling of the spring that was rendered -inaudible by the noise of the day. In what other way, then, -could the intellect react upon these stimuli than by performing -its characteristic function? It will transform the stimuli -into figures, filling space and time, which move at the beginning -of causality; and thus the dream originates. Scherner,<a id='r58' /><a href='#f58' class='c008'><sup>[58]</sup></a> -and after him Volkelt,<a href='#f72' class='c008'><sup>[72]</sup></a> attempted to penetrate into closer -relations between physical sensations and dream pictures; -but we shall reserve the discussion of these attempts for the -chapter on the theory of the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In a study particularly logical in its development, the -psychiatrist Krauss<a id='r39' /><a href='#f39' class='c008'><sup>[39]</sup></a> found the origin of the dream as well -as of deliria and delusions in the same element, viz. the -organically determined sensation. According to this author -there is hardly a place in the organism which might not become -the starting point of a dream or of a delusion. Now organically -determined sensations “may be divided into two classes: -(1) those of the total feeling (general sensations), (2) specific -sensations which are inherent in the principal systems of the -vegetative organism, which may be divided into five groups: -(<em>a</em>) the muscular, (<em>b</em>) the pneumatic, (<em>c</em>) the gastric, (<em>d</em>) the -sexual, (<em>e</em>) the peripheral sensations (p. 33 of the second article).”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The origin of the dream picture on the basis of the physical -sensations is conceived by Krauss as follows: The awakened -sensation evokes a presentation related to it in accordance -with some law of association, and combines with this, thus -forming an organic structure, towards which, however, consciousness -does not maintain its normal attitude. For it does -not bestow any attention on the sensation itself, but concerns -itself entirely with the accompanying presentation; this is -likewise the reason why the state of affairs in question should -have been so long misunderstood (p. 11, &c.). Krauss finds -for this process the specific term of “transubstantiation of the -feeling into dream pictures” (p. 24).</p> - -<p class='c006'>That the organic bodily sensations exert some influence on -the formation of the dream is nowadays almost universally -acknowledged, but the question as to the law underlying the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>relation between the two is answered in various ways and -often in obscure terms. On the basis of the theory of bodily -excitation the special task of dream interpretation is to trace -back the content of a dream to the causative organic stimulus, -and if we do not recognise the rules of interpretation advanced -by Scherner,<a href='#f58' class='c008'><sup>[58]</sup></a> we frequently find ourselves confronted with -the awkward fact that the organic exciting source reveals -itself in the content of the dream only.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A certain agreement, however, is manifested in the interpretation -of the various forms of dreams which have been -designated as “typical” because they recur in so many persons -with almost the same contents. Among these are the well-known -dreams of falling from heights, of the falling out of -teeth, of flying, and of embarrassment because of being naked -or barely clad. This last dream is said to be caused simply -by the perception felt in sleep that one has thrown off the bedcover -and is exposed. The dream of the falling out of teeth is -explained by “dental irritation,” which does not, however, of -necessity imply a morbid state of excitation in the teeth. -According to Strümpell,<a href='#f66' class='c008'><sup>[66]</sup></a> the flying dream is the adequate -picture used by the mind to interpret the sum of excitation -emanating from the rising and sinking of the pulmonary lobes -after the cutaneous sensation of the thorax has been reduced -to insensibility. It is this latter circumstance that causes a -sensation related to the conception of flying. Falling from -a height in a dream is said to have its cause in the fact that -when unconsciousness of the sensation of cutaneous pressure -has set in, either an arm falls away from the body or a flexed -knee is suddenly stretched out, causing the feeling of cutaneous -pressure to return to consciousness, and the transition to -consciousness embodies itself psychically as a dream of falling. -(Strümpell, p. 118). The weakness of these plausible attempts -at explanation evidently lies in the fact that without any -further elucidation they allow this or that group of organic -sensations to disappear from psychic perception or to obtrude -themselves upon it until the constellation favourable for the -explanation has been established. I shall, however, later -have occasion to recur to typical dreams and to their origin.</p> - -<p class='c006'>From comparison of a series of similar dreams, M. Simon<a href='#f63' class='c008'><sup>[63]</sup></a> -endeavoured to formulate certain rules for the influence of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>organic sensations on the determination of the resulting dream. -He says (p. 34): “If any organic apparatus, which during -sleep normally participates in the expression of an affect, for -any reason merges into the state of excitation to which it is -usually aroused by that affect, the dream thus produced will -contain presentations which fit the affect.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Another rule reads as follows (p. 35): “If an organic -apparatus is in a state of activity, excitation, or disturbance -during sleep, the dream will bring ideas which are related to -the exercise of the organic function which is performed by -that apparatus.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Mourly Vold<a id='r73' /><a href='#f73' class='c008'><sup>[73]</sup></a> has undertaken to prove experimentally -the influence assumed by the theory of bodily sensation for a -single territory. He has made experiments in altering the -positions of the sleeper’s limbs, and has compared the resulting -dream with his alterations. As a result he reports the following -theories:—</p> - -<p class='c006'>1. The position of a limb in a dream corresponds approximately -to that of reality, <em>i.e.</em> we dream of a static condition of -the limb which corresponds to the real condition.</p> - -<p class='c006'>2. When one dreams of a moving limb it always happens -that one of the positions occurring in the execution of this -movement corresponds to the real position.</p> - -<p class='c006'>3. The position of one’s own limb may be attributed in the -dream to another person.</p> - -<p class='c006'>4. One may dream further that the movement in question -is impeded.</p> - -<p class='c006'>5. The limb in any particular position may appear in the -dream as an animal or monster, in which case a certain analogy -between the two is established.</p> - -<p class='c006'>6. The position of a limb may incite in the dream ideas -which bear some relation or other to this limb. Thus, <em>e.g.</em>, -if we are employed with the fingers we dream of numerals.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Such results would lead me to conclude that even the -theory of bodily sensation cannot fully extinguish the apparent -freedom in the determination of the dream picture to be -awakened.<a id='rI' /><a href='#fI' class='c008'><sup>[I]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>IV. <em>Psychic Exciting Sources.</em>—In treating the relations of -the dream to the waking life and the origin of the dream -material, we learned that the earliest as well as the latest -investigators agreed that men dream of what they are doing -in the day-time, and of what they are interested in during the -waking state. This interest continuing from waking life into -sleep, besides being a psychic tie joining the dream to life, also -furnishes us a dream source not to be under-estimated, which, -taken with those stimuli which become interesting and active -during sleep, suffices to explain the origin of all dream pictures. -But we have also heard the opposite of the above assertion, -viz. that the dream takes the sleeper away from the interests -of the day, and that in most cases we do not dream of things -that have occupied our attention during the day until after -they have lost for the waking life the stimulus of actuality. -Hence in the analysis of the dream life we are reminded at -every step that it is inadmissible to frame general rules without -making provision for qualifications expressed by such terms -as “frequently,” “as a rule,” “in most cases,” and without -preparing for the validity of the exceptions.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If the conscious interest, together with the inner and outer -sleep stimuli, sufficed to cover the etiology of the dreams, we -ought to be in a position to give a satisfactory account of the -origin of all the elements of a dream; the riddle of the dream -sources would thus be solved, leaving only the task of separating -the part played by the psychic and the somatic dream stimuli -in individual dreams. But as a matter of fact no such complete -solution of a dream has ever been accomplished in any -case, and, what is more, every one attempting such solution -has found that in most cases there have remained a great -many components of the dream, the source of which he was -unable to explain. The daily interest as a psychic source of -dreams is evidently not far-reaching enough to justify the -confident assertions to the effect that we all continue our -waking affairs in the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Other psychic sources of dreams are unknown. Hence, -with the exception perhaps of the explanation of dreams given -by Scherner,<a href='#f58' class='c008'><sup>[58]</sup></a> which will be referred to later, all explanations -found in the literature show a large gap when we come to the -derivation of the material for the presentation pictures, which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>is most characteristic for the dream. In this dilemma the -majority of authors have developed a tendency to depreciate -as much as possible the psychic factor in the excitations of -dreams which is so difficult to approach. To be sure, they -distinguish as a main division of dreams the nerve-exciting -and the association dreams, and assert that the latter has its -source exclusively in reproduction (Wundt,<a href='#f76' class='c008'><sup>[76]</sup></a> p. 365), but they -cannot yet dismiss the doubt whether “they do not appear -without being impelled by the psychical stimulus” (Volkelt,<a href='#f72' class='c008'><sup>[72]</sup></a> -p. 127). The characteristic quality of the pure association -dream is also found wanting. To quote Volkelt (p. 118): “In -the association dreams proper we can no longer speak of such -a firm nucleus. Here the loose grouping penetrates also into -the centre of the dream. The ideation which is already set -free from reason and intellect is here no longer held together -by the more important psychical and mental stimuli, but is -left to its own aimless shifting and complete confusion.” -Wundt, too, attempts to depreciate the psychic factor in the -stimulation of dreams by declaring that the “phantasms of -the dream certainly are unjustly regarded as pure hallucinations, -and that probably most dream presentations are really -illusions, inasmuch as they emanate from slight sensory impressions -which are never extinguished during sleep” (p. -338, &c.). Weygandt<a href='#f75' class='c008'><sup>[75]</sup></a> agrees with this view, but generalises -it. He asserts that “the first source of all dream presentations -is a sensory stimulus to which reproductive associations are -then joined” (p. 17). Tissié<a href='#f68' class='c008'><sup>[68]</sup></a> goes still further in repressing -the psychic exciting sources (p. 183): “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Les rêves d’origine -absolument psychique n’existent pas”; and elsewhere (p. 6), -“Les pensées de nos rêves nous viennent de dehors....</span>”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Those authors who, like the influential philosopher Wundt, -adopt a middle course do not fail to remark that in most -dreams there is a co-operation of the somatic stimuli with -the psychic instigators of the dream, the latter being either -unknown or recognised as day interests.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We shall learn later that the riddle of the dream formation -can be solved by the disclosure of an unsuspected psychic -source of excitement. For the present we shall not be surprised -at the over-estimation of those stimuli for the formation of -the dream which do not originate from psychic life. It is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>not merely because they alone can easily be found and even -confirmed by experiment, but the somatic conception of the -origin of dreams thoroughly corresponds to the mode of -thinking in vogue nowadays in psychiatry. Indeed, the -mastery of the brain over the organism is particularly emphasized; -but everything that might prove an independence -of the psychic life from the demonstrable organic changes, or a -spontaneity in its manifestations, is alarming to the psychiatrist -nowadays, as if an acknowledgment of the same were bound to -bring back the times of natural philosophy and the metaphysical -conception of the psychic essence. The distrust of -the psychiatrist has placed the psyche under a guardian, so -to speak, and now demands that none of its feelings shall -divulge any of its own faculties; but this attitude shows slight -confidence in the stability of the causal concatenation which -extends between the material and the psychic. Even where -on investigation the psychic can be recognised as the primary -course of a phenomenon, a more profound penetration will -some day succeed in finding a continuation of the path to the -organic determination of the psychic. But where the psychic -must be taken as the terminus for our present knowledge, it -should not be denied on that account.</p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>d</em>) <em>Why the Dream is Forgotten after Awakening.</em>—That the -dream “fades away” in the morning is proverbial. To be -sure, it is capable of recollection. For we know the dream -only by recalling it after awakening; but very often we -believe that we remember it only incompletely, and that -during the night there was more of it; we can observe how -the memory of a dream which has been still vivid in the -morning vanishes in the course of the day, leaving only a few -small fragments; we often know that we have been dreaming, -but we do not know what; and we are so well used to the -fact that the dream is liable to be forgotten that we do not -reject as absurd the possibility that one may have been -dreaming even when one knows nothing in the morning of -either the contents or the fact of dreaming. On the other hand, -it happens that dreams manifest an extraordinary retentiveness -in the memory. I have had occasion to analyse with my -patients dreams which had occurred to them twenty-five -years or more previously, and I can remember a dream of my -<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>own which is separated from the present day by at least thirty-seven -years, and yet has lost nothing of its freshness in my -memory. All this is very remarkable, and for the present -incomprehensible.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The forgetting of dreams is treated in the most detailed -manner by Strümpell.<a href='#f66' class='c008'><sup>[66]</sup></a> This forgetting is evidently a complex -phenomenon; for Strümpell does not explain it by a single -reason, but by a considerable number of reasons.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the first place, all those factors which produce forgetfulness -in the waking state are also determinant for the forgetting -of dreams. When awake we are wont soon to forget a large -number of sensations and perceptions because they are too -feeble, and because they are connected with a slight amount -of emotional feeling. This is also the case with many dream -pictures; they are forgotten because they are too weak, while -stronger pictures in proximity will be remembered. Moreover, -the factor of intensity in itself is not the only determinant -for the preservation of the dream pictures; Strümpell, as well -as other authors (Calkins), admits that dream pictures are -often rapidly forgotten, although they are known to have been -vivid, whereas among those that are retained in memory -there are many that are very shadowy and hazy. Besides, in -the waking state one is wont to forget easily what happened -only once, and to note more easily things of repeated occurrence. -But most dream pictures are single experiences,<a id='rJ' /><a href='#fJ' class='c008'><sup>[J]</sup></a> and this -peculiarity equally contributes towards the forgetting of all -dreams. Of greater significance is a third motive for forgetting. -In order that feelings, presentations, thoughts and the like, -should attain a certain degree of memory, it is important that -they should not remain isolated, but that they should enter -into connections and associations of a suitable kind. If the -words of a short verse are taken and mixed together, it will be -very difficult to remember them. “When well arranged in -suitable sequence one word will help another, and the whole -remains as sense easily and firmly in the memory for a long -time. Contradictions we usually retain with just as much -difficulty and rarity as things confused and disarranged.” -Now dreams in most cases lack sense and order. Dream -<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>compositions are by their very nature incapable of being -remembered, and they are forgotten because they usually -crumble together the very next moment. To be sure, these -conclusions are not in full accord with the observation of -Radestock<a href='#f54' class='c008'><sup>[54]</sup></a> (p. 168), that we retain best just those dreams -which are most peculiar.</p> - -<p class='c006'>According to Strümpell, there are still other factors effective -in the forgetting of dreams which are derived from the relation -of the dream to the waking state. The forgetfulness of the -waking consciousness for dreams is evidently only the counterpart -of the fact already mentioned, that the dream (almost) -never takes over successive memories from the waking state, -but only certain details of these memories which it tears away -from the habitual psychic connections in which they are recalled -while we are awake. The dream composition, therefore, -has no place in the company of psychic successions which fill -the mind. It lacks all the aids of memory. “In this manner -the dream structure rises, as it were, from the soil of our -psychic life, and floats in psychic space like a cloud in the sky, -which the next breath of air soon dispels” (p. 87). This is -also aided by the fact that, upon awakening, the attention is -immediately seized by the inrushing sensory world, and only -very few dream pictures can withstand this power. They fade -away before the impressions of the new day like the glow of -the stars before the sunlight.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As a last factor favouring the forgetting of dreams, we may -mention the fact that most people generally take little interest -in their dreams. One who investigates dreams for a time, -and takes a special interest in them, usually dreams more -during that time than at any other; that is, he remembers -his dreams more easily and more frequently.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Two other reasons for the forgetting of dreams added by -Bonatelli (given by Benini<a id='r3' /><a href='#f3' class='c008'><sup>[3]</sup></a>) to those of Strümpell have already -been included in the latter; namely, (1) that the change of the -general feeling between the sleeping and waking states is unfavourable -to the mutual reproductions, and (2) that the -different arrangement of the presentation material in the -dream makes the dream untranslatable, so to speak, for the -waking consciousness.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is the more remarkable, as Strümpell observes, that, in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>spite of all these reasons for forgetting the dream, so many -dreams are retained in memory. The continued efforts of the -authors to formulate laws for the remembering of dreams -amounts to an admission that here too there is something -puzzling and unsolved. Certain peculiarities relating to the -memory of dreams have been particularly noticed of late, <em>e.g.</em>, -that a dream which is considered forgotten in the morning may -be recalled in the course of the day through a perception -which accidentally touches the forgotten content of the dream -(Radestock,<a href='#f54' class='c008'><sup>[54]</sup></a> Tissié<a href='#f68' class='c008'><sup>[68]</sup></a>). The entire memory of the dream is -open to an objection calculated to depreciate its value very -markedly in critical eyes. One may doubt whether our -memory, which omits so much from the dream, does not falsify -what it retained.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Such doubts relating to the exactness of the reproduction -of the dream are expressed by Strümpell when he says: “It -therefore easily happens that the active consciousness involuntarily -inserts much in recollection of the dream; one -imagines one has dreamt all sorts of things which the actual -dream did not contain.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Jessen<a href='#f36' class='c008'><sup>[36]</sup></a> (p. 547) expresses himself very decidedly: “Moreover -we must not lose sight of the fact, hitherto little heeded, -that in the investigation and interpretation of orderly and -logical dreams we almost always play with the truth when we -recall a dream to memory. Unconsciously and unwittingly -we fill up the gaps and supplement the dream pictures. Rarely, -and perhaps never, has a connected dream been as connected -as it appears to us in memory. Even the most truth-loving -person can hardly relate a dream without exaggerating and -embellishing it. The tendency of the human mind to conceive -everything in connection is so great that it unwittingly supplies -the deficiencies of connection if the dream is recalled somewhat -disconnectedly.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The observations of V. Eggers,<a href='#f20' class='c008'><sup>[20]</sup></a> though surely independently -conceived, sound almost like a translation of Jessen’s -words: “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">... L’observation des rêves a ses difficultés spéciales -et le seul moyen d’éviter toute erreur en pareille matière est de -confier au papier sans le moindre retard ce que l’on vient -d’éprouver et de remarquer; sinon, l’oubli vient vite ou total -ou partiel; l’oubli total est sans gravité; mais l’oubli partiel -<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>est perfide; car si l’on se met ensuite à raconter ce que l’on -n’a pas oublié, on est exposé à compléter par imagination les -fragments incohérents et disjoints fourni par la mémoire ...; -on devient artiste à son insu, et le récit, périodiquement répété -s’impose à la créance de son auteur, qui, de bonne foi, le -présente comme un fait authentique, dûment établi selon les -bonnes méthodes....</span>”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Similarly Spitta,<a href='#f64' class='c008'><sup>[64]</sup></a> who seems to think that it is only in our -attempt to reproduce the dream that we put in order the -loosely associated dream elements: “To make connection out -of disconnection, that is, to add the process of logical connection -which is absent in the dream.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>As we do not at present possess any other objective control -for the reliability of our memory, and as indeed such a control -is impossible in examining the dream which is our own experience, -and for which our memory is the only source, it is a -question what value we may attach to our recollections of -dreams.</p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>e</em>) <em>The Psychological Peculiarities of Dreams.</em>—In the -scientific investigation of the dream we start with the assumption -that the dream is an occurrence of our own psychic -activity; nevertheless the finished dream appears to us as -something strange, the authorship of which we are so little -forced to recognise that we can just as easily say “a dream -appeared to me,” as “I have dreamt.” Whence this “psychic -strangeness” of the dream? According to our discussion of -the sources of dreams we may suppose that it does not depend -on the material reaching the dream content; because this is -for the most part common to the dream life and waking life. -One may ask whether in the dream it is not changes in the -psychic processes which call forth this impression, and may -so put to test a psychological characteristic of the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>No one has more strongly emphasized the essential difference -between dream and waking life, and utilised this difference for -more far-reaching conclusions, than G. Th. Fechner<a id='r25' /><a href='#f25' class='c008'><sup>[25]</sup></a> in some -observations in his <cite>Elements of Psychophysic</cite> (p. 520, part 11). -He believes that “neither the simple depression of conscious -psychic life under the main threshold,” nor the distraction of -attention from the influences of the outer world, suffices to -explain the peculiarities of the dream life as compared with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>the waking life. He rather believes that the scene of dreams -is laid elsewhere than in the waking presentation life. “If -the scene of the psychophysical activity were the same during -the sleeping and the waking states, the dream, in my opinion, -could only be a continuation of the waking ideation maintaining -itself at a lower degree of intensity, and must moreover -share with the latter its material and form. But the state of -affairs is quite different.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>What Fechner really meant has never been made clear, -nor has anybody else, to my knowledge, followed further the -road, the clue to which he indicated in this remark. An -anatomical interpretation in the sense of physiological brain -localisations, or even in reference to histological sections of -the cerebral cortex, will surely have to be excluded. The -thought may, however, prove ingenious and fruitful if it can be -referred to a psychic apparatus which is constructed out of -many instances placed one behind another.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Other authors have been content to render prominent one -or another of the tangible psychological peculiarities of the -dream life, and perhaps to take these as a starting point for -more far-reaching attempts at explanation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It has been justly remarked that one of the main peculiarities -of the dream life appears even in the state of falling -asleep, and is to be designated as the phenomenon inducing -sleep. According to Schleiermacher<a id='r61' /><a href='#f61' class='c008'><sup>[61]</sup></a> (p. 351), the characteristic -part of the waking state is the fact that the psychic -activity occurs in ideas rather than in pictures. But the -dream thinks in pictures, and one may observe that with the -approach of sleep the voluntary activities become difficult -in the same measure as the involuntary appear, the latter -belonging wholly to the class of pictures. The inability for -such presentation work as we perceive to be intentionally -desired, and the appearance of pictures which is regularly -connected with this distraction, these are two qualities which -are constant in the dream, and which in its psychological -analysis we must recognise as essential characters of the dream -life. Concerning the pictures—the hypnogogic hallucinations—we -have discovered that even in their content they are -identical with the dream pictures.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The dream therefore thinks preponderately, but not -<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>exclusively, in visual pictures. It also makes use of auditory -pictures, and to a lesser extent of the impressions of the other -senses. Much is also simply thought or imagined (probably -represented by remnants of word presentations), just as in -the waking state. But still what is characteristic for the -dream is only those elements of the content which act like -pictures, <em>i.e.</em> which resemble more the perceptions than -the memory presentations. Disregarding all the discussions -concerning the nature of hallucinations, familiar to every -psychiatrist, we can say, with all well-versed authors, that the -dream hallucinates, that is, replaces thoughts through hallucinations. -In this respect there is no difference between visual -and acoustic presentations; it has been noticed that the -memory of a succession of sounds with which one falls asleep -becomes transformed while sinking into sleep into an hallucination -of the same melody, so as to make room again on awakening, -which may repeatedly alternate with falling into a slumber, -for the softer memory presentations which are differently -formed in quality.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The transformation of an idea into an hallucination is not -the only deviation of the dream from a waking thought which -perhaps corresponds to it. From these pictures the dream -forms a situation, it presents something in the present, it -dramatises an idea, as Spitta<a href='#f64' class='c008'><sup>[64]</sup></a> (p. 145) puts it.<a id='rK' /><a href='#fK' class='c008'><sup>[K]</sup></a> But the -characteristic of this side of the dream life becomes complete -only when it is remembered that while dreaming we do not—as -a rule; the exceptions require a special explanation—imagine -that we are thinking, but that we are living through -an experience, <em>i.e.</em>, we accept the hallucination with full -belief. The criticism that this has not been experienced but -only thought in a peculiar manner—dreamt—comes to us only -on awakening. This character distinguishes the genuine -sleeping dream from day dreaming, which is never confused -with reality.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The characteristics of the dream life thus far considered -have been summed up by Burdach<a href='#f8' class='c008'><sup>[8]</sup></a> (p. 476) in the following -sentences: “As characteristic features of the dream we may -<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>add (<em>a</em>) that the subjective activity of our mind appears as -objective, inasmuch as our faculty of perception perceives the -products of phantasy as if they were sensory activities ... -(<em>b</em>) sleep abrogates one’s self-command, hence falling asleep -necessitates a certain amount of passivity.... The slumber -pictures are conditioned by the relaxation of one’s self-command.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is a question now of attempting to explain the credulity -of the mind in reference to the dream hallucinations, which -can only appear after the suspension of a certain arbitrary -activity. Strümpell<a href='#f66' class='c008'><sup>[66]</sup></a> asserts that the mind behaves in this -respect correctly, and in conformity with its mechanism. -The dream elements are by no means mere presentations, but -true and real experiences of the mind, similar to those that -appear in the waking state as a result of the senses (p. 34). -Whereas in the waking state the mind represents and thinks -in word pictures and language, in the dream it represents and -thinks in real tangible pictures (p. 35). Besides, the dream -manifests a consciousness of space by transferring the sensations -and pictures, just as in the waking state, into an outer -space (p. 36). It must therefore be admitted that the mind -in the dream is in the same relation to its pictures and perceptions -as in the waking state (p. 43). If, however, it is -thereby led astray, this is due to the fact that it lacks in sleep -the criticism which alone can distinguish between the sensory -perceptions emanating from within or from without. It -cannot subject its pictures to the tests which alone can prove -their objective reality. It furthermore neglects to differentiate -between pictures that are arbitrarily interchanged and others -where there is no free choice. It errs because it cannot apply -to its content the law of causality (p. 58). In brief, its alienation -from the outer world contains also the reason for its -belief in the subjective dream world.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Delbœuf<a href='#f16' class='c008'><sup>[16]</sup></a> reaches the same conclusion through a somewhat -different line of argument. We give to the dream -pictures the credence of reality because in sleep we have no -other impressions to compare them with, because we are -cut off from the outer world. But it is not perhaps because -we are unable to make tests in our sleep, that we believe in the -truth of our hallucinations. The dream may delude us with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>all these tests, it may make us believe that we may touch the -rose that we see in the dream, and still we only dream. According -to Delbœuf there is no valid criterion to show whether -something is a dream or a conscious reality, except—and that -only in practical generality—the fact of awakening. “I declare -delusional everything that is experienced between the period -of falling asleep and awakening, if I notice on awakening that -I lie in my bed undressed” (p. 84). “I have considered the -dream pictures real during sleep in consequence of the mental -habit, which cannot be put to sleep, of perceiving an outer -world with which I can contrast my ego.”<a id='rL' /><a href='#fL' class='c008'><sup>[L]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>As the deviation from the outer world is taken as the stamp -for the most striking characteristics of the dream, it will be -worth while mentioning some ingenious observations of old -Burdach<a href='#f8' class='c008'><sup>[8]</sup></a> which will throw light on the relation of the sleeping -mind to the outer world and at the same time serve to prevent -us from over-estimating the above deductions. “Sleep results -only under the condition,” says Burdach, “that the mind is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>not excited by sensory stimuli ... but it is not the lack of -sensory stimuli that conditions sleep, but rather a lack of -interest for the same; some sensory impressions are even -necessary in so far as they serve to calm the mind; thus the -miller can fall asleep only when he hears the rattling of his -mill, and he who finds it necessary to burn a light at night, as -a matter of precaution, cannot fall asleep in the dark” (p. 457).</p> - -<p class='c006'>“The psyche isolates itself during sleep from the outer -world, and withdraws from the periphery.... Nevertheless, -the connection is not entirely interrupted; if one did not hear -and feel even during sleep, but only after awakening, he -would certainly never awake. The continuance of sensation -is even more plainly shown by the fact that we are not always -awakened by the mere sensory force of the impression, but by -the psychic relation of the same; an indifferent word does not -arouse the sleeper, but if called by name he awakens ...: -hence the psyche differentiates sensations during sleep.... -It is for this reason that we may be awakened by the lack of a -sensory stimulus if it relates to the presentation of an important -thing; thus one awakens when the light is extinguished, and -the miller when the mill comes to a standstill; that is, the -awakening is due to the cessation of a sensory activity, which -presupposes that it has been perceived, and that it has not -disturbed the mind, being indifferent or rather gratifying” -(p. 460, &c.).</p> - -<p class='c006'>If we are willing to disregard these objections, which are -not to be taken lightly, we still must admit that the qualities -of the dream life thus far considered, which originate by -withdrawing from the outer world, cannot fully explain the -strangeness of the dream. For otherwise it would be possible -to change back the hallucinations of the dream into presentations -and the situations of the dream into thoughts, and thus -to perform the task of dream interpretation. Now this is -what we do when we reproduce the dream from memory after -awakening, and whether we are fully or only partially successful -in this back translation the dream still retains its mysteriousness -undiminished.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Furthermore all the authors assume unhesitatingly that -still other more far-reaching alterations take place in the -presentation material of waking life. One of them, Strümpell,<a href='#f66' class='c008'><sup>[66]</sup></a> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>expresses himself as follows (p. 17): “With the cessation of -the objectively active outlook and of the normal consciousness, -the psyche loses the foundation in which were rooted the -feelings, desires, interests, and actions. Those psychic states, -feelings, interests, estimates which cling in the waking state -to the memory pictures also succumb to ... an obscure -pressure, in consequence of which their connection with the -pictures becomes severed; the perception pictures of things, -persons, localities, events, and actions of the waking state -are singly very abundantly reproduced, but none of these -brings along its psychic value. The latter is removed from -them, and hence they float about in the mind dependent upon -their own resources....”</p> - -<p class='c006'>This deprivation the picture suffers of its psychic value, -which again goes back to the derivation from the outer world, -is according to Strümpell mainly responsible for the impression -of strangeness with which the dream is confronted in our -memory.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have heard that even falling asleep carries with it the -abandonment of one of the psychic activities—namely, the -voluntary conduct of the presentation course. Thus the -supposition, suggested also by other grounds, obtrudes itself, -that the sleeping state may extend its influence also over the -psychic functions. One or the other of these functions is -perhaps entirely suspended; whether the remaining ones -continue to work undisturbed, whether they can furnish normal -work under the circumstances, is the next question. The -idea occurs to us that the peculiarities of the dream may be -explained through the inferior psychic activity during the -sleeping state, but now comes the impression made by the -dream upon our waking judgment which is contrary to such a -conception. The dream is disconnected, it unites without -hesitation the worst contradictions, it allows impossibilities, -it disregards our authoritative knowledge from the day, and -evinces ethical and moral dulness. He who would behave in -the waking state as the dream does in its situations would be -considered insane. He who in the waking state would speak -in such manner or report such things as occur in the dream -content, would impress us as confused and weak-minded. -Thus we believe that we are only finding words for the fact -<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>when we place but little value on the psychic activity in the -dream, and especially when we declare that the higher intellectual -activities are suspended or at least much impaired in -the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>With unusual unanimity—the exceptions will be dealt with -elsewhere—the authors have pronounced their judgments on the -dream—such judgments as lead immediately to a definite -theory or explanation of the dream life. It is time that I -should supplement the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">résumé</span></i> which I have just given with a -collection of the utterances of different authors—philosophers -and physicians—on the psychological character of the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>According to Lemoine,<a id='r42' /><a href='#f42' class='c008'><sup>[42]</sup></a> the incoherence of the dream -picture is the only essential character of the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Maury<a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> agrees with him; he says (p. 163): “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Il n’y a pas -des rêves absolument raisonnables et qui ne contiennent quelque -incohérence, quelque anachronisme, quelque absurdité.</span>”</p> - -<p class='c006'>According to Hegel, quoted by Spitta,<a href='#f64' class='c008'><sup>[64]</sup></a> the dream lacks all -objective and comprehensible connection.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Dugas<a id='r19' /><a href='#f19' class='c008'><sup>[19]</sup></a> says: “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le rêve, c’est l’anarchie psychique, -affective et mentale, c’est le jeu des fonctions livrées à elles-mêmes -et s’exerçant sans contrôle et sans but; dans le rêve -l’esprit est un automate spirituel.</span>”</p> - -<p class='c006'>“The relaxation, solution, and confusion of the presentation -life which is held together through the logical force of the -central ego” is conceded even by Volkelt<a href='#f72' class='c008'><sup>[72]</sup></a> (p. 14), according to -whose theory the psychic activity during sleep seems in no -way aimless.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The absurdity of the presentation connections appearing in -the dream can hardly be more strongly condemned than it was -by Cicero (<cite><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">De Divin.</span></cite> II.): “Nihil tam praepostere, tam incondite, -tam monstruose cogitari potest, quod non possimus -somniare.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Fechner<a id='r52' /><a href='#f52' class='c008'><sup>[52]</sup></a> says (p. 522): “It is as if the psychological -activity were transferred from the brain of a reasonable being -into the brain of a fool.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Radestock<a href='#f35' class='c008'><sup>[35]</sup></a> (p. 145) says: “It seems indeed impossible -to recognise in this absurd action any firm law. Having withdrawn -itself from the strict police of the rational will guiding the -waking presentation life, and of the attention, the dream -whirls everything about kaleidoscopically in mad play.”</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>Hildebrandt<a href='#f35' class='c008'><sup>[35]</sup></a> (p. 45) says: “What wonderful jumps the -dreamer allows himself, <em>e.g.</em>, in his chain of reasoning! With -what unconcern he sees the most familiar laws of experience -turned upside down! What ridiculous contradictions he can -tolerate in the orders of nature and society before things go -too far, as we say, and the overstraining of the nonsense -brings an awakening! We often multiply quite unconcernedly: -three times three make twenty; we are not at all surprised -when a dog recites poetry for us, when a dead person walks -to his grave, and when a rock swims on the water; we go in -all earnestness by high command to the duchy of Bernburg or -the principality of Lichtenstein in order to observe the navy -of the country, or we allow ourselves to be recruited as a -volunteer by Charles XII. shortly before the battle of Poltawa.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Binz<a href='#f4' class='c008'><sup>[4]</sup></a> (p. 33) points to a dream theory resulting from the -impressions. “Among ten dreams nine at least have an -absurd content. We unite in them persons or things which do -not bear the slightest relation to one another. In the next -moment, as in a kaleidoscope, the grouping changes, if possible -to one more nonsensical and irrational than before; thus the -changing play of the imperfectly sleeping brain continues until -we awaken, and put our hand to our forehead and ask ourselves -whether we really still possess the faculty of rational imagination -and thought.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Maury<a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> (p. 50) finds for the relation of the dream picture -to the waking thoughts, a comparison most impressive for the -physician: “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La production de ces images que chez l’homme -éveillé fait le plus souvent naître la volonté, correspond, pour -l’intelligence, à ce que cont pour la motilité certains mouvements -que nous offrent la chorée et les affections paralytiques....</span>” -For the rest, he considers the dream “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">toute une série de dégradation -de la faculté pensant et raisonant</span>” (p. 27).</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is hardly necessary to mention the utterances of the -authors which repeat Maury’s assertion for the individual -higher psychic activities.</p> - -<p class='c006'>According to Strümpell,<a href='#f66' class='c008'><sup>[66]</sup></a> some logical mental operations -based on relations and connections disappear in the dream—naturally -also at points where the nonsense is not obvious -(p. 26). According to Spitta,<a href='#f64' class='c008'><sup>[64]</sup></a> (p. 148) the presentations in -the dream are entirely withdrawn from the laws of causality. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>Radestock<a href='#f54' class='c008'><sup>[54]</sup></a> and others emphasize the weakness of judgment -and decision in the dream. According to Jodl<a id='r37' /><a href='#f37' class='c008'><sup>[37]</sup></a> (p. 123), there -is no critique in the dream, and no correcting of a series of -perceptions through the content of the sum of consciousness. -The same author states that “all forms of conscious activity -occur in the dream, but they are imperfect, inhibited, and -isolated from one another.” The contradictions manifested in -the dream towards our conscious knowledge are explained -by Stricker<a id='r77' /><a href='#f77' class='c008'><sup>[77]</sup></a><a id='r78' /><a href='#f78' class='c008'><sup>[78]</sup></a> (and many others), on the ground that facts -are forgotten in the dream and logical relations between presentations -are lost (p. 98), &c., &c.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The authors who in general speak thus unfavourably about -the psychic capacities in the dream, nevertheless admit that -the dream retains a certain remnant of psychic activity. -Wundt,<a href='#f76' class='c008'><sup>[76]</sup></a> whose teaching has influenced so many other workers -in the dream problems, positively admits this. One might -inquire as to the kind and behaviour of the remnants of the -psychic life which manifest themselves in the dream. It is -now quite universally acknowledged that the reproductive -capacity, the memory in the dream, seems to have been least -affected; indeed it may show a certain superiority over the -same function in the waking life (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vid. supra</span></i>, p. 10), although a -part of the absurdities of the dream are to be explained by -just this forgetfulness of the dream life. According to Spitta,<a href='#f64' class='c008'><sup>[64]</sup></a> -it is the emotional life of the psyche that is not overtaken by -sleep and that then directs the dream. “By emotion -[“Gemüth”] we understand the constant comprehension of -the feelings as the inmost subjective essence of man” (p. 84).</p> - -<p class='c006'>Scholz<a href='#f59' class='c008'><sup>[59]</sup></a> (p. 37) sees a psychic activity manifested in the -dream in the “allegorising interpretation” to which the -dream material is subjected. Siebeck<a id='r62' /><a href='#f62' class='c008'><sup>[62]</sup></a> verifies also in the -dream the “supplementary interpretative activity” (p. 11) -which the mind exerts on all that is perceived and viewed. -The judgment of the apparently highest psychic function, -the consciousness, presents for the dream a special difficulty. -As we can know anything only through consciousness, there -can be no doubt as to its retention; Spitta, however, believes -that only consciousness is retained in the dream, and not self-consciousness. -Delbœuf<a href='#f16' class='c008'><sup>[16]</sup></a> confesses that he is unable to -conceive this differentiation.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>The laws of association which govern the connection of -ideas hold true also for the dream pictures; indeed, their -domination evinces itself in a purer and stronger expression -in the dream than elsewhere. Strümpell<a href='#f62' class='c008'><sup>[62]</sup></a> (p. 70) says: “The -dream follows either the laws of undisguised presentations as -it seems exclusively or organic stimuli along with such presentations, -that is, without being influenced by reflection and -reason, æsthetic sense, and moral judgment.” The authors -whose views I reproduce here conceive the formation of the -dream in about the following manner: The sum of sensation -stimuli affecting sleep from the various sources, discussed -elsewhere, at first awaken in the mind a sum of presentations -which represent themselves as hallucinations (according to -Wundt, it is more correct to say as illusions, because of their -origin from outer and inner stimuli). These unite with one -another according to the known laws of association, and, -following the same rules, in turn evoke a new series of presentations -(pictures). This entire material is then elaborated -as well as possible by the still active remnant of the organising -and thinking mental faculties (<em>cf.</em> Wundt<a href='#f76' class='c008'><sup>[76]</sup></a> and Weygandt<a href='#f75' class='c008'><sup>[75]</sup></a>). -But thus far no one has been successful in finding the motive -which would decide that the awakening of pictures which do -not originate objectively follow this or that law of association.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But it has been repeatedly observed that the associations -which connect the dream presentations with one another are -of a particular kind, and different from those found in the -waking mental activity. Thus Volkelt<a href='#f72' class='c008'><sup>[72]</sup></a> says: “In the dream, -the ideas chase and hunt each other on the strength of accidental -similarities and barely perceptible connections. All -dreams are pervaded by such loose and free associations.” -Maury<a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> attaches great value to this characteristic of connection -between presentations, which allows him to bring the -dream life in closer analogy to certain mental disturbances. -He recognises two main characters of the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">délire</span></i>: “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">(1) une -action spontanée et comme automatique de l’esprit; (2) une -association vicieuse et irregulière des idées</span>” (p. 126). Maury -gives us two excellent examples from his own dreams, in which -the mere similarity of sound forms the connection of the -dream presentations. He dreamed once that he undertook -a pilgrimage (<em>pélerinage</em>) to Jerusalem or Mecca. After many -<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>adventures he was with the chemist Pelletier; the latter after -some talk gave him a zinc shovel (<em>pelle</em>) which became his -long battle sword in the dream fragment which followed -(p. 137). On another occasion he walked in a dream on the -highway and read the kilometres on the milestones; presently -he was with a spice merchant who had large scales with which -to weigh Maury; the spice merchant then said to him: “You -are not in Paris; but on the island Gilolo.” This was followed -by many pictures, in which he saw the flower Lobelia, then -the General Lopez, of whose demise he had read shortly before. -He finally awoke while playing a game of lotto.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We are, however, quite prepared to hear that this depreciation -of the psychic activities of the dream has not remained -without contradiction from the other side. To be sure, contradiction -seems difficult here. Nor is it of much significance -that one of the depreciators of dream life, Spitta<a href='#f64' class='c008'><sup>[64]</sup></a> (p. 118), -assures us that the same psychological laws which govern the -waking state rule the dream also, or that another (Dugas<a href='#f19' class='c008'><sup>[19]</sup></a>) -states: “Le rêve n’est pas déraison ni même irraison pure,” -as long as neither of them has made any effort to bring this -estimation into harmony with the psychic anarchy and dissolution -of all functions in the dream described by them. -Upon others, however, the possibility seems to have dawned -that the madness of the dream is perhaps not without its -method—that it is perhaps only a sham, like that of the Danish -prince, to whose madness the intelligent judgment here cited -refers. These authors must have refrained from judging by -appearances, or the appearance which the dream showed to -them was quite different.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Without wishing to linger at its apparent absurdity, -Havelock Ellis<a href='#f23' class='c008'><sup>[23]</sup></a> considers the dream as “an archaic world of -vast emotions and imperfect thoughts,” the study of which -may make us acquainted with primitive stages of development -of the psychic life. A thinker like Delbœuf<a href='#f16' class='c008'><sup>[16]</sup></a> asserts—to -be sure without adducing proof against the contradictory -material, and hence indeed unjustly: “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Dans le sommeil, hormis -la perception, toutes les facultés de l’esprit, intelligence, imagination, -mémoire, volonté, moralité, restant intactes dans leur -essence; seulement, elles s’appliquent à des objets imaginaires -et mobiles. Le songeur est un acteur qui joue à volonté les -<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>fous et les sages, les bourreaux et les victimes, les nains et les -géants, les démons et les anges</span>” (p. 222). The Marquis of -Hervey, who is sharply controverted by Maury,<a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> and whose -work I could not obtain despite all effort, seems to combat -most energetically the under-estimation of the psychic capacity -in the dream. Maury speaks of him as follows (p. 19): “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">M. le -Marquis d’Hervey prête à l’intelligence, durant le sommeil -toute sa liberté d’action et d’attention et il ne semble faire -consister le sommeil que dans l’occlusion des sens, dans leur -fermeture au monde extérieur; en sorte que l’homme qui dort -ne se distingué guère, selon sa manière de voir, de l’homme qui -laisse vaguer sa pensée en se bouchant les sens; toute la -différence qui séparé alors la pensée ordinaire du celle du -dormeur c’est que, chez celui-ci, l’idée prend une forme visible, -objective et ressemble, à s’y méprendre, à la sensation déterminée -par les objets extérieurs; le souvenir revêt l’apparence -du fait présent.</span>”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Maury adds, however; “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Qu’il y a une différence de plus -et capitale à savoir que les facultés intellectuelles de l’homme -endormi n’offrent pas l’équilibre qu’elles gardent chez l’homme -l’éveillé.</span>”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The scale of the estimation of the dream as a psychic -product has a great range in the literature; it reaches from -the lowest under-estimation, the expression of which we have -come to know, through the idea of a value not yet revealed to -the over-estimation which places the dream far above the -capacities of the waking life. Hildebrandt,<a href='#f35' class='c008'><sup>[35]</sup></a> who, as we know, -sketches the psychological characteristics into three antinomies, -sums up in the third of these contradistinctions the -extreme points of this series as follows (p. 19): “It is between -a climax, often an involution which raises itself to virtuosity, -and on the other hand a decided diminution and weakening of -the psychic life often leading below the human niveau.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>“As for the first, who could not confirm from his own -experience that, in the creations and weavings of the genius -of the dream, there sometimes comes to light a profundity -and sincerity of emotion, a tenderness of feeling, a clearness of -view, a fineness of observation, and a readiness of wit, all -which we should modestly have to deny that we possess as a -constant property during the waking life? The dream has a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>wonderful poetry, an excellent allegory, an incomparable -humour, and a charming irony. It views the world under the -guise of a peculiar idealisation, and often raises the effect of its -manifestations into the most ingenious understanding of the -essence lying at its basis. It represents for us earthly beauty -in true heavenly radiance, the sublime in the highest majesty, -the actually frightful in the most gruesome figure, and the -ridiculous in the indescribably drastic comical; and at times -we are so full of one of these impressions after awakening that -we imagine that such a thing has never been offered to us by -the real world.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>One may ask, is it really the same object that the depreciating -remarks and these inspired praises are meant for? -Have the latter overlooked the stupid dreams and the former -the thoughtful and ingenious dreams? And if both kinds do -occur—that is, dreams that merit to be judged in this or that -manner—does it not seem idle to seek the psychological character -of the dream? Would it not suffice to state that everything is -possible in the dream, from the lowest depreciation of the -psychic life to a raising of the same which is unusual in the -waking state? As convenient as this solution would be it has -this against it, that behind the efforts of all dream investigators, -it seems to be presupposed that there is such a definable -character of the dream, which is universally valid in its essential -features and which must eliminate these contradictions.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is unquestionable that the psychic capacities of the -dream have found quicker and warmer recognition in that -intellectual period which now lies behind us, when philosophy -rather than exact natural science ruled intelligent minds. -Utterances like those of Schubert, that the dream frees the -mind from the power of outer nature, that it liberates the soul -from the chains of the sensual, and similar opinions expressed -by the younger Fichte,<a id='rM' /><a href='#fM' class='c008'><sup>[M]</sup></a> and others, who represent the dream -as a soaring up of the psychic life to a higher stage, hardly -seem conceivable to us to-day; they are only repeated at -present by mystics and devotees. With the advance of the -scientific mode of thinking, a reaction took place in the estimation -of the dream. It is really the medical authors who are -most prone to underrate the psychic activity in the dream, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>as being insignificant and invaluable, whereas, philosophers -and unprofessional observers—amateur psychologists—whose -contributions in this realm can surely not be overlooked, in -better agreement with the popular ideas, have mostly adhered -to the psychic value of the dream. He who is inclined to underrate -the psychic capacity in the dream prefers, as a matter -of course, the somatic exciting sources in the etiology of the -dream; he who leaves to the dreaming mind the greater part -of its capacities, naturally has no reason for not also admitting -independent stimuli for dreaming.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Among the superior activities which, even on sober comparison, -one is tempted to ascribe to the dream life, memory -is the most striking; we have fully discussed the frequent -experiences which prove this fact. Another superiority of -the dream life, frequently extolled by the old authors, viz. -that it can regard itself supreme in reference to distance of -time and space, can be readily recognised as an illusion. -This superiority, as observed by Hildebrandt,<a href='#f35' class='c008'><sup>[35]</sup></a> is only illusional; -the dream takes as much heed of time and space as the waking -thought, and this because it is only a form of thinking. The -dream is supposed to enjoy still another advantage in reference -to time; that is, it is independent in still another sense of the -passage of time. Dreams like the guillotine dream of Maury,<a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> -reported above, seem to show that the dream can crowd -together more perception content in a very short space of time -than can be controlled by our psychic activity in the waking -mind. These conclusions have been controverted, however, -by many arguments; the essays of Le Lorrain<a href='#f45' class='c008'><sup>[45]</sup></a> and Egger<a href='#f20' class='c008'><sup>[20]</sup></a> -“Concerning the apparent duration of dreams” gave rise to a -long and interesting discussion which has probably not said -the last word upon this delicate and far-reaching question.</p> - -<p class='c006'>That the dream has the ability to take up the intellectual -work of the day and bring to a conclusion what has not been -settled during the day, that it can solve doubt and problems, -and that it may become the source of new inspiration in poets -and composers, seems to be indisputable, as is shown by many -reports and by the collection compiled by Chabaneix.<a id='r11' /><a href='#f11' class='c008'><sup>[11]</sup></a> But -even if there be no dispute as to the facts, nevertheless their -interpretation is open in principle to a great many doubts.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Finally the asserted divinatory power of the dream forms -<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>an object of contention in which hard unsurmountable reflection -encounters obstinate and continued faith. It is indeed just -that we should refrain from denying all that is based on fact -in this subject, as there is a possibility that a number of such -cases may perhaps be explained on a natural psychological -basis.</p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>f</em>) <em>The Ethical Feelings in the Dream.</em>—For reasons which -will be understood only after cognisance has been taken of my -own investigations of the dream, I have separated from the -psychology of the dream the partial problem whether and to -what extent the moral dispositions and feelings of the waking -life extend into the dreams. The same contradictions which -we were surprised to observe in the authors’ descriptions of all -the other psychic capacities strike us again here. Some -affirm decidedly that the dream knows nothing of moral -obligations; others as decidedly that the moral nature of man -remains even in his dream life.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A reference to our dream experience of every night seems -to raise the correctness of the first assertion beyond doubt. -Jessen<a href='#f36' class='c008'><sup>[36]</sup></a> says (p. 553): “Nor does one become better or more -virtuous in the dream; on the contrary, it seems that conscience -is silent in the dream, inasmuch as one feels no compassion -and can commit the worst crimes, such as theft, -murder, and assassination, with perfect indifference and -without subsequent remorse.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Radestock<a href='#f54' class='c008'><sup>[54]</sup></a> (p. 146) says: “It is to be noticed that in the -dream the associations terminate and the ideas unite without -being influenced by reflection and reason, æsthetic taste, and -moral judgment; the judgment is extremely weak, and ethical -indifference reigns supreme.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Volkelt<a href='#f72' class='c008'><sup>[72]</sup></a> (p. 23) expresses himself as follows: “As every -one knows, the sexual relationship in the dream is especially -unbridled. Just as the dreamer himself is shameless in the -extreme, and wholly lacking moral feeling and judgment, so -also he sees others, even the most honoured persons, engaged -in actions which even in thought he would blush to associate -with them in his waking state.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Utterances like those of Schopenhauer, that in the dream -every person acts and talks in accordance with his character, -form the sharpest contrast to those mentioned above. R. P. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>Fischer<a id='rN' /><a href='#fN' class='c008'><sup>[N]</sup></a> maintains that the subjective feelings and desires -or affects and passions manifest themselves in the wilfulness -of the dream life, and that the moral characteristics of a person -are mirrored in his dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Haffner<a href='#f32' class='c008'><sup>[32]</sup></a> (p. 25): “With rare exceptions ... a virtuous -person will be virtuous also in his dreams; he will resist -temptation, and show no sympathy for hatred, envy, anger, -and all other vices; while the sinful person will, as a rule, also -find in his dreams the pictures which he has before him while -awake.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Scholz<a href='#f59' class='c008'><sup>[59]</sup></a> (p. 36): “In the dream there is truth; despite all -masking in pride or humility, we still recognise our own self.... -The honest man does not commit any dishonourable -offence even in the dream, or, if this does occur, he is terrified -over it as if over something foreign to his nature. The Roman -emperor who ordered one of his subjects to be executed because -he dreamed that he cut off the emperor’s head, was not wrong -in justifying his action on the ground that he who has such -dreams must have similar thoughts while awake. About a -thing that can have no place in our mind we therefore say -significantly: ‘I would never dream of such a thing.’”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Pfaff,<a id='rO' /><a href='#fO' class='c008'><sup>[O]</sup></a> varying a familiar proverb, says: “Tell me for a -time your dreams, and I will tell you what you are within.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The short work of Hildebrandt,<a href='#f35' class='c008'><sup>[35]</sup></a> from which I have already -taken so many quotations, a contribution to the dream problem -as complete and as rich in thought as I found in the literature, -places the problem of morality in the dream as the central -point of its interest. For Hildebrandt, too, it is a strict rule -that the purer the life, the purer the dream; the impurer the -former, the impurer the latter.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The moral nature of man remains even in the dream: -“But while we are not offended nor made suspicious by an -arithmetical error no matter how obvious, by a reversal of -science no matter how romantic, or by an anachronism no -matter how witty, we nevertheless do not lose sight of the -difference between good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and -vice. No matter how much of what follows us during the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>day may vanish in our hours of sleep—Kant’s categorical -imperative sticks to our heels as an inseparable companion -from whom we cannot rid ourselves even in slumber.... -This can be explained, however, only by the fact that the -fundamental in human nature, the moral essence, is too firmly -fixed to take part in the activity of the kaleidoscopic shaking up -to which phantasy, reason, memory, and other faculties of the -same rank succumb in the dream” (p. 45, &c.).</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the further discussion of the subject we find remarkable -distortion and inconsequence in both groups of authors. -Strictly speaking, interest in immoral dreams would cease for -all those who assert that the moral personality of the person -crumbles away in the dream. They could just as calmly -reject the attempt to hold the dreamer responsible for his -dreams, and to draw inferences from the badness of his dreams -as to an evil strain in his nature, as they rejected the apparently -similar attempt to demonstrate the insignificance of -his intellectual life in the waking state from the absurdity of -his dreams. The others for whom “the categorical imperative” -extends also into the dream, would have to accept -full responsibility for the immoral dreams; it would only be -desirable for their own sake that their own objectionable -dreams should not lead them to abandon the otherwise firmly -held estimation of their own morality.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Still it seems that no one knows exactly about himself -how good or how bad he is, and that no one can deny the -recollection of his own immoral dreams. For besides the -opposition already mentioned in the criticism of the morality -of the dream, both groups of authors display an effort to -explain the origin of the immoral dream and a new opposition -is developed, depending on whether their origin is sought in -the functions of the psychic life or in the somatically determined -injuries to this life. The urgent force of the facts then -permits the representatives of the responsibility, as well as -of the irresponsibility of the dream life, to agree in the recognition -of a special psychic source for the immorality of -dreams.</p> - -<p class='c006'>All those who allow the continuance of the morality in -the dream nevertheless guard against accepting full responsibility -for their dreams. Haffner<a href='#f32' class='c008'><sup>[32]</sup></a> says (p. 24): “We are not -<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>responsible for dreams because the basis upon which alone our -life has truth and reality is removed from our thoughts.... -Hence there can be no dream wishing and dream acting, no -virtue or sin.” Still the person is responsible for the sinful -dream in so far as he brings it about indirectly. Just as in -the waking state, it is his duty to cleanse his moral mind, -particularly so before retiring to sleep.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The analysis of this mixture of rejection and recognition -of responsibility for the moral content of the dream is followed -much further by Hildebrandt. After specifying that the -dramatic manner of representation in the dream, the crowding -together of the most complicated processes of deliberation in -the briefest period of time, and the depreciation and the -confusion of the presentation elements in the dream admitted -by him must be recognised as unfavourable to the immoral -aspect of dreams; he nevertheless confesses that, yielding to -the most earnest reflection, he is inclined simply to deny all -responsibility for faults and dream sins.</p> - -<p class='c006'>(P. 49): “If we wish to reject very decisively any unjust -accusation, especially one that has reference to our intentions -and convictions, we naturally make use of the expression: I -should never have dreamed of such a thing. By this we mean -to say, of course, that we consider the realm of the dream the -last and remotest place in which we are to be held responsible -for our thoughts, because there these thoughts are only loosely -and incoherently connected with our real being, so that we -should hardly still consider them as our own; but as we feel -impelled expressly to deny the existence of such thoughts, -even in this realm, we thus at the same time indirectly admit -that our justification will not be complete if it does not reach -to that point. And I believe that, though unconsciously, we -here speak the language of truth.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>(P. 52): “No dream thought can be imagined whose first -motive has not already moved through the mind while awake -as some wish, desire, or impulse.” Concerning this original -impulse we must say that the dream has not discovered it—it -has only imitated and extended it, it has only elaborated -a bit of historical material which it has found in us, into -dramatic form; it enacts the words of the apostle: He who -hates his brother is a murderer. And whereas, after we -<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>awaken and become conscious of our moral strength, we may -smile at the boldly executed structure of the depraved dream, -the original formative material, nevertheless, has no ridiculous -side. One feels responsible for the transgressions of the -dreamer, not for the whole sum, but still for a certain percentage. -“In this sense, which is difficult to impugn, we understand the -words of Christ: Out of the heart come evil thoughts—for -we can hardly help being convinced that every sin committed -in the dream brings with it at least a vague minimum of -guilt.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Hildebrandt thus finds the source of the immorality of -dreams in the germs and indications of evil impulses which -pass through our minds during the day as tempting thoughts, -and he sees fit to add these immoral elements to the moral -estimation of the personality. It is the same thoughts and -the same estimation of these thoughts, which, as we know, -have caused devout and holy men of all times to lament that -they are evil sinners.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There is certainly no reason to doubt the general occurrence -of these contrasting presentations—in most men and even also -in other than ethical spheres. The judgment of these at -times has not been very earnest. In Spitta<a href='#f64' class='c008'><sup>[64]</sup></a> we find the following -relevant expression from A. Zeller (Article “Irre” in the -<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Allgemeinen Encyklopädie der Wissenschaften</span></cite> of Ersch and -Grüber, p. 144): “The mind is rarely so happily organised -as to possess at all times power enough not to be disturbed, -not only by unessential but also by perfectly ridiculous ideas -running counter to the usual clear trend of thought; indeed, -the greatest thinkers have had cause to complain of this dreamlike -disturbing and painful rabble of ideas, as it destroys their -profoundest reflection and their most sacred and earnest -mental work.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>A clearer light is thrown on the psychological status of -this idea of contrast by another observation of Hildebrandt, -that the dream at times allows us to glance into the deep and -inmost recesses of our being, which are generally closed to us in -our waking state (p. 55). The same knowledge is revealed -by Kant in his <cite>Anthropology</cite>, when he states that the dream -exists in order to lay bare for us our hidden dispositions and to -reveal to us not what we are, but what we might have been if -<span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>we had a different education. Radestock<a href='#f54' class='c008'><sup>[54]</sup></a> (p. 84) says that -the dream often only reveals to us what we do not wish to -admit to ourselves, and that we therefore unjustly condemn -it as a liar and deceiver. That the appearance of impulses -which are foreign to our consciousness is merely analogous -to the already familiar disposition which the dream makes of -other material of the presentation, which is either absent or -plays only an insignificant part in the waking state, has been -called to our attention by observations like those of Benini,<a href='#f3' class='c008'><sup>[3]</sup></a> -who says: “<span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Certe nostre inclinazione che si credevano soffocate -a spente da un pezzo, si ridestano; passioni vecchie e sepolte -rivivono; cose e persone a cui non pensiamo mai, ci vengono -dinanzi</span>” (p. 149). Volkelt<a href='#f72' class='c008'><sup>[72]</sup></a> expresses himself in a similar -way: “Even presentations which have entered into our -consciousness almost unnoticed, and have never perhaps been -brought out from oblivion, often announce through the -dream their presence in the mind” (p. 105). Finally, it is not -out of place to mention here that, according to Schleiermacher,<a href='#f61' class='c008'><sup>[61]</sup></a> -the state of falling asleep is accompanied by the appearance -of undesirable presentations (pictures).</p> - -<p class='c006'>We may comprise under “undesirable presentations” this -entire material of presentations, the occurrence of which -excites our wonder in immoral as well as in absurd dreams. -The only important difference consists in the fact that our -undesirable presentations in the moral sphere exhibit an -opposition to our other feelings, whereas the others simply -appear strange to us. Nothing has been done so far to enable -us to remove this difference through a more penetrating -knowledge.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But what is the significance of the appearance of undesirable -presentations in the dream? What inferences may -be drawn for the psychology of the waking and dreaming -mind from these nocturnal manifestations of contrasting -ethical impulses? We may here note a new diversity of -opinion, and once more a different grouping of the authors. -The stream of thought followed by Hildebrandt, and by -others who represent his fundamental view, cannot be continued -in any other way than by ascribing to the immoral -impulses a certain force even in the waking state, which, to -be sure, is inhibited from advancing to action, and asserting -<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>that something falls off during sleep, which, having the effect -of an inhibition, has kept us from noticing the existence of -such an impulse. The dream thus shows the real, if not the -entire nature of man, and is a means of making the hidden -psychic life accessible to our understanding. It is only on -such assumption that Hildebrandt can attribute to the dream the -rôle of monitor who calls our attention to the moral ravages in -the soul, just as in the opinion of physicians it can announce a -hitherto unobserved physical ailment. Spitta,<a href='#f64' class='c008'><sup>[64]</sup></a> too, cannot be -guided by any other conception when he refers to the stream of -excitement which, <em>e.g.</em>, flows in upon the psyche during puberty, -and consoles the dreamer by saying that he has done everything -in his power when he has led a strictly virtuous life -during his waking state, when he has made an effort to suppress -the sinful thoughts as often as they arise, and has kept them -from maturing and becoming actions. According to this conception, -we might designate the “undesirable” presentations -as those that are “suppressed” during the day, and must -recognise in their appearance a real psychic phenomenon.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If we followed other authors we would have no right to the -last inference. For Jessen<a href='#f36' class='c008'><sup>[36]</sup></a> the undesirable presentations in -the dream as in the waking state, in fever and other deliria, -merely have “the character of a voluntary activity put to -rest and a somewhat mechanical process of pictures and -presentations produced by inner impulses” (p. 360). An -immoral dream proves nothing for the psychic life of the dreamer -except that he has in some way become cognizant of the ideas -in question; it is surely not a psychic impulse of his own. -Another author, Maury,<a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> makes us question whether he, too, -does not attribute to the dream state the capacity for dividing -the psychic activity into its components instead of destroying -it aimlessly. He speaks as follows about dreams in which one -goes beyond the bounds of morality: “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Ce sont nos penchants -qui parlent et qui nous font agir, sans que la conscience nous -retienne, bien que parfois elle nous avertisse. J’ai mes défauts -et mes penchants vicieux; à l’état de veille, je tache de lutter -contre eux, et il m’arrive assez souvent de n’y pas succomber. -Mais dans mes songes j’y succombe toujours ou pour mieux -dire j’agis, par leur impulsion, sans crainte et sans remords.... -Évidemment les visions qui se déroulent devant ma pensée et -<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>qui constituent le rêve, me sont suggérées par les incitations -que je ressens et que ma volonté absente ne cherche pas à -refouler</span>” (p. 113).</p> - -<p class='c006'>If one believes in the capacity of the dream to reveal -an actually existing but repressed or concealed immoral disposition -of the dreamer, he could not emphasize his opinion -more strongly than with the words of Maury (p. 115): “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">En -rêve l’homme se révèle donc tout entier à soi-même dans sa -nudité et sa misère natives. Dès qu’il suspend l’exercice de sa -volonté, il dévient le jouet de toutes les passions contre lesquelles, -à l’état de veille, la conscience, le sentiment d’honneur, -la crainte nous défendent.</span>” In another place he finds the -following striking words (p. 462): “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Dans le rêve, c’est surtout -l’homme instinctif que se révèle.... L’homme revient pour -ainsi dire à l’état de nature quand il rêve; mais moins les idées -acquises ont pénétré dans son esprit, plus les penchants en -désaccord avec elles conservent encore sur lui d’influence -dans le rêve.</span>” He then mentions as an example that his -dreams often show him as a victim of just those superstitions -which he most violently combats in his writing.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The value of all these ingenious observations for a psychological -knowledge of the dream life, however, is marred by -Maury through the fact that he refuses to recognise in the -phenomena so correctly observed by him any proof of the -“automatisme psychologique” which in his opinion dominates -the dream life. He conceives this automatism as a perfect -contrast to the psychic activity.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A passage in the studies on consciousness by Stricker<a href='#f77' class='c008'><sup>[77]</sup></a> -reads: “The dream does not consist of delusions merely; if, -<em>e.g.</em>, one is afraid of robbers in the dream, the robbers are, of -course, imaginary, but the fear is real. One’s attention is -thus called to the fact that the effective development in the -dream does not admit of the judgment which one bestows upon -the rest of the dream content, and the problem arises what -part of the psychic processes in the dream may be real, <em>i.e.</em> -what part of them may demand to be enrolled among the -psychic processes of the waking state?”</p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>g</em>) <cite>Dream Theories and Functions of the Dream.</cite>—A statement -concerning the dream which as far as possible attempts to -explain from one point of view many of its noted characters, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>which at the same time determines the relation of the dream to -a more comprehensive sphere of manifestations, may be called -a theory of dreams. Individual theories of the dream will be -distinguished from one another through the fact that they -raise to prominence this or that characteristic of the dream, -and connect explanations and relations with it. It will not -be absolutely necessary to derive from the theory a function, -<em>i.e.</em> a use or any such activity of the dream, but our expectation, -which is usually adjusted to teleology, will nevertheless -welcome those theories which promise an understanding of -the function of the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have already become acquainted with many conceptions -of the dream which, more or less, merit the name of dream -theories in this sense. The belief of the ancients that the -dream was sent by the gods in order to guide the actions of -man was a complete theory of the dream giving information -concerning everything in the dream worth knowing. Since -the dream has become an object of biological investigation we -have a greater number of theories, of which, however, some -are very incomplete.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If we waive completeness, we may attempt the following -loose grouping of dream theories based on their fundamental -conception of the degree and mode of the psychic activity in -the dream:—</p> - -<p class='c006'>1. Theories, like those of Delbœuf,<a href='#f16' class='c008'><sup>[16]</sup></a> which allow the full -psychic activity of the waking state to continue into the -dream. Here the mind does not sleep; its apparatus remains -intact, and, being placed under the conditions different from -the waking state, it must in normal activity furnish results -different from those of the waking state. In these theories -it is a question whether they are in position to derive the -distinctions between dreaming and waking thought altogether -from the determinations of the sleeping state. They moreover -lack a possible access to a function of the dream; one cannot -understand why one dreams, why the complicated mechanism -of the psychic apparatus continues to play even when it is -placed under conditions for which it is not apparently adapted. -There remain only two expedient reactions—to sleep dreamlessly -or to awake when approached by disturbing stimuli—instead -of the third, that of dreaming.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>2. Theories which, on the contrary, assume for the dream -a diminution for the psychic activity, a loosening of the connections, -and an impoverishment in available material. In -accordance with these theories, one must assume for sleep a -psychological character entirely different from the one given -by Delbœuf. Sleep extends far beyond the mind—it does -not consist merely in a shutting off of the mind from the outer -world; on the contrary, it penetrates into its mechanism, causing -it at times to become useless. If I may draw a comparison -from psychiatrical material, I may say that the first theories -construct the dream like a paranoia, while the second make -it after the model of a dementia or an amentia.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The theory that only a fragment of the psychic activity -paralysed by sleep comes to expression is by far the favourite -among the medical writers and in the scientific world. As -far as one may presuppose a more general interest in dream -interpretation, it may well be designated as the ruling theory -of the dream. It is to be emphasized with what facility this -particular theory escapes the worst rock threatening every -dream interpretation, that is to say, being shipwrecked upon -one of the contrasts embodied in the dream. As this theory -considers the dream the result of a partial waking (or as -Herbart’s <cite>Psychology</cite> of the dream says, “a gradual, partial, -and at the same time very anomalous waking”), it succeeds in -covering the entire series of inferior activities in the dream -which reveal themselves in its absurdities, up to the full concentration -of mental activity, by following a series of states -which become more and more awake until they reach full -awakening.</p> - -<p class='c006'>One who finds the psychological mode of expression indispensable, -or who thinks more scientifically, will find this theory -of the dream expressed in the discussion of Binz<a href='#f4' class='c008'><sup>[4]</sup></a> (p. 43):—</p> - -<p class='c006'>“This state [of numbness], however, gradually approaches -its end in the early morning hours. The accumulated material -of fatigue in the albumen of the brain gradually becomes -less. It is gradually decomposed or carried away by the -constantly flowing circulation. Here and there some masses -of cells can be distinguished as awake, while all around -everything still remains in a state of torpidity. <em>The isolated -work of the individual groups</em> now appears before our clouded -<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>consciousness, which lacks the control of other parts of the -brain governing the associations. Hence the pictures created, -which mostly correspond to the objective impressions of the -recent past, fit with each other in a wild and irregular manner. -The number of the brain cells set free becomes constantly -greater, the irrationality of the dream constantly less.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The conception of the dream as an incomplete, partial -waking state, or traces of its influence, can surely be found -among all modern physiologists and philosophers. It is most -completely represented by Maury.<a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> It often seems as if this -author represented to himself the state of being awake or -asleep in anatomical regions; at any rate it appears to him -that an anatomical province is connected with a definite -psychic function. I may here merely mention that if the -theory of partial waking could be confirmed, there would -remain much to be accomplished in its elaboration.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Naturally a function of the dream cannot be found in this -conception of the dream life. On the contrary, the criticism -of the status and importance of the dream is consistently -uttered in this statement of Binz (p. 357): “All the facts, as -we see, urge us to characterise the dream as a physical process -in all cases useless, in many cases even morbid.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The expression “physical” in reference to the dream, -which owes its prominence to this author, points in more than -one direction. In the first place, it refers to the etiology of -the dream, which was especially clear to Binz, as he studied -the experimental production of dreams by the administration -of poisons. It is certainly in keeping with this kind of dream -theory to ascribe the incitement of the dream exclusively to -somatic origin whenever possible. Presented in the most -extreme form, it reads as follows: After we have put ourselves -to sleep by removing the stimuli, there would be no need and -no occasion for dreaming until morning, when the gradual -awakening through the incoming stimuli would be reflected in -the phenomenon of dreaming. But as a matter of fact, it is -not possible to keep sleep free from stimuli; just as Mephisto -complains about the germs of life, so stimuli reach the sleeper -from every side—from without, from within, and even from -certain bodily regions which never give us any concern during -the waking state. Thus sleep is disturbed; the mind is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>aroused, now by this, now by that little thing, and functionates -for a while with the awakened part only to be glad to fall -asleep again. The dream is a reaction to the stimulus causing -a disturbance of sleep—to be sure, it is a purely superfluous -reaction.</p> - -<p class='c006'>To designate the dream as a physical process, which for -all that remains an activity of the mental organ, has still -another sense. It is meant to dispute the dignity of a psychic -process for the dream. The application to the dream of the -very old comparison of the “ten fingers of a musically ignorant -person running over the keyboard of an instrument,” perhaps -best illustrates in what estimation the dream activity has been -held by the representatives of exact science. In this sense it -becomes something entirely untranslatable, for how could the -ten fingers of an unmusical player produce any music?</p> - -<p class='c006'>The theory of partial wakefulness has not passed without -objection even in early times. Thus Burdach,<a href='#f8' class='c008'><sup>[8]</sup></a> in 1830, says: -“If we say that the dream is a partial wakefulness, in the -first place, we explain thereby neither the waking nor the -sleeping state; secondly, this expresses nothing more than -that certain forces of the mind are active in the dream while -others are at rest. But such irregularities take place throughout -life....” (p. 483).</p> - -<p class='c006'>Among extant dream theories which consider the dream a -“physical” process, there is one very interesting conception -of the dream, first propounded by Robert<a href='#f55' class='c008'><sup>[55]</sup></a> in 1866, which is -attractive because it assigns to the dream a function or a useful -end. As a basis for this theory, Robert takes from observation -two facts which we have already discussed in our consideration -of the dream material (see p. 13). These facts are: -that one very often dreams about the insignificant impressions -of the day, and that one rarely carries over into the dream the -absorbing interests of the day. Robert asserts as exclusively -correct, that things which have been fully settled never become -dream inciters, but only such things as are incomplete in the -mind or touch it fleetingly (p. 11). “We cannot usually -explain our dreams because their causes are to be found <em>in -sensory impressions of the preceding day which have not attained -sufficient recognition by the dreamer</em>.” The conditions allowing -an impression to reach the dream are therefore, either that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>this impression has been disturbed in its elaboration, or that -being too insignificant it has no claim to such elaboration.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Robert therefore conceives the dream “as a physical -process of elimination which has reached to cognition in the -psychic manifestation of its reaction.” <em>Dreams are eliminations -of thoughts nipped in the bud.</em> “A man deprived of the -capacity for dreaming would surely in time become mentally -unbalanced, because an immense number of unfinished and -unsolved thoughts and superficial impressions would accumulate -in his brain, under the pressure of which there would be -crushed all that should be incorporated as a finished whole -into memory.” The dream acts as a safety-valve for the overburdened -brain. <em>Dreams possess healing and unburdening -properties</em> (p. 32).</p> - -<p class='c006'>It would be a mistake to ask Robert how representation in -the dream can bring about an unburdening of the mind. The -author apparently concluded from those two peculiarities of -the dream material that during sleep such ejection of worthless -impressions is effected as a somatic process, and that dreaming -is not a special psychic process but only the knowledge that -we receive of such elimination. To be sure an elimination is -not the only thing that takes place in the mind during sleep. -Robert himself adds that the incitements of the day are also -elaborated, and “what cannot be eliminated from the undigested -thought material lying in the mind becomes connected -<em>by threads of thought borrowed from the phantasy into a -finished whole</em>, and thus enrolled in the memory as a harmless -phantasy picture” (p. 23).</p> - -<p class='c006'>But it is in his criticism of the dream sources that Robert -appears most bluntly opposed to the ruling theory. Whereas -according to the existing theory there would be no dream if -the outer and inner sensory stimuli did not repeatedly wake -the mind, according to Robert the impulse to dream lies in -the mind itself. It lies in the overcharging which demands -discharge, and Robert judges with perfect consistency when -he maintains that the causes determining the dream which -depend on the physical state assume a subordinate rank, and -could not incite dreams in a mind containing no material for -dream formation taken from waking consciousness. It is -admitted, however, that the phantasy pictures originating in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>the depths of the mind can be influenced by the nervous -stimuli (p. 48). Thus, according to Robert, the dream is not -quite so dependent on the somatic element. To be sure, it is -not a psychic process, and has no place among the psychic -processes of the waking state; it is a nocturnal somatic -process in the apparatus devoted to mental activity, and has -a function to perform, viz. to guard this apparatus against -overstraining, or, if the comparison may be changed, to cleanse -the mind.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Another author, Yves Delage,<a id='r15' /><a href='#f15' class='c008'><sup>[15]</sup></a> bases his theory on the -same characteristics of the dream, which become clear in the -selection of the dream material, and it is instructive to observe -how a slight turn in the conception of the same things gives -a final result of quite different bearing.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Delage, after having lost through death a person very dear -to him, found from his own experience that we do not dream -of what occupies us intently during the day, or that we begin -to dream of it only after it is overshadowed by other interests -of the day. His investigations among other persons corroborated -the universality of this state of affairs. Delage -makes a nice observation of this kind, if it turns out to be -generally true, about the dreaming of newly married people: -“S’ils ont été fortement épris, presque jamais ils n’ont rêve -l’un de l’autre avant le mariage ou pendant la lune de miel; -et s’ils ont rêve d’amour c’est pour être infidèles avec quelque -personne indifférente ou odieuse.” But what does one dream -of? Delage recognises that the material occurring in our -dreams consists of fragments and remnants of impressions -from the days preceding and former times. All that appears -in our dreams, what at first we may be inclined to consider -creations of the dream life, proves on more thorough investigation -to be unrecognised reproductions, “souvenir inconscient.” -But this presentation material shows a common character; it -originates from impressions which have probably affected -our senses more forcibly than our mind, or from which the -attention has been deflected soon after their appearance. The -less conscious, and at the same time the stronger the impression, -the more prospect it has of playing a part in the next dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>These are essentially the same two categories of impressions, -the insignificant and the unadjusted, which were emphasized -<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>by Robert,<a href='#f55' class='c008'><sup>[55]</sup></a> but Delage changes the connection by assuming -that these impressions become the subject of dreams, not -because they are indifferent, but because they are unadjusted. -The insignificant impressions, too, are in a way not fully adjusted; -they, too, are from their nature as new impressions -“autant de ressorts tendus,” which will be relaxed during -sleep. Still more entitled to a rôle in the dream than the weak -and almost unnoticed impression is a strong impression which -has been accidentally detained in its elaboration or intentionally -repressed. The psychic energy accumulated during the day -through inhibition or suppression becomes the mainspring -of the dream at night.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Unfortunately Delage stops here in his train of thought; -he can ascribe only the smallest part to an independent psychic -activity in the dream, and thus in his dream theory reverts to -the ruling doctrine of a partial sleep of the brain: “En somme -le rêve est le produit de la pensée errante, sans but et sans -direction, se fixant successivement sur les souvenirs, qui ont -gardé assez d’intensité pour se placer sur sa route et l’arrêter -au passage, établissant entre eux un lien tantôt faible et -indécis, tantôt plus fort et plus serré, selon que l’activité -actuelle du cerveau est plus ou moins abolie par le sommeil.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>In a third group we may include those dream theories -which ascribe to the dreaming mind the capacity and propensity -for a special psychic activity, which in the waking -state it can accomplish either not at all or only in an imperfect -manner. From the activity of these capacities there usually -results a useful function of the dream. The dignity bestowed -upon the dream by older psychological authors falls chiefly -in this category. I shall content myself, however, with quoting, -in their place, the assertions of Burdach,<a href='#f8' class='c008'><sup>[8]</sup></a> by virtue of which -the dream “is the natural activity of the mind, which is not -limited by the force of the individuality, not disturbed by self-consciousness -and not directed by self-determination, but is -the state of life of the sensible central point indulging in free -play” (p. 486).</p> - -<p class='c006'>Burdach and others apparently consider this revelling in -the free use of one’s own powers as a state in which the mind -refreshes itself and takes on new strength for the day work, -something after the manner of a vacation holiday. Burdach, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>therefore, cites with approval the admirable words in which -the poet Novalis lauds the sway of the dream: “The dream -is a bulwark against the regularity and commonness of life, -a free recreation of the fettered phantasy, in which it mixes -together all the pictures of life and interrupts the continued -earnestness of grown-up men with a joyous children’s play. -Without the dream we should surely age earlier, and thus the -dream may be considered perhaps not a gift directly from -above, but a delightful task, a friendly companion, on our -pilgrimage to the grave.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The refreshing and curative activity of the dream is even -more impressively depicted by Purkinje.<a id='r53' /><a href='#f53' class='c008'><sup>[53]</sup></a> “The productive -dreams in particular would perform these functions. They -are easy plays of the imagination, which have no connection -with the events of the day. The mind does not wish to continue -the tension of the waking life, but to release it and recuperate -from it. It produces, in the first place, conditions -opposed to those of the waking state. It cures sadness through -joy, worry through hope and cheerfully distracting pictures, -hatred through love and friendliness, and fear through courage -and confidence; it calms doubt through conviction and firm -belief, and vain expectations through realisation. Many -sore spots in the mind, which the day keeps continually open, -sleep heals by covering them and guarding against fresh -excitement. Upon this the curative effect of time is partially -based.” We all feel that sleep is beneficial to the psychic -life, and the vague surmise of the popular consciousness apparently -cannot be robbed of the notion that the dream is -one of the ways in which sleep distributes its benefits.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The most original and most far-reaching attempt to explain -the dream as a special activity of the mind, which can freely -display itself only in the sleeping state, was the one undertaken -by Scherner<a href='#f58' class='c008'><sup>[58]</sup></a> in 1861. Scherner’s book, written in a -heavy and bombastic style, inspired by an almost intoxicated -enthusiasm for the subject, which must repel us unless it can -carry us away with it, places so many difficulties in the way -of an analysis that we gladly resort to the clearer and shorter -description in which the philosopher Volkelt<a href='#f72' class='c008'><sup>[72]</sup></a> presents -Scherner’s theories: “From the mystic conglomerations and -from all the gorgeous and magnificent billows there indeed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>flashes and irradiates an ominous light of sense, but the path -of the philosopher does not thereby become clearer.” Such -is the criticism of Scherner’s description from one of his own -adherents.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Scherner does not belong to those authors who allow the -mind to take along its undiminished capacities into the dream -life. He indeed explains how in the dream the centrality and -the spontaneous energy of the ego are enervated, how cognition, -feeling, will, and imagination become changed through -this decentralisation, and how no true mental character, but -only the nature of a mechanism, belongs to the remnants of -these psychic forces. But instead, the activity of the mind -designated as phantasy, freed from all rational domination -and hence completely uncontrolled, rises in the dream to -absolute supremacy. To be sure, it takes the last building -stones from the memory of the waking state, but it builds with -them constructions as different from the structures of the -waking state as day and night. It shows itself in the dream -not only reproductive, but productive. Its peculiarities give -to the dream life its strange character. It shows a preference -for the unlimited, exaggerated, and prodigious, but because -freed from the impeding thought categories, it gains a greater -flexibility and agility and new pleasure; it is extremely -sensitive to the delicate emotional stimuli of the mind and to -the agitating affects, and it rapidly recasts the inner life into -the outer plastic clearness. The dream phantasy lacks the -language of ideas; what it wishes to say, it must clearly depict; -and as the idea now acts strongly, it depicts it with the richness, -force, and immensity of the mode in question. Its language, -however simple it may be, thus becomes circumstantial, -cumbersome, and heavy. Clearness of language is rendered -especially difficult by the fact that it shows a dislike for expressing -an object by its own picture, but prefers a strange -picture, if the latter can only express that moment of the -object which it wishes to describe. This is the symbolising -activity of the phantasy.... It is, moreover, of great -significance that the dream phantasy copies objects not in -detail, but only in outline and even this in the broadest -manner. Its paintings, therefore, appear ingeniously light and -graceful. The dream phantasy, however, does not stop at -<span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>the mere representation of the object, but is impelled from -within to mingle with the object more or less of the dream ego, -and in this way to produce an action. The visual dream, <em>e.g.</em>, -depicts gold coins in the street; the dreamer picks them up, -rejoices, and carries them away.</p> - -<p class='c006'>According to Scherner, the material upon which the dream -phantasy exerts its artistic activity is preponderately that of -the organic sensory stimuli which are so obscure during the -day (comp. p. 29); hence the phantastic theory of Scherner, -and the perhaps over-sober theories of Wundt and other physiologists, -though otherwise diametrically opposed, agree perfectly -in their assumption of the dream sources and dream excitants. -But whereas, according to the physiological theory, the psychic -reaction to the inner physical stimuli becomes exhausted with -the awakening of any ideas suitable to these stimuli, these -ideas then by way of association calling to their aid other ideas, -and with this stage the chain of psychic processes seeming to -terminate according to Scherner, the physical stimuli only -supply the psychic force with a material which it may render -subservient to its phantastic intentions. For Scherner the -formation of the dream only commences where in the conception -of others it comes to an end.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The treatment of the physical stimuli by the dream phantasy -surely cannot be considered purposeful. The phantasy plays -a tantalising game with them, and represents the organic -source which gives origin to the stimuli in the correspondent -dream, in any plastic symbolism. Indeed Scherner holds the -opinion, not shared by Volkelt and others, that the dream -phantasy has a certain favourite representation for the entire -organism; this representation would be the <em>house</em>. Fortunately, -however, it does not seem to limit itself in its presentation -to this material; it may also conversely employ a whole -series of houses to designate a single organ, <em>e.g.</em>, very long rows -of houses for the intestinal excitation. On other occasions -particular parts of the house actually represent particular parts -of the body, as <em>e.g.</em>, in the headache-dream, the ceiling of the -room (which the dream sees covered with disgusting reptile-like -spiders) represents the head.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Quite irrespective of the house symbolism, any other -suitable object may be employed for the representation of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>these parts of the body which excite the dream. “Thus the -breathing lungs find their symbol in the flaming stove with its -gaseous roaring, the heart in hollow boxes and baskets, the -bladder in round, bag-shaped, or simply hollowed objects. -The male dream of sexual excitement makes the dreamer find -in the street the upper portion of a clarinette, next to it the -same part of a tobacco pipe, and next to that a piece of fur. -The clarinette and tobacco pipe represent the approximate -shape of the male sexual organ, while the fur represents the -pubic hair. In the female sexual dream the tightness of the -closely approximated thighs may be symbolised by a narrow -courtyard surrounded by houses, and the vagina by a very -narrow, slippery and soft footpath, leading through the courtyard, -upon which the dreamer is obliged to walk, in order -perhaps to carry a letter to a gentleman” (Volkelt, p. 39). It -is particularly noteworthy that at the end of such a physically -exciting dream, the phantasy, as it were, unmasks by representing -the exciting organ or its function unconcealed. Thus -the “tooth-exciting dream” usually ends with the dreamer -taking a tooth out of his mouth.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The dream phantasy may, however, not only direct its attention -to the shape of the exciting organ, but it may also make the -substance contained therein the object of the symbolisation. -Thus the dream of intestinal excitement, <em>e.g.</em>, may lead us -through muddy streets, the bladder-exciting dream to foaming -water. Or the stimulus itself, the manner of its excitation, and -the object it covets, are represented symbolically, or the dream -ego enters into a concrete combination with the symbolisation -of its own state, as <em>e.g.</em>, when, in the case of painful stimuli, we -struggle desperately with vicious dogs or raging bulls, or when -in the sexual dream the dreamer sees herself pursued by a naked -man. Disregarding all the possible prolixity of elaboration, a -symbolising phantastic activity remains as the central force of -every dream. Volkelt,<a href='#f72' class='c008'><sup>[72]</sup></a> in his finely and fervently written book, -next attempted to penetrate further into the character of this -phantasy and to assign to the psychical activity thus recognised, -its position in a system of philosophical ideas, which, however, -remains altogether too difficult of comprehension for any one -who is not prepared by previous schooling for the sympathetic -comprehension of philosophical modes of thinking.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>Scherner connects no useful function with the activity of -the symbolising phantasy in dreams. In the dream the psyche -plays with the stimuli at its disposal. One might presume -that it plays in an improper manner. One might also ask us -whether our thorough study of Scherner’s dream theory, the -arbitrariness and deviation of which from the rules of all -investigation are only too obvious, can lead to any useful results. -It would then be proper for us to forestall the rejection of -Scherner’s theory without examination by saying that this -would be too arrogant. This theory is built up on the impression -received from his dreams by a man who paid great -attention to them, and who would appear to be personally very -well fitted to trace obscure psychic occurrences. Furthermore -it treats a subject which, for thousands of years, has appeared -mysterious to humanity though rich in its contents and relations; -and for the elucidation of which stern science, as it -confesses itself, has contributed nothing beyond attempting, -in entire opposition to popular sentiment, to deny the substance -and significance of the object. Finally, let us frankly admit -that apparently we cannot avoid the phantastical in our -attempts to elucidate the dream. There are also phantastic -ganglia cells; the passage cited on p. 63 from a sober and -exact investigator like Binz,<a href='#f4' class='c008'><sup>[4]</sup></a> which depicts how the aurora -of awakening flows along the dormant cell masses of the -cerebrum, is not inferior in fancifulness and in improbability -to Scherner’s attempts at interpretation. I hope to be able -to demonstrate that there is something actual underlying the -latter, though it has only been indistinctly observed and does -not possess the character of universality entitling it to the -claim of a dream theory. For the present, Scherner’s theory -of the dream, in its contrast to the medical theory, may perhaps -lead us to realise between what extremes the explanation of -dream life is still unsteadily vacillating.</p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>h</em>) <em>Relations between the Dream and Mental Diseases.</em>—When -we speak of the relation of the dream to mental disturbances, -we may think of three different things: (1) Etiological and -clinical relations, as when a dream represents or initiates a -psychotic condition, or when it leaves such a condition behind -it. (2) Changes to which the dream life is subjected in mental -diseases. (3) Inner relations between the dream and the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>psychoses, analogies indicating an intimate relationship. -These manifold relations between the two series of phenomena -have been a favourite theme of medical authors in the earlier -periods of medical science—and again in recent times—as we -learn from the literature on the subject gathered from Spitta,<a href='#f64' class='c008'><sup>[64]</sup></a> -Radestock,<a href='#f54' class='c008'><sup>[54]</sup></a> Maury,<a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> and Tissié.<a href='#f68' class='c008'><sup>[68]</sup></a> Sante de Sanctis has -lately directed his attention to this relationship. For the -purposes of our discussion it will suffice merely to glance at -this important subject.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In regard to the clinical and etiological relations between -the dream and the psychoses, I will report the following -observations as paradigms. Hohnbaum asserts (see Krauss, -p. 39), that the first attack of insanity frequently originates -in an anxious and terrifying dream, and that the ruling idea -has connection with this dream. Sante de Sanctis adduces -similar observations in paranoiacs, and declares the dream -to be, in some of them, the “vraie cause déterminante de la -folie.” The psychosis may come to life all of a sudden with the -dream causing and containing the explanation for the mental -disturbances, or it may slowly develop through further dreams -that have yet to struggle against doubt. In one of de Sanctis’s -cases, the affecting dream was accompanied by light hysterical -attacks, which in their turn were followed by an anxious, -melancholic state. Féré (cited by Tissié) refers to a dream -which caused an hysterical paralysis. Here the dream is -offered us as an etiology of mental disturbance, though we -equally consider the prevailing conditions when we declare -that the mental disturbance shows its first manifestation in -dream life, that it has its first outbreak in the dream. In -other instances the dream life contained the morbid symptoms, -or the psychosis was limited to the dream life. Thus -Thomayer<a id='r70' /><a href='#f70' class='c008'><sup>[70]</sup></a> calls attention to anxiety dreams which must be -conceived as equivalent to epileptic attacks. Allison has -described nocturnal insanity (cited by Radestock), in which -the subjects are apparently perfectly well in the day-time, -while hallucinations, fits of frenzy, and the like regularly -appear at night. De Sanctis and Tissié report similar observations -(paranoiac dream-equivalent in an alcoholic, voices -accusing a wife of infidelity). Tissié reports abundant observations -from recent times in which actions of a pathological -<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>character (based on delusions, obsessive impulses) had their -origin in dreams. Guislain describes a case in which sleep -was replaced by an intermittent insanity.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There is hardly any doubt that along with the psychology -of the dream, the physician will one day occupy himself with -the psychopathology of the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In cases of convalescence from insanity, it is often especially -obvious that, while the functions of the day are normal, the -dream life may still belong to the psychosis. Gregory is said -first to have called attention to such cases (cited by Krauss<a href='#f39' class='c008'><sup>[39]</sup></a>). -Macario (reported by Tissié) gives account of a maniac who, -a week after his complete recovery again experienced in -dreams the flight of ideas and the passionate impulses of his -disease.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Concerning the changes to which the dream life is subjected -in chronic psychotic persons, very few investigations -have so far been made. On the other hand, timely attention -has been called to the inner relationship between the dream -and mental disturbance, which shows itself in an extensive -agreement of the manifestations occurring to both. According -to Maury,<a href='#f47' class='c008'><sup>[47]</sup></a> Cubanis, in his <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Rapports du physique et du moral</span></cite>, -first called attention to this; following him came Lelut, -J. Moreau, and more particularly the philosopher Maine de -Biran. To be sure, the comparison is still older. Radestock<a href='#f54' class='c008'><sup>[54]</sup></a> -begins the chapter dealing with this comparison, by giving a -collection of expressions showing the analogy between the -dream and insanity. Kant somewhere says: “The lunatic -is a dreamer in the waking state.” According to Krauss -“Insanity is a dream with the senses awake.” Schopenhauer -terms the dream a short insanity, and insanity a long dream. -Hagen describes the delirium as dream life which has not -been caused by sleep but by disease. Wundt, in the <cite>Physiological -Psychology</cite>, declares: “As a matter of fact we may in -the dream ourselves live through almost all symptoms which -we meet in the insane asylums.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The specific agreements, on the basis of which such an -identification commends itself to the understanding, are -enumerated by Spitta.<a href='#f64' class='c008'><sup>[64]</sup></a> And indeed, very similarly, by Maury -in the following grouping: “(1) Suspension or at least retardation, -of self-consciousness, consequent ignorance of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>condition as such, and hence incapability of astonishment -and lack of moral consciousness. (2) Modified perception of -the sensory organs; that is, perception is diminished in the -dream and generally enhanced in insanity. (3) Combination -of ideas with each other exclusively in accordance with the -laws of association and of reproduction, hence automatic -formation of groups and for this reason disproportion in the -relations between ideas (exaggerations, phantasms). And as -a result of all this: (4) Changing or transformation of the -personality and at times of the peculiarities of character -(perversities).”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Radestock gives some additional features or analogies in -the material: “Most hallucinations and illusions are found in -the sphere of the senses of sight and hearing and general -sensation. As in the dream, the smallest number of elements -is supplied by the senses of smell and taste. The fever -patient, like the dreamer, is assaulted by reminiscences from -the remote past; what the waking and healthy man seems -to have forgotten is recollected in sleep and in disease.” The -analogy between the dream and the psychosis receives its full -value only when, like a family resemblance, it is extended to -the finer mimicry and to the individual peculiarities of facial -expression.</p> - -<p class='c006'>“To him who is tortured by physical and mental sufferings -the dream accords what has been denied him by reality, to -wit, physical well-being and happiness; so the insane, too, -see the bright pictures of happiness, greatness, sublimity, and -riches. The supposed possession of estates and the imaginary -fulfilment of wishes, the denial or destruction of which have -just served as a psychic cause of the insanity, often form the -main content of the delirium. The woman who has lost a -dearly beloved child, in her delirium experiences maternal -joys; the man who has suffered reverses of fortune deems -himself immensely wealthy; and the jilted girl pictures herself -in the bliss of tender love.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The above passage from Radestock, an abstract of a keen -discussion of Griesinger<a id='r31' /><a href='#f31' class='c008'><sup>[31]</sup></a> (p. 111), reveals with the greatest -clearness the wish fulfilment as a characteristic of the imagination, -common to the dream and the psychosis. (My own -investigations have taught me that here the key to a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>psychological theory of the dream and of the psychosis is to -be found.)</p> - -<p class='c006'>“Absurd combinations of ideas and weakness of judgment -are the main characteristics of the dream and of insanity.” -The over-estimation of one’s own mental capacity, which -appears absurd to sober judgment, is found alike both in one -and the other, and the rapid course of ideas in the dream -corresponds to the flight of ideas in the psychosis. Both are -devoid of any measure of time. The dissociation of personality -in the dream, which, for instance, distributes one’s own knowledge -between two persons, one of whom, the strange one, -corrects in the dream one’s own ego, fully corresponds to the -well-known splitting of personality in hallucinatory paranoia; -the dreamer, too, hears his own thoughts expressed by strange -voices. Even the constant delusions find their analogy in the -stereotyped recurring pathological dreams (<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rêve obsédant</span></i>). -After recovering from a delirium, patients not infrequently -declare that the disease appeared to them like an uncomfortable -dream; indeed, they inform us that occasionally, even -during the course of their sickness, they have felt that they -were only dreaming, just as it frequently happens in the -sleeping dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Considering all this, it is not surprising that Radestock -condenses his own opinion and that of many others into the -following: “Insanity, an abnormal phenomenon of disease, is -to be regarded as an enhancement of the periodically recurring -normal dream states” (p. 228).</p> - -<p class='c006'>Krauss<a href='#f39' class='c008'><sup>[39]</sup></a> attempted to base the relationship between the -dream and insanity upon the etiology (or rather upon the -exciting sources), perhaps making the relationship even more -intimate than was possible through the analogy of the phenomena -they manifest. According to him, the fundamental -element common to both is, as we have learned, the organically -determined sensation, the sensation of physical stimuli, the -general feeling produced by contributions from all the organs. -<em>Cf.</em> Peise, cited by Maury<a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> (p. 60).</p> - -<p class='c006'>The incontestable agreement between the dream and -mental disturbance, extending into characteristic details, -constitutes one of the strongest supports of the medical theory -of dream life, according to which the dream is represented as a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>useless and disturbing process and as the expression of a reduced -psychic activity. One cannot expect, however, to derive the -final explanation of the dream from the mental disturbances, -as it is generally known in what unsatisfactory state our -understanding of the origin of the latter remains. It is very -probably, however, that a modified conception of the dream -must also influence our views in regard to the inner mechanism -of mental disturbances, and hence we may say that we are -engaged in the elucidation of the psychosis when we endeavour -to clear up the mystery of the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I shall have to justify myself for not extending my summary -of the literature of the dream problems over the period between -the first appearance of this book and its second edition. -If this justification may not seem very satisfactory to the -reader, I was nevertheless influenced by it. The motives -which mainly induced me to summarise the treatment of the -dream in the literature have been exhausted with the foregoing -introduction; to have continued with this work would have -cost me extraordinary effort and would have afforded little -advantage or knowledge. For the period of nine years referred -to has yielded nothing new or valuable either for the conception -of the dream in actual material or in points of view. In most -of the publications that have since appeared my work has -remained unmentioned and unregarded; naturally least -attention has been bestowed upon it by the so-called “investigators -of dreams,” who have thus afforded a splendid example -of the aversion characteristic of scientific men to learning -something new. “Les savants ne sont pas curieux,” said -the scoffer Anatole France. If there were such a thing in -science as right to revenge, I in turn should be justified in -ignoring the literature since the appearance of this book. -The few accounts that have appeared in scientific journals -are so full of folly and misconception that my only possible -answer to my critics would be to request them to read this -book over again. Perhaps also the request should be that -they read it as a whole.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the works of those physicians who make use of the -psychoanalytic method of treatment (Jung, Abraham, Riklin, -Muthmann, Stekel, Rank, and others), an abundance of dreams -have been reported and interpreted in accordance with my -<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>instructions. In so far as these works go beyond the confirmation -of my assertions I have noted their results in the -context of my discussion. A supplement to the literary -index at the end of this book brings together the most important -of these new publications. The voluminous book on -the dream by Sante de Sanctis, of which a German translation -appeared soon after its publication, has, so to speak, crossed -with mine, so that I could take as little notice of him as the -Italian author could of me. Unfortunately, I am further -obliged to declare that this laborious work is exceedingly -poor in ideas, so poor that one could never divine from it the -existence of the problems treated by me.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I have finally to mention two publications which show a -near relation to my treatment of the dream problems. A -younger philosopher, H. Swoboda, who has undertaken to -extend W. Fliesse’s discovery of biological periodicity (in -groups of twenty-three and twenty-eight days) to the psychic -field, has produced an imaginative work,<a id='rP' /><a href='#fP' class='c008'><sup>[P]</sup></a> in which, among -other things, he has used this key to solve the riddle of the -dream. The interpretation of dreams would herein have -fared badly; the material contained in dreams would be -explained through the coincidence of all those memories -which during the night complete one of the biological periods -for the first or the n-th time. A personal statement from the -author led me to assume that he himself no longer wished to -advocate this theory earnestly. But it seems I was mistaken -in this conclusion; I shall report in another place some observations -in reference to Swoboda’s assertion, concerning the -conclusions of which I am, however, not convinced. It gave -me far greater pleasure to find accidentally, in an unexpected -place, a conception of the dream in essentials fully agreeing -with my own. The circumstances of time preclude the possibility -that this conception was influenced by a reading of my -book; I must therefore greet this as the only demonstrable -concurrence in the literature with the essence of my dream -theory. The book which contains the passage concerning the -dream which I have in mind was published as a second edition -in 1900 by Lynkus under the title <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Phantasien eines Realisten</span></cite>.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span> - <h2 class='c004'>II<br /> <span class='large'>METHOD OF DREAM INTERPRETATION</span></h2> -</div> -<h3 class='c014'>THE ANALYSIS OF A SAMPLE DREAM</h3> - -<p class='c015'>The title which I have given my treatise indicates the tradition -which I wish to make the starting-point in my discussion of -dreams. I have made it my task to show that dreams are -capable of interpretation, and contributions to the solution -of the dream problems that have just been treated can only be -yielded as possible by-products of the settlement of my own -particular problem. With the hypothesis that dreams are -interpretable, I at once come into contradiction with the -prevailing dream science, in fact with all dream theories except -that of Scherner, for to “interpret a dream” means to declare -its meaning, to replace it by something which takes its place -in the concatenation of our psychic activities as a link of full -importance and value. But, as we have learnt, the scientific -theories of the dream leave no room for a problem of dream -interpretation, for, in the first place, according to these, the -dream is no psychic action, but a somatic process which makes -itself known to the psychic apparatus by means of signs. The -opinion of the masses has always been quite different. It -asserts its privilege of proceeding illogically, and although it -admits the dream to be incomprehensible and absurd, it -cannot summon the resolution to deny the dream all significance. -Led by a dim intuition, it seems rather to assume that the -dream has a meaning, albeit a hidden one; that it is intended -as a substitute for some other thought process, and that it is -only a question of revealing this substitute correctly in order -to reach the hidden signification of the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The laity has, therefore, always endeavoured to “interpret” -the dream, and in doing so has tried two essentially different -methods. The first of these procedures regards the dream -content as a whole and seeks to replace it by another content -<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>which is intelligible and in certain respects analogous. This -is symbolic dream interpretation; it naturally goes to pieces -at the outset in the case of those dreams which appear not only -unintelligible but confused. The construction which the -biblical Joseph places upon the dream of Pharaoh furnishes -an example of its procedure. The seven fat kine, after which -came seven lean ones which devour the former, furnish a -symbolic substitute for a prediction of seven years of famine -in the land of Egypt, which will consume all the excess which -seven fruitful years have created. Most of the artificial dreams -contrived by poets are intended for such symbolic interpretation, -for they reproduce the thought conceived by the poet -in a disguise found to be in accordance with the characteristics -of our dreaming, as we know these from experience.<a id='rQ' /><a href='#fQ' class='c008'><sup>[Q]</sup></a> The -idea that the dream concerns itself chiefly with future events -whose course it surmises in advance—a relic of the prophetic -significance with which dreams were once credited—now -becomes the motive for transplanting the meaning of the -dream, found by means of symbolic interpretation, into the -future by means of an “it shall.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>A demonstration of the way in which such symbolic interpretation -is arrived at cannot, of course, be given. Success -remains a matter of ingenious conjecture, of direct intuition, -and for this reason dream interpretation has naturally been -elevated to an art, which seems to depend upon extraordinary -gifts.<a id='rR' /><a href='#fR' class='c008'><sup>[R]</sup></a> The other of the two popular methods of dream -interpretation entirely abandons such claims. It might be -<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>designated as the “cipher method,” since it treats the dream -as a kind of secret code, in which every sign is translated into -another sign of known meaning, according to an established -key. For example, I have dreamt of a letter, and also of a -funeral or the like; I consult a “dream book,” and find that -“letter” is to be translated by “vexation,” and “funeral” -by “marriage, engagement.” It now remains to establish a -connection, which I again am to assume pertains to the future, -by means of the rigmarole which I have deciphered. An -interesting variation of this cipher procedure, a variation by -which its character of purely mechanical transference is to a -certain extent corrected, is presented in the work on dream -interpretation by Artemidoros of Daldis.<a id='r2' /><a href='#f2' class='c008'><sup>[2]</sup></a> Here not only the -dream content, but also the personality and station in life of -the dreamer, are taken into consideration, so that the same -dream content has a significance for the rich man, the married -man, or the orator, which is different from that for the poor -man, the unmarried man, or, say, the merchant. The essential -point, then, in this procedure is that the work of interpretation -is not directed to the entirety of the dream, but to each portion -of the dream content by itself, as though the dream were a -conglomeration, in which each fragment demands a particular -disposal. Incoherent and confused dreams are certainly the -ones responsible for the invention of the cipher method.<a id='rS' /><a href='#fS' class='c008'><sup>[S]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>The worthlessness of both these popular interpretation -procedures for the scientific treatment of the subject cannot be -questioned for a moment. The symbolic method is limited -in its application and is capable of no general demonstration. -In the cipher method everything depends upon whether the -key, the dream book, is reliable, and for that all guarantees -are lacking. One might be tempted to grant the contention -of the philosophers and psychiatrists and to dismiss the -problem of dream interpretation as a fanciful one.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I have come, however, to think differently. I have been -forced to admit that here once more we have one of those not -infrequent cases where an ancient and stubbornly retained -popular belief seems to have come nearer to the truth of the -matter than the judgment of the science which prevails to-day. -I must insist that the dream actually has significance, and that -a scientific procedure in dream interpretation is possible. I -have come upon the knowledge of this procedure in the following -manner:—</p> - -<p class='c006'>For several years I have been occupied with the solution -of certain psychopathological structures in hysterical phobias, -compulsive ideas, and the like, for therapeutic purposes. I -have been so occupied since becoming familiar with an important -report of Joseph Breuer to the effect that in those structures, -regarded as morbid symptoms, solution and treatment -go hand in hand.<a id='rT' /><a href='#fT' class='c008'><sup>[T]</sup></a> Where it has been possible to trace such -a pathological idea back to the elements in the psychic life of -the patient to which it owes its origin, this idea has crumbled -away, and the patient has been relieved of it. In view of the -failure of our other therapeutic efforts, and in the face of the -mysteriousness of these conditions, it seems to me tempting, in -spite of all difficulties, to press forward on the path taken by -Breuer until the subject has been fully understood. We shall -have elsewhere to make a detailed report upon the form which -the technique of this procedure has finally assumed, and the -results of the efforts which have been made. In the course -of these psychoanalytical studies, I happened upon dream -interpretation. My patients, after I had obliged them to -inform me of all the ideas and thoughts which came to them in -connection with the given theme, related their dreams, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>thus taught me that a dream may be linked into the psychic -concatenation which must be followed backwards into the -memory from the pathological idea as a starting-point. The -next step was to treat the dream as a symptom, and to apply -to it the method of interpretation which had been worked out -for such symptoms.</p> - -<p class='c006'>For this a certain psychic preparation of the patient is -necessary. The double effort is made with him, to stimulate -his attention for his psychic perceptions and to eliminate the -critique with which he is ordinarily in the habit of viewing -the thoughts which come to the surface in him. For the purpose -of self-observation with concentrated attention, it is -advantageous that the patient occupy a restful position and -close his eyes; he must be explicitly commanded to resign -the critique of the thought-formations which he perceives. -He must be told further that the success of the psychoanalysis -depends upon his noticing and telling everything that passes -through his mind, and that he must not allow himself to -suppress one idea because it seems to him unimportant or -irrelevant to the subject, or another because it seems nonsensical. -He must maintain impartiality towards his ideas; -for it would be owing to just this critique if he were unsuccessful -in finding the desired solution of the dream, the obsession, or -the like.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I have noticed in the course of my psychoanalytic work -that the state of mind of a man in contemplation is entirely -different from that of a man who is observing his psychic -processes. In contemplation there is a greater play of psychic -action than in the most attentive self-observation; this is -also shown by the tense attitude and wrinkled brow of -contemplation, in contrast with the restful features of self-observation. -In both cases, there must be concentration of -attention, but, besides this, in contemplation one exercises a -critique, in consequence of which he rejects some of the ideas -which he has perceived, and cuts short others, so that he does -not follow the trains of thought which they would open; -toward still other thoughts he may act in such a manner that -they do not become conscious at all—that is to say, they are -suppressed before they are perceived. In self-observation, -on the other hand, one has only the task of suppressing the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>critique; if he succeeds in this, an unlimited number of ideas, -which otherwise would have been impossible for him to grasp, -come to his consciousness. With the aid of this material, -newly secured for the purpose of self-observation, the interpretation -of pathological ideas, as well as of dream images, can -be accomplished. As may be seen, the point is to bring about -a psychic state to some extent analogous as regards the apportionment -of psychic energy (transferable attention) to the -state prior to falling asleep (and indeed also to the hypnotic -state). In falling asleep, the “undesired ideas” come into -prominence on account of the slackening of a certain arbitrary -(and certainly also critical) action, which we allow to exert -an influence upon the trend of our ideas; we are accustomed -to assign “fatigue” as the reason for this slackening; the -emerging undesired ideas as the reason are changed into visual -and acoustic images. (<em>Cf.</em> the remarks of Schleiermacher<a href='#f61' class='c008'><sup>[61]</sup></a> -and others, p. 40.) In the condition which is used for the -analysis of dreams and pathological ideas, this activity is -purposely and arbitrarily dispensed with, and the psychic -energy thus saved, or a part of it, is used for the attentive -following of the undesired thoughts now coming to the surface, -which retain their identity as ideas (this is the difference from -the condition of falling asleep). “Undesired ideas” are thus -changed into “desired” ones.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The suspension thus required of the critique for these -apparently “freely rising” ideas, which is here demanded -and which is usually exercised on them, is not easy for some -persons. The “undesired ideas” are in the habit of starting -the most violent resistance, which seeks to prevent them from -coming to the surface. But if we may credit our great poet-philosopher -Friedrich Schiller, a very similar tolerance must -be the condition of poetic production. At a point in his -correspondence with Koerner, for the noting of which we are -indebted to Mr. Otto Rank, Schiller answers a friend who -complains of his lack of creativeness in the following words: -“The reason for your complaint lies, it seems to me, in the -constraint which your intelligence imposes upon your imagination. -I must here make an observation and illustrate it by an -allegory. It does not seem beneficial, and it is harmful for -the creative work of the mind, if the intelligence inspects too -<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>closely the ideas already pouring in, as it were, at the gates. -Regarded by itself, an idea may be very trifling and very adventurous, -but it perhaps becomes important on account of -one which follows it; perhaps in a certain connection with -others, which may seem equally absurd, it is capable of forming -a very useful construction. The intelligence cannot judge all -these things if it does not hold them steadily long enough to -see them in connection with the others. In the case of a -creative mind, however, the intelligence has withdrawn its -watchers from the gates, the ideas rush in pell-mell, and it is -only then that the great heap is looked over and critically -examined. Messrs. Critics, or whatever else you may call -yourselves, you are ashamed or afraid of the momentary and -transitory madness which is found in all creators, and whose -longer or shorter duration distinguishes the thinking artist -from the dreamer. Hence your complaints about barrenness, -for you reject too soon and discriminate too severely” (Letter -of December 1, 1788).</p> - -<p class='c006'>And yet, “such a withdrawal of the watchers from the -gates of intelligence,” as Schiller calls it, such a shifting into -the condition of uncritical self-observation, is in no way -difficult.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Most of my patients accomplish it after the first instructions; -I myself can do it very perfectly, if I assist the operation by -writing down my notions. The amount, in terms of psychic -energy, by which the critical activity is in this manner reduced, -and by which the intensity of the self-observation may be -increased, varies widely according to the subject matter upon -which the attention is to be fixed.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The first step in the application of this procedure now -teaches us that not the dream as a whole, but only the parts -of its contents separately, may be made the object of our -attention. If I ask a patient who is as yet unpractised: -“What occurs to you in connection with this dream?” as -a rule he is unable to fix upon anything in his psychic field of -vision. I must present the dream to him piece by piece, then -for every fragment he gives me a series of notions, which -may be designated as the “background thoughts” of this -part of the dream. In this first and important condition, then, -the method of dream interpretation which I employ avoids -<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>the popular, traditional method of interpretation by symbolism -famous in the legends, and approaches the second, the “cipher -method.” Like this one it is an interpretation in detail, not -<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">en masse</span></i>; like this it treats the dream from the beginning as -something put together—as a conglomeration of psychic images.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the course of my psychoanalysis of neurotics, I have -indeed already subjected many thousand dreams to interpretation, -but I do not now wish to use this material in the -introduction to the technique and theory of dream interpretation. -Quite apart from the consideration that I should expose -myself to the objection that these are dreams of neuropathic -subjects, the conclusions drawn from which would not admit -of reapplication to the dreams of healthy persons, another -reason forces me to reject them. The theme which is naturally -always the subject of these dreams, is the history of the disease -which is responsible for the neurosis. For this purpose there -would be required a very long introduction and an investigation -into the nature and logical conditions of psychoneuroses, -things which are in themselves novel and unfamiliar in the -highest degree, and which would thus distract attention from -the dream problem. My purpose lies much more in the -direction of preparing the ground for a solution of difficult -problems in the psychology of the neuroses by means of the -solution of dreams. But if I eliminate the dreams of neurotics, -I must not treat the remainder too discriminatingly. Only -those dreams still remain which have been occasionally related -to me by healthy persons of my acquaintance, or which I find -as examples in the literature of dream life. Unfortunately -in all these dreams the analysis is lacking, without which I -cannot find the meaning of the dream. My procedure is, of -course, not as easy as that of the popular cipher method, which -translates the given dream content according to an established -key; I am much more prepared to find that the same dream -may cover a different meaning in the case of different persons, -and in a different connection I must then resort to my own -dreams, as an abundant and convenient material, furnished -by a person who is about normal, and having reference to many -incidents of everyday life. I shall certainly be with doubts -as to the trustworthiness of these “self-analyses.” Arbitrariness -is here in no way avoided. In my opinion, conditions are -<span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>more likely to be favourable in self-observation than in the -observation of others; in any case, it is permissible to see how -much can be accomplished by means of self-analysis. I must -overcome further difficulties arising from inner self. One has -a readily understood aversion to exposing so many intimate -things from one’s own psychic life, and one does not feel safe -from the misinterpretation of strangers. But one must be -able to put one’s self beyond this. “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Toute psychologiste</span>,” -writes Delbœuf,<a id='r26' /><a href='#f26' class='c008'><sup>[26]</sup></a> “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">est obligé de faire l’aveu même de ses -faiblesses s’il croit par là jeter du jour sur quelque problème -obscure</span>.” And I may assume that in the case of the reader, -the immediate interest in the indiscretions which I must -commit will very soon give way to exclusive engrossment in -the psychological problems which are illuminated by them.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I shall, therefore, select one of my own dreams and use it to -elucidate my method of interpretation. Every such dream -necessitates a preliminary statement. I must now beg the -reader to make my interests his own for a considerable time, -and to become absorbed with me in the most trifling details -of my life, for an interest in the hidden significance of dreams -imperatively demands such transference.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Preliminary statement: In the summer of 1895 I had -psychoanalytically treated a young lady who stood in close -friendship to me and those near to me. It is to be understood -that such a complication of relations may be the source of -manifold feelings for the physician, especially for the psychotherapist. -The personal interest of the physician is greater, -his authority is less. A failure threatens to undermine the -friendship with the relatives of the patient. The cure ended -with partial success, the patient got rid of her hysterical fear, -but not of all her somatic symptoms. I was at that time -not yet sure of the criteria marking the final settlement of a -hysterical case, and expected her to accept a solution which did -not seem acceptable to her. In this disagreement, we cut -short the treatment on account of the summer season. One -day a younger colleague, one of my best friends, who had -visited the patient—Irma—and her family in their country -resort, came to see me. I asked him how he found her, and -received the answer: “She is better, but not altogether well.” -I realise that those words of my friend Otto, or the tone of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>voice in which they were spoken, made me angry. I thought -I heard a reproach in the words, perhaps to the effect that I -had promised the patient too much, and rightly or wrongly -I traced Otto’s supposed siding against me to the influence -of the relatives of the patient, who, I assume, had never -approved of my treatment. Moreover, my disagreeable impression -did not become clear to me, nor did I give it expression. -The very same evening, I wrote down the history -of Irma’s case, in order to hand it, as though for my justification, -to Dr. M., a mutual friend, who was at that time a leading -figure in our circle. During the night following this evening -(perhaps rather in the morning) I had the following dream, -which was registered immediately after waking:—</p> - -<h3 class='c016'><span class='sc'>Dream of July 23–24, 1895</span></h3> - -<p class='c015'><em>A great hall—many guests whom we are receiving—among -them Irma, whom I immediately take aside, as though to answer -her letter, to reproach her for not yet accepting the “solution.” -I say to her: “If you still have pains, it is really only your own -fault.” She answers: “If you only knew what pains I now -have in the neck, stomach, and abdomen; I am drawn together.” -I am frightened and look at her. She looks pale and bloated; I -think that after all I must be overlooking some organic affection. -I take her to the window and look into her throat. She shows -some resistance to this, like a woman who has a false set of teeth. -I think anyway she does not need them. The mouth then really -opens without difficulty and I find a large white spot to the right, -and at another place I see extended grayish-white scabs attached -to curious curling formations, which have obviously been formed -like the turbinated bone—I quickly call Dr. M., who repeats the -examination and confirms it.... Dr. M.’s looks are altogether -unusual; he is very pale, limps, and has no beard on his chin.... -My friend Otto is now also standing next to her, and my -friend Leopold percusses her small body and says: “She has -some dulness on the left below,” and also calls attention to an -infiltrated portion of the skin on the left shoulder (something -which I feel as he does, in spite of the dress).... M. says: “No -doubt it is an infection, but it does not matter; dysentery will -develop too, and the poison will be excreted.... We also have -<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>immediate knowledge of the origin of the infection. My friend -Otto has recently given her an injection with a propyl preparation -when she felt ill, propyls.... Propionic acid ... Trimethylamine -(the formula of which I see printed before me in heavy -type).... Such injections are not made so rashly.... Probably -also the syringe was not clean.”</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>This dream has an advantage over many others. It is -at once clear with what events of the preceding day it is connected, -and what subject it treats. The preliminary statement -gives information on these points. The news about Irma’s -health which I have received from Otto, the history of the -illness upon which I have written until late at night, have -occupied my psychic activity even during sleep. In spite of -all this, no one, who has read the preliminary report and has -knowledge of the content of the dream, has been able to guess -what the dream signifies. Nor do I myself know. I wonder -about the morbid symptoms, of which Irma complains in the -dream, for they are not the same ones for which I have treated -her. I smile about the consultation with Dr. M. I smile at -the nonsensical idea of an injection with propionic acid, and at -the consolation attempted by Dr. M. Towards the end the -dream seems more obscure and more terse than at the beginning. -In order to learn the significance of all this, I am -compelled to undertake a thorough analysis.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'><span class='sc'>Analysis</span></h3> - -<p class='c015'><em>The hall—many guests, whom we are receiving.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>We were living this summer at the Bellevue, in an isolated -house on one of the hills which lie close to the Kahlenberg. -This house was once intended as a place of amusement, and -on this account has unusually high, hall-like rooms. The -dream also occurred at the Bellevue, a few days before the -birthday of my wife. During the day, my wife had expressed -the expectation that several friends, among them Irma, would -come to us as guests for her birthday. My dream, then, -anticipates this situation: It is the birthday of my wife, and -many people, among them Irma, are received by us as guests -in the great hall of the Bellevue.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>I reproach Irma for not having accepted the solution. I say: -“If you still have pains, it is your own fault.”</em></p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>I might have said this also, or did say it, while awake. At -that time I had the opinion (recognised later to be incorrect) -that my task was limited to informing patients of the hidden -meaning of their symptoms. Whether they then accepted or -did not accept the solution upon which success depended—for -that I was not responsible. I am thankful to this error, which -fortunately has now been overcome, for making life easier for -me at a time when, with all my unavoidable ignorance, I -was to produce successful cures. But I see in the speech -which I make to Irma in the dream, that above all things I -do not want to be to blame for the pains which she still feels. -If it is Irma’s own fault, it cannot be mine. Should the -purpose of the dream be looked for in this quarter?</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Irma’s complaints; pains in the neck, abdomen, and stomach; -she is drawn together.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Pains in the stomach belonged to the symptom-complex of -my patient, but they were not very prominent; she complained -rather of sensations of nausea and disgust. Pains in -the neck and abdomen and constriction of the throat hardly -played a part in her case. I wonder why I decided upon this -choice of symptoms, nor can I for the moment find the reason.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>She looks pale and bloated.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>My patient was always ruddy. I suspect that another -person is here being substituted for her.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>I am frightened at the thought that I must have overlooked some -organic affection.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>This, as the reader will readily believe, is a constant fear -with the specialist, who sees neurotics almost exclusively, -and who is accustomed to ascribe so many manifestations, -which other physicians treat as organic, to hysteria. On the -other hand, I am haunted by a faint doubt—I know not whence -it comes—as to whether my fear is altogether honest. If -Irma’s pains are indeed of organic origin, I am not bound to -cure them. My treatment, of course, removes only hysterical -pains. It seems to me, in fact, that I wish to find an error in -the diagnosis; in that case the reproach of being unsuccessful -would be removed.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>I take her to the window in order to look into her throat. She -resists a little, like a woman who has false teeth. I think she does -not need them anyway.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>I had never had occasion to inspect Irma’s aural cavity. -The incident in the dream reminds me of an examination, -made some time before, of a governess who at first gave an -impression of youthful beauty, but who upon opening her -mouth took certain measures for concealing her teeth. Other -memories of medical examinations and of little secrets which -are discovered by them, unpleasantly for both examiner and -examined, connect themselves with this case. “She does not -need them anyway,” is at first perhaps a compliment for -Irma; but I suspect a different meaning. In careful analysis -one feels whether or not the “background thoughts” which -are to be expected have been exhausted. The way in which -Irma stands at the window suddenly reminds me of another -experience. Irma possesses an intimate woman friend, of -whom I think very highly. One evening on paying her a visit -I found her in the position at the window reproduced in the -dream, and her physician, the same Dr. M., declared that she -had a diphtheritic membrane. The person of Dr. M. and the -membrane return in the course of the dream. Now it occurs -to me that during the last few months, I have been given every -reason to suppose that this lady is also hysterical. Yes, Irma -herself has betrayed this to me. But what do I know about -her condition? Only the one thing, that like Irma she -suffers from hysterical choking in dreams. Thus in the -dream I have replaced my patient by her friend. Now I -remember that I have often trifled with the expectation that -this lady might likewise engage me to relieve her of her -symptoms. But even at the time I thought it improbable, -for she is of a very shy nature. <em>She resists</em>, as the dream -shows. Another explanation might be that <em>she does not need -it</em>; in fact, until now she has shown herself strong enough to -master her condition without outside help. Now only a few -features remain, which I can assign neither to Irma nor to her -friend: <em>Pale, bloated, false teeth</em>. The false teeth lead me to -the governess; I now feel inclined to be satisfied with bad -teeth. Then another person, to whom these features may -allude, occurs to me. She is not my patient, and I do not -wish her to be my patient, for I have noticed that she is not -at her ease with me, and I do not consider her a docile patient. -She is generally pale, and once, when she had a particularly -<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>good spell, she was bloated.<a id='rU' /><a href='#fU' class='c008'><sup>[U]</sup></a> I have thus compared my -patient Irma with two others, who would likewise resist -treatment. What can it mean that I have exchanged her for -her friend in the dream? Perhaps that I wish to exchange -her; either the other one arouses in me stronger sympathies -or I have a higher opinion of her intelligence. For I consider -Irma foolish because she does not accept my solution. The -other one would be more sensible, and would thus be more -likely to yield. <em>The mouth then really opens without difficulty</em>; -she would tell more than Irma.<a id='rV' /><a href='#fV' class='c008'><sup>[V]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'><em>What I see in the throat; a white spot and scabby nostrils.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>The white spot recalls diphtheria, and thus Irma’s friend, -but besides this it recalls the grave illness of my eldest daughter -two years before and all the anxiety of that unfortunate time. -The scab on the nostrils reminds me of a concern about my own -health. At that time I often used cocaine in order to suppress -annoying swellings in the nose, and had heard a few days before -that a lady patient who did likewise had contracted an extensive -necrosis of the nasal mucous membrane. The recommendation -of cocaine, which I had made in 1885, had also -brought grave reproaches upon me. A dear friend, already -dead in 1895, had hastened his end through the misuse of this -remedy.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>I quickly call Dr. M., who repeats the examination.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>This would simply correspond to the position which M. -occupied among us. But the word “quickly” is striking -enough to demand a special explanation. It reminds me of a -sad medical experience. By the continued prescription of a -remedy (sulfonal) which was still at that time considered -harmless, I had once caused the severe intoxication of a -woman patient, and I had turned in great haste to an older, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>more experienced colleague for assistance. The fact that I -really had this case in mind is confirmed by an accessory -circumstance. The patient, who succumbed to the intoxication, -bore the same name as my eldest daughter. I had never -thought of this until now; now it seems to me almost like a -retribution of fate—as though I ought to continue the replacement -of the persons here in another sense; this Matilda for -that Matilda; an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. It is as -though I were seeking every opportunity to reproach myself -with lack of medical conscientiousness.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Dr. M. is pale, without a beard on his chin, and he limps.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Of this so much is correct, that his unhealthy appearance -often awakens the concern of his friends. The other two -characteristics must belong to another person. A brother -living abroad occurs to me, who wears his chin clean-shaven, -and to whom, if I remember aright, M. of the dream on the -whole bears some resemblance. About him the news arrived -some days before that he was lame on account of an arthritic -disease in the hip. There must be a reason why I fuse the two -persons into one in the dream. I remember that in fact I -was on bad terms with both of them for similar reasons. Both -of them had rejected a certain proposal which I had recently -made to them.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>My friend Otto is now standing next to the sick woman, and -my friend Leopold examines her and calls attention to a dulness -on the left below.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>My friend Leopold is also a physician, a relative of Otto. -Since the two practise the same specialty, fate has made them -competitors, who are continually being compared with each -other. Both of them assisted me for years, while I was still -directing a public dispensary for nervous children. Scenes -like the one reproduced in the dream have often taken place -there. While I was debating with Otto about the diagnosis of -a case, Leopold had examined the child anew and had made -an unexpected contribution towards the decision. For there -was a difference of character between the two similar to that -between Inspector Brassig and his friend Charles. The one -was distinguished for his brightness, the other was slow, -thoughtful, but thorough. If I contrast Otto and the careful -Leopold in the dream, I do it, apparently, in order to extol -<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>Leopold. It is a comparison similar to the one above between -the disobedient patient Irma and her friend who is thought to -be more sensible. I now become aware of one of the tracks -along which the thought association of the dream progresses; -from the sick child to the children’s asylum. The dulness to -the left, below, recalls a certain case corresponding to it, in -every detail in which Leopold astonished me by his thoroughness. -Besides this, I have a notion of something like a metastatic -affection, but it might rather be a reference to the lady patient -whom I should like to have instead of Irma. For this lady, as -far as I can gather, resembles a woman suffering from tuberculosis.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>An infiltrated portion of skin on the left shoulder.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>I see at once that this is my own rheumatism of the shoulder, -which I always feel when I have remained awake until late at -night. The turn of phrase in the dream also sounds ambiguous; -something which I feel ... in spite of the dress. “Feel on -my own body” is intended. Moreover, I am struck with the -unusual sound of the term “infiltrated portion of skin.” “An -infiltration behind on the upper left” is what we are accustomed -to; this would refer to the lung, and thus again to -tuberculosis patients.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>In spite of the dress.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>This, to be sure, is only an interpolation. We, of course, -examine the children in the clinic undressed; it is some sort -of contradiction to the manner in which grown-up female -patients must be examined. The story used to be told of a -prominent clinician that he always examined his patients -physically only through the clothes. The rest is obscure to -me; I have, frankly, no inclination to follow the matter -further.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Dr. M. says: “It is an infection, but it does not matter. -Dysentery will develop, and the poison will he excreted.</em>”</p> - -<p class='c006'>This at first seems ridiculous to me; still it must be carefully -analysed like everything else. Observed more closely, -it seems, however, to have a kind of meaning. What I had -found in the patient was local diphtheritis. I remember the -discussion about diphtheritis and diphtheria at the time of -my daughter’s illness. The latter is the general infection -which proceeds from local diphtheritis. Leopold proves the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>existence of such general infection by means of the dulness, -which thus suggests a metastatic lesion. I believe, however, -that just this kind of metastasis does not occur in the case of -diphtheria. It rather recalls pyæmia.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>It does not matter</em>, is a consolation. I believe it fits in as -follows: The last part of the dream has yielded a content to -the effect that the pains of the patient are the result of a serious -organic affection. I begin to suspect that with this I am only -trying to shift the blame from myself. Psychic treatment -cannot be held responsible for the continued presence of -diphtheritic affection. But now, in turn, I am disturbed at -inventing such serious suffering for Irma for the sole purpose -of exculpating myself. It seems cruel. I need (accordingly) -the assurance that the result will be happy, and it does not -seem ill-advised that I should put the words of consolation -into the mouth of Dr. M. But here I consider myself superior -to the dream, a fact which needs explanation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But why is this consolation so nonsensical?</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Dysentery</em>:</p> - -<p class='c006'>Some sort of far-fetched theoretical notion that pathological -material may be removed through the intestines. Am I in -this way trying to make fun of Dr. M.’s great store of far-fetched -explanations, his habit of finding curious pathological -relationships? Dysentery suggests something else. A few -months ago I had in charge a young man suffering from remarkable -pains during evacuation of the bowels, a case which -colleagues had treated as “anæmia with malnutrition.” I -realised that it was a question of hysteria; I was unwilling -to use my psychotherapy on him, and sent him off on a sea -voyage. Now a few days before I had received a despairing -letter from him from Egypt, saying that while there he had -suffered a new attack, which the physician had declared to be -dysentery. I suspect, indeed, that the diagnosis was only an -error of my ignorant colleague, who allows hysteria to make a -fool of him; but still I cannot avoid reproaching myself for -putting the invalid in a position where he might contract an -organic affection of the bowels in addition to his hysteria. -Furthermore, dysentery sounds like diphtheria, a word which -does not occur in the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Indeed it must be that, with the consoling prognosis: -<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>“Dysentery will develop, &c.,” I am making fun of Dr. M., -for I recollect that years ago he once jokingly told a very similar -story of another colleague. He had been called to consult -with this colleague in the case of a woman who was very -seriously ill and had felt obliged to confront the other physician, -who seemed very hopeful, with the fact that he found -albumen in the patient’s urine. The colleague, however, did -not let this worry him, but answered calmly: “That does not -matter, doctor; the albumen will without doubt be excreted.” -Thus I can no longer doubt that derision for those colleagues -who are ignorant of hysteria is contained in this part of the -dream. As though in confirmation, this question now arises -in my mind: “Does Dr. M. know that the symptoms of his -patient, of our friend Irma, which give cause for fearing -tuberculosis, are also based on hysteria? Has he recognised -this hysteria, or has he stupidly ignored it?”</p> - -<p class='c006'>But what can be my motive in treating this friend so badly? -This is very simple: Dr. M. agrees with my solution as little -as Irma herself. I have thus already in this dream taken -revenge on two persons, on Irma in the words, “If you still -have pains, it is your own fault,” and on Dr. M. in the wording -of the nonsensical consolation which has been put into his -mouth.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>We have immediate knowledge of the origin of the infection.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>This immediate knowledge in the dream is very remarkable. -Just before we did not know it, since the infection was first -demonstrated by Leopold.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>My friend Otto has recently given her an injection when she -felt ill.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Otto had actually related that in the short time of his visit -to Irma’s family, he had been called to a neighbouring hotel -in order to give an injection to some one who fell suddenly ill. -Injections again recall the unfortunate friend who has poisoned -himself with cocaine. I had recommended the remedy to -him merely for internal use during the withdrawal of morphine, -but he once gave himself injections of cocaine.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>With a propyl preparation ... propyls ... propionic acid.</em> -How did this ever occur to me? On the same evening on -which I had written part of the history of the disease before -having the dream, my wife opened a bottle of cordial labelled -<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>“Ananas,”<a id='rW' /><a href='#fW' class='c008'><sup>[W]</sup></a> (which was a present from our friend Otto. -For he had a habit of making presents on every possible -occasion; I hope he will some day be cured of this by a wife).<a id='rX' /><a href='#fX' class='c008'><sup>[X]</sup></a> -Such a smell of fusel oil arose from this cordial that I refused -to taste it. My wife observed: “We will give this bottle to -the servants,” and I, still more prudent, forbade it, with the -philanthropic remark: “They mustn’t be poisoned either.” The -smell of fusel oil (amyl ...) has now apparently awakened -in my memory the whole series, propyl, methyl, &c., which has -furnished the propyl preparation of the dream. In this, it is -true, I have employed a substitution; I have dreamt of -propyl, after smelling amyl, but substitutions of this kind are -perhaps permissible, especially in organic chemistry.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Trimethylamin.</em> I see the chemical formula of this substance -in the dream, a fact which probably gives evidence of a great -effort on the part of my memory, and, moreover, the formula is -printed in heavy type, as if to lay special stress upon something -of particular importance, as distinguished from the context. To -what does this trimethylamin lead, which has been so forcibly -called to my attention? It leads to a conversation with -another friend who for years has known all my germinating -activities, as I have his. At that time he had just informed -me of some of his ideas about sexual chemistry, and had -mentioned, among others, that he thought he recognised in trimethylamin -one of the products of sexual metabolism. This -substance thus leads me to sexuality, to that factor which I -credit with the greatest significance for the origin of the nervous -affections which I attempt to cure. My patient Irma is a -young widow; if I am anxious to excuse the failure of her -cure, I suppose I shall best do so by referring to this condition, -which her admirers would be glad to change. How remarkably, -too, such a dream is fashioned! The other woman, whom I -take as my patient in the dream instead of Irma, is also a -young widow.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I suspect why the formula of trimethylamin has made -<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>itself so prominent in the dream. So many important things -are gathered up in this one word: Trimethylamin is not only -an allusion to the overpowering factor of sexuality, but also -to a person whose sympathy I remember with satisfaction when -I feel myself forsaken in my opinions. Should not this friend, -who plays such a large part in my life, occur again in the chain -of thoughts of the dream? Of course, he must; he is particularly -acquainted with the results which proceed from -affections of the nose and its adjacent cavities, and has revealed -to science several highly remarkable relations of the -turbinated bones to the female sexual organs (the three -curly formations in Irma’s throat). I have had Irma examined -by him to see whether the pains in her stomach might be -of nasal origin. But he himself suffers from suppurative -rhinitis, which worries him, and to this perhaps there is an -allusion in pyæmia, which hovers before me in the metastases -of the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Such injections are not made so rashly.</em> Here the reproach of -carelessness is hurled directly at my friend Otto. I am under -the impression that I had some thought of this sort in the -afternoon, when he seemed to indicate his siding against -me by word and look. It was perhaps: “How easily he -can be influenced; how carelessly he pronounces judgment.” -Furthermore, the above sentence again points to my deceased -friend, who so lightly took refuge in cocaine injections. As -I have said, I had not intended injections of the remedy at -all. I see that in reproaching Otto I again touch upon the -story of the unfortunate Matilda, from which arises the same -reproach against me. Obviously I am here collecting examples -of my own conscientiousness, but also of the opposite.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Probably also the syringe was not clean.</em> Another reproach -directed at Otto, but originating elsewhere. The day before I -happened to meet the son of a lady eighty-two years of age -whom I am obliged to give daily two injections of morphine. -At present she is in the country, and I have heard that she is -suffering from an inflammation of the veins. I immediately -thought that it was a case of infection due to contamination -from the syringe. It is my pride that in two years I have not -given her a single infection; I am constantly concerned, of -course, to see that the syringe is perfectly clean. For I am -<span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>conscientious. From the inflammation of the veins, I return -to my wife, who had suffered from emboli during a period of -pregnancy, and now three related situations come to the -surface in my memory, involving my wife, Irma, and the -deceased Matilda, the identity of which three persons plainly -justifies my putting them in one another’s place.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I have now completed the interpretation of the dream.<a id='rY' /><a href='#fY' class='c008'><sup>[Y]</sup></a> -In the course of this interpretation I have taken great pains -to get possession of all the notions to which a comparison -between the dream content and the dream thoughts hidden -behind it must have given rise. Meanwhile, the “meaning” -of the dream has dawned upon me. I have become conscious -of a purpose which is realised by means of the dream, and which -must have been the motive for dreaming. The dream fulfils -several wishes, which have been actuated in me by the events -of the preceding evening (Otto’s news, and the writing down of -the history of the disease). For the result of the dream is -that I am not to blame for the suffering which Irma still has, -and that Otto is to blame for it. Now Otto has made me angry -by his remark about Irma’s imperfect cure; the dream avenges -me upon him by turning the reproach back upon himself. -The dream acquits me of responsibility for Irma’s condition -by referring it to other causes, which indeed furnish a great -number of explanations. The dream represents a certain -condition of affairs as I should wish it to be; <em>the content of the -dream is thus the fulfilment of a wish; its motive is a wish</em>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This much is apparent at first sight. But many things in -the details of the dream become intelligible when regarded from -the point of view of wish-fulfilment. I take revenge on Otto, -not only for hastily taking part against me, in that I accuse -him of a careless medical operation (the injection), but I am -also avenged on him for the bad cordial which smells like fusel -oil, and I find an expression in the dream which unites both -reproaches; the injection with a preparation of propyl. Still -I am not satisfied, but continue my revenge by comparing -him to his more reliable competitor. I seem to say by this: -“I like him better than you.” But Otto is not the only one -who must feel the force of my anger. I take revenge on the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>disobedient patient by exchanging her for a more sensible, -more docile one. Nor do I leave the contradiction of Dr. M. -unnoticed, but express my opinion of him in an obvious -allusion, to the effect that his relation to the question is that of -<em>an ignoramus</em> (“<em>dysentery will develop</em>,” <em>&c.</em>).</p> - -<p class='c006'>It seems to me, indeed, as though I were appealing from him -to some one better informed (my friend, who has told me about -trimethylamin); just as I have turned from Irma to her -friend, I turn from Otto to Leopold. Rid me of these three -persons, replace them by three others of my own choice, and -I shall be released from the reproaches which I do not wish -to have deserved! The unreasonableness itself of these reproaches -is proved to me in the dream in the most elaborate -way. Irma’s pains are not charged to me, because she herself -is to blame for them, in that she refuses to accept my solution. -Irma’s pains are none of my business, for they are of an -organic nature, quite impossible to be healed by a psychic -cure. Irma’s sufferings are satisfactorily explained by her -widowhood (trimethylamin!); a fact which, of course, I -cannot alter. Irma’s illness has been caused by an incautious -injection on the part of Otto, with an ill-suited substance—in -a way I should never have made an injection. Irma’s -suffering is the result of an injection made with an unclean -syringe, just like the inflammation of the veins in my old -lady, while I never do any such mischief with my injections. -I am aware, indeed, that these explanations of Irma’s illness, -which unite in acquitting me, do not agree with one another; -they even exclude one another. The whole pleading—this -dream is nothing else—recalls vividly the defensive argument -of a man who was accused by his neighbour of having returned -a kettle to him in a damaged condition. In the first place, -he said, he had returned the kettle undamaged; in the second, -it already had holes in it when he borrowed it; and thirdly, he -had never borrowed the kettle from his neighbour at all. But -so much the better; if even one of these three methods of -defence is recognised as valid, the man must be acquitted.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Still other subjects mingle in the dream, whose relation -to my release from responsibility for Irma’s illness is not so -transparent: the illness of my daughter and that of a patient -of the same name, the harmfulness of cocaine, the illness of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>my patient travelling in Egypt, concern about the health of -my wife, my brother, of Dr. M., my own bodily troubles, and -concern about the absent friend who is suffering from suppurative -rhinitis. But if I keep all these things in view, they -combine into a single train of thought, labelled perhaps: -Concern for the health of myself and others—professional conscientiousness. -I recall an undefined disagreeable sensation -as Otto brought me the news of Irma’s condition. I should -like to note finally the expression of this fleeting sensation, -which is part of the train of thought that is mingled into the -dream. It is as though Otto had said to me: “You do not -take your physician’s duties seriously enough, you are not -conscientious, do not keep your promises.” Thereupon this -train of thought placed itself at my service in order that I -might exhibit proof of the high degree in which I am conscientious, -how intimately I am concerned with the health -of my relatives, friends, and patients. Curiously enough, there -are also in this thought material some painful memories, which -correspond rather to the blame attributed to Otto than to -the accusation against me. The material has the appearance -of being impartial, but the connection between this broader -material, upon which the dream depends, and the more limited -theme of the dream which gives rise to the wish to be innocent -of Irma’s illness, is nevertheless unmistakable.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I do not wish to claim that I have revealed the meaning -of the dream entirely, or that the interpretation is flawless.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I could still spend much time upon it; I could draw further -explanations from it, and bring up new problems which it -bids us consider. I even know the points from which further -thought associations might be traced; but such considerations -as are connected with every dream of one’s own restrain me -from the work of interpretation. Whoever is ready to condemn -such reserve, may himself try to be more straightforward -than I. I am content with the discovery which has been just -made. If the method of dream interpretation here indicated -is followed, it will be found that the dream really has meaning, -and is by no means the expression of fragmentary brain -activity, which the authors would have us believe. <em>When the -work of interpretation has been completed the dream may be -recognised as the fulfilment of a wish.</em></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span> - <h2 class='c004'>III<br /> <span class='large'>THE DREAM IS THE FULFILMENT OF A WISH</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c005'>When after passing a defile one has reached an eminence -where the ways part and where the view opens out broadly -in different directions, it is permissible to stop for a moment -and to consider where one is to turn next. Something like -this happens to us after we have mastered this first dream -interpretation. We find ourselves in the open light of a sudden -cognition. The dream is not comparable to the irregular -sounds of a musical instrument, which, instead of being touched -by the hand of the musician, is struck by some outside force; -the dream is not senseless, not absurd, does not presuppose -that a part of our store of ideas is dormant while another part -begins to awaken. It is a psychic phenomenon of full value, -and indeed the fulfilment of a wish; it takes its place in the -concatenation of the waking psychic actions which are intelligible -to us, and it has been built up by a highly complicated -intellectual activity. But at the very moment when we are -inclined to rejoice in this discovery, a crowd of questions overwhelms -us. If the dream, according to the interpretation, -represents a wish fulfilled, what is the cause of the peculiar -and unfamiliar manner in which this fulfilment is expressed? -What changes have occurred in the dream thoughts before they -are transformed into the manifest dream which we remember -upon awaking? In what manner has this transformation -taken place? Whence comes the material which has been -worked over into the dream? What causes the peculiarities -which we observe in the dream thoughts, for example, that -they may contradict one another? (The analogy of the kettle, -p. 87). Is the dream capable of teaching us something new -about our inner psychic processes, and can its content correct -opinions which we have held during the day? I suggest -that for the present all these questions be laid aside, and that -a single path be pursued. We have found that the dream -<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>represents a wish as fulfilled. It will be our next interest to -ascertain whether this is a universal characteristic of the -dream, or only the accidental content of the dream (“of Irma’s -injection”) with which we have begun our analysis, for even -if we make up our minds that every dream has a meaning and -psychic value, we must nevertheless allow for the possibility -that this meaning is not the same in every dream. The first -dream we have considered was the fulfilment of a wish; another -may turn out to be a realised apprehension; a third may have -a reflection as to its content; a fourth may simply reproduce -a reminiscence. Are there then other wish dreams; or are -there possibly nothing but wish dreams?</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is easy to show that the character of wish-fulfilment in -dreams is often undisguised and recognisable, so that one -may wonder why the language of dreams has not long since -been understood. There is, for example, a dream which I -can cause as often as I like, as it were experimentally. If in -the evening I eat anchovies, olives, or other strongly salted -foods, I become thirsty at night, whereupon I waken. The -awakening, however, is preceded by a dream, which each time -has the same content, namely, that I am drinking. I quaff -water in long draughts, it tastes as sweet as only a cool drink -can taste when one’s throat is parched, and then I awake -and have an actual desire to drink. The occasion for this -dream is thirst, which I perceive when I awake. The wish -to drink originates from this sensation, and the dream shows -me this wish as fulfilled. It thereby serves a function the -nature of which I soon guess. I sleep well, and am not accustomed -to be awakened by a bodily need. If I succeed in -assuaging my thirst by means of the dream that I am drinking, -I need not wake up in order to satisfy it. It is thus a dream -of convenience. The dream substitutes itself for action, as -elsewhere in life. Unfortunately the need of water for quenching -thirst cannot be satisfied with a dream, like my thirst for -revenge upon Otto and Dr. M., but the intention is the same. -This same dream recently appeared in modified form. On -this occasion I became thirsty before going to bed, and emptied -the glass of water which stood on the little chest next to my -bed. Several hours later in the night came a new attack of -thirst, accompanied by discomfort. In order to obtain water, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>I should have had to get up and fetch the glass which stood on -the night-chest of my wife. I thus quite appropriately dreamt -that my wife was giving me a drink from a vase; this vase -was an Etruscan cinerary urn which I had brought home -from an Italian journey and had since given away. But the -water in it tasted so salty (apparently from the ashes) that -I had to wake. It may be seen how conveniently the dream -is capable of arranging matters; since the fulfilment of a wish -is its only purpose, it may be perfectly egotistic. Love of -comfort is really not compatible with consideration for others. -The introduction of the cinerary urn is probably again the -fulfilment of a wish; I am sorry that I no longer possess this -vase; it, like the glass of water at my wife’s side, is inaccessible -to me. The cinerary urn is also appropriate to the sensation -of a salty taste which has now grown stronger, and which I -know will force me to wake up.<a id='rZ' /><a href='#fZ' class='c008'><sup>[Z]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>Such convenience dreams were very frequent with me in -the years of my youth. Accustomed as I had always been to -work until late at night, early awakening was always a matter -of difficulty for me. I used then to dream that I was out of -bed and was standing at the wash-stand. After a while I -could not make myself admit that I have not yet got up, but -meanwhile I had slept for a time. I am acquainted with the -same dream of laziness as dreamt by a young colleague of -mine, who seems to share my propensity for sleep. The -lodging-house keeper with whom he was living in the neighbourhood -of the hospital had strict orders to wake him on -time every morning, but she certainly had a lot of trouble when -she tried to carry out his orders. One morning sleep was -particularly sweet. The woman called into the room: “Mr. -Joe, get up; you must go to the hospital.” Whereupon the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>sleeper dreamt of a room in the hospital, a bed in which he -was lying, and a chart pinned over his head reading: “Joe -H.... cand. med. 22 years old.” He said to himself in the -dream: “If I am already at the hospital, I don’t have to -go there,” turned over and slept on. He had thus frankly -admitted to himself his motive for dreaming.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Here is another dream, the stimulus for which acts during -sleep itself: One of my women patients, who had had to -undergo an unsuccessful operation on the jaw, was to wear a -cooling apparatus on the affected cheek, according to the -orders of the physicians. But she was in the habit of throwing -it off as soon as she had got to sleep. One day I was asked -to reprove her for doing so; for she had again thrown the -apparatus on the floor. The patient defended herself as -follows: “This time I really couldn’t help it; it was the -result of a dream which I had in the night. In the dream, I -was in a box at the opera and was taking a lively interest in -the performance. But Mr. Karl Meyer was lying in the sanatorium -and complaining pitifully on account of pains in his -jaw. I said to myself, ‘Since I haven’t the pains, I don’t -need the apparatus either,’ that’s why I threw it away.” -This dream of the poor sufferer is similar to the idea in the -expression which comes to our lips when we are in a disagreeable -situation: “I know something that’s a great deal more -fun.” The dream presents this great deal more fun. Mr. Karl -Meyer, to whom the dreamer attributed her pains, was the -most indifferent young man of her acquaintance whom she -could recall.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is no more difficult to discover the fulfilment of wishes -in several dreams which I have collected from healthy persons. -A friend who knew my theory of dreams and had imparted it -to his wife, said to me one day: “My wife asked me to tell -you that she dreamt yesterday that she was having her menses. -You will know what that means.” Of course I know: if the -young wife dreams that she is having her menses, the menses -have stopped. I can understand that she would have liked -to enjoy her freedom for a time longer before the discomforts -of motherhood began. It was a clever way of giving notice -of her first pregnancy. Another friend writes that his wife -had recently dreamt that she noticed milk stains on the bosom of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>her waist. This is also an indication of pregnancy, but this time -not of the first one; the young mother wishes to have more -nourishment for the second child than she had for the first.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A young woman, who for weeks had been cut off from -company because she was nursing a child that was suffering -from an infectious disease, dreams, after its safe termination, -of a company of people in which A. Daudet, Bourget, M. -Prevost, and others are present, all of whom are very pleasant -to her and entertain her admirably. The different authors -in the dream also have the features which their pictures give -them. M. Prevost, with whose picture she is not familiar, -looks like—the disinfecting man who on the previous day -had cleaned the sick rooms and had entered them as the first -visitor after a long period. Apparently the dream might be -perfectly translated thus: “It is about time now for something -more entertaining than this eternal nursing.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Perhaps this selection will suffice to prove that often and -under the most complex conditions dreams are found which -can be understood only as fulfilments of wishes, and which -present their contents without concealment. In most cases -these are short and simple dreams, which stand in pleasant -contrast to the confused and teeming dream compositions -which have mainly attracted the attention of the authors. -But it will pay to spend some time upon these simple dreams. -The most simple dreams of all, I suppose, are to be expected -in the case of children, whose psychic activities are certainly -less complicated than those of adults. The psychology of -children, in my opinion, is to be called upon for services similar -to those which a study of the anatomy and development of the -lower animals renders to the investigation of the structure of -the highest classes of animals. Until now only a few conscious -efforts have been made to take advantage of the psychology -of children for such a purpose.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The dreams of little children are simple fulfilments of wishes, -and as compared, therefore, with the dreams of adults, are -not at all interesting. They present no problem to be solved, -but are naturally invaluable as affording proof that the dream -in its essence signifies the fulfilment of a wish. I have been -able to collect several examples of such dreams from the -material furnished by my own children.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>For two dreams, one of my daughters, at that time eight -and a half years old, the other of a boy five and a quarter years -of age, I am indebted to an excursion to the beautiful Hallstatt -in the summer of 1896. I must make the preliminary statement -that during this summer we were living on a hill near Aussee, -from which, when the weather was good, we enjoyed a splendid -view of the Dachstein from the roof of our house. The Simony -Hut could easily be recognised with a telescope. The little -ones often tried to see it through the telescope—I do not -know with what success. Before the excursion I had told -the children that Hallstatt lay at the foot of the Dachstein. -They looked forward to the day with great joy. From Hallstatt -we entered the valley of Eschern, which highly pleased -the children with its varying aspects. One of them, however, -the boy of five, gradually became discontented. As often as a -mountain came in view, he would ask: “Is that the Dachstein?” -whereupon I would have to answer: “No, only a -foot-hill.” After this question had been repeated several -times, he became altogether silent; and he was quite unwilling -to come along on the flight of steps to the waterfall. I thought -he was tired out. But the next morning, he approached me -radiant with joy, and said: “Last night I dreamt that we were -at Simony Hut.” I understood him now; he had expected, -as I was speaking of the Dachstein, that on the excursion to -Hallstatt, he would ascend the mountain and would come face -to face with the hut, about which there had been so much -discussion at the telescope. When he learned that he was -expected to be regaled with foot-hills and a waterfall, he was -disappointed and became discontented. The dream compensated -him for this. I tried to learn some details of the -dream; they were scanty. “Steps must be climbed for six -hours,” as he had heard.</p> - -<p class='c006'>On this excursion wishes, destined to be satisfied only in -dreams, had arisen also in the mind of the girl of eight and a -half years. We had taken with us to Hallstatt the twelve-year-old -boy of our neighbour—an accomplished cavalier, -who, it seems to me, already enjoyed the full sympathy of the -little woman. The next morning, then, she related the following -dream: “Just think, I dreamt that Emil was one of us, -that he said papa and mamma to you, and slept at our house -<span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>in the big room like our boys. Then mamma came into the -room and threw a large handful of chocolate bars under our -beds.” The brothers of the girl, who evidently had not inherited -a familiarity with dream interpretation, declared just -like the authors: “That dream is nonsense.” The girl -defended at least a part of the dream, and it is worth while, -from the point of view of the theory of neuroses, to know which -part: “That about Emil belonging to us is nonsense, but that -about the bars of chocolate is not.” It was just this latter -part that was obscure to me. For this mamma furnished me -the explanation. On the way home from the railway station -the children had stopped in front of a slot machine, and had -desired exactly such chocolate bars wrapped in paper with a -metallic lustre, as the machine, according to their experience, -had for sale. But the mother had rightly thought that the day -had brought enough wish-fulfilment, and had left this wish to be -satisfied in dreams. This little scene had escaped me. I at -once understood that portion of the dream which had been condemned -by my daughter. I had myself heard the well-behaved -guest enjoining the children to wait until papa or mamma had -come up. For the little one the dream made a lasting adoption -based on this temporary relation of the boy to us. Her tender -nature was as yet unacquainted with any form of being together -except those mentioned in the dream, which are taken from her -brothers. Why the chocolate bars were thrown under the bed -could not, of course, be explained without questioning the child.</p> - -<p class='c006'>From a friend I have learnt of a dream very similar to -that of my boy. It concerned an eight-year-old girl. The -father had undertaken a walk to Dornbach with the children, -intending to visit the Rohrerhütte, but turned back because -it had grown too late, and promised the children to make up -for their disappointment some other time. On the way back, -they passed a sign which showed the way to the Hameau. -The children now asked to be taken to that place also, but had -to be content, for the same reason, with a postponement to -another day. The next morning, the eight-year-old girl came -to the father, satisfied, saying: “Papa, I dreamt last night -that you were with us at the Rohrerhütte and on the Hameau.” -Her impatience had thus in the dream anticipated the fulfilment -of the promise made by her father.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>Another dream, which the picturesque beauty of the Aussee -inspired in my daughter, at that time three and a quarter years -old, is equally straightforward. The little one had crossed -the lake for the first time, and the trip had passed too quickly -for her. She did not want to leave the boat at the landing, -and cried bitterly. The next morning she told us: “Last -night I was sailing on the lake.” Let us hope that the duration -of this dream ride was more satisfactory to her.</p> - -<p class='c006'>My eldest boy, at that time eight years of age, was already -dreaming of the realisation of his fancies. He had been riding -in a chariot with Achilles, with Diomed as charioteer. He -had, of course, on the previous day shown a lively interest -in the <cite>Myths of Greece</cite>, which had been given to his elder -sister.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If it be granted that the talking of children in sleep likewise -belongs to the category of dreaming, I may report the following -as one of the most recent dreams in my collection. My youngest -girl, at that time nineteen months old, had vomited one morning, -and had therefore been kept without food throughout -the day. During the night which followed upon this day of -hunger, she was heard to call excitedly in her sleep: “Anna -Feud, strawberry, huckleberry, omelette, pap!” She used her -name in this way in order to express her idea of property; -the menu must have included about everything which would -seem to her a desirable meal; the fact that berries appeared -in it twice was a demonstration against the domestic sanitary -regulations, and was based on the circumstance, by no means -overlooked by her, that the nurse ascribed her indisposition -to an over-plentiful consumption of strawberries; she thus -in the dream took revenge for this opinion which was distasteful -to her.<a id='rAA' /><a href='#fAA' class='c008'><sup>[AA]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>If we call childhood happy because it does not yet know -sexual desire, we must not forget how abundant a source of -disappointment and self-denial, and thus of dream stimulation, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>the other of the great life-impulses may become for it.<a id='rAB' /><a href='#fAB' class='c008'><sup>[AB]</sup></a> Here -is a second example showing this. My nephew of twenty-two -months had been given the task of congratulating me upon -my birthday, and of handing me, as a present, a little basket of -cherries, which at that time of the year were not yet in season. -It seemed difficult for him, for he repeated again and again: -“Cherries in it,” and could not be induced to let the little -basket go out of his hands. But he knew how to secure his -compensation. He had, until now, been in the habit of telling -his mother every morning that he had dreamt of the “white -soldier,” an officer of the guard in a white cloak, whom he -had once admired on the street. On the day after the birthday, -he awakened joyfully with the information which could have -had its origin only in a dream: “He(r)man eat up all the -cherries!”<a id='rAC' /><a href='#fAC' class='c008'><sup>[AC]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>What animals dream of I do not know. A proverb for -which I am indebted to one of my readers claims to know, -for it raises the question: “What does the goose dream of?” -the answer being: “Of maize!” The whole theory that the -dream is the fulfilment of a wish is contained in these sentences.<a id='rAD' /><a href='#fAD' class='c008'><sup>[AD]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>We now perceive that we should have reached our theory -of the hidden meaning of the dream by the shortest road if -we had merely consulted colloquial usage. The wisdom of -proverbs, it is true, sometimes speaks contemptuously enough -of the dream—it apparently tries to justify science in expressing -the opinion that “Dreams are mere bubbles;” but still for -colloquial usage the dream is the gracious fulfiller of wishes. -“I should never have fancied that in the wildest dream,” -exclaims one who finds his expectations surpassed in reality.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span> - <h2 class='c004'>IV<br /> <span class='large'>DISTORTION IN DREAMS</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c005'>If I make the assertion that wish fulfilment is the meaning of -every dream, that, accordingly, there can be no dreams except -wish dreams, I am sure at the outset to meet with the most -emphatic contradiction. Objections will be made to this -effect: “The fact that there are dreams which must be understood -as fulfilments of wishes is not new, but, on the contrary, -has long since been recognised by the authors. <em>Cf.</em> Radestock<a href='#f54' class='c008'><sup>[54]</sup></a> -(pp. 137–138), Volkelt<a href='#f72' class='c008'><sup>[72]</sup></a> (pp. 110–111), Tissié<a href='#f68' class='c008'><sup>[68]</sup></a> (p. 70), M. -Simon<a href='#f63' class='c008'><sup>[63]</sup></a> (p. 42) on the hunger dreams of the imprisoned Baron -Trenck, and the passage in Griesinger<a href='#f31' class='c008'><sup>[31]</sup></a> (p. 11). The assumption -that there can be nothing but dreams of wish fulfilment, -however, is another of those unjustified generalisations by -which you have been pleased to distinguish yourself of late. -Indeed dreams which exhibit the most painful content, but -not a trace of wish fulfilment, occur plentifully enough. The -pessimistic philosopher, Edward von Hartman, perhaps -stands furthest from the theory of wish fulfilment. He expresses -himself in his <cite>Philosophy of the Unconscious</cite>, Part II. -(stereotyped edition, p. 34), to the following effect:—</p> - -<p class='c006'>“‘As regards the dream, all the troubles of waking life are -transferred by it to the sleeping state; only the one thing, -which can in some measure reconcile a cultured person to -life-scientific and artistic enjoyment is not transferred....’ -But even less discontented observers have laid emphasis on -the fact that in dreams pain and disgust are more frequent -than pleasure; so Scholz<a href='#f59' class='c008'><sup>[59]</sup></a> (p. 39), Volkelt<a href='#f72' class='c008'><sup>[72]</sup></a> (p. 80), and -others. Indeed two ladies, Sarah Weed and Florence Hallam,<a href='#f33' class='c008'><sup>[33]</sup></a> -have found from the elaboration of their dreams a mathematical -expression for the preponderance of displeasure in -dreams. They designate 58 per cent. of the dreams as disagreeable, -and only 28·6 per cent. as positively pleasant. Besides -those dreams which continue the painful sensations of life -<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>during sleep, there are also dreams of fear, in which this most -terrible of all disagreeable sensations tortures us until we -awake, and it is with just these dreams of fear that children -are so often persecuted (<em>Cf.</em> Debacker <a id='r17' /><a href='#f17' class='c008'><sup>[17]</sup></a> concerning the Pavor -Nocturnus), though it is in the case of children that you have -found dreams of wishing undisguised.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Indeed it is the anxiety dreams which seem to prevent a -generalisation of the thesis that the dream is a wish-fulfilment, -which we have established by means of the examples in the -last section; they seem even to brand this thesis as an absurdity.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is not difficult, however, to escape these apparently -conclusive objections. Please observe that our doctrine does -not rest upon an acceptance of the manifest dream content, -but has reference to the thought content which is found to lie -behind the dream by the process of interpretation. Let us -contrast the <em>manifest</em> and the <em>latent dream content</em>. It is true -that there are dreams whose content is of the most painful -nature. But has anyone ever tried to interpret these dreams, -to disclose their latent thought content? If not, the two -objections are no longer valid against us; there always remains -the possibility that even painful and fearful dreams may be -discovered to be wish fulfilments upon interpretation.<a id='rAE' /><a href='#fAE' class='c008'><sup>[AE]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>In scientific work it is often advantageous, when the solution -of one problem presents difficulties, to take up a second -problem, just as it is easier to crack two nuts together instead -of separately. Accordingly we are confronted not merely -with the problem: How can painful and fearful dreams be -the fulfilments of wishes? but we may also, from our discussion -so far, raise the question: Why do not the dreams which -show an indifferent content, but turn out to be wish-fulfilments, -show this meaning undisguised? Take the fully reported -dream of Irma’s injection; it is in no way painful in its nature, -and can be recognised, upon interpretation, as a striking wish-fulfilment. -Why, in the first place, is an interpretation -necessary? Why does not the dream say directly what it -means? As a matter of fact, even the dream of Irma’s injection -<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>does not at first impress us as representing a wish of -the dreamer as fulfilled. The reader will not have received -this impression, and even I myself did not know it until I had -undertaken the analysis. If we call this peculiarity of the -dream of needing an explanation <em>the fact of the distortion</em> of -dreams, then a second question arises: What is the origin -of this disfigurement of dreams?</p> - -<p class='c006'>If one’s first impressions on this subject were consulted, -one might happen upon several possible solutions; for example, -that there is an inability during sleep to find an adequate -expression for the dream thoughts. The analysis of certain -dreams, however, compels us to give the disfigurement of -dreams another explanation. I shall show this by employing -a second dream of my own, which again involves numerous -indiscretions, but which compensates for this personal sacrifice -by affording a thorough elucidation of the problem.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Preliminary Statement.</em>—In the spring of 1897 I learnt -that two professors of our university had proposed me for -appointment as Professor extraord. (assistant professor). -This news reached me unexpectedly and pleased me considerably -as an expression of appreciation on the part of two -eminent men which could not be explained by personal interest. -But, I immediately thought, I must not permit myself -to attach any expectation to this event. The university -government had during the last few years left proposals of -this kind unconsidered, and several colleagues, who were -ahead of me in years, and who were at least my equals in merit, -had been waiting in vain during this time for their appointment. -I had no reason to suppose I should fare better. I -resolved then to comfort myself. I am not, so far as I know, -ambitious, and I engage in medical practice with satisfying -results even without the recommendation of a title. Moreover, -it was not a question whether I considered the grapes sweet or -sour, for they undoubtedly hung much too high for me.</p> - -<p class='c006'>One evening I was visited by a friend of mine, one of those -colleagues whose fate I had taken as a warning for myself. -As he had long been a candidate for promotion to the position -of professor, which in our society raises the physician to a -demigod among his patients, and as he was less resigned than -I, he was in the habit of making representations from time to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>time, at the offices of the university government, for the purpose -of advancing his interests. He came to me from a visit -of that kind. He said that this time he had driven the exalted -gentleman into a corner, and had asked him directly whether -considerations of creed were not really responsible for the -deferment of his appointment. The answer had been that -to be sure—in the present state of public opinion—His Excellency -was not in a position, &c. “Now I at least know -what I am at,” said my friend in closing his narrative, which -told me nothing new, but which was calculated to confirm me -in my resignation. For the same considerations of creed -applied to my own case.</p> - -<p class='c006'>On the morning after this visit, I had the following dream, -which was notable on account of its form. It consisted of -two thoughts and two images, so that a thought and an image -alternated. But I here record only the first half of the dream, -because the other half has nothing to do with the purpose -which the citation of the dream should serve.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I. <em>Friend R. is my uncle—I feel great affection for him.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>II. <em>I see before me his face somewhat altered.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'><em>It seems to be elongated; a yellow beard, which surrounds it, -is emphasised with peculiar distinctness.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Then follow the other two portions, again a thought and -an image, which I omit.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The interpretation of this dream was accomplished in the -following manner:</p> - -<p class='c006'>As the dream occurred to me in the course of the forenoon, -I laughed outright and said: “The dream is nonsense.” -But I could not get it out of my mind, and the whole day it -pursued me, until, at last, in the evening I reproached myself -with the words: “If in the course of dream interpretation -one of your patients had nothing better to say than ‘That is -nonsense,’ you would reprove him, and would suspect that -behind the dream there was hidden some disagreeable affair, -the exposure of which he wanted to spare himself. Apply -the same thing in your own case; your opinion that the -dream is nonsense probably signifies merely an inner resistance -to its interpretation. Do not let yourself be deterred.” I -then proceeded to the interpretation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>“R. is my uncle.” What does that mean. I have had -<span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>only one uncle, my uncle Joseph.<a id='rAF' /><a href='#fAF' class='c008'><sup>[AF]</sup></a> His story, to be sure, was -a sad one. He had yielded to the temptation, more than -thirty years before, of engaging in dealings which the law -punishes severely, and which on that occasion also it had -visited with punishment. My father, who thereupon became -grey from grief in a few days, always used to say that Uncle -Joseph was never a wicked man, but that he was indeed a -simpleton; so he expressed himself. If, then, friend R. is -my uncle Joseph, that is equivalent to saying: “R. is a -simpleton.” Hardly credible and very unpleasant! But there -is that face which I see in the dream, with its long features -and its yellow beard. My uncle actually had such a face—long -and surrounded by a handsome blond beard. My friend -R. was quite dark, but when dark-haired persons begin to -grow grey, they pay for the glory of their youthful years. -Their black beard undergoes an unpleasant change of color, -each hair separately; first it becomes reddish brown, then -yellowish brown, and then at last definitely grey. The beard -of my friend R. is now in this stage, as is my own moreover, a -fact which I notice with regret. The face which I see in the -dream is at once that of my friend R. and that of my uncle. -It is like a composite photograph of Galton, who, in order -to emphasise family resemblances, had several faces photographed -on the same plate. No doubt is thus possible, I -am really of the opinion that my friend R. is a simpleton—like -my uncle Joseph.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I have still no idea for what purpose I have constructed -this relationship, to which I must unconditionally object. But it -is not a very far-reaching one, for my uncle was a criminal, -my friend R. is innocent—perhaps with the exception of -having been punished for knocking down an apprentice with -his bicycle. Could I mean this offence? That would be -making ridiculous comparisons. Here I recollect another -conversation which I had with another colleague, N., and -indeed upon the same subject. I met N. on the street. He -likewise has been nominated for a professorship, and having -<span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>heard of my being honoured, congratulated me upon it. I -declined emphatically, saying, “You are the last man to make -a joke like this, because you have experienced what the nomination -is worth in your own case.” Thereupon he said, though -probably not in earnest, “You cannot be sure about that. -Against me there is a very particular objection. Don’t you -know that a woman once entered a legal complaint against -me? I need not assure you that an inquiry was made; it -was a mean attempt at blackmail, and it was all I could do -to save the plaintiff herself from punishment. But perhaps -the affair will be pressed against me at the office in order that -I may not be appointed. You, however, are above reproach.” -Here I have come upon a criminal, and at the same time upon -the interpretation and trend of the dream. My uncle Joseph -represents for me both colleagues who have not been appointed -to the professorship, the one as a simpleton, the other as a -criminal. I also know now for what purpose I need this representation. -If considerations of creed are a determining -factor in the postponement of the appointment of my friends, -then my own appointment is also put in question: but if I -can refer the rejection of the two friends to other causes, which -do not apply to my case, my hope remains undisturbed. This -is the procedure of my dream; it makes the one, R., a -simpleton, the other, N., a criminal; since, however, I am -neither the one nor the other, our community of interest is -destroyed, I have a right to enjoy the expectation of being -appointed a professor, and have escaped the painful application -to my own case of the information which the high official -has given to R.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I must occupy myself still further with the interpretation -of this dream. For my feelings it is not yet sufficiently cleared -up. I am still disquieted by the ease with which I degrade -two respected colleagues for the purpose of clearing the way -to the professorship for myself. My dissatisfaction with -my procedure has indeed diminished since I have learnt to -evaluate statements made in dreams. I would argue against -anyone who urged that I really consider R. a simpleton, and -that I do not credit N.’s account of the blackmail affair. I -do not believe either that Irma has been made seriously ill by -an injection given her by Otto with a preparation of propyl. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>Here, as before, it is only the <em>wish that the case may be as the -dream expresses it</em>. The statement in which my wish is realised -sounds less absurd in the second dream than in the first; it is -made here with a more skilful utilisation of facts as points of -attachment, something like a well-constructed slander, where -“there is something in it.” For my friend R. had at that -time the vote of a professor from the department against him, -and my friend N. had himself unsuspectingly furnished me -with the material for slander. Nevertheless, I repeat, the -dream seems to me to require further elucidation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I remember now that the dream contains still another -portion which so far our interpretation has not taken into -account. After it occurs to me that my friend R. is my uncle, -I feel great affection for him. To whom does this feeling -belong? For my uncle Joseph, of course, I have never had -any feelings of affection. For years my friend R. has been -beloved and dear to me; but if I were to go to him and express -my feelings for him in terms which came anywhere near -corresponding to the degree of affection in the dream, he -would doubtless be surprised. My affection for him seems -untrue and exaggerated, something like my opinion of his -psychic qualities, which I express by fusing his personality -with that of my uncle; but it is exaggerated in an opposite -sense. But now a new state of affairs becomes evident to me. -The affection in the dream does not belong to the hidden -content, to the thoughts behind the dream; it stands in -opposition to this content; it is calculated to hide the information -which interpretation may bring. Probably this is its -very purpose. I recall with what resistance I applied myself -to the work of interpretation, how long I tried to postpone it, -and how I declared the dream to be sheer nonsense. I know -from my psychoanalytical treatments how such condemnation -is to be interpreted. It has no value as affording information, -but only as the registration of an affect. If my -little daughter does not like an apple which is offered her, she -asserts that the apple has a bitter taste, without even having -tasted it. If my patients act like the little girl, I know that -it is a question of a notion which they want to <em>suppress</em>. The -same applies to my dream. I do not want to interpret it -because it contains something to which I object. After the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>interpretation of the dream has been completed, I find out -what it was I objected to; it was the assertion that R. is a -simpleton. I may refer the affection which I feel for R. not -to the hidden dream thoughts, but rather to this unwillingness -of mine. If my dream as compared with its hidden content -is disfigured at this point, and is disfigured, moreover, into -something opposite, then the apparent affection in the dream -serves the purpose of disfigurement; or, in other words, the -disfigurement is here shown to be intended: it is a means of -dissimulation. My dream thoughts contain an unfavourable -reference to R.; in order that I may not become aware of it, -its opposite, a feeling of affection for him, makes its way into -the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The fact here recognised might be of universal applicability. -As the examples in Section III. have shown, there are -dreams which are undisguised wish-fulfilments. Wherever -a wish-fulfilment is unrecognisable and concealed, there must -be present a feeling of repulsion towards this wish, and in -consequence of this repulsion the wish is unable to gain expression -except in a disfigured state. I shall try to find a case -in social life which is parallel to this occurrence in the inner -psychic life. Where in social life can a similar disfigurement -of a psychic act be found? Only where two persons are in -question, one of whom possesses a certain power, while the -other must have a certain consideration for this power. This -second person will then disfigure his psychic actions, or, as -we may say, he will dissimulate. The politeness which I -practise every day is largely dissimulation of this kind. If I -interpret my dreams for the benefit of the reader I am forced -to make such distortions. The poet also complains about such -disfigurement:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“You may not tell the best that you know to the youngsters.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>The political writer who has unpleasant truths to tell to -the government finds himself in the same position. If he -tells them without reserve, the government will suppress -them—subsequently in case of a verbal expression of opinion, -preventatively, if they are to be published in print. The -writer must fear <em>censure</em>; he therefore modifies and disfigures -the expression of his opinion. He finds himself compelled, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>according to the sensitiveness of this censure, either to restrain -himself from certain particular forms of attack or to -speak in allusion instead of direct designations. Or he must -disguise his objectionable statement in a garb that seems -harmless. He may, for instance, tell of an occurrence between -two mandarins in the Orient, while he has the officials of his -own country in view. The stricter the domination of the -censor, the more extensive becomes the disguise, and often -the more humorous the means employed to put the reader -back on the track of the real meaning.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The correspondence between the phenomena of the censor -and those of dream distortion, which may be traced in detail, -justifies us in assuming similar conditions for both. We -should then assume in each human being, as the primary -cause of dream formation, two psychic forces (streams, systems), -of which one constitutes the wish expressed by the dream, -while the other acts as a censor upon this dream wish, and by -means of this censoring forces a distortion of its expression. -The only question is as to the basis of the authority of this -second instance<a id='rAG' /><a href='#fAG' class='c008'><sup>[AG]</sup></a> by virtue of which it may exercise its censorship. -If we remember that the hidden dream thoughts are -not conscious before analysis, but that the apparent dream -content is remembered as conscious, we easily reach the -assumption that admittance to consciousness is the privilege -of the second instance. Nothing can reach consciousness -from the first system which has not first passed the second -instance, and the second instance lets nothing pass without -exercising its rights and forcing such alterations upon the -candidate for admission to consciousness as are pleasant to -itself. We are here forming a very definite conception of the -“essence” of consciousness; for us the state of becoming -conscious is a particular psychic act, different from and -independent of becoming fixed or of being conceived, and -consciousness appears to us as an organ of sense, which perceives -a content presented from another source. It may be -shown that psychopathology cannot possibly dispense with -these fundamental assumptions. We may reserve a more -thorough examination of these for a later time.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>If I keep in mind the idea of the two psychic instances and -their relations to consciousness, I find in the sphere of politics -a very exact analogy for the extraordinary affection which I -feel for my friend R., who suffers such degradation in the -course of the dream interpretation. I turn my attention to -a political state in which a ruler, jealous of his rights, and a -live public opinion are in conflict with each other. The people -are indignant against an official whom they hate, and demand -his dismissal; and in order not to show that he is compelled -to respect the public wish, the autocrat will expressly confer -upon the official some great honour, for which there would -otherwise have been no occasion. Thus the second instance -referred to, which controls access to consciousness, honours -my friend R. with a profusion of extraordinary tenderness, -because the wish activities of the first system, in accordance -with a particular interest which they happen to be pursuing, -are inclined to put him down as a simpleton.<a id='rAH' /><a href='#fAH' class='c008'><sup>[AH]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>Perhaps we shall now begin to suspect that dream interpretation -is capable of giving us hints about the structure -of our psychic apparatus which we have thus far expected in -vain from philosophy. We shall not, however, follow this -track, but return to our original problem as soon as we have -cleared up the subject of dream-disfigurement. The question -has arisen how dreams with disagreeable content can be -analysed as the fulfilments of wishes. We see now that this -is possible in case dream-disfigurement has taken place, in -case the disagreeable content serves only as a disguise for -what is wished. Keeping in mind our assumptions in regard -to the two psychic instances, we may now proceed to say: -disagreeable dreams, as a matter of fact, contain something -<span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>which is disagreeable to the second instance, but which at -the same time fulfils a wish of the first instance. They are -wish dreams in the sense that every dream originates in the -first instance, while the second instance acts towards the -dream only in a repelling, not in a creative manner. If we -limit ourselves to a consideration of what the second instance -contributes to the dream, we can never understand the dream. -If we do so, all the riddles which the authors have found in the -dream remain unsolved.</p> - -<p class='c006'>That the dream actually has a secret meaning, which turns -out to be the fulfilment of a wish, must be proved afresh for -every case by means of an analysis. I therefore select several -dreams which have painful contents and attempt an analysis -of them. They are partly dreams of hysterical subjects, -which require long preliminary statements, and now and then -also an examination of the psychic processes which occur in -hysteria. I cannot, however, avoid this added difficulty in -the exposition.</p> - -<p class='c006'>When I give a psychoneurotic patient analytical treatment, -dreams are always, as I have said, the subject of our discussion. -It must, therefore, give him all the psychological -explanations through whose aid I myself have come to an -understanding of his symptoms, and here I undergo an unsparing -criticism, which is perhaps not less keen than that I -must expect from my colleagues. Contradiction of the thesis -that all dreams are the fulfilments of wishes is raised by my -patients with perfect regularity. Here are several examples of -the dream material which is offered me to refute this position.</p> - -<p class='c006'>“You always tell me that the dream is a wish fulfilled,” -begins a clever lady patient. “Now I shall tell you a dream -in which the content is quite the opposite, in which a wish of -mine is <em>not</em> fulfilled. How do you reconcile that with your -theory? The dream is as follows:—</p> - -<p class='c006'>“<em>I want to give a supper, but having nothing at hand except -some smoked salmon, I think of going marketing, but I remember -that it is Sunday afternoon, when all the shops are closed. I -next try to telephone to some caterers, but the telephone is out of -order. Thus I must resign my wish to give a supper.</em>”</p> - -<p class='c006'>I answer, of course, that only the analysis can decide the -meaning of this dream, although I admit that at first sight -<span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span>it seems sensible and coherent, and looks like the opposite of -a wish-fulfilment. “But what occurrence has given rise to -this dream?” I ask. “You know that the stimulus for a -dream always lies among the experiences of the preceding -day.”</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Analysis.</em>—The husband of the patient, an upright and -conscientious wholesale butcher, had told her the day before -that he is growing too fat, and that he must, therefore, begin -treatment for obesity. He was going to get up early, take -exercise, keep to a strict diet, and above all accept no more -invitations to suppers. She proceeds laughingly to relate -how her husband at an inn table had made the acquaintance -of an artist, who insisted upon painting his portrait because -he, the painter, had never found such an expressive head. -But her husband had answered in his rough way, that he was -very thankful for the honour, but that he was quite convinced -that a portion of the backside of a pretty young girl would -please the artist better than his whole face.<a id='rAI' /><a href='#fAI' class='c008'><sup>[AI]</sup></a> She said that -she was at the time very much in love with her husband, and -teased him a good deal. She had also asked him not to send -her any caviare. What does that mean?</p> - -<p class='c006'>As a matter of fact, she had wanted for a long time to eat -a caviare sandwich every forenoon, but had grudged herself -the expense. Of course, she would at once get the caviare -from her husband, as soon as she asked him for it. But she -had begged him, on the contrary, not to send her the caviare, -in order that she might tease him about it longer.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This explanation seems far-fetched to me. Unadmitted -motives are in the habit of hiding behind such unsatisfactory -explanations. We are reminded of subjects hypnotised by -Bernheim, who carried out a posthypnotic order, and who, upon -being asked for their motives, instead of answering: “I do -not know why I did that,” had to invent a reason that was -obviously inadequate. Something similar is probably the -case with the caviare of my patient. I see that she is compelled -to create an unfulfilled wish in life. Her dream also -shows the reproduction of the wish as accomplished. But why -does she need an unfulfilled wish?</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span>The ideas so far produced are insufficient for the interpretation -of the dream. I beg for more. After a short pause, -which corresponds to the overcoming of a resistance, she -reports further that the day before she had made a visit to a -friend, of whom she is really jealous, because her husband is -always praising this woman so much. Fortunately, this -friend is very lean and thin, and her husband likes well-rounded -figures. Now of what did this lean friend speak? Naturally -of her wish to become somewhat stouter. She also asked my -patient: “When are you going to invite us again? You -always have such a good table.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Now the meaning of the dream is clear. I may say to the -patient: “It is just as though you had thought at the time -of the request: ‘Of course, I’ll invite you, so you can eat -yourself fat at my house and become still more pleasing to -my husband. I would rather give no more suppers.’ The -dream then tells you that you cannot give a supper, thereby -fulfilling your wish not to contribute anything to the rounding -out of your friend’s figure. The resolution of your husband -to refuse invitations to supper for the sake of getting thin -teaches you that one grows fat on the things served in company.” -Now only some conversation is necessary to confirm -the solution. The smoked salmon in the dream has not yet -been traced. “How did the salmon mentioned in the dream -occur to you?” “Smoked salmon is the favourite dish of -this friend,” she answered. I happen to know the lady, and -may corroborate this by saying that she grudges herself the -salmon just as much as my patient grudges herself the caviare.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The dream admits of still another and more exact interpretation, -which is necessitated only by a subordinate circumstance. -The two interpretations do not contradict one -another, but rather cover each other and furnish a neat -example of the usual ambiguity of dreams as well as of all -other psychopathological formations. We have seen that at -the same time that she dreams of the denial of the wish, the -patient is in reality occupied in securing an unfulfilled wish -(the caviare sandwiches). Her friend, too, had expressed a -wish, namely, to get fatter, and it would not surprise us if -our lady had dreamt that the wish of the friend was not being -fulfilled. For it is her own wish that a wish of her friend’s—for -<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>increase in weight—should not be fulfilled. Instead of -this, however, she dreams that one of her own wishes is not -fulfilled. The dream becomes capable of a new interpretation, -if in the dream she does not intend herself, but her friend, if -she has put herself in the place of her friend, or, as we may -say, has identified herself with her friend.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I think she has actually done this, and as a sign of this -identification she has created an unfulfilled wish in reality. -But what is the meaning of this hysterical identification? -To clear this up a thorough exposition is necessary. Identification -is a highly important factor in the mechanism of -hysterical symptoms; by this means patients are enabled -in their symptoms to represent not merely their own experiences, -but the experiences of a great number of other persons, -and can suffer, as it were, for a whole mass of people, and fill -all the parts of a drama by means of their own personalities -alone. It will here be objected that this is well-known -hysterical imitation, the ability of hysteric subjects to copy all -the symptoms which impress them when they occur in others, -as though their pity were stimulated to the point of reproduction. -But this only indicates the way in which the psychic -process is discharged in hysterical imitation; the way in which -a psychic act proceeds and the act itself are two different -things. The latter is slightly more complicated than one is -apt to imagine the imitation of hysterical subjects to be: it -corresponds to an unconscious concluded process, as an -example will show. The physician who has a female patient -with a particular kind of twitching, lodged in the company of -other patients in the same room of the hospital, is not surprised -when some morning he learns that this peculiar hysterical attack -has found imitations. He simply says to himself: The others -have seen her and have done likewise: that is psychic infection. -Yes, but psychic infection proceeds in somewhat the following -manner: As a rule, patients know more about one another -than the physician knows about each of them, and they are -concerned about each other when the visit of the doctor is -over. Some of them have an attack to-day: soon it is known -among the rest that a letter from home, a return of love-sickness -or the like, is the cause of it. Their sympathy is aroused, -and the following syllogism, which does not reach consciousness, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>is completed in them: “If it is possible to have this kind -of an attack from such causes, I too may have this kind of an -attack, for I have the same reasons.” If this were a cycle -capable of becoming conscious, it would perhaps express -itself in <em>fear</em> of getting the same attack; but it takes place -in another psychic sphere, and, therefore, ends in the realisation -of the dreaded symptom. Identification is therefore -not a simple imitation, but a sympathy based upon the same -etiological claim; it expresses an “as though,” and refers to -some common quality which has remained in the unconscious.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Identification is most often used in hysteria to express -sexual community. An hysterical woman identifies herself -most readily—although not exclusively—with persons with -whom she has had sexual relations, or who have sexual intercourse -with the same persons as herself. Language takes -such a conception into consideration: two lovers are “one.” -In the hysterical phantasy, as well as in the dream, it is sufficient -for the identification if one thinks of sexual relations, -whether or not they become real. The patient, then, only -follows the rules of the hysterical thought processes when she -gives expression to her jealousy of her friend (which, moreover, -she herself admits to be unjustified, in that she puts herself in -her place and identifies herself with her by creating a symptom—the -denied wish). I might further clarify the process specifically -as follows: She puts herself in the place of her friend -in the dream, because her friend has taken her own place in -relation to her husband, and because she would like to take -her friend’s place in the esteem of her husband.<a id='rAJ' /><a href='#fAJ' class='c008'><sup>[AJ]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>The contradiction to my theory of dreams in the case of -another female patient, the most witty among all my dreamers, -was solved in a simpler manner, although according to the -scheme that the non-fulfilment of one wish signifies the fulfilment -of another. I had one day explained to her that the -dream is a wish-fulfilment. The next day she brought me a -dream to the effect that she was travelling with her mother-inlaw -<span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>to their common summer resort. Now I knew that she -had struggled violently against spending the summer in the -neighbourhood of her mother-in-law. I also knew that she had -luckily avoided her mother-in-law by renting an estate in a -far-distant country resort. Now the dream reversed this -wished-for solution; was not this in the flattest contradiction -to my theory of wish-fulfilment in the dream? Certainly, it -was only necessary to draw the inferences from this dream in -order to get at its interpretation. According to this dream, I -was in the wrong. <em>It was thus her wish that I should be in the -wrong, and this wish the dream showed her as fulfilled.</em> But the -wish that I should be in the wrong, which was fulfilled in the -theme of the country home, referred to a more serious matter. -At that time I had made up my mind, from the material -furnished by her analysis, that something of significance for her -illness must have occurred at a certain time in her life. She -had denied it because it was not present in her memory. We -soon came to see that I was in the right. Her wish that I -should be in the wrong, which is transformed into the dream, thus -corresponded to the justifiable wish that those things, which at -the time had only been suspected, had never occurred at all.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Without an analysis, and merely by means of an assumption, -I took the liberty of interpreting a little occurrence in the case -of a friend, who had been my colleague through the eight -classes of the Gymnasium. He once heard a lecture of mine -delivered to a small assemblage, on the novel subject of the -dream as the fulfilment of a wish. He went home, dreamt -<em>that he had lost all his suits</em>—he was a lawyer—and then complained -to me about it. I took refuge in the evasion: “One -can’t win all one’s suits,” but I thought to myself: “If for -eight years I sat as Primus on the first bench, while he moved -around somewhere in the middle of the class, may he not -naturally have had a wish from his boyhood days that I, too, -might for once completely disgrace myself?”</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the same way another dream of a more gloomy character -was offered me by a female patient as a contradiction to my -theory of the wish-dream. The patient, a young girl, began -as follows: “You remember that my sister has now only one -boy, Charles: she lost the elder one, Otto, while I was still at -her house. Otto was my favourite; it was I who really -<span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>brought him up. I like the other little fellow, too, but of -course not nearly as much as the dead one. Now I dreamt -last night that <em>I saw Charles lying dead before me</em>. <em>He was -lying in his little coffin, his hands folded: there were candles -all about, and, in short, it was just like the time of little Otto’s -death, which shocked me so profoundly.</em> Now tell me, what -does this mean? You know me: am I really bad enough to -wish my sister to lose the only child she has left? Or does the -dream mean that I wish Charles to be dead rather than Otto, -whom I like so much better?”</p> - -<p class='c006'>I assured her that this interpretation was impossible. -After some reflection I was able to give her the interpretation -of the dream, which I subsequently made her confirm.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Having become an orphan at an early age, the girl had -been brought up in the house of a much older sister, and had -met among the friends and visitors who came to the house, a -man who made a lasting impression upon her heart. It -looked for a time as though these barely expressed relations -were to end in marriage, but this happy culmination was -frustrated by the sister, whose motives have never found a -complete explanation. After the break, the man who was -loved by our patient avoided the house: she herself became -independent some time after little Otto’s death, to whom her -affection had now turned. But she did not succeed in freeing -herself from the inclination for her sister’s friend in which -she had become involved. Her pride commanded her to -avoid him; but it was impossible for her to transfer her love -to the other suitors who presented themselves in order. -Whenever the man whom she loved, who was a member of -the literary profession, announced a lecture anywhere, she -was sure to be found in the audience; she also seized every -other opportunity to see him from a distance unobserved by -him. I remembered that on the day before she had told me -that the Professor was going to a certain concert, and that -she was also going there, in order to enjoy the sight of him. -This was on the day of the dream; and the concert was to -take place on the day on which she told me the dream. I -could now easily see the correct interpretation, and I asked -her whether she could think of any event which had happened -after the death of little Otto. She answered immediately: -<span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>“Certainly; at that time the Professor returned after a long -absence, and I saw him once more beside the coffin of little -Otto.” It was exactly as I had expected. I interpreted -the dream in the following manner: If now the other boy -were to die, the same thing would be repeated. You would -spend the day with your sister, the Professor would surely -come in order to offer condolence, and you would see him again -under the same circumstances as at that time. The dream -signifies nothing but this wish of yours to see him again, -against which you are fighting inwardly. I know that you -are carrying the ticket for to-day’s concert in your bag. Your -dream is a dream of impatience; it has anticipated the -meeting which is to take place to-day by several hours.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In order to disguise her wish she had obviously selected a -situation in which wishes of that sort are commonly suppressed—a -situation which is so filled with sorrow that love is -not thought of. And yet, it is very easily probable that even -in the actual situation at the bier of the second, more dearly -loved boy, which the dream copied faithfully, she had not -been able to suppress her feelings of affection for the visitor -whom she had missed for so long a time.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A different explanation was found in the case of a similar -dream of another female patient, who was distinguished in her -earlier years by her quick wit and her cheerful demeanour, -and who still showed these qualities at least in the notions -which occurred to her in the course of treatment. In connection -with a longer dream, it seemed to this lady that she -saw her fifteen-year-old daughter lying dead before her in a -box. She was strongly inclined to convert this dream-image -into an objection to the theory of wish-fulfilment, but herself -suspected that the detail of the box must lead to a different -conception of the dream.<a id='rAK' /><a href='#fAK' class='c008'><sup>[AK]</sup></a> In the course of the analysis it -occurred to her that on the evening before, the conversation -of the company had turned upon the English word “box,” -and upon the numerous translations of it into German, such -as box, theatre box, chest, box on the ear, &c. From other -components of the same dream it is now possible to add that -the lady had guessed the relationship between the English -word “box” and the German <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Büchse</span></i>, and had then been -<span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>haunted by the memory that <em>Büchse</em> (as well as “box”) is -used in vulgar speech to designate the female genital organ. -It was therefore possible, making a certain allowance for her -notions on the subject of topographical anatomy, to assume -that the child in the box signified a child in the womb of the -mother. At this stage of the explanation she no longer denied -that the picture of the dream really corresponded to one of -her wishes. Like so many other young women, she was by -no means happy when she became pregnant, and admitted to -me more than once the wish that her child might die before its -birth; in a fit of anger following a violent scene with her -husband she had even struck her abdomen with her fists in -order to hit the child within. The dead child was, therefore, -really the fulfilment of a wish, but a wish which had been -put aside for fifteen years, and it is not surprising that the -fulfilment of the wish was no longer recognised after so long -an interval. For there had been many changes meanwhile.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The group of dreams to which the two last mentioned -belong, having as content the death of beloved relatives, will -be considered again under the head of “Typical Dreams.” I -shall there be able to show by new examples that in spite of -their undesirable content, all these dreams must be interpreted -as wish-fulfilments. For the following dream, which again -was told me in order to deter me from a hasty generalisation of -the theory of wishing in dreams, I am indebted, not to a -patient, but to an intelligent jurist of my acquaintance. “<em>I -dream</em>,” my informant tells me, “<em>that I am walking in front -of my house with a lady on my arm</em>. <em>Here a closed wagon is -waiting, a gentleman steps up to me, gives his authority as an -agent of the police, and demands that I should follow him. I -only ask for time in which to arrange my affairs.</em> Can you -possibly suppose this is a wish of mine to be arrested?” -“Of course not,” I must admit. “Do you happen to know -upon what charge you were arrested?” “Yes; I believe for -infanticide.” “Infanticide? But you know that only a -mother can commit this crime upon her newly born child?” -“That is true.”<a id='rAL' /><a href='#fAL' class='c008'><sup>[AL]</sup></a> “And under what circumstances did you -<span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>dream; what happened on the evening before?” “I would -rather not tell you that; it is a delicate matter.” “But I -must have it, otherwise we must forgo the interpretation of -the dream.” “Well, then, I will tell you. I spent the night, -not at home, but at the house of a lady who means very much -to me. When we awoke in the morning, something again -passed between us. Then I went to sleep again, and dreamt -what I have told you.” “The woman is married?” “Yes.” -“And you do not wish her to conceive a child?” “No; that -might betray us.” “Then you do not practise normal -coitus?” “I take the precaution to withdraw before ejaculation.” -“Am I permitted to assume that you did this trick -several times during the night, and that in the morning you -were not quite sure whether you had succeeded?” “That -might be the case.” “Then your dream is the fulfilment of -a wish. By means of it you secure the assurance that you -have not begotten a child, or, what amounts to the same thing, -that you have killed a child. I can easily demonstrate the -connecting links. Do you remember, a few days ago we were -talking about the distress of matrimony (Ehenot), and about -the inconsistency of permitting the practice of coitus as long -as no impregnation takes place, while every delinquency after -the ovum and the semen meet and a fœtus is formed is -punished as a crime? In connection with this, we also recalled -the mediæval controversy about the moment of time at -which the soul is really lodged in the fœtus, since the concept -of murder becomes admissible only from that point on. Doubtless -you also know the gruesome poem by Lenau, which puts -infanticide and the prevention of children on the same plane.” -“Strangely enough, I had happened to think of Lenau during -the afternoon.” “Another echo of your dream. And now -I shall demonstrate to you another subordinate wish-fulfilment -in your dream. You walk in front of your house with the lady -on your arm. So you take her home, instead of spending the -night at her house, as you do in actuality. The fact that the -wish-fulfilment, which is the essence of the dream, disguises -itself in such an unpleasant form, has perhaps more than one -reason. From my essay on the etiology of anxiety neuroses, -you will see that I note interrupted coitus as one of the factors -which cause the development of neurotic fear. It would be -<span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>consistent with this that if after repeated cohabitation of the -kind mentioned you should be left in an uncomfortable mood, -which now becomes an element in the composition of your -dream. You also make use of this unpleasant state of mind to -conceal the wish-fulfilment. Furthermore, the mention of -infanticide has not yet been explained. Why does this crime, -which is peculiar to females, occur to you?” “I shall confess -to you that I was involved in such an affair years ago. Through -my fault a girl tried to protect herself from the consequences -of a <em>liaison</em> with me by securing an abortion. I had nothing -to do with carrying out the plan, but I was naturally for a -long time worried lest the affair might be discovered.” “I -understand; this recollection furnished a second reason why -the supposition that you had done your trick badly must have -been painful to you.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>A young physician, who had heard this dream of my -colleague when it was told, must have felt implicated by it, -for he hastened to imitate it in a dream of his own, applying -its mode of thinking to another subject. The day before he -had handed in a declaration of his income, which was perfectly -honest, because he had little to declare. He dreamt that an -acquaintance of his came from a meeting of the tax commission -and informed him that all the other declarations of income -had passed uncontested, but that his own had awakened -general suspicion, and that he would be punished with a heavy -fine. The dream is a poorly-concealed fulfilment of the wish -to be known as a physician with a large income. It likewise -recalls the story of the young girl who was advised against -accepting her suitor because he was a man of quick temper -who would surely treat her to blows after they were married. -The answer of the girl was: “I wish he <em>would</em> strike me!” -Her wish to be married is so strong that she takes into the -bargain the discomfort which is said to be connected with -matrimony, and which is predicted for her, and even raises it -to a wish.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If I group the very frequently occurring dreams of this -sort, which seem flatly to contradict my theory, in that they -contain the denial of a wish or some occurrence decidedly -unwished for, under the head of “counter wish-dreams,” I -observe that they may all be referred to two principles, of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>which one has not yet been mentioned, although it plays a -large part in the dreams of human beings. One of the motives -inspiring these dreams is the wish that I should appear in the -wrong. These dreams regularly occur in the course of my -treatment if the patient shows a resistance against me, and I -can count with a large degree of certainty upon causing such -a dream after I have once explained to the patient my theory -that the dream is a wish-fulfilment.<a id='rAM' /><a href='#fAM' class='c008'><sup>[AM]</sup></a> I may even expect this -to be the case in a dream merely in order to fulfil the wish -that I may appear in the wrong. The last dream which I -shall tell from those occurring in the course of treatment -again shows this very thing. A young girl who has struggled -hard to continue my treatment, against the will of her relatives -and the authorities whom she has consulted, dreams as -follows: <em>She is forbidden at home to come to me any more. She -then reminds me of the promise I made her to treat her for nothing -if necessary, and I say to her: “I can show no consideration in -money matters.”</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>It is not at all easy in this case to demonstrate the fulfilment -of a wish, but in all cases of this kind there is a second problem, -the solution of which helps also to solve the first. Where -does she get the words which she puts into my mouth? Of -course I have never told her anything like that, but one of -her brothers, the very one who has the greatest influence over -her, has been kind enough to make this remark about me. It -is then the purpose of the dream that this brother should -remain in the right; and she does not try to justify this -brother merely in the dream; it is her purpose in life and the -motive for her being ill.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The other motive for counter wish-dreams is so clear that -there is danger of overlooking it, as for some time happened in -my own case. In the sexual make-up of many people there is -a masochistic component, which has arisen through the conversion -of the aggressive, sadistic component into its opposite. -Such people are called “ideal” masochists, if they seek -pleasure not in the bodily pain which may be inflicted upon -them, but in humiliation and in chastisement of the soul. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>It is obvious that such persons can have counter wish-dreams -and disagreeable dreams, which, however, for them are nothing -but wish-fulfilments, affording satisfaction for their masochistic -inclinations. Here is such a dream. A young man, who has -in earlier years tormented his elder brother, towards whom he -was homosexually inclined, but who has undergone a complete -change of character, has the following dream, which consists -of three parts: (1) <em>He is “insulted” by his brother.</em> (2) <em>Two -adults are caressing each other with homosexual intentions.</em> (3) -<em>His brother has sold the enterprise whose management the young -man reserved for his own future.</em> He awakens from the last-mentioned -dream with the most unpleasant feelings, and yet -it is a masochistic wish-dream, which might be translated: -It would serve me quite right if my brother were to make that -sale against my interest, as a punishment for all the torments -which he has suffered at my hands.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I hope that the above discussion and examples will suffice—until -further objection can be raised—to make it seem credible -that even dreams with a painful content are to be analysed -as the fulfilments of wishes. Nor will it seem a matter of -chance that in the course of interpretation one always happens -upon subjects of which one does not like to speak or think. -The disagreeable sensation which such dreams arouse is -simply identical with the antipathy which endeavours—usually -with success—to restrain us from the treatment or discussion -of such subjects, and which must be overcome by all of us, if, in -spite of its unpleasantness, we find it necessary to take the -matter in hand. But this disagreeable sensation, which -occurs also in dreams, does not preclude the existence of a -wish; everyone has wishes which he would not like to tell to -others, which he does not want to admit even to himself. We -are, on other grounds, justified in connecting the disagreeable -character of all these dreams with the fact of dream disfigurement, -and in concluding that these dreams are distorted, and -that the wish-fulfilment in them is disguised until recognition -is impossible for no other reason than that a repugnance, a -will to suppress, exists in relation to the subject-matter of -the dream or in relation to the wish which the dream creates. -Dream disfigurement, then, turns out in reality to be an act -of the censor. We shall take into consideration everything -<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>which the analysis of disagreeable dreams has brought to -light if we reword our formula as follows: <em>The dream is the -(disguised) fulfilment of a (suppressed, repressed) wish.</em><a id='rAN' /><a href='#fAN' class='c008'><sup>[AN]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>Now there still remain as a particular species of dreams -with painful content, dreams of anxiety, the inclusion of -which under dreams of wishing will find least acceptance with -the uninitiated. But I can settle the problem of anxiety -dreams in very short order; for what they may reveal is not -a new aspect of the dream problem; it is a question in their -case of understanding neurotic anxiety in general. The fear -which we experience in the dream is only seemingly explained -by the dream content. If we subject the content of the -dream to analysis, we become aware that the dream fear is no -more justified by the dream content than the fear in a phobia -is justified by the idea upon which the phobia depends. For -example, it is true that it is possible to fall out of a window, -and that some care must be exercised when one is near a -window, but it is inexplicable why the anxiety in the corresponding -phobia is so great, and why it follows its victims to -an extent so much greater than is warranted by its origin. -The same explanation, then, which applies to the phobia -applies also to the dream of anxiety. In both cases the -anxiety is only superficially attached to the idea which accompanies -it and comes from another source.</p> - -<p class='c006'>On account of the intimate relation of dream fear to neurotic -fear, discussion of the former obliges me to refer to the latter. -In a little essay on “The Anxiety Neurosis,”<a id='rAO' /><a href='#fAO' class='c008'><sup>[AO]</sup></a> I maintained -that neurotic fear has its origin in the sexual life, and corresponds -to a libido which has been turned away from its object -and has not succeeded in being applied. From this formula, -which has since proved its validity more and more clearly, -we may deduce the conclusion that the content of anxiety -dreams is of a sexual nature, the libido belonging to which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>content has been transformed into fear. Later on I shall -have opportunity to support this assertion by the analysis of -several dreams of neurotics. I shall have occasion to revert -to the determinations in anxiety dreams and their compatibility -with the theory of wish-fulfilment when I again -attempt to approach the theory of dreams.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span> - <h2 class='c004'>V<br /> <span class='large'>THE MATERIAL AND SOURCES OF DREAMS</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c005'>After coming to realise from the analysis of the dream of -Irma’s injection that the dream is the fulfilment of a wish, -our interest was next directed to ascertaining whether we had -thus discovered a universal characteristic of the dream, and -for the time being we put aside every other question which -may have been aroused in the course of that interpretation. -Now that we have reached the goal upon one of these paths, -we may turn back and select a new starting-point for our -excursions among the problems of the dream, even though we -may lose sight for a time of the theme of wish-fulfilment, -which has been as yet by no means exhaustively treated.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Now that we are able, by applying our process of interpretation, -to discover a <em>latent</em> dream content which far surpasses -the <em>manifest</em> dream content in point of significance, we -are impelled to take up the individual dream problems afresh, -in order to see whether the riddles and contradictions which -seemed, when we had only the manifest content, beyond our -reach may not be solved for us satisfactorily.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The statements of the authors concerning the relation of -the dream to waking life, as well as concerning the source of -the dream material, have been given at length in the introductory -chapter. We may recall that there are three peculiarities -of recollection in the dreams, which have been often -remarked but never explained:</p> - -<p class='c006'>1. That the dream distinctly prefers impressions of the -few days preceding; (Robert,<a href='#f55' class='c008'><sup>[55]</sup></a> Strümpell,<a href='#f66' class='c008'><sup>[66]</sup></a> Hildebrandt,<a href='#f35' class='c008'><sup>[35]</sup></a> also -Weed-Hallam <a href='#f33' class='c008'><sup>[33]</sup></a>).</p> - -<p class='c006'>2. That it makes its selection according to principles other -than those of our waking memory, in that it recalls not what -is essential and important, but what is subordinate and disregarded -(<em>cf.</em> p. 13).</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>3. That it has at its disposal the earliest impressions of -our childhood, and brings to light details from this period of -life which again seem trivial to us, and which in waking life -were considered long ago forgotten.<a id='rAP' /><a href='#fAP' class='c008'><sup>[AP]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>These peculiarities in the selection of the dream material -have of course been observed by the authors in connection -with the manifest dream content.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>(<em>a</em>) <em>Recent and Indifferent Impressions in the Dream</em></h3> - -<p class='c015'>If I now consult my own experience concerning the source -of the elements which appear in the dream, I must at once -express the opinion that some reference to the experiences of -<em>the day which has most recently passed</em> is to be found in every -dream. Whatever dream I take up, whether my own or -another’s, this experience is always reaffirmed. Knowing -this fact, I can usually begin the work of interpretation by -trying to learn the experience of the previous day which has -stimulated the dream; for many cases, indeed, this is the -quickest way. In the case of the two dreams which I have -subjected to close analysis in the preceding chapter (of Irma’s -injection, and of my uncle with the yellow beard) the reference -to the previous day is so obvious that it needs no further -elucidation. But in order to show that this reference may be -regularly demonstrated, I shall examine a portion of my own -dream chronicle. I shall report the dreams only so far as is -necessary for the discovery of the dream stimulus in question.</p> - -<p class='c006'>1. I make a visit at a house where I am admitted only with -difficulty, &c., and meanwhile I keep a woman <em>waiting</em> for me.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Source.</em>—A conversation in the evening with a female -relative to the effect that she would have to <em>wait</em> for some aid -which she demanded until, &c.</p> - -<p class='c006'>2. I have written a <em>monograph</em> about a certain (obscure) -species of plant.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Source.</em>—I have seen in the show-window of a book store a -<em>monograph</em> upon the genus cyclamen.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>3. I see two women on the street, <em>mother and daughter</em>, the -latter of whom is my patient.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Source.</em>—A female patient who is under treatment has told -me what difficulties her <em>mother</em> puts in the way of her continuing -the treatment.</p> - -<p class='c006'>4. At the book store of S. and R. I subscribe to a periodical -which costs <em>20 florins</em> annually.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Source.</em>—During the day my wife has reminded me that I -still owe her <em>20 florins</em> of her weekly allowance.</p> - -<p class='c006'>5. I receive a <em>communication</em>, in which I am treated as a -member, from the Social Democratic Committee.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Source.</em>—I have received <em>communications</em> simultaneously from -the Liberal Committee on Elections and from the president of -the Humanitarian Society, of which I am really a member.</p> - -<p class='c006'>6. A man on <em>a steep rock in the middle of the ocean</em>, after -the manner of Boecklin.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Source.</em>—<em>Dreyfus on Devil’s Island</em>; at the same time news -from my relatives in <em>England</em>, &c.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The question might be raised, whether the dream is invariably -connected with the events of the previous day, or -whether the reference may be extended to impressions from a -longer space of time in the immediate past. Probably this -matter cannot claim primary importance, but I should like -to decide in favour of the exclusive priority of the day before -the dream (the dream-day). As often as I thought I had -found a case where an impression of two or three days before -had been the source of the dream, I could convince myself, -after careful investigation, that this impression had been -remembered the day before, that a demonstrable reproduction -had been interpolated between the day of the event and the -time of the dream, and, furthermore, I was able to point out the -recent occasion upon which the recollection of the old impression -might have occurred. On the other hand, I was -unable to convince myself that a regular interval (H. Swoboda -calls the first one of this kind eighteen hours) of biological -significance occurs between the stimulating impression of the -day and its repetition in the dream.<a id='rAQ' /><a href='#fAQ' class='c008'><sup>[AQ]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>I am, therefore, of the opinion that the stimulus for -every dream is to be found among those experiences “upon -which one has not yet slept” for a night.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Thus the impressions of the immediate past (with the -exception of the day before the night of the dream) stand in -no different relation to the dream content from those of times -which are as far removed in the past as you please. The dream -may select its material from all times of life, provided only, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span>that a chain of thought starting from one of the experiences -of the day of the dream (one of the “recent” impressions) -reaches back to these earlier ones.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But why this preference for recent impressions? We shall -reach some conjectures on this point if we subject one of the -dreams already mentioned to a more exact analysis. I select -the dream about the monograph.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Content of the dream.—I have written a monograph upon a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span>certain plant. The book lies before me, I am just turning over -a folded coloured plate. A dried specimen of the plant is bound -with every copy, as though from a herbarium.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Analysis.</em>—In the forenoon I saw in the show-window of a -book store a book entitled, <em>The Genus Cyclamen</em>, apparently -a monograph on this plant.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The cyclamen is the favourite flower of my wife. I reproach -myself for so seldom thinking to bring her flowers, as -she wishes. In connection with the theme “bringing flowers,” -I am reminded of a story which I recently told in a circle of -friends to prove my assertion that forgetting is very often the -purpose of the unconscious, and that in any case it warrants -a conclusion as to the secret disposition of the person who -forgets. A young woman who is accustomed to receive a -bunch of flowers from her husband on her birthday, misses -this token of affection on a festive occasion of this sort, and -thereupon bursts into tears. The husband comes up, and -is unable to account for her tears until she tells him, “To-day -is my birthday.” He strikes his forehead and cries, “Why, -I had completely forgotten it,” and wants to go out to get her -some flowers. But she is not to be consoled, for she sees in -the forgetfulness of her husband a proof that she does not -play the same part in his thoughts as formerly. This Mrs. L. -met my wife two days before, and told her that she was feeling -well, and asked about me. She was under my treatment years -ago.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Supplementary facts: I once actually wrote something -like a monograph on a plant, namely, an essay on the coca -plant, which drew the attention of K. Koller to the anæsthetic -properties of cocaine. I had hinted at this use of the alkaloid -in my publication, but I was not sufficiently thorough to -pursue the matter further. This suggests that on the forenoon -of the day after the dream (for the interpretation of which I -did not find time until the evening) I had thought of cocaine -in a kind of day phantasy. In case I should ever be afflicted -with glaucoma, I was going to go to Berlin, and there have -myself operated upon, incognito, at the house of my Berlin -friend, by a physician whom he would recommend to me. The -surgeon, who would not know upon whom he was operating, -would boast as usual how easy these operations had become -<span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span>since the introduction of cocaine; I would not betray by a -single sign that I had had a share in making this discovery. -With this phantasy were connected thoughts of how difficult -it really is for a doctor to claim the medical services of a -colleague for his own person. I should be able to pay the -Berlin eye specialist, who did not know me, like anyone else. -Only after recalling this day-dream do I realise that the -recollection of a definite experience is concealed behind it. -Shortly after Koller’s discovery my father had, in fact, become -ill with glaucoma; he was operated upon by my friend, the -eye specialist, Dr. Koenigstein. Dr. Koller attended to the -cocaine anæsthetisation, and thereupon made the remark -that all three of the persons who had shared in the introduction -of cocaine had been brought together on one case.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I now proceed to think of the time when I was last reminded -of this affair about the cocaine. This was a few days -before, when I received a <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Festschrift</span></cite>, with whose publication -grateful scholars had commemorated the anniversary of their -teacher and laboratory director. Among the honours -ascribed to persons connected with the laboratory, I found a -notice to the effect that the discovery of the anæsthetic properties -of cocaine had been made there by K. Koller. Now I -suddenly become aware that the dream is connected with an -experience of the previous evening. I had just accompanied -Dr. Koenigstein to his home, and had spoken to him about a -matter which strongly arouses my interest whenever it is -mentioned. While I was talking with him in the vestibule, -Professor Gärtner and his young wife came up. I could -not refrain from congratulating them both upon their healthy -appearance. Now Professor Gärtner is one of the authors -of the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Festschrift</span></cite> of which I have just spoken, and may well -have recalled it to me. Likewise Mrs. L., whose birthday -disappointment I have referred to, had been mentioned, in -another connection, to be sure, in the conversation with Dr. -Koenigstein.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I shall now try to explain the other determinations of the -dream content. <em>A dried specimen</em> of the plant accompanies -the monograph as though it were a <em>herbarium</em>. A recollection -of the <em>gymnasium</em> (school) is connected with the herbarium. -The director of our <em>gymnasium</em> once called the scholars of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span>higher classes together in order to have them inspect and -clean the herbarium. Small worms had been found—bookworms. -The director did not seem to have much confidence -in my help, for he left only a few leaves for me. I know to this -day that there were crucifers on them. My interest in botany -was never very great. At my preliminary examination in -botany, I was required to identify a crucifer, and did not -recognise it. I would have fared badly if my theoretical -knowledge had not helped me out. Crucifers suggest composites. -The artichoke is really a composite, and the one -which I might call my favourite flower. My wife, who is -more thoughtful than I, often brings this favourite flower of -mine home from the market.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I see the monograph which I have written lying before me. -This, too, is not without its reference. The friend whom I -pictured wrote to me yesterday from Berlin: “I think a -great deal about your dream book. <em>I see it lying before me -finished, and am turning over its leaves.</em>” How I envied him -this prophetic power! If I could only see it lying already -finished before me!</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>The folded Coloured Plate.</em>—While I was a student of medicine, -I suffered much from a fondness for studying in <em>monographs</em> -exclusively. In spite of my limited means, I subscribed to a -number of the medical archives, in which the coloured plates -gave me much delight. I was proud of this inclination for -thoroughness. So, when I began to publish on my own account, -I had to draw the plates for my own treatises, and I remember -one of them turned out so badly that a kindly-disposed colleague -ridiculed me for it. This suggests, I don’t know exactly -how, a very early memory from my youth. My father once -thought it would be a joke to hand over a book with <em>coloured -plates</em> (<cite>Description of a Journey in Persia</cite>) to me and my eldest -sister for destruction. This was hardly to be justified from -an educational point of view. I was at the time five years -old, and my sister three, and the picture of our blissfully tearing -this book to pieces (like an artichoke, I must add, leaf by leaf) -is almost the only one from this time of life which has remained -fresh in my memory. When I afterwards became a student, -I developed a distinct fondness for collecting and possessing -books (an analogy to the inclination for studying from monographs, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span>a hobby which occurs in the dream thoughts with -reference to cyclamen and artichoke). I became a book-worm -(<em>cf.</em> herbarium). I have always referred this first passion of -my life—since I am engaging in retrospect—to this childhood -impression, or rather I have recognised in this childish scene -a “concealing recollection” for my subsequent love of books.<a id='rAR' /><a href='#fAR' class='c008'><sup>[AR]</sup></a> -Of course I also learned at an early age that our passions are -often our sorrows. When I was seventeen years old I had a -very respectable bill at the book store, and no means with -which to pay it, and my father would hardly accept the excuse -that my inclination had not been fixed on something worse. -But the mention of this later youthful experience immediately -brings me back to my conversation that evening with my -friend Dr. Koenigstein. For the talk on the evening of the -dream-day brought up the same old reproach that I am too -fond of my hobbies.</p> - -<p class='c006'>For reasons which do not belong here, I shall not continue -the interpretation of this dream, but shall simply indicate the -path which leads to it. In the course of the interpretation, -I was reminded of my conversation with Dr. Koenigstein, and -indeed of more than one portion of it. If I consider the -subjects touched upon in this conversation, the meaning of -the dream becomes clear to me. All the thought associations -which have been started, about the hobbies of my wife and of -myself, about the cocaine, about the difficulty of securing -medical treatment from one’s colleagues, my preference for -monographic studies, and my neglect of certain subjects such -as botany—all this continues and connects with some branch -of this widely ramified conversation. The dream again takes -on the character of a justification, of a pleading for my rights, -like the first analysed dream of Irma’s injection; it even -continues the theme which that dream started, and discusses -it with the new subject matter which has accrued in the interval -between the two dreams. Even the apparently indifferent -manner of expression of the dream receives new importance. -The meaning is now: “I am indeed the man who has written -that valuable and successful treatise (on cocaine),” just as at -that time I asserted for my justification: “I am a thorough -<span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span>and industrious student;” in both cases, then: “I can afford -to do that.” But I may dispense with the further interpretation -of the dream, because my only purpose in reporting -it was to examine the relation of the dream content to the -experience of the previous day which arouses it. As long as -I know only the manifest content of this dream, but one -relation to a day impression becomes obvious; after I have -made the interpretation, a second source of the dream becomes -evident in another experience of the same day. The first of -these impressions to which the dream refers is an indifferent -one, a subordinate circumstance. I see a book in a shop -window whose title holds me for a moment, and whose contents -could hardly interest me. The second experience has great -psychic value; I have talked earnestly with my friend, the -eye specialist, for about an hour, I have made allusions in -this conversation which must have touched both of us closely, -and which awakened memories revealing the most diverse -feelings of my inner self. Furthermore, this conversation was -broken off unfinished because some friends joined us. What, -now, is the relation of these two impressions of the day to each -other and to the dream which followed during the next night?</p> - -<p class='c006'>I find in the manifest content merely an allusion to the -indifferent impression, and may thus reaffirm that the dream -preferably takes up into its content non-essential experiences. -In the dream interpretation, on the contrary, everything converges -upon an important event which is justified in demanding -attention. If I judge the dream in the only correct way, -according to the latent content which is brought to light in -the analysis, I have unawares come upon a new and important -fact. I see the notion that the dream deals only with the -worthless fragments of daily experience shattered; I am -compelled also to contradict the assertion that our waking -psychic life is not continued in the dream, and that the dream -instead wastes psychic activity upon a trifling subject matter. -The opposite is true; what has occupied our minds during the -day also dominates our dream thoughts, and we take pains to -dream only of such matters as have given us food for thought -during the day.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Perhaps the most obvious explanation for the fact that I -dream about some indifferent impression of the day, while -<span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span>the impression which is justifiably stirring furnishes the -occasion for dreaming, is that this again is a phenomenon of -the dream-disfigurement, which we have above traced to a -psychic power acting as a censor. The recollection of the -monograph on the genus cyclamen is employed as though it -were an allusion to the conversation with my friend, very -much as mention of the friend in the dream of the deferred -supper is represented by the allusion “smoked salmon.” The -only question is, by what intermediate steps does the impression -of the monograph come to assume the relation of an -allusion to the conversation with the eye specialist, since such -a relation is not immediately evident. In the example of the -deferred supper, the relation is set forth at the outset; “smoked -salmon,” as the favourite dish of the friend, belongs at once -to the series of associations which the person of the friend would -call up in the lady who is dreaming. In our new example -we have two separated impressions, which seem at first glance -to have nothing in common except that they occur on the -same day. The monograph catches my attention in the -forenoon; I take part in the conversation in the evening. -The answer supplied by the analysis is as follows: Such relations -between the two impressions do not at first exist, but -are established subsequently between the presentation content -of the one impression and the presentation content of the -other. I have recently emphasised the components in this -relation in the course of recording the analysis. With the -notion of the monograph on cyclamen I should probably -associate the idea that cyclamen is my wife’s favourite flower -only under some outside influence, and this is perhaps the -further recollection of the bunch of flowers missed by Mrs. L. -I do not believe that these underlying thoughts would have -been sufficient to call forth a dream.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“There needs no ghost, my lord, come from the grave</div> - <div class='line'>To tell us this,”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c017'>as we read in <em>Hamlet</em>. But behold! I am reminded in -the analysis that the name of the man who interrupted our -conversation was Gärtner (Gardener), and that I found his -wife in blooming health;<a id='rAS' /><a href='#fAS' class='c008'><sup>[AS]</sup></a> I even remember now that one of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span>my female patients, who bears the pretty name of Flora, was -for a time the main subject of our conversation. It must -have happened that I completed the connection between the -two events of the day, the indifferent and the exciting one, by -means of these links from the series of associations belonging -to the idea of botany. Other relations are then established, -that of cocaine, which can with perfect correctness form a go-between -connecting the person of Dr. Koenigstein with the -botanical monograph which I have written, and strengthen -the fusion of the two series of associations into one, so that now -a portion of the first experience may be used as an allusion to -the second.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I am prepared to find this explanation attacked as arbitrary -or artificial. What would have happened if Professor Gärtner -and his blooming wife had not come up, and if the patient -who was talked about had been called, not Flora, but Anna? -The answer is easy, however. If these thought-relations had -not been present, others would probably have been selected. -It is so easy to establish relations of this sort, as the joking -questions and conundrums with which we amuse ourselves -daily suffice to show. The range of wit is unlimited. To go a -step further: if it had been impossible to establish interrelations -of sufficient abundance between the two impressions -of the day, the dream would simply have resulted differently; -another of the indifferent impressions of the day, such as come -to us in multitudes and are forgotten, would have taken the -place of the monograph in the dream, would have secured a -connection with the content of the talk, and would have represented -it in the dream. Since it was the impression of the -monograph and no other that had this fate, this impression -was probably the most suitable for the establishment of the -connection. One need not be astonished, like Lessing’s -<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Hänschen Schlau</span>, because “it is the rich people of the world -who possess the most money.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Still the psychological process by which, according to our -conception, the indifferent experience is substituted for the -psychologically important one, seems odd to us and open to -question. In a later chapter we shall undertake the task of -making this seemingly incorrect operation more intelligible. -We are here concerned only with consequences of this procedure, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_150'>150</span>whose assumption we have been forced to make by -the regularly recurring experiences of dream analysis. But -the process seems to be that, in the course of those intermediate -steps, a displacement—let us say of the psychic accent—has -taken place, until ideas that are at first weakly charged -with intensity, by taking over the charge from ideas which -have a stronger initial intensity, reach a degree of strength, -which enables them to force their way into consciousness. -Such displacements do not at all surprise us when it is a -question of the bestowal of affects or of the motor actions in -general. The fact that the woman who has remained single -transfers her affection to animals, that the bachelor becomes a -passionate collector, that the soldier defends a scrap of coloured -cloth, his flag, with his life-blood, that in a love affair a momentary -clasping of hands brings bliss, or that in <em>Othello</em> a -lost handkerchief causes a burst of rage—all these are examples -of psychic displacement which seem unquestionable to us. -But if, in the same manner and according to the same fundamental -principles, a decision is made as to what is to reach our -consciousness and what is to be withheld from it, that is to -say, what we are to think—this produces an impression of -morbidity, and we call it an error of thought if it occurs in -waking life. We may here anticipate the result of a discussion -which will be undertaken later—namely, to the effect -that the psychic process which we have recognised as dream -displacement proves to be not a process morbidly disturbed, -but a process differing from the normal merely in being of a -more primitive nature.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We thus find in the fact that the dream content takes up -remnants of trivial experiences a manifestation of dream -disfigurement (by means of displacement), and we may recall -that we have recognised this dream disfigurement as the work -of a censor which controls the passage between two psychic -instances. We accordingly expect that dream analysis will -regularly reveal to us the genuine, significant source of -the dream in the life of the day, the recollection of which has -transferred its accent to some indifferent recollection. This -conception brings us into complete opposition to Robert’s<a href='#f55' class='c008'><sup>[55]</sup></a> -theory, which thus becomes valueless for us. The fact which -Robert was trying to explain simply doesn’t exist; its assumption -<span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span>is based upon a misunderstanding, upon the failure to -substitute the real meaning of the dream for its apparent -content. Further objection may be made to Robert’s doctrine: -If it were really the duty of the dream, by means of a special -psychic activity, to rid our memory of the “slag” of the recollections -of the day, our sleep would have to be more troubled -and employed in a more strained effort than we may suppose -it to be from our waking life. For the number of indifferent -impressions received during the day, against which we should -have to protect our memory, is obviously infinitely large; the -night would not be long enough to accomplish the task. It is -very much more probable that the forgetting of indifferent -impressions takes place without any active interference on the -part of our psychic powers.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Still something cautions us against taking leave of Robert’s -idea without further consideration. We have left unexplained -the fact that one of the indifferent day-impressions—one -from the previous day indeed—regularly furnished a -contribution to the dream-content. Relations between this -impression and the real source of the dream do not always -exist from the beginning; as we have seen, they are established -only subsequently, in the course of the dream-work, -as though in order to serve the purpose of the intended displacement. -There must, therefore, be some necessity to form -connections in this particular direction, of the recent, although -indifferent impression; the latter must have special fitness -for this purpose because of some property. Otherwise it -would be just as easy for the dream thoughts to transfer their -accent to some inessential member of their own series of -associations.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The following experiences will lead us to an explanation. -If a day has brought two or more experiences which are fitted -to stimulate a dream, then the dream fuses the mention of -both into a single whole; it obeys an <em>impulse to fashion a whole -out of them</em>; for instance: One summer afternoon I entered -a railroad compartment, in which I met two friends who were -unknown to each other. One of them was an influential colleague, -the other a member of a distinguished family, whose -physician I was; I made the two gentlemen acquainted with -each other; but during the long ride I was the go-between -<span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span>in the conversation, so that I had to treat a subject of conversation -now with the one, now with the other. I asked -my colleague to recommend a common friend who had just -begun his medical practice. He answered that he was convinced -of the young man’s thoroughness, but that his plain -appearance would make his entrance into households of rank -difficult. I answered: “That is just why he needs recommendation.” -Soon afterwards I asked the other fellow-traveller -about the health of his aunt—the mother of one of -my patients—who was at the time prostrated by a serious -illness. During the night after this journey I dreamt that the -young friend, for whom I had asked assistance, was in a -splendid salon, and was making a funeral oration to a select -company with the air of a man of the world—the oration being -upon the old lady (now dead for the purposes of the dream) -who was the aunt of the second fellow-traveller. (I confess -frankly that I had not been on good terms with this lady.) -My dream had thus found connections between the two impressions -of the day, and by means of them composed a unified -situation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In view of many similar experiences, I am driven to conclude -that a kind of compulsion exists for the dream function, -forcing it to bring together in the dream all the available -sources of dream stimulation into a unified whole.<a id='rAT' /><a href='#fAT' class='c008'><sup>[AT]</sup></a> In a -subsequent chapter (on the dream function) we shall become -acquainted with this impulse for putting together as a part of -condensation another primary psychic process.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I shall now discuss the question whether the source from -which the dream originates, and to which our analysis leads, -must always be a recent (and significant) event, or whether -a subjective experience, that is to say, the recollection of a -psychologically valuable experience—a chain of thought—can -take the part of a dream stimulus. The answer, which results -most unequivocally from numerous analyses, is to the following -effect. The stimulus for the dream may be a subjective -occurrence, which has been made recent, as it were, by the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span>mental activity during the day. It will probably not be out of -place here to give a synopsis of various conditions which may -be recognised as sources of dreams.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The source of a dream may be:</p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>a</em>) A recent and psychologically significant experience -which is directly represented in the dream.<a id='rAU' /><a href='#fAU' class='c008'><sup>[AU]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>b</em>) Several recent, significant experiences, which are united -by the dream into a whole.<a id='rAV' /><a href='#fAV' class='c008'><sup>[AV]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>c</em>) One or more recent and significant experiences, which -are represented in the dream by the mention of a contemporary -but indifferent experience.<a id='rAW' /><a href='#fAW' class='c008'><sup>[AW]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>d</em>) A subjective significant experience (a recollection, train -of thought), which is <em>regularly</em> represented in the dream by the -mention of a recent but indifferent impression.<a id='rAX' /><a href='#fAX' class='c008'><sup>[AX]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>As may be seen, in dream interpretation the condition is -firmly adhered to throughout that each component of the -dream repeats a recent impression of the day. The element -which is destined to representation in the dream may either -belong to the presentations surrounding the actual dream -stimulus itself—and, furthermore, either as an essential or an -inessential element of the same—or it may originate in the -neighbourhood of an indifferent impression, which, through -associations more or less rich, has been brought into relation -with the thoughts surrounding the dream stimulus. The -apparent multiplicity of the conditions here is produced by -<em>the alternative according to whether displacement has or has not -taken place</em>, and we may note that this alternative serves -to explain the contrasts of the dream just as readily as the -ascending series from partially awake to fully awake brain -cells in the medical theory of the dream (<em>cf.</em> p. 64).</p> - -<p class='c006'>Concerning this series, it is further notable that the element -which is psychologically valuable, but not recent (a train of -thought, a recollection) may be replaced, for the purposes of -dream formation, by a recent, but psychologically indifferent, -element, if only these two conditions be observed: 1. That -the dream shall contain a reference to something which has -<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span>been recently experienced; 2. That the dream stimulus shall -remain a psychologically valuable train of thought. In a -single case (<em>a</em>) both conditions are fulfilled by the same impression. -If it be added that the same indifferent impressions -which are used for the dream, as long as they are recent, lose -this availability as soon as they become a day (or at most -several days) older, the assumption must be made that the -very freshness of an impression gives it a certain psychological -value for dream formation, which is somewhat equivalent to -the value of emotionally accentuated memories or trains of -thought. We shall be able to see the basis of this value of -<em>recent</em> impressions for dream formation only with the help -of certain psychological considerations which will appear -later.<a id='rAY' /><a href='#fAY' class='c008'><sup>[AY]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>Incidentally our attention is called to the fact that important -changes in the material comprised by our ideas and -our memory may be brought about unconsciously and at -night. The injunction that one should sleep for a night upon -any affair before making a final decision about it is obviously -fully justified. But we see that at this point we have proceeded -from the psychology of dreaming to that of sleep, a -step for which there will often be occasion.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Now there arises an objection threatening to invalidate the -conclusions we have just reached. If indifferent impressions -can get into the dream only in case they are recent, how does -it happen that we find also in the dream content elements -from earlier periods in our lives, which at the time when they -were recent possessed, as Strümpell expresses it, no psychic -value, which, therefore, ought to have been forgotten long ago, -and which, therefore, are neither fresh nor psychologically -significant?</p> - -<p class='c006'>This objection can be fully met if we rely upon the results -furnished by psychoanalysis of neurotics. The solution is as -follows: The process of displacement which substitutes indifferent -material for that having psychic significance (for -dreaming as well as for thinking) has already taken place in -those earlier periods of life, and has since become fixed in the -memory. Those elements which were originally indifferent -are in fact no longer so, since they have acquired the value of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>psychologically significant material. That which has actually -remained indifferent can never be reproduced in the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It will be correct to suppose from the foregoing discussion -that I maintain that there are no indifferent dream stimuli, -and that, accordingly, there are no harmless dreams. This I -believe to be the case, thoroughly and exclusively, allowance -being made for the dreams of children and perhaps for short -dream reactions to nocturnal sensations. Whatever one may -dream, it is either manifestly recognisable as psychically -significant or it is disfigured, and can be judged correctly only -after a complete interpretation, when, as before, it may be -recognised as possessing psychic significance. The dream -never concerns itself with trifles; we do not allow ourselves -to be disturbed in our sleep by matters of slight importance. -Dreams which are apparently harmless turn out to be sinister -if one takes pains to interpret them; if I may be permitted -the expression, they all have “the mark of the beast.” As this -is another point on which I may expect opposition, and as -I am glad of an opportunity to show dream-disfigurement -at work, I shall here subject a number of dreams from my -collection to analysis.</p> - -<p class='c006'>1. An intelligent and refined young lady, who, however, -in conduct, belongs to the class we call reserved, to the “still -waters,” relates the following dream:—</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Her husband asks: “Should not the piano be tuned?” -She answers: “It won’t pay; the hammers would have to be -newly buffed too.”</em> This repeats an actual event of the previous -day. Her husband had asked such a question, and she had -answered something similar. But what is the significance of -her dreaming it? She tells of the piano, indeed, that it is a -<em>disgusting old box</em> which has a bad tone; it is one of the things -which her husband had before they were married,<a id='rAZ' /><a href='#fAZ' class='c008'><sup>[AZ]</sup></a> &c., but -the key to the true solution lies in the phrase: <em>It won’t pay.</em> -This originated in a visit made the day before to a lady friend. -Here she was asked to take off her coat, but she declined, -saying, “<em>It won’t pay.</em> I must go in a moment.” At this -point, I recall that during yesterday’s analysis she suddenly -took hold of her coat, a button of which had opened. It is, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span>therefore, as if she had said, “Please don’t look in this direction; -it won’t pay.” Thus “<em>box</em>” develops into “<em>chest</em>,” or -breast-box (“bust”), and the interpretation of the dream -leads directly to a time in her bodily development when she -was dissatisfied with her shape. It also leads to earlier periods, -if we take into consideration “<em>disgusting</em>” and “<em>bad tone</em>,” -and remember how often in allusions and in dreams the two -small hemispheres of the feminine body take the place—as a -substitute and as an antithesis—of the large ones.</p> - -<p class='c006'>II. I may interrupt this dream to insert a brief harmless -dream of a young man. He dreamt that <em>he was putting on his -winter overcoat again, which was terrible</em>. The occasion for this -dream is apparently the cold weather, which has recently set -in again. On more careful examination we note that the two -short portions of the dream do not fit together well, for what -is there “terrible” about wearing a heavy or thick coat in -the cold? Unfortunately for the harmlessness of this dream, -the first idea educed in analysis is the recollection that on the -previous day a lady had secretly admitted to him that her -last child owed its existence to the bursting of a condom. -He now reconstructs his thoughts in accordance with this -suggestion: A thin condom is dangerous, a thick one is bad. -The condom is an “overcoat” (<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Überzieher</span></i>), for it is put over -something; <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Ueberzieher</span></i> is also the name given in German to a -thin overcoat. An experience like the one related by the lady -would indeed be “terrible” for an unmarried man.—We -may now return to our other harmless dreamer.</p> - -<p class='c006'>III. <em>She puts a candle into a candlestick; but the candle is -broken, so that it does not stand straight. The girls at school say -she is clumsy; the young lady replies that it is not her fault.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Here, too, there is an actual occasion for the dream; the -day before she had actually put a candle into a candlestick; -but this one was not broken. A transparent symbolism has -been employed here. The candle is an object which excites -the feminine genitals; its being broken, so that it does not -stand straight, signifies impotence on the man’s part (“it is -not her fault”). But does this young woman, carefully -brought up, and a stranger to all obscenity, know of this -application of the candle? She happens to be able to tell how -she came by this information. While riding in a boat on the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span>Rhine, another boat passes containing students who are singing -or rather yelling, with great delight: “When the Queen of -Sweden with closed shutters and the candles of Apollo....”</p> - -<p class='c006'>She does not hear or understand the last word. Her -husband is asked to give her the required explanation. These -verses are then replaced in the dream content by the harmless -recollection of a command which she once executed clumsily -at a girls’ boarding school, this occurring by means of the -common features <em>closed shutters</em>. The connection between the -theme of onanism and that of impotence is clear enough. -“Apollo” in the latent dream content connects this dream -with an earlier one in which the virgin Pallas figured. All this -is obviously not harmless.</p> - -<p class='c006'>IV. Lest it may seem too easy a matter to draw conclusions -from dreams concerning the dreamer’s real circumstances, -I add another dream coming from the same person -which likewise appears harmless. “<em>I dreamt of doing something</em>,” -she relates, “<em>which I actually did during the day, that -is to say, I filled a little trunk so full of hooks that I had difficulty -in closing it. My dream was just like the actual occurrence.</em>” -Here the person relating the dream herself attaches chief importance -to the correspondence between the dream and reality. -All such criticisms upon the dream and remarks about it, -although they have secured a place in waking thought, regularly -belong to the latent dream content, as later examples -will further demonstrate. We are told, then, that what the -dream relates has actually taken place during the day. It -would take us too far afield to tell how we reach the idea of -using the English language to help us in the interpretation of -this dream. Suffice it to say that it is again a question of a -little box (<em>cf.</em> p. 130, the dream of the dead child in the box) -which has been filled so full that nothing more can go into it. -Nothing in the least sinister this time.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In all these “harmless” dreams the sexual factor as a -motive for the exercise of the censor receives striking prominence. -But this is a matter of primary importance, which -we must postpone.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>(<em>b</em>) <em>Infantile Experiences as the Source of Dreams</em></h3> - -<p class='c015'>As the third of the peculiarities of the dream content, we -<span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span>have cited from all the authors (except Robert) the fact that -impressions from the earliest times of our lives, which seem -not to be at the disposal of the waking memory, may appear -in the dream. It is, of course, difficult to judge how often or -how seldom this occurs, because the respective elements of the -dream are not recognised according to their origin after waking. -The proof that we are dealing with childhood impressions must -thus be reached objectively, and the conditions necessary for -this happen to coincide only in rare instances. The story is -told by A. Maury,<a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> as being particularly conclusive, of a man -who decided to visit his birthplace after twenty years’ absence. -During the night before his departure, he dreams that he is in -an altogether strange district, and that he there meets a strange -man with whom he has a conversation. Having afterward -returned to his home, he was able to convince himself that -this strange district really existed in the neighbourhood of his -home town, and the strange man in the dream turned out to -be a friend of his dead father who lived there. Doubtless, a -conclusive proof that he had seen both the man and the district -in his childhood. The dream, moreover, is to be interpreted -as a dream of impatience, like that of the girl who -carries her ticket for the concert of the evening in her pocket -(p. 110), of the child whose father had promised him an excursion -to the Hameau, and the like. The motives explaining -why just this impression of childhood is reproduced for the -dreamer cannot, of course, be discovered without an analysis.</p> - -<p class='c006'>One of the attendants at my lectures, who boasted that his -dreams were very rarely subject to disfigurement, told me -that he had sometime before in a dream seen <em>his former tutor -in bed with his nurse</em>, who had been in the household until he -was eleven years old. The location of this scene does not -occur to him in the dream. As he was much interested, he -told the dream to his elder brother, who laughingly confirmed -its reality. The brother said he remembered the affair very -well, for he was at the time six years old. The lovers were in -the habit of making him, the elder boy, drunk with beer, -whenever circumstances were favourable for nocturnal relations. -The smaller child, at that time three years old—our -dreamer—who slept in the same room as the nurse, was not -considered an obstacle.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>In still another case it may be definitely ascertained, without -the aid of dream interpretation, that the dream contains -elements from childhood; that is, if it be a so-called <em>perennial</em> -dream, which being first dreamt in childhood, later appears -again and again after adult age has been reached. I may add -a few examples of this sort to those already familiar, although -I have never made the acquaintance of such a perennial dream -in my own case. A physician in the thirties tells me that a -yellow lion, about which he can give the most detailed information, -has often appeared in his dream-life from the -earliest period of his childhood to the present day. This lion, -known to him from his dreams, was one day discovered <em>in -natura</em> as a long-forgotten object made of porcelain, and on -that occasion the young man learned from his mother that -this object had been his favourite toy in early childhood, a fact -which he himself could no longer remember.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If we now turn from the manifest dream content to the -dream thoughts which are revealed only upon analysis, the -co-operation of childhood experiences may be found to exist -even in dreams whose content would not have led us to suspect -anything of the sort. I owe a particularly delightful and -instructive example of such a dream to my honoured colleague -of the “yellow lion.” After reading Nansen’s account of his -polar expedition, he dreamt that he was giving the bold explorer -electrical treatment in an ice field for an ischæmia of -which the latter complained! In the analysis of this dream, -he remembered a story of his childhood, without which the -dream remains entirely unintelligible. When he was a child, -three or four years old, he was listening attentively to a conversation -of older people about trips of exploration, and -presently asked papa whether exploration was a severe illness. -He had apparently confused “trips” with “rips,” and the -ridicule of his brothers and sisters prevented his ever forgetting -the humiliating experience.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The case is quite similar when, in the analysis of the dream -of the monograph on the genus cyclamen, I happen upon the -recollection, retained from childhood, that my father allowed -me to destroy a book embellished with coloured plates when I -was a little boy five years old. It will perhaps be doubted -whether this recollection actually took part in the composition -<span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span>of the dream content, and it will be intimated that the process -of analysis has subsequently established the connection. But -the abundance and intricacy of the ties of association vouch -for the truth of my explanation: cyclamen—favourite flower—favourite -dish—artichoke; to pick to pieces like an artichoke, -leaf by leaf (a phrase which at that time rang in our -ears <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">à propos</span> of the dividing up of the Chinese Empire)—herbarium-bookworm, -whose favourite dish is books. I may -state further that the final meaning of the dream, which I -have not given here, has the most intimate connection with -the content of the childhood scene.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In another series of dreams we learn from analysis that the -wish itself, which has given rise to the dream, and whose -fulfilment the dream turns out to be, has originated in childhood—until -one is astonished to find that the child with all its -impulses lives on in the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I shall now continue the interpretation of a dream which has -already proved instructive—I refer to the dream in which -friend R. is my uncle (p. 116). We have carried its interpretation -far enough for the wish-motive, of being appointed professor, -to assert itself tangibly; and we have explained the -affection displayed in the dream for friend R. as a fiction of -opposition and spite against the aspersion of the two colleagues, -who appear in the dream thoughts. The dream was -my own; I may, therefore, continue the analysis by stating -that my feelings were not quite satisfied by the solution -reached. I know that my opinion of these colleagues who are -so badly treated in the dream thoughts would have been -expressed in quite different terms in waking life; the potency -of the wish not to share their fate in the matter of appointment -seemed to me too slight to account for the discrepancy -between my estimate in the dream and that of waking. If -my desire to be addressed by a new title proves so strong it -gives proof of a morbid ambition, which I did not know to -exist in me, and which I believe is far from my thoughts. I -do not know how others, who think they know me, would -judge me, for perhaps I have really been ambitious; but if -this be true, my ambition has long since transferred itself to -other objects than the title and rank of assistant-professor.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Whence, then, the ambition which the dream has ascribed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span>to me? Here I remember a story which I heard often in my -childhood, that at my birth an old peasant’s wife had prophesied -to my happy mother (I was her first-born) that she had -given to the world a great man. Such prophecies must occur -very frequently; there are so many mothers happy in expectation, -and so many old peasant wives whose influence on -earth has waned, and who have therefore turned their eyes -towards the future. The prophetess was not likely to suffer -for it either. Might my hunger for greatness have originated -from this source? But here I recollect an impression from the -later years of my childhood, which would serve still better as -an explanation. It was of an evening at an inn on the Prater,<a id='rBA' /><a href='#fBA' class='c008'><sup>[BA]</sup></a> -where my parents were accustomed to take me when I was -eleven or twelve years old. We noticed a man who went -from table to table and improvised verses upon any subject -that was given to him. I was sent to bring the poet to our -table and he showed himself thankful for the message. Before -asking for his subject he threw off a few rhymes about me, and -declared it probable, if he could trust his inspiration, that I -would one day become a “minister.” I can still distinctly -remember the impression made by this second prophecy. It -was at the time of the election for the municipal ministry; my -father had recently brought home pictures of those elected to -the ministry—Herbst, Giskra, Unger, Berger, and others—and -we had illuminated them in honour of these gentlemen. -There were even some Jews among them; every industrious -Jewish schoolboy therefore had the making of a minister in -him. Even the fact that until shortly before my enrolment -in the University I wanted to study jurisprudence, and changed -my plans only at the last moment, must be connected with the -impressions of that time. A minister’s career is under no -circumstances open to a medical man. And now for my -dream! I begin to see that it transplants me from the sombre -present to the hopeful time of the municipal election, and -fulfils my wish of that time to the fullest extent. In treating -my two estimable and learned colleagues so badly, because -they are Jews, the one as a simpleton and the other as a -criminal—in doing this I act as though I were the minister of -education, I put myself in his place. What thorough revenge -<span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span>I take upon his Excellency! He refuses to appoint me professor -extraordinarius, and in return I put myself in his place -in the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Another case establishes the fact that although the wish -which actuates the dream is a present one, it nevertheless draws -great intensification from childhood memories. I refer to a -series of dreams which are based upon the longing to go to -Rome. I suppose I shall still have to satisfy this longing by -means of dreams for a long time to come, because, at the time -of year which is at my disposal for travelling, a stay at Rome -is to be avoided on account of considerations of health.<a id='rBB' /><a href='#fBB' class='c008'><sup>[BB]</sup></a> -Thus I once dreamt of seeing the Tiber and the bridge of St. -Angelo from the window of a railroad compartment; then -the train starts, and it occurs to me that I have never entered -the city at all. The view which I saw in the dream was modelled -after an engraving which I had noticed in passing the day -before in the parlour of one of my patients. On another -occasion some one is leading me upon a hill and showing me -Rome half enveloped in mist, and so far in the distance that -I am astonished at the distinctness of the view. The content -of this dream is too rich to be fully reported here. The motive, -“to see the promised land from afar,” is easily recognisable in -it. The city is Lübeck, which I first saw in the mist; the -original of the hill is the Gleichenberg. In a third dream, I am -at last in Rome, as the dream tells me. To my disappointment, -the scenery which I see is anything but urban. <em>A little river -with black water, on one side of which are black rocks, on the -other large white flowers. I notice a certain Mr. Zucker</em> (with -whom I am superficially acquainted), <em>and make up my mind -to ask him to show me the way into the city.</em> It is apparent that -I am trying in vain to see a city in the dream which I have -never seen in waking life. If I resolve the landscape into its -elements, the white flowers indicate Ravenna, which is known -to me, and which, for a time at least, deprived Rome of its -leading place as capital of Italy. In the swamps around -Ravenna we had seen the most beautiful water-lilies in the -middle of black pools of water; the dream makes them grow -on meadows, like the narcissi of our own Aussee, because at -<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>Ravenna it was such tedious work to fetch them out of the -water. The black rock, so close to the water, vividly recalls -the valley of the Tepl at Karlsbad. “Karlsbad” now enables -me to account for the peculiar circumstance that I ask Mr. -Zucker the way. In the material of which the dream is composed -appear also two of those amusing Jewish anecdotes, -which conceal so much profound and often bitter worldly -wisdom, and which we are so fond of quoting in our conversation -and letters. One is the story of the “constitution,” and -tells how a poor Jew sneaks into the express train for Karlsbad -without a ticket, how he is caught and is treated more and -more unkindly at each call for tickets by the conductor, and -how he tells a friend, whom he meets at one of the stations -during his miserable journey, and who asks him where he is -travelling: “To Karlsbad, if my constitution will stand it.” -Associated with this in memory is another story about a Jew -who is ignorant of French, and who has express instructions to -ask in Paris for the way to the Rue Richelieu. Paris was for -many years the object of my own longing, and I took the great -satisfaction with which I first set foot on the pavement in -Paris as a warrant that I should also attain the fulfilment of -other wishes. Asking for the way is again a direct allusion -to Rome, for of course all roads lead to Rome. Moreover, -the name Zucker (English, sugar) again points to <em>Karlsbad</em>, -whither we send all persons afflicted with the <em>constitutional</em> -disease, diabetes (<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zuckerkrankheit</span></i>, sugar-disease). The occasion -for this dream was the proposal of my Berlin friend -that we should meet in Prague at Easter. A further allusion -to sugar and diabetes was to be found in the matters which I -had to talk over with him.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A fourth dream, occurring shortly after the last one mentioned, -brings me back to Rome. I see a street-corner before -me and am astonished to see so many German placards posted -there. On the day before I had written my friend with -prophetic vision that Prague would probably not be a comfortable -resort for German travellers. The dream, therefore, -simultaneously expressed the wish to meet him at Rome -instead of at the Bohemian city, and a desire, which probably -originated during my student days, that the German language -might be accorded more tolerance in Prague. Besides I must -<span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span>have understood the Czech language in the first three years of -my childhood, because I was born in a small village of Moravia, -inhabited by Slavs. A Czech nursery rhyme, which I heard -in my seventeenth year, became, without effort on my part, so -imprinted upon my memory that I can repeat it to this day, -although I have no idea of its meaning. There is then no lack -in these dreams also of manifold relations to impressions from -the first years of my life.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It was during my last journey to Italy, which, among other -places, took me past Lake Trasimenus, that I at last found -what re-enforcement my longing for the Eternal City had -received from the impressions of my youth; this was after I -had seen the Tiber, and had turned back with painful emotions -when I was within eighty kilometers of Rome. I was just -broaching the plan of travelling to Naples via Rome the next -year, when this sentence, which I must have read in one of -our classical authors, occurred to me: “It is a question which -of the two paced up and down in his room the more impatiently -after he had made the plan to go to Rome—Assistant-Headmaster -Winckelman or the great general Hannibal.” I -myself had walked in Hannibal’s footsteps; like him I was -destined never to see Rome, and he too had gone to Campania -after the whole world had expected him in Rome. Hannibal, -with whom I had reached this point of similarity, had been -my favourite hero during my years at the Gymnasium; like so -many boys of my age, I bestowed my sympathies during the -Punic war, not on the Romans, but on the Carthaginians. -Then, when I came finally to understand the consequences of -belonging to an alien race, and was forced by the anti-semitic -sentiment among my class-mates to assume a definite attitude, -the figure of the semitic commander assumed still greater proportions -in my eyes. Hannibal and Rome symbolised for me -as a youth the antithesis between the tenaciousness of the -Jews and the organisation of the Catholic Church. The significance -for our emotional life which the anti-semitic movement -has since assumed helped to fix the thoughts and impressions -of that earlier time. Thus the wish to get to Rome has become -the cover and symbol in my dream-life for several warmly -cherished wishes, for the realisation of which one might work -with the perseverance and single-mindedness of the Punic -<span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span>general, and whose fulfilment sometimes seems as little -favoured by fortune as the wish of Hannibal’s life to enter -Rome.</p> - -<p class='c006'>And now for the first time I happen upon the youthful -experience which, even to-day, still manifests its power in all -these emotions and dreams. I may have been ten or twelve -years old when my father began to take me with him on his -walks, and to reveal to me his views about the things of this -world in his conversation. In this way he once told me, in -order to show into how much better times I had been born -than he, the following: “While I was a young man, I was -walking one Saturday on a street in the village where you -were born; I was handsomely dressed and wore a new fur -cap. Along comes a Christian, who knocks my cap into the -mud with one blow and shouts: “Jew, get off the sidewalk.” -“And what did you do?” “I went into the street and picked -up the cap,” was the calm answer. That did not seem heroic -on the part of the big strong man, who was leading me, a -little fellow, by the hand. I contrasted this situation, which -did not please me, with another more in harmony with my -feelings—the scene in which Hannibal’s father, Hamilcar<a id='rBC' /><a href='#fBC' class='c008'><sup>[BC]</sup></a> -Barka made his boy swear at the domestic altar to take -vengeance on the Romans. Since that time Hannibal has -had a place in my phantasies.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>I think I can follow my enthusiasm for the Carthaginian -general still further back into my childhood, so that possibly -we have here the transference of an already formed emotional -relation to a new vehicle. One of the first books which fell -into my childish hands, after I learned to read, was Thiers’ -<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Konsulat und Kaiserreich</span></i> (Consulship and Empire); I remember -I pasted on the flat backs of my wooden soldiers little -labels with the names of the Imperial marshals, and that at -that time Masséna (as a Jew Menasse) was already my avowed -favourite. Napoleon himself follows Hannibal in crossing the -Alps. And perhaps the development of this martial ideal -can be traced still further back into my childhood, to the wish -which the now friendly, now hostile, intercourse during my -<span class='pageno' id='Page_166'>166</span>first three years with a boy a year older than myself must -have actuated in the weaker of the two playmates.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The deeper one goes in the analysis of dreams, the more -often one is put on the track of childish experiences which -play the part of dream sources in the latent dream -content.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have learned (p. 16) that the dream very rarely reproduces -experiences in such a manner that they constitute the -sole manifest dream content, unabridged and unchanged. -Still some authentic examples showing this process have been -reported, and I can add some new ones which again refer to -infantile scenes. In the case of one of my patients, a dream -once gave a barely disfigured reproduction of a sexual occurrence, -which was immediately recognised as an accurate -recollection. The memory of it indeed had never been lost -in waking life, but it had been greatly obscured, and its revivification -was a result of the preceding work of analysis. The -dreamer had at the age of twelve visited a bed-ridden schoolmate, -who had exposed himself by a movement in bed, probably -only by chance. At the sight of the genitals, he was -seized by a kind of compulsion, exposed himself and took hold -of the member belonging to the other boy, who, however, -looked at him with surprise and indignation, whereupon he -became embarrassed and let go. A dream repeated this scene -twenty-three years later, with all the details of the emotions -occurring in it, changing it, however, in this respect, that the -dreamer took the passive part instead of the active one, -while the person of the schoolmate was replaced by one -belonging to the present.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As a rule, of course, a childhood scene is represented in the -manifest dream content only by an allusion, and must be -extricated from the dream by means of interpretation. The -citation of examples of this kind cannot have a very convincing -effect, because every guarantee that they are experiences -of childhood is lacking; if they belong to an earlier -time of life, they are no longer recognised by our memory. -Justification for the conclusion that such childish experiences -generally exist in dreams is based upon a great number of -factors which become apparent in psychoanalytical work, and -which seem reliable enough when regarded as a whole. But -<span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span>when, for the purposes of dream interpretation, such references -of dreams to childish experiences are torn from -their context, they will perhaps not make much impression, -especially since I never give all the material upon which the -interpretation depends. However, I shall not let this prevent -me from giving some examples.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I. The following dream is from another female patient: -<em>She is in a large room, in which there are all kinds of machines, -perhaps, as she imagines, an orthopædic institute. She hears -that I have no time, and that she must take the treatment along -with five others. But she resists, and is unwilling to lie down on -the bed—or whatever it is—which is intended for her. She stands -in a corner and waits for me to say “It is not true.” The others, -meanwhile, laugh at her, saying it is all foolishness on her part. -At the same time it is as if she were called upon to make many -small squares.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>The first part of the content of this dream is an allusion to -the treatment and a transference on me. The second contains -an allusion to a childhood scene; the two portions are connected -by the mention of the bed. The orthopædic institute -refers to one of my talks in which I compared the treatment -as to its duration and nature with an orthopædic treatment. -At the beginning of the treatment I had to tell her that <em>for -the present</em> I had little time for her, but that later on I would -devote a whole hour to her daily. This aroused in her the -old sensitiveness, which is the chief characteristic of children -who are to be hysterical. Their desire for love is insatiable. -My patient was the youngest of six brothers and sisters (hence, -“<em>with five others</em>”), and as such the favourite of her father, -but in spite of that she seems to have found that her beloved -father devoted too little time and attention to her. The detail -of her waiting for me to say “It is not true,” has the following -explanation: A tailor’s apprentice had brought her a dress, -and she had given him the money for it. Then she asked her -husband whether she would have to pay the money again if -the boy were to lose it. To tease her, her husband answered -“Yes” (the teasing in the dream), and she asked again and -again, and <em>waited for him to say</em> “<em>It is not true.</em>” The thought -of the latent dream-content may now be construed as follows: -Will she have to pay me the double amount if I devote twice -<span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span>the time to her? a thought which is stingy or filthy. (The -uncleanliness of childhood is often replaced in the dream by -greediness for money; the word filthy here supplies the -bridge.) If all that about waiting until I should say, &c., -serves as a dream circumlocution for the word “filthy,” the -standing-in-a-corner and not lying down-on-the-bed are in -keeping; for these two features are component parts of a -scene of childhood, in which she had soiled her bed, and for -punishment was put into a corner, with the warning that papa -would not love her any more, and her brothers and sisters -laughed at her, &c. The little squares refer to her young -niece, who has shown her the arithmetical trick of writing -figures in nine squares, I believe it is, in such a way that -upon being added together in any direction they make -fifteen.</p> - -<p class='c006'>II. Here is the dream of a man: <em>He sees two boys tussling -with each other, and they are cooper’s boys, as he concludes from -the implements which are lying about; one of the boys has thrown -the other down, the prostrate one wears ear-rings with blue stones. -He hurries after the wrongdoer with lifted cane, in order to -chastise him. The latter takes refuge with a woman who is -standing against a wooden fence, as though it were his mother. -She is the wife of a day labourer, and she turns her back to the -man who is dreaming. At last she faces about and stares at him -with a horrible look, so that he runs away in fright; in her eyes -the red flesh of the lower lid seems to stand out.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>The dream has made abundant use of trivial occurrences -of the previous day. The day before he actually saw two boys -on the street, one of whom threw the other one down. When -he hurried up to them in order to settle the quarrel, both of -them took flight. Coopers’ boys: this is explained only by a -subsequent dream, in the analysis of which he used the expression, -“<em>To knock the bottom out of the barrel.</em>” Ear-rings -with blue stones, according to his observation, are chiefly -worn by prostitutes. Furthermore, a familiar doggerel rhyme -about two boys comes up: “The other boy, his name was -Mary” (that is, he was a girl). The woman standing up: -after the scene with the two boys, he took a walk on the -bank of the Danube, and took advantage of being alone -to urinate <em>against a wooden fence</em>. A little later during -<span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>his walk, a decently dressed elderly lady smiled at him -very pleasantly, and wanted to hand him her card with -her address.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Since in the dream the woman stood as he had while -urinating, it is a question of a woman urinating, and this -explains the “horrible look,” and the prominence of the red -flesh, which can only refer to the genitals which gap in squatting. -He had seen genitals in his childhood, and they had -appeared in later recollection as “proud flesh” and as -“wound.” The dream unites two occasions upon which, as -a young boy, the dreamer had had opportunity to see the -genitals of little girls, in throwing one down, and while another -was urinating; and, as is shown by another association, he -had kept in memory a punishment or threat of his father’s, -called forth by the sexual curiosity which the boy manifested -on these occasions.</p> - -<p class='c006'>III. A great mass of childish memories, which have been -hastily united in a phantasy, is to be found behind the following -dream of a young lady.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>She goes out in trepidation, in order to do some shopping. -On the Graben<a id='rBD' /><a href='#fBD' class='c008'><sup>[BD]</sup></a> she sinks to her knees as though broken down. -Many people collect around her, especially the hackney-coach -drivers; but no one helps her to get up. She makes many unavailing -attempts; finally she must have succeeded, for she is -put into a hackney-coach which is to take her home. A large, -heavily laden basket (something like a market-basket) is thrown -after her through the window.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>This is the same woman who is always harassed in her -dreams as she was harassed when a child. The first situation -of the dream is apparently taken from seeing a horse that -had fallen, just as “broken down” points to horse-racing. -She was a rider in her early years, still earlier she was probably -also a horse. Her first childish memory of the seventeen-year-old -son of the porter, who, being seized on the street by -an epileptic fit, was brought home in a coach, is connected -with the idea of falling down. Of this, of course, she has only -heard, but the idea of epileptic fits and of falling down has -obtained great power over her phantasies, and has later influenced -the form of her own hysterical attacks. When a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>person of the female sex dreams of falling, this almost regularly -has a sexual significance; she becomes a “fallen -woman,” and for the purpose of the dream under consideration -this interpretation is probably the least doubtful, for she -falls on the Graben, the place in Vienna which is known as -the concourse of prostitutes. The market-basket admits of -more than one interpretation; in the sense of refusal (German, -<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Korb</span></i> = basket—snub, refusal), she remembers the many snubs -which she first gave her suitors, and which she later, as she -thinks, received herself. Here belongs also the detail that -<em>no one will help her up</em>, which she herself interprets as being -disdained. Furthermore, the market-basket recalls phantasies -that have already appeared in the course of analysis, in which -she imagines she has married far beneath her station, and -now goes marketing herself. But lastly the market-basket -might be interpreted as the mark of a servant. This suggests -further childhood memories—of a cook who was sent away -because she stole; she, too, sank to her knees and begged for -mercy. The dreamer was at that time twelve years old. -Then there is a recollection of a chamber-maid, who was -dismissed because she had an affair with the coachman of -the household, who, incidentally, married her afterwards. -This recollection, therefore, gives us a clue to the coachman -in the dream (who do not, in contrast with what is actually -the case, take the part of the fallen woman). But there still -remains to be explained the throwing of the basket, and the -throwing of it through the window. This takes her to the -transference of baggage on the railroad, to the <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Fensterln</span></i>,<a id='rBE' /><a href='#fBE' class='c008'><sup>[BE]</sup></a> -in the country, and to minor impressions received at a country -resort, of a gentleman throwing some blue plums to a lady -through her window, and of the dreamer’s little sister being -frightened because a cretin who was passing looked in at the -window. And now from behind this there emerges an obscure -recollection, from her tenth year, of a nurse who made love at -the country resort with a servant of the household, of which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>the child had opportunity to see something, and who was -“fired” (thrown out) (in the dream the opposite: “thrown -into”), a story which we had also approached by several -other paths. The baggage, moreover, or the trunk of a servant, -is disparagingly referred to in Vienna as “seven plums.” -“Pack up your seven plums and get out.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>My collection, of course, contains an abundant supply of -such patients’ dreams, whose analysis leads to childish impressions -that are remembered obscurely or not at all, and -that often date back to the first three years of life. But it is -a mistake to draw conclusions from them which are to apply -to the dream in general; we are in every case dealing with -neurotic, particularly with hysterical persons; and the part -played by childhood scenes in these dreams might be conditioned -by the nature of the neurosis, and not by that of the -dream. However, I am struck quite as often in the course of -interpreting my own dreams, which I do not do on account of -obvious symptoms of disease, by the fact that I unsuspectingly -come upon a scene of childhood in the latent dream content, -and that a whole series of dreams suddenly falls into line with -conclusions drawn from childish experiences. I have already -given examples of this, and shall give still more upon various -occasions. Perhaps I cannot close the whole chapter more -fittingly than by citing several of my own dreams, in which -recent happenings and long-forgotten experiences of childhood -appear together as sources of dreams.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I. After I have been travelling and have gone to bed -hungry and tired, the great necessities of life begin to assert -their claims in sleep, and I dream as follows: <em>I go into a -kitchen to order some pastry. Here three women are standing, -one of whom is the hostess, and is turning something in her hand -as though she were making dumplings. She answers that I -must wait until she has finished</em> (not distinctly as a speech). -<em>I become impatient and go away insulted. I put on an overcoat; -but the first one which I try is too long. I take it off, and am -somewhat astonished to find that it has fur trimming. A second -one has sewn into it a long strip of cloth with Turkish drawings. -A stranger with a long face and a short pointed beard comes up -and prevents me from putting it on, declaring that it belongs to -him. I now show him that it is embroidered all over in Turkish -<span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span>fashion. He asks, “What business are the Turkish (drawings, -strips of cloth ...) of yours?” But we then become quite -friendly with each other.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>In the analysis of this dream there occurs to me quite -unexpectedly the novel which I read, that is to say, which I -began with the end of the first volume, when I was perhaps -thirteen years old. I have never known the name of the novel -or of its author, but the conclusion remains vividly in my -memory. The hero succumbs to insanity, and continually -calls the names of the three women that have signified the -greatest good and ill fortune for him during life. Pélagie is -one of these names. I still do not know what to make of -this name in the analysis. À propos of the three women there -now come to the surface the three Parcæ who spin the fate of -man, and I know that one of the three women, the hostess -in the dream, is the mother who gives life, and who, moreover, -as in my case, gives the first nourishment to the living creature. -Love and hunger meet at the mother’s breast. A young man—so -runs an anecdote—who became a great admirer of womanly -beauty, once when the conversation turned upon a beautiful -wet nurse who had nourished him as a child, expressed himself -to the effect that he was sorry that he had not taken better -advantage of his opportunity at the time. I am in the habit -of using the anecdote to illustrate the factor of subsequence -in the mechanism of psychoneuroses.... One of the Parcæ, -then, is rubbing the palms of her hands together as though she -were making dumplings. A strange occupation for one of -the Fates, which is urgently in need of an explanation! This -is now found in another and earlier childhood memory. When -I was six years old, and was receiving my first instructions from -my mother, I was asked to believe that we are made of earth, -and that therefore we must return to earth. But this did not -suit me, and I doubted her teaching. Thereupon my mother -rubbed the palms of her hands together—just as in making -dumplings, except that there was no dough between them—and -showed me the blackish scales of epidermis which were -thus rubbed off as a proof that it is earth of which we are -made. My astonishment at this demonstration <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ad oculos</span></i> -was without limit, and I acquiesced in the idea which I was -later to hear expressed in words: “Thou owest nature a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>death.”<a id='rBF' /><a href='#fBF' class='c008'><sup>[BF]</sup></a> Thus the women are really Parcæ whom I visit -in the kitchen, as I have done so often in my childhood years -when I was hungry, and when my mother used to order me to -wait until lunch was ready. And now for the dumplings! -At least one of my teachers at the University, the very one -to whom I am indebted for my histological knowledge -(epidermis), might be reminded by the name Knoedl (German, -<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Knoedel</span></i> = dumplings) of a person whom he had to prosecute -for committing a plagiarism of his writings. To commit -plagiarism, to appropriate anything one can get, even though -it belongs to another, obviously leads to the second part of -the dream, in which I am treated like a certain overcoat thief, -who for a time plied his trade in the auditoria. I wrote down -the expression plagiarism—without any reason—because it -presented itself to me, and now I perceive that it must belong -to the latent dream-content, because it will serve as a bridge -between different parts of the manifest dream-content. The -chain of associations—Pélagie—plagiarism—plagiostomi<a id='rBG' /><a href='#fBG' class='c008'><sup>[BG]</sup></a> -(sharks)—fish bladder—connects the old novel with the affair -of Knoedl and with the overcoats (German, <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Überzieher</span></i> = thing -drawn over—overcoat or condom), which obviously refer to -an object belonging to the technique of sexual life.<a id='rBH' /><a href='#fBH' class='c008'><sup>[BH]</sup></a> This, it is -true, is a very forced and irrational connection, but it is -nevertheless one which I could not establish in waking life -if it had not been already established by the activity of the -dream. Indeed, as though nothing were sacred for this -impulse to force connections, the beloved name, Bruecke -(bridge of words, see above), now serves to remind me of the -institution in which I spent my happiest hours as a student, -quite without any cares (“So you will ever find more pleasure -at the breasts of knowledge without measure”), in the most -complete contrast to the urgent desires which vex me while I -dream. And finally there comes to the surface the recollection -of another dear teacher, whose name again sounds like -<span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>something to eat (Fleischl—German, <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Fleisch</span></i> = meat—like -Knoedl), and of a pathetic scene, in which the scales of epidermis -play a part (mother—hostess), and insanity (the novel), and -a remedy from the Latin kitchen which numbs the sensation -of hunger, to wit, cocaine.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In this manner I could follow the intricate trains of thought -still further, and could fully explain the part of the dream -which is missing in the analysis; but I must refrain, because -the personal sacrifices which it would require are too great. -I shall merely take up one of the threads, which will serve to -lead us directly to the dream thoughts that lie at the bottom -of the confusion. The stranger, with the long face and -pointed beard, who wants to prevent me from putting on -the overcoat, has the features of a tradesman at Spalato, of -whom my wife made ample purchases of Turkish cloths. His -name was Popovic̓, a suspicious name, which, by the way, -has given the humorist Stettenheim a chance to make a -significant remark: “He told me his name, and blushingly -shook my hand.”<a id='rBI' /><a href='#fBI' class='c008'><sup>[BI]</sup></a> Moreover, there is the same abuse of -names as above with Pélagie, Knoedl, Bruecke, Fleischl. -That such playing with names is childish nonsense can be -asserted without fear of contradiction; if I indulge in it, -this indulgence amounts to an act of retribution, for my own -name has numberless times fallen a victim to such weak-minded -attempts at humour. Goethe once remarked how -sensitive a man is about his name with which, as with his skin, -he feels that he has grown up, whereupon Herder composed -the following on his name:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Thou who art born of <em>gods</em>, of <em>Goths</em>, or of <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Kot</span></i> (mud)—</div> - <div class='line'>Thy <em>god</em>like images, too, are dust.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>I perceive that this digression about the abuse of names -was only intended to prepare for this complaint. But let us -stop here.... The purchase at Spalato reminds me of -another one at Cattaro, where I was too cautious, and missed -an opportunity for making some desirable acquisitions. -(Missing an opportunity at the breast of the nurse, see above.) -Another dream thought, occasioned in the dreamer by the -sensation of hunger, is as follows: <em>One should let nothing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>which one can have escape, even if a little wrong is done; no -opportunity should be missed, life is so short, death inevitable.</em> -Owing to the fact that this also has a sexual significance, and -that desire is unwilling to stop at a wrong, this philosophy -of <i><span lang="al" xml:lang="al">carpe diem</span></i> must fear the censor and must hide behind a -dream. This now makes articulate counter-thoughts of all -kinds, recollections of a time when spiritual food alone was -sufficient for the dreamer; it suggests repressions of every -kind, and even threats of disgusting sexual punishments.</p> - -<p class='c006'>II. A second dream requires a longer preliminary statement:</p> - -<p class='c006'>I have taken a car to the West Station in order to begin a -vacation journey to the Aussee, and I reach the station in -time for the train to Ischl, which leaves earlier. Here I see -Count Thun, who is again going to see the Emperor at Ischl. -In spite of the rain, he has come in an open carriage, has -passed out at once through the door for local trains, and has -motioned back the gate-keeper, who does not know him and -who wants to take his ticket, with a little wave of his hand. -After the train to Ischl has left, I am told to leave the platform -and go back into the hot waiting-room; but with difficulty -I secure permission to remain. I pass the time in watching -the people who make use of bribes to secure a compartment; -I make up my mind to insist on my rights—that is, to demand -the same privilege. Meanwhile I sing something to myself, -which I afterwards recognise to be the aria from Figaro’s -Wedding:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“If my lord Count wishes to try a dance,</div> - <div class='line in10'>Try a dance,</div> - <div class='line'>Let him but say so,</div> - <div class='line'>I’ll play him a tune.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>(Possibly another person would not have recognised the -song.)</p> - -<p class='c006'>During the whole afternoon I have been in an insolent, -combative mood; I have spoken roughly to the waiter and -the cabman, I hope without hurting their feelings; now all -kinds of bold and revolutionary thoughts come into my head, -of a kind suited to the words of Figaro and the comedy of -Beaumarchais, which I had seen at the Comédie Française. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>The speech about great men who had taken the trouble to be -born; the aristocratic prerogative, which Count Almaviva -wants to apply in the case of Susan; the jokes which our -malicious journalists of the Opposition make upon the name -of Count Thun (German, <em>thun</em> = doing) by calling him Count -Do-Nothing. I really do not envy him; he has now a difficult -mission with the Emperor, and I am the real Count Do-Nothing, -for I am taking a vacation. With this, all kinds of cheerful -plans for the vacation. A gentleman now arrives who is -known to me as a representative of the Government at the -medical examinations, and who has won the flattering nickname -of “Governmental bed-fellow” by his activities in this -capacity. By insisting on his official station he secures half -of a first-class compartment, and I hear one guard say to the -other: “Where are we going to put the gentleman with the -first-class half-compartment?” A pretty favouritism; I -am paying for a whole first-class compartment. Now I get -a whole compartment for myself, but not in a through coach, -so that there is no toilet at my disposal during the night. -My complaints to the guard are without result; I get even -by proposing that at least there be a hole made in the floor of -this compartment for the possible needs of the travellers. I -really awake at a quarter of three in the morning with a desire -to urinate, having had the following dream:</p> - -<p class='c006'>Crowd of people, meeting of students.... <em>A certain -Count (Thun or Taafe) is making a speech. Upon being asked -to say something about the Germans, he declares with contemptuous -mien that their favourite flower is Colt’s-foot, and then puts something -like a torn leaf, really the crumpled skeleton of a leaf, into -his buttonhole. I make a start, I make a start then,<a id='rBJ' /><a href='#fBJ' class='c008'><sup>[BJ]</sup></a> but I am -surprised at this idea of mine.</em> Then more indistinctly: <em>It -seems as though it were the vestibule (Aula), the exits are jammed, -as though it were necessary to flee. I make my way through a -suite of handsomely furnished rooms, apparently governmental -chambers, with furniture of a colour which is between brown and -violet, and at last I come to a passage where a housekeeper, an -elderly, fat woman (Frauenzimmer), is seated. I try to avoid -<span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span>talking to her, but apparently she thinks I have a right to pass -because she asks whether she shall accompany me with the lamp. -I signify to her to tell her that she is to remain standing on the -stairs, and in this I appear to myself very clever, for avoiding -being watched at last. I am downstairs now, and I find a narrow, -steep way along which I go.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Again indistinctly.... <em>It is as if my second task were to -get away out of the city, as my earlier was to get out of the house. -I am riding in a one-horse carriage, and tell the driver to take me -to a railway station. “I cannot ride with you on the tracks,” I -say, after he has made the objection that I have tired him out. -Here it seems as though I had already driven with him along a -course which is ordinarily traversed on the railroad. The stations are -crowded; I consider whether I shall go to Krems or to Znaim, but I -think that the court will be there, and I decide in favour of Graz or -something of the sort. Now I am seated in the coach, which is something -like a street-car, and I have in my buttonhole a long braided -thing, on which are violet-brown violets of stiff material, which -attracts the attention of many people. Here the scene breaks off.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'><em>I am again in front of the railroad station, but I am with a elderly -gentleman. I invent a scheme for remaining unrecognised, but I also -see this plan already carried out. Thinking and experiencing are -here, as it were, the same thing. He pretends to be blind, at least in -one eye, and I hold a male urinal in front of him (which we have -had to buy in the city or did buy), I am thus a sick attendant, and -have to give him the urinal because he is blind. If the conductor -sees us in this position, he must pass us by without drawing attention. -At the same time the attitude of the person mentioned is -visually observed.</em> Then I awake with a desire to urinate.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The whole dream seems a sort of phantasy, which takes the -dreamer back to the revolutionary year 1848, the memory of -which had been renewed by the anniversary year 1898, as well -as by a little excursion to Wachau, where I had become acquainted -with Emmersdorf, a town which I wrongly supposed -to be the resting-place of the student leader Fischof, to whom -several features of the dream content might refer. The -thought associations then lead me to England, to the house of -my brother, who was accustomed jokingly to tell his wife of -“Fifty years ago,” according to the title of a poem by Lord -Tennyson, whereupon the children were in the habit of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span>correcting: “Fifteen years ago.” This phantasy, however, which -subtilely attaches itself to the thoughts which the sight of the -Count Thun has given rise to, is only like the façade of Italian -churches which is superimposed without being organically -connected with the building behind it; unlike these façades, -however, the phantasy is filled with gaps and confused, and -the parts from within break through at many places. The -first situation of the dream is concocted from several scenes, -into which I am able to separate it. The arrogant attitude of -the Count in the dream is copied from a scene at the Gymnasium -which took place in my fifteenth year. We had contrived -a conspiracy against an unpopular and ignorant teacher, the -leading spirit in which was a schoolmate who seems to have -taken Henry VIII. of England as his model. It fell to me to -carry out the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">coup-d’état</span></i>, and a discussion of the importance -of the Danube (German <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Donau</span></i>) for Austria (Wachau!) was -the occasion upon which matters came to open indignation. -A fellow-conspirator was the only aristocratic schoolmate -whom we had—he was called the “giraffe” on account of his -conspicuous longitudinal development—and he stood just like -the Count in the dream, while he was being reprimanded by -the tyrant of the school, the Professor of the German language. -The explanation of the favourite flower and the putting into -the buttonhole of something which again must have been a -flower (which recalls the orchids, which I had brought to a -lady friend on the same day, and besides that the rose of -Jericho) prominently recalls the scene in Shakespeare’s historical -plays which opens the civil wars of the Red and the -White Roses; the mention of Henry VIII. has opened the -way to this reminiscence. It is not very far now from roses -to red and white carnations. Meanwhile two little rhymes, -the one German, the other Spanish, insinuate themselves into -the analysis: “Roses, tulips, carnations, all flowers fade,” -and “<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Isabelita, no llores que se marchitan las flores.</span>” The -Spanish is taken from <cite>Figaro</cite>. Here in Vienna white carnations -have become the insignia of the Anti-Semites, the -red ones of the Social Democrats. Behind this is the recollection -of an anti-Semitic challenge during a railway trip in -beautiful Saxony (Anglo-Saxon). The third scene contributing -to the formation of the first situation in the dream takes -<span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span>place in my early student life. There was a discussion in the -German students’ club about the relation of philosophy to the -general sciences. A green youth, full of the materialistic -doctrine, I thrust myself forward and defended a very one-sided -view. Thereupon a sagacious older school-fellow, who -has since shown his capacity for leading men and organising -the masses, and who, moreover, bears a name belonging to -the animal kingdom, arose and called us down thoroughly; -he too, he said, had herded swine in his youth, and had come -back repentant to the house of his father. I started up (as -in the dream), became very uncivil, and answered that since -I knew he had herded swine, I was not surprised at the tone of -his discourse. (In the dream I am surprised at my national -German sentiment.) There was great commotion; and the -demand came from all sides that I take back what I had said, -but I remained steadfast. The man who had been insulted -was too sensible to take the advice, which was given him, to -send a challenge, and let the matter drop.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The remaining elements of this scene of the dream are of -more remote origin. What is the meaning of the Count’s -proclaiming the colt’s foot? Here I must consult my train -of associations. Colt’s-foot (German: <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Huflattich</span></i>)—lattice—lettuce—salad-dog -(the dog that grudges others what he cannot -eat himself). Here plenty of opprobrious epithets may be -discerned: Gir-affe (German <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Affe</span></i> = monkey, ape), pig, sow, -dog; I might even find means to arrive at donkey, on a detour -by way of a name, and thus again at contempt for an academic -teacher. Furthermore I translate colt’s-foot (<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Huflattich</span></i>)—I -do not know how correctly—by “pisse-en-lit.” I got this -idea from Zola’s <cite>Germinal</cite>, in which children are ordered to -bring salad of this kind. The dog—<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">chien</span></i>—has a name sounding -like the major function (<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">chier</span></i>, as <em>pisser</em> stands for the -minor one). Now we shall soon have before us the indecent -in all three of its categories; for in the same <em>Germinal</em>, which -has a lot to do with the future revolution there is described -a very peculiar contest, depending upon the production of -gaseous excretions, called flatus.<a id='rBK' /><a href='#fBK' class='c008'><sup>[BK]</sup></a> And now I must remark -<span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span>how the way to this flatus has been for a long while preparing, -beginning with the flowers, and proceeding to the Spanish -rhyme of Isabelita to Ferdinand and Isabella, and, by way of -Henry VIII., to English history at the time of the expedition -of the Armada against England, after the victorious termination -of which the English struck a medal with the inscription: -“<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Afflavit</em> et dissipati sunt</span>,” for the storm had -scattered the Spanish fleet. I had thought of taking this -phrase for the title of a chapter on “Therapeutics”—to -be meant half jokingly—if I should ever have occasion to -give a detailed account of my conception and treatment -of hysteria.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I cannot give such a detailed solution of the second scene -of the dream, out of regard for the censor. For at this point -I put myself in the place of a certain eminent gentleman of -that revolutionary period, who also had an adventure with an -eagle, who is said to have suffered from incontinence of the -bowels, and the like; and I believe I <em>should not be justified at -this point in passing</em> the censor, although it was an aulic -councillor (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">aula</span></i>, <em>consilarius aulicus</em>) who told me the greater -part of these stories. The allusion to the suite of rooms in -the dream relates to the private car of his Excellency, into -which I had opportunity to look for a moment; but it signifies, -as so often in dreams, a woman (<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Frauenzimmer</span>; German -<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zimmer</span></i>—room is appended to <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Frauen</span></i>—woman, in order to -imply a slight amount of contempt).<a id='rBL' /><a href='#fBL' class='c008'><sup>[BL]</sup></a> In the person of the -housekeeper I give scant recognition to an intelligent elderly -lady for the entertainment and the many good stories which I -have enjoyed at her house.... The feature of the lamp goes -back to Grillparzer, who notes a charming experience of a -similar nature, which he afterwards made use of in “Hero and -Leander” (the billows of the ocean and of love—the Armada -and the storm).<a id='rBM' /><a href='#fBM' class='c008'><sup>[BM]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>I must also forgo detailed analysis of the two remaining -portions of the dream; I shall select only those elements -<span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span>which lead to two childhood scenes, for the sake of which alone -I have taken up the dream. The reader will guess that it is -sexual matter which forces me to this suppression; but he -need not be content with this explanation. Many things -which must be treated as secrets in the presence of others are -not treated as such with one’s self, and here it is not a question -of considerations inducing me to hide the solution, but of -motives of the inner censor concealing the real content of the -dream from myself. I may say, then, that the analysis shows -these three portions of the dream to be impertinent boasting, -the exuberance of an absurd grandiose idea which has long -since been suppressed in my waking life, which, however, dares -show itself in the manifest dream content by one or two projections -(<em>I seem clever to myself</em>), and which makes the arrogant -mood of the evening before the dream perfectly intelligible. -It is boasting, indeed, in all departments; thus the mention -of Graz refers to the phrase: What is the price of Graz? -which we are fond of using when we feel over-supplied with -money. Whoever will recall Master Rabelais’s unexcelled -description of the “Life and Deeds of Gargantua and his Son -Pantagruel,” will be able to supply the boastful content intimated -in the first portion of the dream. The following belongs -to the two childhood scenes which have been promised. I had -bought a new trunk for this journey, whose colour, a brownish -violet, appears in the dream several times. (Violet-brown -violets made of stiff material, next to a thing which is called -“girl-catcher”—the furniture in the governmental chambers). -That something new attracts people’s attention is a well-known -belief of children. Now I have been told the following -story of my childhood; I remember hearing the story rather -than the occurrence itself. I am told that at the age of two -I still occasionally wetted my bed, that I was often reproached -on this subject, and that I consoled my father by promising -to buy him a beautiful new red bed in N. (the nearest large -city). (Hence the detail inserted in the dream that <em>we bought -the urinal in the city or had to buy it</em>; one must keep one’s -promises. Attention is further called to the identity of the -male urinal and the feminine trunk, box). All the megalomania -of the child is contained in this promise. The significance -of the dream of difficulty in urinating in the case of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>child has been already considered in the interpretation of an -earlier dream (<em>cf.</em> the dream on p. 145).</p> - -<p class='c006'>Now there was another domestic occurrence, when I was -seven or eight years old, which I remember very well. One -evening, before going to bed I had disregarded the dictates of -discretion not to satisfy my wants in the bedroom of my -parents and in their presence, and in his reprimand for this -delinquency my father made the remark: “That boy will -never amount to anything.” It must have terribly mortified -my ambition, for allusions to this scene return again and again -in my dreams, and are regularly coupled with enumerations -of my accomplishments and successes, as though I wanted to -say: “You see, I have amounted to something after all.” -Now this childhood scene furnishes the elements for the last -image of the dream, in which of course, the rôles are interchanged -for the sake of revenge. The elderly man, obviously -my father, for the blindness in one eye signifies his glaucoma<a id='rBN' /><a href='#fBN' class='c008'><sup>[BN]</sup></a> -on one side is now urinating before me as I once urinated before -him. In glaucoma I refer to cocaine, which stood my father in -good stead in his operation, as though I had thereby fulfilled -my promises. Besides that I make sport of him; since he is -blind I must hold the urinal in front of him, and I gloat over -allusions to my discoveries in the theory of hysteria, of which -I am so proud.<a id='rBO' /><a href='#fBO' class='c008'><sup>[BO]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span>If the two childhood scenes of urinating are otherwise -closely connected with the desire for greatness, their rehabilitation -on the trip to the Aussee was further favoured by the -accidental circumstance that my compartment had no water-closet, -and that I had to expect embarrassment on the ride as -actually happened in the morning. I awoke with the sensation -of a bodily need. I suppose one might be inclined to credit -these sensations with being the actual stimulus of the dream; -I should, however, prefer a different conception—namely, -that it was the dream thoughts which gave rise to the desire -to urinate. It is quite unusual for me to be disturbed in sleep -by any need, at least at the time of this awakening, a quarter -of four in the morning. I may forestall further objection by -remarking that I have hardly ever felt a desire to urinate -after awakening early on other journeys made under more -comfortable circumstances. Moreover, I can leave this point -undecided without hurting my argument.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Since I have learned, further, from experience in dream -analysis that there always remain important trains of thought -proceeding from dreams whose interpretation at first seems -complete (because the sources of the dream and the actuation -of the wish are easily demonstrable), trains of thought reaching -back into earliest childhood, I have been forced to ask myself -whether this feature does not constitute an essential condition -of dreaming. If I were to generalise this thesis, a connection -with what has been recently experienced would form a part -<span class='pageno' id='Page_184'>184</span>of the manifest content of every dream and a connection with -what has been most remotely experienced, of its latent content; -and I can actually show in the analysis of hysteria that in a -true sense these remote experiences have remained recent up -to the present time. But this conjecture seems still very -difficult to prove; I shall probably have to return to the part -played by the earliest childhood experiences, in another connection -(Chapter VII.).</p> - -<p class='c006'>Of the three peculiarities of dream memory considered at -the beginning, one—the preference for the unimportant in -the dream content—has been satisfactorily explained by tracing -it back to dream disfigurement. We have been able to establish -the existence of the other two—the selection of recent and -of infantile material—but we have found it impossible to -explain them by the motive of dream. Let us keep in mind -these two characteristics, which still remain to be explained -or evaluated; a place for them will have to be found elsewhere, -either in the psychology of the sleeping state, or in the -discussion of the structure of the psychic apparatus which we -shall undertake later, after we have learned that the inner -nature of the apparatus may be observed through dream -interpretation as though through a window.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Just here I may emphasize another result of the last few -dream analyses. The dream often appears ambiguous; not -only may several wish-fulfilments, as the examples show, be -united in it, but one meaning or one wish-fulfilment may also -conceal another, until at the bottom one comes upon the -fulfilment of a wish from the earliest period of childhood; and -here too, it may be questioned whether “often” in this sentence -may not more correctly be replaced by “regularly.”</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>(<em>c</em>) <em>Somatic Sources of Dreams</em></h3> - -<p class='c015'>If the attempt be made to interest the cultured layman in -the problems of dreaming, and if, with this end in view, he be -asked the question from what source dreams originate according -to his opinion, it is generally found that the person thus interrogated -thinks himself in assured possession of a part of the -solution. He immediately thinks of the influence which a -disturbed or impeded digestion (“Dreams come from the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span>stomach”), accidental bodily position, and little occurrences -during sleep, exercise upon the formation of dreams, and he -seems not to suspect that even after the consideration of all -these factors there still remains something unexplained.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have explained at length in the introductory chapter -(p. 16), what a rôle in the formation of dreams the scientific -literature credits to the account of somatic exciting sources, -so that we need here only recall the results of this investigation. -We have seen that three kinds of somatic exciting -sources are distinguished, objective sensory stimuli which -proceed from external objects, the inner states of excitation -of the sensory organs having only a subjective basis, and the -bodily stimuli which originate internally; and we have noticed -the inclination on the part of the authors to force the psychic -sources of the dream into the background or to disregard them -altogether in favour of these somatic sources of stimulation -(p. 32).</p> - -<p class='c006'>In testing the claims which are made on behalf of these -classes of somatic sources of stimulation, we have discovered -that the significance of the objective stimuli of the sensory -organs—whether accidental stimuli during sleep or those -stimuli which cannot be excluded from our dormant psychic -life—has been definitely established by numerous observations -and is confirmed by experiments (p. 18); we have seen that -the part played by subjective sensory stimuli appears to be -demonstrated by the return of hypnogogic sensory images in -dreams, and that although the referring of these dream images -and ideas, in the broadest sense, to internal bodily stimulation -is not demonstrable in every detail, it can be supported by the -well-known influence which an exciting state of the digestive, -urinary, and sexual organs exercise upon the contents of our -dreams.</p> - -<p class='c006'>“Nerve stimulus” and “bodily stimulus,” then, would be -the somatic sources of the dream—that is, the only sources -whatever of the dream, according to several authors.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But we have already found a number of doubts, which seem -to attack not so much the correctness of the somatic theory of -stimulation as its adequacy.</p> - -<p class='c006'>However certain all the representatives of this theory may -have felt about the actual facts on which it is based—especially -<span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span>in case of the accidental and external nerve stimuli, which -may be recognised in the content of the dream without any -trouble—nevertheless none of them has been able to avoid -the admission that the abundant ideal content of dreams does -not admit of explanation by external nerve-stimuli alone. -Miss Mary Whiton Calkins<a href='#f12' class='c008'><sup>[12]</sup></a> has tested her own dreams and -those of another person for a period of six weeks with this idea -in mind, and has found only from 13·2 per cent. to 6·7 per cent. -in which the element of external sensory perception was -demonstrable; only two cases in the collection could be referred -to organic sensations. Statistics here confirm what a -hasty glance at our own experience might have led us to -suspect.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The decision has been made repeatedly to distinguish the -“dream of nerve stimulus” from the other forms of the -dream as a well-established sub-species. Spitta<a href='#f64' class='c008'><sup>[64]</sup></a> divided -dreams into dreams of nerve stimulus and association dreams. -But the solution clearly remained unsatisfactory as long as -the link between the somatic sources of dreams and their -ideal content could not be demonstrated.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Besides the first objection, of the inadequate frequency of -external exciting sources, there arises as a second objection the -inadequate explanation of dreams offered by the introduction -of this sort of dream sources. The representatives of the -theory accordingly must explain two things, in the first place, -why the external stimulus in the dream is never recognised -according to its real nature, but is regularly mistaken for -something else (<em>cf.</em> the alarm-clock dreams, p. 22), and secondly, -why the reaction of the receiving mind to this misrecognised -stimulus should result so indeterminately and changefully. -As an answer to these questions, we have heard from Strümpell<a href='#f66' class='c008'><sup>[66]</sup></a> -that the mind, as a result of its being turned away from the -outer world during sleep, is not capable of giving correct interpretation -to the objective sensory stimulus, but is forced to -form illusions on the basis of the indefinite incitements from -many directions. As expressed in his own words (p. 108):</p> - -<p class='c006'>“As soon as a sensation, a sensational complex, a feeling, -or a psychic process in general, arises in the mind during sleep -from an outer or inner nerve-stimulus, and is perceived by the -mind, this process calls up sensory images, that is to say, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>earlier perceptions, either unembellished or with the psychic -values belonging to them, from the range of waking experiences, -of which the mind has remained in possession. It -seems to collect about itself, as it were, a greater or less number -of such images, from which the impression which originates -from the nerve-stimulus receives its psychic value. It is -usually said here, as the idiom does of waking thought, that -the mind <em>interprets</em> impressions of nerve-stimuli in sleep. The -result of this interpretation is the so-called nerve-stimulus -dream—that is to say, a dream whose composition is conditioned -by the fact that a nerve-stimulus brings about its -effect in psychic life according to the laws of reproduction.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The opinion of Wundt<a href='#f76' class='c008'><sup>[76]</sup></a> agrees in all essentials with this -theory. He says that the ideas in the dream are probably -the result, for the most part, of sensory stimuli, especially of -those of general sensation, and are therefore mostly phantastic -illusions—probably memory presentations which are only -partly pure, and which have been raised to hallucinations. -Strümpell has found an excellent simile (p. 84). It is as “if -the ten fingers of a person ignorant of music should stray over -the keyboard of an instrument”—to illustrate the relation -between dream content and dream stimuli, which follows from -this theory. The implication is that the dream does not -appear as a psychic phenomenon, originating from psychic -motives, but as the result of a physiological stimulus, which is -expressed in psychic symptomology, because the apparatus -which is affected by the stimulus is not capable of any other -expression. Upon a similar assumption is based, for example, -the explanation of compulsive ideas which Meynert tried to -give by means of the famous simile of the dial on which individual -figures are prominent because they are in more -marked relief.</p> - -<p class='c006'>However popular this theory of somatic dream stimuli -may have become, and however seductive it may seem, it is -nevertheless easy to show the weak point in it. Every -somatic dream stimulus which provokes the psychic apparatus -to interpretation through the formation of illusions, is capable -of giving rise to an incalculable number of such attempts at -interpretation; it can thus attain representation in the -dream content by means of an extraordinary number of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span>different ideas. But the theory of Strümpell and Wundt is -incapable of instancing any motive which has control over the -relation between the external stimulus and the dream idea -which has been selected to interpret it, and therefore of -explaining the “peculiar choice” which the stimuli “often -enough make in the course of their reproductive activity” -(Lipps, <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Grundtatsachen des Seelenlebens</span></cite>, p. 170). Other objections -may be directed against the fundamental assumption -of the whole theory of illusions—the assumption that during -sleep the mind is not in a condition to recognise the real nature -of the objective sensory stimuli. The old physiologist Burdach<a href='#f8' class='c008'><sup>[8]</sup></a> -proves to us that the mind is quite capable even during sleep -of interpreting correctly the sensory impressions which reach -it, and of reacting in accordance with the correct interpretation. -He establishes this by showing that it is possible to exempt -certain impressions which seem important to the individuals, -from the neglect of sleeping (nurse and child), and that one is -more surely awakened by one’s own name than by an indifferent -auditory impression, all of which presupposes, of -course, that the mind distinguishes among sensations, even in -sleep (Chapter I., p. 41). Burdach infers from these observations -that it is not an incapability of interpreting sensory -stimuli in the sleeping state which must be assumed, but a -lack of interest in them. The same arguments which Burdach -used in 1830, later reappear unchanged in the works of Lipps -in the year 1883, where they are employed for the purpose of -attacking the theory of somatic stimuli. According to this -the mind seems to be like the sleeper in the anecdote, who, -upon being asked, “Are you asleep?” answers “No,” and -upon being again addressed with the words, “Then lend me -ten florins,” takes refuge in the excuse: “I am asleep.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The inadequacy of the theory of somatic dream stimuli -may also be demonstrated in another manner. Observations -show that I am not urged to dream by external stimulations, -even if these stimulations appear in the dream as soon as, and -in case that, I dream. In response to the tactile or pressure -stimulus which I get while sleeping, various reactions are at -my disposal. I can overlook it and discover only upon awakening -that my leg has been uncovered or my arm under pressure; -pathology shows the most numerous examples where powerfully -<span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>acting sensory and motor stimuli of different sorts remain -without effect during sleep. I can perceive a sensation during -sleep through and through sleep, as it were, which happens -as a rule with painful stimuli, but without weaving the pain -into the texture of the dream; thirdly, I can awaken on -account of the stimulus in order to obviate it. Only as a fourth -possible reaction, I may be impelled to dream by a nerve -stimulus; but the other possibilities are realised at least as -often as that of dream formation. This could not be the case -if the <em>motive for dreaming did not lie outside of the somatic -sources of dreams</em>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Taking proper account of the defect in the explanation of -dreams by somatic stimuli which has just been shown, other -authors—Scherner,<a href='#f58' class='c008'><sup>[58]</sup></a> who was joined by the philosopher -Volkelt<a href='#f72' class='c008'><sup>[72]</sup></a>—have tried to determine more exactly the psychic -activities which cause the variegated dream images to arise -from the somatic stimuli, and have thus transferred the -essential nature of dreams back to the province of the mind, -and to that of psychic activity. Scherner not only gave a -poetically appreciative, glowing and vivid description of the -psychic peculiarities which develop in the course of dream -formation; he also thought he had guessed the principle -according to which the mind proceeds with the stimuli that -are at its disposal. The dream activity, according to Scherner—after -phantasy has been freed from the shackles imposed -upon it during the day, and has been given free rein—strives -to represent symbolically the nature of the organ from which -the stimulus proceeds. Thus we have a kind of dream-book -as a guide for the interpretation of dreams, by means of which -bodily sensations, the conditions of the organs and of the -stimuli may be inferred from dream images. “Thus the -image of a cat expresses an angry discontented mood, the -image of a light-coloured bit of smooth pastry the nudity of -the body. The human body as a whole is pictured as a house -by the phantasy of the dream, and each individual organ of -the body as a part of the house. In ‘toothache-dreams’ a -high vaulted vestibule corresponds to the mouth and a stair -to the descent of the gullet to the alimentary canal; in the -‘headache-dream’ the ceiling of a room which is covered -with disgusting reptile-like spiders is chosen to denote the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>upper part of the head” (Volkelt, p. 39). “Several different -symbols are used by the dream for the same organ, thus the -breathing lungs find their symbol in an oven filled with flames -and with a roaring draught, the heart in hollow chests and -baskets, and the bladder in round, bag-shaped objects or -anything else hollow. It is especially important that at the -end of a dream the stimulating organ or its function be represented -undisguised and usually on the dreamer’s own body. -Thus the ‘toothache-dream’ usually ends by the dreamer -drawing a tooth from his own mouth” (p. 35). It cannot be -said that this theory has found much favour with the authors. -Above all, it seems extravagant; there has been no inclination -even to discover the small amount of justification to which it -may, in my opinion, lay claim. As may be seen, it leads to a -revival of the dream interpretation by means of symbolism, -which the ancients used, except that the source from which -the interpretation is to be taken is limited to the human body. -The lack of a technique of interpretation which is scientifically -comprehensible must seriously limit the applicability of -Scherner’s theory. Arbitrariness in dream interpretation -seems in no wise excluded, especially since a stimulus may be -expressed by several representations in the content of the -dream; thus Scherner’s associate, Volkelt, has already found -it impossible to confirm the representation of the body as a -house. Another objection is that here again dream activity -is attributed to the mind as a useless and aimless activity, -since according to the theory in question the mind is content -with forming phantasies about the stimulus with which it is -concerned, without even remotely contemplating anything -like a discharge of the stimulus.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But Scherner’s theory of the symbolisation of bodily stimuli -by the dream receives a heavy blow from another objection. -These bodily stimuli are present at all times, and according to -general assumption the mind is more accessible to them during -sleep than in waking. It is thus incomprehensible why the -mind does not dream continually throughout the night, and -why it does not dream every night and about all the organs. -If one attempts to avoid this objection by making the condition -that especial stimuli must proceed from the eye, the ear, the -teeth, the intestines in order to arouse dream activity, one is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span>confronted by the difficulty of proving that this increase of -stimulation is objective, which is possible only in a small -number of cases. If the dream of flying is a symbolisation -of the upward and downward motion of the pulmonary lobes, -either this dream, as has already been remarked by Strümpell, -would be dreamt much oftener, or an accentuation of the -function of breathing during the dream would have to be -demonstrable. Still another case is possible—the most -probable of all—that now and then special motives directing -attention to the visceral sensations which are universally -present are active, but this case takes us beyond the range of -Scherner’s theory.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The value of Scherner’s and Volkelt’s discussions lies in -the fact that they call attention to a number of characteristics -of the dream content which are in need of explanation, and -which seem to promise new knowledge. It is quite true that -symbolisations of organs of the body and of their functions -are contained in dreams, that water in a dream often signifies -a desire to urinate, that the male genital may often be represented -by a staff standing erect or by a pillar, &c. In dreams -which show a very animated field of vision and brilliant -colours, in contrast to the dimness of other dreams, the interpretation -may hardly be dismissed that they are “dreams of -visual stimulation,” any more than it may be disputed that -there is a contribution of illusory formations in dreams which -contain noise and confusion of voices. A dream like that of -Scherner, of two rows of fair handsome boys standing opposite -to each other on a bridge, attacking each other and then -taking their places again, until finally the dreamer himself -sits down on the bridge and pulls a long tooth out of his jaw; -or a similar one of Volkelt’s, in which two rows of drawers play -a part, and which again ends in the extraction of a tooth; -dream formations of this sort, which are related in great -numbers by the authors, prevent our discarding Scherner’s -theory as an idle fabrication without seeking to find its kernel -of truth. We are now confronted by the task of giving the -supposed symbolisation of the dental stimulus an explanation -of a different kind.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Throughout our consideration of the theory of the somatic -sources of dreams, I have refrained from urging the argument -<span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>which is inferred from our dream analyses. If we have succeeded -in proving, by a procedure which other authors have -not applied in their investigation of dreams, that the dream -as a psychic action possesses value peculiar to itself, that a -wish supplies the motive for its formation, and that the experiences -of the previous day furnish the immediate material for -its content, any other theory of dreams neglecting such an -important method of investigation, and accordingly causing -the dream to appear a useless and problematic psychic reaction -to somatic stimuli, is dismissible without any particular -comment. Otherwise there must be—which is highly improbable—two -entirely different kinds of dreams, of which -only one has come under our observation, while only the -other has been observed by the earlier connoisseurs of the -dream. It still remains to provide a place for the facts which -are used to support the prevailing theory of somatic dream-stimuli, -within our own theory of dreams.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have already taken the first step in this direction in -setting up the thesis that the dream activity is under a compulsion -to elaborate all the dream stimuli which are simultaneously -present into a unified whole (p. 151). We have -seen that when two or more experiences capable of making -an impression have been left over from the previous day, the -wishes which result from them are united into one dream; -similarly, that an impression possessing psychic value and the -indifferent experiences of the previous day are united in the -dream material, provided there are available connecting ideas -between the two. Thus the dream appears to be a reaction to -everything which is simultaneously present as actual in the -sleeping mind. As far as we have hitherto analysed the -dream material, we have discovered it to be a collection of -psychic remnants and memory traces, which we were obliged -to credit (on account of the preference shown for recent and -infantile material) with a character of actuality, though the -nature of this was not at the time determinable. Now it will -not be difficult to foretell what will happen when new material -in the form of sensations is added to these actualities of -memory. These stimuli likewise derive importance for the -dream because they are actual; they are united with the -other psychic actualities in order to make up the material for -<span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>dream formation. To express it differently, the stimuli -which appear during sleep are worked over into the fulfilment -of a wish, the other component parts of which are the remnants -of daily experience with which we are familiar. This union, -however, is not inevitable; we have heard that more than one -sort of attitude towards bodily stimuli is possible during sleep. -Wherever this union has been brought about, it has simply -been possible to find for the dream content that kind of presentation -material which will give representation to both -classes of dream sources, the somatic as well as the psychic.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The essential nature of the dream is not changed by this -addition of somatic material to the psychic sources of the -dream; it remains the fulfilment of a wish without reference -to the way in which its expression is determined by the actual -material.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I shall gladly find room here for a number of peculiarities, -which serve to put a different face on the significance of external -stimuli for the dream. I imagine that a co-operation of -individual, physiological, and accidental factors, conditioned -by momentary circumstances, determines how one will act in -each particular case of intensive objective stimulation during -sleep; the degree of the profoundness of sleep whether habitual -or accidental in connection with the intensity of the stimulus, -will in one case make it possible to suppress the stimulus, so -that it will not disturb sleep; in another case they will force -an awakening or will support the attempt to overcome the -stimulus by weaving it into the texture of the dream. In -correspondence with the multiplicity of these combinations, -external objective stimuli will receive expression more frequently -in the case of one person than in that of another. In the case -of myself, who am an excellent sleeper, and who stubbornly -resists any kind of disturbance in sleep, this intermixture of -external causes of irritation into my dreams is very rare, while -psychic motives apparently cause me to dream very easily. -I have indeed noted only a single dream in which an objective, -painful source of stimulation is demonstrable, and it will be -highly instructive to see what effect the external stimulus had -in this very dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>I am riding on a grey horse, at first timidly and awkwardly, -as though I were only leaning against something. I meet a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>colleague P., who is mounted on a horse and is wearing a heavy -woollen suit; he calls my attention to something (probably to the -fact that my riding position is bad). Now I become more and -more expert on the horse, which is most intelligent; I sit comfortably, -and I notice that I am already quite at home in the -saddle. For a saddle I have a kind of padding, which completely -fills the space between the neck and the rump of the horse. In -this manner I ride with difficulty between two lumber-wagons. -After having ridden up the street for some distance, I turn around -and want to dismount, at first in front of a little open chapel, -which is situated close to the street. Then I actually dismount in -front of a chapel which stands near the first; the hotel is in the -same street, I could let the horse go there by itself, but I prefer to -lead it there. It seems as if I should be ashamed to arrive there -on horseback. In front of the hotel is standing a hall-boy who -shows me a card of mine which has been found, and who ridicules -me on account of it. On the card is written, doubly underlined, -“Eat nothing,” and then a second sentence (indistinct) something -like “Do not work”; at the same time a hazy idea that I am in a -strange city, in which I do no work.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>It will not be apparent at once that this dream originated -under the influence, or rather under the compulsion, of a -stimulus of pain. The day before I had suffered from furuncles, -which made every movement a torture, and at last a furuncle -had grown to the size of an apple at the root of the scrotum, -and had caused me the most intolerable pains that accompanied -every step; a feverish lassitude, lack of appetite, and -the hard work to which I had nevertheless kept myself during -the day, had conspired with the pain to make me lose my -temper. I was not altogether in a condition to discharge my -duties as a physician, but in view of the nature and the location -of the malady, one might have expected some performance -other than riding, for which I was very especially unfitted. -It is this very activity, of riding into which I am plunged by -the dream; it is the most energetic denial of the suffering -which is capable of being conceived. In the first place, I do -not know how to ride, I do not usually dream of it, and I -never sat on a horse but once—without a saddle—and then I -did not feel comfortable. But in this dream I ride as though -I had no furuncle on the perineum, and why? <em>just because I -<span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span>don’t want any</em>. According to the description my saddle is -the poultice which has made it possible for me to go to sleep. -Probably I did not feel anything of my pain—as I was thus -taken care of—during the first few hours of sleeping. Then -the painful sensations announced themselves and tried to -wake me up, whereupon the dream came and said soothingly: -“Keep on sleeping, you won’t wake up anyway! You have -no furuncle at all, for you are riding on a horse, and with a -furuncle where you have it riding is impossible!” And the -dream was successful; the pain was stifled, and I went on -sleeping.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But the dream was not satisfied with “suggesting away” -the furuncle by means of tenaciously adhering to an idea -incompatible with that of the malady, in doing which it behaved -like the hallucinatory insanity of the mother who has lost her -child, or like the merchant who has been deprived of his -fortune by losses.<a id='rBP' /><a href='#fBP' class='c008'><sup>[BP]</sup></a> In addition the details of the denied -sensation and of the image which is used to displace it are -employed by the dream as a means to connect the material -ordinarily actually present in the mind with the dream situation, -and to give this material representation. I am riding -on a <em>grey</em> horse—the colour of the horse corresponds exactly -to the <em>pepper-and-salt</em> costume in which I last met my colleague -P. in the country. I have been warned that highly seasoned -food is the cause of furunculosis, but in any case it is preferable -as an etiological explanation to sugar which ordinarily suggests -furunculosis. My friend P. has been pleased to “ride the high -horse” with regard to me, ever since he superseded me in the -treatment of a female patient, with whom I had performed -great feats (in the dream I first sit on the horse side-saddle -fashion, like a circus rider), but who really led me wherever -she wished, like the horse in the anecdote about the Sunday -equestrian. Thus the horse came to be a symbolic representation -of a lady patient (in the dream it is most intelligent). -“I feel quite at home up here,” refers to the position which I -occupied in the patient’s household until I was replaced by my -colleague P. “I thought you were securely seated in the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>saddle,” one of my few well-wishers among the great physicians -of this city recently said to me with reference to the same -household. And it was a feat to practise psychotherapy for -ten hours a day with such pains, but I know that I cannot -continue my particularly difficult work for any length of time -without complete physical health, and the dream is full of -gloomy allusions to the situation which must in that case -result (the card such as neurasthenics have and present to -doctors): <em>No work and no food</em>. With further interpretation -I see that the dream activity has succeeded in finding the -way from the wish-situation of riding to very early infantile -scenes of quarrelling, which must have taken place between -me and my nephew, who is now living in England, and who, -moreover, is a year older than I. Besides it has taken up -elements from my journeys to Italy; the street in the dream -is composed of impressions of Verona and Siena. Still more -exhaustive interpretation leads to sexual dream-thoughts, -and I recall what significance dream allusions to that beautiful -country had in the case of a female patient who had never been -in Italy (Itlay—German <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">gen Italien</span></cite>—<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Genitalien</span></cite>—genitals). -At the same time there are references to the house in which I -was physician before my friend P., and to the place where the -furuncle is located.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Among the dreams mentioned in the previous chapter -there are several which might serve as examples for the elaboration -of so-called nerve stimuli. The dream about drinking in -full draughts is one of this sort; the somatic excitement in it -seems to be the only source of the dream, and the wish resulting -from the sensation—thirst—the only motive for dreaming. -Something similar is true of the other simple dreams, if the -somatic excitement alone is capable of forming a wish. The -dream of the sick woman who throws the cooling apparatus -from her cheek at night is an instance of a peculiar way of -reacting to painful excitements with a wish-fulfilment; it -seems as though the patient had temporarily succeeded in -making herself analgesic by ascribing her pains to a stranger.</p> - -<p class='c006'>My dream about the three Parcæ is obviously a dream of -hunger, but it has found means to refer the need for food back -to the longing of the child for its mother’s breast, and to make -the harmless desire a cloak for a more serious one, which is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span>not permitted to express itself so openly. In the dream about -Count Thun we have seen how an accidental bodily desire is -brought into connection with the strongest, and likewise the -most strongly suppressed emotions of the psychic life. And -when the First Consul incorporates the sound of an exploding -bomb into a dream of battle before it causes him to wake, as -in the case reported by Garnier, the purpose for which psychic -activity generally concerns itself with sensations occurring -during sleep is revealed with extraordinary clearness. A young -lawyer, who has been deeply preoccupied with his first great -bankruptcy proceeding, and who goes to sleep during the -afternoon following, acts just like the great Napoleon. He -dreams about a certain G. Reich in <cite>Hussiatyn</cite> (German <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">husten</span></i>—to -cough), whom he knows in connection with the bankruptcy -proceeding, but <cite>Hussiatyn</cite> forces itself upon his attention still -further, with the result that he is obliged to awaken, and hears -his wife—who is suffering from bronchial catarrh—coughing -violently.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Let us compare the dream of Napoleon I., who, incidentally, -was an excellent sleeper, with that of the sleepy student, who -was awakened by his landlady with the admonition that he -must go to the hospital, who thereupon dreams himself into -a bed in the hospital, and then sleeps on, with the following -account of his motives: If I am already in the hospital, I -shan’t have to get up in order to go there. The latter is -obviously a dream of convenience; the sleeper frankly admits -to himself the motive for his dreaming; but he thereby -reveals one of the secrets of dreaming in general. In a certain -sense all dreams are dreams of convenience; they serve the -purpose of continuing sleep instead of awakening. <em>The dream -is the guardian of sleep, not the disturber of it.</em> We shall justify -this conception with respect to the psychic factors of awakening -elsewhere; it is possible, however, at this point to prove its -applicability to the influence exerted by objective external -excitements. Either the mind does not concern itself at all -with the causes of sensations, if it is able to do this in spite of -their intensity and of their significance, which is well understood -by it; or it employs the dream to deny these stimuli; or -thirdly, if it is forced to recognise the stimulus, it seeks to find -that interpretation of the stimulus which shall represent the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>actual sensation as a component part of a situation which is -desired and which is compatible with sleep. The actual sensation -is woven into the dream <em>in order to deprive it of its -reality</em>. Napoleon is permitted to go on sleeping; it is only a -dream recollection of the thunder of the cannon at Arcole -which is trying to disturb him.<a id='rBQ' /><a href='#fBQ' class='c008'><sup>[BQ]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'><em>The wish to sleep, by which the conscious ego has been suspended -and which along with the dream-censor contributes its -share to the dream, must thus always be taken into account as a -motive for the formation of dreams, and every successful dream -is a fulfilment of this wish.</em> The relation of this general, regularly -present, and invariable sleep-wish to the other wishes, -of which now the one, now the other is fulfilled, will be the -subject of a further explanation. In the wish to sleep we -have discovered a factor capable of supplying the deficiency -in the theory of Strümpell and Wundt, and of explaining the -perversity and capriciousness in the interpretation of the -outer stimulus. The correct interpretation, of which the -sleeping mind is quite capable, would imply an active interest -and would require that sleep be terminated; hence, of those -interpretations which are possible at all, only those are admitted -which are agreeable to the absolute censorship of the -somatic wish. It is something like this: It’s the nightingale -and not the lark. For if it’s the lark, love’s night is at an -end. From among the interpretations of the excitement -which are at the moment possible, that one is selected which -can secure the best connection with the wish-possibilities that -are lying in wait in the mind. Thus everything is definitely -determined, and nothing is left to caprice. The misinterpretation -is not an illusion, but—if you will—an excuse. -Here again, however, there is admitted an action which is a -modification of the normal psychic procedure, as in the case -where substitution by means of displacement is effected for -the purposes of the dream-censor.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If the outer nerve stimuli and inner bodily stimuli are -sufficiently intense to compel psychic attention, they represent—that -is, in case they result in dreaming and not in awakening—a -definite point in the formation of dreams, a nucleus in the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span>dream material, for which an appropriate wish-fulfilment is -sought, in a way similar (see above) to the search for connecting -ideas between two dream stimuli. To this extent it is true -for a number of dreams that the somatic determines what their -content is to be. In this extreme case a wish which is not -exactly actual is aroused for the purpose of dream formation. -But the dream can do nothing but represent a wish in a situation -as fulfilled; it is, as it were, confronted by the task of -seeking what wish may be represented and fulfilled by means -of the situation which is now actual. Even if this actual -material is of a painful or disagreeable character, still it is not -useless for the purposes of dream formation. The psychic -life has control even over wishes the fulfilment of which brings -forth pleasure—a statement which seems contradictory, but -which becomes intelligible if one takes into account the presence -of two psychic instances and the censor existing between -them.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There are in the psychic life, as we have heard, <em>repressed</em> -wishes which belong to the first system, and to whose fulfilment -the second system is opposed. There are wishes of this kind—and -we do not mean this in an historic sense, that there have -been such wishes and that these have then been destroyed—but -the theory of repression, which is essential to the study of -psychoneurosis, asserts that such repressed wishes still exist, -contemporaneously with an inhibition weighing them down. -Language has hit upon the truth when it speaks of the “suppression” -of such impulses. The psychic contrivance for -bringing such wishes to realisation remains preserved and in a -condition to be used. But if it happens that such a suppressed -wish is fulfilled, the vanquished inhibition of the second -system (which is capable of becoming conscious) is then expressed -as a painful feeling. To close this discussion; if -sensations of a disagreeable character which originate from -somatic sources are presented during sleep, this constellation -is taken advantage of by the dream activity to represent the -fulfilment—with more or less retention of the censor—of an -otherwise suppressed wish.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This condition of affairs makes possible a number of anxiety -dreams, while another series of the dream formations which -are unfavourable to the wish theory exhibits a different -<span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span>mechanism. For anxiety in dreams may be of a psychoneurotic -nature, or it may originate in psychosexual excitements, -in which case the anxiety corresponds to a repressed -<em>libido</em>. Then this anxiety as well as the whole anxiety dream -has the significance of a neurotic symptom, and we are at the -dividing-line where the wish-fulfilling tendency of dreams -disappears. But in other anxiety-dreams the feeling of anxiety -comes from somatic sources (for instance in the case of persons -suffering from pulmonary or heart trouble, where there is -occasional difficulty in getting breath), and then it is used to -aid those energetically suppressed wishes in attaining fulfilment -in the form of a dream, the dreaming of which from -psychic motives would have resulted in the same release of -fear. It is not difficult to unite these two apparently discrepant -cases. Of two psychic formations, an emotional -inclination and an ideal content, which are intimately connected, -the one, which is presented as actual, supports the -other in the dream; now anxiety of somatic origin supports -the suppressed presentation content, now the ideal content, -which is freed from suppression, and which proceeds with the -impetus given by sexual emotion, assists the discharge of -anxiety. Of the one case it may be said that an emotion of -somatic origin is psychically interpreted; in the other case -everything is of psychic origin but the content which has been -suppressed is easily replaced by a somatic interpretation which -is suited to anxiety. The difficulties which lie in the way of -understanding all this have little to do with the dream; they -are due to the fact that in discussing these points we are -touching upon the problems of the development of anxiety -and of repression.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Undoubtedly the aggregate of bodily feelings is to be -included among the commanding dream stimuli which originate -internally. Not that it is able to furnish the dream content, -but it forces the dream thoughts to make a choice from the -material destined to serve the purpose of representation in the -dream content; it does this by putting within easy reach -that part of the material which is suited to its own character, -while withholding the other. Moreover this general feeling, -which is left over from the day, is probably connected with the -psychic remnants which are significant for the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span>If somatic sources of excitement occurring during sleep—that -is, the sensations of sleep—are not of unusual intensity, -they play a part in the formation of dreams similar, in my -judgment, to that of the impressions of the day which have -remained recent but indifferent. I mean that they are drawn -into the dream formation, if they are qualified for being united -with the presentation content of the psychic dream-source, -but in no other case. They are treated as a cheap ever-ready -material, which is utilised as often as it is needed, instead of -prescribing, as a precious material does, the manner in which -it is to be utilised. The case is similar to that where a patron -of art brings to an artist a rare stone, a fragment of onyx, in -order that a work of art may be made of it. The size of the -stone, its colour, and its marking help to decide what bust or -what scene shall be represented in it, while in the case where -there is a uniform and abundant supply of marble or sandstone -the artist follows only the idea which takes shape in his mind. -Only in this manner, it seems to me, is the fact explicable -that the dream content resulting from bodily excitements -that have not been accentuated to a usual degree, does not -appear in all dreams and during every night.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Perhaps an example, which takes us back to the interpretation -of dreams, will best illustrate my meaning. One day I -was trying to understand the meaning of the sensations of -being impeded, of not being able to move from the spot, of -not being able to get finished, &c., which are dreamt about so -often, and which are so closely allied to anxiety. That night -I had the following dream: <em>I am very incompletely dressed, -and I go from a dwelling on the ground floor up a flight of stairs -to an upper story. In doing this I jump over three steps at a -time, and I am glad to find I can mount the steps so quickly. -Suddenly I see that a servant girl is coming down the stairs, -that is, towards me. I am ashamed and try to hurry away, and -now there appears that sensation of being impeded; I am glued -to the steps and cannot move from the spot.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Analysis: The situation of the dream is taken from everyday -reality. In a house in Vienna I have two apartments, -which are connected only by a flight of stairs outside. My -consultation-rooms and my study are on an elevated portion -of the ground floor, and one story higher are my living-rooms. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>When I have finished my work downstairs late at night, I -go up the steps into my bedroom. On the evening before the -dream I had actually gone this short distance in a somewhat -disorderly attire—that is to say, I had taken off my collar, -cravat, and cuffs; but in the dream this has changed into a -somewhat more advanced degree of undress, which as usual -is indefinite. Jumping over the steps is my usual method of -mounting stairs; moreover it is the fulfilment of a wish that -has been recognised in the dream, for I have reassured myself -about the condition of my heart action by the ease of this -accomplishment. Moreover the manner in which I climb the -stairs is an effective contrast to the sensation of being impeded -which occurs in the second half of the dream. It shows me—something -which needed no proof—that the dream has no -difficulty in representing motor actions as carried out fully -and completely; think of flying in dreams!</p> - -<p class='c006'>But the stairs which I go up are not those of my house; at -first I do not recognise them; only the person coming toward -me reveals to me the location which they are intended to -signify. This woman is the maid of the old lady whom I -visit twice daily to give hypodermic injections; the stairs, -too, are quite similar to those which I must mount there twice -daily.</p> - -<p class='c006'>How do this flight of stairs and this woman get into my -dream? Being ashamed because one is not fully dressed, is -undoubtedly of a sexual character; the servant of whom I -dream is older than I, sulky, and not in the least attractive. -These questions call up exactly the following occurrences: -When I make my morning visit at this house I am usually -seized with a desire to clear my throat; the product of the -expectoration falls upon the steps. For there is no spittoon -on either of these floors, and I take the view that the stairs -should not be kept clean at my expense, but by the provision -of a spittoon. The housekeeper, likewise an elderly and sulky -person, with instincts for cleanliness, takes another view of -the matter. She lies in wait for me to see whether I take -the liberty referred to, and when she has made sure of it, I -hear her growl distinctly. For days thereafter she refuses to -show me her customary regard when we meet. On the day -before the dream the position of the housekeeper had been -<span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>strengthened by the servant girl. I had just finished my usual -hurried visit to the patient when the servant confronted me in -the ante-room and observed: “You might as well have wiped -your shoes to-day, doctor, before you came into the room. -The red carpet is all dirty again from your feet.” This is the -whole claim which the flight of stairs and the servant-girl -can make for appearing in my dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>An intimate connection exists between my flying over the -stairs and my spitting on the stairs. Pharyngitis and diseases -of the heart are both said to be punishments for the vice of -smoking, on account of which vice, of course, I do not enjoy a -reputation for great neatness with my housekeeper in the one -house any more than in the other, both of which the dream -fuses into a single image.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I must postpone the further interpretation of this dream -until I can give an account of the origin of the typical dream of -incomplete dress. I only note as a preliminary result from -the dream which has just been cited that the dream sensation -of inhibited action is always aroused at a point where a certain -connection requires it. A peculiar condition of my motility -during sleep cannot be the cause of this dream content, for a -moment before I saw myself hurrying over the steps with ease, -as though in confirmation of this fact.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>(<em>d</em>) <em>Typical Dreams</em></h3> - -<p class='c015'>In general we are not in a position to interpret the dream of -another person if he is unwilling to furnish us with the unconscious -thoughts which lie behind the dream content, and for -this reason the practical applicability of our method of dream -interpretation is seriously curtailed.<a id='rBR' /><a href='#fBR' class='c008'><sup>[BR]</sup></a> But there are a certain -number of dreams—in contrast with the usual freedom displayed -by the individual in fashioning his dream world with -characteristic peculiarity, and thereby making it unintelligible—which -almost every one has dreamed in the same manner, -and of which we are accustomed to assume that they have -the same significance in the case of every dreamer. A peculiar -<span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span>interest belongs to these typical dreams for the reason that -they probably all come from the same sources with every -person, that they are thus particularly suited to give us -information upon the sources of dreams.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Typical dreams are worthy of the most exhaustive investigation. -I shall, however, only give a somewhat detailed consideration -to examples of this species, and for this purpose I -shall first select the so-called embarrassment dream of nakedness, -and the dream of the death of dear relatives.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The dream of being naked or scantily clad in the presence -of strangers occurs with the further addition that one is not -at all ashamed of it, &c. But the dream of nakedness is worthy -of our interest only when shame and embarrassment are felt -in it, when one wishes to flee or to hide, and when one feels the -strange inhibition that it is impossible to move from the spot -and that one is incapable of altering the disagreeable situation. -It is only in this connection that the dream is typical; the -nucleus of its content may otherwise be brought into all kinds -of relations or may be replaced by individual amplifications. -It is essentially a question of a disagreeable sensation of the -nature of shame, the wish to be able to hide one’s nakedness, -chiefly by means of locomotion, without being able to accomplish -this. I believe that the great majority of my readers -will at some time have found themselves in this situation in a -dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Usually the nature and manner of the experience is indistinct. -It is usually reported, “I was in my shirt,” but this -is rarely a clear image; in most cases the lack of clothing is so -indeterminate that it is designated in the report of the dream -by a set of alternatives: “I was in my chemise or in my -petticoat.” As a rule the deficiency in the toilet is not serious -enough to justify the feeling of shame attached to it. For a -person who has served in the army, nakedness is often replaced -by a mode of adjustment that is contrary to regulations. “I -am on the street without my sabre and I see officers coming,” -or “I am without my necktie,” or “I am wearing checkered -civilian’s trousers,” &c.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The persons before whom one is ashamed are almost always -strangers with faces that have been left undetermined. It -never occurs in the typical dream that one is reproved or even -<span class='pageno' id='Page_205'>205</span>noticed on account of the dress which causes the embarrassment -to one’s self. Quite on the contrary, the people have an -air of indifference, or, as I had opportunity to observe in a -particularly clear dream, they look stiffly solemn. This is -worth thinking about.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The shamed embarrassment of the dreamer and the indifference -of the spectators form a contradiction which often -occurs in the dream. It would better accord with the feelings -of the dreamer if the strangers looked at him in astonishment -and laughed at him, or if they grew indignant. I think, -however, that the latter unpleasant feature has been obviated -by the tendency to wish-fulfilment, while the embarrassment, -being retained on some account or other, has been left standing, -and thus the two parts fail to agree. We have interesting -evidence to show that the dream, whose appearance has been -partially disfigured by the tendency to wish-fulfilment, has not -been properly understood. For it has become the basis of a -fairy tale familiar to us all in Andersen’s version,<a id='rBS' /><a href='#fBS' class='c008'><sup>[BS]</sup></a> and it has -recently received poetic treatment by L. Fulda in the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Talisman</span></cite>. -In Andersen’s fairy tale we are told of two impostors who -weave a costly garment for the Emperor, which, however, shall -be visible only to the good and true. The Emperor goes forth -clad in this invisible garment, and, the fabric serving as a sort -of touchstone, all the people are frightened into acting as -though they did not notice the nakedness of the Emperor.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But such is the situation in our dream. It does not require -great boldness to assume that the unintelligible dream content -has suggested the invention of a state of undress in which the -situation that is being remembered becomes significant. This -situation has then been deprived of its original meaning, and -placed at the service of other purposes. But we shall see -that such misunderstanding of the dream content often occurs -on account of the conscious activity of the second psychic -system, and is to be recognised as a factor in the ultimate -formation of the dream; furthermore, that in the development -of the obsessions and phobias similar misunderstandings, -likewise within the same psychic personality, play a leading -part. The source from which in our dream the material -for this transformation is taken can also be explained. The -<span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span>impostor is the dream, the Emperor is the dreamer himself, and -the moralising tendency betrays a hazy knowledge of the fact -that the latent dream content is occupied with forbidden -wishes which have become the victims of repression. The -connection in which such dreams appear during my analysis -of neurotics leaves no room for doubting that the dream is -based upon a recollection from earliest childhood. Only in -our childhood was there a time when we were seen by our -relatives as well as by strange nurses, servant girls, and visitors, -in scanty clothing, and at that time we were not ashamed of -our nakedness.<a id='rBT' /><a href='#fBT' class='c008'><sup>[BT]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>It may be observed in the case of children who are a little -older that being undressed has a kind of intoxicating effect -upon them, instead of making them ashamed. They laugh, -jump about, and strike their bodies; the mother, or whoever -is present, forbids them to do this, and says: “Fie, that is -shameful—you mustn’t do that.” Children often show exhibitional -cravings; it is hardly possible to go through a -village in our part of the country without meeting a two or -three-year-old tot who lifts up his or her shirt before the -traveller, perhaps in his honour. One of my patients has -reserved in his conscious memory a scene from the eighth year -of his life in which he had just undressed previous to going to -bed, and was about to dance into the room of his little sister -in his undershirt when the servant prevented his doing it. -In the childhood history of neurotics, denudation in the -presence of children of the opposite sex plays a great part; in -paranoia the desire to be observed while dressing and undressing -may be directly traced to these experiences; among -those remaining perverted there is a class which has accentuated -the childish impulse to a compulsion—they are the -exhibitionists.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This age of childhood in which the sense of shame is lacking -seems to our later recollections a Paradise, and Paradise itself -is nothing but a composite phantasy from the childhood of -the individual. It is for this reason, too, that in Paradise -human beings are naked and are not ashamed until the moment -arrives when the sense of shame and of fear are aroused; expulsion -<span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>follows, and sexual life and cultural development -begin. Into this Paradise the dream can take us back every -night; we have already ventured the conjecture that the -impressions from earliest childhood (from the prehistoric -period until about the end of the fourth year) in themselves, -and independently of everything else, crave reproduction, -perhaps without further reference to their content, and that -the repetition of them is the fulfilment of a wish. Dreams of -nakedness, then, are exhibition dreams.<a id='rBU' /><a href='#fBU' class='c008'><sup>[BU]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>One’s own person, which is seen not as that of a child, but -as belonging to the present, and the idea of scanty clothing, -which became buried beneath so many later <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">négligée</span></i> recollections -or because of the censor, turns out to be obscure—these -two things constitute the nucleus of the exhibition dream. -Next come the persons before whom one is ashamed. I -know of no example where the actual spectators at those -infantile exhibitions reappear in the dream. For the dream -is hardly ever a simple recollection. Strangely enough, those -persons who are the objects of our sexual interest during childhood -are omitted from all the reproductions of the dream, of -hysteria, and of the compulsion neurosis; paranoia alone -puts the spectators back into their places, and is fanatically -convinced of their presence, although they remain invisible. -What the dream substitutes for these, the “many strange -people,” who take no notice of the spectacle which is presented, -is exactly the wish-opposite of that single, intimate person for -whom the exposure was intended. “Many strange people,” -moreover, are often found in the dream in any other favourable -connection; as a wish-opposite they always signify “a secret.”<a id='rBV' /><a href='#fBV' class='c008'><sup>[BV]</sup></a> -It may be seen how the restoration of the old condition of -affairs, as it occurs in paranoia, is subject to this antithesis. -One is no longer alone. One is certainly being watched, but -the spectators are “many strange, curiously indeterminate -people.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Furthermore, repression has a place in the exhibition -<span class='pageno' id='Page_208'>208</span>dream. For the disagreeable sensation of the dream is -the reaction of the second psychic instance to the fact -that the exhibition scene which has been rejected by it -has in spite of this succeeded in securing representation. -The only way to avoid this sensation would be not to revive -the scene.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Later on we shall again deal with the sensation of being -inhibited. It serves the dream excellently in representing -the conflict of the will, the negation. According to our unconscious -purpose exhibition is to be continued; according to -the demands of the censor, it is to be stopped.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The relation of our typical dreams to fairy tales and to -other poetic material is neither a sporadic nor an accidental -one. Occasionally the keen insight of a poet has analytically -recognised the transforming process—of which the poet is -usually the tool—and has followed it backwards, that is to -say, traced it to the dream. A friend has called my attention -to the following passage in G. Keller’s <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Der Grüne Heinrich</span></cite>: -“I do not wish, dear Lee, that you should ever come to realise -from experience the peculiar piquant truth contained in the -situation of Odysseus, when he appears before Nausikaa and -her playmates, naked and covered with mud! Would you -like to know what it means? Let us consider the incident -closely. If you are ever separated from your home, and from -everything that is dear to you, and wander about in a strange -country, when you have seen and experienced much, when you -have cares and sorrows, and are, perhaps, even miserable and -forlorn, you will some night inevitably dream that you are -approaching your home; you will see it shining and beaming -in the most beautiful colours; charming, delicate and lovely -figures will come to meet you; and you will suddenly discover -that you are going about in rags, naked and covered with dust. -A nameless feeling of shame and fear seizes you, you try to -cover yourself and to hide, and you awaken bathed in sweat. -As long as men exist, this will be the dream of the care-laden, -fortune-battered man, and thus Homer has taken his situation -from the profoundest depths of the eternal character of -humanity.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>This profound and eternal character of humanity, upon -the touching of which in his listeners the poet usually calculates, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>is made up of the stirrings of the spirit which are rooted in -childhood, in the period which later becomes prehistoric. -Suppressed and forbidden wishes of childhood break forth -under cover of those wishes of the homeless man which are -unobjectionable and capable of becoming conscious, and for -that reason the dream which is made objective in the legend -of Nausikaa regularly assumes the form of a dream of -anxiety.</p> - -<p class='c006'>My own dream, mentioned on p. 201, of hurrying up the -stairs, which is soon afterward changed into that of being glued -to the steps, is likewise an exhibition dream, because it shows -the essential components of such a dream. It must thus -permit of being referred to childish experiences, and the -possession of these ought to tell us how far the behaviour of -the servant girl towards me—her reproach that I had soiled -the carpet—helped her to secure the position which she occupies -in the dream. I am now able to furnish the desired explanation. -One learns in psychoanalysis to interpret temporal -proximity by objective connection; two thoughts, apparently -without connection, which immediately follow one another, -belong to a unity which can be inferred; just as an <em>a</em> and a <em>t</em>, -which I write down together, should be pronounced as one -syllable, <em>at</em>. The same is true of the relation of dreams to one -another. The dream just cited, of the stairs, has been taken -from a series of dreams, whose other members I am familiar -with on account of having interpreted them. The dream which -is included in this series must belong to the same connection. -Now the other dreams of the series are based upon the recollection -of a nurse to whom I was entrusted from some time in -the period when I was suckling to the age of two and a half -years, and of whom a hazy recollection has remained in my -consciousness. According to information which I have recently -obtained from my mother, she was old and ugly, but -very intelligent and thorough; according to inferences which -I may draw from my dreams, she did not always give me the -kindest treatment, and said hard words to me when I showed -insufficient aptitude for education in cleanliness. Thus by -attempting to continue this educational work the servant -girl develops a claim to be treated by me, in the dream, as an -incarnation of the prehistoric old woman. It is to be assumed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span>that the child bestowed his love upon this governess in spite -of her bad treatment of him.<a id='rBW' /><a href='#fBW' class='c008'><sup>[BW]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>Another series of dreams which might be called typical are -those which have the content that a dear relative, parent, -brother, or sister, child or the like, has died. Two classes of -these dreams must immediately be distinguished—those in -which the dreamer remains unaffected by sorrow while dreaming, -and those in which he feels profound grief on account of -the death, in which he even expresses this grief during sleep -by fervid tears.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We may ignore the dreams of the first group; they have -no claim to be reckoned as typical. If they are analysed, it is -found that they signify something else than what they contain, -that they are intended to cover up some other wish. Thus it -is with the dream of the aunt who sees the only son of her -sister lying on a bier before her (p 129). This does not signify -that she wishes the death of her little nephew; it only conceals, -as we have learned, a wish to see a beloved person once -more after long separation—the same person whom she had -seen again after a similar long intermission at the funeral of -another nephew. This wish, which is the real content of -the dream, gives no cause for sorrow, and for that reason no -sorrow is felt in the dream. It may be seen in this case that -the emotion which is contained in the dream does not belong -to the manifest content of the dream, but to the latent one, -and that the emotional content has remained free from the -disfigurement which has befallen the presentation content.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is a different story with the dreams in which the death -of a beloved relative is imagined and where sorrowful emotion -is felt. These signify, as their content says, the wish that the -person in question may die, and as I may here expect that the -feelings of all readers and of all persons who have dreamt -anything similar will object to my interpretation, I must -strive to present my proof on the broadest possible basis.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have already had one example to show that the wishes -<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span>represented in the dream as fulfilled are not always actual -wishes. They may also be dead, discarded, covered, and repressed -wishes, which we must nevertheless credit with a sort -of continuous existence on account of their reappearance in -the dream. They are not dead like persons who have died in -our sense, but they resemble the shades in the <cite>Odyssey</cite> which -awaken a certain kind of life as soon as they have drunk blood. -In the dream of the dead child in the box (p. 130) we were -concerned with a wish that had been actual fifteen years -before, and which had been frankly admitted from that time. -It is, perhaps, not unimportant from the point of view of dream -theory if I add that a recollection from earliest childhood is at -the basis even of this dream. While the dreamer was a little -child—it cannot be definitely determined at what time—she -had heard that during pregnancy of which she was the fruit -her mother had fallen into a profound depression of spirits -and had passionately wished for the death of her child before -birth. Having grown up herself and become pregnant, she -now follows the example of her mother.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If some one dreams with expressions of grief that his -father or mother, his brother or sister, has died, I shall not -use the dream as a proof that he wishes them dead <em>now</em>. -The theory of the dreams does not require so much; it is -satisfied with concluding that the dreamer has wished them -dead—at some one time in childhood. I fear, however, that -this limitation will not contribute much to quiet the objectors; -they might just as energetically contest the possibility that -they have ever had such thoughts as they are sure that they -do not cherish such wishes at present. I must, therefore, -reconstruct a part of the submerged infantile psychology on -the basis of the testimony which the present still furnishes.<a id='rBX' /><a href='#fBX' class='c008'><sup>[BX]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>Let us at first consider the relation of children to their -brothers and sisters. I do not know why we presuppose that -it must be a loving one, since examples of brotherly and sisterly -enmity among adults force themselves upon every one’s experience, -and since we so often know that this estrangement -originated even during childhood or has always existed. But -<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>many grown-up people, who to-day are tenderly attached to -their brothers and sisters and stand by them, have lived with -them during childhood in almost uninterrupted hostility. -The older child has ill-treated the younger, slandered it, and -deprived it of its toys; the younger has been consumed by -helpless fury against the elder, has envied it and feared it, -or its first impulse toward liberty and first feelings of injustice -have been directed against the oppressor. The parents say -that the children do not agree, and cannot find the reason for -it. It is not difficult to see that the character even of a well-behaved -child is not what we wish to find in a grown-up person. -The child is absolutely egotistical; it feels its wants acutely -and strives remorselessly to satisfy them, especially with its -competitors, other children, and in the first instance with its -brothers and sisters. For doing this we do not call the child -wicked—we call it naughty; it is not responsible for its evil -deeds either in our judgment or in the eyes of the penal law. -And this is justifiably so; for we may expect that within -this very period of life which we call childhood, altruistic -impulses and morality will come to life in the little egotist, -and that, in the words of Meynert, a secondary ego will overlay -and restrain the primary one. It is true that morality does -not develop simultaneously in all departments, and furthermore, -the duration of the unmoral period of childhood is of -different length in different individuals. In cases where the -development of this morality fails to appear, we are pleased -to talk about “degeneration”; they are obviously cases of -arrested development. Where the primary character has -already been covered up by later development, it may be at -least partially uncovered again by an attack of hysteria. The -correspondence between the so-called hysterical character -and that of a naughty child is strikingly evident. A compulsion -neurosis, on the other hand, corresponds to a super-morality, -imposed upon the primary character that is again -asserting itself, as an increased check.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Many persons, then, who love their brothers and sisters, -and who would feel bereaved by their decease, have evil wishes -towards them from earlier times in their unconscious wishes, -which are capable of being realised in the dream. It is -particularly interesting to observe little children up to three -<span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span>years old in their attitude towards their brothers and sisters. -So far the child has been the only one; he is now informed that -the stork has brought a new child. The younger surveys the -arrival, and then expresses his opinion decidedly: “The stork -had better take it back again.”<a id='rBY' /><a href='#fBY' class='c008'><sup>[BY]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>I subscribe in all seriousness to the opinion that the child -knows enough to calculate the disadvantage it has to expect -on account of the new-comer. I know in the case of a lady of -my acquaintance who agrees very well with a sister four years -younger than herself, that she responded to the news of her -younger sister’s arrival with the following words: “But I -shan’t give her my red cap, anyway.” If the child comes to -this realisation only at a later time, its enmity will be aroused -at that point. I know of a case where a girl, not yet three -years old, tried to strangle a suckling in the cradle, because -its continued presence, she suspected, boded her no good. -Children are capable of envy at this time of life in all its intensity -and distinctness. Again, perhaps, the little brother or -sister has really soon disappeared; the child has again drawn -the entire affection of the household to itself, and then a new -child is sent by the stork; is it then unnatural for the favourite -to wish that the new competitor may have the same fate as -the earlier one, in order that he may be treated as well as he -was before during the interval? Of course this attitude of -the child towards the younger infant is under normal circumstances -a simple function of the difference of age. After a -certain time the maternal instincts of the girl will be excited -towards the helpless new-born child.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Feelings of enmity towards brothers and sisters must occur -far more frequently during the age of childhood than is noted -by the dull observation of adults.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In case of my own children, who followed one another -rapidly, I missed the opportunity to make such observations; -I am now retrieving it through my little nephew, whose complete -domination was disturbed after fifteen months by the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>arrival of a female competitor. I hear, it is true, that the -young man acts very chivalrously towards his little sister, that -he kisses her hand and pets her; but in spite of this I have -convinced myself that even before the completion of his -second year he is using his new facility in language to criticise -this person who seems superfluous to him. Whenever the -conversation turns upon her, he chimes in and cries angrily: -“Too (l)ittle, too (l)ittle.” During the last few months, since -the child has outgrown this unfavourable criticism, owing to -its splendid development, he has found another way of justifying -his insistence that she does not deserve so much attention. -On all suitable occasions he reminds us, “She hasn’t any -teeth.”<a id='rBZ' /><a href='#fBZ' class='c008'><sup>[BZ]</sup></a> We have all preserved the recollection of the eldest -daughter of another sister of mine—how the child which was -at that time six years old sought assurance from one aunt -after another for an hour and a half with the question: “Lucy -can’t understand that yet, can she?” Lucy was the competitor, -two and a half years younger.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I have never failed in any of my female patients to find -this dream of the death of brothers and sisters denoting -exaggerated hostility. I have met with only one exception, -which could easily be reinterpreted into a confirmation of the -rule. Once in the course of a sitting while I was explaining -this condition of affairs to a lady, as it seemed to have a bearing -upon the symptoms under consideration, she answered, to -my astonishment, that she had never had such dreams. However, -she thought of another dream which supposedly had -nothing to do with the matter—a dream which she had first -dreamed at the age of four, when she was the youngest child, -and had since dreamed repeatedly. “A great number of -children, all of them the dreamer’s brothers and sisters, and -male and female cousins, were romping about in a meadow. -Suddenly they all got wings, flew up, and were gone.” She -had no idea of the significance of the dream; but it will not -be difficult for us to recognise it as a dream of the death of all -the brothers and sisters, in its original form, and little influenced -by the censor. I venture to insert the following -interpretation: At the death of one out of a large number of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span>children—in this case the children of two brothers were brought -up in common as brothers and sisters—is it not probable that -our dreamer, at that time not yet four years old, asked a wise, -grown-up person: “What becomes of children when they -are dead?” The answer probably was: “They get wings -and become angels.” According to this explanation all the -brothers and sisters and cousins in the dream now have wings -like angels and—this is the important thing—they fly away. -Our little angel-maker remains alone, think of it, the only -one after such a multitude! The feature that the children -are romping about on a meadow points with little ambiguity -to butterflies, as though the child had been led by the same -association which induced the ancients to conceive Psyche -as having the wings of a butterfly.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Perhaps some one will now object that, although the inimical -impulses of children towards their brothers and sisters may -well enough be admitted, how does the childish disposition -arrive at such a height of wickedness as to wish death to a -competitor or stronger playmate, as though all transgressions -could be atoned for only by the death-punishment? Whoever -talks in this manner forgets that the childish idea of “being -dead” has little else but the words in common with our own. -The child knows nothing of the horrors of decay, of shivering -in the cold grave, of the terror of the infinite Nothing, which -the grown-up person, as all the myths concerning the Great -Beyond testify, finds it so hard to bear in his conception. Fear -of death is strange to the child; therefore it plays with the -horrible word and threatens another child: “If you do that -again you will die, as Francis died,” whereat the poor mother -shudders, for perhaps she cannot forget that the great majority -of mortals do not succeed in living beyond the years of childhood. -It is still possible, even for a child eight years old, on -returning from a museum of natural history, to say to its -mother: “Mamma, I love you so; if you ever die, I am going -to have you stuffed and set you up here in the room so I can -always, always see you!” So little does the childish conception -of being dead resemble our own.<a id='rCA' /><a href='#fCA' class='c008'><sup>[CA]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span>Being dead means for the child, which has been spared -the scenes of suffering previous to dying, the same as “being -gone,” not disturbing the survivors any more. The child -does not distinguish the manner and means by which this -absence is brought about, whether by travelling, estrangement, -or death. If, during the prehistoric years of a child, a nurse -has been sent away and its mother has died a short while -after, the two experiences, as is revealed by analysis, overlap -in his memory. The fact that the child does not miss very -intensely those who are absent has been realised by many a -mother to her sorrow, after she has returned home after a -summer journey of several weeks, and has been told upon -inquiry: “The children have not asked for their mother a -single time.” But if she really goes to that “undiscovered -country from whose bourn no traveller returns,” the children -seem at first to have forgotten her, and begin only <em>subsequently</em> -to remember the dead mother.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If, then, the child has motives for wishing the absence of -another child, every restraint is lacking which would prevent -it from clothing this wish in the form that the child may die, -and the psychic reaction to the dream of wishing death proves -that, in spite of all the differences in content, the wish in the -case of the child is somehow or other the same as it is with -adults.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If now the death-wish of the child towards its brothers and -sisters has been explained by the childish egotism, which causes -the child to regard its brothers and sisters as competitors, -how may we account for the same wish towards parents, who -bestow love on the child and satisfy its wants, and whose preservation -it ought to desire from these very egotistical motives?</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the solution of this difficulty we are aided by the experience -that dreams of the death of parents predominantly refer -to that member of the parental couple which shares the sex -of the dreamer, so that the man mostly dreams of the death of -his father, the woman of the death of her mother. I cannot -claim that this happens regularly, but the predominating -occurrence of this dream in the manner indicated is so evident -that it must be explained through some factor that is universally -operative. To express the matter boldly, it is as -though a sexual preference becomes active at an early period, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_217'>217</span>as though the boy regards his father as a rival in love, and as -though the girl takes the same attitude toward her mother—a -rival by getting rid of whom he or she cannot but profit.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Before rejecting this idea as monstrous, let the reader -consider the actual relations between parents and children. -What the requirements of culture and piety demand of this -relation must be distinguished from what daily observation -shows us to be the fact. More than one cause for hostile -feeling is concealed within the relations between parents and -children; the conditions necessary for the actuation of wishes -which cannot exist in the presence of the censor are most -abundantly provided. Let us dwell at first upon the relation -between father and son. I believe that the sanctity which we -have ascribed to the injunction of the decalogue dulls our -perception of reality. Perhaps we hardly dare to notice that -the greater part of humanity neglects to obey the fifth -commandment. In the lowest as well as in the highest strata of -human society, piety towards parents is in the habit of receding -before other interests. The obscure reports which have come -to us in mythology and legend from the primeval ages of human -society give us an unpleasant idea of the power of the father -and the ruthlessness with which it was used. Kronos devours -his children, as the wild boar devours the brood of the sow; -Zeus emasculates his father<a id='rCB' /><a href='#fCB' class='c008'><sup>[CB]</sup></a> and takes his place as a ruler. -The more despotically the father ruled in the ancient family, -the more must the son have taken the position of an enemy, -and the greater must have been his impatience, as designated -successor, to obtain the mastery himself after his father’s -death. Even in our own middle-class family the father is -accustomed to aid the development of the germ of hatred which -naturally belongs to the paternal relation by refusing the son -the disposal of his own destiny, or the means necessary for -this. A physician often has occasion to notice that the son’s -grief at the loss of his father cannot suppress his satisfaction -at the liberty which he has at last obtained. Every father -frantically holds on to whatever of the sadly antiquated <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">potestas -<span class='pageno' id='Page_218'>218</span>patris</span></i> still remains in the society of to-day, and every poet -who, like Ibsen, puts the ancient strife between father and son -in the foreground of his fiction is sure of his effect. The causes -of conflict between mother and daughter arise when the daughter -grows up and finds a guardian in her mother, while she desires -sexual freedom, and when, on the other hand, the mother has -been warned by the budding beauty of her daughter that the -time has come for her to renounce sexual claims.</p> - -<p class='c006'>All these conditions are notorious and open to everyone’s -inspection. But they do not serve to explain dreams of the -death of parents found in the case of persons to whom piety -towards their parents has long since come to be inviolable. -We are furthermore prepared by the preceding discussion to -find that the death-wish towards parents is to be explained by -reference to earliest childhood.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This conjecture is reaffirmed with a certainty that makes -doubt impossible in its application to psychoneurotics through -the analyses that have been undertaken with them. It is -here found that the sexual wishes of the child—in so far as -they deserve this designation in their embryonic state—awaken -at a very early period, and that the first inclinations of -the girl are directed towards the father, and the first childish -cravings of the boy towards the mother. The father thus -becomes an annoying competitor for the boy, as the mother -does for the girl, and we have already shown in the case of -brothers and sisters how little it takes for this feeling to lead -the child to the death-wish. Sexual selection, as a rule, early -becomes evident in the parents; it is a natural tendency for -the father to indulge the little daughter, and for the mother -to take the part of the sons, while both work earnestly for the -education of the little ones when the magic of sex does not -prejudice their judgment. The child is very well aware of -any partiality, and resists that member of the parental couple -who discourages it. To find love in a grown-up person is for -the child not only the satisfaction of a particular craving, but -also means that the child’s will is to be yielded to in other -respects. Thus the child obeys its own sexual impulse, and -at the same time re-enforces the feeling which proceeds from -the parents, if it makes a selection among the parents that -corresponds to theirs.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_219'>219</span>Most of the signs of these infantile inclinations are usually -overlooked; some of them may be observed even after the -first years of childhood. An eight-year-old girl of my acquaintance, -when her mother is called from the table, takes -advantage of the opportunity to proclaim herself her successor. -“Now I shall be Mamma; Charles, do you want some -more vegetables? Have some, I beg you,” &c. A particularly -gifted and vivacious girl, not yet four years old, with -whom this bit of child psychology is unusually transparent, -says outright: “Now mother can go away; then father must -marry me and I shall be his wife.” Nor does this wish by any -means exclude from child life the possibility that the child -may love his mother affectionately. If the little boy is allowed -to sleep at his mother’s side whenever his father goes on a -journey, and if after his father’s return he must go back to the -nursery to a person whom he likes far less, the wish may be -easily actuated that his father may always be absent, in order -that he may keep his place next to his dear, beautiful mamma; -and the father’s death is obviously a means for the attainment -of this wish; for the child’s experience has taught him that -“dead” folks, like grandpa, for example, are always absent; -they never return.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Although observations upon little children lend themselves, -without being forced, to the proposed interpretation, -they do not carry the full conviction which psychoanalyses -of adult neurotics obtrude upon the physician. The dreams -in question are here cited with introductions of such a nature -that their interpretation as wish-dreams becomes unavoidable. -One day I find a lady sad and weeping. She says: “I do not -want to see my relatives any more; they must shudder at -me.” Thereupon, almost without any transition, she tells -that she remembers a dream, whose significance, of course, -she does not know. She dreamed it four years before, and it -is as follows: <em>A fox or a lynx is taking a walk on the roof; then -something falls down, or she falls down, and after that her mother is -carried out of the house dead</em>—whereat the dreamer cries bitterly. -No sooner had I informed her that this dream must signify a -wish from her childhood to see her mother dead, and that it is -because of this dream that she thinks that her relatives must -shudder at her, than she furnished some material for explaining -<span class='pageno' id='Page_220'>220</span>the dream. “Lynx-eye” is an opprobrious epithet which a -street boy once bestowed on her when she was a very small -child; when she was three years old a brick had fallen on her -mother’s head so that she bled severely.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I once had opportunity to make a thorough study of a -young girl who underwent several psychic states. In the state -of frenzied excitement with which the illness started, the -patient showed a very strong aversion to her mother; she -struck and scolded her as soon as she approached the bed, -while at the same time she remained loving and obedient to a -much older sister. Then there followed a clear but somewhat -apathetic state with very much disturbed sleep. It was in -this phase that I began to treat her and to analyse her dreams. -An enormous number of these dealt in a more or less abstruse -manner with the death of the mother; now she was present -at the funeral of an old woman, now she saw her sisters sitting -at the table dressed in mourning; the meaning of the dreams -could not be doubted. During the further progress of the -convalescence hysterical phobias appeared; the most torturing -of these was the idea that something happened to her -mother. She was always having to hurry home from wherever -she happened to be in order to convince herself that her mother -was still alive. Now this case, in view of my other experiences, -was very instructive; it showed in polyglot translations, as it -were, the different ways in which the psychic apparatus reacts -to the same exciting idea. In the state of excitement which -I conceive as the overpowering of the second psychic instance, -the unconscious enmity towards the mother became potent -as a motor impulse; then, after calmness set in, following the -suppression of the tumult, and after the domination of the -censor had been restored, this feeling of enmity had access -only to the province of dreams in order to realise the wish that -the mother might die; and after the normal condition had -been still further strengthened, it created the excessive concern -for the mother as a hysterical counter-reaction and manifestation -of defence. In the light of these considerations it is no -longer inexplicable why hysterical girls are so often extravagantly -attached to their mothers.</p> - -<p class='c006'>On another occasion I had opportunity to get a profound -insight into the unconscious psychic life of a young man for -<span class='pageno' id='Page_221'>221</span>whom a compulsion-neurosis made life almost unendurable, -so that he could not go on the street, because he was harassed -by the obsession that he would kill every one he met. He spent -his days in arranging evidence for an alibi in case he should be -charged with any murder that might have occurred in the -city. It is superfluous to remark that this man was as moral -as he was highly cultured. The analysis—which, moreover, -led to a cure—discovered murderous impulses toward the -young man’s somewhat over-strict father as the basis of these -disagreeable ideas of compulsion—impulses which, to his great -surprise, had received conscious expression when he was seven -years old, but which, of course, had originated in much earlier -years of childhood. After the painful illness and death of -the father, the obsessive reproach transferred to strangers in -the form of the afore-mentioned phobia, appeared when the -young man was thirty-one years old. Anyone capable of -wishing to push his own father from a mountain-top into an -abyss is certainly not to be trusted to spare the lives of those -who are not so closely bound to him; he does well to lock -himself into his room.</p> - -<p class='c006'>According to my experience, which is now large, parents -play a leading part in the infantile psychology of all later -neurotics, and falling in love with one member of the parental -couple and hatred of the other help to make up that fateful -sum of material furnished by the psychic impulses, which has -been formed during the infantile period, and which is of such -great importance for the symptoms appearing in the later -neurosis. But I do not think that psychoneurotics are here -sharply distinguished from normal human beings, in that -they are capable of creating something absolutely new and -peculiar to themselves. It is far more probable, as is shown -also by occasional observation upon normal children, that in -their loving or hostile wishes towards their parents psychoneurotics -only show in exaggerated form feelings which are -present less distinctly and less intensely in the minds of most -children. Antiquity has furnished us with legendary material -to confirm this fact, and the deep and universal effectiveness of -these legends can only be explained by granting a similar -universal applicability to the above-mentioned assumption in -infantile psychology.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_222'>222</span>I refer to the legend of King Oedipus and the drama of the -same name by Sophocles. Oedipus, the son of Laius, king of -Thebes, and of Jocasta, is exposed while a suckling, because -an oracle has informed the father that his son, who is still -unborn, will be his murderer. He is rescued, and grows up as -the king’s son at a foreign court, until, being uncertain about -his origin, he also consults the oracle, and is advised to avoid -his native place, for he is destined to become the murderer of -his father and the husband of his mother. On the road leading -away from his supposed home he meets King Laius and strikes -him dead in a sudden quarrel. Then he comes to the gates -of Thebes, where he solves the riddle of the Sphynx who is -barring the way, and he is elected king by the Thebans in -gratitude, and is presented with the hand of Jocasta. He -reigns in peace and honour for a long time, and begets two sons -and two daughters upon his unknown mother, until at last a -plague breaks out which causes the Thebans to consult the -oracle anew. Here Sophocles’ tragedy begins. The messengers -bring the advice that the plague will stop as soon as the -murderer of Laius is driven from the country. But where is -he hidden?</p> - -<p class='c006'>“Where are they to be found? How shall we trace the -perpetrators of so old a crime where no conjecture leads to -discovery?”<a id='rCC' /><a href='#fCC' class='c008'><sup>[CC]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>The action of the play now consists merely in a revelation, -which is gradually completed and artfully delayed—resembling -the work of a psychoanalysis—of the fact that Oedipus -himself is the murderer of Laius, and the son of the dead man -and of Jocasta. Oedipus, profoundly shocked at the monstrosities -which he has unknowingly committed, blinds himself -and leaves his native place. The oracle has been fulfilled.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The <cite>Oedipus Tyrannus</cite> is a so-called tragedy of fate; its -tragic effect is said to be found in the opposition between the -powerful will of the gods and the vain resistance of the human -beings who are threatened with destruction; resignation to -the will of God and confession of one’s own helplessness is the -lesson which the deeply-moved spectator is to learn from the -tragedy. Consequently modern authors have tried to obtain -a similar tragic effect by embodying the same opposition in a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_223'>223</span>story of their own invention. But spectators have sat unmoved -while a curse or an oracular sentence has been fulfilled on -blameless human beings in spite of all their struggles; later -tragedies of fate have all remained without effect.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If the <cite>Oedipus Tyrannus</cite> is capable of moving modern men -no less than it moved the contemporary Greeks, the explanation -of this fact cannot lie merely in the assumption that the -effect of the Greek tragedy is based upon the opposition between -fate and human will, but is to be sought in the peculiar -nature of the material by which the opposition is shown. -There must be a voice within us which is prepared to recognise -the compelling power of fate in <cite>Oedipus</cite>, while we justly condemn -the situations occurring in <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Ahnfrau</span></cite> or in other -tragedies of later date as arbitrary inventions. And there must -be a factor corresponding to this inner voice in the story of -King Oedipus. His fate moves us only for the reason that it -might have been ours, for the oracle has put the same curse -upon us before our birth as upon him. Perhaps we are all -destined to direct our first sexual impulses towards our -mothers, and our first hatred and violent washes towards our -fathers; our dreams convince us of it. King Oedipus, who -has struck his father Laius dead and has married his mother -Jocasta, is nothing but the realised wish of our childhood. -But more fortunate than he, we have since succeeded, unless -we have become psychoneurotics, in withdrawing our sexual -impulses from our mothers and in forgetting our jealousy of -our fathers. We recoil from the person for whom this primitive -wish has been fulfilled with all the force of the repression which -these wishes have suffered within us. By his analysis, showing -us the guilt of Oedipus, the poet urges us to recognise our own -inner self, in which these impulses, even if suppressed, are still -present. The comparison with which the chorus leaves us—</p> - -<p class='c007'>“... Behold! this Oedipus, who unravelled the famous -riddle and who was a man of eminent virtue; a man who -trusted neither to popularity nor to the fortune of his citizens; -see how great a storm of adversity hath at last overtaken -him” (Act v. sc. 4).</p> - -<p class='c006'>This warning applies to ourselves and to our pride, to us, who -have grown so wise and so powerful in our own estimation -<span class='pageno' id='Page_224'>224</span>since the years of our childhood. Like Oedipus, we live in -ignorance of the wishes that offend morality, wishes which -nature has forced upon us, and after the revelation of which we -want to avert every glance from the scenes of our childhood.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the very text of Sophocles’ tragedy there is an unmistakable -reference to the fact that the Oedipus legend originates -in an extremely old dream material, which consists of the -painful disturbance of the relation towards one’s parents by -means of the first impulses of sexuality. Jocasta comforts -Oedipus—who is not yet enlightened, but who has become -worried on account of the oracle—by mentioning to him -the dream which is dreamt by so many people, though she -attaches no significance to it—</p> - -<p class='c007'>“For it hath already been the lot of many men in dreams -to think themselves partners of their mother’s bed. But he -passes most easily through life to whom these circumstances -are trifles” (Act iv. sc. 3).</p> - -<p class='c006'>The dream of having sexual intercourse with one’s mother -occurred at that time, as it does to-day, to many people, who -tell it with indignation and astonishment. As may be understood, -it is the key to the tragedy and the complement to the -dream of the death of the father. The story of Oedipus is -the reaction of the imagination to these two typical dreams, -and just as the dream when occurring to an adult is experienced -with feelings of resistance, so the legend must contain terror -and self-chastisement. The appearance which it further -assumes is the result of an uncomprehending secondary elaboration -which tries to make it serve theological purposes -(<em>cf.</em> the dream material of exhibitionism, p. 206). The attempt -to reconcile divine omnipotence with human responsibility -must, of course, fail with this material as with every -other.<a id='rCD' /><a href='#fCD' class='c008'><sup>[CD]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_225'>225</span>I must not leave the typical dream of the death of dear -relatives without somewhat further elucidating the subject -<span class='pageno' id='Page_226'>226</span>of their significance for the theory of the dream in general. -These dreams show us a realisation of the very unusual case -where the dream thought, which has been created by the -repressed wish, completely escapes the censor, and is transferred -to the dream without alteration. There must be present -peculiar conditions making possible such an outcome. I find -circumstances favourable to these dreams in the two following -factors: First, there is no wish which we believe further from -us; we believe such a wish “would never occur to us in a -dream”; the dream censor is therefore not prepared for this -monstrosity, just as the legislation of Solon was incapable of -establishing a punishment for patricide. Secondly, the repressed -and unsuspected wish is in just this case particularly -often met by a fragment of the day’s experience in the shape -of a concern about the life of the beloved person. This concern -cannot be registered in the dream by any other means -than by taking advantage of the wish that has the same -content; but it is possible for the wish to mask itself behind -the concern which has been awakened during the day. If one -is inclined to think all this a more simple process, and that -one merely continues during the night and in dreams what -one has been concerned with during the day, the dream of the -death of beloved persons is removed from all connection with -dream explanation, and an easily reducible problem is uselessly -retained.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is also instructive to trace the relation of these dreams to -anxiety dreams. In the dream of the death of dear persons -the repressed wish has found a way of avoiding the censor, -and the distortion which it causes. In this case the inevitable -concomitant manifestation is that disagreeable sensations are -felt in the dream. Thus the dream of fear is brought about -only when the censor is entirely or partially overpowered, -and, on the other hand, the overpowering of the censor is made -easier when fear has already been furnished by somatic sources. -Thus it becomes obvious for what purpose the censor performs -its office and practises dream distortion; it does this <em>in order -to prevent the development of fear or other forms of disagreeable -emotion</em>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I have spoken above of the egotism of the infantile mind, -and I may now resume this subject in order to suggest that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_227'>227</span>dreams preserve this characteristic—thus showing their connection -with infantile life. Every dream is absolutely egotistical; -in every dream the beloved ego appears, even though it -may be in a disguised form. The wishes that are realised in -dreams are regularly the wishes of this ego; it is only a deceptive -appearance if interest in another person is thought to -have caused the dream. I shall subject to analysis several -examples which appear to contradict this assertion.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I. A boy not yet four years old relates the following: <em>He -saw a large dish garnished, and upon it a large piece of roast meat, -and the meat was all of a sudden—not cut to pieces—but eaten up. -He did not see the person who ate it.</em><a id='rCE' /><a href='#fCE' class='c008'><sup>[CE]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>Who may this strange person be of whose luxurious repast -this little fellow dreams? The experiences of the day must -give us the explanation of this. For a few days the boy had -been living on a diet of milk according to the doctor’s prescription; -but on the evening of the day before the dream he -had been naughty, and as a punishment he had been deprived of -his evening meal. He had already undergone one such hunger-cure, -and had acted very bravely. He knew that he would get -nothing to eat, but he did not dare to indicate by a word that -he was hungry. Education was beginning to have its influence -upon him; this is expressed even in the dream which shows -the beginnings of dream disfigurement. There is no doubt -that he himself is the person whose wishes are directed toward -this abundant meal, and a meal of roast meat at that. But -since he knows that this is forbidden him, he does not dare, as -children do in the dream (<em>cf.</em> the dream about strawberries of -my little Anna, p. 110), to sit down to the meal himself. The -person remains anonymous.</p> - -<p class='c006'>II. Once I dream that I see on the show-table of a book -store a new number in the Book-lovers’ Collection—the collection -which I am in the habit of buying (art monographs, monographs -on the history of the world, famous art centres, &c.). -<span class='pageno' id='Page_228'>228</span><em>The new collection is called Famous Orators (or Orations), and -the first number bears the name of Doctor Lecher.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>In the course of analysis it appears improbable that the -fame of Dr. Lecher, the long-winded orator of the German -Opposition, should occupy my thoughts while I am dreaming. -The fact is that, a few days before, I undertook the psychic -cure of some new patients, and was now forced to talk for -from ten to twelve hours a day. Thus I myself am the long-winded -orator.</p> - -<p class='c006'>III. Upon another occasion I dream that a teacher of my -acquaintance at the university says: <em>My son, the Myopic</em>. -Then there follows a dialogue consisting of short speeches and -replies. A third portion of the dream follows in which I and -my sons appear, and as far as the latent dream content is -concerned, father, son, and Professor M. are alike only lay -figures to represent me and my eldest son. I shall consider -this dream again further on because of another peculiarity.</p> - -<p class='c006'>IV. The following dream gives an example of really base -egotistical feelings, which are concealed behind affectionate -concern:</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>My friend Otto looks ill, his face is brown and his eyes bulge.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Otto is my family physician, to whom I owe a debt greater -than I can ever hope to repay, since he has guarded the health -of my children for years. He has treated them successfully -when they were taken sick, and besides that he has given them -presents on all occasions which gave him any excuse for doing -so. He came for a visit on the day of the dream, and my -wife noticed that he looked tired and exhausted. Then comes -my dream at night, and attributes to him a few of the symptoms -of Basedow’s disease. Any one disregarding my rules for -dream interpretation would understand this dream to mean -that I am concerned about the health of my friend, and that -this concern is realised in the dream. It would thus be a -contradiction not only of the assertion that the dream is a -wish-fulfilment, but also of the assertion that it is accessible -only to egotistic impulses. But let the person who interprets -the dream in this manner explain to me why I fear that Otto -has Basedow’s disease, for which diagnosis his appearance -does not give the slightest justification? As opposed to this, -my analysis furnishes the following material, taken from an -<span class='pageno' id='Page_229'>229</span>occurrence which happened six years ago. A small party of -us, including Professor R., were driving in profound darkness -through the forest of N., which is several hours distant from -our country home. The coachman, who was not quite sober, -threw us and the wagon down a bank, and it was only by a -lucky accident that we all escaped unhurt. But we were -forced to spend the night at the nearest inn, where the news of -our accident awakened great sympathy. A gentleman, who -showed unmistakable signs of the morbus Basedowii—nothing -but a brownish colour of the skin of the face and bulging eyes, -no goitre—placed himself entirely at our disposal and asked -what he could do for us. Professor R. answered in his decided -way: “Nothing but lend me a night-shirt.” Whereupon our -generous friend replied: “I am sorry but I cannot do that,” -and went away.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In continuing the analysis, it occurs to me that Basedow -is the name not only of a physician, but also of a famous -educator. (Now that I am awake I do not feel quite sure of -this fact.) My friend Otto is the person whom I have asked -to take charge of the physical education of my children—especially -during the age of puberty (hence the night-shirt)—in -case anything should happen to me. By seeing Otto in -the dream with the morbid symptoms of our above-mentioned -generous benefactor, I apparently mean to say, “If anything -happens to me, just as little is to be expected for my children -from him as was to be expected then from Baron L., in spite of -his well-meaning offers.” The egotistical turn of this dream -ought now to be clear.<a id='rCF' /><a href='#fCF' class='c008'><sup>[CF]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>But where is the wish-fulfilment to be found? It is not -in the vengeance secured upon my friend Otto, whose fate it -seems to be to receive ill-treatment in my dreams, but in the -following circumstances: In representing Otto in the dream -as Baron L., I have at the same time identified myself with -some one else, that is to say, with Professor R., for I have asked -something of Otto, just as R. asked something of Baron L. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_230'>230</span>at the time of the occurrence which has been mentioned. And -that is the point. For Professor R. has pursued his way -independently outside the schools, somewhat as I have done, -and has only in later years received the title which he earned -long ago. I am therefore again wishing to be a professor! -The very phrase “in later years” is the fulfilment of wish, -for it signifies that I shall live long enough to pilot my boy -through the age of puberty myself.</p> - -<p class='c005'>I gave only a brief account of the other forms of typical -dreams in the first edition of this book, because an insufficient -amount of good material was at my disposal. My experience, -which has since been increased, now makes it possible for me -to divide these dreams into two broad classes—first, those -which really have the same meaning every time, and secondly, -those which must be subjected to the most widely different -interpretations in spite of their identical or similar content. -Among the typical dreams of the first sort I shall closely -consider the examination dream and the so-called dream of -dental irritation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Every one who has received his degree after having passed -the final college examination, complains of the ruthlessness -with which he is pursued by the anxiety dream that he will -fail, that he must repeat his work, &c. For the holder of the -university degree this typical dream is replaced by another, -which represents to him that he has to pass the examination -for the doctor’s degree, and against which he vainly raises the -objection in his sleep that he has already been practising for -years—that he is already a university instructor or the head -of a law firm. These are the ineradicable memories of the -punishments which we suffered when we were children for -misdeeds which we had committed—memories which were -revived in us on that <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">dies irae, dies illa</span></i> of the severe examination -at the two critical junctures in our studies. The -“examination-phobia” of neurotics is also strengthened by -this childish fear. After we have ceased to be schoolboys it -is no longer our parents and guardians as at first, or our -teachers as later on, who see to our punishment; the inexorable -chain of causes and effects in life has taken over our further -education. Now we dream of examinations for graduation -<span class='pageno' id='Page_231'>231</span>or for the doctor’s degree—and who has not been faint-hearted -in these tests, even though he belonged to the righteous?—whenever -we fear that an outcome will punish us because we -have not done something, or because we have not accomplished -something as we should—in short whenever we feel the weight -of responsibility.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I owe the actual explanation of examination dreams to a -remark made by a well-informed colleague, who once asserted -in a scientific discussion that in his experience the examination -dream occurs only to persons who have passed the examination, -never to those who have gone to pieces on it. The -anxiety dream of the examination, which occurs, as is being -more and more corroborated, when the dreamer is looking -forward to a responsible action on his part the next day and -the possibility of disgrace, has therefore probably selected -an occasion in the past where the great anxiety has shown -itself to have been without justification and has been contradicted -by the result. This would be a very striking example -of a misconception of the dream content on the part of the -waking instance. The objection to the dream, which is conceived -as the indignant protest, “But I am already a -doctor,” &c., would be in reality a consolation which the -dreams offer, and which would therefore be to the following -effect: “Do not be afraid of the morrow; think of the fear -which you had before the final examination, and yet nothing -came of it. You are a doctor this minute,” &c. The fear, -however, which we attribute to the dream, originates in the -remnants of daily experience.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The tests of this explanation which I was able to make in -my own case and in that of others, although they were not -sufficiently numerous, have been altogether successful. I -failed, for example, in the examination for the doctor’s degree -in legal medicine; never once have I been concerned about -this matter in my dreams, while I have often enough been -examined in botany, zoology, or chemistry, in which subjects -I took the examinations with well-founded anxiety, but -escaped punishment through the clemency of fortune or of -the examiner. In my dreams of college examination, I am -regularly examined in history, a subject which I passed -brilliantly at the time, but only, I must admit, because my -<span class='pageno' id='Page_232'>232</span>good-natured professor—my one-eyed benefactor in another -dream (<em>cf.</em> p. 12)—did not overlook the fact that on the list -of questions I had crossed out the second of three questions -as an indication that he should not insist on it. One of my -patients, who withdrew before the final college examinations -and made them up later, but who failed in the officer’s examination -and did not become an officer, tells me that he dreams -about the former examination often enough, but never about -the latter.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The above-mentioned colleague (Dr. Stekel of Vienna) -calls attention to the double meaning of the word “Matura” -(<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Matura</span></i>—examination for college degree: mature, ripe), and -claims that he has observed that examination dreams occur -very frequently when a sexual test is set for the following day, -in which, therefore, the disgrace which is feared might consist -in the manifestation of slight potency. A German colleague -takes exception to this, as it appears, justly, on the ground -that this examination is denominated in Germany the Abiturium -and hence lacks this double meaning.</p> - -<p class='c006'>On account of their similar affective impression dreams of -missing a train deserve to be placed next to examination -dreams. Their explanation also justifies this relationship. -They are consolation dreams directed against another feeling -of fear perceived in the dream, the fear of dying. “To -depart” is one of the most frequent and one of the most easily -reached symbols of death. The dream thus says consolingly: -“Compose yourself, you are not going to die (to depart),” just -as the examination dream calms us by saying “Fear not, -nothing will happen to you even this time.” The difficulty -in understanding both kinds of dreams is due to the fact that -the feeling of anxiety is directly connected with the expression -of consolation. Stekel treats fully the symbolisms of death -in his recently published book <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Sprache des Traumes</span></cite>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The meaning of the “dreams of dental irritation,” which -I have had to analyse often enough with my patients, -escaped me for a long time, because, much to my astonishment, -resistances that were altogether too great obstructed their -interpretation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>At last overwhelming evidence convinced me that, in the -case of men, nothing else than cravings for masturbation from -<span class='pageno' id='Page_233'>233</span>the time of puberty furnishes the motive power for these -dreams. I shall analyse two such dreams, one of which is -likewise “a dream of flight.” The two dreams are of the -same person—a young man with a strong homosexuality, -which, however, has been repressed in life.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>He is witnessing a performance of</em> Fidelio <em>from the parquette -of the opera house; he is sitting next to L., whose personality is -congenial to him, and whose friendship he would like to have. -He suddenly flies diagonally clear across the parquette; he -then puts his hand in his mouth and draws out two of his -teeth.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>He himself describes the flight by saying it was as if he -were “thrown” into the air. As it was a performance of -<cite>Fidelio</cite> he recalls the poet’s words:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“He who a charming wife acquired——”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>But even the acquisition of a charming wife is not among the -wishes of the dreamer. Two other verses would be more -appropriate:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><em>“He who succeeds in the lucky (big) throw,</em></div> - <div class='line in1'><em>A friend of a friend to be....”</em></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>The dream thus contains the “lucky (big) throw,” which -is not, however, a wish-fulfilment only. It also conceals the -painful reflection that in his striving after friendship he has -often had the misfortune to be “thrown down,” and the fear -lest this fate may be repeated in the case of the young -man next whom he has enjoyed the performance of <cite>Fidelio</cite>. -This is now followed by a confession which quite puts this -refined dreamer to shame, to the effect that once, after such -a rejection on the part of a friend, out of burning desire he -merged into sexual excitement and masturbated twice in -succession.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The other dream is as follows: <em>Two professors of the university -who are known to him are treating him in my stead. One -of them does something with his penis; he fears an operation. -The other one thrusts an iron bar at his mouth so that he loses -two teeth. He is bound with four silken cloths.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>The sexual significance of this dream can hardly be doubted. -The silken cloths are equivalent to an identification with a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_234'>234</span>homosexual of his acquaintance. The dreamer, who has never -achieved coition, but who has never actually sought sexual -intercourse with men, conceives sexual intercourse after the -model of the masturbation which he was once taught during -the time of puberty.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I believe that the frequent modifications of the typical -dream of dental irritation—that, for example, of another -person drawing the tooth from the dreamer’s mouth, are made -intelligible by means of the same explanation. It may, -however, be difficult to see how “dental irritation” can come -to have this significance. I may then call attention to a -transference from below to above which occurs very frequently. -This transference is at the service of sexual repression, and -by means of it all kinds of sensations and intentions occurring -in hysteria which ought to be enacted in the genitals can be -realised upon less objectionable parts of the body. It is also -a case of such transference when the genitals are replaced by -the face in the symbolism of unconscious thought. This is -assisted by the fact that the buttocks resemble the cheeks, and -also by the usage of language which calls the nymphæ “lips,” -as resembling those that enclose the opening of the mouth. -The nose is compared to the penis in numerous allusions, and -in one place as in the other the presence of hair completes the -resemblance. Only one part of the anatomy—the teeth—are -beyond all possibility of being compared with anything, -and it is just this coincidence of agreement and disagreement -which makes the teeth suitable for representation under -pressure of sexual repression.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I do not wish to claim that the interpretation of the dream -of dental irritation as a dream of masturbation, the justification -of which I cannot doubt, has been freed of all obscurity.<a id='rCG' /><a href='#fCG' class='c008'><sup>[CG]</sup></a> -I carry the explanation as far as I am able, and must leave the -rest unsolved. But I must also refer to another connection -revealed by an idiomatic expression. In our country there is -in use an indelicate designation for the act of masturbation, -namely: To pull one out, or to pull one down.<a id='rCH' /><a href='#fCH' class='c008'><sup>[CH]</sup></a> I am unable -to say whence these colloquialisms originate, and on what -<span class='pageno' id='Page_235'>235</span>symbolisms they are based, but the teeth would well fit in -with the first of the two.<a id='rCI' /><a href='#fCI' class='c008'><sup>[CI]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>Dreams in which one is flying or hovering, falling, swimming, -or the like, belong to the second group of typical dreams. What -do these dreams signify? A general statement on this point -cannot be made. They signify something different in each case, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_236'>236</span>as we shall hear: only the sensational material which they -contain always comes from the same source.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is necessary to conclude, from the material obtained in -psychoanalysis, that these dreams repeat impressions from -childhood—that is, that they refer to the movement games -which have such extraordinary attractions for the child. What -<span class='pageno' id='Page_237'>237</span>uncle has never made a child fly by running across the room -with it with arms outstretched, or has never played falling -with it by rocking it on his knee and then suddenly stretching -out his leg, or by lifting it up high and then pretending to -withdraw support. At this the children shout with joy, and -demand more untiringly, especially if there is a little fright -<span class='pageno' id='Page_238'>238</span>and dizziness attached to it; in after years they create a -repetition of this in the dream, but in the dream they omit -the hands which have held them, so that they now freely float -and fall. The fondness of all small children for games like -rocking and see-sawing is well known; and if they see gymnastic -tricks at the circus their recollection of this rocking is -refreshed. With some boys the hysterical attack consists -simply in the reproduction of such tricks, which they accomplish -with great skill. Not infrequently sexual sensations are -excited by these movement games, harmless as they are in -themselves.<a id='rCJ' /><a href='#fCJ' class='c008'><sup>[CJ]</sup></a> To express the idea by a word which is current -among us, and which covers all of these matters: It is the wild -playing (“Hetzen”) of childhood which dreams about flying, -falling, vertigo, and the like repeat, and the voluptuous feelings -of which have now been turned into fear. But as every -mother knows, the wild playing of children has often enough -culminated in quarrelling and tears.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I therefore have good reason for rejecting the explanation -that the condition of our dermal sensations during sleep, the -sensations caused by the movements of the lungs, and the -like, give rise to dreams of flying and falling. I see that these -very sensations have been reproduced from the memory with -which the dream is concerned—that they are, therefore, a part -of the dream content and not of the dream sources.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This material, similar in its character and origin consisting -of sensations of motion, is now used for the representation of -the most manifold dream thoughts. Dreams of flying, for -the most part characterised by delight, require the most widely -different interpretations—altogether special interpretations in -the case of some persons, and even interpretations of a typical -nature in that of others. One of my patients was in the habit -of dreaming very often that she was suspended above the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_239'>239</span>street at a certain height, without touching the ground. She -had grown only to a very small stature, and shunned every -kind of contamination which accompanies intercourse with -human beings. Her dream of suspension fulfilled both of her -wishes, by raising her feet from the ground and by allowing her -head to tower in the upper regions. In the case of other -female dreamers the dream of flying had the significance of a -longing: If I were a little bird; others thus become angels -at night because they have missed being called that by day. -The intimate connection between flying and the idea of a bird -makes it comprehensible that the dream of flying in the case -of men usually has a significance of coarse sensuality.<a id='rCK' /><a href='#fCK' class='c008'><sup>[CK]</sup></a> We -shall also not be surprised to hear that this or that dreamer is -always very proud of his ability to fly.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Dr. Paul Federn (Vienna) has propounded the fascinating -theory that a great many flying dreams are erection dreams, -since the remarkable phenomena of erection which so constantly -occupy the human phantasy must strongly impress -upon it a notion of the suspension of gravity (<em>cf.</em> the winged -phalli of the ancients).</p> - -<p class='c006'>Dreams of falling are most frequently characterised by -fear. Their interpretation, when they occur in women, is -subject to no difficulty because women always accept the -symbolic sense of falling, which is a circumlocution for the -indulgence of an erotic temptation. We have not yet exhausted -the infantile sources of the dream of falling; nearly -all children have fallen occasionally, and then been picked up -and fondled; if they fell out of bed at night, they were picked -up by their nurse and taken into her bed.</p> - -<p class='c006'>People who dream often of swimming, of cleaving the waves, -with great enjoyment, &c., have usually been persons who -wetted their beds, and they now repeat in the dream a pleasure -which they have long since learned to forgo. We shall soon -learn from one example or another to what representation the -dreams of swimming easily lend themselves.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The interpretation of dreams about fire justifies a prohibition -of the nursery which forbids children to burn matches -in order that they may not wet the bed at night. They too are -<span class='pageno' id='Page_240'>240</span>based on the reminiscence of <em>enuresis nocturnus</em> of childhood. -In the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Bruchstück einer Hysterieanalyse</span></cite>, 1905,<a id='rCL' /><a href='#fCL' class='c008'><sup>[CL]</sup></a> I have given -the complete analysis and synthesis of such a fire-dream in -connection with the infantile history of the dreamer, and have -shown to the representation of what emotions this infantile -material has been utilised in maturer years.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It would be possible to cite a considerable number of other -“typical” dreams, if these are understood to refer to the -frequent recurrence of the same manifest dream content in -the case of different dreamers, as, for example: dreams of -passing through narrow alleys, of walking through a whole -suite of rooms; dreams of the nocturnal burglar against whom -nervous people direct precautionary measures before going to -sleep; dreams of being chased by wild animals (bulls, horses), -or of being threatened with knives, daggers, and lances. The -last two are characteristic as the manifest dream content of -persons suffering from anxiety, &c. An investigation dealing -especially with this material would be well worth while. In -lieu of this I have two remarks to offer, which, however, do not -apply exclusively to typical dreams.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I. The more one is occupied with the solution of dreams, -the more willing one must become to acknowledge that the -majority of the dreams of adults treat of sexual material and -give expression to erotic wishes. Only one who really analyses -dreams, that is to say, who pushes forward from their manifest -content to the latent dream thoughts, can form an opinion on -this subject—never the person who is satisfied with registering -the manifest content (as, for example, Näcke in his works on -sexual dreams). Let us recognise at once that this fact is -not to be wondered at, but that it is in complete harmony with -the fundamental assumptions of dream explanation. No -other impulse has had to undergo so much suppression from -the time of childhood as the sex impulse in its numerous components,<a id='rCM' /><a href='#fCM' class='c008'><sup>[CM]</sup></a> -from no other impulse have survived so many and -such intense unconscious wishes, which now act in the sleeping -state in such a manner as to produce dreams. In dream -interpretation, this significance of sexual complexes must never -<span class='pageno' id='Page_241'>241</span>be forgotten, nor must they, of course, be exaggerated to the -point of being considered exclusive.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Of many dreams it can be ascertained by a careful interpretation -that they are even to be taken bisexually, inasmuch as -they result in an irrefutable secondary interpretation in which -they realise homosexual feelings—that is, feelings that are -common to the normal sexual activity of the dreaming person. -But that all dreams are to be interpreted bisexually, as maintained -by W. Stekel,<a id='rCN' /><a href='#fCN' class='c008'><sup>[CN]</sup></a> and Alf. Adler,<a id='rCO' /><a href='#fCO' class='c008'><sup>[CO]</sup></a> seems to me to be a -generalisation as indemonstrable as it is improbable, which I -should not like to support. Above all I should not know how -to dispose of the apparent fact that there are many dreams -satisfying other than—in the widest sense—erotic needs, as -dreams of hunger, thirst, convenience, &c. Likewise the -similar assertions “that behind every dream one finds the -death sentence” (Stekel), and that every dream shows “a -continuation from the feminine to the masculine line” (Adler), -seem to me to proceed far beyond what is admissible in the -interpretation of dreams.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have already asserted elsewhere that dreams which -are conspicuously innocent invariably embody coarse erotic -wishes, and we might confirm this by means of numerous fresh -examples. But many dreams which appear indifferent, and -which would never be suspected of any particular significance, -can be traced back, after analysis, to unmistakably sexual -wish-feelings, which are often of an unexpected nature. For -example, who would suspect a sexual wish in the following -dream until the interpretation had been worked out? The -dreamer relates: <em>Between two stately palaces stands a little -house, receding somewhat, whose doors are closed. My wife -leads me a little way along the street up to the little house, and -pushes in the door, and then I slip quickly and easily into the -interior of a courtyard that slants obliquely upwards.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Anyone who has had experience in the translating of dreams -will, of course, immediately perceive that penetrating into -narrow spaces, and opening locked doors, belong to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_242'>242</span>commonest sexual symbolism, and will easily find in this -dream a representation of attempted coition from behind -(between the two stately buttocks of the female body). The -narrow slanting passage is of course the vagina; the assistance -attributed to the wife of the dreamer requires the interpretation -that in reality it is only consideration for the wife which is -responsible for the detention from such an attempt. Moreover, -inquiry shows that on the previous day a young girl had entered -the household of the dreamer who had pleased him, and who -had given him the impression that she would not be altogether -opposed to an approach of this sort. The little house between -the two palaces is taken from a reminiscence of the Hradschin -in Prague, and thus points again to the girl who is a native of -that city.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If with my patients I emphasise the frequency of the -Oedipus dream—of having sexual intercourse with one’s -mother—I get the answer: “I cannot remember such a -dream.” Immediately afterwards, however, there arises the -recollection of another disguised and indifferent dream, which -has been dreamed repeatedly by the patient, and the analysis -shows it to be a dream of this same content—that is, another -Oedipus dream. I can assure the reader that veiled dreams of -sexual intercourse with the mother are a great deal more -frequent than open ones to the same effect.<a id='rCP' /><a href='#fCP' class='c008'><sup>[CP]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>There are dreams about landscapes and localities in which -emphasis is always laid upon the assurance: “I have been -there before.” In this case the locality is always the genital -organ of the mother; it can indeed be asserted with such -<span class='pageno' id='Page_243'>243</span>certainty of no other locality that one “has been there -before.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>A large number of dreams, often full of fear, which are concerned -with passing through narrow spaces or with staying in -the water, are based upon fancies about the embryonic life, -about the sojourn in the mother’s womb, and about the act -of birth. The following is the dream of a young man who in -his fancy has already while in embryo taken advantage of -his opportunity to spy upon an act of coition between his -parents.</p> - -<p class='c006'>“<em>He is in a deep shaft, in which there is a window, as in the -Semmering Tunnel. At first he sees an empty landscape through -this window, and then he composes a picture into it, which is -immediately at hand and which fills out the empty space. The -picture represents a field which is being thoroughly harrowed by an -implement, and the delightful air, the accompanying idea of hard -work, and the bluish-black clods of earth make a pleasant impression. -He then goes on and sees a primary school opened ... -and he is surprised that so much attention is devoted in it to the -sexual feelings of the child, which makes him think of me.</em>”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Here is a pretty water-dream of a female patient, which -was turned to extraordinary account in the course of treatment.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>At her summer resort at the ... Lake, she hurls herself into -the dark water at a place where the pale moon is reflected in the -water.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Dreams of this sort are parturition dreams; their interpretation -is accomplished by reversing the fact reported in -the manifest dream content; thus, instead of “throwing one’s -self into the water,” read “coming out of the water,” that is, -“being born.” The place from which one is born is recognised -if one thinks of the bad sense of the French “la lune.” The -pale moon thus becomes the white “bottom” (Popo), which -the child soon recognises as the place from which it came. -Now what can be the meaning of the patient’s wishing to be -born at her summer resort? I asked the dreamer this, and -she answered without hesitation: “Hasn’t the treatment -made me as though I were born again?” Thus the dream -becomes an invitation to continue the cure at this summer -resort, that is, to visit her there; perhaps it also contains -<span class='pageno' id='Page_244'>244</span>a very bashful allusion to the wish to become a mother -herself.<a id='rCQ' /><a href='#fCQ' class='c008'><sup>[CQ]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>Another dream of parturition, with its interpretation, I -take from the work of E. Jones.<a id='r95' /><a href='#f95' class='c008'><sup>[95]</sup></a> “<em>She stood at the seashore -watching a small boy, who seemed to be hers, wading into the -water. This he did till the water covered him, and she could only -see his head bobbing up and down near the surface. The scene -then changed to the crowded hall of a hotel. Her husband left -her, and she ‘entered into conversation with’ a stranger.</em>” The -second half of the dream was discovered in the analysis to -represent a flight from her husband, and the entering into intimate -relations with a third person, behind whom was plainly -indicated Mr. X.’s brother mentioned in a former dream. The -first part of the dream was a fairly evident birth phantasy. In -dreams as in mythology, the delivery of a child <em>from</em> the uterine -waters is commonly presented by distortion as the entry of the -child <em>into</em> water; among many others, the births of Adonis, -Osiris, Moses, and Bacchus are well-known illustrations of this. -The bobbing up and down of the head in the water at once -recalled to the patient the sensation of quickening she had -experienced in her only pregnancy. Thinking of the boy going -into the water induced a reverie in which she saw herself taking -him out of the water, carrying him into the nursery, washing -him and dressing him, and installing him in her household.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The second half of the dream, therefore, represents thoughts -concerning the elopement, which belonged to the first half of -the underlying latent content; the first half of the dream corresponded -with the second half of the latent content, the birth -phantasy. Besides this inversion in order, further inversions -took place in each half of the dream. In the first half the child -<em>entered</em> the water, and then his head bobbed; in the underlying -dream thoughts first the quickening occurred, and then the child -left the water (a double inversion). In the second half her -husband left her; in the dream thoughts she left her husband.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_245'>245</span>Another parturition dream is related by Abraham<a id='r79' /><a href='#f79' class='c008'><sup>[79]</sup></a> of a -young woman looking forward to her first confinement (p. 22): -From a place in the floor of the house a subterranean canal leads -directly into the water (parturition path, amniotic liquor). She -lifts up a trap in the floor, and there immediately appears a -creature dressed in a brownish fur, which almost resembles -a seal. This creature changes into the younger brother of -the dreamer, to whom she has always stood in maternal -relationship.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Dreams of “saving” are connected with parturition dreams. -To save, especially to save from the water, is equivalent to -giving birth when dreamed by a woman; this sense is, however, -modified when the dreamer is a man.<a id='rCR' /><a href='#fCR' class='c008'><sup>[CR]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>Robbers, burglars at night, and ghosts, of which we are -afraid before going to bed, and which occasionally even disturb -our sleep, originate in one and the same childish reminiscence. -They are the nightly visitors who have awakened the child to -set it on the chamber so that it may not wet the bed, or have -lifted the cover in order to see clearly how the child is holding -its hands while sleeping. I have been able to induce an exact -recollection of the nocturnal visitor in the analysis of some of -these anxiety dreams. The robbers were always the father, -the ghosts more probably corresponded to feminine persons -with white night-gowns.</p> - -<p class='c006'>II. When one has become familiar with the abundant use -of symbolism for the representation of sexual material in -dreams, one naturally raises the question whether there are -not many of these symbols which appear once and for all with -a firmly established significance like the signs in stenography; -and one is tempted to compile a new dream-book according to -the cipher method. In this connection it may be remarked -that this symbolism does not belong peculiarly to the dream, -but rather to unconscious thinking, particularly that of the -masses, and it is to be found in greater perfection in the folk-lore, -in the myths, legends, and manners of speech, in the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_246'>246</span>proverbial sayings, and in the current witticisms of a nation -than in its dreams.<a id='rCS' /><a href='#fCS' class='c008'><sup>[CS]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>The dream takes advantage of this symbolism in order to -give a disguised representation to its latent thoughts. Among -the symbols which are used in this manner there are of course -many which regularly, or almost regularly, mean the same thing. -Only it is necessary to keep in mind the curious plasticity of -psychic material. Now and then a symbol in the dream content -may have to be interpreted not symbolically, but according to -its real meaning; at another time the dreamer, owing to a -peculiar set of recollections, may create for himself the right to -use anything whatever as a sexual symbol, though it is not -ordinarily used in that way. Nor are the most frequently -used sexual symbols unambiguous every time.</p> - -<p class='c006'>After these limitations and reservations I may call attention -to the following: Emperor and Empress (King and Queen) in -most cases really represent the parents of the dreamer;<a id='rCT' /><a href='#fCT' class='c008'><sup>[CT]</sup></a> -the dreamer himself or herself is the prince or princess. All -elongated objects, sticks, tree-trunks, and umbrellas (on account -of the stretching-up which might be compared to an erection), -all elongated and sharp weapons, knives, daggers, and pikes, -are intended to represent the male member. A frequent, not -very intelligible, symbol for the same is a nail-file (on account -of the rubbing and scraping?). Little cases, boxes, caskets, -closets, and stoves correspond to the female part. The symbolism -of lock and key has been very gracefully employed by -Uhland in his song about the “Grafen Eberstein,” to make a -common smutty joke. The dream of walking through a row -of rooms is a brothel or harem dream. Staircases, ladders, and -flights of stairs, or climbing on these, either upwards or downwards, -are symbolic representations of the sexual act.<a id='rCU' /><a href='#fCU' class='c008'><sup>[CU]</sup></a> Smooth -<span class='pageno' id='Page_247'>247</span>walls over which one is climbing, façades of houses upon -which one is letting oneself down, frequently under great -anxiety, correspond to the erect human body, and probably -repeat in the dream reminiscences of the upward climbing of -little children on their parents or foster parents. “Smooth” -walls are men. Often in a dream of anxiety one is holding on -firmly to some projection from a house. Tables, set tables, -and boards are women, perhaps on account of the opposition -which does away with the bodily contours. Since “bed and -board” (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mensa et thorus</span></i>) constitute marriage, the former are -often put for the latter in the dream, and as far as practicable -the sexual presentation complex is transposed to the eating -complex. Of articles of dress the woman’s hat may frequently -be definitely interpreted as the male genital. In dreams of -men one often finds the cravat as a symbol for the penis; this -indeed is not only because cravats hang down long, and are -characteristic of the man, but also because one can select them -at pleasure, a freedom which is prohibited by nature in the -original of the symbol. Persons who make use of this symbol -in the dream are very extravagant with cravats, and possess -regular collections of them.<a id='rCV' /><a href='#fCV' class='c008'><sup>[CV]</sup></a> All complicated machines and -apparatus in dream are very probably genitals, in the description -of which dream symbolism shows itself to be as tireless as -the activity of wit. Likewise many landscapes in dreams, -especially with bridges or with wooded mountains, can be -readily recognised as descriptions of the genitals. Finally -where one finds incomprehensible neologisms one may think -of combinations made up of components having a sexual -<span class='pageno' id='Page_248'>248</span>significance. Children also in the dream often signify the -genitals, as men and women are in the habit of fondly referring -to their genital organ as their “little one.” As a very recent -symbol of the male genital may be mentioned the flying machine, -utilisation of which is justified by its relation to flying as well -as occasionally by its form. To play with a little child or to -beat a little one is often the dream’s representation of onanism. -A number of other symbols, in part not sufficiently verified, -are given by Stekel,<a id='r114' /><a href='#f114' class='c008'><sup>[114]</sup></a> who illustrates them with examples. -Right and left, according to him, are to be conceived in the -dream in an ethical sense. “The right way always signifies -the road to righteousness, the left the one to crime. Thus the -left may signify homosexuality, incest, and perversion, while -the right signifies marriage, relations with a prostitute, &c. -The meaning is always determined by the individual moral -viewpoint of the dreamer” (<em>l.c.</em>, p. 466). Relatives in the -dream generally play the rôle of genitals (p. 473). Not to be -able to catch up with a wagon is interpreted by Stekel as -regret not to be able to come up to a difference in age (p. 479). -Baggage with which one travels is the burden of sin by which -one is oppressed (<em>ibid.</em>). Also numbers, which frequently -occur in the dream, are assigned by Stekel a fixed symbolical -meaning, but these interpretations seem neither sufficiently -verified nor of general validity, although the interpretation in -individual cases can generally be recognised as probable. In -a recently published book by W. Stekel, <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Sprache des -Traumes</span></cite>, which I was unable to utilise, there is a list (p. 72) -of the most common sexual symbols, the object of which is to -prove that all sexual symbols can be bisexually used. He -states: “Is there a symbol which (if in any way permitted by -the phantasy) may not be used simultaneously in the masculine -and the feminine sense!” To be sure the clause in parentheses -takes away much of the absoluteness of this assertion, for -this is not at all permitted by the phantasy. I do not, however, -think it superfluous to state that in my experience Stekel’s -general statement has to give way to the recognition of a -greater manifoldness. Besides those symbols, which are just -as frequent for the male as for the female genitals, there are -others which preponderately, or almost exclusively, designate -one of the sexes, and there are still others of which only the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_249'>249</span>male or only the female signification is known. To use long, -firm objects and weapons as symbols of the female genitals, -or hollow objects (chests, boxes, pouches, &c.), as symbols of -the male genitals, is indeed not allowed by the fancy.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is true that the tendency of the dream and the unconscious -fancy to utilise the sexual symbol bisexually betrays -an archaic trend, for in childhood a difference in the genitals -is unknown, and the same genitals are attributed to both -sexes.</p> - -<p class='c006'>These very incomplete suggestions may suffice to stimulate -others to make a more careful collection.<a id='rCW' /><a href='#fCW' class='c008'><sup>[CW]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>I shall now add a few examples of the application of such -symbolisms in dreams, which will serve to show how impossible -it becomes to interpret a dream without taking into -account the symbolism of dreams, and how imperatively it -obtrudes itself in many cases.</p> - -<p class='c006'>1. The hat as a symbol of the man (of the male genital):<a id='rCX' /><a href='#fCX' class='c008'><sup>[CX]</sup></a> -(a fragment from the dream of a young woman who suffered -from agoraphobia on account of a fear of temptation).</p> - -<p class='c006'>“I am walking in the street in summer, I wear a straw hat -of peculiar shape, the middle piece of which is bent upwards -and the side pieces of which hang downwards (the description -became here obstructed), and in such a fashion that one is -lower than the other. I am cheerful and in a confidential -mood, and as I pass a troop of young officers I think to myself: -None of you can have any designs upon me.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>As she could produce no associations to the hat, I said to -her: “The hat is really a male genital, with its raised middle -piece and the two downward hanging side pieces.” I intentionally -refrained from interpreting those details concerning -the unequal downward hanging of the two side pieces, although -just such individualities in the determinations lead the way to -the interpretation. I continued by saying that if she only had -a man with such a virile genital she would not have to fear the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_250'>250</span>officers—that is, she would have nothing to wish from them, -for she is mainly kept from going without protection and -company by her fancies of temptation. This last explanation -of her fear I had already been able to give her repeatedly on -the basis of other material.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is quite remarkable how the dreamer behaved after this -interpretation. She withdrew her description of the hat, and -claimed not to have said that the two side pieces were hanging -downwards. I was, however, too sure of what I had heard to -allow myself to be misled, and I persisted in it. She was quiet -for a while, and then found the courage to ask why it was that -one of her husband’s testicles was lower than the other, and -whether it was the same in all men. With this the peculiar -detail of the hat was explained, and the whole interpretation -was accepted by her. The hat symbol was familiar to me -long before the patient related this dream. From other but -less transparent cases I believe that the hat may also be taken -as a female genital.</p> - -<p class='c006'>2. The little one as the genital—to be run over as a symbol -of sexual intercourse (another dream of the same agoraphobic -patient).</p> - -<p class='c006'>“Her mother sends away her little daughter so that she -must go alone. She rides with her mother to the railroad and -sees her little one walking directly upon the tracks, so that she -cannot avoid being run over. She hears the bones crackle. -(From this she experiences a feeling of discomfort but no real -horror.) She then looks out through the car window to see -whether the parts cannot be seen behind. She then reproaches -her mother for allowing the little one to go out alone.” -Analysis. It is not an easy matter to give here a complete -interpretation of the dream. It forms part of a cycle of dreams, -and can be fully understood only in connection with the others. -For it is not easy to get the necessary material sufficiently -isolated to prove the symbolism. The patient at first finds -that the railroad journey is to be interpreted historically as an -allusion to a departure from a sanatorium for nervous diseases, -with the superintendent of which she naturally was in love. -Her mother took her away from this place, and the physician -came to the railroad station and handed her a bouquet of -flowers on leaving; she felt uncomfortable because her mother -<span class='pageno' id='Page_251'>251</span>witnessed this homage. Here the mother, therefore, appears -as a disturber of her love affairs, which is the rôle actually -played by this strict woman during her daughter’s girlhood. -The next thought referred to the sentence: “She then looks -to see whether the parts can be seen behind.” In the dream -façade one would naturally be compelled to think of the parts -of the little daughter run over and ground up. The thought, -however, turns in quite a different direction. She recalls -that she once saw her father in the bath-room naked from -behind; she then begins to talk about the sex differentiation, -and asserts that in the man the genitals can be seen from -behind, but in the woman they cannot. In this connection -she now herself offers the interpretation that the little one is -the genital, her little one (she has a four-year-old daughter) -her own genital. She reproaches her mother for wanting her -to live as though she had no genital, and recognises this reproach -in the introductory sentence of the dream; the mother -sends away her little one so that she must go alone. In her -phantasy going alone on the street signifies to have no man and -no sexual relations (coire = to go together), and this she does -not like. According to all her statements she really suffered -as a girl on account of the jealousy of her mother, because she -showed a preference for her father.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The “little one” has been noted<a id='rCY' /><a href='#fCY' class='c008'><sup>[CY]</sup></a> as a symbol for the male -or the female genitals by Stekel, who can refer in this connection -to a very widespread usage of language.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The deeper interpretation of this dream depends upon -another dream of the same night in which the dreamer -identifies herself with her brother. She was a “tomboy,” -and was always being told that she should have been born a -boy. This identification with the brother shows with special -clearness that “the little one” signifies the genital. The -mother threatened him (her) with castration, which could only -be understood as a punishment for playing with the parts, -and the identification, therefore, shows that she herself had -masturbated as a child, though this fact she now retained only -<span class='pageno' id='Page_252'>252</span>in a memory concerning her brother. An early knowledge of -the male genital which she later lost she must have acquired at -that time according to the assertions of this second dream. -Moreover the second dream points to the infantile sexual theory -that girls originate from boys through castration. After I had -told her of this childish belief, she at once confirmed it with an -anecdote in which the boy asks the girl: “Was it cut off?” -to which the girl replied, “No, it’s always been so.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The sending away of the little one, of the genital, in the -first dream therefore also refers to the threatened castration. -Finally she blames her mother for not having been born a boy.</p> - -<p class='c006'>That “being run over” symbolises sexual intercourse would -not be evident from this dream if we were not sure of it from -many other sources.</p> - -<p class='c006'>3. Representation of the genital by structures, stairways, -and shafts. (Dream of a young man inhibited by a father -complex.)</p> - -<p class='c006'>“He is taking a walk with his father in a place which is -surely the Prater, for the <em>Rotunda</em> may be seen in front of which -there is a small front structure to which is attached a captive -balloon; the balloon, however, seems quite collapsed. His -father asks him what this is all for; he is surprised at it, but -he explains it to his father. They come into a court in which -lies a large sheet of tin. His father wants to pull off a big -piece of this, but first looks around to see if anyone is watching. -He tells his father that all he needs to do is to speak to the -watchman, and then he can take without any further difficulty -as much as he wants to. From this court a stairway leads -down into a shaft, the walls of which are softly upholstered -something like a leather pocket-book. At the end of this shaft -there is a longer platform, and then a new shaft begins....”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Analysis. This dream belongs to a type of patient which -is not favourable from a therapeutic point of view. They -follow in the analysis without offering any resistances whatever -up to a certain point, but from that point on they remain -almost inaccessible. This dream he almost analysed himself. -“The Rotunda,” he said, “is my genital, the captive balloon -in front is my penis, about the weakness of which I have -worried.” We must, however, interpret in greater detail; the -Rotunda is the buttock which is regularly associated by the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_253'>253</span>child with the genital, the smaller front structure is the -scrotum. In the dream his father asks him what this is all -for—that is, he asks him about the purpose and arrangement -of the genitals. It is quite evident that this state of affairs -should be turned around, and that he should be the questioner. -As such a questioning on the side of the father has never taken -place in reality, we must conceive the dream thought as a wish, -or take it conditionally, as follows: “If I had only asked my -father for sexual enlightenment.” The continuation of this -thought we shall soon find in another place.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The court in which the tin sheet is spread out is not to be -conceived symbolically in the first instance, but originates -from his father’s place of business. For discretionary reasons -I have inserted the tin for another material in which the father -deals, without, however, changing anything in the verbal expression -of the dream. The dreamer had entered his father’s -business, and had taken a terrible dislike to the questionable -practices upon which profit mainly depends. Hence the continuation -of the above dream thought (“if I had only asked -him”) would be: “He would have deceived me just as he -does his customers.” For the pulling off, which serves to -represent commercial dishonesty, the dreamer himself gives a -second explanation—namely, onanism. This is not only -entirely familiar to us (see above, p. 234), but agrees very well -with the fact that the secrecy of onanism is expressed by its -opposite (“Why one can do it quite openly”). It, moreover, -agrees entirely with our expectations that the onanistic activity -is again put off on the father, just as was the questioning in the -first scene of the dream. The shaft he at once interprets as -the vagina by referring to the soft upholstering of the walls. -That the act of coition in the vagina is described as a going -down instead of in the usual way as a going up, I have also -found true in other instances.<a id='rCZ' /><a href='#fCZ' class='c008'><sup>[CZ]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>The details that at the end of the first shaft there is a -longer platform and then a new shaft, he himself explains -biographically. He had for some time consorted with women -sexually, but had then given it up because of inhibitions and -now hopes to be able to take it up again with the aid of the -treatment. The dream, however, becomes indistinct toward -<span class='pageno' id='Page_254'>254</span>the end, and to the experienced interpreter it becomes evident -that in the second scene of the dream the influence of another -subject has begun to assert itself; in this his father’s business -and his dishonest practices signify the first vagina represented -as a shaft so that one might think of a reference to the mother.</p> - -<p class='c006'>4. The male genital symbolised by persons and the female -by a landscape.</p> - -<p class='c006'>(Dream of a woman of the lower class, whose husband is a -policeman, reported by B. Dattner.)</p> - -<p class='c006'>... Then someone broke into the house and anxiously -called for a policeman. But he went with two tramps by -mutual consent into a church,<a id='rDA' /><a href='#fDA' class='c008'><sup>[DA]</sup></a> to which led a great many -stairs;<a id='rDB' /><a href='#fDB' class='c008'><sup>[DB]</sup></a> behind the church there was a mountain,<a id='rDC' /><a href='#fDC' class='c008'><sup>[DC]</sup></a> on top of -which a dense forest.<a id='rDD' /><a href='#fDD' class='c008'><sup>[DD]</sup></a> The policeman was furnished with a -helmet, a gorget, and a cloak.<a id='rDE' /><a href='#fDE' class='c008'><sup>[DE]</sup></a> The two vagrants, who went -along with the policeman quite peaceably, had tied to their -loins sack-like aprons.<a id='rDF' /><a href='#fDF' class='c008'><sup>[DF]</sup></a> A road led from the church to the -mountain. This road was overgrown on each side with grass -and brushwood, which became thicker and thicker as it reached -the height of the mountain, where it spread out into quite a -forest.</p> - -<p class='c006'>5. A stairway dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>(Reported and interpreted by Otto Rank.)</p> - -<p class='c006'>For the following transparent pollution dream, I am indebted -to the same colleague who furnished us with the -dental-irritation dream reported on p. 235.</p> - -<p class='c006'>“I am running down the stairway in the stair-house after -a little girl, whom I wish to punish because she has done something -to me. At the bottom of the stairs some one held the -child for me. (A grown-up woman?) I grasp it, but do not -know whether I have hit it, for I suddenly find myself in the -middle of the stairway where I practise coitus with the child -(in the air as it were). It is really no coitus, I only rub my -genital on her external genital, and in doing this I see it very -distinctly, as distinctly as I see her head which is lying -<span class='pageno' id='Page_255'>255</span>sideways. During the sexual act I see hanging to the left and -above me (also as if in the air) two small pictures, landscapes, -representing a house on a green. On the smaller one my -surname stood in the place where the painter’s signature -should be; it seemed to be intended for my birthday present. -A small sign hung in front of the pictures to the effect that -cheaper pictures could also be obtained. I then see myself -very indistinctly lying in bed, just as I had seen myself at -the foot of the stairs, and I am awakened by a feeling of -dampness which came from the pollution.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Interpretation. The dreamer had been in a book-store on -the evening of the day of the dream, where, while he was waiting, -he examined some pictures which were exhibited, which -represented motives similar to the dream pictures. He stepped -nearer to a small picture which particularly took his fancy in -order to see the name of the artist, which, however, was quite -unknown to him.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Later in the same evening, in company, he heard about a -Bohemian servant-girl who boasted that her illegitimate child -“was made on the stairs.” The dreamer inquired about the -details of this unusual occurrence, and learned that the servant-girl -went with her lover to the home of her parents, where -there was no opportunity for sexual relations, and that the -excited man performed the act on the stairs. In witty allusion -to the mischievous expression used about wine-adulterers, -the dreamer remarked, “The child really grew on the cellar -steps.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>These experiences of the day, which are quite prominent -in the dream content, were readily reproduced by the dreamer. -But he just as readily reproduced an old fragment of infantile -recollection which was also utilised by the dream. The stair-house -was the house in which he had spent the greatest part -of his childhood, and in which he had first become acquainted -with sexual problems. In this house he used, among other -things, to slide down the banister astride which caused him to -become sexually excited. In the dream he also comes down -the stairs very rapidly—so rapidly that, according to his own -distinct assertions, he hardly touched the individual stairs, but -rather “flew” or “slid down,” as we used to say. Upon -reference to this infantile experience, the beginning of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_256'>256</span>dream seems to represent the factor of sexual excitement. -In the same house and in the adjacent residence the dreamer -used to play pugnacious games with the neighbouring children, -in which he satisfied himself just as he did in the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If one recalls from Freud’s investigation of sexual symbolism<a id='rDG' /><a href='#fDG' class='c008'><sup>[DG]</sup></a> -that in the dream stairs or climbing stairs almost -regularly symbolises coitus, the dream becomes clear. Its -motive power as well as its effect, as is shown by the pollution, -is of a purely libidinous nature. Sexual excitement -became aroused during the sleeping state (in the dream this -is represented by the rapid running or sliding down the stairs) -and the sadistic thread in this is, on the basis of the pugnacious -playing, indicated in the pursuing and overcoming of the child. -The libidinous excitement becomes enhanced and urges to -sexual action (represented in the dream by the grasping of -the child and the conveyance of it to the middle of the stairway). -Up to this point the dream would be one of pure -sexual symbolism, and obscure for the unpractised dream -interpreter. But this symbolic gratification, which would -have insured undisturbed sleep, was not sufficient for the -powerful libidinous excitement. The excitement leads to an -orgasm, and thus the whole stairway symbolism is unmasked -as a substitute for coitus. Freud lays stress on the rhythmical -character of both actions as one of the reasons for the sexual -utilisation of the stairway symbolism, and this dream especially -seems to corroborate this, for, according to the express -assertion of the dreamer, the rhythm of a sexual act was the -most pronounced feature in the whole dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Still another remark concerning the two pictures, which, -aside from their real significance, also have the value of “Weibsbilder” -(literally <em>woman-pictures</em>, but idiomatically <em>women</em>). -This is at once shown by the fact that the dream deals with -a big and a little picture, just as the dream content presents -a big (grown up) and a little girl. That cheap pictures could -also be obtained points to the prostitution complex, just as -the dreamer’s surname on the little picture and the thought -that it was intended for his birthday, point to the parent -complex (to be born on the stairway—to be conceived in -coitus).</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_257'>257</span>The indistinct final scene, in which the dreamer sees himself -on the staircase landing lying in bed and feeling wet, -seems to go back into childhood even beyond the infantile -onanism, and manifestly has its prototype in similarly pleasurable -scenes of bed-wetting.</p> - -<p class='c006'>6. A modified stair-dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>To one of my very nervous patients, who was an abstainer, -whose fancy was fixed on his mother, and who repeatedly -dreamed of climbing stairs accompanied by his mother, I once -remarked that moderate masturbation would be less harmful -to him than enforced abstinence. This influence provoked -the following dream:</p> - -<p class='c006'>“His piano teacher reproaches him for neglecting his piano-playing, -and for not practising the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Études</span></i> of Moscheles and -Clementi’s <cite><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gradus ad Parnassum</span></cite>.” In relation to this he -remarked that the <cite>Gradus</cite> is only a stairway, and that the -piano itself is only a stairway as it has a scale.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is correct to say that there is no series of associations -which cannot be adapted to the representation of sexual facts. -I conclude with the dream of a chemist, a young man, who -has been trying to give up his habit of masturbation by -replacing it with intercourse with women.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Preliminary statement.</em>—On the day before the dream he -had given a student instruction concerning Grignard’s reaction, -in which magnesium is to be dissolved in absolutely pure -ether under the catalytic influence of iodine. Two days before, -there had been an explosion in the course of the same reaction, -in which the investigator had burned his hand.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Dream I. <em>He is to make phenylmagnesiumbromid; he sees -the apparatus with particular clearness, but he has substituted -himself for the magnesium. He is now in a curious swaying -attitude. He keeps repeating to himself, “This is the right thing, -it is working, my feet are beginning to dissolve and my knees -are getting soft.” Then he reaches down and feels for his feet, -and meanwhile (he does not know how) he takes his legs out of -the crucible, and then again he says to himself, “That cannot -be.... Yes, it must be so, it has been done correctly.” Then -he partially awakens, and repeats the dream to himself, because -he wants to tell it to me. He is distinctly afraid of the analysis -<span class='pageno' id='Page_258'>258</span>of the dream. He is much excited during this semi-sleeping state, -and repeats continually, “Phenyl, phenyl.”</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>II. <em>He is in ... ing with his whole family; at half-past -eleven. He is to be at the Schottenthor for a rendezvous with a -certain lady, but he does not wake up until half-past eleven. He -says to himself, “It is too late now; when you get there it will -be half-past twelve.” The next instant he sees the whole family -gathered about the table—his mother and the servant girl with -the soup-tureen with particular clearness. Then he says to -himself, “Well, if we are eating already, I certainly can’t get -away.”</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Analysis: He feels sure that even the first dream contains -a reference to the lady whom he is to meet at the rendezvous -(the dream was dreamed during the night before the expected -meeting). The student to whom he gave the instruction is a -particularly unpleasant fellow; he had said to the chemist: -“That isn’t right,” because the magnesium was still unaffected, -and the latter answered as though he did not care anything -about it: “It certainly isn’t right.” He himself must be -this student; he is as indifferent towards his analysis as -the student is towards his synthesis; the <em>He</em> in the dream, -however, who accomplishes the operation, is myself. How -unpleasant he must seem to me with his indifference towards -the success achieved!</p> - -<p class='c006'>Moreover, he is the material with which the analysis (synthesis) -is made. For it is a question of the success of the -treatment. The legs in the dream recall an impression of the -previous evening. He met a lady at a dancing lesson whom -he wished to conquer; he pressed her to him so closely that -she once cried out. After he had stopped pressing against -her legs, he felt her firm responding pressure against his lower -thighs as far as just above his knees, at the place mentioned -in the dream. In this situation, then, the woman is the -magnesium in the retort, which is at last working. He is -feminine towards me, as he is masculine towards the woman. -If it will work with the woman, the treatment will also work. -Feeling and becoming aware of himself in the region of his -knees refers to masturbation, and corresponds to his fatigue -of the previous day.... The rendezvous had actually been -set for half-past eleven. His wish to over-sleep and to remain -<span class='pageno' id='Page_259'>259</span>with his usual sexual objects (that is, with masturbation) -corresponds with his resistance.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In relation to the repetition of the name phenyl, he gives -the following thoughts: All these radicals ending in <em>yl</em> have -always been pleasing to him; they are very convenient to -use: benzyl, azetyl, &c. That, however, explained nothing. -But when I proposed the radical Schlemihl<a id='rDH' /><a href='#fDH' class='c008'><sup>[DH]</sup></a> he laughed -heartily, and related that during the summer he had read a -book by Prévost which contained a chapter: “Les exclus de -l’amour,” the description in which made him think of the -Schlemihls, and he added, “That is my case.” He would -have again acted the Schlemihl if he had missed the rendezvous.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_260'>260</span> - <h2 class='c004'>VI<br /> <span class='large'>THE DREAM-WORK</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c005'>All previous attempts to solve the problems of the dream -have been based directly upon the manifest dream content -as it is retained in the memory, and have undertaken to obtain -an interpretation of the dream from this content, or, if interpretation -was dispensed with, to base a judgment of the dream -upon the evidence furnished by this content. We alone are in -possession of new data; for us a new psychic material intervenes -between the dream content and the results of our -investigations: and this is the <em>latent</em> dream content or the -dream thoughts which are obtained by our method. We -develop a solution of the dream from this latter, and not -from the manifest dream content. We are also confronted -for the first time with a problem which has not before existed, -that of examining and tracing the relations between the latent -dream thoughts and the manifest dream content, and the -processes through which the former have grown into the -latter.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We regard the dream thoughts and the dream content as -two representations of the same meaning in two different -languages; or to express it better, the dream content appears -to us as a translation of the dream thoughts into another form -of expression, whose signs and laws of composition we are to -learn by comparing the original with the translation. The -dream thoughts are at once intelligible to us as soon as we -have ascertained them. The dream content is, as it were, -presented in a picture-writing, whose signs are to be translated -one by one into the language of the dream thoughts. -It would of course be incorrect to try to read these signs -according to their values as pictures instead of according to -their significance as signs. For instance, I have before me a -picture-puzzle (rebus): a house, upon whose roof there -is a boat; then a running figure whose head has been -<span class='pageno' id='Page_261'>261</span>apostrophised away, and the like. I might now be tempted -as a critic to consider this composition and its elements nonsensical. -A boat does not belong on the roof of a house and -a person without a head cannot run; the person, too, is larger -than the house, and if the whole thing is to represent a landscape, -the single letters of the alphabet do not fit into it, for -of course they do not occur in pure nature. A correct judgment -of the picture-puzzle results only if I make no such -objections to the whole and its parts, but if, on the contrary, -I take pains to replace each picture by the syllable or word -which it is capable of representing by means of any sort of -reference, the words which are thus brought together are no -longer meaningless, but may constitute a most beautiful and -sensible expression. Now the dream is a picture-puzzle of -this sort, and our predecessors in the field of dream interpretation -have made the mistake of judging the rebus as an -artistic composition. As such it appears nonsensical and -worthless.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>(<em>a</em>) <em>The Condensation Work</em></h3> - -<p class='c015'>The first thing which becomes clear to the investigator in -the comparison of the dream content with the dream thoughts -is that a tremendous work of condensation has taken place. -The dream is reserved, paltry, and laconic when compared -with the range and copiousness of the dream thoughts. The -dream when written down fills half a page; the analysis, in -which the dream thoughts are contained, requires six, eight, -twelve times as much space. The ratio varies with different -dreams; it never changes its essential meaning, as far as I -have been able to observe. As a rule the extent of the compression -which has taken place is under-estimated, owing to -the fact that the dream thoughts which are brought to light -are considered the complete material, while continued work -of interpretation may reveal new thoughts which are concealed -behind the dream. We have already mentioned that -one is really never sure of having interpreted a dream completely; -even if the solution seems satisfying and flawless, -it still always remains possible that there is a further meaning -which is manifested by the same dream. Thus the <em>amount of -condensation</em> is—strictly speaking—indeterminable. An objection, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_262'>262</span>which at first sight seems very plausible, might be raised -against the assertion that the disproportion between dream -content and dream thought justifies the conclusion that an -abundant condensation of psychic material has taken place -in the formation of dreams. For we so often have the impression -that we have dreamed a great deal throughout the -night and then have forgotten the greater part. The dream -which we recollect upon awakening would thus be only a -remnant of the total dream-work, which would probably -equal the dream thoughts in range if we were able to remember -the former completely. In part this is certainly true; there -can be no mistake about the observation that the dream is -most accurately reproduced if one tries to remember it immediately -after awakening, and that the recollection of it -becomes more and more defective towards evening. On the -other hand, it must be admitted that the impression that we -have dreamed a good deal more than we are able to reproduce -is often based upon an illusion, the cause of which will be -explained later. Moreover, the assumption of condensation -in the dream activity is not affected by the possibility of -forgetting in dreams, for it is proved by groups of ideas belonging -to those particular parts of the dream which have remained -in the memory. If a large part of the dream has actually -been lost to memory, we are probably deprived of access to a -new series of dream thoughts. It is altogether unjustifiable -to expect that those portions of the dream which have been -lost also relate to the thoughts with which we are already -acquainted from the analysis of the portions which have been -preserved.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In view of the great number of ideas which analysis furnishes -for each individual element of the dream content, the -chief doubt with many readers will be whether it is permissible -to count everything that subsequently comes to mind during -analysis as a part of the dream thoughts—to assume, in other -words, that all these thoughts have been active in the sleeping -state and have taken part in the formation of the dream. -Is it not more probable that thought connections are developed -in the course of analysis which did not participate in the -formation of the dream? I can meet this doubt only conditionally. -It is true, of course, that particular thought -<span class='pageno' id='Page_263'>263</span>connections first arise only during analysis; but one may -always be sure that such new connections have been established -only between thoughts which have already been connected -in the dream thoughts by other means; the new -connections are, so to speak, corollaries, short circuits, which -are made possible by the existence of other more fundamental -means of connection. It must be admitted that the huge -number of trains of thought revealed by analysis have already -been active in the formation of the dream, for if a chain of -thoughts has been worked out, which seems to be without -connection with the formation of the dream, a thought is -suddenly encountered which, being represented in the dream, -is indispensable to its interpretation—which nevertheless is -inaccessible except through that chain of thoughts. The reader -may here turn to the dream of the botanical monograph, -which is obviously the result of an astonishing condensation -activity, even though I have not given the analysis of it -completely.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But how, then, is the psychic condition during sleep which -precedes dreaming to be imagined? Do all the dream thoughts -exist side by side, or do they occur one after another, or -are many simultaneous trains of thought constructed from -different centres, which meet later on? I am of the opinion -that it is not yet necessary to form a plastic conception of -the psychic condition of dream formation. Only let us not -forget that we are concerned with unconscious thought, and -that the process may easily be a different one from that which -we perceive in ourselves in intentional contemplation accompanied -by consciousness.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The fact, however, that dream formation is based on a -process of condensation, stands indubitable. How, then, is -this condensation brought about?</p> - -<p class='c006'>If it be considered that of those dream thoughts which are -found only the smallest number are represented in the dream -by means of one of its ideal elements, it might be concluded -that condensation is accomplished by means of ellipsis, in -that the dream is not an accurate translation or a projection -point by point of the dream thoughts, but a very incomplete -and defective reproduction of them. This view, as we shall -soon find, is a very inadequate one. But let us take it as a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_264'>264</span>starting point for the present, and ask ourselves: If only a -few of the elements of the dream thoughts get into the dream -content, what conditions determine their choice?</p> - -<p class='c006'>In order to gain enlightenment on this subject let us turn -our attention to those elements of the dream content which -must have fulfilled the conditions we are seeking. A dream -to the formation of which an especially strong condensation -has contributed will be the most suitable material for this -investigation. I select the dream, cited on page 142, of the -botanical monograph.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Dream content: <em>I have written a monograph upon a -(obscure) certain plant. The book lies before me, I am just -turning over a folded coloured plate. A dried specimen of the -plant is bound with every copy as though from a herbarium.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>The most prominent element of this dream is the botanical -monograph. This comes from the impressions received on -the day of the dream; I had actually <em>seen a monograph on -the genus “cyclamen”</em> in the show-window of a book-store. -The mention of this genus is lacking in the dream content, -in which only the monograph and its relation to botany have -remained. The “botanical monograph” immediately shows -its relation to the work on cocaine which I had once written; -thought connections proceed from cocaine on the one hand -to a “Festschrift,” and on the other to my friend, the eye -specialist, Dr. Koenigstein, who has had a share in the utilisation -of cocaine. Moreover, with the person of this Dr. -Koenigstein is connected the recollection of the interrupted -conversation which I had had with him on the previous -evening and of the manifold thoughts about remuneration -for medical services among colleagues. This conversation, -then, is properly the actual stimulus of the dream; the monograph -about cyclamen is likewise an actuality but of an indifferent -nature; as I soon see, the “botanical monograph” of -the dream turns out to be a common mean between the two -experiences of the day, and to have been taken over unchanged -from an indifferent impression and bound up with the psychologically -significant experience by means of the most abundant -associations.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Not only the combined idea, “botanical monograph,” -however, but also each of the separate elements, “botanical” -<span class='pageno' id='Page_265'>265</span>and “monograph,” penetrates deeper and deeper into the -confused tangle of the dream thoughts. To “botanical” -belong the recollections of the person of Professor <em>Gartner</em> -(German: Gärtner = gardener), of his <em>blooming</em> wife, of my -patient whose name is <em>Flora</em>, and of a lady about whom I told -the story of the forgotten <em>flowers</em>. <em>Gartner</em>, again, is connected -with the laboratory and the conversation with <em>Koenigstein</em>; -the mention of the two female patients also belongs to the -same conversation. A chain of thoughts, one end of which -is formed by the title of the hastily seen monograph, leads -off in the other direction from the lady with the flowers to the -<em>favourite flowers</em> of my wife. Besides this, “botanical” -recalls not only an episode at the Gymnasium, but an examination -taken while I was at the university; and a new subject -matter—my hobbies—which was broached in the conversation -already mentioned, is connected by means of my -humorously so-called <em>favourite flower</em>, the artichoke, with the -chain of thoughts proceeding from the forgotten flowers; -behind “artichoke” there is concealed on the one hand a -recollection of Italy, and on the other a reminiscence of a -childhood scene in which I first formed my connection with -books which has since grown so intimate. “Botanical,” -then, is a veritable nucleus, the centre for the dream of many -trains of thought, which, I may assure the reader, were -correctly and justly brought into relation to one another in -the conversation referred to. Here we find ourselves in a -thought factory, in which, as in the “Weaver’s Masterpiece”:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“One tread moves thousands of threads,</div> - <div class='line'>The little shuttles fly back and forth,</div> - <div class='line'>The threads flow on unseen,</div> - <div class='line'>One stroke ties thousands of knots.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>“<em>Monograph</em>” in the dream, again, has a bearing upon -two subjects, the one-sidedness of my studies and the costliness -of my hobbies.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The impression is gained from this first investigation that -the elements “botanical” and “monograph” have been -accepted in the dream content because they were able to show -the most extensive connections with the dream thoughts, -and thus represent nuclei in which a great number of dream -thoughts come together, and because they have manifold -<span class='pageno' id='Page_266'>266</span>significance for the dream interpretation. The fact upon -which this explanation is based may be expressed in another -form: Every element of the dream content turns out to be -<em>over-determined</em>—that is, it enjoys a manifold representation -in the dream thoughts.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We shall learn more by testing the remaining component -parts of the dream as to their occurrence in the dream thoughts. -<em>The coloured plate</em> refers (<em>cf.</em> the analysis on p. 145) to a new -subject, the criticism passed upon my work by colleagues, -and to a subject already represented in the dream—my -hobbies—and also to a childish recollection in which I pull to -pieces the book with the coloured plates; the dried specimen -of the plant relates to an experience at the Gymnasium -centering about and particularly emphasizing the herbarium. -Thus I see what sort of relation exists between the dream -content and dream thoughts: Not only do the elements of -the dream have a manifold determination in the dream -thoughts, but the individual dream thoughts are represented -in the dream by many elements. Starting from an element of -the dream the path of associations leads to a number of dream -thoughts; and from a dream thought to several elements of -the dream. The formation of the dream does not, therefore, -take place in such fashion that a single one of the dream -thoughts or a group of them furnishes the dream content -with an abridgment as its representative therein, and that -then another dream thought furnishes another abridgment -as its representative—somewhat as popular representatives -are elected from among the people—but the whole mass of the -dream thoughts is subjected to a certain elaboration, in the -course of which those elements that receive the greatest and -completest support stand out in relief, analogous, perhaps, to -election by <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">scrutins des listes</span></i>. Whatever dream I may subject -to such dismemberment, I always find the same fundamental -principle confirmed—that the dream elements are constructed -from the entire mass of the dream thoughts and that every one -of them appears in relation to the dream thoughts to have a -multiple determination.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is certainly not out of place to demonstrate this relation -of the dream content to the dream thoughts by means of a -fresh example, which is distinguished by a particularly artful -<span class='pageno' id='Page_267'>267</span>intertwining of reciprocal relations. The dream is that of a -patient whom I am treating for claustrophobia (fear in enclosed -spaces). It will soon become evident why I feel myself called -upon to entitle this exceptionally intellectual piece of dream -activity in the following manner:</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>II. “<em>A Beautiful Dream</em>”</h3> - -<p class='c015'><em>The dreamer is riding with much company to X-street, where -there is a modest road-house</em> (which is not the fact). <em>A -theatrical performance is being given in its rooms. He is first -audience, then actor. Finally the company is told to change -their clothes, in order to get back into the city. Some of the -people are assigned to the rooms on the ground floor, others to -the first floor. Then a dispute arises. Those above are angry -because those below have not yet finished, so that they cannot -come down. His brother is upstairs, he is below, and he is angry -at his brother because there is such crowding.</em> (This part -obscure.) <em>Besides it has already been decided upon their arrival -who is to be upstairs and who down. Then he goes alone over -the rising ground, across which X-street leads toward the city, -and he has such difficulty and hardship in walking that he cannot -move from the spot. An elderly gentleman joins him and scolds -about the King of Italy. Finally, towards the end of the rising -ground walking becomes much easier.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>The difficulties experienced in walking were so distinct -that for some time after waking he was in doubt whether -they were dream or reality.</p> - -<p class='c006'>According to the manifest content, this dream can hardly -be praised. Contrary to the rules, I shall begin with that -portion which the dreamer referred to as the most distinct.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The difficulties which were dreamed of, and which were -probably experienced during the dream—difficult climbing -accompanied by dyspnœa—is one of the symptoms which -the patient had actually shown years before, and which, in -conjunction with other symptoms, was at that time attributed -to tuberculosis (probably hysterically simulated). We are -already from exhibition dreams acquainted with this sensation -of being hindered, peculiar to the dream, and here again we -find it used for the purpose of any kind of representation, as -an ever-ready material. That part of the dream content -<span class='pageno' id='Page_268'>268</span>which ascribes the climbing as difficult at first, and as becoming -easier at the end of the hill, made me think while it was being -told of the well-known masterful introduction to <em>Sappho</em> -by A. Daudet. Here a young man carries the girl whom -he loves upstairs—she is at first as light as a feather; but the -higher he mounts the more heavily she weighs upon his arm, -and this scene symbolises a course of events by recounting -which Daudet tries to warn young men not to waste serious -affection upon girls of humble origin or of questionable past.<a id='rDI' /><a href='#fDI' class='c008'><sup>[DI]</sup></a> -Although I knew that my patient had recently had a love -affair with a lady of the theatre, and had broken it off, I did -not expect to find that the interpretation which had occurred -to me was correct. Moreover, the situation in <em>Sappho</em> was the -<em>reverse</em> of that in the dream; in the latter the climbing was -difficult at the beginning and easy later on; in the novel the -symbolism serves only if what was at first regarded as easy -finally turns out to be a heavy load. To my astonishment, -the patient remarked that the interpretation corresponded -closely to the plot of a play which he had seen on the evening -before at the theatre. The play was called <cite>Round about -Vienna</cite>, and treated of the career of a girl who is respectable -at first but later goes over to the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">demi-monde</span></i>, who has affairs -with persons in high places, thus “climbing,” but finally -“goes down” faster and faster. This play had reminded him -of another entitled <em>From Step to Step</em>, in the advertisement -of which had appeared a <em>stairway</em> consisting of several -steps.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Now to continue the interpretation. The actress with -whom he had had his most recent affair, a complicated one, -had lived in X-street. There is no inn in this street. However, -while he was spending a part of the summer in Vienna -for the sake of the lady, he had lodged (German <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">abgestiegen</span></i> = -stopped, literally <em>stepped off</em>) at a little hotel in the neighbourhood. -As he was leaving the hotel he said to the cab-driver, -“I am glad I didn’t get any vermin anyway” (which incidentally -is one of his phobias). Whereupon the cab-driver answered: -“How could anybody stop there! It isn’t a hotel at all, -it’s really nothing but a <em>road-house</em>!”</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_269'>269</span>The road-house immediately suggests to the dreamer’s -recollection a quotation:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Of that marvellous host</div> - <div class='line'>I was once a guest.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>But the host in the poem by Uhland is an apple tree. Now -a second quotation continues the train of thought:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Faust</span> (<em>dancing with the young witch</em>).</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“A lovely dream once came to me;</div> - <div class='line'>I then beheld an apple tree,</div> - <div class='line'>And there two fairest apples shone:</div> - <div class='line'>They lured me so, I climbed thereon.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in12'><span class='sc'>The Fair One.</span></div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Apples have been desired by you,</div> - <div class='line'>Since first in Paradise they grew;</div> - <div class='line'>And I am moved with joy to know</div> - <div class='line'>That such within my garden grow.”</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in16'><em>Translated by</em> <span class='sc'>Bayard Taylor</span>.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>There remains not the slightest doubt what is meant by -the apple tree and the apples. A beautiful bosom stood high -among the charms with which the actress had bewitched our -dreamer.</p> - -<p class='c006'>According to the connections of the analysis we had every -reason to assume that the dream went back to an impression -from childhood. In this case it must have reference to the -nurse of the patient, who is now a man of nearly fifty years -of age. The bosom of the nurse is in reality a road-house for -the child. The nurse as well as Daudet’s Sappho appears as -an allusion to his abandoned sweetheart.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The (elder) brother of the patient also appears in the -dream content; he is upstairs, the dreamer himself is below. -This again is an <em>inversion</em>, for the brother, as I happen to know, -has lost his social position, my patient has retained his. In -reporting the dream content the dreamer avoided saying -that his brother was upstairs and that he himself was <em>down</em>. -It would have been too frank an expression, for a person is -said to be “down and out” when he has lost his fortune and -position. Now the fact that at this point in the dream something -is represented as inverted must have a meaning. The -inversion must apply rather to some other relation between -<span class='pageno' id='Page_270'>270</span>the dream thoughts and dream content. There is an indication -which suggests how this inversion is to be taken. -It obviously applies to the end of the dream, where the circumstances -of climbing are the reverse of those in <em>Sappho</em>. Now it -may easily be seen what inversion is referred to; in <em>Sappho</em> -the man carries the woman who stands in a sexual relation -to him; in the dream thoughts, <em>inversely</em>, a woman carries -a man, and as this state of affairs can only occur during -childhood, the reference is again to the nurse who carries -the heavy child. Thus the final portion of the dream -succeeds in representing <em>Sappho</em> and the nurse in the same -allusion.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Just as the name <em>Sappho</em> has not been selected by the -poet without reference to a Lesbian custom, so the elements -of the dream in which persons act <em>above</em> and <em>below</em>, point to -fancies of a sexual nature with which the dreamer is occupied -and which as suppressed cravings are not without connection -with his neurosis. Dream interpretation itself does not show -that these are fancies and not recollections of actual happenings; -it only furnishes us with a set of thoughts and leaves -us to determine their value as realities. Real and fantastic -occurrences at first appear here as of equal value—and not -only here but also in the creation of more important psychic -structures than dreams. Much company, as we already -know, signifies a secret. The brother is none other than a -representative, drawn into the childhood scene by “fancying -backwards,” of all of the later rivals for the woman. Through -the agency of an experience which is indifferent in itself, the -episode with the gentleman who scolds about the King of -Italy again refers to the intrusion of people of low rank into -aristocratic society. It is as though the warning which -Daudet gives to youth is to be supplemented by a similar -warning applicable to the suckling child.<a id='rDJ' /><a href='#fDJ' class='c008'><sup>[DJ]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>In order that we may have at our disposal a third example -for the study of condensation in dream formation, I shall cite -<span class='pageno' id='Page_271'>271</span>the partial analysis of another dream for which I am indebted -to an elderly lady who is being psychoanalytically -treated. In harmony with the condition of severe anxiety -from which the patient suffered, her dreams contained a great -abundance of sexual thought material, the discovery of which -astonished as well as frightened her. Since I cannot carry -the interpretation of the dream to completion, the material -seems to fall apart into several groups without apparent -connection.</p> - -<p class='c006'>III. Content of the dream: <em>She remembers that she has -two June bugs in a box, which she must set at liberty, for otherwise -they will suffocate. She opens the box, and the bugs are quite -exhausted; one of them flies out of the window, but the other is -crushed on the casement while she is shutting the window, as some -one or other requests her to do (expressions of disgust).</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Analysis: Her husband is away travelling, and her -fourteen-year-old daughter is sleeping in the bed next to her. -In the evening the little one calls her attention to the fact -that a moth has fallen into her glass of water; but she neglects -to take it out, and feels sorry for the poor little creature in -the morning. A story which she had read in the evening told -of boys throwing a cat into boiling water, and the twitchings -of the animal were described. These are the occasions for -the dream, both of which are indifferent in themselves. She -is further occupied with the subject of <em>cruelty to animals</em>. -Years before, while they were spending the summer at a -certain place, her daughter was very cruel to animals. She -started a butterfly collection, and asked her for arsenic with -which to kill the butterflies. Once it happened that a moth -flew about the room for a long time with a needle through its -body; on another occasion she found that some moths which -had been kept for metamorphosis had died of starvation. -The same child while still at a tender age was in the habit -of pulling out the wings of beetles and butterflies; now she -would shrink in horror from these cruel actions, for she has -grown very kind.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Her mind is occupied with this contrast. It recalls another -contrast, the one between appearance and disposition, as it is -described in <cite>Adam Bede</cite> by George Eliot. There a beautiful -but vain and quite stupid girl is placed side by side with an -<span class='pageno' id='Page_272'>272</span>ugly but high-minded one. The aristocrat who seduces the -little goose, is opposed to the working man who feels <em>aristocratic</em>, -and behaves accordingly. It is impossible to tell -character from people’s <em>looks</em>. Who could tell from <em>her</em> looks -that she is tormented by sensual desires?</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the same year in which the little girl started her butterfly -collection, the region in which they were staying suffered -much from a pest of June bugs. The children made havoc -among the bugs, and <em>crushed</em> them cruelly. At that time she -saw a person who tore the wings off the June bugs and ate -them. She herself had been born in June and also married -in June. Three days after the wedding she wrote a letter -home, telling how happy she was. But she was by no means -happy.</p> - -<p class='c006'>During the evening before the dream she had rummaged -among her old letters and had read various ones, comical and -serious, to her family—an extremely ridiculous letter from a -piano-teacher who had paid her attention when she was a -girl, as well as one from an aristocratic admirer.<a id='rDK' /><a href='#fDK' class='c008'><sup>[DK]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>She blames herself because a bad book by de Maupassant -had fallen into the hands of one of her daughters.<a id='rDL' /><a href='#fDL' class='c008'><sup>[DL]</sup></a> The arsenic -which her little girl asks for recalls the arsenic pills which -restored the power of youth to the Duc de Mora in <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Nabab</span></cite>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>“Set at liberty” recalls to her a passage from the <cite>Magic -Flute</cite>:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“I cannot compel you to love,</div> - <div class='line'>But I will not give you your liberty.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>“June bugs” suggests the speech of Katie:<a id='rDM' /><a href='#fDM' class='c008'><sup>[DM]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“I love you like a little beetle.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>Meanwhile the speech from <cite>Tannhauser</cite>: “For you are -wrought with evil passion.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>She is living in fear and anxiety about her absent husband. -The dread that something may happen to him on the journey -is expressed in numerous fancies of the day. A little while -before, during the analysis, she had come upon a complaint -<span class='pageno' id='Page_273'>273</span>about his “senility” in her unconscious thoughts. The wish -thought which this dream conceals may perhaps best be -conjectured if I say that several days before the dream she -was suddenly astounded by a command which she directed -to her husband in the midst of her work: “<em>Go hang yourself</em>.” -It was found that a few hours before she had read somewhere -that a vigorous erection is induced when a person is hanged. -It was for the erection which freed itself from repression in -this terror-inspiring veiled form. “Go hang yourself” is as -much as to say: “Get up an erection, at any cost.” Dr. -Jenkin’s arsenic pills in <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Nabab</span></cite> belong in this connection; for -it was known to the patient that the strongest aphrodisiac, -cantharides, is prepared by <em>crushing bugs</em> (so-called Spanish -flies). The most important part of the dream content has a -significance to this effect.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Opening and shutting the <em>window</em> is the subject of a standing -quarrel with her husband. She herself likes to sleep with -plenty of air, and her husband does not. <em>Exhaustion</em> is the -chief ailment of which she complains these days.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In all three of the dreams just cited I have emphasized by -italics those phrases where one of the elements of the dream -recurs in the dream thoughts in order to make the manifold -references of the former obvious. Since, however, the -analysis of none of these dreams has been carried to completion, -it will be well worth while to consider a dream with a -fully detailed analysis, in order to demonstrate the manifold -determination of its content. I select the dream of Irma’s -injection for this purpose. We shall see without effort in -this example that the condensation work has used more than -one means for the formation of the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The chief person in the content of the dream is my patient -Irma, who is seen with the features which belong to her in -waking life, and who therefore in the first instance represents -herself. But her attitude as I examine her at the window is -taken from the recollection of another person, of the lady for -whom I should like to exchange my patient, as the dream -thoughts show. In as far as Irma shows a diphtheritic membrane -which recalls my anxiety about my eldest daughter, -she comes to represent this child of mine, behind whom is -concealed the person of the patient who died from intoxication -<span class='pageno' id='Page_274'>274</span>and who is brought into connection by the identity of her -name. In the further course of the dream the significance of -Irma’s personality changes (without the alteration of her -image as it is seen in the dream); she becomes one of the -children whom we examine in the public dispensaries for -children’s diseases, where my friends show the difference of -their mental capabilities. The transference was obviously -brought about through the idea of my infant daughter. By -means of her unwillingness to open her mouth the same Irma -is changed into an allusion to another lady who was once -examined by me, and besides that to my wife, in the same -connection. Furthermore, in the morbid transformations -which I discover in her throat I have gathered allusions to a -great number of other persons.</p> - -<p class='c006'>All these people whom I encounter as I follow the associations -suggested by “Irma,” do not appear personally in the -dream; they are concealed behind the dream person “Irma,” -who is thus developed into a collective image, as might be -expected, with contradictory features. Irma comes to represent -these other persons, who are discarded in the work -of condensation, in that I cause to happen to her all the things -which recall these persons detail for detail.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I may also construct a collective person for the condensation -of the dream in another manner, by uniting the -actual features of two or more persons in one dream image. -It is in this manner that Dr. M. in my dream was constructed, -he bears the name of Dr. M., and speaks and acts as Dr. M. -does, but his bodily characteristics and his suffering belong to -another person, my eldest brother; a single feature, paleness, -is doubly determined, owing to the fact that it is common to -both persons. Dr. R. in my dream about my uncle is a similar -composite person. But here the dream image is prepared in -still another manner. I have not united features peculiar -to the one with features of the other, and thereby abridged -the remembered image of each by certain features, but I have -adopted the method employed by Galton in producing family -portraits, by which he projects both pictures upon one another, -whereupon the common features stand out in stronger relief, -while those which do not coincide neutralize one another and -become obscure in the picture. In the dream of my uncle the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_275'>275</span><em>blond beard</em> stands out in relief, as an emphasized feature, from -the physiognomy, which belongs to two persons, and which is -therefore blurred; furthermore the beard contains an allusion -to my father and to myself, which is made possible by its -reference to the fact of growing grey.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The construction of collective and composite persons is -one of the chief resources of the activity of dream condensation. -There will soon be an occasion for treating of this in -another connection.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The notion “dysentery” in the dream about the injection -likewise has a manifold determination, on the one hand -because of its paraphasic assonance with diphtheria, and on -the other because of its reference to the patient, whom I have -sent to the Orient, and whose hysteria has been wrongly -recognised.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The mention of “propyls” in the dream also proves to be -an interesting case of condensation. Not “propyls” but -“amyls” were contained in the dream thoughts. One might -think that here a simple displacement had occurred in the -dream formation. And this is the case, but the displacement -serves the purposes of condensation, as is shown by the -following supplementary analysis. If I dwell for a moment -upon the word “propyls,” its assonance to the word “propylæum” -suggests itself to me. But the propylæum is to be -found not only in Athens but also in Munich. In the latter -city I visited a friend the year before who was seriously ill, -and the reference to him becomes unmistakable on account of -<em>trimethylamin</em>, which follows closely upon <em>propyls</em>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I pass over the striking circumstance that here, as elsewhere -in the analysis of dreams, associations of the most widely -different values are employed for the establishment of thought -connections as though they were equivalent, and I yield to the -temptation to regard the process by which <em>amyls</em> in the dream -thoughts are replaced by <em>propyls</em>, as though it were plastic -in the dream content.</p> - -<p class='c006'>On the one hand is the chain of ideas about my friend -Otto, who does not understand me, who thinks I am in the -wrong, and who gives me the cordial that smells like amyls; -on the other the chain of ideas—connected with the first by -contrast—about my friend William, who understands me and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_276'>276</span>who would always think I was in the right, and to whom I -am indebted for so much valuable information about the -chemistry of the sexual processes.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Those characteristics of the associations centering about -Otto which ought particularly to attract my attention are -determined by the recent occasions which are responsible for -the dream; <em>amyls</em> belong to these elements so determined -which are destined to get into the dream content. The group -of associations “William” is distinctly vivified by the contrast -to Otto, and the elements in it which correspond to those -already excited in the “Otto” associations are thrown into -relief. In this whole dream I am continually referring to a -person who excites my displeasure and to another person whom -I can oppose to him or her at will, and I conjure up the friend -as against the enemy, feature for feature. Thus amyls in the -Otto-group suggests recollections in the other group belonging -to chemistry; trimethylamin, which receives support from -several quarters, finds its way into the dream content. -“Amyls,” too, might have got into the dream content without -undergoing change, but it yields to the influence of the -“William” group of associations, owing to the fact that an -element which is capable of furnishing a double determination -for amyls is sought out from the whole range of recollections -which the name “William” covers. The association -“propyls” lies in the neighbourhood of <em>amyls</em>; Munich with -the propylæum comes to meet <em>amyls</em> from the series of associations -belonging to “William.” Both groups are united in -<em>propyls—propylœum</em>. As though by a compromise, this intermediary -element gets into the dream content. Here a -<em>common mean</em> which permits of a manifold determination has -been created. It thus becomes perfectly obvious that manifold -determination must facilitate penetration into the dream -content. A displacement of attention from what is really -intended to something lying near in the associations has -thoughtlessly taken place, for the sake of this mean-formation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The study of the injection dream has now enabled us to -get some insight into the process of condensation which takes -place in the formation of dreams. The selection of those -elements which occur in the dream content more than once, -the formation of new unities (collective persons, composite -<span class='pageno' id='Page_277'>277</span>images), and the construction of the common mean, these we -have been able to recognise as details of the condensing -process. The purpose which is served by condensation and -the means by which it is brought about will be investigated -when we come to study the psychic processes in the formation -of dreams as a whole. Let us be content for the present -with establishing dream <em>condensation</em> as an important relation -between the dream thoughts and the dream content.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The condensing activity of the dream becomes most tangible -when it has selected words and names as its object. In general -words are often treated as things by the dream, and thus -undergo the same combinations, displacements, and substitutions, -and therefore also condensations, as ideas of things. -The results of such dreams are comical and bizarre word -formations. Upon one occasion when a colleague had sent -me one of his essays, in which he had, in my judgment, overestimated -the value of a recent physiological discovery and -had expressed himself in extravagant terms, I dreamed the -following night a sentence which obviously referred to this -treatise: “<em>That is in true norekdal style</em>.” The solution of -this word formation at first gave me difficulties, although it -was unquestionably formed as a parody after the pattern of -the superlatives “colossal,” “pyramidal”; but to tell where -it came from was not easy. At last the monster fell apart -into the two names Nora and Ekdal from two well-known -plays by Ibsen. I had previously read a newspaper essay on -Ibsen by the same author, whose latest work I was thus -criticising in the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>II.<a id='rDN' /><a href='#fDN' class='c008'><sup>[DN]</sup></a> One of my female patients dreams that <em>a man with a -light beard and a peculiar glittering eye is pointing to a sign board -attached to a tree which reads: uclamparia—wet</em>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Analysis. The man was rather authoritative looking, and -his peculiar glittering eye at once recalled St. Paul’s Cathedral, -near Rome, where she saw in mosaics the Popes that have so -far ruled. One of the early Popes had a golden eye (this was -really an optical illusion which the guides usually call attention -to). Further associations showed that the general physiognomy -corresponded to her own clergyman (Pope), and the shape of -the light beard recalled her doctor (myself), while the stature of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_278'>278</span>the man in the dream recalled her father. All these persons -stand in the same relation to her; they are all guiding and -directing her course of life. On further questioning, the -golden eye recalled gold—money—the rather expensive -psychoanalytic treatment which gives her a great deal of -concern. Gold, moreover, recalls the gold cure for alcoholism—Mr. -D., whom she would have married if it had not been for -his clinging to the disgusting alcohol habit—she does not -object to a person taking an occasional drink; she herself -sometimes drinks beer and cordials—this again brings her back -to her visit to St. Paul’s without the walls and its surroundings. -She remembers that in the neighbouring monastery of the -Three Fountains she drank a liquor made of eucalyptus by -the Trappist monks who inhabit this monastery. She then -relates how the monks transformed this malarial and swampy -region into a dry and healthful neighbourhood by planting -there many eucalyptus trees. The word “uclamparia” -then resolves itself into eucalyptus and malaria, and the word -“wet” refers to the former swampy nature of the place. Wet -also suggests dry. Dry is actually the name of the man -whom she would have married except for his over-indulgence -in alcohol. The peculiar name of Dry is of Germanic origin -(drei = three) and hence alludes to the Abbey of the Three -(drei) Fountains above mentioned. In talking about Mr. Dry’s -habit she used the strong words, “He could drink a fountain.” -Mr. Dry jocosely refers to his habit by saying, “You know I -must drink because I am always <em>dry</em>” (referring to his name). -The eucalyptus also refers to her neurosis, which was at first -diagnosed as malaria. She went to Italy because her attacks -of anxiety, which were accompanied by marked trembling -and shivering, were thought to be of malarial origin. She -bought some eucalyptus oil from the monks, and she maintains -that it has done her much good.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The condensation <em>uclamparia—wet</em> is therefore the point of -junction for the dream as well as for the neurosis.<a id='rDO' /><a href='#fDO' class='c008'><sup>[DO]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_279'>279</span>III. In a somewhat long and wild dream of my own, the -chief point of which is apparently a sea voyage, it happens -that the next landing is called <em>Hearsing</em> and the one farther on -<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Fliess</span></i>. The latter is the name of my friend living in B., who -has often been the objective point of my travels. But Hearsing -is put together from the names of places in the local environment -of Vienna, which so often end in <em>ing</em>: <em>Hietzing</em>, <em>Liesing</em>, -<em>Moedling</em> (Medelitz, “meæ deliciæ,” my own name, “<em>my -joy</em>”) (joy = German Freude), and the English <em>hearsay</em>, -which points to libel and establishes the relation to the indifferent -dream excitement of the day—a poem in the -<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Fliegende Blaetter</span></cite> about a slanderous dwarf, “Saidhe -Hashesaid.” By connecting the final syllable “<em>ing</em>” with the -name <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Fliess</span></i>, “<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Vlissingen</span></i>” is obtained, which is a real port on -the sea-voyage which my brother passes when he comes to -visit us from England. But the English for <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Vlissingen</span></i> is -<em>Flushing</em>, which signifies blushing and recalls erythrophobia -(fear of blushing), which I treat, and also reminds me of a -recent publication by Bechterew about this neurosis, which -has given occasion for angry feelings in me.</p> - -<p class='c006'>IV. Upon another occasion I had a dream which consisted -of two parts. The first was the vividly remembered word -“Autodidasker,” the second was truthfully covered by a -short and harmless fancy which had been developed a few -days before, and which was to the effect that I must tell -Professor N., when I saw him next: “The patient about -whose condition I last consulted you is really suffering from -a neurosis, just as you suspected.” The coinage “<em>Autodidasker</em>” -must, then, not only satisfy the requirement that it -should contain or represent a compressed meaning, but also -<span class='pageno' id='Page_280'>280</span>that this meaning should have a valid connection with my -purpose, which is repeated from waking life, of giving Professor -N. his due credit.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Now <em>Autodidasker</em> is easily separated into <em>author</em> (German -<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Autor</span></i>), <em>autodidact</em>, and <em>Lasker</em>, with whom is associated the -name Lasalle. The first of these words leads to the occasion -of the dream—which this time is significant. I had brought -home to my wife several volumes by a well-known author, -who is a friend of my brother’s, and who, as I have learned, -comes from the same town as I (J. J. David). One evening -she spoke to me about the profound impression which the -touching sadness of a story in one of David’s novels, about a -talented but degenerate person, had made upon her, and our -conversation turned upon the indications of talent which we -perceive in our own children. Under the influence of what she -had just read, my wife expressed a concern relative to our -children, and I comforted her with the remark that it is just -such dangers that can be averted by education. During the -night my train of thoughts proceeded further, took up the -concern of my wife, and connected with it all sorts of other -things. An opinion which the poet had expressed to my -brother upon the subject of marriage showed my thoughts a -by-path which might lead to a representation in the dream. -This path led to Breslau, into which city a lady who was a -very good friend of ours had married. I found in Breslau -Lasker and Lasalle as examples realising our concern about -being ruined at the hands of a woman, examples which -enabled me to represent both manifestations of this influence -for the bad at once.<a id='rDP' /><a href='#fDP' class='c008'><sup>[DP]</sup></a> The “Cherchez la femme,” in which -these thoughts may be summed up, when taken in another -sense, brings me to my brother, who is still unmarried and -whose name is Alexander. Now I see that Alex, as we abbreviate -the name, sounds almost like inversion of Lasker -and that this factor must have taken part in giving my -thoughts their detour by way of Breslau.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But this playing with names and syllables in which I am -here engaged contains still another meaning. The wish that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_281'>281</span>my brother may have a happy family life is represented by it -in the following manner. In the artistic romance <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">L’Œuvre</span></cite>, -the writer, as is well known, has incidentally given an episodic -account of himself and of his own family happiness, and he -appears under the name of <em>Sandoz</em>. Probably he has taken -the following course in the name transformation. <em>Zola</em> when -inverted (as children like so much to do) gives <em>Aloz</em>. But that -was still too undisguised for him; therefore he replaced the -syllable <em>Al</em>, which stands at the beginning of the name -Alexander, by the third syllable of the same name, <em>sand</em>, and -thus <em>Sandoz</em> came about. In a similar manner my <em>autodidasker</em> -originated.</p> - -<p class='c006'>My fancy, that I am telling Professor N. that the patient -whom we had both seen is suffering from a neurosis, got into -the dream in the following manner. Shortly before the close -of my working year I received a patient in whose case my -diagnosis failed me. A serious organic affliction—perhaps -some changes in the spine—was to be assumed, but could not -be proved. It would have been tempting to diagnose the -trouble as a neurosis, and this would have put an end to all -difficulties, had it not been for the fact that the sexual -anamnesis, without which I am unwilling to admit a neurosis, -was so energetically denied by the patient. In my embarrassment -I called to my assistance the physician whom I respect -most of all men (as others do also), and to whose authority I -surrender most completely. He listened to my doubts, told -me he thought them justified, and then said: “Keep on -observing the man, it is probably a neurosis.” Since I know -that he does not share my opinions about the etiology of -neuroses, I suppressed my disagreement, but I did not conceal -my scepticism. A few days after I informed the patient that -I did not know what to do with him, and advised him to go -to some one else. Thereupon, to my great astonishment, he -began to beg my pardon for having lied to me, saying that he -had felt very much ashamed; and now he revealed to me just -that piece of sexual etiology which I had expected, and which -I found necessary for assuming the existence of a neurosis. -This was a relief to me, but at the same time a humiliation; -for I had to admit that my consultant, who was not disconcerted -by the absence of anamnesis, had made a correct -<span class='pageno' id='Page_282'>282</span>observation. I made up my mind to tell him about it when I -saw him again, and to say to him that he had been in the -right and I in the wrong.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This is just what I do in the dream. But what sort of a -wish is supposed to be fulfilled if I acknowledge that I am in -the wrong? This is exactly my wish; I wish to be in the -wrong with my apprehensions—that is to say, I wish that my -wife whose fears I have appropriated in the dream thoughts -may remain in the wrong. The subject to which the matter -of being in the right or in the wrong is related in the dream is -not far distant from what is really interesting to the dream -thoughts. It is the same pair of alternatives of either organic -or functional impairment through a woman, more properly -through the sexual life—either tabetic paralysis or a neurosis—with -which the manner of Lasalle’s ruin is more or less -loosely connected.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In this well-joined dream (which, however, is quite transparent -with the help of careful analysis) Professor N. plays a -part not merely on account of this analogy and of my wish to -remain in the wrong, or on account of the associated references -to Breslau and to the family of our friend who is married -there—but also on account of the following little occurrence -which was connected with our consultation. After he had -attended to our medical task by giving the above mentioned -suggestion, his interest was directed to personal matters. -“How many children have you now?”—“Six.”—A gesture -of respect and reflection.—“Girls, boys?”—“Three of each. -They are my pride and my treasure.”—“Well, there is no -difficulty about the girls, but the boys give trouble later on -in their education.” I replied that until now they had been -very tractable; this second diagnosis concerning the future -of my boys of course pleased me as little as the one he had -made earlier, namely, that my patient had only a neurosis. -These two impressions, then, are bound together by contiguity, -by being successively received, and if I incorporate the story -of the neurosis into the dream, I substitute it for the conversation -upon education which shows itself to be even more closely -connected with the dream thoughts owing to the fact that it -has such an intimate bearing upon the subsequently expressed -concerns of my wife. Thus even my fear that N. may turn out -<span class='pageno' id='Page_283'>283</span>to be right in his remarks on the educational difficulties in the -case of boys is admitted into the dream content, in that it is -concealed behind the representation of my wish that I may be -wrong in such apprehensions. The same fancy serves without -change to represent both conflicting alternatives.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The verbal compositions of the dream are very similar -to those which are known to occur in paranoia, but which are -also found in hysteria and in compulsive ideas. The linguistic -habits of children, who at certain periods actually treat words -as objects and invent new languages and artificial syntaxes, -are in this case the common source for the dream as well as for -psychoneuroses.</p> - -<p class='c006'>When speeches occur in the dream, which are expressly -distinguished from thoughts as such, it is an invariable rule -that the dream speech has originated from a remembered -speech in the dream material. Either the wording has been -preserved in its integrity, or it has been slightly changed in -the course of expression; frequently the dream speech is -pieced together from various recollections of speeches, while -the wording has remained the same and the meaning has -possibly been changed so as to have two or more significations. -Not infrequently the dream speech serves merely as an allusion -to an incident, at which the recollected speech occurred.<a id='rDQ' /><a href='#fDQ' class='c008'><sup>[DQ]</sup></a></p> - -<h3 class='c016'>(<em>b</em>) <em>The Work of Displacement</em></h3> - -<p class='c015'>Another sort of relation, which is no less significant, must -have come to our notice while we were collecting examples -of dream condensation. We have seen that those elements -which obtrude themselves in the dream content as its essential -components play a part in the dream thoughts which is by -no means the same. As a correlative to this the converse of -this thesis is also true. That which is clearly the essential -thing in the dream thoughts need not be represented in the -dream at all. The dream, as it were, is <em>eccentric</em>; its contents -are grouped about other elements than the dream thoughts -<span class='pageno' id='Page_284'>284</span>as a central point. Thus, for example, in the dream about -the botanical monograph the central point of the dream -content is apparently the element “botanical”; in the -dream thoughts we are concerned with the complications and -conflicts which result from services rendered among colleagues -which put them under obligations to one another, subsequently -with the reproach that I am in the habit of sacrificing -too much to my hobbies, and the element “botanical” would -in no case find a place in this nucleus of the dream thoughts -if it were not loosely connected with it by an antithesis, for -botany was never among my favourite studies. In the Sappho -dream of my patient the ascending and descending, being -upstairs and down, is made the central point; the dream, -however, is concerned with the danger of sexual relations -with persons of low <em>degree</em>, so that only one of the elements of -the dream thoughts seems to have been taken over into the -dream content, albeit with unseemly elaboration. Similarly -in the dream about June bugs, whose subject is the relation -of sexuality to cruelty, the factor of cruelty has indeed reappeared -but in a different connection and without the mention -of the sexual, that is to say, it has been torn from its context -and transformed into something strange. Again, in the -dream about my uncle, the blond beard, which seems to be -its central point, appears to have no rational connection with -the wishes for greatness which we have recognised as the -nucleus of the dream thoughts. It is only to be expected if -such dreams give a displaced impression. In complete contrast -to these examples, the dream of Irma’s injection shows -that individual elements can claim the same place in the -formation of dreams which they occupy in the dream thoughts. -The recognition of these new and entirely variable relations -between the dream thoughts and the dream content is at -first likely to excite our astonishment. If we find in a psychic -process of normal life that an idea has been culled from among -a number of others, and has acquired particular vividness in -our consciousness, we are in the habit of regarding this result -as a proof that the victorious idea is endowed with a peculiarly -high degree of psychic value—a certain degree of interest. -We now discover that this value of the individual elements in -the dream thoughts is not preserved in the formation of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_285'>285</span>dream, or does not come into consideration. For there is no -doubt as to the elements of the dream thoughts which are of -the highest value; our judgment tells us immediately. In -the formation of dreams those elements which are emphasized -with intense interest may be treated as though they were inferior, -and other elements are put in their place which certainly -were inferior in the dream thoughts. We are at first given -the impression that the psychic intensity<a id='rDR' /><a href='#fDR' class='c008'><sup>[DR]</sup></a> of the individual -ideas does not come into consideration at all for the selection -made by the dream, but only their greater or smaller multiplicity -of determination. Not what is important in the -dream thoughts gets into the dream, but what is contained -in them several times over, one might be inclined to think; -but our understanding of the formation of dreams is not much -furthered by this assumption, for at the outset it will be impossible -to believe that the two factors of manifold determination -and of integral value do not tend in the same direction -in the influence they exert on the selection made by the -dream. Those ideas in the dream thoughts which are most -important are probably also those which recur most frequently, -for the individual dream thoughts radiate from them as from -central points. And still the dream may reject those elements -which are especially emphasized and which receive manifold -support, and may take up into its content elements which -are endowed only with the latter property.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This difficulty may be solved by considering another impression -received in the investigation of the manifold determination -of the dream content. Perhaps many a reader has -already passed his own judgment upon this investigation by -saying that the manifold determination of the elements of the -dream is not a significant discovery, because it is a self-evident -one. In the analysis one starts from the dream elements, and -registers all the notions which are connected with them; it is -no wonder, then, that these elements should occur with particular -frequency in the thought material which is obtained in this -manner. I cannot acknowledge the validity of this objection, -but shall say something myself which sounds like it. Among -<span class='pageno' id='Page_286'>286</span>the thoughts which analysis brings to light, many can be -found which are far removed from the central idea of the -dream, and which appear distinguished from the rest as artificial -interpolations for a definite purpose. Their purpose may -easily be discovered; they are just the ones which establish -a connection, often a forced and far-fetched one, between the -dream content and the dream thoughts, and if these elements -were to be weeded out, not only over-determination but also -a sufficient determination by means of the dream thoughts -would often be lacking for the dream content. We are thus -led to the conclusion that manifold determination, which -decides the selection made by the dream, is perhaps not always -a primary factor in dream formation, but is often the secondary -manifestation of a psychic power which is still unknown to us. -But in spite of all this, manifold determination must nevertheless -control the entrance of individual elements into the -dream, for it is possible to observe that it is established with -considerable effort in cases where it does not result from the -dream material without assistance.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The assumption is not now far distant that a psychic force -is expressed in dream activity which on the one hand strips -elements of high psychic value of their intensity, and which -on the other hand creates new values, <em>by way of over-determination</em>, -from elements of small value, these new values subsequently -getting into the dream content. If this is the method -of procedure, there has taken place in the formation of the -dream a transference and displacement of the psychic intensities -of the individual elements, of which the textual -difference between the dream and the thought content appears -as a result. The process which we assume here is nothing -less than the essential part of the dream activity; it merits -the designation of <em>dream displacement</em>. <em>Dream displacement</em> -and <em>dream condensation</em> are the two craftsmen to whom we -may chiefly attribute the moulding of the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I think we also have an easy task in recognising the psychic -force which makes itself felt in the circumstances of dream -displacement. The result of this displacement is that the -dream content no longer resembles the core of the dream -thoughts at all, and that the dream reproduces only a disfigured -form of the dream-wish in the unconscious. But we are -<span class='pageno' id='Page_287'>287</span>already acquainted with dream disfigurement; we have -traced it back to the censorship which one psychic instance in -the psychic life exercises upon the other. Dream displacement -is one of the chief means for achieving this disfigurement. -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Is fecit, cui profuit.</span></i> We may assume that dream displacement -is brought about by the influence of this censor, of the endopsychic -repulsion.<a id='rDS' /><a href='#fDS' class='c008'><sup>[DS]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>The manner in which the factors of displacement, condensation, -and over-determination play into one another in the -formation of the dream, which is the ruling factor and which -the subordinate one, all this will be reserved as the subject of -later investigations. For the present we may state, as a -second condition which the elements must satisfy in order to -get into the dream, that <em>they must be withdrawn from the censor -of resistance</em>. From now on we shall take account of dream -<span class='pageno' id='Page_288'>288</span>displacement as an unquestionable fact in the interpretation -of dreams.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>(<em>c</em>) <em>Means of Representation in the Dream</em></h3> - -<p class='c015'>Besides the two factors of dream condensation and dream -displacement which we have found to be active in the transformation -of the latent dream material into the manifest -content, we shall come in the course of this investigation -upon two other conditions which exercise an unquestionable -influence upon the selection of the material which gets into -the dream. Even at the risk of seeming to stop our progress, -I should like to glance at the processes by which the interpretation -of dreams is accomplished. I do not deny that I -should succeed best in making them clear, and in showing -that they are sufficiently reliable to insure them against -attack, by taking a single dream as a paradigm and developing -its interpretation, as I have done in Chapter II. in the -dream of “Irma’s Injection,” and then putting together the -dream thoughts which I have discovered, and reconstructing -the formation of the dream from them—that is to say, by -supplementing the analysis of dreams by a synthesis of them. -I have accomplished this with several specimens for my own -instruction; but I cannot undertake to do it here because I -am prevented by considerations, which every right-minded -person must approve of, relative to the psychic material -necessary for such a demonstration. In the analysis of dreams -these considerations present less difficulty, for an analysis -may be incomplete and still retain its value even if it leads -only a short way into the thought labyrinth of the dream. -I do not see how a synthesis could be anything short of complete -in order to be convincing. I could give a complete -synthesis only of the dreams of such persons as are unknown -to the reading public. Since, however, only neurotic patients -furnish me with the means for doing this, this part of the -description of the dream must be postponed until I can carry -the psychological explanation of neuroses far enough—elsewhere—to -be able to show their connection with the subject -matter under consideration.<a id='rDT' /><a href='#fDT' class='c008'><sup>[DT]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_289'>289</span>From my attempts synthetically to construct dreams from -the dream thoughts, I know that the material which is obtained -from interpretation varies in value. For a part of it -consists of the essential dream thoughts which would, therefore, -completely replace the dream, and which would in themselves -be sufficient for this replacement if there were no censor for -the dream. The other part may be summed up under the -term “collaterals”; taken as a whole they represent the -means by which the real wish that arises from the dream -thoughts is transformed into the dream-wish. A first part -of these “collaterals” consists of allusions to the actual -dream thoughts, which, considered schematically, correspond -to displacements from the essential to the non-essential. A -second part comprises the thoughts which connect these non-essential -elements, that have become significant through -displacement with one another, and which reach from them -into the dream content. Finally a third part contains the -ideas and thought connections which (in the work of interpretation) -conduct us from the dream content to the intermediary -collaterals, <em>all of which</em> need not <em>necessarily</em> have -participated in the formation of the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>At this point we are interested exclusively in the essential -dream thoughts. These are usually found to be a complex -of thoughts and memories of the most intricate possible construction, -and to possess all the properties of the thought -processes which are known to us from waking life. Not -infrequently they are trains of thought which proceed from -more than one centre, but which do not lack points of connection; -almost regularly a chain of thought stands next to its -contradictory correlative, being connected with it by contrast -associations.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The individual parts of this complicated structure naturally -stand in the most manifold logical relations to one another. -They constitute a foreground or background, digressions, -illustrations, conditions, chains of argument, and objections. -When the whole mass of these dream thoughts is subjected -to the pressure of the dream activity, during which the parts -are turned about, broken up, and pushed together, something -like drifting ice, there arises the question, what becomes of -the logical ties which until now had given form to the structure? -<span class='pageno' id='Page_290'>290</span>What representation do “if,” “because,” “as though,” -“although,” “either—or,” and all the other conjunctions, -without which we cannot understand a phrase or a sentence, -receive in the dream?</p> - -<p class='c006'>At first we must answer that the dream has at its disposal -no means for representing these logical relations among the -dream thoughts. In most cases it disregards all these conjunctions, -and undertakes the elaboration only of the objective -content of the dream thoughts. It is left to the -interpretation of the dream to restore the coherence which -the activity of the dream has destroyed.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If the dream lacks ability to express these relations, the -psychic material of which the dream is wrought must be -responsible. The descriptive arts are limited in the same -manner—painting and the plastic arts in comparison with -poetry, which can employ speech; and here too the reason for -this impotence is to be found in the material in the treatment -of which the two arts strive to give expression to something. -Before the art of painting had arrived at an understanding of -the laws of expression by which it is bound, it attempted to -escape this disadvantage. In old paintings little tags were -hung from the mouths of the persons represented giving the -speech, the expression of which in the picture the artist -despaired of.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Perhaps an objection will here be raised challenging the -assertion that the dream dispenses with the representation -of logical relations. There are dreams in which the most -complicated intellectual operations take place, in which proof -and refutation are offered, puns and comparisons made, just as -in waking thoughts. But here, too, appearances are deceitful; -if the interpretation of such dreams is pursued, it is found that -all of this is <em>dream material, not the representation of intellectual -activity in the dream</em>. The <em>content</em> of the dream thoughts is -reproduced by the apparent thinking of the dream, not <em>the -relations of the dream thoughts to one another</em>, in the determination -of which relations thinking consists. I shall give examples -of this. But the thesis which is most easily established is -that all speeches which occur in the dream, and which are -expressly designated as such, are unchanged or only slightly -modified copies of speeches which are likewise to be found in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_291'>291</span>the recollections of the dream material. Often the speech is -only an allusion to an event contained in the dream thoughts; -the meaning of the dream is a quite different one.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I shall not deny, indeed, that there is also critical thought -activity which does not merely repeat material from the -dream thoughts and which takes part in the formation of the -dream. I shall have to explain the influence of this factor -at the close of this discussion. It will then become clear that -this thought activity is evoked not by the dream thoughts, -but by the dream itself after it is already finished in a certain -sense.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We shall, therefore, consider it settled for the present that -the logical relations among the dream thoughts do not enjoy -any particular representation in the dream. For instance, -where there is a contradiction in the dream, this is either a -contradiction directed against the dream itself or a contradiction -derived from the content of one of the dream thoughts; -a contradiction in the dream corresponds to a contradiction -<em>among</em> the dream thoughts only in a highly indirect manner.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But just as the art of painting finally succeeded in depicting -in the represented persons, at least their intention in -speaking—their tenderness, threatening attitude, warning mien, -and the like—by other means than the dangling tag, so also -the dream has found it possible to render account of a few of -the logical relations among its dream thoughts by means of -an appropriate modification of the peculiar method of dream -representation. It will be found by experience that different -dreams go to different lengths in taking this into consideration; -while one dream entirely disregards the logical coherence of -its material, another attempts to indicate it as completely as -possible. In so doing the dream departs more or less widely -from the subject-matter which it is to elaborate. The dream -also takes a similarly varying attitude towards the temporal -coherence of the dream thoughts, if such coherence has been -established in the unconscious (as for example in the dream of -Irma’s injection).</p> - -<p class='c006'>But what are the means by which the dream activity is -enabled to indicate these relations in the dream material -which are so difficult to represent? I shall attempt to -enumerate these separately.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_292'>292</span>In the first place, the dream renders account of the connection -which is undeniably present between all the parts -of the dream thoughts by uniting this material in a single -composition as a situation or process. It reproduces <em>logical -connection in the form of simultaneousness</em>; in this case it acts -something like the painter who groups together all the philosophers -or poets into a picture of the school of Athens or of -Parnassus, although these were never at once present in any -hall or on any mountain top—though they do, however, form -a unity from the point of view of reflective contemplation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The dream carries out this method of representation in -detail. Whenever it shows two elements close together, it -vouches for a particularly intimate connection between those -elements which correspond to them in the dream thoughts. -It is as in our method of writing: <em>to</em> signifies that the two -letters are to be pronounced as one syllable, while <em>t</em> with <em>o</em> -after a free space shows that <em>t</em> is the last letter of one word -and <em>o</em> the first letter of another. According to this, dream -combinations are not made of arbitrary, completely incongruent -elements of the dream material, but of elements that -also have a somewhat intimate relation to one another in the -dream thoughts.</p> - -<p class='c006'>For representing causal relation the dream has two methods, -which are essentially reducible to one. The more frequent -method, in cases, for example, where the dream thoughts are -to the effect: “Because this was so and so, this and that -must happen,” consists in making the premise an introductory -dream and joining the conclusion to it in the form of the main -dream. If my interpretation is correct, the sequence may also -be reversed. That part of the dream which is more completely -worked out always corresponds to the conclusion.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A female patient, whose dream I shall later give in full, -once furnished me with a neat example of such a representation -of causal relationship. The dream consisted of a short -prologue and of a very elaborate but well organised dream -composition, which might be entitled: “A flower of speech.” -The prologue of the dream is as follows: <em>She goes to the two -maids in the kitchen and scolds them for taking so long to prepare -“a little bite of food.” She also sees a great many coarse dishes -standing in the kitchen, inverted so that the water may drop off -<span class='pageno' id='Page_293'>293</span>them, and heaped up in a pile. The two maids go to fetch water, -and must, as it were, step into a river, which reaches up to the -house or into the yard.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Then follows the main dream, which begins as follows: -<em>She is descending from a high place, over balustrades that are -curiously fashioned, and she is glad that her dress doesn’t get -caught anywhere</em>, &c. Now the introductory dream refers -to the house of the lady’s parents. Probably she has often -heard from her mother the words which are spoken in the -kitchen. The piles of unwashed dishes are taken from an -unpretentious earthenware shop which was located in the -same house. The second part of this dream contains an -allusion to the dreamer’s father, who always had a great deal -to do with servant girls, and who later contracted a fatal -disease during a flood—the house stood near the bank of a -river. The thought which is concealed behind the introductory -dream, then, is to this effect: “Because I was born -in this house, under such limited and unlovely circumstances.” -The main dream takes up the same thought, and presents it in -a form that has been altered by the tendency to wish-fulfilment: -“I am of exalted origin.” Properly then: “Because -I was born in such low circumstances, my career has been so -and so.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>As far as I can see, the partition of a dream into two unequal -portions does not always signify a causal relation between -the thoughts of the two portions. It often appears as though -the same material were being presented in the two dreams -from different points of view; or as though the two dreams -have proceeded from two separated centres in the dream -material and their contents overlap, so that the object which -is the centre of one dream has served in the other as an -allusion, and <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vice versa</span></i>. But in a certain number of cases a -division into shorter fore-dreams and longer subsequent -dreams actually signifies a causal relation between the two -portions. The other method of representing causal relation -is used with less abundant material and consists in the change -of one image in the dream, whether a person or a thing, into -another. It is only in cases where we witness this change -taking place in the dream that any causal relation is asserted -to exist, not where we merely notice that one thing has taken -<span class='pageno' id='Page_294'>294</span>the place of another. I said that both methods of representing -causal relation are reducible to the same thing; in -both cases <em>causation</em> is represented by a <em>succession</em>, now by -the sequence of the dreams, now by the immediate transformation -of one image into another. In the great majority of -cases, of course, causal relation is not expressed at all, but is -obliterated by the sequence of elements which is unavoidable -in the dream process.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The dream is altogether unable to express the alternative, -“either—or”; it is in the habit of taking both members of -this alternative into one context, as though they were equally -privileged. A classic example of this is contained in the -dream of Irma’s injection. Its latent thoughts obviously -mean: I am innocent of the continued presence of Irma’s -pains; the fault rests either with her resistance to accepting -the solution, <em>or</em> with the fact that she is living under unfavourable -sexual conditions, which I am unable to change, <em>or</em> -her pains are not of a hysteric nature at all, but organic. The -dream, however, fulfils all these possibilities, which are almost -exclusive, and is quite ready to extract from the dream-wish -an additional fourth solution of this kind. After interpreting -the dream I have therefore inserted the <em>either—or</em> in the -sequence of the dream thoughts.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the case where the dreamer finds occasion in telling the -dream to use <em>either—or</em>: “It was either a garden or a living-room,” -&c., it is not really an alternative which occurs in the -dream thoughts, but an “and,” a simple addition. When we -use <em>either—or</em> we are usually describing a characteristic of -indistinctness belonging to an element of the dream which is -still capable of being cleared up. The rule of interpretation -for this case is as follows: The separate members of the -alternative are to be treated as equals and connected by -“and.” For instance, after waiting for a long time in vain -for the address of my friend who is living in Italy, I dream -that I receive a telegram which tells me this address. Upon -the strip of telegraph paper I see printed in blue the following; -the first word is blurred:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>perhaps <em>via</em>,</div> - <div class='line'>or <em>villa</em>, the second is distinctly: <em>Sezerno</em> or perhaps (<em>Casa</em>).</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_295'>295</span>The second word, which sounds like an Italian name and -which reminds me of our etymological discussions, also expresses -my displeasure on account of the fact that my friend -has kept his place of residence secret from me for so long a -time; every member of the triple suggestion for the first word -may be recognised in the course of analysis as a self-sufficient -and equally well-justified starting point in the concatenation -of ideas.</p> - -<p class='c006'>During the night before the funeral of my father I dreamed -of a printed placard, a card or poster—perhaps something -like signs in railway waiting-rooms which announce the prohibition -of smoking—which reads either:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><em>It is requested to shut the eyes</em></div> - <div class='line in16'>or</div> - <div class='line'><em>It is requested to shut an eye</em></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c017'>which I am in the habit of representing in the following form:</p> - -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr> - <td class='c018'> </td> - <td class='c018'><em>the</em></td> - <td class='c019'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c018'><em>It is requested to shut</em></td> - <td class='c018'> </td> - <td class='c019'><em>eye(s).</em></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c018'> </td> - <td class='c018'><em>an</em></td> - <td class='c019'> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c006'>Each of the two variations has its own particular meaning, -and leads us along particular paths in the interpretation of the -dream. I had made the simplest kind of funeral arrangements, -for I knew how the deceased thought about such matters. -Other members of the family, however, did not approve of -such puritanic simplicity; they thought we would have to -be ashamed before the mourners. Hence one of the wordings -of the dream requests the “shutting of one eye,” that is to -say, that people should show consideration. The significance -of the blurring, which we describe with an <em>either—or</em>, may here -be seen with particular ease. The dream activity has not -succeeded in constructing a unified but at the same time -ambiguous wording for the dream thoughts. Thus the two -main trains of thought are already distinguished even in the -dream content.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In a few cases the division of the dream into two equal -parts expresses the alternative which the dream finds it so -difficult to represent.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The attitude of the dream towards the category of antithesis -and contradiction is most striking. This category is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_296'>296</span>unceremoniously neglected; the word “No” does not seem -to exist for the dream. Antitheses are with peculiar preference -reduced to unity or represented as one. The dream also -takes the liberty of representing any element whatever by its -desired opposite, so that it is at first impossible to tell about -any element capable of having an opposite, whether it is to be -taken negatively or positively, in the dream thoughts.<a id='rDU' /><a href='#fDU' class='c008'><sup>[DU]</sup></a> In -one of the last-mentioned dreams, whose introductory portion -we have already interpreted (“because my parentage is such”), -the dreamer descends over a balustrade and holds a blossoming -twig in her hands. Since this picture suggests to her -the angel in paintings of the Annunciation (her own name is -Mary) carrying a lily stem in his hand, and the white-robed -girls marching in the procession on Corpus Christi Day when -the streets are decorated with green bows, the blossoming -twig in the dream is very certainly an allusion to sexual -innocence. But the twig is thickly studded with red blossoms, -each one of which resembles a camelia. At the end of her -walk, so the dream continues, the blossoms have already -fallen considerably apart; then unmistakable allusions to -menstruation follow. But this very twig which is carried -like a lily and as though by an innocent girl, is also an allusion -to Camille, who, as is known, always wore a white camelia, -but a red one at the time of her menstruation. The same -blossoming twig (“the flower of maidenhood” in the songs -about the miller’s daughter by Goethe) represents at once -sexual innocence and its opposite. The same dream, also, -which expresses the dreamer’s joy at having succeeded in -passing through life unsullied, hints in several places (as at -the falling-off of the blossom), at the opposite train of thought—namely, -that she had been guilty of various sins against -sexual purity (that is in her childhood). In the analysis of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_297'>297</span>the dream we may clearly distinguish the two trains of thought, -of which the comforting one seems to be superficial, the reproachful -one more profound. The two are diametrically -opposed to each other, and their like but contrasting elements -have been represented by the identical dream elements.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The mechanism of dream formation is favourable in the -highest degree to only one of the logical relations. This -relation is that of similarity, correspondence, contiguity, “as -though,” which is capable of being represented in the dream -as no other can be, by the most varied expedients. The correspondences -occurring in the dream, or cases of “as though,” -are the chief points of support for the formation of dreams, -and no inconsiderable part of the dream activity consists in -creating new correspondences of this sort in cases where those -which are already at hand are prevented by the censor of -resistance from getting into the dream. The effort towards -condensation shown by the dream activity assists in the -representation of the relation of similarity.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>Similarity</em>, <em>agreement</em>, <em>community</em>, are quite generally expressed -in the dream by concentration into a <em>unity</em>, which is -either already found in the dream material or is newly created. -The first case may be referred to as <em>identification</em>, the second -as <em>composition</em>. Identification is used where the dream is -concerned with persons, composition where things are the -objects of unification; but compositions are also made from -persons. Localities are often treated as persons.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Identification consists in giving representation in the -dream content to only one of a number of persons who are -connected by some common feature, while the second or the -other persons seem to be suppressed as far as the dream is -concerned. This one representative person in the dream -enters into all the relations and situations which belong to -itself or to the persons who are covered by it. In cases of -composition, however, when this has to do with persons, -there are already present in the dream image features which -are characteristic of, but not common to, the persons in -question, so that a new unity, a composite person, appears as -the result of the union of these features. The composition -itself may be brought about in various ways. Either the -dream person bears the name of one of the persons to whom -<span class='pageno' id='Page_298'>298</span>it refers—and then we know, in a manner which is quite -analogous to knowledge in waking life, that this or that person -is the one who is meant—while the visual features belong to -another person; or the dream image itself is composed of -visual features which in reality are shared by both. Instead -of visual features, also, the part played by the second person -may be represented by the mannerisms which are usually -ascribed to him, the words which he usually speaks, or the -situations in which he is usually imagined. In the latter -method of characterisation the sharp distinction between -identification and composition of persons begins to disappear. -But it may also happen that the formation of such a mixed -personality is unsuccessful. The situation of the dream is -then attributed to one person, and the other—as a rule the -more important one—is introduced as an inactive and unconcerned -spectator. The dreamer relates something like “My -mother was also there” (Stekel).</p> - -<p class='c006'>The common feature which justifies the union of the two -persons—that is to say, which is the occasion for it—may -either be represented in the dream or be absent. As a rule, -identification or composition of persons simply serves the -purpose of dispensing with the representation of this common -feature. Instead of repeating: “A is ill disposed towards -me, and B is also,” I make a composite person of A and B in -the dream, or I conceive A as doing an unaccustomed action -which usually characterises B. The dream person obtained -in this way appears in the dream in some new connection, and -the fact that it signifies both A and B justifies me in inserting -that which is common to both—their hostility towards me—at -the proper place in the interpretation of the dream. In -this manner I often achieve a very extraordinary degree of -condensation of the dream content; I can save myself the -direct representation of very complicated relations belonging -to a person, if I can find a second person who has an equal -claim to a part of these relations. It is also obvious to what -extent this representation by means of identification can -circumvent the resisting censor, which makes the dream -activity conform to such harsh conditions. That which -offends the censor may lie in those very ideas which are connected -in the dream material with the one person; I now find -<span class='pageno' id='Page_299'>299</span>a second person, who likewise has relation to the objectionable -material, but only to a part of it. The contact in that one -point which offends the censor now justified me in forming -a composite person, which is characterised on either hand by -indifferent features. This person resulting from composition -or identification, who is unobjectionable to the censor, is now -suited for incorporation in the dream content, and by the -application of dream condensation I have satisfied the demands -of the dream censor.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In dreams where a common feature of two persons is represented, -this is usually a hint to look for another concealed -common feature, the representation of which is made impossible -by the censor. A displacement of the common -feature has here taken place partly in order to facilitate representation. -From the circumstance that the composite person -appears to me with an indifferent common feature, I must -infer that another common feature which is by no means -indifferent exists in the dream thoughts.</p> - -<p class='c006'>According to what has been said, identification or composition -of persons serves various purposes in the dream; in -the first place, to represent a feature common to the two -persons; secondly, to represent a displaced common feature; -and thirdly, even to give expression to a community of features -that is merely <em>wished for</em>. As the wish for a community -between two persons frequently coincides with the exchanging -of these persons, this relation in the dream is also expressed -through identification. In the dream of Irma’s injection I -wish to exchange this patient for another—that is to say, I -wish the latter to be my patient as the former has been; the -dream takes account of this wish by showing me a person who -is called Irma, but who is examined in a position such as I -have had the opportunity of seeing only when occupied with -the other person in question. In the dream about my uncle -this substitution is made the centre of the dream; I identify -myself with the minister by judging and treating my colleague -as shabbily as he does.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It has been my experience—and to this I have found no -exception—that every dream treats of one’s own person. -Dreams are absolutely egotistic. In cases where not my ego, -but only a strange person occurs in the dream content, I may -<span class='pageno' id='Page_300'>300</span>safely assume that my ego is concealed behind that person by -means of identification. I am permitted to supplement my -ego. On other occasions when my ego appears in the dream, -I am given to understand by the situation in which it is placed -that another person is concealing himself behind the ego. -In this case the dream is intended to give me notice that in the -interpretation I must transfer something which is connected -with this person—the hidden common feature—to myself. -There are also dreams in which my ego occurs along with other -persons which the resolution of the identification again shows -to be my ego. By means of this identification I am instructed -to unite in my ego certain ideas to whose acceptance the censor -has objected. I may also give my ego manifold representation -in the dream, now directly, now by means of identification -with strangers. An extraordinary amount of thought material -may be condensed by means of a few such identifications.<a id='rDV' /><a href='#fDV' class='c008'><sup>[DV]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>The resolution of the identification of localities designated -under their own names is even less difficult than that of -persons, because here the disturbing influence of the ego, -which is all-powerful in the dream, is lacking. In one of my -dreams about Rome (p. 164) the name of the place in which -I find myself is Rome; I am surprised, however, at the great -number of German placards at a street corner. The latter -is a wish-fulfilment, which immediately suggests Prague; the -wish itself probably originated at a period in my youth when I -was imbued with a German nationalistic spirit which is suppressed -to-day. At the time of my dream I was looking -forward to meeting a friend in Prague; the identification of -Rome and Prague is thus to be explained by means of a desired -common feature; I would rather meet my friend in Rome -than in Prague, I should like to exchange Prague for Rome for -the purpose of this meeting.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The possibility of creating compositions is one of the chief -causes of the phantastic character so common in dreams, in -that it introduces into the dream elements which could never -have been the objects of perception. The psychic process -which occurs in the formation of compositions is obviously -<span class='pageno' id='Page_301'>301</span>the same which we employ in conceiving or fashioning a centaur -or a dragon in waking life. The only difference is that in the -phantastic creations occurring in waking life the intended -impression to be made by the new creation is itself the -deciding factor, while the composition of the dream is determined -by an influence—the common feature in the dream -thoughts—which is independent of the form of the image. -The composition of the dream may be accomplished in a great -many different ways. In the most artless method of execution -the properties of the one thing are represented, and this -representation is accompanied by the knowledge that they -also belong to another object. A more careful technique -unites the features of one object with those of the other in -a new image, while it makes skilful use of resemblance -between the two objects which exist in reality. The new -creation may turn out altogether absurd or only phantastically -ingenious, according to the subject-matter and the wit -operative in the work of composition. If the objects to be -condensed into a unity are too incongruous, the dream activity -is content with creating a composition with a comparatively -distinct nucleus, to which are attached less distinct modifications. -The unification into one image has here been unsuccessful, -as it were; the two representations overlap and give rise to -something like a contest between visual images. If attempt -were made to construct an idea out of individual images of -perception, similar representations might be obtained in a -drawing.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Dreams naturally abound in such compositions; several -examples of these I have given in the dreams already analysed; -I shall add more. In the dream on p. 296, which describes -the career of my patient “in flowery language,” the dream -ego carries a blossoming twig in her hand, which, as we have -seen, signifies at once innocence and sexual transgression. -Moreover, the twig recalls cherry-blossoms on account of -the manner in which the blossoms are clustered; the blossoms -themselves, separately considered, are camelias, and finally the -whole thing also gives the impression of an <em>exotic</em> plant. The -common feature in the elements of this composition is shown -by the dream thoughts. The blossoming twig is made up of -allusions to presents by which she was induced or should have -<span class='pageno' id='Page_302'>302</span>been induced to show herself agreeable. So it was with the -cherries in her childhood and with the stem of camelias in -her later years; the exotic feature is an illusion to a much-travelled -naturalist, who sought to win her favour by means -of a drawing of a flower. Another female patient creates a -middle element out of bath-houses at a bathing resort, rural -outside water-closets, and the garrets of our city dwellings. -The reference to human nakedness and exposure is common -to the two first elements; and we may infer from their connection -with the third element that (in her childhood) the -garret was likewise the scene of exposure. A dreamer of the -male sex makes a composite locality out of two places in -which “treatment” is given—my office and the public hall -in which he first became acquainted with his wife. Another -female patient, after her elder brother has promised to regale -her with caviare, dreams that his legs are covered thick with -black caviare pearls. The two elements, “contagion” in -a moral sense and the recollection of a cutaneous eruption -in childhood which made her legs look as though studded -over with red dots instead of black ones, have here been united -with the caviare pearls to form a new idea—the idea of “what -she has inherited from her brother.” In this dream parts of -the human body are treated as objects, as is usually the case -in dreams. In one of the dreams reported by Ferenczi<a id='r87' /><a href='#f87' class='c008'><sup>[87]</sup></a> -there occurred a composition made up of the person of a -physician and a horse, over which was spread a night-shirt. -The common feature in these three components was shown -in the analysis after the night-shirt had been recognised as an -allusion to the father of the dreamer in an infantile scene. -In each of the three cases there was some object of her sexual -inquisitiveness. As a child she had often been taken by her -nurse to the military breeding station, where she had the -amplest opportunity to satisfy her curiosity, which was at that -time uninhibited.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I have already asserted that the dream has no means for -expressing the relation of contradiction, of contrast, of negation. -I am about to contradict this assertion for the first -time. A part of the cases, which may be summed up under the -word “contrast,” finds representation, as we have seen, simply -by means of identification—that is, when an interchange or -<span class='pageno' id='Page_303'>303</span>replacement can be connected with the contrast. We have -given repeated examples of this. Another part of the contrasts -in the dream thoughts, which perhaps falls into the -category “turned into the opposite,” is represented in the dream -in the following remarkable manner, which may almost be -designated as witty. The “<em>inversion</em>” does not itself get -into the dream content, but manifests its presence there by -means of the fact that a part of the already formed dream -content which lies at hand for other reasons, is—as it were -subsequently—inverted. It is easier to illustrate this process -than to describe it. In the beautiful “Up and Down” -dream (p. 267) the representation of ascending is an inversion -of a prototype in the dream thoughts, that is to say, of the -introductory scene of Daudet’s <em>Sappho</em>; in the dream climbing -is difficult at first, and easy later on, while in the actual -scene it is easy at first, and later becomes more and more -difficult. Likewise “above” and “below” in relation to -the dreamer’s brother are inverted in the dream. This points -to a relation of contraries or contrasts as obtaining between -two parts of the subject-matter of the dream thoughts and -the relation we have found in the fact that in the childish -fancy of the dreamer he is carried by his nurse, while in the -novel, on the contrary, the hero carries his beloved. My -dream about Goethe’s attack upon Mr. M. (p. 345) also contains -an “inversion” of this sort, which must first be set right -before the interpretation of the dream can be accomplished. -In the dream Goethe attacks a young man, Mr. M.; in reality, -according to the dream thoughts, an eminent man, my friend, -has been attacked by an unknown young author. In the -dream I reckon time from the date of Goethe’s death; in -reality the reckoning was made from the year in which the -paralytic was born. The thought determining the dream -material is shown to be an objection to the treatment of Goethe -as a lunatic. “The other way around,” says the dream; “if -you cannot understand the book, it is you who are dull-witted, -not the author.” Furthermore, all these dreams of inversion -seem to contain a reference to the contemptuous phrase, -“to turn one’s back upon a person” (German: “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">einen die -Kehrseite zeigen</span>”; <em>cf.</em> the inversion in respect to the dreamer’s -brother in the <em>Sappho</em> dream). It is also remarkable how -<span class='pageno' id='Page_304'>304</span>frequently inversion becomes necessary in dreams which are -inspired by repressed homosexual feelings.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Moreover, inversion or transformation into an opposite -is one of the favourite methods of representation, and one of -the methods most capable of varied application which the -dream activity possesses. Its first function is to create the -fulfilment of a wish with reference to a definite element of -the dream-thoughts. “If it were only just the other way!” -is often the best expression of the relation of the ego to a disagreeable -recollection. But inversion becomes extraordinarily -useful for the purposes of the censor, for it brings about -in the material represented a degree of disfiguration which all -but paralyses our understanding of the dream. For this -reason it is always permissible, in cases where the dream -stubbornly refuses to yield its meaning, to try the inversion -of definite portions of its manifest content, whereupon not -infrequently everything becomes clear.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Besides this inversion, the subject-matter inversion in -temporal relation is not to be overlooked. A frequent device -of dream disfigurement consists in presenting the final issue -of an occurrence or the conclusion of an argument at the -beginning of the dream, or in supplying the premises of a -conclusion or the causes of an effect at the end of it. Any -one who has not considered this technical method of dream -disfigurement stands helpless before the problem of dream -interpretation.<a id='rDW' /><a href='#fDW' class='c008'><sup>[DW]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>Indeed in some cases we can obtain the sense of the dream -only by subjecting the dream content to manifold inversion -in different directions. For example, in the dream of a young -patient suffering from a compulsion neurosis, the memory of an -infantile death-wish against a dreaded father was hidden behind -<span class='pageno' id='Page_305'>305</span>the following words: <em>His father upbraids him because he arrives -so late.</em> But the context in the psychoanalytic treatment -and the thoughts of the dreamer alike go to show that the -sentence must read as follows: <em>He is angry at his father</em>, -and, further, that his father is always coming home <em>too early</em> -(<em>i.e.</em> too soon). He would have preferred that his father should -not come home at all, which is identical with the wish (see page -219) that his father should die. As a little boy the dreamer -was guilty of sexual aggression against another person while -his father was away, and he was threatened with punishment -in the words: “Just wait until father comes home.”</p> - -<p class='c005'>If we attempt to trace the relations between dream content -and dream thoughts further, we shall do this best by making -the dream itself our starting-point and by asking ourselves -the question: What do certain formal characteristics of dream -representation signify with reference to the dream thoughts? -The formal characteristics which must attract our attention -in the dream primarily include variations in the distinctness -of individual parts of the dream or of whole dreams in relation -to one another. The variations in the intensity of individual -dream images include a whole scale of degrees ranging from -a distinctness of depiction which one is inclined to rate as -higher—without warrant, to be sure—than that of reality, to -a provoking indistinctness which is declared to be characteristic -of the dream, because it cannot altogether be compared -to any degree of indistinctness which we ever see in real objects. -Moreover, we usually designate the impression which we -get from an indistinct object in the dream as “fleeting,” -while we think of the more distinct dream images as remaining -intact for a longer period of perception. We must now -ask ourselves by what conditions in the dream material these -differences in the vividness of the different parts of the dream -content are brought about.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There are certain expectations which will inevitably arise -at this point and which must be met. Owing to the fact that -real sensations during sleep may form part of the material -of the dream, it will probably be assumed that these sensations -or the dream elements resulting from them are emphasized -by peculiar intensity, or conversely, that what turns out to be -<span class='pageno' id='Page_306'>306</span>particularly vivid in the dream is probably traceable to such -real sensations during sleep. My experience has never confirmed -this. It is incorrect to say that those elements of the -dream which are the derivatives of impressions occurring in -sleep (nervous excitements) are distinguished by their vividness -from others which are based on recollections. The factor -of reality is of no account in determining the intensity of -dream images.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Furthermore, the expectation will be cherished that the -sensory intensity (vividness) of individual dream images has -a relation to the psychic intensity of the elements corresponding -to them in the dream-thoughts. In the latter intensity -is identical with psychic value; the most intense elements -are in fact the most significant, and these are the central -point of the dream. We know, however, that it is just these -elements which are usually not accepted in the dream content -owing to the censor. But still it might be possible that the -elements immediately following these and representing them -might show a higher degree of intensity, without, however, -for that reason constituting the centre of the dream representation. -This expectation is also destroyed by a comparison -of the dream and the dream material. The intensity of the -elements in the one has nothing to do with the intensity of -the elements in the other; a complete “transvaluation of -all psychic values” takes place between the dream-material -and the dream. The very element which is transient and hazy -and which is pushed into the background by more vigorous -images is often the single and only element in which may be -traced any direct derivative from the subject which entirely -dominated the dream-thoughts.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The intensity of the elements of the dream shows itself -to be determined in a different manner—that is, by two factors -which are independent of each other. It is easy to see at -the outset that those elements by means of which the wish-fulfilment -is expressed are most distinctly represented. But -then analysis also teaches us that from the most vivid elements -of the dream, the greatest number of trains of thought start, -and that the most vivid are at the same time those which are -best determined. No change of sense is involved if we express -the latter empirical thesis in the following form: the greatest -<span class='pageno' id='Page_307'>307</span>intensity is shown by those elements of the dream for which -the most abundant condensation activity was required. We -may therefore expect that this condition and the others imposed -by the wish-fulfilment can be expressed in a single -formula.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The problem which I have just been considering—the -causes of greater or less intensity or distinctness of individual -elements of the dream—is one which I should like to guard -against being confused with another problem, which has to -do with the varying distinctness of whole dreams or sections -of dreams. In the first case, the opposite of distinctness is -blurredness; in the second, confusion. It is of course unmistakable -that the intensities rise and fall in the two scales in -unison. A portion of the dream which seems clear to us -usually contains vivid elements; an obscure dream is composed -of less intense elements. But the problem with which -we are confronted by the scale, ranging from the apparently -clear to the indistinct or confused, is far more complicated -than that formed by variations in the vividness of the dream -elements; indeed the former will be dropped from the discussion -for reasons which will be given later. In isolated -cases we are astonished to find that the impression of clearness -or indistinctness produced by the dream is altogether -without significance for its structure, and that it originates -in the dream material as one of its constituents. Thus I -remember a dream which seemed particularly well constructed, -flawless, and clear, so that I made up my mind, while I was -still in the somnolent state, to recognise a new class of dreams—those -which had not been subject to the mechanism of condensation -and displacement, and which might thus be designated -“Fancies while asleep.” A closer examination proved -that this rare dream had the same breaches and flaws in its -construction as every other; for this reason I abandoned the -category of dream fancies. The content of the dream, reduced -to its lowest terms, was that I was reciting to a friend a -difficult and long-sought theory of bisexuality, and the wish-fulfilling -power of the dream was responsible for the fact -that this theory (which, by the way, was not stated in the -dream) appeared so clear and flawless. What I considered -a judgment upon the finished dream was thus a part of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_308'>308</span>dream content, and the essential one at that. The dream -activity had extended its operations, as it were, into waking -thought, and had presented to me in the form of a judgment -that part of the dream material which it had not succeeded -in reproducing with exactness. The exact opposite of this -once came to my attention in the case of a female patient -who was at first altogether unwilling to tell a dream which was -necessary for the analysis, “because it was so obscure and -confused,” and who declared, after repeatedly denying the -accuracy of her description, that several persons, herself, -her husband, and her father, had occurred in the dream, and -that it seemed as though she did not know whether her -husband was her father, or who her father was anyway, or -something of that sort. Upon considering this dream in -connection with the ideas that occurred to the dreamer in the -course of the sitting, it was found unquestionably to be concerned -with the story of a servant girl who had to confess that she was -expecting a child, and who was now confronted with doubts -as to “who was really the father.”<a id='rDX' /><a href='#fDX' class='c008'><sup>[DX]</sup></a> The obscurity manifested -by the dream, therefore, is again in this case a portion -of the material which excited it. A part of this material -was represented in the form of the dream. The form of the -dream or of dreaming is used with astonishing frequency to -represent the concealed content.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Comments on the dream and seemingly harmless observations -about it often serve in the most subtle manner to conceal—although -they usually betray—a part of what is dreamed. -Thus, for example, when the dreamer says: <em>Here the dream -is vague</em>, and the analysis gives an infantile reminiscence of -listening to a person cleaning himself after defecation. Another -example deserves to be recorded in detail. A young -man has a very distinct dream which recalls to him phantasies -from his infancy which have remained conscious to -him: he was in a summer hotel one evening, he mistook the -number of his room, and entered a room in which an elderly -lady and her two daughters were undressing to go to bed. -He continues: “<em>Then there are some gaps in the dream; then -something is missing</em>; and at the end there was a man in the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_309'>309</span>room who wished to throw me out with whom I had to wrestle.” -He endeavoured in vain to recall the content and purpose -of the boyish fancy to which the dream apparently alludes. -But we finally become aware that the required content had -already been given in his utterances concerning the indistinct -part of the dream. The “gaps” were the openings in the -genitals of the women who were retiring: “Here something -is missing” described the chief character of the female genitals. -In those early years he burned with curiosity to see a female -genital, and was still inclined to adhere to the infantile sexual -theory which attributes a male genital to the woman.</p> - -<p class='c006'>All the dreams which have been dreamed in the same -night belong to the same whole when considered with respect -to their content; their separation into several portions, their -grouping and number, all these details are full of meaning, -and may be considered as information coming from the latent -dream content. In the interpretation of dreams consisting -of many principal sections, or of dreams belonging to the -same night, one must not fail to think of the possibility that -these different and succeeding dreams bring to expression the -same feelings in different material. The one that comes -first in time of these homologous dreams is usually the most -disfigured and most bashful, while the succeeding is bolder -and more distinct.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Even Pharaoh’s dream in the Bible of the ears and the -kine, which Joseph interpreted, was of this kind. It is reported -by Josephus (<cite>Antiquities of the Jews</cite>, bk. ii. chap, iii.) in greater -detail than in the Bible. After relating the first dream, the -King said: “When I had seen this vision I awaked out of my -sleep, and being in disorder, and considering with myself -what this appearance should be, I fell asleep again, and saw -another dream much more wonderful than the first, which -did still more affright and disturb me.” After listening to -the report of the dream, Joseph said, “This dream, O King, -although seen under two forms, signifies one and the same -issue of things.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Jung,<a id='r99' /><a href='#f99' class='c008'><sup>[99]</sup></a> who, in his <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Beitrag zur Psychologie des Gerüchtes</span></cite> -relates how the veiled erotic dream of a school-girl was understood -by her friends without interpretation and continued -by them with variations, remarks in connection with reports -<span class='pageno' id='Page_310'>310</span>of this dream, “that the last of a long series of dream pictures -contained precisely the same thought whose representation -had been attempted in the first picture of the series. The -censor pushed the complex out of the way as long as possible, -through constantly renewed symbolic concealments, displacements, -deviations into the harmless, &c.” (<em>l.c.</em> p. 87). -Scherner<a href='#f58' class='c008'><sup>[58]</sup></a> was well acquainted with the peculiarities of dream -disfigurement and describes them at the end of his theory -of organic stimulation as a special law, p. 166: “But, finally, -the phantasy observes the general law in all nerve stimuli -emanating from symbolic dream formations, by representing -at the beginning of the dream only the remotest and freest -allusions to the stimulating object; but towards the end, -when the power of representation becomes exhausted, it presents -the stimulus or its concerned organ or its function in -unconcealed form, and in the way this dream designates its -organic motive and reaches its end.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>A new confirmation of Scherner’s law has been furnished -by Otto Rank<a id='r106' /><a href='#f106' class='c008'><sup>[106]</sup></a> in his work, <cite>A Self Interpretation Dream</cite>. -This dream of a girl reported by him consisted of two dreams, -separated in time of the same night, the second of which ended -with pollution. This pollution dream could be interpreted -in all its details by disregarding a great many of the ideas -contributed by the dreamer, and the profuse relations between -the two dream contents indicated that the first dream -expressed in bashful language the same thing as the second, -so that the latter—the pollution dream—helped to a full -explanation of the former. From this example, Rank, with -perfect justice, draws conclusions concerning the significance -of pollution dreams in general.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But in my experience it is only in rare cases that one is -in a position to interpret clearness or confusion in the dream -as certainty or doubt in the dream material. Later I shall -try to discover the factor in the formation of dreams upon -whose influence this scale of qualities essentially depends.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In some dreams, which adhere for a time to a certain -situation and scenery, there occur interruptions described -in the following words: “But then it seemed as though it -were at the same time another place, and there such and such -a thing happened.” What thus interrupts the main trend -<span class='pageno' id='Page_311'>311</span>of the dream, which after a while may be continued again, -turns out to be a subordinate idea, an interpolated thought -in the dream material. A conditional relation in the dream-thoughts -is represented by simultaneousness in the dream -(wenn—wann; if—when).</p> - -<p class='c006'>What is signified by the sensation of impeded movement, -which so often occurs in the dream, and which is so closely -allied to anxiety? One wants to move, and is unable to stir -from the spot; or one wants to accomplish something, and meets -one obstacle after another. The train is about to start, and -one cannot reach it; one’s hand is raised to avenge an insult, -and its strength fails, &c. We have already encountered -this sensation in exhibition dreams, but have as yet made no -serious attempt to interpret it. It is convenient, but inadequate, -to answer that there is motor paralysis in sleep, which -manifests itself by means of the sensation alluded to. We -may ask: “Why is it, then, that we do not dream continually -of these impeded motions?” And we are justified in supposing -that this sensation, constantly appearing in sleep, serves -some purpose or other in representation, and is brought about -by a need occurring in the dream material for this sort of -representation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Failure to accomplish does not always appear in the dream -as a sensation, but also simply as a part of the dream content. -I believe that a case of this sort is particularly well suited to -enlighten us about the significance of this characteristic of -the dream. I shall give an abridged report of a dream in -which I seem to be accused of dishonesty. <em>The scene is a -mixture, consisting of a private sanatorium and several other -buildings. A lackey appears to call me to an examination. I -know in the dream that something has been missed, and that the -examination is taking place because I am suspected of having -appropriated the lost article. Analysis shows that examination -is to be taken in two senses, and also means medical examination. -Being conscious of my innocence, and of the fact that I have been -called in for consultation, I calmly follow the lackey. We are -received at the door by another lackey, who says, pointing to me, -“Is that the person whom you have brought? Why, he is a -respectable man.” Thereupon, without any lackey, I enter a -great hall in which machines are standing, and which reminds me -<span class='pageno' id='Page_312'>312</span>of an Inferno with its hellish modes of punishment. I see a -colleague strapped on to one apparatus who has every reason to -be concerned about me; but he takes no notice of me. Then I -am given to understand that I may now go. Then I cannot find -my hat, and cannot go after all.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>The wish which the dream fulfils is obviously that I may -be acknowledged to be an honest man, and may go; all kinds -of subject-matter containing a contradiction of this idea must -therefore be present in the dream-thoughts. The fact that I -may go is the sign of my absolution; if, then, the dream -furnishes at its close an event which prevents me from going, -we may readily conclude that the suppressed subject-matter -of the contradiction asserts itself in this feature. The circumstance -that I cannot find my hat therefore means: “You -are not an honest man after all.” Failure to accomplish in -the dream is the expression of a contradiction, a “No”; -and therefore the earlier assertion, to the effect that the -dream is not capable of expressing a negation, must be revised -accordingly.<a id='rDY' /><a href='#fDY' class='c008'><sup>[DY]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>In other dreams which involve failure to accomplish a -thing not only as a situation but also as a sensation, the same -contradiction is more emphatically expressed in the form of -a volition, to which a counter volition opposes itself. Thus -the sensation of impeded motion represents a <em>conflict of will</em>. -We shall hear later that this very motor paralysis belongs -to the fundamental conditions of the psychic process in dreaming. -Now the impulse which is transferred to motor channels -is nothing else than the will, and the fact that we are sure to -find this impulse impeded in the dream makes the whole process -extraordinarily well suited to represent volition and the “No” -which opposes itself thereto. From my explanation of anxiety, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_313'>313</span>it is easy to understand why the sensation of thwarted will -is so closely allied to anxiety, and why it is so often connected -with it in the dream. Anxiety is a libidinous impulse which -emanates from the unconscious, and is inhibited by the foreconscious. -Therefore, when a sensation of inhibition in the -dream is accompanied by anxiety, there must also be present -a volition which has at one time been capable of arousing -a <em>libido</em>; there must be a sexual impulse.</p> - -<p class='c006'>What significance and what psychic force is to be ascribed -to such manifestations of judgment as “For that is only a -dream,” which frequently comes to the surface in dreams, I -shall discuss in another place (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide infra</span></i>, p. 390). For the -present I shall merely say that they serve to depreciate the -value of the thing dreamed. An interesting problem allied to -this, namely, the meaning of the fact that sometimes a certain -content is designated in the dream itself as “dreamed”—the -riddle of the “dream within the dream”—has been -solved in a similar sense by W. Stekel<a href='#f114' class='c008'><sup>[114]</sup></a> through the analysis -of some convincing examples. The part of the dream -“dreamed” is again to be depreciated in value and robbed -of its reality; that which the dreamer continues to dream -after awakening from the dream within the dream, is what -the dream-wish desires to put in place of the extinguished -reality. It may therefore be assumed that the part -“dreamed” contains the representation of the reality and -the real reminiscence, while, on the other hand, the continued -dream contains the representation of what the dreamer -wished. The inclusion of a certain content in a “dream -within the dream” is therefore equivalent to the wish that -what has just been designated as a dream should not have -occurred. The dream-work utilises the dream itself as a form -of deflection.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>(<em>d</em>) <em>Regard for Presentability</em></h3> - -<p class='c015'>So far we have been attempting to ascertain how the dream -represents the relations among the dream-thoughts, but we -have several times extended our consideration to the further -question of what alterations the dream material undergoes -for the purposes of dream formation. We now know that -the dream material, after being stripped of the greater parts -<span class='pageno' id='Page_314'>314</span>of its relations, is subjected to compression, while at the same -time displacements of intensity among its elements force a -psychic revaluation of this material. The displacements -which we have considered were shown to be substitutions of -one idea for another, the substitute being in some way connected -with the original by associations, and the displacements -were put to the service of condensation by virtue of the fact -that in this manner a common mean between two elements -took the place of these two elements in the formation of the -dream. We have not yet mentioned any other kind of displacement. -But we learn from the analyses that another -exists, and that it manifests itself in a change of the verbal -expression employed for the thought in question. In both -cases we have displacement following a chain of associations, -but the same process takes place in different psychic spheres, -and the result of this displacement in the one case is that one -element is substituted for another, while in the other case -an element exchanges its verbal expression for another.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This second kind of displacement occurring in dream -formation not only possesses great theoretical interest, but is -also peculiarly well fitted to explain the semblance of phantastic -absurdity in which the dream disguises itself. Displacement -usually occurs in such a way that a colourless -and abstract expression in the dream-thought is exchanged -for one that is visual and concrete. The advantage, and -consequently the purpose, of this substitution is obvious. -Whatever is visual is <em>capable of representation</em> in the dream, -and can be wrought into situations where the abstract expression -would confront dream representation with difficulties -similar to those which would arise if a political editorial -were to be represented in an illustrated journal. But not -only the possibility of representation, but also the interests -of condensation and of the censor, can be furthered by this -change. If the abstractly expressed and unwieldy dream-thought -is recast into figurative language, this new expression -and the rest of the dream material are more easily furnished -with those identities and cross references, which are essential -to the dream activity and which it creates whenever they are -not at hand, for the reason that in every language concrete -terms, owing to their evolution, are more abundant in associations -<span class='pageno' id='Page_315'>315</span>than conceptual ones. It may be imagined that in dream -formation a good part of the intermediary activity, which tries -to reduce the separate dream-thoughts to the tersest and -simplest possible expression in the dream, takes place in the -manner above described—that is to say, in providing suitable -paraphrase for the individual thoughts. One thought whose -expression has already been determined on other grounds -will thus exert a separating and selective influence upon the -means available for expressing the other, and perhaps it will -do this constantly throughout, somewhat after the manner of -the poet. If a poem in rhyme is to be composed, the second -rhyming line is bound by two conditions; it must express -the proper meaning, and it must express it in such a way as -to secure the rhyme. The best poems are probably those -in which the poet’s effort to find a rhyme is unconscious, and -in which both thoughts have from the beginning exercised a -mutual influence in the selection of their verbal expressions, -which can then be made to rhyme by a means of slight -remodification.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In some cases change of expression serves the purposes -of dream condensation more directly, in making possible the -invention of a verbal construction which is ambiguous and -therefore suited to the expression of more than one dream-thought. -The whole range of word-play is thus put at the -service of the dream activity. The part played by words -in the formation of dreams ought not to surprise us. A -word being a point of junction for a number of conceptions, -it possesses, so to speak, a predestined ambiguity, and neuroses -(obsessions, phobias) take advantage of the conveniences -which words offer for the purposes of condensation and disguise -quite as readily as the dream.<a id='rDZ' /><a href='#fDZ' class='c008'><sup>[DZ]</sup></a> That dream conception -also profits by this displacement of expression is easily demonstrated. -It is naturally confusing if an ambiguous word -is put in the place of two ambiguous ones; and the employment -of a figurative expression instead of the sober everyday -one thwarts our understanding, especially since the dream never -tells us whether the elements which it shows are to be interpreted -literally or figuratively, or whether they refer to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_316'>316</span>dream material directly or only through the agency of interpolated -forms of speech.<a id='rEA' /><a href='#fEA' class='c008'><sup>[EA]</sup></a> Several examples of representations -in the dream which are held together only by ambiguity have -already been cited (“her mouth opens without difficulty,” -in the dream of Irma’s injection; “I cannot go yet,” in the -last dream reported, p. 312), &c. I shall now cite a dream -in the analysis of which the figurative expression of abstract -thought plays a greater part. The difference between such -dream interpretation and interpretation by symbolism may -again be sharply distinguished; in the symbolic interpretation -of dreams the key to the symbolism is arbitrarily chosen -by the interpreter, while in our own cases of verbal disguise all -these keys are universally known and are taken from established -customs of speech. If the correct notion occurs at the -right opportunity, it is possible to solve dreams of this sort -completely or in part, independently of any statements made -by the dreamer.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A lady, a friend of mine, dreams: <em>She is in the opera-house. -It is a Wagnerian performance which has lasted till -7.45 in the morning. In the parquette and parterre there are -tables, around which people dine and drink. Her cousin and his -young wife, who have just returned from their honeymoon, sit -next to her at one of these tables, and next to them sits one of the -aristocracy. Concerning the latter the idea is that the young wife -has brought him back with her from the wedding journey. It -is quite above board, just as if she were bringing back a hat from -her trip. In the midst of the parquette there is a high tower, on -the top of which is a platform surrounded by an iron grating. -There, high up, stands the conductor with the features of Hans -Richter; he is continually running around behind the grating, -perspiring awfully, and from this position conducting the orchestra, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_317'>317</span>which is arranged around the base of the tower. She herself sits -in a box with a lady friend (known to me). Her youngest sister -tries to hand her from the parquette a big piece of coal with the -idea that she did not know that it would last so long and that she -must by this time be terribly cold. (It was a little as if the boxes -had to be heated during the long performance.)</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>The dream is senseless enough, though the situation is well -developed too—the tower in the midst of the parquette from -which the conductor leads the orchestra; but, above all, -the coal which her sister hands her! I purposely asked for -no analysis of this dream. With the knowledge I have of the -personal relations of the dreamer, I was able to interpret parts -of it independently. I knew that she had entertained warm -feelings for a musician whose career had been prematurely -blasted by insanity. I therefore decided to take the tower -in the parquette verbally. It was apparent, then, that the -man whom she wished to see in the place of Hans Richter -<em>towered</em> above all the other members of the orchestra. This -tower must, therefore, be designated as a composite picture -formed by an apposition; with its pedestal it represents the -greatness of the man, but with its gratings on top, behind which -he runs around like a prisoner or an animal in a cage (an -allusion to the name of the unfortunate man), it represents -his later fate. “Lunatic-tower” is perhaps the word in -which both thoughts might have met.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Now that we have discovered the dream’s method of representation, -we may try with the same key to open the second -apparent absurdity,—that of the coal which her sister hands -her. “Coal” must mean “secret love.”</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“No <em>coal</em>, no <em>fire</em> so hotly glows</div> - <div class='line'>As the <em>secret love</em> which no one knows.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>She and her friend remain seated while her younger sister, -who still has opportunities to marry, hands her up the coal -“because she did not know it would last so long.” What -would last so long is not told in the dream. In relating it we -would supply “the performance”; but in the dream we -must take the sentence as it is, declare it ambiguous, and add -“until she marries.” The interpretation “secret love” is -then confirmed by the mention of the cousin who sits with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_318'>318</span>his wife in the parquette, and by the open love-affair attributed -to the latter. The contrasts between secret and open -love, between her fire and the coldness of the young wife, -dominate the dream. Moreover, here again there is a person -“in high position” as a middle term between the aristocrat -and the musician entitled to high hopes.</p> - -<p class='c006'>By means of the above discussion we have at last brought -to light a third factor, whose part in the transformation of -the dream thoughts into the dream content is not to be considered -trivial; <em>it is the regard for presentability</em> (<i>German: -<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Darstellbarkeit</span></i>) <em>in the peculiar psychic material which the dream -makes use of</em>,—that is fitness for representation, for the most -part by means of visual images. Among the various subordinate -ideas associated with the essential dream thoughts, -that one will be preferred which permits of a visual representation, -and the dream-activity does not hesitate promptly -to recast the inflexible thought into another verbal form, -even if it is the more unusual one, as long as this form makes -dramatisation possible, and thus puts an end to the psychological -distress caused by cramped thinking. This pouring -of the thought content into another mould may at the same -time be put at the service of the condensation work, and may -establish relations with another thought which would otherwise -not be present. This other thought itself may perhaps -have previously changed its original expression for the purpose -of meeting these relations half-way.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In view of the part played by puns, quotations, songs, -and proverbs in the intellectual life of educated persons, it -would be entirely in accordance with our expectation to find -disguises of this sort used with extraordinary frequency. -For a few kinds of material a universally applicable dream -symbolism has been established on a basis of generally known -allusions and equivalents. A good part of this symbolism, -moreover, is possessed by the dream in common with the -psychoneuroses, and with legends and popular customs.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Indeed, if we look more closely, we must recognise that -in employing this method of substitution the dream is generally -doing nothing original. For the attainment of its purpose, -which in this case is the possibility of dramatisation without -interference from the censor, it simply follows the paths -<span class='pageno' id='Page_319'>319</span>which it finds already marked out in unconscious thought, -and gives preference to those transformations of the suppressed -material which may become conscious also in the form of wit -and allusion, and with which all the fancies of neurotics are -filled. Here all at once we come to understand Scherner’s -method of dream interpretation, the essential truth of which -I have defended elsewhere. The occupation of one’s fancy -with one’s own body is by no means peculiar to, or characteristic -of the dream alone. My analyses have shown me that this -is a regular occurrence in the unconscious thought of neurotics, -and goes back to sexual curiosity, the object of which for -the adolescent youth or maiden is found in the genitals of the -opposite sex, or even of the same sex. But, as Scherner and -Volkelt very appropriately declare, the house is not the only -group of ideas which is used for the symbolisation of the -body—either in the dream or in the unconscious fancies of -the neurosis. I know some patients, to be sure, who have -steadily adhered to an architectural symbolism for the body -and the genitals (sexual interest certainly extends far beyond -the region of the external genital organs), to whom posts and -pillars signify legs (as in the “Song of Songs”), to whom -every gate suggests a bodily opening (“hole”), and every -water-main a urinary apparatus, and the like. But the group -of associations belonging to plant life and to the kitchen is just -as eagerly chosen to conceal sexual images; in the first case -the usage of speech, the result of phantastic comparisons -dating from the most ancient times, has made abundant preparation -(the “vineyard” of the Lord, the “seeds,” the -“garden” of the girl in the “Song of Songs”). The ugliest -as well as the most intimate details of sexual life may be -dreamed about in apparently harmless allusions to culinary -operations, and the symptoms of hysteria become practically -unintelligible if we forget that sexual symbolism can conceal -itself behind the most commonplace and most inconspicuous -matters, as its best hiding-place. The fact that some neurotic -children cannot look at blood and raw meat, that they vomit -at the sight of eggs and noodles, and that the dread of snakes, -which is natural to mankind, is monstrously exaggerated -in neurotics, all of this has a definite sexual meaning. Wherever -the neurosis employs a disguise of this sort, it treads the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_320'>320</span>paths once trodden by the whole of humanity in the early -ages of civilisation—paths of whose existence customs of -speech, superstitions, and morals still give testimony to -this day.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I here insert the promised flower dream of a lady patient, -in which I have italicised everything which is to be sexually -interpreted. This beautiful dream seemed to lose its entire -charm for the dreamer after it had been interpreted.</p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>a</em>) Preliminary dream: <em>She goes to the two maids in the -kitchen and scolds them for taking so long to prepare “a little -bite of food.” She also sees a great many coarse dishes standing -in the kitchen inverted so that the water may drip off them, -and heaped up in a pile.</em> Later addition: <em>The two maids go -to fetch water, and must, as it were, step into a river which reaches -up into the house or into the yard.</em><a id='rEB' /><a href='#fEB' class='c008'><sup>[EB]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>b</em>) Main dream<a id='rEC' /><a href='#fEC' class='c008'><sup>[EC]</sup></a>: <em>She is descending from a high place<a id='rED' /><a href='#fED' class='c008'><sup>[ED]</sup></a> -over balustrades that are curiously fashioned or fences which are -united into big squares and consist of a conglomeration of little -squares.<a id='rEE' /><a href='#fEE' class='c008'><sup>[EE]</sup></a> It is really not intended for climbing upon; she is -worried about finding a place for her foot, and she is glad her -dress doesn’t get caught anywhere, and that she remains so respectable -while she is going.<a id='rEF' /><a href='#fEF' class='c008'><sup>[EF]</sup></a> She is also carrying a large bough -in her hand,<a id='rEG' /><a href='#fEG' class='c008'><sup>[EG]</sup></a> really a bough of a tree, which is thickly studded -with red blossoms; it has many branches, and spreads out.<a id='rEH' /><a href='#fEH' class='c008'><sup>[EH]</sup></a> -With this is connected the idea of cherry blossoms, but they look -like full-bloom camelias, which of course do not grow on trees. -While she is descending, she first has one, then suddenly two, -and later again only one.<a id='rEI' /><a href='#fEI' class='c008'><sup>[EI]</sup></a> When she arrives at the bottom of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_321'>321</span>the lower blossoms they have already fallen off to a considerable -extent. Now that she is at the bottom, she sees a porter who is -combing—as she would like to express it—just such a tree—that is, -who is plucking thick bunches of hair from it, which hang from -it like moss. Other workmen have chopped off such boughs in -a garden, and have thrown them upon the street, where they lie -about, so that many people take some of them. But she asks -whether that is right, whether anybody may take one.<a id='rEJ' /><a href='#fEJ' class='c008'><sup>[EJ]</sup></a> In the -garden there stands a young man</em> (having a personality with -which she is acquainted, not a member of her family) <em>up to -whom she goes in order to ask him how it is possible to transplant -such boughs into her own garden.<a id='rEK' /><a href='#fEK' class='c008'><sup>[EK]</sup></a> He embraces her, whereat -she resists and asks him what he means, whether it is permissible -to embrace her in such a manner. He says that there is no -wrong in it, that it is permitted.<a id='rEL' /><a href='#fEL' class='c008'><sup>[EL]</sup></a> He then declares himself -willing to go with her into the other garden, in order to show her -the transplanting, and he says something to her which she does -not correctly understand: “Besides this three metres</em>—(later on -she says: square metres) <em>or three fathoms of ground are lacking.” -It seems as though the man were trying to ask her something in -return for his affability, as though he had the intention of indemnifying -himself in her garden, as though he wanted to evade some -law or other, to derive some advantage from it without causing -her an injury. She does not know whether or not he really -shows her anything.</em><a id='rEM' /><a href='#fEM' class='c008'><sup>[EM]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>I must mention still another series of associations which -often serves the purpose of concealing sexual meaning both in -dreams and in the neurosis,—I refer to the change of residence -series. To change one’s residence is readily replaced by “to -remove,” an ambiguous expression which may have reference to -clothing. If the dream also contains a “lift” (elevator), one -may think of the verb “to lift,” hence of lifting up the clothing.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_322'>322</span>I have naturally an abundance of such material, but a -report of it would carry us too far into the discussion of -neurotic conditions. Everything leads to the same conclusion, -that no special symbolising activity of the mind in the -formation of dreams need be assumed; that, on the contrary, -the dream makes use of such symbolisations as are to be -found ready-made in unconscious thought, because these better -satisfy the requirements of dream formation, on account of -their dramatic fitness, and particularly on account of their -exemption from the censor.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>(<em>e</em>) <em>Examples—Arithmetic Speeches in the Dream</em></h3> - -<p class='c015'>Before I proceed to assign to its proper place the fourth -of the factors which control the formation of the dream, I -shall cite several examples from my collection of dreams for -the purpose partly of illustrating the co-operation of the three -factors with which we are acquainted, and partly of supplying -proof for assertions which have been made without demonstration -or of drawing irrefutable inferences from them. -For it has been very difficult for me in the foregoing account -of the dream activity to demonstrate my conclusions by means -of examples. Examples for the individual thesis are convincing -only when considered in connection with a dream -interpretation; when they are torn from their context they -lose their significance, and, furthermore, a dream interpretation, -though not at all profound, soon becomes so extensive -that it obscures the thread of the discussion which it is intended -to illustrate. This technical motive may excuse me for now -mixing together all sorts of things which have nothing in -common but their relation to the text of the foregoing chapter.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We shall first consider a few examples of very peculiar -or unusual methods of representation in the dream. The dream -of a lady is as follows: <em>A servant girl is standing on a ladder -as though to clean the windows, and has with her a chimpanzee -and a gorilla cat</em> (later corrected—angora cat). <em>She throws -the animals at the dreamer; the chimpanzee cuddles up to her, -and this is disgusting to her.</em> This dream has accomplished -its purpose by the simplest possible means, namely by taking -<span class='pageno' id='Page_323'>323</span>a mere mode of speech literally and representing it according -to the meaning of its words. “Ape,” like the names of animals -in general, is an epithet of opprobrium, and the situation -of the dream means nothing but “<em>to hurl invectives</em>.” This -same collection will soon furnish us with further examples -of the use of this simple artifice.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Another dream proceeds in a very similar manner: <em>A -woman with a child that has a conspicuously deformed cranium; -the dreamer has heard that the child got into this condition owing -to its position in its mother’s womb. The doctor says that the -cranium might be given a better shape by means of compression, -but that would harm the brain. She thinks that because it is a -boy it won’t suffer so much from deformity.</em> This dream contains -a plastic representation of the concept: “<em>Childish impressions</em>,” -which the dreamer has heard of in the course of -explanations concerning the treatment.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the following example, the dream activity enters upon -a different path. The dream contains a recollection of an -excursion to the Hilmteich, near Graz: <em>There is a terrible -storm outside; a miserable hotel—the water is dripping from the -walls, and the beds are damp.</em> (The latter part of the content -is less directly expressed than I give it.) The dream signifies -“<em>superfluous</em>.” The abstract idea occurring in the dream -thoughts is first made equivocal by a certain straining of -language; it has, perhaps, been replaced by “overflowing” -or by “fluid” and “super-fluid (-fluous)” and has then been -given representation by an accumulation of like impressions. -Water within, water without, water in the beds in the form -of dampness—everything fluid and “super” fluid. That, -for the purposes of the dream representation, the spelling is -much less regarded than the sound of words ought not surprise -us when we remember that rhyme exercises similar -privileges.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The fact that language has at its disposal a great number -of words which were originally intended in a picturesque and -concrete sense but are at present used in a faded abstract -sense has in other cases made it very easy for the dream to -represent its thoughts. The dream need only restore to these -words their full significance, or follow the evolution of their -meaning a little way back. For example, a man dreams that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_324'>324</span>his friend, who is struggling to get out of a very tight place, -calls upon him to help him. The analysis shows that the tight -place is a hole, and that the dream uses symbolically his very -words to his friend, “Be careful, or you’ll get yourself into a -hole.”<a id='rEN' /><a href='#fEN' class='c008'><sup>[EN]</sup></a> Another dreamer climbs upon a mountain from which -he sees a very extraordinary broad view. He identifies himself -with his brother who is editing a “review” which deals with -relations to the Farthest East.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It would be a separate undertaking to collect such methods -of representation and to arrange them according to the principles -upon which they are based. Some of the representations -are quite witty. They give the impression that they -would have never been divined if the dreamer himself had -not reported them.</p> - -<p class='c006'>1. A man dreams that he is asked for a name, which, -however, he cannot recall. He himself explains that this -means: <em>It does not occur to me in the dream.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>2. A female patient relates a dream in which all the persons -concerned were especially big. “That means,” she adds, -“that it must deal with an episode of my early childhood, -for at that time all grown up people naturally seemed to me -immensely big.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The transference into childhood is also expressed differently -in other dreams by translating time into space. One -sees the persons and scenes in question as if at a great distance, -at the end of a long road, or as if looked at through the wrong -end of the opera-glass.</p> - -<p class='c006'>3. A man, who in waking life shows an inclination to abstract -and indefinite expressions, but who is otherwise endowed -with wit enough, dreams in a certain connection that he is -at a railroad station while a train is coming in. But then the -station platform approaches the train, which stands still; -hence an absurd inversion of the real state of affairs. This -detail is again nothing but an index to remind one that something -else in the dream should be turned about. The analysis -of the same dream brings back the recollection of a picture-book -in which men are represented standing on their heads -and walking on their hands.</p> - -<p class='c006'>4. The same dreamer on another occasion relates a short -<span class='pageno' id='Page_325'>325</span>dream which almost recalls the technique of a rebus. His -uncle gives him a kiss in an automobile. He immediately -adds the interpretation, which I should never have found: -it means <em>Autoerotism</em>. This might have been made as a joke -in the waking state.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The dream work often succeeds in representing very -awkward material, such as proper names, by means of the -forced utilisation of very far-fetched references. In one of -my dreams the elder Bruecke <em>has given me a task. I compound -a preparation, and skim something from it which looks -like crumpled tinfoil.</em> (More of this later on.) The notion corresponding -to this, which was not easy to find, is “stanniol,” -and now I know that I have in mind the name of the author -Stannius, which was borne by a treatise on the nervous system -of fishes, which I regarded with awe in my youthful years. -The first scientific task which my teacher gave me was actually -concerned with the nervous system of a fish—the <em>Ammocœtes</em>. -Obviously the latter name could never have been used in a -picture puzzle.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I shall not omit here to insert a dream having a curious -content, which is also remarkable as a child’s dream, and which -is very easily explained by the analysis. A lady relates: “I -can remember that when I was a child I repeatedly dreamed, -that the <em>dear Lord had a pointed paper hat on his head</em>. They -used to make me wear such a hat at table very often, so that -I might not be able to look at the plates of the other children -and see how much they had received of a particular dish. -Since I have learned that God is omniscient, the dream signifies -that I know everything in spite of the hat which I am made -to wear.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Wherein the dream work consists, and how it manages its -material, the dream thoughts, can be shown in a very instructive -manner from the numbers and calculations which occur -in dreams. Moreover, numbers in dreams are regarded as of -especial significance by superstition. I shall therefore give -a few more examples of this kind from my own collection.</p> - -<p class='c006'>1. The following is taken from the dream of a lady shortly -before the close of her treatment:</p> - -<p class='c006'>She wants to pay for something or other; her daughter -takes 3 florins and 65 kreuzer from her pocket-book; but -<span class='pageno' id='Page_326'>326</span>the mother says: “What are you doing? It only costs -21 kreuzer.” This bit of dream was immediately intelligible -to me without further explanation from my knowledge of the -dreamer’s circumstances. The lady was a foreigner who -had provided for her daughter in an educational institution -in Vienna, and who could continue my treatment as long as -her daughter stayed in the city. In three weeks the daughter’s -school year was to end, and with that the treatment also -stopped. On the day before the dream the principal of the -institute had urged her to make up her mind to allow her child -to remain with her for another year. She had then obviously -worked out this suggestion to the conclusion that in this case -she would be able to continue the treatment for one year -more. Now, this is what the dream refers to, for a year is -equal to 365 days; the three weeks that remain before the close -of the school year and of the treatment are equivalent to 21 -days (though the hours of treatment are not as many as that). -The numerals, which in the dream thoughts referred to time, -are given money values in the dream, not without also giving -expression to a deeper meaning for “time is money.” 365 -kreuzer, to be sure, are <em>3 florins and 65 kreuzer</em>. The smallness -of the sums which appear in the dream is a self-evident -wish-fulfilment; the wish has reduced the cost of both the -treatment and the year’s instruction at the institution.</p> - -<p class='c006'>II. The numerals in another dream involve more complicated -relations. A young lady, who, however, has already -been married a number of years, learns that an acquaintance -of hers of about her own age, Elsie L., has just become engaged. -Thereupon she dreams: <em>She is sitting in the theatre -with her husband, and one side of the orchestra is quite unoccupied. -Her husband tells her that Elsie L. and her husband had also -wanted to go, but that they had been able to get nothing but poor -seats, three for 1 florin and 50 kreuzer, and of course they could -not take those. She thinks that they didn’t lose much either.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Where do the <em>1 florin and 50 kreuzer</em> come from? From -an occurrence of the previous day which is really indifferent. -The dreamer’s sister-in-law had received 150 florins as a -present from her husband, and had quickly got rid of them -by buying some jewelry. Let us note that 150 florins is 100 -times more than 1 florin and 50 kreuzer. Whence the 3 which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_327'>327</span>stands before the theatre seats? There is only one association -for this, namely, that the bride is that many months—three—younger -than herself. Information concerning the -significance of the feature that one side of the orchestra remains -empty leads to the solution of the dream. This feature -is an undisguised allusion to a little occurrence which has -given her husband good cause for teasing her. She had decided -to go to the theatre during the week, and had been careful -to get tickets a few days before, for which she had to pay the -pre-emption charge. When they got to the theatre they found -that one side of the house was almost empty; she certainly -did not need <em>to be in such a hurry</em>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I shall now substitute the dream thoughts for the dream: -“It surely was nonsense to marry so early; there was <em>no need -for my being in such a hurry</em>. From the case of Elsie L., I see -that I should have got a husband just the same—and one who -is a <em>hundred times</em> better (husband, sweetheart, treasure)—if -I had only <em>waited</em> (antithesis to the haste of her sister-in-law). -I could have bought <em>three</em> such men for the money -(the dowry!). Our attention is drawn to the fact that the -numerals in this dream have changed their meanings and -relations to a much greater extent than in the one previously -considered. The transforming and disfiguring activity of -the dream has in this case been greater, a fact which we interpret -as meaning that these dream thoughts had to overcome -a particularly great amount of inner psychic resistance -up to the point of their representation. We must also not -overlook the circumstance that the dream contains an absurd -element, namely, that <em>two</em> persons take <em>three</em> seats. We digress -to the interpretation of the absurdity of dreams when we -remark that this absurd detail of the dream content is intended -to represent the most strongly emphasized detail of the dream -thoughts: “It was <em>nonsense</em> to marry so early.” The figure -3 belonging to a quite subordinate relation of the two -compared persons (three months’ difference in age) has thus -been skilfully used to produce the nonsense demanded by the -dream. The reduction of the actual 150 florins to 1 florin and -50 kreuzer corresponds to her disdain of her husband in the -suppressed thoughts of the dreamer.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>III. Another example displays the arithmetical powers of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_328'>328</span>the dream, which have brought it into such disrepute. A -man dreams: <em>He is sitting at B——’s</em> (a family of his earlier -acquaintance) <em>and says, “It was nonsense for you not to give -me Amy in marriage.” Thereupon he asks the girl, “How -old are you?” Answer: “I was born in 1882.” “Ah, then -you are 28 years old.”</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Since the dream occurs in the year 1898, this is obviously -poor arithmetic, and the inability of the dreamer to calculate -may be compared to that of the paralytic, if there is no other -way of explaining it. My patient was one of those persons -who are always thinking about every woman they see. The -person who followed him in my office, regularly for several -months, was a young lady, whom he used to meet, about whom -he used to ask frequently, and to whom he was very anxious -to be polite. This was the lady whose age he estimated at -28 years. So much for explaining the result of the apparent -calculation. But 1882 was the year in which he had married. -He had been unable to refrain from engaging in conversation -with the two females whom he met at my house—two girls, -by no means youthful, who alternately opened the door for -him, and as he did not find them very responsive, he had given -himself the explanation that they probably considered him -an elderly “settled” gentleman.</p> - -<p class='c006'>IV. For another number dream with its interpretation,—a dream distinguished by its obvious determination, or rather -over-determination, I am indebted to B. Dattner:</p> - -<p class='c006'>My host, a policeman in the municipal service, dreamed -that he was standing at his post in the street, which was a -wish-realisation. The inspector then came over to him, -having on his gorget the numbers 22 and 62 or 26—at all events -there were many two’s on it. Division of the number 2262 -in the reproduction of the dream at once points to the fact -that the components have separate meanings. It occurs to -him that the day before, while on duty, they were discussing -the duration of their time of service. The occasion for this -was furnished by an inspector who had been pensioned at -62 years. The dreamer had only completed 22 years of -service, and still needed 2 years and 2 months to make him -eligible for a 90 per cent. pension. The dream first shows -him the fulfilment of a long wished for wish, the rank of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_329'>329</span>inspector. The superior with 2262 on his collar is himself; -he takes care to do his duty on the street, which is another -preferred wish; he has served his 2 years and 2 months, and -can now be retired from the service with full pension, like the -62–year-old inspector.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If we keep in mind these examples and similar ones (to -follow), we may say: Dream activity does not calculate at -all, whether correctly or incorrectly; it joins together in the -form of a calculation numerals which occur in the dream -thoughts, and which may serve as allusions to material which -is incapable of being represented. It thus utilises numerals -as material for the expression of its purposes in the same manner -as it does names and speeches known as word presentations.</p> - -<p class='c006'>For the dream activity cannot compose a new speech. -No matter how many speeches and answers may occur in -dreams, which may be sensible or absurd in themselves, -analysis always shows in such cases that the dream has only -taken from the dream thoughts fragments of speeches which -have been delivered or heard, and dealt with them in a most -arbitrary manner. It has not only torn them from their -context and mutilated them, taken up one piece and rejected -another, but it has also joined them together in a new way, -so that the speech which seems coherent in the dream falls -into three or four sections in the course of analysis. In this -new utilisation of the words, the dream has often put aside -the meaning which they had in the dream thoughts, and has -derived an entirely new meaning from them.<a id='rEO' /><a href='#fEO' class='c008'><sup>[EO]</sup></a> Upon closer -inspection the more distinct and compact constituents of -the dream speech may be distinguished from others which -serve as connectives and have probably been supplied, just -as we supply omitted letters and syllables in reading. The -dream speech thus has the structure of breccia stones, in which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_330'>330</span>larger pieces of different material are held together by a -solidified cohesive mass.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In a very strict sense this description is correct, to be sure, -only for those speeches in the dream which have something -of the sensational character of a speech, and which are described -as “speeches.” The others which have not, as it were, -been felt as though heard or spoken (which have no accompanying -acoustic or motor emphasis in the dream) are simply -thoughts such as occur in our waking thought activity, and -are transferred without change into many dreams. Our -reading, also, seems to furnish an abundant and not easily -traceable source of material for speeches, this material being -of an indifferent nature. Everything, however, which appears -conspicuously in the dream as a speech can be referred to real -speeches which have been made or heard by the dreamer himself.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have already found examples for the explanation of -such dream speeches in the analysis of dreams cited for other -purposes. Here is one example in place of many, all of which -lead to the same conclusion.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>A large courtyard in which corpses are cremated. The dreamer -says: “I’m going away from here, I can’t look at this.”</em> (Not -a distinct speech.) <em>Then he meets two butcher boys and asks: -“Well, did it taste good?” One of them answers: “No, it -wasn’t good.” As though it had been human flesh.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>The harmless occasion for this dream is as follows: After -taking supper with his wife, the dreamer pays a visit to his -worthy but by no means appetising neighbour. The hospitable -old lady is just at her evening meal, and <em>urges</em> him (instead -of this word a composite sexually-significant word is jocosely -used among men) to taste of it. He declines, saying that he -has no appetite. “<em>Go on</em>, you can stand some more,” or -something of the kind. The dreamer is thus forced to taste -and praise what is offered. “But that’s good!” After he -is alone again with his wife, he scolds about the neighbour’s -importunity and about the quality of the food he has tasted. -“I can’t stand the sight of it,” a phrase not appearing even -in the dream as an actual speech, is a thought which has reference -to the physical charms of the lady who invites him, and -which would be translated as meaning that he does not want -to look at her.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_331'>331</span>The analysis of another dream which I cite at this point -for the sake of the very distinct speech that forms its nucleus, -but which I shall explain only when we come to consider -emotions in the dream—will be more instructive. I dream -very distinctly: <em>I have gone to Bruecke’s laboratory at night, -and upon hearing a soft knocking at the door, I open it to -(the deceased) Professor Fleischl, who enters in the company of -several strangers, and after saying a few words sits down at his -table.</em> Then follows a second dream: <em>My friend Fl. has come -to Vienna in July without attracting much attention; I meet -him on the street while he is in conversation with my</em> (deceased) -<em>friend P., and I go somewhere or other with these two, and they sit -down opposite each other as though at a little table, while I sit at -the narrow end of the table facing them. Fl. tells about his sister -and says: “In three-quarters of an hour she was dead,” and then -something like: “That is the threshold.” As P. does not understand -him, Fl. turns to me, and asks me how much I have told -of his affairs. Whereupon, seized by strange emotions, I want -to tell Fl. that P.</em> (can’t possibly know anything because he) -<em>is not alive. But, noticing the mistake myself, I say: “Non -vixit.” Then I look at P. searchingly, and under my gaze he -becomes pale and blurred, his eyes a morbid blue—and at last he -dissolves. I rejoice greatly at this; I now understand that Ernest -Fleischl, too, was only an apparition, a revenant, and I find -that it is quite possible for such a person to exist only as long as -one wants him to, and that he can be made to disappear by the -wish of another person.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>This beautiful dream unites so many of the characteristics -of the dream content which are problematic—the -criticism made in the dream itself in that I myself notice my -mistake in having said “Non vixit” instead of “Non vivit”; -the unconstrained intercourse with dead persons, whom the -dream itself declares to be dead; the absurdity of the inference -and the intense satisfaction which the inference gives -me—that “by my life” I should like to give a complete -solution of these problems. But in reality I am incapable -of doing this—namely, the thing I do in the dream—of -sacrificing such dear persons to my ambition. With every -revelation of the true meaning of the dream, with which I -am well acquainted, I should have been put to shame. Hence -<span class='pageno' id='Page_332'>332</span>I am content with selecting a few of the elements of the dream, -for interpretation, some here, and others later on another -page.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The scene in which I annihilate P. by a glance forms the -centre of the dream. His eyes become strange and weirdly -blue, and then he dissolves. This scene is an unmistakable -copy of one really experienced. I was a demonstrator at -the physiological institute, and began my service in the early -hours, and <em>Bruecke</em> learned that I had been late several times -in getting to the school laboratory. So one morning he came -promptly for the opening of the class and waited for me. What -he said to me was brief and to the point; but the words did -not matter at all. What overwhelmed me was the terrible -blue eyes through which he looked at me and before which I -melted away—as P. does in the dream, for P. has changed -rôles with him much to my relief. Anyone who remembers the -eyes of the great master, which were wonderfully beautiful until -old age, and who has ever seen him in anger, can easily imagine -the emotions of the young transgressor on that occasion.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But for a long time I was unable to account for the “Non -Vixit,” with which I execute sentence in the dream, until I -remembered that these two words possessed such great distinctness -in the dream, not because they were heard or spoken, -but because they were <em>seen</em>. Then I knew at once where -they came from. On the pedestal of the statue of Emperor -Joseph in the Hofburg at Vienna, may be read the following -beautiful words:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Saluti patriae <em>vixit</em></span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>non</em> diu sed totus.</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c017'>I had culled from this inscription something which suited -the one inimical train of thought in the dream thoughts -and which now intended to mean: “That fellow has nothing -to say, he is not living at all.” And I now recalled that the -dream was dreamed a few days after the unveiling of the -memorial to <em>Fleischl</em> in the arcades of the university, upon -which occasion I had again seen <em>Bruecke’s</em> statue and must -have thought with regret (in the unconscious) how my highly -gifted friend P. with his great devotion to science had forfeited -his just claim to a statue in these halls by his premature -<span class='pageno' id='Page_333'>333</span>death. So I set up this memorial to him in the dream; the -first name of my friend P. is Joseph.<a id='rEP' /><a href='#fEP' class='c008'><sup>[EP]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>According to the rules of dream interpretation, I should -still not be justified in replacing <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">non vivit</span></i>, which I need, by -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">non vixit</span></i>, which is placed at my disposal by the recollection -of the Joseph monument. Something now calls my attention -to the fact that in the dream scene, two trains of thought -concerning my friend P. meet, one hostile, the other friendly—of -which the former is superficial, the latter veiled, and both -are given representation in the same words: <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">non vixit</span></i>. Because -my friend P. has deserved well of science, I erect a statue -to him; but because he has been guilty of an evil wish (which -is expressed at the end of the dream) I destroy him. I have -here constructed a sentence of peculiar resonance, and I must -have been influenced by some model. But where can I find -similar antithesis, such a parallel between two opposite attitudes -towards the same person, both claiming to be entirely -valid, and yet both trying not to encroach upon each other? -Such a parallel is to be found in a single place, where, however, -a deep impression is made upon the reader—in Brutus’ speech -of justification in Shakespeare’s <em>Julius Cæsar</em>: “As Cæsar -loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at -it; as he was valiant, I honour him; but, as he was ambitious, -I slew him.” Is not this which I have discovered, the same -sentence structure and thought contrast as in the dream -thought? I thus play Brutus in the dream. If I could only -find in the dream thoughts, one further trace of confirmation -for this astonishing collateral connection! I think the -following might be such: My friend comes to Vienna in -<em>July</em>. This detail finds no support whatever in reality. To -my knowledge my friend has never been in Vienna during the -month of <em>July</em>. But the month of <em>July</em> is named after <em>Julius -Cæsar</em>, and might therefore very well furnish the required -allusion to the intermediary thought that I am playing the -part of Brutus.<a id='rEQ' /><a href='#fEQ' class='c008'><sup>[EQ]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>Strangely enough I once actually played the part of Brutus. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_334'>334</span>I presented the scene between Brutus and Cæsar from Schiller’s -poems to an audience of children when I was a boy of fourteen -years. I did this with my nephew, who was a year older than -I, and who had come to us from England—also a <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">revenant</span></i>—for -in him I recognised the playmate of my first childish years. -Until the end of my third year we had been inseparable, had -loved each other and scuffled with each other, and, as I have -already intimated, this childish relation has constantly determined -my later feelings in my intercourse with persons of -my own age. My nephew John has since found many incarnations, -which have revivified first one aspect, then another, of -this character which is so ineradicably fixed in my unconscious -memory. Occasionally he must have treated me very badly -and I must have shown courage before my tyrant, for in later -years I have often been told of the short speech with which -I vindicated myself when my father—his grandfather—called -me to account: “I hit him because he hit me.” This -childish scene must be the one which causes <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">non vivit</span></i> to -branch off into <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">non vixit</span></i>, for in the language of later childhood -striking is called <em>wichsen</em> (German, <em>wichsen</em>—to smear with -shoe-polish, to tan, <em>i.e.</em>, to flog); the dream activity does not -hesitate to take advantage of such connections. My hostility -towards my friend P., which has so little foundation in reality—he -was far superior to me, and might therefore have been -a new edition of the playmate of my childhood—can certainly -be traced to my complicated relations with John during our -infancy. I shall, however, return to this dream later.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>(<em>f</em>) <em>Absurd Dreams—Intellectual Performances in the Dream</em></h3> - -<p class='c015'>In our interpretation of dreams thus far we have come -upon the element of <em>absurdity</em> in the dream-content so often -that we must no longer postpone an investigation of its cause -and significance. We remember, of course, that the absurdity -of dreams has furnished the opponents of dream investigation -with their chief argument for considering the dream nothing -but the meaningless product of a reduced and fragmentary -activity of the mind.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I begin with specimens in which the absurdity of the -dream-content is only apparent and immediately disappears -<span class='pageno' id='Page_335'>335</span>when the dream is more thoroughly examined. There are a -few dreams which—accidentally one is at first inclined -to think—are concerned with the dead father of the -dreamer.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I. Here is the dream of a patient who had lost his father -six years before:</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>A terrible accident has occurred to his father. He was riding -in the night train when a derailment took place, the seats came -together, and his head was crushed from side to side. The -dreamer sees him lying on the bed with a wound over his left -eyebrow, which runs off vertically. The dreamer is surprised -that his father has had a misfortune (since he is dead already, -as the dreamer adds in telling his dream). His father’s eyes are -so clear.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>According to the standards prevailing in dream criticism, -this dream-content would have to be explained in the following -manner: At first, when the dreamer is picturing his father’s -misfortune, he has forgotten that his father has already been -in his grave for years; in the further course of the dream -this memory comes to life, and causes him to be surprised -at his own dream even while he is still dreaming. Analysis, -however, teaches us that it is entirely useless to attempt -such explanations. The dreamer had given an artist an order -for a bust of his father, which he had inspected two days -before the dream. This is the thing which seems to him to -have met with an <em>accident</em>. The sculptor has never seen the -father, and is working from photographs which have been -given him. On the very day before the dream the pious son -had sent an old servant of the family to the studio in order -to see whether he would pass the same judgment upon the -marble head, namely, that it had turned out too <em>narrow from -side to side</em>, from temple to temple. Now follows the mass -of recollections which has contributed to the formation of -this dream. The dreamer’s father had a habit, whenever -he was harassed by business cares or family difficulties, of -pressing his temples with both hands, as though he were -trying to compress his head, which seemed to grow too large -for him. When our dreamer was four years old he was -present when the accidental discharge of a pistol blackened -his father’s eyes (<em>his eyes are so clear</em>). While alive his father -<span class='pageno' id='Page_336'>336</span>had had a deep wrinkle at the place where the dream shows -the injury, whenever he was thoughtful or sad. The fact that -in the dream this wrinkle is replaced by a wound points to -the second occasion of the dream. The dreamer had taken a -photograph of his little daughter; the plate had fallen from -his hand, and when picked up showed a crack that ran like a -vertical furrow across the forehead and reached as far as the -orbital curve. He could not then get the better of his superstitious -forebodings, for, on the day before his mother’s death, -a photographic plate with her likeness had cracked as he was -handling it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Thus the absurdity of the dream is only the result of an -inaccuracy of verbal expression, which does not take the -trouble to distinguish the bust and the photograph from the -original. We are all accustomed to say of a picture, “Don’t -you think father is good?” Of course the appearance of -absurdity in this dream might easily have been avoided. If -it were permissible to pass judgment after a single experience, -one might be tempted to say that this semblance of absurdity -is admitted or desired.</p> - -<p class='c006'>II. Here is another very similar example from my own -dreams (I lost my father in the year 1896):</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>After his death my father has been politically active among -the Magyars, and has united them into a political body</em>; to -accompany which I see a little indistinct picture: <em>a crowd of -people as in the Reichstag; a person who is standing on one or -two benches, others round about him. I remember that he looked -very like Garibaldi on his death-bed, and I am glad that this -promise has really come true.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>This is certainly absurd enough. It was dreamed at the -time that the Hungarians got into a lawless condition, through -Parliamentary obstruction, and passed through the crisis -from which Koloman Szell delivered them. The trivial circumstance -that the scene beheld in the dream consists of such -little pictures is not without significance for the explanation -of this element. The usual visual representation of our -thoughts results in pictures which impress us as being life-size; -my dream picture, however, is the reproduction of a -wood-cut inserted in the text of an illustrated history of -Austria, representing Maria Theresa in the Reichstag of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_337'>337</span>Pressburg—the famous scene of “Moriamur pro rege nostro.”<a id='rER' /><a href='#fER' class='c008'><sup>[ER]</sup></a> -Like Maria Theresa, my father, in the dream, stands surrounded -by the multitude; but he is standing on one or two -benches, and thus like a judge on the bench. (He has <em>united</em> -them—here the intermediary is the phrase, “We shall need -no <em>judge</em>.”) Those of us who stood around the death-bed -of my father actually noticed that he looked much like Garibaldi. -He had a <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">post-mortem</span></i> rise of temperature, his cheeks -shone redder and redder ... involuntarily we continue: -“And behind him lay in phantom radiance that which subdues -us all—the common thing.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>This elevation of our thoughts prepares us for having to -deal with this very “common thing.” The <em>post-mortem</em> -feature of the rise in temperature corresponds to the words, -“after his death” in the dream content. The most agonising -of his sufferings had been a complete paralysis of the -intestines (<em>obstruction</em>), which set in during the last weeks. -All sorts of disrespectful thoughts are connected with this. -A man of my own age who had lost his father while he was -still at the Gymnasium, upon which occasion I was profoundly -moved and tendered him my friendship, once told me, with -derision, about the distress of a lady relative whose father had -died on the street and had been brought home, where it turned -out upon undressing the corpse, that at the moment of death, -or <em>post-mortem</em>, an evacuation of the bowels had taken place. -The daughter of the dead man was profoundly unhappy at -having this ugly detail stain her memory of her father. We -have now penetrated to the wish that is embodied in this dream. -<em>To stand before one’s children pure and great after one’s death</em>, -who would not wish that? What has become of the absurdity -of the dream? The appearance of it has been caused -only by the fact that a perfectly permissible mode of speech—in -the case of which we are accustomed to ignore the absurdity -that happens to exist between its parts—has been -faithfully represented in the dream. Here, too, we are unable -<span class='pageno' id='Page_338'>338</span>to deny that the semblance of absurdity is one which is desired -and has been purposely brought about.<a id='rES' /><a href='#fES' class='c008'><sup>[ES]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>III. In the example which I now cite I can detect the -dream activity in the act of purposely manufacturing an -absurdity for which there is no occasion at all in the subject-matter. -It is taken from the dream that I had as a result of -meeting Count Thun before my vacation trip. “<em>I am riding -in a one-horse carriage, and give orders to drive to a railway -station. ‘Of course I cannot ride with you on the railway line -itself,’ I say, after the driver made an objection as though I had -tired him out; at the same time it seems as though I had already -driven with him for a distance which one usually rides on the -train.</em>” For this confused and senseless story the analysis -gives the following explanation: During the day I had hired -<span class='pageno' id='Page_339'>339</span>a one-horse carriage which was to take me to a remote street -in Dornbach. The driver, however, did not know the way, -and kept on driving in the manner of those good people until -I noticed the fact and showed him the way, not sparing him -a few mocking remarks withal. From this driver a train of -thought led to the aristocratic personage whom I was destined -to meet later. For the present I shall only remark -that what strikes us middle-class plebeians about the aristocracy -is that they like to put themselves in the driver’s seat. -Does not Count Thun guide the Austrian car of state? The -next sentence in the dream, however, refers to my brother, -whom I identify with the driver of the one-horse carriage. -I had this year refused to take the trip through Italy with -him (“of course I cannot ride with you on the railway line -itself”), and this refusal was a sort of punishment for his -wonted complaint that I usually tired him out on this trip -(which gets into the dream unchanged) by making him take -hurried trips and see too many nice things in one day. That -evening my brother had accompanied me to the railroad -station, but shortly before getting there had jumped out, -at the state railway division of the Western Station, in order -to take a train to Purkersdorf. I remarked to him that he -could stay with me a little longer, inasmuch as he did not go -to Purkersdorf by the state railway but by the Western Railway. -This is how it happens that in the dream I rode in the -wagon a distance <em>which one usually rides on the train</em>. In -reality, however, it was just the opposite; I told my brother: -The distance which you ride on the state railway you could -ride in my company on the Western Railway. The whole -confusion of the dream is therefore produced by my inserting -in the dream the word “wagon” instead of “state railway,” -which, to be sure, does good service in bringing together the -driver and my brother. I then find in the dream some -nonsense which seems hardly straightened out by my explanation, -and which almost forms a contradiction to my -earlier speech (“Of course I cannot ride with you on the railway -line itself”). But as I have no occasion whatever for -confounding the state railway with the one-horse carriage, I -must have intentionally formed the whole puzzling story in -the dream in this way.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_340'>340</span>But with what intention? We shall now learn what the -absurdity in the dream signifies, and the motives which admitted -it or created it. The solution of the mystery in the -case in question is as follows: In the dream I needed something -absurd and incomprehensible in connection with “riding” -(Fahren) because in the dream thoughts I had a certain judgment -which required representation. On an evening at the -house of the hospitable and clever lady who appears in another -scene of the same dream as the “hostess,” I heard two riddles -which I could not solve. As they were known to the other -members of the party, I presented a somewhat ludicrous -figure in my unsuccessful attempts to find a solution. They -were two equivoques turning on the words “Nachkommen” -(to come after—offspring) and “vorfahren” (to ride in -advance—forefathers, ancestry). They read as follows:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>The coachman does it</div> - <div class='line in2'>At the master’s behest;</div> - <div class='line'>Everyone has it,</div> - <div class='line in2'>In the grave does it rest.</div> - <div class='line in28'>(Ancestry.)</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>It was confusing to find half of the second riddle identical -with the first.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>The coachman does it</div> - <div class='line in2'>At the master’s behest;</div> - <div class='line'>Not everyone has it,</div> - <div class='line in2'>In the cradle does it rest.</div> - <div class='line in28'>(Offspring.)</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>As I had seen Count Thun ride in advance (vorfahren), so -high and mighty, and had merged into the Figaro-mood which -finds the merit of aristocratic gentlemen in the fact that they -have taken the trouble to be born (Nachkommen—to become -offspring), the two riddles became intermediary thoughts -for the dream-work. As aristocrats can be readily confounded -with coachmen, and as coachmen were in our country formerly -called brothers-in-law, the work of condensation could employ -my brother in the same representation. But the dream -thought at work in the background was as follows: <em>It is -nonsense to be proud of one’s ancestry. (Vorfahren.) I would -rather be myself an ancestor. (Vorfahr.)</em> For the sake of this -judgment, “it is nonsense,” we have the nonsense in the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_341'>341</span>dream. We can now also solve the last riddle in this obscure -passage of the dream, namely, that I have already driven -before (vorher gefahren, vorgefahren) with the coachman.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Thus the dream is made absurd if there occurs as one of -the elements in the dream thoughts the judgment “<em>That -is nonsense</em>,” and in general if disdain and criticism are the -motives for one of the trains of unconscious thought. Hence -absurdity becomes one of the means by which the dream -activity expresses contradiction, as it does by reversing a -relation in the material between the dream thoughts and -dream content, and by utilising sensations of motor impediment. -But absurdity in the dream is not simply to be -translated by “no”; it is rather intended to reproduce the -disposition of the dream thoughts, this being to show mockery -and ridicule along with the contradiction. It is only for this -purpose that the dream activity produces anything ridiculous. -Here again it transforms <em>a part of the latent content into -a manifest form</em>.<a id='rET' /><a href='#fET' class='c008'><sup>[ET]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>As a matter of fact we have already met with a convincing -example of the significance of an absurd dream. The -dream, interpreted without analysis, of the Wagnerian performance -lasting until 7.45 in the morning, in which the -orchestra is conducted from a tower, &c. (see p. <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>) is apparently -trying to say: It is a <em>crazy</em> world and an <em>insane</em> society. -He who deserves a thing doesn’t get it, and he who doesn’t -care for anything has it—and in this she means to compare -her fate with that of her cousin. The fact that dreams concerning -a dead father were the first to furnish us with examples -of absurdity in dreams is by no means an accident. The -conditions necessary for the creations of absurd dreams are -here grouped together in a typical manner. The authority -belonging to the father has at an early age aroused the criticism -of the child, and the strict demands he has made have -<span class='pageno' id='Page_342'>342</span>caused the child to pay particularly close attention to every -weakness of the father for its own extenuation; but the piety -with which the father’s personality is surrounded in our -thoughts, especially after his death, increases the censorship -which prevents the expressions of this criticism from becoming -conscious.</p> - -<p class='c006'>IV. The following is another absurd dream about a dead -father:</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>I receive a notice from the common council of my native city -concerning the costs of a confinement in the hospital in the year -1851, which was necessitated by an attack from which I suffered. -I make sport of the matter, for, in the first place, I was not yet alive -in the year 1851, and, in the second place, my father, to whom -the notice might refer, is already dead. I go to him in the adjoining -room, where he is lying on a bed, and tell him about it. -To my astonishment he recalls that in that year—1851—he was -once drunk and had to be locked up or confined. It was when he -was working for the house of T——. “Then you drank, too?” -I ask. “You married soon after?” I figure that I was born -in 1856, which appears to me as though immediately following.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>In view of the preceding discussion, we shall translate the -insistence with which this dream exhibits its absurdities as -the sure sign of a particularly embittered and passionate controversy -in the dream thoughts. With all the more astonishment, -however, we note that in this dream the controversy -is waged openly, and the father designated as the person -against whom the satire is directed. This openness seems to -contradict our assumption of a censor as operative in the -dream activity. We may say in explanation, however, that -here the father is only an interposed person, while the conflict -is carried on with another one, who makes his appearance in -the dream by means of a single allusion. While the dream -usually treats of revolt against other persons, behind which -the father is concealed, the reverse is true here; the father -serves as the man of straw to represent others, and hence -the dream dares thus openly to concern itself with a person -who is usually hallowed, because there is present the certain -knowledge that he is not in reality intended. We learn of -this condition of affairs by considering the occasion of the -dream. Now, it occurred after I had heard that an older -<span class='pageno' id='Page_343'>343</span>colleague, whose judgment is considered infallible, had expressed -disapproval and astonishment at the fact that one -of my patients was then continuing psychoanalytical work -with me for the fifth year. The introductory sentences of -the dream point with transparent disguise to the fact that -this colleague had for a time taken over the duties which my -father could no longer perform (<em>expenses, fees at the hospital</em>); -and when our friendly relations came to be broken I was -thrown into the same conflict of feelings which arises in the -case of misunderstanding between father and son in view of -the part played by the father and his earlier functions. The -dream thoughts now bitterly resent the reproach that I <em>am -not making better progress</em>, which extends itself from the treatment -of this patient to other things. Does this colleague -know anyone who can get on faster? Does he not know that -conditions of this sort are usually incurable and last for life? -What are four or five years in comparison to a whole life, -especially when life has been made so much easier for the -patient during the treatment?</p> - -<p class='c006'>The impression of absurdity in this dream is brought -about largely by the fact that sentences from different divisions -of the dream thoughts are strung together without any reconciling -transition. Thus the sentence, <em>I go to him in the -adjoining room, &c.</em>, leaves the subject dealt with in the -preceding sentences, and faithfully reproduces the circumstances -under which I told my father about my marriage -engagement. Thus the dream is trying to remind me of -the noble disinterestedness which the old man showed at that -time, and to put it in contrast with the conduct of another, -a new person. I now perceive that the dream is allowed to -make sport of my father for the reason that in the dream -thought he is held up as an example to another man, in full -recognition of his merit. It is in the nature of every censorship -that it permits the telling of untruth about forbidden -things rather than truth. The next sentence, in which my -father remembers having <em>once been drunk</em>, and having been -<em>locked up for it</em>, also contains nothing which is actually true -of my father. The person whom he covers is here a no less -important one than the great Meynert, in whose footsteps I -followed with such great veneration, and whose attitude -<span class='pageno' id='Page_344'>344</span>towards me was changed into undisguised hostility after a -short period of indulgence. The dream recalls to me his own -statement that in his youth he was addicted to the <em>chloroform</em> -habit, and that for this he had to enter a sanatorium. It -recalls also a second experience with him shortly before his -death. I carried on an embittered literary controversy with -him concerning hysteria in the male, the existence of which -he denied, and when I visited him in his last illness and asked -him how he felt, he dwelt upon the details of his condition -and concluded with the words: “You know, I have always -been one of the prettiest cases of masculine hysteria.” Thus, -to my satisfaction, and <em>to my astonishment</em>, he admitted what -he had so long and so stubbornly opposed. But the fact that -in this scene I can use my father to cover Meynert is based -not upon the analogy which has been found to exist between -the two persons, but upon the slight, but quite adequate, representation -of a conditional sentence occurring in the dream -thoughts, which in full would read as follows: “Of course -if I were of the second generation, the son of a professor or -of a court-councillor, I should have <em>progressed more rapidly</em>.” -In the dream I now make a court-councillor and a professor -of my father. The most obvious and most annoying absurdity -of the dream lies in the treatment of the date 1851, which seems -to me to be hardly distinguishable from 1856, as though <em>a -difference of five years would signify nothing whatever</em>. But -it is just this idea of the dream thoughts which requires -expression. <em>Four or five years</em>—that is the length of time -which I enjoyed the support of the colleague mentioned at -the outset; but it is also the time during which I kept my -bride waiting before I married her; and, through a coincidence -that is eagerly taken advantage of by the dream thoughts, -it is also the time during which I am now keeping one of my -best patients waiting for the completion of his cure. “<em>What -are five years?</em>” ask the dream thoughts. “<em>That is no time -at all for me—that doesn’t come into consideration.</em> I have time -enough ahead of me, and just as what you didn’t want to -believe came true at last, so I shall accomplish this also.” -Besides the number 51, when separated from the number of -the century, is determined in still another manner and in an -opposite sense; for which reason it occurs in the dream -<span class='pageno' id='Page_345'>345</span>again. Fifty-one is an age at which a man seems particularly -exposed to danger, at which I have seen many of my colleagues -suddenly die, and among them one who had been appointed -to a professorship a few days before, after he had been waiting -a long time.</p> - -<p class='c006'>V. Another absurd dream which plays with figures, runs -as follows:</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>One of my acquaintances, Mr. M., has been attacked in an -essay by no less a person than Goethe, with justifiable vehemence, -we all think. Mr. M. has, of course, been crushed by this attack. -He complains of it bitterly at a dinner party; but he says that -his veneration for Goethe has not suffered from this personal -experience. I try to find some explanation of the chronological -relations, which seem improbable to me. Goethe died in 1832; -since his attack upon M. must of course have taken place earlier, -Mr. M. was at the time a very young man. It seems plausible -to me that he was 18 years old. But I do not know exactly what -year it is at present, and so the whole calculation lapses into -obscurity. The attack, moreover, is contained in Goethe’s well-known -essay entitled “Nature.”</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>We shall soon find means to justify the nonsense of this -dream. Mr. M., with whom I became acquainted <em>at a dinner-party</em>, -had recently requested me to examine his brother, who -showed signs of <em>paralytic insanity</em>. The conjecture was right; -the painful thing about this visit was that the patient exposed -his brother by alluding to his youthful pranks when there was -no occasion in the conversation for his doing so. I had asked -the patient to tell me the year of his birth, and had got him -to make several small calculations in order to bring out the -weakness of his memory—all of which tests he passed fairly -well. I see now that I am acting like a paralytic in the dream -(<em>I do not know exactly what year it is at present</em>). Other subject-matter -in the dream is drawn from another recent source. -The editor of a medical journal, a friend of mine, had accepted -for his paper a very unfavourable, a “<em>crushing</em>,” criticism of -the last book of my friend Fl. of Berlin, the author of which -was a very <em>youthful</em> reviewer, who was not very competent to -pass judgment. I thought I had a right to interfere, and -called the editor to account; he keenly regretted the acceptance -of the criticism, but would not promise redress. Thereupon -<span class='pageno' id='Page_346'>346</span>I broke off relations with the journal, and in my letter -of resignation expressed the hope that <em>our personal relations -would not suffer from the incident</em>. The third source of this -dream is an account given by a female patient—it was fresh -in my memory at the time—of the mental disease of her brother -who had fallen into a frenzy, crying “Nature, Nature.” The -physicians in attendance thought that the cry was derived -from a reading of Goethe’s beautiful <em>essay</em>, and that it pointed -to overwork in the patient in the study of natural philosophy. -I thought rather of the sexual sense in which even less cultured -people with us use the word “Nature,” and the fact -that the unfortunate man later mutilated his genitals seemed -to show that I was not far wrong. Eighteen years was the -age of this patient at the time when the attack of frenzy -occurred.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If I add further that the book of my friend so severely -criticised (“It is a question whether the author is crazy or we -are” had been the opinion of another critic) treats of the -<em>temporal relations of life</em> and refers the duration of Goethe’s -life to the multiple of a number significant from the point of -view of biology, it will readily be admitted that I am putting -myself in the place of my friend in the dream. (<em>I try to find -some explanation of the chronological relations.</em>) But I behave -like a paralytic, and the dream revels in absurdity. This -means, then, as the dream thoughts say ironically. “Of course -he is the fool, the lunatic, and you are the man of genius -who knows better. Perhaps, however, it is the other way -around?” Now, this other way around is explicitly represented -in the dream, in that Goethe has attacked the young man, -which is absurd, while it is perfectly possible even to-day -for a young fellow to attack the immortal Goethe, and in that -I figure from the year of Goethe’s death, while I caused the -paralytic to calculate from the year of his birth.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But I have already promised to show that every dream -is the result of egotistical motives. Accordingly, I must -account for the fact that in this dream I make my friend’s -cause my own and put myself in his place. My rational -conviction in waking thought is not adequate to do this. -Now, the story of the eighteen-year-old patient and of the -various interpretations of his cry, “Nature,” alludes to my -<span class='pageno' id='Page_347'>347</span>having brought myself into opposition to most physicians -by claiming sexual etiology for the psychoneuroses. I may -say to myself: “The same kind of criticism your friend met -with you will meet with too, and have already met with to -some extent,” and now I may replace the “he” in the dream -thoughts by “we.” “Yes, you are right; we two are the fools.” -That <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mea res agitur</span></i>, is clearly shown by the mention of -the short, incomparably beautiful essay of Goethe, for it was -a public reading of this essay which induced me to study the -natural science while I was still undecided in the graduating -class of the Gymnasium.</p> - -<p class='c006'>VI. I am also bound to show of another dream in which -my ego does not occur that it is egotistic. On page 228 I -mentioned a short dream in which Professor M. says: “My -son, the myopic ...”; and I stated that this was only a -preliminary dream to another one, in which I play a part. -Here is the main dream, omitted above, which challenges us -to explain its absurd and unintelligible word-formation.</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>On account of some happenings or other in the city of Rome -it is necessary for the children to flee, and this they do. The scene -is then laid before a gate, a two-winged gate in antique style (the -Porta Romana in Siena, as I know while I am still dreaming). -I am sitting on the edge of a well, and am very sad; I almost weep. -A feminine person—nurse, nun—brings out the two boys and -hands them over to their father, who is not myself. The elder -of the two is distinctly my eldest son, and I do not see the face of -the other; the woman who brings the boy asks him for a parting -kiss. She is distinguished by a red nose. The boy denies her -the kiss, but says to her, extending his hand to her in parting, -“Auf Geseres,” and to both of us (or to one of us) “Auf -Ungeseres.” I have the idea, that the latter indicates an advantage.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>This dream is built upon a tangle of thoughts induced by -a play I saw at the theatre, called <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Das neue Ghetto</span></i> (“The -New Ghetto.”) The Jewish question, anxiety about the future -of my children who cannot be given a native country of their -own, anxiety about bringing them up so that they may have -the right of native citizens—all these features may easily be -recognised in the accompanying dream thoughts.</p> - -<p class='c006'>“We sat by the waters of Babylon and wept.” Siena, -like Rome, is famous for its beautiful fountains. In the dream -<span class='pageno' id='Page_348'>348</span>I must find a substitute of some kind for Rome (<em>cf.</em> p. 163) -in localities which are known to me. Near the Porta Romana -of Siena we saw a large, brightly illuminated building, which -we found to be the Manicomio, the insane asylum. Shortly -before the dream I had heard that a co-religionist had been -forced to resign a position at a state asylum which he had -secured with great effort.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Our interest is aroused by the speech: “<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Auf Geseres</span></i>”—where -we might expect, from the situation maintained throughout -the dream, “<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Auf Wiedersehen</span></i>” (<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Au revoir</span></i>)—and by its -quite meaningless opposite, “<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Auf Ungeseres</span></i>.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>According to information I have received from Hebrew -scholars, <em>Geseres</em> is a genuine Hebrew word derived from the -verb <em>goiser</em>, and may best be rendered by “ordained sufferings, -fated disaster.” From its use in the Jewish jargon one -might think it signified “wailing and lamentation.” <em>Ungeseres</em> -is a coinage of my own and first attracts my attention; -but for the present it baffles me. The little observation at -the end of the dream, that <em>Ungeseres</em> indicates an advantage -over <em>Geseres</em> opens the way to the associations -and to an explanation. The same relation holds good with -caviare; the unsalted kind<a id='rEU' /><a href='#fEU' class='c008'><sup>[EU]</sup></a> is more highly prized than the -salted. Caviare to the general, “noble passions”; herein -lies concealed a joking allusion to a member of my household, -of whom I hope—for she is younger than I—that she will -watch over the future of my children; this, too, agrees with -the fact that another member of my household, our worthy -nurse, is clearly indicated in the nurse (or nun) of the dream. -But a connecting link is wanting between the pair, <em>salted</em> and -<em>unsalted</em>, and <em>Geseres—ungeseres</em>. This is to be found in -<em>soured and unsoured</em>. In their flight or exodus out of Egypt, -the children of Israel did not have time to allow their bread -to be leavened, and in memory of the event to this day they -eat unsoured bread at Easter time. Here I can also find room -for the sudden notion which came to me in this part of the -analysis. I remembered how we promenaded about the city of -Breslau, which was strange to us, at the end of the Easter -<span class='pageno' id='Page_349'>349</span>holidays, my friend from Berlin and I. A little girl asked me -to tell her the way to a certain street; I had to tell her I did -not know it, whereupon I remarked to my friend, “I hope -that later on in life the little one will show more perspicacity -in selecting the persons by whom she allows herself to be -guided.” Shortly afterwards a sign caught my eye: “Dr. -<em>Herod</em>, office hours....” I said to myself: “I hope -this colleague does not happen to be a children’s specialist.” -Meanwhile my friend had been developing his views on -the biological significance of <em>bilateral</em> symmetry, and had -begun a sentence as follows: “If we had but one eye -in the middle of our foreheads like <em>Cyclops</em>....” This -leads us to the speech of the professor in the preliminary dream: -“My son, the <em>myopic</em>.” And now I have been led to the -chief source for <em>Geseres</em>. Many years ago, when this son of -Professor M., who is to-day an independent thinker, was -still sitting on his school-bench, he contracted a disease of -the eye, which the doctor declared gave cause for anxiety. -He was of the opinion that as long as it remained in one eye -it would not matter; if, however, it should extend to the -other eye, it would be serious. The disease healed in the -one eye without leaving any bad effects; shortly afterwards, -however, its symptoms actually appeared in the other eye. -The terrified mother of the boy immediately summoned the -physician to the seclusion of her country resort. But he -took <em>another view</em> of the matter. “<em>What sort of ‘Geseres’ is -this you are making?</em>” he said to his mother with impatience. -“If one side got well, the other side will get well too.” And -so it turned out.</p> - -<p class='c006'>And now as to the connection between this and myself -and those dear to me. The school-bench upon which the son -of Professor M. learned his first lessons has become the property -of my eldest son—it was given to his mother-into whose -lips I put the words of parting in the dream. One of the -wishes that can be attached to this transference may now -easily be guessed. This school-bench is intended by its construction -to guard the child from becoming shortsighted and -one-sided. Hence, myopia (and behind the Cyclops) and the -discussion about <em>bilateralism</em>. The concern about one-sidedness -is of two-fold signification; along with the bodily -<span class='pageno' id='Page_350'>350</span>one-sidedness, that of intellectual development may be referred -to. Does it not seem as though the scene in the -dream, with all its madness, were putting its negative on just -this anxiety? After the child has said his word of parting -<em>on the one side</em>, he calls out its opposite on the <em>other side</em>, as -though in order to establish an equilibrium. <em>He is acting, as -it were, in obedience to bilateral symmetry!</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Thus the dream frequently has the profoundest meaning -in places where it seems most absurd. In all ages those who -had something to say and were unable to say it without danger -to themselves gladly put on the cap and bells. The listener -for whom the forbidden saying was intended was more likely -to tolerate it if he was able to laugh at it, and to flatter himself -with the comment that what he disliked was obviously -something absurd. The dream proceeds in reality just as -the prince does in the play who must counterfeit the fool, -and hence the same thing may be said of the dream which -Hamlet says of himself, substituting an unintelligible witticism -for the real conditions: “I am but mad north-north-west; -when the wind is southerly I know a hawk from a handsaw.”<a id='rEV' /><a href='#fEV' class='c008'><sup>[EV]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>Thus my solution of the problem of the absurdity of dreams -is that the dream thoughts are never absurd—at least not -those belonging to the dreams of sane persons—and that the -dream activity produces absurd dreams and dreams with -individual absurd elements if criticism, ridicule, and derision -in the dream thoughts are to be represented by it in its -manner of expression. My next concern is to show that the -dream activity is primarily brought about by the co-operation -of the three factors which have been mentioned—and of a -fourth one which remains to be cited—that it accomplishes -nothing short of a transposition of the dream thoughts, observing -the three conditions which are prescribed for it, and -that the question whether the mind operates in the dream -with all its faculties, or only with a portion of them, is deprived -<span class='pageno' id='Page_351'>351</span>of its cogency and is inapplicable to the actual circumstances. -But since there are plenty of dreams in which judgments -are passed, criticisms made, and facts recognised, in which -astonishment at some single element of the dream appears, and -arguments and explanations are attempted, I must meet the -objections which may be inferred from these occurrences by -the citation of selected examples.</p> - -<p class='c006'>My answer is as follows: <em>Everything in the dream which -occurs as an apparent exercise of the critical faculty is to be -regarded, not as an intellectual accomplishment of the dream -activity, but as belonging to the material of the dream thoughts, -and it has found its way from them as a finished structure to -the manifest dream content</em>. I may go even further than this. -Even the judgments which are passed upon the dream as -it is remembered after awakening and the feelings which -are aroused by the reproduction of the dream, belong in good -part to the latent dream content, and must be fitted into their -place in the interpretation of the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I. A striking example of this I have already given. A -female patient does not wish to relate her dream because it -is too vague. She has seen a person in the dream, and does -not know whether it is her husband or her father. Then -follows a second dream fragment in which there occurs a -“manure-can,” which gives rise to the following reminiscence. -As a young housewife, she once jokingly declared in the -presence of a young relative who frequented the house that her -next care would be to procure a new manure-can. The next -morning one was sent to her, but it was filled with lilies of the -valley. This part of the dream served to represent the saying, -“Not grown on your own manure.”<a id='rEW' /><a href='#fEW' class='c008'><sup>[EW]</sup></a> When we complete -the analysis we find that in the dream thoughts it is a matter -of the after-effects of a story heard in youth, to the effect -that a girl had given birth to a child <em>concerning whom it was -not clear who was the real father</em>. The dream representation -here goes over into the waking thought, and allows one element -of the dream thoughts to be represented by a judgment -expressed in the waking state upon the whole dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_352'>352</span>II. A similar case: One of my patients has a dream -which seems interesting to him, for he says to himself immediately -after awakening: “<em>I must tell that to the doctor</em>.” The -dream is analysed, and shows the most distinct allusion to -an affair in which he had become involved during the treatment, -and of which he had decided “<em>to tell me nothing</em>.”<a id='rEX' /><a href='#fEX' class='c008'><sup>[EX]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>III. Here is a third example from my own experience:</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>I go to the hospital with P. through a region in which houses -and gardens occur. With this comes the idea that I have already -seen this region in dreams several times. I do not know my -way very well; P. shows me a way which leads through a corner -to a restaurant (a room, not a garden); here I ask for Mrs. -Doni, and I hear that she is living in the background in a little -room with three children. I go there, and while on the way I -meet an indistinct person with my two little girls, whom I take -with me after I have stood with them for a while. A kind of -reproach against my wife for having left them there.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Upon awakening I feel great <em>satisfaction</em>, the cause for -this being the fact that I am now going to learn from the -analysis what is meant by the idea “<em>I have already dreamed -of that</em>.”<a id='rEY' /><a href='#fEY' class='c008'><sup>[EY]</sup></a> But the analysis of the dream teaches me nothing -on the subject; it only shows me that the satisfaction belongs -to the latent dream content, and not to my judgment upon -the dream. It is <em>satisfaction over the fact that I have had -children by my marriage</em>. P. is a person in whose company -I walked the path of life for a certain space, but who has since -far outdistanced me socially and materially—whose marriage, -however, has remained childless. The two occasions for the -dream furnishing the proof of this may be found by means of -complete analysis. On the previous day I had read in the -paper the obituary notice of a certain Mrs. Dona A——y (out -of which I make Doni), who had died in childbirth; I was -told by my wife that the dead woman had been nursed by the -same midwife she herself had had at the birth of our two -<span class='pageno' id='Page_353'>353</span>youngest boys. The name Dona had caught my attention, -for I had recently found it for the first time in an English -novel. The other occasion for the dream may be found in -the date on which it was dreamed; it was on the night before -the birthday of my eldest boy, who, it seems, is poetically -gifted.</p> - -<p class='c006'>IV. The same satisfaction remained with me after awakening -from the absurd dream that my father, after his death, had -played a political part among the Magyars, and it is motivated -by a continuance of the feeling which accompanied the last -sentence of the dream: “<em>I remember that on his death-bed he -looked so much like Garibaldi, and I am glad that it has really -come true. (Here belongs a forgotten continuation.)</em>” I can now -supply from the analysis what belongs in this gap of the dream. -It is the mention of my second boy, to whom I have given the -first name of a great historical personage, who attracted me -powerfully during my boyhood, especially during my stay in -England. I had to wait for a year after making up my mind -to use this name in case the expected child should be a son, -and I greeted him with it <em>in high satisfaction</em> as soon as he was -born. It is easy to see how the father’s lust for greatness is -transferred in his thoughts to his children; it will readily be -believed that this is one of the ways in which the suppression -of this lust which becomes necessary in life is brought about. -The little fellow won a place in the text of this dream by virtue -of the fact that the same accident—quite pardonable in a -child or a dying person—of soiling his clothes had happened -to him. With this may be compared the allusion “<em>Stuhlrichter</em>” -(judge on the stool-bench, <em>i.e.</em> presiding judge) and -the wish of the dream: To stand before one’s children great -and pure.</p> - -<p class='c006'>V. I am now called upon to find expressions of judgment -which remain in the dream itself, and are not retained in or -transferred to our waking thoughts, and I shall consider it a -great relief if I may find examples in dreams, which have -already been cited for other purposes. The dream about -Goethe’s attacking Mr. M. seems to contain a considerable -number of acts of judgment. <em>I try to find some explanation of -the chronological relations, which seem improbable to me.</em> Does -not this look like a critical impulse directed against the nonsensical -<span class='pageno' id='Page_354'>354</span>idea that Goethe should have made a literary attack -upon a young man of my acquaintance? “<em>It seems plausible -to me</em> that he was 18 years old.” That sounds quite like -the result of a dull-witted calculation; and “<em>I do not know -exactly what year it is</em>” would be an example of uncertainty -or doubt in the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But I know from analysis that these acts of judgment, -which seem to have been performed in the dream for the first -time, admit of a different construction in the light of which -they become indispensable for interpreting the dream, and at -the same time every absurdity is avoided. With the sentence, -“<em>I try to find some explanation of the chronological relations</em>,” -I put myself in the place of my friend who is actually trying -to explain the chronological relations of life. The sentence -then loses its significance as a judgment that objects to the -nonsense of the previous sentences. The interposition, “<em>which -seems improbable to me</em>,” belongs to the subsequent “<em>it seems -plausible to me</em>.” In about the same words I had answered -the lady who told me the story of her brother’s illness: “<em>It -seems improbable to me</em> that the cry of ‘Nature, Nature,’ had -anything to do with Goethe; <em>it appears much more plausible</em> -that it had the sexual significance which is known to you.” -To be sure, a judgment has been passed here, not, however, -in the dream but in reality, on an occasion which is remembered -and utilised by the dream thoughts. The dream content -appropriates this judgment like any other fragment of the -dream thoughts.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The numeral 18, with which the judgment in the dream is -meaninglessly connected, still preserves a trace of the context -from which the real judgment was torn. Finally, “<em>I am not -certain what year it is</em>” is intended for nothing else than -to carry out my identification with the paralytic, in the -examination of whom this point of confirmation had actually -been established.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the solution of these apparent acts of judgment, in the -dream, it may be well to call attention to the rule of interpretation -which says that the coherence which is fabricated in -the dream between its constituent parts is to be disregarded -as specious and unessential, and that every dream element must -be taken by itself and traced to its source. The dream is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_355'>355</span>a conglomeration, which is to be broken up into its elements -for the purposes of investigation. But other circumstances -call our attention to the fact that a psychic force is expressed -in dreams which establishes this apparent coherence—that -is to say, which subjects the material that is obtained by the -dream activity to a <em>secondary elaboration</em>. We are here confronted -with manifestations of this force, upon which we shall -later fix our attention as being the fourth of the factors which -take part in the formation of the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>VI. I select other examples of critical activity in the dreams -which have already been cited. In the absurd dream about -the communication from the common council I ask the question: -“<em>You married shortly after? I figure that I was born in -1856, which appears to me as though following immediately</em>.” -This quite takes the form of an <em>inference</em>. My father married -shortly after his attack in the year 1851; I am the oldest son, -born in 1856; this agrees perfectly. We know that this inference -has been interpolated by the wish-fulfilment, and that -the sentence which dominates the dream thoughts is to the -following effect: <em>4 or 5 years, that is no time at all, that need not -enter the calculation</em>. But every part of this chain of inferences -is to be determined from the dream thoughts in a different -manner, both as to its content and as to its form. It is the -patient—about whose endurance my colleague complains—who -intends to marry immediately after the close of the -treatment. The manner in which I deal with my father in -the dream recalls an <em>inquest</em> or <em>examination</em>, and with that the -person of a university instructor who was in the habit of taking -a complete list of credentials at the enrolment of his class: -“You were born when?” In 1856. “Patre?” Then the -applicant gave the first name of his father with a Latin ending, -and we students assumed that the Aulic Councillor drew -<em>inferences</em> from the first name of the father which the name -of the enrolled student would not always have supplied. According -to this, the <em>drawing of inferences</em> in the dream would -be merely a repetition of the <em>drawing of inferences</em> which -appears as part of the subject-matter in the dream thoughts. -From this we learn something new. If an inference occurs -in the dream content, it invariably comes from the dream -thoughts; it may be contained in these as a bit of remembered -<span class='pageno' id='Page_356'>356</span>material, or it may serve as a logical connective in a series -of dream thoughts. In any case an inference in the dream -represents an inference in the dream thoughts.<a id='rEZ' /><a href='#fEZ' class='c008'><sup>[EZ]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>The analysis of this dream should be continued here. -With the inquest of the Professor there is connected the recollection -of an index (published in Latin during my time) -of the university students; also of my course of studies. -The <em>five years</em> provided for the study of medicine were as usual -not enough for me. I worked along unconcernedly in the -succeeding years; in the circle of my acquaintances I was -considered a loafer, and there was doubt as to whether I -would “get through.” Then all at once I decided to take -my examinations; and I got “through,” <em>in spite of the postponement</em>. -This is a new confirmation of the dream thoughts, -which I defiantly hold up to my critics: “Even though you -are unwilling to believe it, because I take my time, I shall -reach a conclusion (German <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Schluss</span></i>, meaning either end or -conclusion, <em>inference</em>). It has often happened that way.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>In its introductory portion this dream contains several -sentences which cannot well be denied the character of an -argumentation. And this argumentation is not at all absurd; -it might just as well belong to waking thought. <em>In the dream -I make sport of the communication of the Common Council, for -in the first place I was not yet in the world in 1851, and in the -second place, my father, to whom it might refer, is already dead.</em> -Both are not only correct in themselves, but coincide completely -with the arguments that I should use in case I should -receive a communication of the sort mentioned. We know -from our previous analysis that this dream has sprung from -deeply embittered and scornful dream thoughts; if we may -assume further that the motive for censorship is a very strong -one, we shall understand that the dream activity has every -reason to create <em>a flawless refutation of a baseless insinuation</em> -according to the model contained in the dream thoughts. -But analysis shows that in this case the dream activity has not -had the task of making a free copy, but it has been required -<span class='pageno' id='Page_357'>357</span>to use subject-matter from the dream thoughts for its purpose. -It is as if in an algebraic equation there occurred plus and minus -signs, signs of powers and of roots, besides the figures, and -as if someone, in copying this equation without understanding -it, should take over into his copy the signs of operation as -well as the figures, and fail to distinguish between the two -kinds. The two arguments may be traced to the following -material. It is painful for me to think that many of the -assumptions upon which I base my solution of psychoneuroses, -as soon as they have become known, will arouse scepticism -and ridicule. Thus I must maintain that impressions from -the second year of life, or even from the first, leave a lasting -trace upon the temperament of persons who later become -diseased, and that these impressions—greatly distorted it is -true, and exaggerated by memory—are capable of furnishing -the original and fundamental basis of hysterical symptoms. -Patients to whom I explain this in its proper place are in the -habit of making a parody upon the explanation by declaring -themselves willing to look for reminiscences of the period -<em>when they were not yet alive</em>. It would quite accord with -my expectation, if enlightenment on the subject of the unsuspected -part played by the father in the earliest sexual -impulses of feminine patients should get a similar reception. -(<em>Cf.</em> the discussion on p. 218.) And, nevertheless, both -positions are correct according to my well-founded conviction. -In confirmation I recall certain examples in which the death -of the father happened when the child was very young, and -later events, otherwise inexplicable, proved that the child -had unconsciously preserved recollections of the persons who -had so early gone out of its life. I know that both of my -assertions are based upon <em>inferences</em> the validity of which will -be attacked. If the subject-matter of these very inferences -which I fear will be contested is used by the dream activity -for setting up <em>incontestable inferences</em>, this is a performance of -the wish-fulfilment.</p> - -<p class='c006'>VII. In a dream which I have hitherto only touched -upon, astonishment at the subject to be broached is distinctly -expressed at the outset.</p> - -<p class='c006'>“<em>The elder Bruecke must have given me some task or other; -strangely enough it relates to the preparation of my own lower -<span class='pageno' id='Page_358'>358</span>body, pelvis and legs, which I see before me as though in the dissecting -room, but without feeling my lack of body and without a -trace of horror. Louise N. is standing near, and doing her work -next to me. The pelvis is eviscerated; now the upper, now the -lower view of the same is seen, and the two views mingle. Thick -fleshy red lumps (which even in the dream make me think of -hæmorrhoids) are to be seen. Also something had to be carefully -picked out, which lay over these and which looked like crumpled -tinfoil.<a id='rFA' /><a href='#fFA' class='c008'><sup>[FA]</sup></a> Then I was again in possession of my legs and made -a journey through the city, but took a wagon (owing to my fatigue). -To my astonishment the wagon drove into a house door, which -opened and allowed it to pass into a passage that was snapped -off at the end, and finally led further on into the open.<a id='rFB' /><a href='#fFB' class='c008'><sup>[FB]</sup></a> At last -I wandered through changing landscapes with an Alpine guide, -who carried my things. He carried, me for some way, out of consideration -for my tired legs. The ground was muddy, and we -went along the edge; people sat on the ground, a girl among them, -like Indians or Gypsies. Previously I had moved myself along -on the slippery ground, with constant astonishment that I was -so well able to do it after the preparation. At last we came to a -small wooden house which ended in an open window. Here the -guide set me down, and laid two wooden boards which stood in -readiness on the window sill, in order that in this way the chasm -might be bridged which had to be crossed in order to get to the -window. Now, I grew really frightened about my legs. Instead -of the expected crossing, I saw two grown-up men lying -upon wooden benches which were on the walls of the hut, and something -like two sleeping children next to them. It seems as though -not the boards but the children were intended to make possible the -crossing. I awakened with frightened thoughts.</em>”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Anyone who has formed a proper idea of the abundance of -dream condensation will easily be able to imagine how great -a number of pages the detailed analysis of this dream must -fill. Luckily for the context, I shall take from it merely the -one example of astonishment, in the dream, which makes its -appearance in the parenthetical remark, “<em>strangely enough</em>.” -<span class='pageno' id='Page_359'>359</span>Let us take up the occasion of the dream. It is a visit of this -lady, Louise N., who assists at the work in the dream. She -says: “Lend me something to read.” I offer her <em>She</em>, by -Rider Haggard. “A <em>strange</em> book, but full of hidden sense,” -I try to explain to her; “the eternal feminine, the immortality -of our emotions——” Here she interrupts me: “I -know that book already. Haven’t you something of your -own?” “No, my own immortal works are still unwritten.” -“Well, when are you going to publish your so-called latest -revelations which you promised us would be good reading?” -she asks somewhat sarcastically. I now perceive that she is -a mouthpiece for someone else, and I become silent. I think -of the effort it costs me to publish even my work on the Dream, -in which I have to surrender so much of my own intimate -character. “The best that you know you can’t tell to the -children.” The preparation of <em>my own body</em>, which I am ordered -to make in the dream, is thus the <em>self-analysis</em> necessitated in -the communication of my dreams. The elder Bruecke very -properly finds a place here; in these first years of my scientific -work it happened that I neglected a discovery, until his energetic -commands forced me to publish it. But the other trains -of thought which start from my conversation with Louise N. -go too deep to become conscious; they are side-tracked by -way of the related material which has been awakened in me -by the mention of Rider Haggard’s <em>She</em>. The comment -“strangely enough” goes with this book, and with another by -the same author, <cite>The Heart of the World</cite>, and numerous -elements of the dream are taken from these two fantastic -novels. The muddy ground over which the dreamer is carried, -the chasm which must be crossed by means of the boards -that have been brought along, come from <em>She</em>; the Indians, -the girl, and the wooden house, from the <em>Heart of the World</em>. -In both novels a woman is the leader, both treat of dangerous -wanderings; <em>She</em> has to do with an adventurous journey to -the undiscovered country, a place almost untrodden by foot -of man. According to a note which I find in my record of the -dream, the fatigue in my legs was a real sensation of those -days. Doubtless in correspondence with this came a tired -frame of mind and the doubting question: “How much -further will my legs carry me?” The adventure in <em>She</em> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_360'>360</span>ends with the woman leader’s meeting her death in the -mysterious fire at the centre of the earth, instead of attaining -immortality for herself and others. A fear of this sort has -unmistakably arisen in the dream thoughts. The “wooden -house,” also, is surely the coffin—that is, the grave. But -the dream activity has performed its masterpiece in representing -this most unwished-for of all thoughts by means of -a wish-fulfilment. I have already once been in a grave, but -it was an empty Etruscan grave near Orvieto—a narrow -chamber with two stone benches on the walls, upon which the -skeletons of two grown-up persons had been laid. The interior -of the wooden house in the dream looks exactly like this, -except that wood has been substituted for stone. The dream -seems to say: “If you must so soon lie in your grave, let it -be this Etruscan grave,” and by means of this interpolation it -transforms the saddest expectation into one that is really to be -desired. As we shall learn, it is, unfortunately, only the idea -accompanying an emotion which the dream can change into -its opposite, not usually the emotion itself. Thus I awake -with “frightened thoughts,” even after the dream has been -forced to represent my idea—that perhaps the children will -attain what has been denied to the father—a fresh allusion to -the strange novel in which the identity of a person is preserved -through a series of generations covering two thousand years.</p> - -<p class='c006'>VIII. In the context of another dream there is a similar -expression of astonishment at what is experienced in the -dream. This, however, is connected with a striking and skilfully -contrived attempt at explanation which might well be -called a stroke of genius—so that I should have to analyse the -whole dream merely for the sake of it, even if the dream did -not possess two other features of interest. I am travelling -during the night between the eighteenth and the nineteenth of -July on the Southern Railway, and in my sleep I hear someone -call out: <em>“Hollthurn, 10 minutes.” I immediately think -of Holothurian—of a museum of natural history—that here is a -place where brave men have vainly resisted the domination of -their overlord. Yes, the counter reformation in Austria! As -though it were a place in Styria or the Tyrol. Now I distinctly -see a little museum in which the remains or the possessions of -these men are preserved. I wish to get off, but I hesitate to do so. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_361'>361</span>Women with fruit are standing on the platform; they crouch on -the floor, and in that position hold out their baskets in an inviting -manner. I hesitate, in doubt whether we still have time, but we -are still standing. I am suddenly in another compartment in -which the leather and the seats are so narrow that one’s back -directly touches the back rest.<a id='rFC' /><a href='#fFC' class='c008'><sup>[FC]</sup></a> I am surprised at this, but I -may have changed cars while asleep. Several people, among -them an English brother and sister; a row of books distinctly -on a shelf on the wall. I see</em> The Wealth of Nations, <em>then</em> -Matter and Motion (<em>by Maxwell</em>)—<em>the books are thick and bound -in brown linen. The man asks his sister for a book by Schiller, -and whether she has forgotten it. These are books which first -seem mine, then seem to belong to the brother and sister. At this -point I wish to join in the conversation in order to confirm and -support what is being said——.</em> I awaken sweating all over my -body, because all the windows are shut. The train stops at -Marburg.</p> - -<p class='c006'>While writing down the dream, a part of it occurs to me -which my memory wished to omit. <em>I say to the brother and -sister about a certain work: “It is from ...” but I correct -myself: “It is by ...” The man remarks to his sister: -“He said it correctly.”</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>The dream begins with the name of a station, which probably -must have partially awakened me. For this name, -which was Marburg, I substituted Hollthurn. The fact that -I heard Marburg when it was first called, or perhaps when it -was called a second time, is proved by the mention in the -dream of Schiller, who was born in Marburg, though not in -the one in Styria.<a id='rFD' /><a href='#fFD' class='c008'><sup>[FD]</sup></a> Now this time, although I was travelling -first-class, it was under very disagreeable circumstances. The -train was overcrowded; I had met a gentleman and lady in -my compartment who seemed persons of quality, but who -did not have the good breeding or who did not think it worth -<span class='pageno' id='Page_362'>362</span>while to conceal their displeasure at my intrusion. My polite -salutation was not answered, and although the man and the -woman sat next each other (with their backs in the direction -in which we were riding), the woman made haste to pre-empt -the place opposite her and next the window with her umbrella; -the door was immediately closed and demonstrative remarks -about the opening of windows were exchanged. Probably I -was quickly recognised as a person hungry for fresh air. It -was a hot night, and the air in the compartment, thus shut -on all sides, was almost suffocating. My experience as a -traveller leads me to believe that such inconsiderate, obtrusive -conduct marks people who have only partly paid for their -tickets, or not at all. When the conductor came, and I presented -my dearly bought ticket, the lady called out ungraciously, -and as though threateningly: “My husband has a -pass.” She was a stately figure with sour features, in age -not far from the time set for the decay of feminine beauty; -the man did not get a chance to say anything at all, and sat -there motionless. I tried to sleep. In the dream I take -terrible revenge on my disagreeable travelling companions; -no one would suspect what insults and humiliations are concealed -behind the disjointed fragments of the first half of the -dream. After this desire has been satisfied, the second wish, -to exchange my compartment for another, makes itself evident. -The dream makes changes of scene so often, and without raising -the least objection to such changes, that it would not have -been in the least remarkable if I had immediately replaced -my travelling companions by more pleasant ones for my recollection. -But this was one of the cases where something -or other objected to the change of scene and considered explanation -of the change necessary. How did I suddenly get -into another compartment? I surely could not remember -having changed cars. So there was only one explanation: -<em>I must have left the carriage while asleep</em>, a rare occurrence, -examples for which, however, are furnished by the experience -of the neuropathologist. We know of persons who undertake -railroad journeys in a crepuscular state without betraying -their abnormal condition by any sign, until some station on -the journey they completely recover consciousness, and are -then surprised at the gap in their memory. Thus, while I -<span class='pageno' id='Page_363'>363</span>am still dreaming, I declare my own case to be such a one of -“<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Automatisme ambulatoire</span></i>.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Analysis permits another solution. The attempt at explanation, -which so astounds me if I am to attribute it to the -dream activity, is not original, but is copied from the neurosis -of one of my patients. I have already spoken on another -page of a highly cultured and, in conduct, kind-hearted man, -who began, shortly after the death of his parents, to accuse -himself of murderous inclinations, and who suffered because -of the precautionary measures he had to take to insure himself -against these inclinations. At first walking along the street -was made painful for him by the compulsion impelling him to -demand an accounting of all the persons he met as to whither -they had vanished; if one of them suddenly withdrew from -his pursuing glance, there remained a painful feeling and a -thought of the possibility that he might have put the man out -of the way. This compulsive idea concealed, among other -things, a Cain-fancy, for “all men are brothers.” Owing to -the impossibility of accomplishing his task, he gave up taking -walks and spent his life imprisoned within his four walls. But -news of murderous acts which have been committed outside -constantly reached his room through the papers, and his conscience -in the form of a doubt kept accusing him of being the -murderer. The certainty of not having left his dwelling for -weeks protected him against these accusations for a time, -until one day there dawned upon him the possibility that he -might have left <em>his house while in an unconscious condition</em>, and -might thus have committed the murder without knowing anything -about it. From that time on he locked his house door, -and handed the key over to his old housekeeper, and strictly -forbade her to give it into his hands even if he demanded it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This, then, is the origin of the attempted explanation, -that I may have changed carriages while in an unconscious -condition—it has been transferred from the material of the -dream thoughts to the dream in a finished state, and is obviously -intended to identify me with the person of that patient. -My memory of him was awakened by an easy association. I -had made my last night journey with this man a few weeks -before. He was cured, and was escorting me into the country, -to his relatives who were summoning me; as we had a compartment -<span class='pageno' id='Page_364'>364</span>to ourselves, we left all the windows open through the -night, and, as long as I had remained awake, we had a delightful -conversation. I knew that hostile impulses towards his -father from the time of his childhood, in connection with -sexual material, had been at the root of his illness. By -identifying myself with him, I wanted to make an analogous -confession to myself. The second scene of the dream really -resolves itself into a wanton fancy to the effect that my two -elderly travelling companions had acted so uncivilly towards -me for the reason that my arrival prevented them from exchanging -love-tokens during the night as they had intended. -This fancy, however, goes back to an early childhood scene -in which, probably impelled by sexual inquisitiveness, I -intruded upon the bedroom of my parents, and was driven -from it by my father’s emphatic command.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I consider it superfluous to multiply further examples. -All of them would confirm what we have learned from those -which have been already cited, namely, that an act of judgment -in the dream is nothing but the repetition of a prototype -which it has in the dream thoughts. In most cases it is an -inappropriate repetition introduced in an unfitting connection; -occasionally, however, as in our last example, it is so artfully -disposed that it may give the impression of being an independent -thought activity in the dream. At this point we -might turn our attention to that psychic activity which -indeed does not seem to co-operate regularly in the formation of -dreams, but whose effort it is, wherever it does co-operate, -to fuse together those dream elements that are incongruent -on account of their origins in an uncontradictory and intelligible -manner. We consider it best, however, first to take up -the expressions of emotion which appear in the dream, and to -compare them with the emotions which analysis reveals to -us in the dream thoughts.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>(<em>g</em>) <em>The Affects in the Dream.</em></h3> - -<p class='c015'>A profound remark of Stricker’s<a href='#f77' class='c008'><sup>[77]</sup></a> has called our attention -to the fact that the expressions of emotion in the dream do -not permit of being disposed of in the slighting manner in -which we are accustomed to shake off the dream itself, after -<span class='pageno' id='Page_365'>365</span>we have awakened. “If I am afraid of robbers in the dream, -the robbers, to be sure, are imaginary, but the fear of them is -real,” and the same is true if I am glad in the dream. According -to the testimony of our feelings, the emotion experienced -in the dream is in no way less valid than one of like intensity -experienced in waking life, and the dream makes its claim to be -taken up as a part of our real mental experiences, more energetically -on account of its emotional content than on account -of its ideal content. We do not succeed in accomplishing this -separation in waking life, because we do not know how to -estimate an emotion psychically except in connection with a -presentation content. If in kind or in intensity an affect and an -idea are incongruous, our waking judgment becomes confused.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The fact that in dreams the presentation content does not -entail the affective influence which we should expect as necessary -in waking thought has always caused astonishment. -Strümpell was of the opinion that ideas in the dream are -stripped of their psychic values. But neither does the dream -lack opposite instances, where the expression of intense affect -appears in a content, which seems to offer no occasion for its -development. I am in a horrible, dangerous, or disgusting -situation in the dream, but I feel nothing of fear or aversion; -on the other hand, I am sometimes terrified at harmless things -and glad at childish ones.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This enigma of the dream disappears more suddenly and -more completely than perhaps any other of the dream problems, -if we pass from the manifest to the latent content. -We shall then no longer be concerned to explain it, for it will -no longer exist. Analysis teaches us <em>that presentation contents -have undergone displacements and substitutions, while affects -have remained unchanged</em>. No wonder, then, that the presentation -content which has been altered by dream disfigurement -no longer fits the affect that has remained intact; but -there is no cause for wonder either after analysis has put the -correct content in its former place.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In a psychic complex which has been subjected to the influence -of the resisting censor the affects are the unyielding -constituent, which alone is capable of guiding us to a correct -supplementation. This state of affairs is revealed in psychoneuroses -even more distinctly than in the dream. Here the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_366'>366</span>affect is always in the right, at least as far as its quality goes; -its intensity may even be increased by means of a displacement -of neurotic attention. If a hysteric is surprised that -he is so very afraid of a trifle, or if the patient with compulsive -ideas is astonished that he develops such painful self-reproach -out of a nonentity, both of them err in that they regard the -presentation content—the trifle or the nonentity—as the essential -thing, and they defend themselves in vain because they -make this presentation content the starting point in their -thought. Psychoanalysis, however, shows them the right way -by recognising that, on the contrary, the affect is justified, -and by searching for the presentation which belongs to it -and which has been suppressed by means of replacement. -The assumption is here made that the development of affect -and the presentation content do not constitute such an indissoluble -organic union as we are accustomed to think, but -that the two parts may be, so to speak, soldered together in -such a way that they may be detached from one another by -means of analysis. Dream interpretation shows that this -is actually the case.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I give first an example in which analysis explains the apparent -absence of affect in a presentation content which ought -to force a development of emotion.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I. <em>The dreamer sees three lions in a desert, one of which is -laughing, but she is not afraid of them. Then, however, she must -have fled from them, for she is trying to climb a tree, but she finds -that her cousin, who is a teacher of French, is already up in the -tree, &c.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>The analysis gives us the following material for this dream: -A sentence in the dreamer’s English lesson had become the -indifferent occasion for it: “The <em>lion’s</em> greatest beauty is his -mane.” Her father wore a beard which surrounded his face -like a mane. The name of her English teacher was Miss -<em>Lyons</em>. An acquaintance of hers had sent her the ballads of -<em>Loewe</em> (German, Loewe—lion). These, then, are the three -lions; why should she have been afraid of them? She has -read a story in which a negro who has incited his fellows to -revolt is hunted with bloodhounds and climbs a tree to save -himself. Then follow fragments in wanton mood, like the -following. Directions for catching lions from <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Fliegende -<span class='pageno' id='Page_367'>367</span>Blaetter</span></cite>: “Take a desert and strain it; the lions will remain.” -Also a very amusing, but not very proper anecdote -about an official who is asked why he does not take greater -pains to win the favour of his superior officer, and who answers -that he has been trying to insinuate himself, but that the man -ahead of him <em>is already up</em>. The whole matter becomes intelligible -as soon as one learns that on the day of the dream -the lady had received a visit from her husband’s superior. He -was very polite to her, kissed her hand, and <em>she was not afraid -of him at all</em>, although he is a “big bug” (German—<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Grosses -Tier</span></i> = “big animal”) and plays the part of a “social lion” -in the capital of her country. This lion is, therefore, like the -lion in the <cite>Midsummer Night’s Dream</cite>, who unmasks as Snug, -the joiner, and of such stuff are all dream lions made when one -is not afraid.</p> - -<p class='c006'>II. As my second example, I cite the dream of the girl who -saw her sister’s little son lying dead in a coffin, but who, I may -now add, felt no pain or sorrow thereat. We know from -analysis why not. The dream only concealed her wish to -see the man she loved again; the affect must be attuned to -the wish, and not to its concealment. There was no occasion -for sorrow at all.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In a number of dreams the emotion at least remains connected -with that presentation content which has replaced the -one really belonging to it. In others the breaking up of the -complex is carried further. The affect seems to be entirely -separated from the idea belonging to it, and finds a place -somewhere else in the dream where it fits into the new arrangement -of the dream elements. This is similar to what -we have learned of acts of judgment of the dream. If there -is a significant inference in the dream thoughts, the dream -also contains one; but in the dream the inference may be -shifted to entirely different material. Not infrequently this -shifting takes place according to the principle of antithesis.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I illustrate the latter possibility by the following dream, -which I have subjected to the most exhaustive analysis.</p> - -<p class='c006'>III. <em>A castle by the sea; afterwards it lies not directly on the -sea, but on a narrow canal that leads to the sea. A certain Mr. -P. is the governor of it. I stand with him in a large salon with -three windows, in front of which rise the projections of a wall, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_368'>368</span>like battlements of a fort. I belong to the garrison, perhaps as -a volunteer marine officer. We fear the arrival of hostile warships, -for we are in a state of war. Mr. P. has the intention of -leaving; he gives me instructions as to what must be done in case -the dreaded event happens. His sick wife is in the threatened -castle with her children. As soon as the bombardment begins the -large hall should be cleared. He breathes heavily, and tries to get -away; I hold him back, and ask him in what way I should send -him news in case of need. He says something else, and then all -at once falls over dead. I have probably taxed him unnecessarily -with my questions. After his death, which makes no further impression -upon me, I think whether the widow is to remain in the -castle, whether I should give notice of the death to the commander-in-chief, -and whether I should take over the direction of the castle -as the next in command. I now stand at the window, and muster -the ships as they pass by; they are merchantmen that dart past -upon the dark water, several of them with more than one smokestack, -others with bulging decks</em> (that are quite similar to the -railway stations in the preliminary dream which has not been -told). <em>Then my brother stands next to me, and both of us look -out of the window on to the canal. At the sight of a ship we are -frightened, and call out: “Here comes the warship!” It turns -out, however, that it is only the same ships which I have already -known that are returning. Now comes a little ship, strangely cut -off, so that it ends in the middle of its breadth; curious things like -cups or salt-cellars are seen on the deck. We call as though with -one voice: “That is the breakfast-ship.”</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>The rapid motion of the ships, the deep blue of the water, -the brown smoke of the funnels, all this together makes a -highly tense, sombre impression.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The localities in this dream are put together from several -journeys to the Adriatic Sea (Miramare, Duino, Venice, -Aquileja). A short but enjoyable Easter trip to Aquileja -with my brother, a few weeks before the dream, was still fresh -in my memory. Besides, the naval war between America -and Spain, and the worry connected with it about my relatives -living in America, play a part. Manifestations of emotion -appear at two places in this dream. In one place an emotion -that would be expected is lacking—it is expressly emphasized -that the death of the governor makes no impression upon me; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_369'>369</span>at another point, where I see the warships I am <em>frightened</em>, -and experience all the sensations of fright while I sleep. The -distribution of affects in this well-constructed dream has been -made in such a way that every obvious contradiction is -avoided. For there is no reason why I should be frightened -at the governor’s death, and it is fitting that as the commander -of the castle I should be alarmed by the sight of the warship. -Now analysis shows that Mr. P. is nothing but a substitute for -my own Ego (in the dream I am his substitute). I am the -governor who suddenly dies. The dream thoughts deal with -the future of those dear to me after my premature death. -No other disagreeable thought is to be found among the -dream thoughts. The fright which is attached to the sight -of the warship must be transferred from it to this disagreeable -thought. Inversely, the analysis shows that the region -of the dream thoughts from which the warship comes is filled -with most joyous reminiscences. It was at Venice a year -before, one charmingly beautiful day, that we stood at the -windows of our room on the Riva Schiavoni and looked upon -the blue lagoon, in which more activity could be seen that day -than usually. English ships were being expected, they were -to be festively received; and suddenly my wife called out, -happy as a child: “<em>There come the English warships!</em>” In -the dream I am frightened at the very same words; we see -again that speeches in the dream originate from speeches in -life. I shall soon show that even the element “English” in -this speech has not been lost for the dream activity. I thus -convert joy into fright on the way from the dream thoughts -to the dream content, and I need only intimate that by means -of this very transformation I give expression to a part of the -latent dream content. The example shows, however, that the -dream activity is at liberty to detach the occasion for an affect -from its context in the dream thoughts, and to insert it at -any other place it chooses in the dream content.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I seize the opportunity which is incidentally offered, of -subjecting to closer analysis the “breakfast ship,” whose -appearance in the dream so nonsensically concludes a situation -that has been rationally adhered to. If I take a closer view -of this object in the dream, I am now struck by the fact that it -was black, and that on account of its being cut off at its greatest -<span class='pageno' id='Page_370'>370</span>breadth it closely resembled, at the end where it was cut off, -an object which had aroused our interest in the museums of -the Etruscan cities. This object was a rectangular cup of -black clay with two handles, upon which stood things like coffee -cups, or tea cups, very similar to our modern <em>breakfast</em> table -service. Upon inquiring, we learned that this was the toilet -set of an Etruscan lady, with little boxes for rouge and powder; -and we said jokingly to each other that it would not be a bad -idea to take a thing like that home to the lady of the house. -The dream object, therefore, signifies “<em>black toilet</em>” (German, -<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">toilette</span></i>—dress)—mourning—and has direct reference to a -death. The other end of the dream object reminds us of the -“boat” (German, <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Nachen</span></i>), from the root <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νέχυς</span>, as a philological -friend has told me, upon which corpses were laid in -prehistoric times and were left to be buried by the sea. With -this circumstance is connected the reason for the return of -the ships in the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>“Quietly the old man on his rescued boat drifts into the -harbour.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is the return voyage after the ship<em>wreck</em> (German, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">schiff<em>bruch</em></span>; -ship-<em>breaking</em>, <em>i.e.</em> shipwreck), the breakfast-ship looks -as though it were <em>broken</em> off in the middle. But whence comes -the name “breakfast”-ship? Here is where the “English” -comes in, which we have left over from the warships. <em>Breakfast—a -breaking of the fast.</em> Breaking again belongs to -ship-<em>wreck</em> (Schiff<em>bruch</em>), and <em>fasting</em> is connected with the -mourning dress.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The only thing about this breakfast-ship, which has been -newly created by the dream, is its name. The thing has -existed in reality, and recalls to me the merriest hours of my -last journey. As we distrusted the fare in Aquileja, we took -some food with us from Goerz, and bought a bottle of excellent -Istrian wine in Aquileja, and while the little mail-steamer slowly -travelled through the Canal delle Mee and into the lonely stretch -of lagoon towards Grado, we took our breakfast on deck—we -were the only passengers—and it tasted to us as few breakfasts -have ever tasted. This, then, was the “<em>breakfast-ship</em>,” -and it is behind this very recollection of great enjoyment that -the dream hides the saddest thoughts about an unknown and -ominous future.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_371'>371</span>The detachment of emotions from the groups of ideas -which have been responsible for their development is the most -striking thing that happens to them in the course of dream -formation, but it is neither the only nor even the most essential -change which they undergo on the way from the dream -thoughts to the manifest dream. If the affects in the dream -thoughts are compared with those in the dream, it at once -becomes clear that wherever there is an emotion in the dream, -this is also to be found in the dream thoughts; the converse, -however, is not true. In general, the dream is less rich in -affects than the psychic material from which it is elaborated. -As soon as I have reconstructed the dream thoughts I see that -the most intense psychic impulses are regularly striving in -them for self-assertion, usually in conflict with others that -are sharply opposed to them. If I turn back to the dream, -I often find it colourless and without any of the more intense -strains of feeling. Not only the content, but also the affective -tone of my thoughts has been brought by the dream -activity to the level of the indifferent. I might say that a -<em>suppression of the affects</em> has taken place. Take, for example, -the dream of the botanical monograph. It answers to a passionate -plea for my freedom to act as I am acting and to arrange -my life as seems right to me and to me alone. The dream -which results from it sounds indifferent; I have written a -monograph; it is lying before me; it is fitted with coloured -plates, and dried plants are to be found with each copy. It -is like the peacefulness of a battlefield; there is no trace left -of the tumult of battle.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It may also turn out differently—vivid affective expressions -may make their appearance in the dream; but we shall first -dwell upon the unquestionable fact that many dreams appear -indifferent, while it is never possible to go deeply into the dream -thoughts without deep emotion.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A complete theoretical explanation of this suppression of -emotions in the course of the dream activity cannot be given -here; it would require a most careful investigation of the -theory of the emotions and of the mechanism of suppression. -I shall find a place here for two thoughts only. I am forced—on -other grounds—to conceive the development of affects -as a centrifugal process directed towards the interior of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_372'>372</span>body, analogous to the processes of motor and secretory -innervation. Just as in the sleeping condition the omission -of motor impulses towards the outside world seems to be -suspended, so a centrifugal excitement of emotions through -unconscious thought may be made more difficult during sleep. -Thus the affective impulses aroused during the discharge of -the dream thoughts would themselves be weak excitements, -and therefore those getting into the dream would not be -stronger. According to this line of argument the “suppression -of the affects” would not be a result of the dream activity -at all, but a result of the sleeping condition. This may be so, -but this cannot possibly be all. We must also remember that -all the more complex dreams have shown themselves to be a -compromised result from the conflict of psychic forces. On -the one hand, the thoughts that constitute the wish must -fight the opposition of a censorship; on the other hand, we -have often seen how, even in unconscious thinking, each train -of thought is harnessed to its contradictory opposite. Since -all of these trains of thought are capable of emotion, we shall -hardly make a mistake, broadly speaking, if we regard the -suppression of emotion as the result of the restraint which the -contrasts impose upon one another and which the censor -imposes upon the tendencies which it has suppressed. <em>The -restraint of affects would accordingly he the second result of the -dream censor as the disfigurement of the dream was the first.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>I shall insert an example of a dream in which the indifferent -affective tone of the dream content may be explained by -a contrast in the dream thoughts. I have the following short -dream to relate, which every reader will read with disgust:</p> - -<p class='c006'>IV. <em>A bit of rising ground, and on it something like a toilet -in the open; a very long bench, at the end of which is a large -toilet aperture. All of the back edge is thickly covered with little -heaps of excrement of all sizes and degrees of freshness. A shrub -behind the bench. I urinate upon the bench; a long stream of -urine rinses everything clean, the patches of excrement easily come -off and fall into the opening. It seems as though something -remained at the end nevertheless.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>Why did I experience no disgust in this dream?</p> - -<p class='c006'>Because, as the analysis shows, the most pleasant and satisfying -thoughts have co-operated in the formation of this dream. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_373'>373</span>Upon analysing it I immediately think of the Augean stables -cleansed by Hercules. I am this Hercules. The rising ground -and the shrub belong to Aussee, where my children are now -staying. I have discovered the infantile etiology of the neuroses -and have thus guarded my own children from becoming -ill. The bench (omitting the aperture, of course) is the faithful -copy of a piece of furniture which an affectionate female -patient has made me a present of. This recalls how my patients -honour me. Even the museum of human excrement is susceptible -of less disagreeable interpretation. However much I -am disgusted with it, it is a souvenir of the beautiful land of -Italy, where in little cities, as everyone knows, water-closets -are not equipped in any other way. The stream of urine that -washes everything clean is an unmistakable allusion to greatness. -It is in this manner that Gulliver extinguishes the -great fire in Lilliput; to be sure, he thereby incurs the displeasure -of the tiniest of queens. In this way, too, Gargantua, -the superman in Master Rabelais, takes vengeance upon the -Parisians, straddling Notre Dame and training his stream -of urine upon the city. Only yesterday I was turning over -the leaves of Garnier’s illustrations of Rabelais before I went -to bed. And, strangely enough, this is another proof that I -am the superman! The platform of Notre Dame was my -favourite nook in Paris; every free afternoon I was accustomed -to go up into the towers of the church and climb about -among the monsters and devil-masks there. The circumstances -that all the excrement vanishes so rapidly before -the stream correspond to the motto: <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Afflavit et dissipati sunt</span></i>, -which I shall some day make the title of a chapter on the -therapeutics of hysteria.</p> - -<p class='c006'>And now as to the occasion giving rise to the dream. It -had been a hot afternoon in summer; in the evening I had -given a lecture on the relation between hysteria and the perversions, -and everything which I had to say displeased me -thoroughly, appeared to me stripped of all value. I was -tired, found no trace of pleasure in my difficult task, and -longed to get away from this rummaging in human filth, to -see my children and then the beauties of Italy. In this mood -I went from the auditorium to a café, to find some modest -refreshment in the open air, for my appetite had left me. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_374'>374</span>But one of my audience went with me; he begged for permission -to sit with me while I drank my coffee and gulped -down my roll, and began to say flattering things to me. He -told me how much he had learned from me, and that he -now looked at everything through different eyes, that I had -cleansed the Augean stables, <em>i.e.</em> the theory of the neuroses, -of its errors and prejudices—in short, that I was a very great -man. My mood was ill-suited to his song of praise; I struggled -with disgust, and went home earlier in order to extricate myself. -Before I went to sleep I turned over the leaves of Rabelais, -and read a short story by C. F. Meyer entitled <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Leiden -eines Knaben</span></cite> (The Hardships of a Boy).</p> - -<p class='c006'>The dream had been drawn from these materials, and the -novel by Meyer added the recollection of childish scenes -(<em>cf.</em> the dream about Count Thun, last scene). The mood of the -day, characterised by disgust and annoyance, is continued in -the dream in the sense that it is permitted to furnish nearly -the entire material for the dream content. But during the -night the opposite mood of vigorous and even exaggerated -self-assertion was awakened, and dissipated the earlier mood. -The dream had to take such a form as to accommodate the -expression of self-depreciation and exaggerated self-assertion -in the same material. This compromise formation resulted -in an ambiguous dream content, but likewise in an indifferent -strain of feeling owing to the restraint of the contrasts upon -each other.</p> - -<p class='c006'>According to the theory of wish-fulfilment this dream -could not have happened had not the suppressed, but at the -same time pleasurable, train of thought concerning personal -aggrandisement been coupled with the opposing thoughts of -disgust. For disagreeable things are not intended to be represented -by the dream; painful thoughts that have occurred -during the day can force their way into the dream only if they -lend a cloak to the wish-fulfilment. The dream activity can -dispose of the affects in the dream thoughts in still another -way, besides admitting them or reducing them to zero. <em>It -can change them into their opposite.</em> We have already become -acquainted with the rule of interpretation that every -element of the dream may be interpreted by its opposite, as -well as by itself. One can never tell at the outset whether to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_375'>375</span>set down the one or the other; only the connection can decide -this point. A suspicion of this state of affairs has evidently -got into popular consciousness; dream books very often proceed -according to the principle of contraries in their interpretation. -Such transformation into opposites is made possible -by the intimate concatenation of associations, which in our -thoughts finds the idea of a thing in that of its opposite. Like -every other displacement this serves the purposes of the censor, -but it is also often the work of the wish-fulfilment, for wish-fulfilment -consists precisely in this substitution of an unwelcome -thing by its opposite. The emotions of the dream -thoughts may appear in the dream transformed into their -opposites just as well as the ideas, and it is probable that this -inversion of emotions is usually brought about by the dream -censor. The <em>suppression</em> and <em>inversion of affects</em> are useful -in social life, as the current analogy for the dream censor has -shown us—above all, for purposes of dissimulation. If I -converse with a person to whom I must show consideration -while I am saying unpleasant things to him, it is almost more -important that I should conceal the expression of my emotion -from him, than that I modify the wording of my thoughts. -If I speak to him in polite words, but accompany them by -looks or gestures of hatred and disdain, the effect which I -produce upon this person is not very different from what it -would have been if I had recklessly thrown my contempt into -his face. Above all, then, the censor bids me suppress my -emotions, and if I am master of the art of dissimulation, I -can hypocritically show the opposite emotion—smiling where -I should like to be angry, and pretending affection where I -should like to destroy.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We already know of an excellent example of such an inversion -of emotion for the purposes of the dream censor. In -the dream about my uncle’s beard I feel great affection for my -friend R., at the same time that, and because, the dream -thoughts berate him as a simpleton. We have drawn our -first proof for the existence of the censor from this example -of the inversion of emotions. Nor is it necessary here to -assume that the dream activity creates a counter emotion of -this kind out of nothing; it usually finds it lying ready in the -material of the dream thoughts, and intensifies it solely with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_376'>376</span>the psychic force of the resisting impulse until a point is -reached where the emotion can be won over for the formation -of the dream. In the dream of my uncle, just mentioned, the -affectionate counter emotion has probably originated from -an infantile source (as the continuation of the dream would -suggest), for the relation between uncle and nephew has -become the source of all my friendships and hatreds, owing to -the peculiar nature of my childish experiences (<em>cf.</em> analysis -on p. 334).</p> - -<p class='c006'>There is a class of dreams deserving the designation “hypocritical,” -which puts the theory of wish-fulfilment to a severe -test. My attention was called to them when Mrs. Dr. M. -Hilferding brought up for discussion in the Vienna Psychoanalytic -Society the dream reported by Rosegger, which is -reprinted below.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In <cite>Waldheimat</cite>, vol. xi., Rosegger writes as follows in his -story, <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Fremd gemacht</span></cite>, p. 303:</p> - -<p class='c007'>“I have usually enjoyed healthful sleep, but I have lost the -rest of many a night. With my modest existence as a student -and literary man, I have for long years dragged along with me -the shadow of a veritable tailor’s life, like a ghost from which -I could not become separated. I cannot say that I have -occupied myself so often and so vividly with thoughts of my -past during the day. An assailer of heaven and earth arising -from the skin of the Philistine has other things to think about. -Nor did I, as a dashing young fellow, think about my nocturnal -dreams; only later, when I got into the habit of thinking -about everything or when the Philistine within me again -asserted itself, it struck me that whenever I dreamed I was -always the journeyman tailor, and was always working in -my master’s shop for long hours without any remuneration. -As I sat there and sewed and pressed I was quite aware that I -no longer belonged there, and that as a burgess of a town I -had other things to attend to; but I was for ever having vacations, -and going out into the country, and it was then that I -sat near my boss and assisted him. I often felt badly, and -regretted the loss of time which I might spend for better and -more useful purposes. If something did not come up to the -measure and cut exactly, I had to submit to a reproach from -<span class='pageno' id='Page_377'>377</span>the boss. Often, as I sat with my back bent in the dingy -shop, I decided to give notice that I was going to quit. -On one occasion I actually did so, but the boss took no -notice of it, and the next time I was again sitting near him -and sewing.</p> - -<p class='c007'>“How happy I was when I woke up after such weary hours! -And I then resolved that, if this dream came intruding again, -I would throw it off with energy and would cry aloud: ‘It -is only a delusion, I am in bed, and I want to sleep.’... -And the next night I would be sitting in the tailor shop -again.</p> - -<p class='c007'>“Thus years passed with dismal regularity. While the -boss and I were working at Alpelhofer’s, at the house of the -peasant where I began my apprenticeship, it happened that -he was particularly dissatisfied with my work. ‘I should -like to know where in the world your thoughts are?’ cried he, -and looked at me gloomily, I thought the most sensible thing -for me to do would be to get up and explain to the boss that I -was with him only as a favour, and then leave. But I did not -do this. I submitted, however, when the boss engaged an -apprentice, and ordered me to make room for him on the bench. -I moved into the corner, and kept on sewing. On the same -day another tailor was engaged; he was bigoted, as he was a -Czech who had worked for us nineteen years before, and then -had fallen into the lake on his way home from the public-house. -When he tried to sit down there was no room for him. -I looked at the boss inquiringly, and he said to me, ‘You -have no talent for the tailoring business; you may go; you -are free.’ My fright on that occasion was so overpowering -that I awoke.</p> - -<p class='c007'>“The morning gray glimmered through the clear window -of my beloved home. Objects of art surrounded me; in -the tasteful bookcase stood the eternal Homer, the gigantic -Dante, the incomparable Shakespeare, the glorious Goethe—all -shining and immortal. From the adjoining room resounded -the clear little voices of the children, who were waking and -prattling with their mother. I felt as if I had found again -that idyllically sweet, that peaceful, poetical, and spiritual life -which I have so often and so deeply conceived as the contemplative -fortune of mankind. And still I was vexed that I -<span class='pageno' id='Page_378'>378</span>had not given my boss notice first, instead of allowing him to -discharge me.</p> - -<p class='c007'>“And how remarkable it is; after the night when the -boss ‘discharged me’ I enjoyed rest; I no longer dreamed -of my tailoring—of this experience which lay in the remote -past, which in its simplicity was really happy, and which, -nevertheless, threw a long shadow over the later years of -my life.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>I. In this dream, the series of the poet who, in his younger -years, has been a journeyman tailor, it is hard to recognise -the domination of the wish-fulfilment. All the delightful -things occurred during the waking state, while the dream -seemed to drag along the ghostlike shadow of an unhappy -existence which had been long forgotten. My own dreams of -a similar nature have put me in a position to give some explanation -for such dreams. As a young doctor I for a long -time worked in the chemical institute without being able to -accomplish anything in that exacting science, and I therefore -never think in my waking state about this unfruitful episode -in my life, of which I am really ashamed. On the other hand, -it has become a recurring dream with me that I am working in -the laboratory, making analyses, and having experiences there, -&c.; like the examination dreams, these dreams are disagreeable, -and they are never very distinct. During the analysis -of one of these dreams my attention was directed to the word -“analysis,” which, gave me the key to an understanding of -these dreams. For I had since become an “analyst.” I -make analyses which are highly praised—to be sure, psychoanalyses. -I then understood that when I grew proud of these -analyses of the waking state, and wanted to boast how much -I had accomplished thereby, the dream would hold up to me -at night those other unsuccessful analyses of which I had -no reason to be proud; they are the punitive dreams of the -upstart, like those of the tailor who became a celebrated poet. -But how is it possible for the dream to place itself at the service -of self-criticism in its conflict with parvenu-pride, and to take -as its content a rational warning instead of the fulfilment of -a prohibitive wish? I have already mentioned that the -answer to this question entails many difficulties. We may -<span class='pageno' id='Page_379'>379</span>conclude that the foundation of the dream was at first formed -by a phantasy of overweening ambition, but that only its -suppression and its abashment reached the dream content -in its stead. One should remember that there are masochistic -tendencies in the psychic life to which such an inversion -might be attributed. But a more thorough investigation of -the individual dreams allows the recognition of still another -element. In an indistinct subordinate portion of one of my -laboratory dreams, I was just at the age which placed me in the -most gloomy and most unsuccessful year of my professional -career; I still had no position and no means of support, when -I suddenly found that I had the choice of many women whom -I could marry! I was, therefore, young again, and, what is -more, she was young again—the woman who has shared with -me all these hard years. In this way one of the wishes which -constantly frets the heart of the ageing man was revealed as -the unconscious dream inciter. The struggle raging in the -other psychic strata between vanity and self-criticism has -certainly determined the dream content, but the more deeply-rooted -wish of youth has alone made it possible as a dream. -One may say to himself even in the waking state: To be sure -it is very nice now, and times were once very hard; but it -was nice, too, even then, you were still so young.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In considering dreams reported by a poet one may often -assume that he has excluded from the report those details -which he perceived as disturbing and which he considered -unessential. His dreams, then, give us a riddle which could -be readily solved if we had an exact reproduction of the dream -content.</p> - -<p class='c006'>O. Rank has called my attention to the fact that in Grimm’s -fairy tale of the valiant little tailor, or “Seven at one Stroke,” -a very similar dream of an upstart is related. The tailor, -who became the hero and married the king’s daughter, -dreamed one night while with the princess, his wife, about his -trade; the latter, becoming suspicious, ordered armed guards -for the following night, who should listen to what was spoken -in the dream, and who should do away with the dreamer. -But the little tailor was warned, and knew enough to correct -his dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The complex of processes—of suspension, subtraction, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_380'>380</span>and inversion—through which the affects of the dream -thoughts finally become those of the dream, may well be -observed in the suitable synthesis of completely analysed -dreams. I shall here treat a few cases of emotional excitement -in the dream which furnish examples of some of the cases -discussed.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the dream about the odd task which the elder Bruecke -gives me to perform—of preparing my own pelvis—the -<em>appropriate horror is absent in the dream itself</em>. Now this is a -wish-fulfilment in various senses. Preparation signifies self-analysis, -which I accomplish, as it were, by publishing my -book on dreams, and which has been so disagreeable to me that -I have already postponed printing the finished manuscript -for more than a year. The wish is now actuated that I may -disregard this feeling of opposition, and for that reason I feel -no horror (<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Grauen</span></i>, which also means to grow grey) in the dream. -I should also like to escape the horror—in the other (German) -sense—of growing grey; for I am already growing grey fast, -and the grey in my hair warns me withal to hold back no -longer. For we know that at the end of the dream the thought -secures expression in that I should have to leave my children -to get to the goal of their difficult journey.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the two dreams that shift the expression of satisfaction -to the moments immediately after awakening, this satisfaction -is in the one case motivated by the expectation that I -am now going to learn what is meant by “I have already -dreamed of it,” and refers in reality to the birth of my first -child, and in the other case it is motivated by the conviction -that “that which has been announced by a sign” is now going -to happen, and the latter satisfaction is the same which I -felt at the arrival of my second son. Here the same emotions -that dominated in the dream thoughts have remained in the -dream, but the process is probably not so simple as this in -every dream. If the two analyses are examined a little, it -will be seen that this satisfaction which does not succumb to -the censor receives an addition from a source which must fear -the censor; and the emotion drawn from this source would -certainly arouse opposition if it did not cloak itself in a similar -emotion of satisfaction that is willingly admitted, if it did -not, as it were, sneak in behind the other. Unfortunately, I am -<span class='pageno' id='Page_381'>381</span>unable to show this in the case of the actual dream specimen, -but an example from another province will make my meaning -intelligible. I construct the following case: Let there be a -person near me whom I hate so that a strong feeling arises -in me that I should be glad if something were to happen to -him. But the moral part of my nature does not yield to this -sentiment; I do not dare to express this ill-wish, and when -something happens to him which he does not deserve, I suppress -my satisfaction at it, and force myself to expressions and -thoughts of regret. Everyone will have found himself in -such a position. But now let it happen that the hated person -draws upon himself a well-deserved misfortune by some fault; -now I may give free rein to my satisfaction that he has been -visited by a just punishment, and I express opinion in the -matter which coincides with that of many other people who -are impartial. But I can see that my satisfaction turns out -to be more intense than that of the others, for it has received -an addition from another source—from my hatred, which has -hitherto been prevented by the inner censor from releasing -an emotion, but which is no longer prevented from doing so -under the altered circumstances. This case is generally typical -of society, where persons who have aroused antipathy or are -adherents of an unpopular minority incur guilt. Their punishment -does not correspond to their transgression but to their -transgression <em>plus</em> the ill-will directed against them that has -hitherto been ineffective. Those who execute the punishment -doubtless commit an injustice, but they are prevented -from becoming aware of it by the satisfaction arising from -the release within themselves of a suppression of long standing. -In such cases the emotion is justified according to its quality, -but not according to its quantity; and the self-criticism that -has been appeased as to the one point is only too ready to -neglect examination of the second point. Once you have -opened the doors, more people get through than you originally -intended to admit.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The striking feature of the neurotic character, that incitements -capable of producing emotion bring about a result -that is qualitatively justified but is quantitatively excessive, -is to be explained in this manner, in so far as it admits of a -psychological explanation at all. The excess is due to sources -<span class='pageno' id='Page_382'>382</span>of emotion which have remained unconscious and have hitherto -been suppressed, which can establish in the associations a -connection with the actual incitement, and which can thus -find release for its emotions through the vent which the unobjectionable -and admitted source of emotion opens. Our -attention is thus called to the fact that we may not consider -the relation of mutual restraint as obtaining exclusively -between the suppressed and the suppressing psychic judgment. -The cases in which the two judgments bring about a -pathological emotion by co-operation and mutual strengthening -deserve just as much attention. The reader is requested -to apply these hints regarding the psychic mechanism for the -purpose of understanding the expressions of emotion in the -dream. A satisfaction which makes its appearance in the -dream, and which may readily be found at its proper place -in the dream thoughts, may not always be fully explained -by means of this reference. As a rule it will be necessary to -search for a second source in the dream thoughts, upon which -the pressure of the censor is exerted, and which under the pressure -would have resulted not in satisfaction, but in the opposite -emotion—which, however, is enabled by the presence of the -first source to free its satisfaction affect from suppression and -to reinforce the satisfaction springing from the other source. -Hence emotions in the dream appear as though formed -by the confluence of several tributaries, and as though -over-determined in reference to the material of the dream -thoughts; <em>sources of affect which can furnish the same affect -join each other in the dream activity in order to produce it</em>.<a id='rFE' /><a href='#fFE' class='c008'><sup>[FE]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>Some insight into these tangled relations is gained from -analysis of the admirable dream in which “Non vixit” constitutes -the central point (<em>cf.</em> p. 333). The expressions of emotion -in this dream, which are of different qualities, are forced -together at two points in the manifest content. Hostile and -painful feelings (in the dream itself we have the phrase, “seized -by strange emotions”) overlap at the point where I destroy -my antagonistic friend with the two words. At the end of -the dream I am greatly pleased, and am quite ready to believe -in a possibility which I recognise as absurd when I am awake, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_383'>383</span>namely, that there are <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">revenants</span></i> who can be put out of the way -by a mere wish.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I have not yet mentioned the occasion for this dream. It -is an essential one, and goes a long way towards explaining it. -I had received the news from my friend in Berlin (whom I -have designated as F.) that he is about to undergo an operation -and that relatives of his living in Vienna would give me -information about his condition. The first few messages after -the operation were not reassuring, and caused me anxiety. I -should have liked best to go to him myself, but at that time I -was affected with a painful disease which made every movement -a torture for me. I learn from the dream thoughts that -I feared for the life of my dear friend. I knew that his -only sister, with whom I had not been acquainted, had died -early after the shortest possible illness. (In the dream <em>F. tells -about his sister, and says: “In three-quarters of an hour she -was dead.”</em>) I must have imagined that his own constitution -was not much stronger, and that I should soon be travelling, -in spite of my health, in answer to far worse news—and that -I should arrive too <em>late</em>, for which I should reproach myself for -ever.<a id='rFF' /><a href='#fFF' class='c008'><sup>[FF]</sup></a> This reproach about arriving too late has become the -central point of the dream, but has been represented in a scene -in which the honoured teacher of my student years—Bruecke—reproaches -me for the same thing with a terrible look from his -blue eyes. The cause of this deviation from the scene will -soon be clear; the dream cannot reproduce the scene itself -in the manner in which it occurred to me. To be sure, it leaves -the blue eyes to the other man, but it gives me the part of -the annihilator, an inversion which is obviously the result of -the wish-fulfilment. My concern for the life of my friend, my -self-reproach for not having gone to him, my shame (he had -repeatedly come to me in Vienna), my desire to consider myself -excused on account of my illness—all of this makes up a -tempest of feeling which is distinctly felt in sleep, and which -raged in every part of the dream thoughts.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But there was another thing about the occasion for the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_384'>384</span>dream which had quite the opposite effect. With the unfavourable -news during the first days of the operation, I also -received the injunction to speak to no one about the whole -affair, which hurt my feelings, for it betrayed an unnecessary -distrust of my discretion. I knew, of course, that this request -did not proceed from my friend, but that it was due to clumsiness -or excessive timidity on the part of the messenger, but -the concealed reproach made me feel very badly because it -was not altogether unjustified. Only reproaches which “have -something in them” have power to irritate, as everyone knows. -For long before, in the case of two persons who were friendly -to each other and who were willing to honour me with their -friendship, I had quite needlessly tattled what the one had -said about the other; to be sure this incident had nothing -to do with the affairs of my friend F. Nor have I forgotten -the reproaches which I had to listen to at that time. One -of the two friends between whom I was the trouble-maker -was Professor Fleischl; the other one I may name Joseph, a -name which was also borne by my friend and antagonist P., -who appears in the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Two dream elements, first <em>inconspicuously</em>, and secondly -the question of <em>Fl. as to how much of his affairs I have mentioned -to P.</em>, give evidence of the reproach that I am incapable of -keeping anything to myself. But it is the admixture of these -recollections which transposes the reproach for arriving too -late from the present to the time when I was living in Bruecke’s -laboratory; and by replacing the second person in the annihilation -scene of the dream by a Joseph I succeed in representing -not only the first reproach that I arrive too late, but also a -second reproach, which is more rigorously suppressed, that I -keep no secrets. The condensing and replacing activity of -this dream, as well as the motives for it, are now obvious.</p> - -<p class='c006'>My anger at the injunction not to give anything away, -originally quite insignificant, receives confirmation from -sources that flow far below the surface, and so become a -swollen stream of hostile feelings towards persons who are in -reality dear to me. The source which furnishes the confirmation -is to be found in childhood. I have already said that -my friendships as well as my enmities with persons of my own -age go back to my childish relations with my nephew, who -<span class='pageno' id='Page_385'>385</span>was a year older than I. In these he had the upper hand, -and I early learned how to defend myself; we lived together -inseparably, loved each other, and at the same time, as statements -of older persons testify, scuffled with and accused each -other. In a certain sense all my friends are incarnations of -this first figure, “which early appeared to my blurred sight”; -they are all <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">revenants</span></i>. My nephew himself returned in the -years of adolescence, and then we acted Cæsar and Brutus. -An intimate friend and a hated enemy have always been -indispensable requirements for my emotional life; I have -always been able to create them anew, and not infrequently -my childish ideal has been so closely approached that friend -and enemy coincided in the same person, not simultaneously, -of course, nor in repeated alterations, as had been the case in -my first childhood years.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I do not here wish to trace the manner in which a recent -occasion for emotion may reach back to one in childhood—through -connections like these I have just described—in order -to find a substitute for itself, in this earlier occasion for the -sake of increased emotional effect. Such an investigation -would belong to the psychology of the unconscious, and would -find its place in a psychological explanation of neuroses. Let -us assume for the purposes of dream interpretation that a -childhood recollection makes its appearance or is formed by -the fancy, say to the following effect: Two children get into -a fight on account of some object—just what we shall leave -undecided, although memory or an allusion of memory has a -very definite one in mind—and each one claims that he got -to it first, and that he, therefore, has first right to it. They -come to blows, for might makes right; and, according to the -intimation of the dream, I must have known that I was in the -wrong (<em>noticing the error myself</em>), but this time I remain the -stronger and take possession of the battlefield; the defeated -combatant hurries to my father, his grandfather, and accuses -me, and I defend myself with the words which I know from -my father: “<em>I hit him because he hit me.</em>” Thus this recollection, -or more probably fancy, which forces itself upon my -attention in the course of the analysis—from my present -knowledge I myself do not know how—becomes an intermediary -of the dream thoughts that collects the emotional -<span class='pageno' id='Page_386'>386</span>excitements obtaining in the dream thoughts, as the bowl of a -fountain collects the streams of water flowing into it. From -this point the dream thoughts flow along the following paths: -“It serves you quite right if you had to vacate your place -for me; why did you try to force me out of my place? I -don’t need you; I’ll soon find someone else to play with,” &c. -Then the ways are opened through which these thoughts again -follow into the representation of the dream. For such an -“ôte-toi que je m’y mette” I once had to reproach my deceased -friend Joseph. He had been next to me in the line of -promotion in Bruecke’s laboratory, but advancement there -was very slow. Neither of the two assistants budged from -his place, and youth became impatient. My friend, who -knew that his time of life was limited, and who was bound by -no tie to his superior, was a man seriously ill; the wish for his -removal permitted an objectionable interpretation—he might -be moved by something besides promotion. Several years -before, the same wish for freedom had naturally been more -intense in my own case; wherever in the world there are -gradations of rank and advancement, the doors are opened -for wishes needing suppression. Shakespeare’s Prince Hal -cannot get rid of the temptation to see how the crown fits -even at the bed of his sick father. But, as may easily be -understood, the dream punishes this ruthless wish not upon -me but upon him.<a id='rFG' /><a href='#fFG' class='c008'><sup>[FG]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>“As he was ambitious, I slew him.” As he could not wait -for the other man to make way for him, he himself has been -put out of the way. I harbour these thoughts immediately -after attending the unveiling of the statue to the other man -at the university. A part of the satisfaction which I feel in -the dream may therefore be interpreted: Just punishment; -it served you right.</p> - -<p class='c006'>At the funeral of this friend a young man made the following -remark, which seemed out of place: “The preacher talked -as though the world couldn’t exist without this one human -being.” The displeasure of the sincere man, whose sorrow -<span class='pageno' id='Page_387'>387</span>has been marred by the exaggeration, begins to arise in him. -But with this speech are connected the dream thoughts: -“No one is really irreplaceable; how many men have I -already escorted to the grave, but I am still living, I have -survived them all, I claim the field.” Such a thought at the -moment when I fear that when I travel to see him I shall find -my friend no longer among the living, permits only of the -further development that I am glad I am surviving someone, -that it is not I who have died, but he—that I occupy the field -as I once did in the fancied scene in childhood. This satisfaction, -coming from sources in childhood, at the fact that I -claim the field, covers the larger part of the emotion which -appears in the dream. I am glad that I am the survivor—I -express this sentiment with the naïve egotism of the husband -who says to his wife: “If one of us dies, I shall move to Paris.” -It is such a matter of course for my expectation that I am not -to be the one.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It cannot be denied that great self-control is necessary to -interpret one’s dreams and to report them. It is necessary -for you to reveal yourself as the one scoundrel among all the -noble souls with whom you share the breath of life. Thus, -I consider it quite natural that <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">revenants</span></i> exist only as long as -they are wanted, and that they can be obviated by a wish. -This is the thing for which my friend Joseph has been punished. -But the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">revenants</span></i> are the successive incarnations of the friend -of my childhood; I am also satisfied at the fact that I have -replaced this person for myself again and again, and a substitute -will doubtless soon be found even for the friend whom I -am about to lose. No one is irreplaceable.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But what has the dream censor been doing meanwhile? -Why does it not raise the most emphatic objection to a train -of thought characterised by such brutal selfishness, and change -the satisfaction that adheres to it into profound repugnance? -I think it is because other unobjectionable trains of thought -likewise result in satisfaction and cover the emotion coming -from forbidden infantile sources with their own. In another -stratum of thought I said to myself at that festive unveiling: -“I have lost so many dear friends, some through death, some -through the dissolution of friendship—is it not beautiful that -I have found substitutes for them, that I have gained one who -<span class='pageno' id='Page_388'>388</span>means more to me than the others could, whom I shall from -now on always retain, at the age when it is not easy to form -new friendships?” The satisfaction that I have found this -substitute for lost friends can be taken over into the dream -without interference, but behind it there sneaks in the inimical -satisfaction from the infantile source. Childish affection undoubtedly -assists in strengthening the justifiable affection of -to-day; but childish hatred has also found its way into the -representation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But besides this there is distinct reference in the dream to -another chain of thoughts, which may manifest itself in the -form of satisfaction. My friend had shortly before had a little -daughter born, after long waiting. I knew how much he had -grieved for the sister whom he lost at an early age, and I wrote -to him that he would transfer to this child the love he had felt -for her. This little girl would at last make him forget his -irreparable loss.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Thus this chain also connects with the intermediary thoughts -of the latent dream content, from which the ways spread out -in opposite directions: No one is irreplaceable. You see, -nothing but <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">revenants</span></i>; all that one has lost comes back. And -now the bonds of association between the contradictory elements -of the dream thoughts are more tightly drawn by the -accidental circumstance that the little daughter of my friend -bears the same name as the girl playmate of my own youth, -who was just my own age and the sister of my oldest friend -and antagonist. I have heard the name “Pauline” with -<em>satisfaction</em>, and in order to allude to this coincidence I have -replaced one Joseph in the dream by another Joseph, and have -not overlooked the similarity in sound between the names -Fleischl and F. From this point a train of thought runs to the -naming of my own children. I insisted that the names should -not be chosen according to the fashion of the day but should -be determined by regard for the memory of beloved persons. -The children’s names make them “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">revenants</span></i>.” And, finally, -is not the having of children the only access to immortality -for us all?</p> - -<p class='c006'>I shall add only a few remarks about the emotions of the -dream from another point of view. An emotional inclination—what -we call a mood—may occur in the mind of a sleeping -<span class='pageno' id='Page_389'>389</span>person as its dominating element, and may induce a corresponding -mood in the dream. This mood may be the result -of the experiences and thoughts of the day, or it may be of -somatic origin; in either case it will be accompanied by the -chains of thought that correspond to it. The fact that in the -one case this presentation content conditions the emotional -inclination primarily, and that in the other case it is brought -about secondarily by a disposition of feeling of somatic origin -remains without influence upon the formation of the dream. -This formation is always subject to the restriction that it can -represent only a wish-fulfilment, and that it may put its psychic -motive force at the service only of the wish. The mood that -is actually present will receive the same treatment as the sensation -which actually comes to the surface during sleep (<em>cf.</em> -p. 198), which is either neglected or reinterpreted so as to -signify a wish-fulfilment. Disagreeable moods during sleep -become a motive force of the dream by actuating energetic -wishes, which the dream must fulfil. The material to which -they are attached is worked over until it finally becomes suitable -for the expression of the fulfilled wish. The more intense -and the more dominating the element of the disagreeable mood -in the dream thought, the more surely will the wish-impulses -that have been most rigorously suppressed take advantage of -the opportunity to secure representation, for they find that -the difficult part of the work necessary in securing representation -has already been accomplished in that the repugnance is -already actually in existence, which they would otherwise -have had to produce by their own effort. With this discussion -we again touch upon the problem of anxiety dreams, -which we may regard as bounding the province of the dream -activity.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>(<em>h</em>) <em>Secondary Elaboration.</em></h3> - -<p class='c015'>We may at last proceed to an exposition of the fourth of -the factors which take part in the formation of the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If we continue the examination of the dream content, in -the manner already outlined—that is, by testing striking occurrences -as to their origin in the dream thoughts—we encounter -elements which can be explained only by making an entirely -<span class='pageno' id='Page_390'>390</span>new assumption. I have in mind cases where one shows -astonishment, anger, or resistance in a dream, and that, too, -against a party of the dream content itself. Most of these -exercises of the critical faculty in dreams are not directed -against the dream content, but prove to be portions of dream -material which have been taken over and suitably made use -of, as I have shown by fitting examples. Some things of this -sort, however, cannot be disposed of in such a way; their -correlative cannot be found in the dream material. What, -for instance, is meant by the criticism not infrequent in dreams: -“Well, it’s only a dream”? This is a genuine criticism of -the dream such as I might make if I were awake. Not at all -infrequently it is the forerunner to waking; still oftener it -is preceded by a painful feeling, which subsides when the certainty -of the dream state has been established. The thought: -“But it’s only a dream,” occurring during the dream, has the -same object which is meant to be conveyed on the stage -through the mouth of the beautiful Helen von Offenbach; -it wants to minimise what has just occurred and secure indulgence -for what is to follow. Its purpose is to reassure and, -so to speak, put to sleep a certain instance which at the given -moment has every reason to be active and to forbid the continuation -of the dream—or the scene. It is pleasanter to go -on sleeping and to tolerate the dream, “because it’s only a -dream anyway.” I imagine that the disparaging criticism, -“But it’s only a dream,” enters into the dream at the moment -when the censor, which has never been quite asleep, feels that -it has been surprised by the already admitted dream. It is -too late to suppress the dream, and the instance therefore -carries with it that note of fear or of painful feeling which presents -itself in the dream. It is an expression of the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">esprit -d’escalier</span></i> on the part of the psychic censor.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In this example we have faultless proof that not everything -which the dream contains comes from the dream thoughts, -but that a psychic function which cannot be differentiated -from our waking thoughts may make contributions to the dream -content. The question now is, does this occur only in altogether -exceptional cases, or does the psychic instance which -is usually active only as censor take a regular part in the -formation of dreams?</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_391'>391</span>One must decide unhesitatingly for the latter view. It -is indisputable that the censoring instance, whose influence -we have so far recognised only in limitations and omissions in -the dream content, is also responsible for interpolations and -amplifications in this content. Often these interpolations are -easily recognised; they are reported irresolutely, prefaced -by an “as if,” they are not in themselves particularly vivid, -and are regularly inserted at points where they may serve to -connect two portions of the dream content or improve the -sequence between two sections of the dream. They manifest -less ability to stick in the memory than genuine products of -the dream material; if the dream is subject to forgetting, they -are the first to fall away, and I am strongly inclined to believe -that our frequent complaint that we have dreamed so much, -that we have forgotten most of this and have remembered -only fragments of it, rests on the immediate falling away of -just these cementing thoughts. In a complete analysis these -interpolations are often betrayed by the fact that no material -is to be found for them in the dream thoughts. But after -careful examination I must designate this case as a rare one; -usually interpolated thoughts can be traced to an element -in the dream thoughts, which, however, can claim a place in -the dream neither on account of its own merit nor on account -of over-determination. The psychic function in dream formation, -which we are now considering, aspires to the original -creations only in the most extreme cases; whenever possible, -it makes use of anything available it can find in the dream -material.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The thing which distinguishes and reveals this part of the -dream activity is its tendency. This function proceeds in a -manner similar to that which the poet spitefully attributes -to the philosopher; with its scraps and rags, it stops up the -breaches in the structure of the dream. The result of its -effort is that the dream loses the appearance of absurdity -and incoherence, and approaches the pattern of an intelligible -experience. But the effort is not always crowned with complete -success. Thus dreams occur which may seem faultlessly -logical and correct upon superficial examination; they -start from a possible situation, continue it by means of consistent -changes, and end up—although this is very rare—with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_392'>392</span>a not unnatural conclusion. These dreams have been subjected -to the most thorough elaboration at the hands of a psychic -function similar to our waking thought; they seem to have -a meaning, but this meaning is very far removed from the -real signification of the dream. If they are analysed, one is -convinced that the secondary elaboration has distorted the -material very freely, and has preserved its proper relations as -little as possible. These are the dreams which have, so to -speak, already been interpreted before we subject them to -waking interpretation. In other dreams this purposeful -elaboration has been successful only to a certain point; up -to this point consistency seems to be dominant, then the dream -becomes nonsensical or confused, and perhaps finally it lifts -itself for a second time in its course to an appearance of -rationality. In still other dreams the elaboration has failed -completely; we find ourselves helpless in the presence of a -senseless mass of fragmentary contents.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I do not wish to deny to this fourth dream-moulding power, -which will soon seem to us a familiar one—it is in reality the -only one among the four dream-moulders with which we are -familiar,—I do not wish to deny this fourth factor the capability -of creatively furnishing the dream with new contributions. -But surely its influence, like that of the others, manifests -itself preponderatingly in the preferring and choosing of -already created psychic material in the dream thoughts. -Now there is a case where it is spared the work, for the most -part, of building, as it were, a façade to the dream, by the fact -that such a structure, waiting to be used, is already to be found -complete in the material of the dream thoughts. The element -of the dream thoughts which I have in mind, I am in the habit -of designating as a “phantasy”; perhaps I shall avoid -misunderstanding if I immediately adduce the day dream of -waking life as an analogy.<a id='rFH' /><a href='#fFH' class='c008'><sup>[FH]</sup></a> The part played by this element -in our psychic life has not yet been fully recognised and investigated -by the psychiatrists; in this study M. Benedikt has, -it seems to me, made a highly promising beginning. The significance -of the day dream has not yet escaped the unerring -insight of poets; the description of the day dreams of one -of his subordinate characters which A. Daudet gives us in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_393'>393</span><cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Nabab</span></cite> is universally known. A study of the psychoneuroses -discloses the astonishing fact that these phantasies or day -dreams are the immediate predecessors of hysterical symptoms—at -least of a great many of them; hysterical symptoms -directly depend not upon the memories themselves, but upon -phantasies built on the basis of memories. The frequent -occurrence of conscious day phantasies brings these formations -within the scope of our knowledge; but just as there are -such conscious phantasies, so there are a great many unconscious -ones, which must remain unconscious on account -of their content and on account of their origin from repressed -material. A more thorough examination into the character -of these day phantasies shows with what good reason the -same name has been given to these formations as to the products -of our nocturnal thought,—dreams. They possess an -essential part of their properties in common with nocturnal -dreams; an examination of them would really have afforded -the shortest and best approach to an understanding of night -dreams.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Like dreams, they are fulfilments of wishes; like dreams -a good part of them are based upon the impressions of childish -experiences; like dreams their creations enjoy a certain amount -of indulgence from the censor. If we trace their formation, -we see how the wish motive, which is active in their production, -has taken the material of which they are built, mixed it together, -rearranged it, and composed it into a new unit. They -bear the same relation to the childish memories, to which -they go back, as some of the quaint palaces of Rome bear to -the ancient ruins, whose freestones and pillars have furnished -the material for the structure built in modern form.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the “secondary elaboration” of the dream content -which we have ascribed to our fourth dream-making factor, -we again find the same activity which in the creation of day -dreams is allowed to manifest itself unhampered by other -influences. We may say without further preliminary that -this fourth factor of ours seeks to form something <em>like a day -dream</em> from the material at hand. Where, however, such a -day dream has already been formed in connection with the -dream thought, this factor of the dream-work will preferably -get control of it, and strive to introduce it into the dream -<span class='pageno' id='Page_394'>394</span>content. There are dreams which consist merely of the repetition -of such a day fancy, a fancy which has perhaps remained -unconscious—as, for instance, the dream of the boy that he -is riding with the heroes of the Trojan war in a war chariot. -In my dream “Autodidasker,” at least the second part of the -dream is the faithful repetition of a day phantasy—harmless -in itself—about my dealings with Professor N. The fact that -the phantasy thus provided more often forms only one part of -the dream, or that only one part of the phantasy that makes its -way to the dream content, has its origin in the complexity of -the conditions which the dream must satisfy at its genesis. On -the whole, the phantasy is treated like any other component of -the latent material; still it is often recognisable in the dream -as a whole. In my dreams parts often occur which are emphasized -by an impression different from that of the rest. They -seem to me to be in a state of flux, to be more coherent and at -the same time more transient than other pieces of the same -dream. I know that these are unconscious phantasies which -get into the dream by virtue of their association, but I have -never succeeded in registering such a phantasy. For the rest -these phantasies, like all other component parts of the dream -thoughts, are jumbled together and condensed, one covered -up by another, and the like; but there are all degrees, from -the case where they may constitute the dream content or at -least the dream façade unchanged to the opposite case, where -they are represented in the dream content by only one of their -elements or by a remote allusion to such an element. The -extent to which the phantasies are able to withstand the demands -of the censor and the tendency to condensation are, of -course, also decisive of their fate among the dream thoughts.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In my choice of examples for dream analysis I have, -wherever possible, avoided those dreams in which unconscious -fancies play a somewhat important part, because the introduction -of this psychic element would have necessitated extensive -discussion of the psychology of unconscious thought. -But I cannot entirely omit the “phantasy” even in this matter -of examples, because it often gets fully into the dream and -still more often distinctly pervades it. I may mention one -more dream, which seems to be composed of two distinct and -opposed phantasies, overlapping each other at certain places, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_395'>395</span>of which the first is superficial, while the second becomes, as -it were, the interpreter of the first.<a id='rFI' /><a href='#fFI' class='c008'><sup>[FI]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>The dream—it is the only one for which I have no careful -notes—is about to this effect: The dreamer—an unmarried -young man—is sitting in an inn, which is seen correctly; -several persons come to get him, among them someone who -wants to arrest him. He says to his table companions, “I -will pay later, I am coming back.” But they call to him, -laughing scornfully: “We know all about that; that’s what -everybody says.” One guest calls after him: “There goes -another one.” He is then led to a narrow hall, where he finds -a woman with a child in her arms. One of his escorts says: -“That is Mr. Müller.” A commissioner or some other official -is running through a bundle of tickets or papers repeating -Müller, Müller, Müller. At last the commissioner asks him -a question, which he answers with “Yes.” He then takes -a look at the woman, and notices that she has grown a -large beard.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The two component parts are here easily separated. What -is superficial is the <em>phantasy of being arrested</em>; it seems to be -newly created by the dream-work. But behind it appears the -<em>phantasy of marriage</em>, and this material, on the contrary, has -undergone but slight change at the hands of the dream -activity. The features which are common to both phantasies -come into distinct prominence as in a Galton’s composite -photograph. The promise of the bachelor to come back to -his place at the club table, the scepticism of the drinking companions, -sophisticated in their many experiences, the calling -after: “There goes (marries) another one,”—all these features -can easily be capable of the other interpretation. Likewise -the affirmative answer given to the official. Running through -the bundle of papers with the repetition of the name, corresponds -<span class='pageno' id='Page_396'>396</span>to a subordinate but well-recognised feature of the -marriage ceremonies—the reading aloud of the congratulatory -telegrams which have arrived irregularly, and which, of -course, are all addressed to the same name. In the matter of -the bride’s personal appearance in this dream, the marriage -phantasy has even got the better of the arrest phantasy which -conceals it. The fact that this bride finally displays a beard, -I can explain from an inquiry—I had no chance to make an -analysis. The dreamer had on the previous day crossed the -street with a friend who was just as hostile to marriage as -himself, and had called his friend’s attention to a beautiful -brunette who was coming towards them. The friend had -remarked: “Yes, if only these women wouldn’t get beards, -as they grow older, like their fathers.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>Of course there is no lack of elements in this dream, on which -the dream disfigurement has done more thorough work. Thus -the speech: “I will pay later,” may have reference to the -conduct of the father-in-law in the matter of dowry—which -is uncertain. Obviously all kinds of scruples are preventing -the dreamer from surrendering himself with pleasure to the -phantasy of marrying. One of these apprehensions—lest one’s -freedom be lost when one marries—has embodied itself in the -transformation to a scene of arrest.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Let us return to the thesis that the dream activity likes -to make use of a phantasy which is finished and at hand, -instead of creating one afresh from the material of the dream -thoughts; we shall perhaps solve one of the most interesting -riddles of the dream if we keep this fact in mind. I have on -page 21 related the dream of Maury,<a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[48]</sup></a> who is struck on the -back of the neck with a stick, and who awakes in the possession -of a long dream—a complete romance from the time of the -French Revolution. Since the dream is represented as coherent -and as explicable by reference to the disturbing stimulus -alone, about the occurrence of which stimulus the sleeper could -suspect nothing, only one assumption seems to be left, namely, -that the whole richly elaborated dream must have been composed -and must have taken place in the short space of time -between the falling of the stick on Maury’s cervical vertebra -and the awakening induced by the blow. We should not feel -justified in ascribing such rapidity to the waking mental -<span class='pageno' id='Page_397'>397</span>activity, and so are inclined to credit the dream activity with -a remarkable acceleration of thought as one of its characteristics.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Against this inference, which rapidly becomes popular, -more recent authors (Le Lorrain,<a href='#f45' class='c008'><sup>[45]</sup></a> Egger,<a href='#f20' class='c008'><sup>[20]</sup></a> and others) have -made emphatic objection. They partly doubt the correctness -with which the dream was reported by Maury, and partly try -to show that the rapidity of our waking mental capacity is -quite as great as that which we may concede without reservation -to the dream activity. The discussion raises fundamental -questions, the settlement of which I do not think concerns -me closely. But I must admit that the argument, for instance, -of Egger has not impressed me as convincing against the -guillotine dream of Maury. I would suggest the following -explanation of this dream: Would it be very improbable that -the dream of Maury exhibits a phantasy which had been preserved -in his memory in a finished state for years, and which -was awakened—I should rather say alluded to—at the moment -when he became aware of the disturbing stimulus? The difficulty -of composing such a long story with all its details in the -exceedingly short space of time which is here at the disposal -of the dreamer then disappears; the story is already composed. -If the stick had struck Maury’s neck when he was -awake there would perhaps have been time for the thought: -“Why, that’s like being guillotined.” But as he is struck -by the stick while asleep, the dream activity quickly finds -occasion in the incoming stimulus to construct a wish-fulfilment, -as though it thought (this is to be taken entirely figuratively): -“Here is a good opportunity to realise the wish -phantasy which I formed at such and such a time while I was -reading.” That this dream romance is just such a one as a -youth would be likely to fashion under the influence of powerful -impressions does not seem questionable to me. Who -would not have been carried away—especially a Frenchman -and a student of the history of civilisation—by descriptions of -the Reign of Terror, in which the aristocracy, men and women, -the flower of the nation, showed that it was possible to die -with a light heart, and preserved their quick wit and refinement -of life until the fatal summons? How tempting to -fancy one’s self in the midst of all this as one of the young men -who parts from his lady with a kiss of the hand to climb -<span class='pageno' id='Page_398'>398</span>fearlessly upon the scaffold! Or perhaps ambition is the -ruling motive of the phantasy—the ambition to put one’s self -in the place of one of those powerful individuals who merely, -by the force of their thinking and their fiery eloquence, rule -the city in which the heart of mankind is beating so convulsively, -who are impelled by conviction to send thousands of -human beings to their death, and who pave the way for the -transformation of Europe; who, meanwhile, are not sure of -their own heads, and may one day lay them under the knife -of the guillotine, perhaps in the rôle of one of the Girondists -or of the hero Danton? The feature, “accompanied by an -innumerable multitude,” which is preserved in the memory, -seems to show that Maury’s phantasy is an ambitious one of -this sort.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But this phantasy, which has for a long time been ready, -need not be experienced again in sleep; it suffices if it is, so -to speak, “touched off.” What I mean is this: If a few notes -are struck and someone says, as in <cite>Don Juan</cite>: “That is from -<cite>Figaro’s Wedding</cite> by Mozart,” memories suddenly surge up -within me, none of which I can in the next moment recall -to consciousness. The characteristic phrase serves as an entrance -station from which a complete whole is simultaneously -put in motion. It need not be different in the case of unconscious -thought. The psychic station which opens the way -to the whole guillotine phantasy is set in motion by the waking -stimulus. This phantasy, however, is not passed in review -during sleep, but only afterwards in waking memory. Upon -awakening one remembers the details of the phantasy, which in -the dream was regarded as a whole. There is, withal, no means -of making sure that one really has remembered anything which -has been dreamed. The same explanation, namely, that one -is dealing with finished phantasies which have been set in -motion as wholes by the waking stimulus, may be applied to -still other dreams which proceed from a waking stimulus—for -instance to the battle dream of Napoleon at the explosion -of the bomb. I do not mean to assert that all waking dreams -admit of this explanation, or that the problem of the accelerated -discharge of ideas in dreams is to be altogether solved in this -manner.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We must not neglect the relation of this secondary elaboration -<span class='pageno' id='Page_399'>399</span>of the dream content to the other factors in the dream -activity. Might the procedure be as follows: the dream-creating -factors, the impulse to condense, the necessity of -evading the censor, and the regard for dramatic fitness in the -psychic resources of the dream—these first of all create a provisional -dream content, and this is then subsequently modified -until it satisfies the exactions of a second instance? This is -hardly probable. It is necessary rather to assume that the -demands of this instance are from the very beginning lodged -in one of the conditions which the dream must satisfy, and -that this condition, just like those of condensation, of censorship, -and of dramatic fitness, simultaneously affect the whole -mass of material in the dream thoughts in an inductive and -selective manner. But of the four conditions necessary for -the dream formation, the one last recognised is the one whose -exactions appear to be least binding upon the dream. -That this psychic function, which undertakes the so-called -secondary elaboration of the dream content is identical -with the work of our waking thought may be inferred with -great probability from the following consideration:—Our -waking (foreconscious) thought behaves towards a given object -of perception just exactly as the function in question behaves -towards the dream content. It is natural for our waking -thought to bring about order in the material of perception, -to construct relationships, and to make it subject to the requirements -of an intelligible coherence. Indeed, we go too -far in doing this; the tricks of prestidigitators deceive us by -taking advantage of this intellectual habit. In our effort to -put together the sensory impressions which are offered to us -in a comprehensible manner, we often commit the most bizarre -errors and even distort the truth of the material we have -before us. Proofs for this are too generally familiar to need -more extended consideration here. We fail to see errors in a -printed page because our imagination pictures the proper words. -The editor of a widely-read French paper is said to have risked -the wager that he could print the words “from in front” or -“from behind” in every sentence of a long article without any -of his readers noticing it. He won the wager. A curious example -of incorrect associations years ago caught my attention -in a newspaper. After the session of the French chamber, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_400'>400</span>at which Dupuy quelled a panic caused by the explosion of a -bomb thrown into the hall by an anarchist by saying calmly, -“La séance continue,” the visitors in the gallery were asked -to testify as to their impression of the attempted assassination. -Among them were two provincials. One of these told that -immediately after the conclusion of a speech he had heard a -detonation, but had thought that it was the custom in parliament -to fire a shot whenever a speaker had finished. The -other, who had apparently already heard several speakers, -had got the same idea, with the variation, however, that he -supposed this shooting to be a sign of appreciation following -an especially successful speech.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Thus the psychic instance which approaches the dream -content with the demand that it must be intelligible, which -subjects it to preliminary interpretation, and in doing so -brings about a complete misunderstanding of it, is no other -than our normal thought. In our interpretation the rule will -be in every case to disregard the apparent coherence of the -dream as being of suspicious origin, and, whether the elements -are clear or confused, to follow the same regressive path to the -dream material.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We now learn upon what the scale of quality in dreams -from confusion to clearness—mentioned above, page 305—essentially -depends. Those parts of the dream with which -the secondary elaboration has been able to accomplish something -seem to us clear; those where the power of this activity -has failed seem confused. Since the confused parts of the -dream are often also those which are less vividly imprinted, -we may conclude that the secondary dream-work is also responsible -for a contribution to the plastic intensity of the -individual dream structures.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If I were to seek an object of comparison for the definitive -formation of the dream as it manifests itself under the influence -of normal thinking, none better offers itself than those -mysterious inscriptions with which <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Fliegende Blaetter</span></cite> has -so long amused its readers. The reader is supposed to find a -Latin inscription concealed in a given sentence which, for the -sake of contrast, is in dialect and as scurrilous as possible in -significance. For this purpose the letters are taken from their -groupings in syllables and are newly arranged. Now and then -<span class='pageno' id='Page_401'>401</span>a genuine Latin word results, at other places we think that we -have abbreviations of such words before us, and at still other -places in the inscription we allow ourselves to be carried along -over the senselessness of the disjointed letters by the semblance -of disintegrated portions or by breaks in the inscription. If -we do not wish to respond to the jest we must give up -looking for an inscription, must take the letters as we see them, -and must compose them into words of our mother tongue, -unmindful of the arrangement which is offered.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I shall now undertake a résumé of this extended discussion -of the dream activity. We were confronted by the question -whether the mind exerts all its capabilities to the fullest -development in dream formation, or only a fragment of its -capabilities, and these restricted in their activity. Our -investigation leads us to reject such a formulation of the -question entirely as inadequate to our circumstances. But if we -are to remain on the same ground when we answer as that on -which the question is urged upon us, we must acquiesce in -two conceptions which are apparently opposed and mutually -exclusive. The psychic activity in dream formation resolves -itself into two functions—the provision of the dream thoughts -and the transformation of these into the dream content. The -dream thoughts are entirely correct, and are formed with all -the psychic expenditure of which we are capable; they belong -to our thoughts which have not become conscious, from which -our thoughts which have become conscious also result by -means of a certain transposition. Much as there may be -about them which is worth knowing and mysterious, these -problems have no particular relation to the dream, and have -no claim to be treated in connection with dream problems. -On the other hand, there is that second portion of the activity -which changes the unconscious thoughts into the dream -content, an activity peculiar to dream life and characteristic -of it. Now, this peculiar dream-work is much further removed -from the model of waking thought than even the most decided -depreciators of psychic activity in dream formation have -thought. It is not, one might say, more negligent, more -incorrect, more easily forgotten, more incomplete than -waking thought; it is something qualitatively altogether -different from waking thought, and therefore not in any way -<span class='pageno' id='Page_402'>402</span>comparable to it. It does not in general think, calculate, or -judge at all, but limits itself to transforming. It can be exhaustively -described if the conditions which must be satisfied -at its creation are kept in mind. This product, the dream, -must at any cost be withdrawn from the censor, and for this -purpose the dream activity makes use of the <em>displacement of -psychic intensities</em> up to the transvaluation of all psychic -values; thoughts must exclusively or predominatingly be -reproduced in the material of visual and acoustic traces of -memory, and this requirement secures for the dream-work -the <em>regard for presentability</em>, which meets the requirement by -furnishing new displacements. Greater intensities are (probably) -to be provided than are each night at the disposal of -the dream thoughts, and this purpose is served by the prolific -<em>condensation</em> which is undertaken with the component parts -of the dream thoughts. Little attention is paid to the logical -relations of the thought material; they ultimately find a -veiled representation in the <em>formal</em> peculiarities of the dream. -The affects of the dream thoughts undergo lesser changes -than their presentation content. As a rule they are suppressed; -where they are preserved they are freed from the -presentations and put together according to their similarity. -Only one part of the dream-work—the revision varying in -amount, made by the partially roused conscious thought—at -all agrees with the conception which the authors have tried -to extend to the entire activity of dream formation.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_403'>403</span> - <h2 class='c004'>VII<br /> <span class='large'>THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE DREAM ACTIVITIES</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c005'>Among the dreams which I have heard from others there is -one which at this point is especially worthy of our attention. -It was told to me by a female patient who in turn had heard -it in a lecture on dreams. Its original source is unknown to -me. This dream evidently made a deep impression upon the -lady, as she went so far as to imitate it, <em>i.e.</em> to repeat the -elements of this dream in a dream of her own in order to -express by this transference her agreement with it in a certain -point.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The essential facts of this illustrative dream are as follows: -For days and nights a father had watched at the sick-bed of -his child. After the child died, he retired to rest in an adjoining -room, leaving the door ajar, however, so as to enable -him to look from his room into the other, where the corpse lay -surrounded by burning candles. An old man, who was left -as a watch, sat near the corpse murmuring prayers. After -sleeping a few hours the father dreamed that <em>the child stood -near his bed clasping his arms and calling out reproachfully, -“Father, don’t you see that I am burning?”</em> The father woke -and noticed a bright light coming from the adjoining room. -Rushing in, he found the old man asleep, and the covers and -one arm of the beloved body burned by the fallen candle.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The meaning of this affecting dream is simple enough, and -the explanation given by the lecturer, as my patient reported -it, was correct. The bright light coming through the open -door into the eyes of the sleeper produced the same impression -on him as if he had been awake; namely, that a fire had been -started near the corpse by a falling candle. It is quite possible -that on going to sleep he feared that the aged guardian was -not equal to his task.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We can find nothing to change in this interpretation. We -can add only that the contents of the dream must be over-determined, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_404'>404</span>and that the talking of the child consisted of -phrases that it had uttered while still living, which recalled to -the father important events. Perhaps the complaint, “I am -burning,” recalled the fever from which the child died, and -the words quoted, “Father, don’t you see?” recalled an -emotional occurrence unknown to us.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But after we have recognised the dream as a senseful -occurrence which can be correlated with our psychic existence, -it may be surprising that a dream should have taken place -under circumstances which necessitated such immediate -awakening. We also notice that the dream does not lack the -wish-fulfilment. The child acts as if living; it warns the -father itself; it comes to his bed and clasps his arms, as it -probably did on the occasion which gave origin to the first -part of the speech in the dream. It was for the sake of this -wish-fulfilment that the father slept a moment longer. The -dream triumphed over the conscious reflection because it could -show the child once more alive. If the father had awakened -first, and had then drawn the conclusion which led him into -the adjoining room, he would have shortened the child’s life -by this one moment.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The peculiar feature in this brief dream which engages our -interest is quite plain. So far we have mainly endeavoured -to ascertain wherein the secret meaning of the dream consists, -in what way this is to be discovered, and what means the -dream-work uses to conceal it. In other words, our greatest -interest has hitherto centred on the problems of interpretation. -We now encounter a dream, however, which can be -easily explained, the sense of which is plainly presented; and -we notice that in spite of this fact the dream still preserves -the essential features which plainly differentiate our dreaming -from our conscious thinking, and thus clearly demands an -explanation. After clearing up all the problems of interpretation, -we can still feel how imperfect our psychology of the -dream is.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Before entering, however, into this new territory, let us -stop and reflect whether we have not missed something important -on our way hither. For it must be frankly admitted -that we have been traversing the easy and comfortable part -of our journey. Hitherto all the paths we have followed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_405'>405</span>have led, if I mistake not, to light, to explication, and to full -understanding, but from the moment that we wish to penetrate -deeper into the psychic processes of the dream all paths -lead into darkness. It is quite impossible to explain the -dream as a psychic process, for to explain means to trace to -the known, and as yet we do not possess any psychological -knowledge under which we can range what may be inferred -from our psychological investigation of dreams as their fundamental -explanation. On the contrary, we shall be compelled -to build a series of new assumptions concerning the structure -of the psychic apparatus and its active forces; and this we -shall have to be careful not to carry beyond the simplest -logical concatenation, as its value may otherwise merge into -uncertainty. And, even if we should make no mistake in -our conclusions, and take cognisance of all the logical possibilities -involved, we shall still be threatened with complete -failure in our solution through the probable incompleteness -of our elemental data. It will also be impossible to gain, -or at least to establish, an explanation for the construction -and workings of the psychic instrument even through a most -careful investigation of the dream or any other <em>single</em> activity. -On the contrary, it will be necessary for this end to bring -together whatever appears decisively as constant after a -comparative study of a whole series of psychic activities. Thus -the psychological conceptions which we shall gain from an -analysis of the dream process will have to wait, as it were, -at the junction point until they can be connected with the -results of other investigations which may have advanced to the -nucleus of the same problem from another starting point.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>(<em>a</em>) <em>Forgetting in Dreams.</em></h3> - -<p class='c015'>I propose, then, first, to turn to a subject which has given -rise to an objection hitherto unnoticed, threatening to undermine -the foundation of our work in dream interpretation. It -has been objected in more than one quarter that the dream -which we wish to interpret is really unknown to us, or, to be -more precise, that we have no assurance of knowing it as it -has really occurred (see p. 37). What we recollect of the dream, -and what we subject to our methods of interpretation, is in the -first place disfigured through our treacherous memory, which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_406'>406</span>seems particularly unfitted to retain the dream, and which -may have omitted precisely the most important part of the -dream content. For, when we pay attention to our dreams, -we often find cause to complain that we have dreamed much -more than we remember; that, unfortunately, we know nothing -more than this one fragment, and that even this seems to us -peculiarly uncertain. On the other hand, everything assures -us that our memory reproduces the dream not only fragmentarily -but also delusively and falsely. Just as on the one hand -we may doubt whether the material dreamt was really as disconnected -and confused as we remember it, so on the other -hand may we doubt whether a dream was as connected as we -relate it; whether in the attempt at reproduction we have -not filled in the gaps existing or caused by forgetfulness with -new material arbitrarily chosen; whether we have not embellished, -rounded off, and prepared the dream so that all -judgment as to its real content becomes impossible. Indeed, -one author (Spitta<a href='#f64' class='c008'><sup>[64]</sup></a>) has expressed his belief that all that is -orderly and connected is really first put into the dream during -our attempt to recall it. Thus we are in danger of having -wrested from our hands the very subject whose value we have -undertaken to determine.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In our dream interpretations we have thus far ignored -these warnings. Indeed, the demand for interpretation was, -on the contrary, found to be no less perceptible in the smallest, -most insignificant, and most uncertain ingredients of the -dream content than in those containing the distinct and definite -parts. In the dream of Irma’s injection we read, “I -quickly called in Dr. M.,” and we assumed that even this -small addendum would not have gotten into the dream if it -had not had a special derivation. Thus we reached the history -of that unfortunate patient to whose bed I “quickly” called -in the older colleague. In the apparently absurd dream -which treated the difference between 51 and 56 as <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">quantité -négligé</span></i>, the number 51 was repeatedly mentioned. Instead -of finding this self-evident or indifferent, we inferred from it -a second train of thought in the latent content of the dream -which led to the number 51. By following up this clue we -came to the fears which placed 51 years as a limit of life, this -being in most marked contrast to a dominant train of thought -<span class='pageno' id='Page_407'>407</span>which boastfully knew no limit to life. In the dream “Non -Vixit” I found, as an insignificant interposition that I at first -overlooked, the sentence, “As P. does not understand him, -Fl. asks me,” &c. The interpretation then coming to a -standstill, I returned to these words, and found through them -the way to the infantile phantasy, which appeared in the dream -thoughts as an intermediary point of junction. This came -about by means of the poet’s verses:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Seldom have you understood me,</div> - <div class='line'>Seldom have I understood you,</div> - <div class='line'>But when we got into the mire,</div> - <div class='line'>We at once understood each other.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>Every analysis will demonstrate by examples how the most -insignificant features of the dream are indispensable to the -analysis, and how the finishing of the task is delayed by the -fact that attention is not at first directed to them. In the -same way we have in the interpretation of dreams respected -every nuance of verbal expression found in the dream; indeed, -if we were confronted by a senseless or insufficient wording -betraying an unsuccessful effort to translate the dream in the -proper style, we have even respected these defects of expression. -In brief, what the authorities have considered arbitrary improvisation, -concocted hastily to suit the occasion, we have -treated like a sacred text. This contradiction requires an -explanation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is in our favour, without disparagement to the authorities. -From the viewpoint of our newly-acquired understanding concerning -the origin of the dream, the contradictions fall into -perfect agreement. It is true that we distort the dream in -our attempt to reproduce it; and herein we find another -instance of what we have designated as the often misunderstood -secondary elaboration of the dream through the influence -of normal thinking. But this distortion is itself only a -part of the elaboration to which the dream thoughts are -regularly subjected by virtue of the dream censor. The -authorities have here divined or observed that part of the -dream distortion most obviously at work; to us this is of little -importance, for we know that a more prolific work of distortion, -not so easily comprehensible, has already chosen the dream -<span class='pageno' id='Page_408'>408</span>from among the concealed thoughts as its object. The -authorities err only in considering the modifications of the -dream while it is being recalled and put in words as arbitrary -and insoluble; and hence, as likely to mislead us in the interpretation -of the dream. We over-estimate the determination -of the psychic. There is nothing arbitrary in this field. It -can quite generally be shown that a second train of thought -immediately undertakes the determination of the elements -which have been left undetermined by the first. I wish, -<em>e.g.</em>, to think quite voluntarily of a number. This, however, -is impossible. The number that occurs to me is definitely -and necessarily determined by thoughts within me which may -be far from my momentary intention.<a id='rFJ' /><a href='#fFJ' class='c008'><sup>[FJ]</sup></a> Just as far from arbitrary -are the modifications which the dream experiences -through the revision of the waking state. They remain in -associative connection with the content, the place of which -they take, and serve to show us the way to this content, which -may itself be the substitute for another.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the analysis of dreams with patients I am accustomed -to institute the following proof of this assertion, which has -never proved unsuccessful. If the report of a dream appears -to me at first difficult to understand, I request the dreamer -to repeat it. This he rarely does in the same words. The -passages wherein the expression is changed have become -known to me as the weak points of the dream’s disguise, which -are of the same service to me as the embroidered mark on -Siegfried’s raiment was to Hagen. The analysis may start -from these points. The narrator has been admonished by -my announcement that I mean to take special pains to solve -the dream, and immediately, under the impulse of resistance, -he protects the weak points of the dream’s disguise, replacing -the treacherous expressions by remoter ones. He thus calls -my attention to the expressions he has dropped. From the -efforts made to guard against the solution of the dream, I can -also draw conclusions as to the care with which the dream’s -raiment was woven.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The authors are, however, less justified in giving so much -importance to the doubt which our judgment encounters in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_409'>409</span>relating the dream. It is true that this doubt betrays the lack -of an intellectual assurance, but our memory really knows no -guarantees, and yet, much more often than is objectively -justified, we yield to the pressure of lending credence to its -statements. The doubt concerning the correct representation -of the dream, or of its individual data, is again only an -offshoot of the dream censor—that is, of the resistance against -penetration to consciousness of the dream thoughts. This -resistance has not entirely exhausted itself in bringing about -the displacements and substitutions, and it therefore adheres -as doubt to what has been allowed to pass through. We can -recognise this doubt all the easier through the fact that it -takes care not to attack the intensive elements of the dream, -but only the weak and indistinct ones. For we already know -that a transvaluation of all the psychic values has taken -place between the dream thoughts and the dream. The disfigurement -has been made possible only by the alteration of -values; it regularly manifests itself in this way and occasionally -contents itself with this. If doubt attaches to an indistinct -element of the dream content, we may, following the hint, -recognise in this element a direct offshoot of one of the outlawed -dream thoughts. It is here just as it was after a great -revolution in one of the republics of antiquity or of the Renaissance. -The former noble and powerful ruling families -are now banished; all high positions are filled by upstarts; -in the city itself only the very poor and powerless citizens or -the distant followers of the vanquished party are tolerated. -Even they do not enjoy the full rights of citizenship. They -are suspiciously watched. Instead of the suspicion in the -comparison, we have in our case the doubt. I therefore insist -that in the analysis of dreams one should emancipate one’s self -from the entire conception of estimating trustworthiness, and -when there is the slightest possibility that this or that occurred -in the dream, it should be treated as a full certainty. Until -one has decided to reject these considerations in tracing the -dream elements, the analysis will remain at a standstill. Antipathy -toward the element concerned shows its psychic effect -in the person analysed by the fact that the undesirable idea -will evoke no thought in his mind. Such effect is really not -self-evident. It would not be inconsistent if one would say: -<span class='pageno' id='Page_410'>410</span>“Whether this or that was contained in the dream I do not -know, but the following thoughts occur to me in this direction.” -But he never expresses himself thus; and it is just this disturbing -influence of doubt in the analysis that stamps it as -an offshoot and instrument of the psychic resistance. Psychoanalysis -is justly suspicious. One of its rules reads: <em>Whatever -disturbs the continuation of the work is a resistance.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>The forgetting of dreams, too, remains unfathomable as -long as we do not consider the force of the psychic censor in -its explanation. The feeling, indeed, that one has dreamt a -great deal during the night and has retained only a little of it -may have another meaning in a number of cases. It may -perhaps signify that the dream-work has continued perceptibly -throughout the night, and has left behind only this short -dream. There is, however, no doubt of the fact that the dream -is progressively forgotten on awakening. One often forgets it -in spite of painful effort to remember. I believe, however, -that just as one generally over-estimates the extent of one’s -forgetting, so also one over-estimates the deficiencies in one’s -knowledge, judging them by the gaps occurring in the dream. -All that has been lost through forgetting in a dream content -can often be brought back through analysis. At least, in a -whole series of cases, it is possible to discover from one single -remaining fragment, not the dream, to be sure, which is of little -importance, but all the thoughts of the dream. It requires a -greater expenditure of attention and self-control in the analysis; -that is all. But, at the same time, this suggests that the forgetting -of the dream does not lack a hostile intention.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A convincing proof of the purposeful nature of dream-forgetting, -in the service of resistance, is gained in analysis -through the investigation of a preliminary stage of forgetting.<a id='rFK' /><a href='#fFK' class='c008'><sup>[FK]</sup></a> -It often happens that in the midst of interpretation work an -omitted fragment of the dream suddenly comes to the surface. -This part of the dream snatched from forgetfulness is always -the most important part. It lies on the shortest road toward -the solution of the dream, and for that very reason it was -most objectionable to the resistance. Among the examples of -dreams that I have collected in connection with this treatise, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_411'>411</span>it once happened that I had to interpose subsequently such a -piece of dream content. It was a travelling dream, which -took vengeance upon an unlovable female travelling companion; -I have left it almost entirely uninterpreted on account -of its being in part coarse and nasty. The part omitted read: -“I said about a book by Schiller, ‘It is from ——’ but corrected -myself, for I noticed the mistake myself, ‘It is by.’ -Upon this the man remarked to his sister, ‘Indeed, he said it -correctly.’”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The self-correction in dreams, which seems so wonderful to -some authors, does not merit consideration by us. I shall rather -show from my own memory the model for the grammatical -error in the dream. I was nineteen years old when I visited -England for the first time, and spent a day on the shore of the -Irish Sea. I naturally amused myself by catching the sea -animals left by the waves, and occupied myself in particular -with a starfish (the dream begins with Hollthurn—Holothurian), -when a pretty little girl came over to me and asked me, “Is -it a starfish? Is it alive?” I answered, “Yes, he is alive,” -but was then ashamed of my mistake and repeated the sentence -correctly. For the grammatical mistake which I then made, -the dream substitutes another which is quite common with -Germans. “Das Buch ist von Schiller” should not be translated -by <em>the book is from</em>, but <em>the book is by</em>. That the dream-work -produces this substitution because the word <em>from</em> makes -possible, through consonance, a remarkable condensation with -the German adjective <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">fromm</span></i> (pious, devout), no longer surprises -us after all that we have heard about the aims of the dream-work -and about its reckless selection of means of procedure. -But what is the meaning of the harmless recollection of the -seashore in relation to the dream? It explains by means of a -very innocent example that I have used the wrong gender—<em>i.e.</em> -that I have put “he,” the word denoting the sex or the -sexual, where it does not belong. This is surely one of the -keys to the solution of dreams. Who ever has heard of the -origin of the book-title <cite>Matter and Motion</cite> (Molière in <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Malade -Imaginaire</span></cite>: <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La matière est-elle laudable?</span>—A motion of -the bowels) will readily be able to supply the missing -parts.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Moreover, I can prove conclusively by a <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">demonstratio ad -<span class='pageno' id='Page_412'>412</span>oculos</span></i> that the forgetting in dreams is in great part due to the -activity of resistance. A patient tells me that he has dreamed, -but that the dream has vanished without leaving a trace, as -if nothing had happened. We continue to work, however; I -strike a resistance which I make plain to the patient; by encouraging -and urging I help him to become reconciled to some -disagreeable thought; and as soon as I have succeeded he -exclaims, “Now, I can recall what I have dreamed.” The -same resistance which that day disturbed him in the work -caused him also to forget the dream. By overcoming this -resistance, I brought the dream to memory.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the same way the patient may, on reaching a certain -part of the work, recall a dream which took place three, four, -or more days before, and which has rested in oblivion throughout -all this time.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Psychoanalytic experience has furnished us with another -proof of the fact that the forgetting of dreams depends more -on the resistance than on the strangeness existing between -the waking and sleeping states, as the authorities have believed. -It often happens to me, as well as to the other analysts -and to patients under treatment, that we are awakened from -sleep by a dream, as we would say, and immediately thereafter, -while in full possession of our mental activity, we begin -to interpret the dream. In such cases I have often not rested -until I gained a full understanding of the dream, and still it -would happen that after the awakening I have just as completely -forgotten the interpretation work as the dream content -itself, though I was aware that I had dreamed and that I had -interpreted the dream. The dream has more frequently -taken along into forgetfulness the result of the interpretation -work than it was possible for the mental activity to retain the -dream in memory. But between this interpretation work and -the waking thoughts there is not that psychic gap through -which alone the authorities wish to explain the forgetting of -dreams. Morton Prince objects to my explanation of the -forgetting of dreams on the ground that it is only a particular -example of amnesia for dissociated states, and that the impossibility -of harmonising my theory with other types of -amnesia makes it also valueless for other purposes. He thus -makes the reader suspect that in all his description of such -<span class='pageno' id='Page_413'>413</span>dissociated states he has never made the attempt to find -the dynamic explanation for these phenomena. For, had he -done so, he surely would have discovered that the repression -and the resistance produced thereby “is quite as well the -cause of this dissociation as of the amnesia for its psychic -content.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>That the dream is as little forgotten as the other psychic -acts, and that it clings to memory just as firmly as the other -psychic activities was demonstrated to me by an experiment -which I was able to make while compiling this manuscript. -I have kept in my notes many dreams of my own which, for -some reason at the time I could analyse only imperfectly or -not at all. In order to get material to illustrate my assertions, -I attempted to subject some of them to analysis from one to -two years later. I succeeded in this attempt without any -exception. Indeed, I may even state that the interpretation -went more easily at this later time than at the time when the -dreams were recent occurrences. As a possible explanation -for this fact, I would say that I had gotten over some of the -resistances which disturbed me at the time of dreaming. In -such subsequent interpretations I have compared the past -results in dream thoughts with the present, which have -usually been more abundant, and have invariably found the -past results falling under the present without change. I have, -however, soon put an end to my surprise by recalling that I -have long been accustomed to interpret dreams from former -years which have occasionally been related to me by patients -as if they were dreams of the night before, with the same -method and the same success. I shall report two examples of -such delayed dream interpretations in the discussion of -anxiety dreams. When I instituted this experiment for the -first time, I justly expected that the dream would behave in -this respect like a neurotic symptom. For when I treat a -neurotic, perhaps an hysteric, by psychoanalysis, I am compelled -to find explanations for the first symptoms of the -disease which have long been forgotten, just as for those still -existing which have brought the patient to me; and I find -the former problem easier to solve than the more exigent one -of to-day. In the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Studien über Hysterie</span></cite>, published as early -as 1895, I was able to report the explanation of a first -<span class='pageno' id='Page_414'>414</span>hysterical attack of anxiety which the patient, a woman over -forty years of age, had experienced in her fifteenth year.<a id='rFL' /><a href='#fFL' class='c008'><sup>[FL]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>I may now proceed in an informal way to some further -observations on the interpretation of dreams, which will perhaps -be of service to the reader who wishes to test my assertion by -the analysis of his own dreams.</p> - -<p class='c006'>No one must expect that the interpretations of his dreams -will come to him overnight without any exertion. Practice -is required even for the perception of endoptic phenomena -and other sensations usually withdrawn from attention, -although this group of perceptions is not opposed by any -psychic motive. It is considerably more difficult to become -master of the “undesirable presentations.” He who wishes -to do this will have to fulfil the requirements laid down in this -treatise. Obeying the rules here given, he will strive during the -work to curb in himself every critique, every prejudice, and -every affective or intellectual one-sidedness. We will always -be mindful of the precept of Claude Bernard for the experimenter -in the physiological laboratory—“Travailler comme -une bête”—meaning he should be just as persistent, but also -just as unconcerned about the results. He who will follow -these counsels will surely no longer find the task difficult. The -interpretation of a dream cannot always be accomplished in -one session; you often feel, after following up a concatenation -of thoughts, that your working capacity is exhausted; the -dream will not tell you anything more on that day; it is then -best to break off, and return to the work the following day. -Another portion of the dream content then solicits your -attention, and you thus find an opening to a new stratum of -the dream thoughts. We may call this the “fractionary” -interpretation of dreams.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is most difficult to induce the beginner in the interpretation -of dreams to recognise the fact that his task is not -finished though he is in possession of a complete interpretation -of the dream which is ingenious and connected, and which -explains all the elements of the dream. Besides this another -superimposed interpretation of the same dream may be possible -which has escaped him. It is really not simple to form -<span class='pageno' id='Page_415'>415</span>an idea of the abundant unconscious streams of thought -striving for expression in our minds, and to believe in the -skilfulness displayed by the dream-work in hitting, so to speak, -with its ambiguous manner of expression, seven flies with one -stroke, like the journeyman tailor in the fairy tale. The reader -will constantly be inclined to reproach the author for uselessly -squandering his ingenuity, but anyone who has had experience -of his own will learn to know better.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The question whether every dream can be interpreted may -be answered in the negative. One must not forget that in the -work of interpretation one must cope with the psychic forces -which are responsible for the distortion of the dream. Whether -one can become master of the inner resistances through his -intellectual interest, his capacity for self-control, his psychological -knowledge, and his practice in dream interpretation -becomes a question of the preponderance of forces. It is -always possible to make some progress. One can at least go -far enough to become convinced that the dream is an ingenious -construction, generally far enough to gain an idea of its meaning. -It happens very often that a second dream confirms -and continues the interpretation assumed for the first. A -whole series of dreams running for weeks or months rests on -a common basis, and is therefore to be interpreted in connection. -In dreams following each other, it may be often -observed how one takes as its central point what is indicated -only as the periphery of the next, or it is just the other way, -so that the two supplement each other in interpretation. -That the different dreams of the same night are quite regularly -in the interpretation to be treated as a whole I have -already shown by examples.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the best interpreted dreams we must often leave one -portion in obscurity because we observe in the interpretation -that it represents the beginning of a tangle of dream thoughts -which cannot be unravelled but which has furnished no new -contribution to the dream content. This, then, is the keystone -of the dream, the place at which it mounts into the unknown. -For the dream thoughts which we come upon in the interpretation -must generally remain without a termination, and merge -in all directions into the net-like entanglement of our world -of thoughts. It is from some denser portion of this texture -<span class='pageno' id='Page_416'>416</span>that the dream-wish then arises like the mushroom from its -mycelium.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Let us now return to the facts of dream-forgetting, as we -have really neglected to draw an important conclusion from -them. If the waking life shows an unmistakable intention -to forget the dream formed at night, either as a whole, immediately -after awakening, or in fragments during the course of -the day, and if we recognise as the chief participator in this -forgetting the psychic resistance against the dream which has -already performed its part in opposing the dream at night—then -the question arises, What has the dream formation -actually accomplished against this resistance? Let us consider -the most striking case in which the waking life has done -away with the dream as though it had never happened. If -we take into consideration the play of the psychic forces, we -are forced to assert that the dream would have never come -into existence had the resistance held sway during the night -as during the day. We conclude then, that the resistance -loses a part of its force during the night; we know that it -has not been extinguished, as we have demonstrated its interest -in the dream formation in the production of the distortion. -We have, then, forced upon us the possibility that it abates at -night, that the dream formation has become possible with -this diminution of the resistance, and we thus readily understand -that, having regained its full power with the awakening, -it immediately sets aside what it was forced to admit as long -as it was in abeyance. Descriptive psychology teaches us -that the chief determinant in dream formation is the dormant -state of the mind. We may now add the following elucidation: -<em>The sleeping state makes dream formation possible by -diminishing the endopsychic censor.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>We are certainly tempted to look upon this conclusion as -the only one possible from the facts of dream-forgetting, and -to develop from it further deductions concerning the proportions -of energy in the sleeping and waking states. But -we shall stop here for the present. When we have penetrated -somewhat deeper into the psychology of the dream we shall -find that the origin of the dream formation may be differently -conceived. The resistance operating to prevent the dream -thoughts coming to consciousness may perhaps be eluded -<span class='pageno' id='Page_417'>417</span>without suffering diminution <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per se</span></i>. It is also plausible that -both the factors favourable to dream formation, the diminution -as well as the eluding of the resistance, may be made possible -simultaneously through the sleeping state. But we shall pause -here, and continue this line of thought later.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There is another series of objections against our procedure -in the dream interpretation which we must now consider. -In this interpretation we proceed by dropping all the end-presentations -which otherwise control reflection, we direct -our attention to an individual element of the dream, and then -note the unwished-for thoughts that occur to us in this connection. -We then take up the next component of the dream -content, and repeat the operation with it; and, without caring -in what direction the thoughts take us, we allow ourselves to -be led on by them until we end by rambling from one subject -to another. At the same time, we harbour the confident -hope that we may in the end, without effort, come upon the -dream thoughts from which our dream originated. Against -this the critic brings the following objection: That one can -arrive somewhere, starting from a single element in the -dream is nothing wonderful. Something can be associatively -connected with every idea. It is remarkable only that one -should succeed in hitting the dream thoughts in this aimless -and arbitrary excursion of thought. It is probably a self-deception; -the investigator follows the chain of association -from one element until for some reason it is seen to break, -when a second element is taken up; it is thus but natural that -the association, originally unbounded, should now experience -a narrowing. He keeps in mind the former chain of associations, -and he will therefore in analysis more easily hit upon -certain thoughts which have something in common with the -thoughts from the first chain. He then imagines that he has -found a thought which represents a point of junction between -two elements of the dream. As he, moreover, allows himself -every freedom of thought connection, excepting only the transitions -from one idea to another which are made in normal -thinking, it is not finally difficult for him to concoct something -which he calls the dream thought out of a series of “intermediary -thoughts”; and without any guarantee, as they -are otherwise unknown, he palms these off as the psychic -<span class='pageno' id='Page_418'>418</span>equivalent of the dream. But all this is accompanied by -arbitrary procedure and over-ingenious exploitation of coincidence. -Anyone who will go to this useless trouble can in -this way work out any desired interpretation for any dream -whatever.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If such objections are really advanced against us, we may -refer in our defence to the agreement of our dream interpretations, -to the surprising connections with other dream -elements which appear in following out the different particular -presentations, and to the improbability that anything which so -perfectly covers and explains the dream as our dream interpretations -do could be gained otherwise than by following psychic -connections previously established. We can also justify ourselves -by the fact that the method of dream analysis is identical -with the method used in the solution of hysterical symptoms, -where the correctness of the method is attested through the -emergence and fading away of the symptoms—that is, where -the elucidation of the text by the interposed illustrations -finds corroboration. But we have no object in avoiding this -problem—how one can reach to a pre-established aim by -following a chain of thoughts spun out thus arbitrarily and -aimlessly—for, though we are unable to solve the problem, -we can get rid of it entirely.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is in fact demonstrably incorrect to state that we -abandon ourselves to an aimless course of thought when, as -in the interpretation of dreams, we relinquish our reflection -and allow the unwished-for idea to come to the surface. It can -be shown that we can reject only those end-presentations that -are familiar to us, and that as soon as these stop the unknown, -or, as we say more precisely, the unconscious end-presentations, -immediately come into play, which now determined the -course of the unwished-for presentations. A mode of thinking -without end-idea can surely not be brought about through -any influence we can exert on our own mental life; nor do I -know either of any state of psychic derangement in which -such mode of thought establishes itself. The psychiatrists -have in this field much too early rejected the solidity of the -psychic structure. I have ascertained that an unregulated -stream of thoughts, devoid of the end-presentation, occurs as -little in the realm of hysteria and paranoia as in the formation -<span class='pageno' id='Page_419'>419</span>or solution of dreams. Perhaps it does not appear at all in -the endogenous psychic affections, but even the deliria of -confused states are senseful according to the ingenious theory -of Leuret and become incomprehensible to us only through -omissions. I have come to the same conviction wherever I -have found opportunity for observation. The deliria are the -work of a censor which no longer makes any effort to conceal -its sway, which, instead of lending its support to a revision no -longer obnoxious to it, cancels regardlessly that which it raises -objections against, thus causing the remnant to appear disconnected. -This censor behaves analogously to the Russian -newspaper censor on the frontier, who allows to fall into the -hands of his protected readers only those foreign journals -that have passed under the black pencil.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The free play of the presentations following any associative -concatenation perhaps makes its appearance in destructive -organic brain lesions. What, however, is taken as such in -the psychoneuroses can always be explained as the influence -of the censor on a series of thoughts which have been pushed -into the foreground by the concealed end-presentation.<a id='rFM' /><a href='#fFM' class='c008'><sup>[FM]</sup></a> It -has been considered an unmistakable sign of association free -from the end-presentations when the emerging presentations -(or pictures) were connected with one another by means of -the so-called superficial associations—that is, by assonance, -word ambiguity, and causal connection without inner sense -relationship; in other words, when they were connected -through all those associations which we allow ourselves to -make use of in wit and play upon words. This distinguishing -mark proves true for the connections of thought which lead -us from the elements of the dream content to the collaterals, -and from these to the thoughts of the dream proper; of this -we have in our dream analysis found many surprising examples. -No connection was there too loose and no wit too -objectionable to serve as a bridge from one thought to another. -But the correct understanding of such tolerance is not remote. -<em>Whenever one psychic element is connected with another through -an obnoxious or superficial association, there also exists a correct -<span class='pageno' id='Page_420'>420</span>and more profound connection between the two which succumbs -to the resistance of the censor.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>The correct explanation for the predominance of the -superficial associations is the pressure of the censor, and not -the suppression of the end-presentations. The superficial -associations supplant the deep ones in the presentation whenever -the censor renders the normal connective paths impassable. -It is as if in a mountainous region a general interruption of -traffic, <em>e.g.</em>, an inundation, should render impassable the long -and broad thoroughfares; traffic would then have to be maintained -through inconvenient and steep footpaths otherwise -used only by the hunter.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We can here distinguish two cases which, however, are -essentially one. In the first case the censor is directed only -against the connection of the two thoughts, which, having -been detached from each other, escape the opposition. The -two thoughts then enter successively into consciousness; -their connection remains concealed; but in its place there occurs -to us a superficial connection between the two which we would -not otherwise have thought of, and which as a rule connects -with another angle of the presentation complex instead of -with the one giving rise to the suppressed but essential connection. -Or, in the second case, both thoughts on account of -their content succumb to the censor; both then appear not -in their correct but in a modified substituted form; and both -substituted thoughts are so selected that they represent, -through a superficial association, the essential relation which -existed between those which have been replaced by them. -Under the pressure of the censor the displacement of a normal -and vital association by a superficial and apparently absurd -one has thus occurred in both cases.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Because we know of this displacement we unhesitatingly -place reliance even upon superficial associations in the dream -analysis.<a id='rFN' /><a href='#fFN' class='c008'><sup>[FN]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>The psychoanalysis of neurotics makes prolific use of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_421'>421</span>two axioms, first that with the abandonment of the conscious -end-presentation the domination of the train of presentation -is transferred to the concealed end-presentations; and, -secondly, that superficial associations are only a substitutive -displacement for suppressed and more profound ones; indeed, -psychoanalysis raises these two axioms to pillars of its -technique. When I request a patient to dismiss all reflection, -and to report to me whatever comes into his mind, I firmly -cling to the presupposition that he will not be able to drop -the end-idea of the treatment, and I feel justified in concluding -that what he reports, even though seemingly most harmless -and arbitrary, has connection with this morbid state. My -own personality is another end-presentation concerning which -the patient has no inkling. The full appreciation, as well as -the detailed proof of both these explanations, belongs accordingly -to the description of the psychoanalytic technique as -a therapeutic method. We have here reached one of the allied -subjects with which we propose to leave the subject of the -interpretation of dreams.<a id='rFO' /><a href='#fFO' class='c008'><sup>[FO]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>Of all the objections only one is correct, and still remains, -namely, that we ought not to ascribe all mental occurrences -of the interpretation work to the nocturnal dream-work. In -the interpretation in the waking state we are making a road -running from the dream elements back to the dream thoughts. -The dream-work has made its way in the opposite direction, -and it is not at all probable that these roads are equally -passable in the opposite directions. It has, on the contrary, -been shown that during the day, by means of new thought -connections we make paths which strike the intermediate -thoughts and the dream thoughts in different places. We -can see how the recent thought material of the day takes its -place in the groups of the interpretation, and probably also -forces the additional resistance appearing through the night -to make new and further detours. But the number and form -of the collaterals which we thus spin during the day is psychologically -perfectly negligible if it only leads the way to the -desired dream thoughts.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_422'>422</span> - <h3 class='c016'>(<em>b</em>) <em>Regression.</em></h3> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>Now that we have guarded against objection, or at least -indicated where our weapons for defence rest, we need no longer -delay entering upon the psychological investigations for which -we have so long prepared. Let us bring together the main -results of our investigations up to this point. The dream is -a momentous psychic act; its motive power is at all times to -fulfil a wish; its indiscernibleness as a wish and its many -peculiarities and absurdities are due to the influence of the -psychic censor to which it has been subjected during its formation. -Apart from the pressure to withdraw itself from this -censor, the following have played a part in its formation: a -strong tendency to the condensation of psychic material, a -consideration for dramatisation into mental pictures, and -(though not regularly) a consideration for a rational and intelligible -exterior in the dream structure. From every one -of these propositions the road leads further to psychological -postulates and assumptions. Thus the reciprocal relation of -the wish motives and the four conditions, as well as the -relations of these conditions to one another will have to be -investigated; and the dream will have to be brought into -association with the psychic life.</p> - -<p class='c006'>At the beginning of this chapter we cited a dream in order -to remind us of the riddles that are still unsolved. The interpretation -of this dream of the burning child afforded us no -difficulties, although it was not perfectly given in our present -sense. We asked ourselves why it was necessary, after all, -that the father should dream instead of awakening, and we -recognised the wish to represent the child as living as the -single motive of the dream. That there was still another wish -playing a part in this connection, we shall be able to show -after later discussions. For the present, therefore, we may say -that for the sake of the wish-fulfilment the mental process of -sleep was transformed into a dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If the wish realisation is made retrogressive, only one -quality still remains which separates the two forms of psychic -occurrences from each other. The dream thought might have -read: “I see a glimmer coming from the room in which the -corpse reposes. Perhaps a candle has been upset, and the child -<span class='pageno' id='Page_423'>423</span>is burning!” The dream reports the result of this reflection -unchanged, but represents it in a situation which takes place -in the present, and which is conceivable by the senses like an -experience in the waking state. This, however, is the most -common and the most striking psychological character of the -dream; a thought, usually the one wished for, is in the dream -made objective and represented as a scene, or, according to our -belief, as experienced.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But how are we now to explain this characteristic -peculiarity of the dream-work, or, to speak more modestly, -how are we to bring it into relation with the psychic -processes?</p> - -<p class='c006'>On closer examination, it is plainly seen that there are -two pronounced characters in the manifestations of the dream -which are almost independent of each other. The one is the -representation as a present situation with the omission of the -“perhaps”; the other is the transformation of the thought -into visual pictures and into speech.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The transformation in the dream thoughts, which shifts -into the present the expectation expressed in them, is perhaps -in this particular dream not so very striking. This is probably -in consonance with the special or rather subsidiary rôle of the -wish-fulfilment in this dream. Let us take another dream in -which the dream-wish does not separate itself in sleep from a -continuation of the waking thoughts, <em>e.g.</em>, the dream of Irma’s -injection. Here the dream thought reaching representation -is in the optative, “If Otto could only be blamed for Irma’s -sickness!” The dream suppresses the optative, and replaces -it by a simple present, “Yes, Otto is to blame for Irma’s -sickness.” This is therefore the first of the changes which even -the undistorted dream undertakes with the dream thought. -But we shall not stop long at this first peculiarity of the dream. -We elucidate it by a reference to the conscious phantasy, -the day dream, which behaves similarly with its presentation -content. When Daudet’s Mr. Joyeuse wanders through the -streets of Paris unemployed while his daughter is led to believe -that he has a position and is in his office, he likewise -dreams in the present of circumstances that might help him -to obtain protection and a position. The dream therefore -employs the present in the same manner and with the same -<span class='pageno' id='Page_424'>424</span>right as the day dream. The present is the tense in which -the wish is represented as fulfilled.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The second quality, however, is peculiar to the dream as -distinguished from the day dream, namely, that the presentation -content is not thought, but changed into perceptible -images to which we give credence and which we believe we -experience. Let us add, however, that not all dreams show -this transformation of presentation into perceptible images. -There are dreams which consist solely of thoughts to which -we cannot, however, on that account deny the substantiality -of dreams. My dream “Autodidasker—the waking phantasy -with Professor N.”—is of that nature; it contains hardly more -perceptible elements than if I had thought its content during -the day. Moreover, every long dream contains elements -which have not experienced the transformation into the perceptible, -and which are simply thought or known as we are -wont to think or know in our waking state. We may also -recall here that such transformation of ideas into perceptible -images does not occur in dreams only but also in hallucinations -and visions which perhaps appear spontaneously in -health or as symptoms in the psychoneuroses. In brief, the -relation which we are investigating here is in no way an -exclusive one; the fact remains, however, that where this -character of the dream occurs, it appears to us as the most -noteworthy, so that we cannot think of it apart from the -dream life. Its explanation, however, requires a very detailed -discussion.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Among all the observations on the theory of dreams to be -found in authorities on the subject, I should like to lay stress -upon one as being worth mentioning. The great G. T. -Fechner<a href='#f35' class='c008'><sup>[35]</sup></a> expresses his belief (<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Psychophysik</span></i>, Part II., p. 520), -in connection with some discussion devoted to the dream, -that the seat of the dream is elsewhere than in the waking -ideation. No other theory enables us to conceive the special -qualities of the dream life.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The idea which is placed at our disposal is one of psychic -locality. We shall entirely ignore the fact that the -psychic apparatus with which we are here dealing is also -familiar to us as an anatomical specimen, and we shall carefully -avoid the temptation to determine the psychic locality -<span class='pageno' id='Page_425'>425</span>in any way anatomically. We shall remain on psychological -ground, and we shall think ourselves called upon only to -conceive the instrument which serves the psychic activities -somewhat after the manner of a compound microscope, a -photographic or other similar apparatus. The psychic locality, -then, corresponds to a place within such an apparatus in which -one of the primary elements of the picture comes into existence. -As is well known, there are in the microscope and telescope -partly fanciful locations or regions in which no tangible -portion of the apparatus is located. I think it superfluous -to apologise for the imperfections of this and all similar figures. -These comparisons are designed only to assist us in our attempt -to make clear the complication of the psychic activity by -breaking up this activity and referring the single activities -to the single component parts of the apparatus. No one, so -far as I know, has ever ventured to attempt to discover the -composition of the psychic instrument through such analysis. -I see no harm in such an attempt. I believe that we may -give free rein to our assumptions provided we at the same -time preserve our cool judgment and do not take the scaffolding -for the building. As we need nothing except auxiliary -ideas for the first approach to any unknown subject, we -shall prefer the crudest and most tangible hypothesis to all -others.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We therefore conceive the psychic apparatus as a compound -instrument, the component parts of which let us call instances, -or, for the sake of clearness, systems. We then entertain -the expectation that these systems perhaps maintain a -constant spatial relationship to each other like the different -systems of lenses of the telescope, one behind another. Strictly -speaking, there is no need of assuming a real spatial arrangement -of the psychic system. It will serve our purpose if a -firm sequence be established through the fact that in certain -psychological occurrences the system will be traversed by the -excitement in a definite chronological order. This sequence -may experience an alteration in other processes; such possibility -may be left open. For the sake of brevity, we shall -henceforth speak of the component parts of the apparatus -as “Ψ-systems.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>The first thing that strikes us is the fact that the apparatus -<span class='pageno' id='Page_426'>426</span>composed of Ψ-systems has a direction. All our psychic -activities proceed from (inner or outer) stimuli and terminate -in innervations. We thus ascribe to the apparatus a sensible -and a motor end; at the sensible end we find a system which -receives the perceptions, and at the motor end another which -opens the locks of motility. The psychic process generally -takes its course from the perception end to the motility end. -The most common scheme of the psychic apparatus has therefore -the following appearance:</p> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i_426.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 1.</span></p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c017'>But this is only in compliance with the demand long familiar -to us, that the psychic apparatus must be constructed like a -reflex apparatus. The reflex act remains the model for every -psychic activity.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have now reason to admit a first differentiation at the -sensible end. The perceptions that come to us leave a trace -in our psychic apparatus which we may call a “Memory -trace.” The function which relates to this memory trace we -call the memory. If we hold seriously to our resolution to -connect the psychic processes into systems, the memory trace -can then consist only of lasting changes in the elements of the -systems. But, as has already been shown in other places, -obvious difficulties arise if one and the same system faithfully -preserves changes in its elements and still remains fresh and -capable of admitting new motives for change. Following the -principle which directs our undertaking, we shall distribute -these two activities among two different systems. We assume -that a first system of the apparatus takes up the stimuli of -perception, but retains nothing from them—that is, it has no -memory; and that behind this there lies a second system -which transforms the momentary excitement of the first into -<span class='pageno' id='Page_427'>427</span>lasting traces. This would then be a diagram of our psychic -apparatus:</p> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i_427.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 2.</span></p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>It is known that from the perceptions that act on the P-system -we retain something else as lasting as the content -itself. Our perceptions prove to be connected with one -another in memory, and this is especially the case when they -have once fallen together in simultaneity. We call this the -fact of association. It is now clear that if the P-system is -entirely lacking in memory, it certainly cannot preserve -traces for the associations; the individual P-elements would -be intolerably hindered in their function if a remnant of -former connection should make its influence felt against a new -perception. Hence we must, on the contrary, assume that -the memory system is the basis of the association. The fact -of the association, then, consists in this—that, in consequence -of the diminutions in resistance and a smoothing of the ways -from one of the Mem-elements, the excitement transmits -itself to a second rather than to a third Mem-system.</p> - -<p class='c006'>On further investigation we find it necessary to assume -not one but many such Mem-systems, in which the same -excitement propagated by the P-elements experiences a diversified -fixation. The first of these Mem-systems will contain in -any case the fixation of the association through simultaneity, -while in those lying further away the same exciting material -will be arranged according to other forms of concurrence; -so that relationships of similarity, &c., might perhaps be -represented through these later systems. It would naturally -be idle to attempt to report in words the psychic significance -of such a system. Its characteristic would lie in the intimacy -<span class='pageno' id='Page_428'>428</span>of its relations to elements of raw memory material—that is, -if we wish to point to a profounder theory in the gradations -of the resistances to conduction toward these elements.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We may insert here an observation of a general nature -which points perhaps to something of importance. The P-system, -which possesses no capability of preserving changes -and hence no memory, furnishes for our consciousness the -entire manifoldness of the sensible qualities. Our memories, -on the other hand, are unconscious in themselves; those -that are most deeply impressed form no exception. They -can be made conscious, but there can be no doubt that they -develop all their influences in the unconscious state. What -we term our character is based, to be sure, on the memory -traces of our impressions, and indeed on these impressions -that have affected us most strongly, those of our early youth—those -that almost never become conscious. But when memories -become conscious again they show no sensible quality or a very -slight one in comparison to the perceptions. If, now, it can -be confirmed <em>that memory and quality exclude each other, as far -as consciousness in the Ψ-systems is concerned</em>, a most promising -insight reveals itself to us in the determinations of the neuron -excitement.</p> - -<p class='c006'>What we have so far assumed concerning the composition -of the psychic apparatus at the sensible end follows regardless -of the dream and the psychological explanations derived from -it. The dream, however, serves as a source of proof for the -knowledge of another part of the apparatus. We have seen -that it became impossible to explain the dream formation -unless we ventured to assume two psychic instances, one of -which subjected the activity of the other to a critique as -a consequence of which the exclusion from consciousness -resulted.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have seen that the criticising instance entertains -closer relations with consciousness than the criticised. The -former stands between the latter and consciousness like a -screen. We have, moreover, found essential reasons for identifying -the criticising instance with that which directs our -waking life and determines our voluntary conscious actions. -If we now replace these instances in the development of our -theory by systems, the criticising system is then to be ascribed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_429'>429</span>to the motor end because of the fact just mentioned. We now -enter both systems in our scheme, and express by the names -given them their relation to consciousness.</p> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i_429.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic001'> -<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 3.</span></p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>The last of the systems at the motor end we call the foreconscious -in order to denote that exciting processes in this -system can reach consciousness without any further detention -provided certain other conditions be fulfilled, <em>e.g.</em>, the attainment -of a certain intensity, a certain distribution of that -function which must be called attention, and the like. This -is at the same time the system which possesses the keys to -voluntary motility. The system behind it we call the unconscious -because it has no access to consciousness except -through the foreconscious, in the passage through which its -excitement must submit to certain changes.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In which of these systems, now, do we localise the impulse -to the dream formation? For the Sake of simplicity, let us -say in the system Unc. To be sure we shall find in later -discussions that this is not quite correct, that the dream -formation is forced to connect with dream thoughts which -belong to the system of the foreconscious. But we shall -learn later, when we come to deal with the dream-wish, that -the motive power for the dream is furnished by the Unc., and, -owing to this latter movement, we shall assume the unconscious -system as the starting-point of the dream formation. -This dream impulse, like all other thought structures, will -now strive to continue itself in the foreconscious, and thence -to gain admission to consciousness.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Experience teaches us that the road leading from the foreconscious -to consciousness is closed to the dream thoughts -during the day by the resistance of the censor. At night the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_430'>430</span>dream thoughts gain admission to consciousness, but the -question arises, in what way and because of what change. If -this admission was rendered possible to the dream thoughts -through the fact that the resistance watching on the boundary -between the unconscious and foreconscious sinks at night, -we should then get dreams in the material of our presentations -which did not show the hallucinatory character which just -now interests us.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The sinking of the censor between the two systems, Unc. -and Forec., can explain to us only such dreams as “Autodidasker,” -but not dreams like the one of the burning child, -which we have taken as a problem at the outset in these -present investigations.</p> - -<p class='c006'>What takes place in the hallucinatory dream we can describe -in no other way than by saying that the excitement -takes a retrogressive course. It takes its station, not at the -motor end of the apparatus, but at the sensible end, and finally -reaches the system of the perceptions. If we call the direction -towards which the psychic process continues from the -unconscious into the waking state the progressive, we may -then speak of the dream as having a regressive character.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This regression is surely one of the most important peculiarities -of the dream process; but we must not forget that it -does not belong to the dream alone. The intentional recollection -and other processes of our normal thinking also require -a retrogression in the psychic apparatus from any complex -presentation act to the raw material of the memory traces -lying at its basis. But during the waking state this turning -backward does not reach beyond the memory pictures; it -is unable to produce the hallucinatory vividness of the perception -pictures. Why is this different in the dream? When -we spoke of the condensation work of the dream we could not -avoid the assumption that the intensities adhering to the -presentations are fully transferred from one to another through -the dream-work. It is probably this modification of the former -psychic process which makes possible the occupation of the -system of P to its full sensual vividness in the opposite -direction from thought.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I hope that we are far from deluding ourselves about the -importance of this present discussion. We have done nothing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_431'>431</span>more than give a name to an inexplicable phenomenon. We -call it regression if the presentation in the dream is changed -back to the perceptible image from which it once originated. -But even this step demands justification. Why this naming, -if it does not teach us anything new? I believe, however, -that the name “Regression” will serve us to the extent of -connecting a fact familiar to us with a scheme of the psychic -apparatus which is supplied with a direction. At this point, -for the first time, it is worth the trouble to construct such a -scheme. For, with the help of this scheme, any other peculiarity -of the dream formation will become clear to us without -further reflection. If we look upon the dream as a process -of regression in the assumed psychic apparatus, we can readily -understand the empirically proven fact that all mental relation -of the dream thoughts either is lost in the dream-work or -can come to expression only with difficulty. According to our -scheme, these mental relations are contained not in the first -Mem-systems, but in those lying further to the front, and in -the regression they must forfeit their expression in favour of -the perception pictures. <em>The structure of the dream thoughts is -in the regression broken up into its raw material.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>But what change renders possible this regression which -is impossible during the day? Let us here be content with -assumption. There must evidently be some alterations in -the charge of energy belonging to the single systems causing -the latter to become accessible or inaccessible to the discharge -of the excitement; but in any such apparatus the same effect -upon the course of excitement might be brought about through -more than one form of such changes. This naturally reminds -us of the state of sleep and of the many changes of energy -this state produces at the sensible end of the apparatus. -During the day there is a continuous coursing stream from the -Ψ-system of the P toward the motility; this current ceases -at night, and no longer hinders a streaming of the current of -excitement in the opposite direction. This would appear to -be that “seclusion from the outer world” which according to -the theory of some authors is supposed to explain the psychological -character of the dream (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide</span></i> p. 30). In the explanation -of the regression of the dream we shall, however, have to consider -those other regressions which originate during morbid -<span class='pageno' id='Page_432'>432</span>waking states. In these other forms the explanation just -given plainly leaves us in the lurch. Regression takes place -in spite of the uninterrupted sensible current in a progressive -direction.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The hallucinations of hysteria and paranoia, as well as the -visions of mentally normal persons, I can explain as actually -corresponding to regressions, being in fact thoughts transformed -into images; and only such thoughts are subjected -to this transformation as are in intimate connection with -suppressed or unconscious recollections. As an example I -shall cite one of my youngest hysterical patients—a boy, -twelve years old, who was prevented from falling asleep by -“<em>green faces with red eyes</em>,” which terrified him. The source -of this manifestation was the suppressed, but once conscious, -memory of a boy whom he had often seen during four years, -and who offered him a deterring example of many childish -bad habits, including onanism, which now formed the subject -of his own reproach. His mother had noticed at the time -that the complexion of the ill-bred boy was greenish and that -he had <em>red</em> (<em>i.e. red bordered</em>) <em>eyes</em>. Hence the terrible vision -which constantly served to remind him of his mother’s warning -that such boys become demented, that they are unable to make -progress at school, and are doomed to an early death. A -part of this prediction came true in the case of the little patient; -he could not successfully pursue his high school studies, and, -as appeared on examination of his involuntary fancies, he stood -in great dread of the remainder of the prophecy. However, -after a brief period of successful treatment, his sleep was restored, -he lost his fears, and finished his scholastic year with -an excellent record.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I may also add here the interpretation of a vision related -to me by an hysteric forty years of age, as having occurred in -her normal life. On opening her eyes one morning she beheld -in the room her brother, whom she knew to be confined in -an insane asylum. Her little son was asleep by her side. -Lest the child should be frightened on seeing his uncle, and -fall into convulsions, she pulled the sheet over the little -one; this done, the phantom disappeared. This vision is -the re-casting of one of her infantile reminiscences which, -although conscious, is most intimately connected with all the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_433'>433</span>unconscious material in her mind. Her nursemaid told her that -her mother, who had died young (the patient was then only a -year and a half old), had suffered from epileptic or hysterical -convulsions, which dated back to a fright caused by her brother -(the patient’s uncle), who appeared to her disguised as a spectre -with a sheet over his head. The vision contains the same elements -as the reminiscence, viz. the appearance of the brother, -the sheet, the fright, and its effect. These elements, however, -are ranged in different relations, and are transferred to other -persons. The obvious motive of the vision, which replaces -the idea, is her solicitude lest her little son, who bore a striking -resemblance to his uncle, should share the latter’s fate. Both -examples here cited are not entirely unrelated to sleep, and -may therefore be unsuitable as proof for my assertion. I -may therefore refer to my analysis of an hallucinatory -paranoia,<a id='rFP' /><a href='#fFP' class='c008'><sup>[FP]</sup></a> and to the results of my hitherto unpublished -studies on the psychology of the psychoneuroses in order to -emphasize the fact that in these cases of regressive thought -transformation one must not overlook the influence of a -suppressed or unconscious reminiscence, this being in most -cases of an infantile character. This recollection, so to speak, -draws into the regression the thought with which it is connected, -which is prevented from expression by the censor—that is, -into that form of representation in which the recollection -itself exists psychically. I may here mention as a result of -my studies in hysteria that if we succeed in restoring infantile -scenes to consciousness (whether recollections or fancies) they -are seen as hallucinations, and are divested of this character -only after reproduction. It is also known that the earliest -infantile memories retain the character of perceptible vividness -until late in life, even in persons who are otherwise not -visual in memory.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If, now, we keep in mind what part is played in the dream -thoughts by the infantile reminiscences or the phantasies -based upon them, how often fragments of these reminiscences -emerge in the dream content, and how often they even give -origin to dream wishes, we cannot deny the probability that -in the dream, too, the transformation of thoughts into visual -<span class='pageno' id='Page_434'>434</span>images may be the result of the attraction exerted by the -visually represented reminiscences, striving for reanimation, -upon the thoughts severed from consciousness and struggling -for expression. Following this conception, we may further -describe the dream as a modified substitute for the infantile -scene produced by transference to recent material. The -infantile cannot enforce its renewal, and must therefore be -satisfied to return as a dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This reference to the significance of the infantile scenes -(or of their phantastic repetitions), as in a manner furnishing -the pattern for the dream content, renders superfluous the -assumption made by Scherner and his pupils, of an inner -source of excitement. Scherner assumes a state of “visual -excitation” of internal excitement in the organ of sight when -the dreams manifest a particular vividness or a special -abundance of visual elements. We need not object to this -assumption, but may be satisfied with establishing such state -of excitation for the psychic perceptive system of the organs -of vision only; we shall, however, assert that this state of -excitation is formed through the memory, and is merely a -refreshing of the former actual visual excitation. I cannot, -from my own experience, give a good example showing -such an influence of infantile reminiscence; my own dreams -are surely less rich in perceptible elements than I must fancy -those of others; but in my most beautiful and most vivid -dream of late years I can easily trace the hallucinatory distinctness -of the dream contents to the sensuous nature of -recently received impressions. On page 368 I mentioned a -dream in which the dark blue colour of the water, the brown -colour of the smoke issuing from the ship’s funnels, and the -sombre brown and red of the buildings which I had seen made -a profound and lasting impression on my mind. This dream, -if any, must be attributed to visual excitation. But what -has brought my visual organ into this excitable state? It -was a recent impression uniting itself with a series of former -ones. The colours I beheld were those of the toy blocks with -which my children erected a grand structure for my admiration -on the day preceding the dream. The same sombre -red colour covered the large blocks and the same blue and -brown the small ones. Connected with these were the colour -<span class='pageno' id='Page_435'>435</span>impression of my last journey in Italy, the charming blue of -the Isonzo and the Lagoon, the brown hue of the Alpine region. -The beautiful colours seen in the dream were but a repetition -of those seen in the memory.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Let us review what we have learned about this peculiarity -which the dream has of transforming its content of ideas into -plastic images. We have neither explained this character of -the dream-work nor traced it to known laws of psychology, -but we have singled it out as pointing to unknown connections, -and designated it by the name of the “regredient” character. -Wherever this regression has occurred, we have regarded it -as an effect of the resistance which opposes the progress of -the thought on its normal way to consciousness, as well as a -result of the simultaneous attraction exerted upon it by the -vivid memories present. Regression is perhaps facilitated in -the dream by the cessation of the progressive stream running -from the sense organs during the day. For this auxiliary -moment there must be compensation in the other forms of -regression through a fortifying of the other motives of regression. -We must also bear in mind that in pathological -cases of regression, as in the dream, the process of transference -of energy must be different from that of the regressions of -normal psychic life, as it renders possible a full hallucinatory -occupation of the perception systems. What we have described -in the analysis of the dream-work as “Regard for -Dramatic Fitness” may be referred to the selective attraction -of visually recollected scenes, touched by the dream thoughts.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is quite possible that this first part of our psychological -utilisation of the dream does not entirely satisfy even us. We -must, however, console ourselves with the fact that we are -compelled to build in the dark. If we have not altogether -strayed from the right path, we shall be sure to reach about -the same ground from another starting-point, and thereafter -perhaps be better able to see our way.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>(<em>c</em>) <em>The Wish-Fulfilment.</em></h3> - -<p class='c015'>The dream of the burning child cited above affords us a -welcome opportunity for appreciating the difficulties confronting -the theory of wish-fulfilment. That the dream -should be nothing but a wish-fulfilment surely seemed strange -<span class='pageno' id='Page_436'>436</span>to us all—and that not alone because of the contradictions -offered by the anxiety dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>After learning from the first analytical explanations that -the dream conceals sense and psychic validity, we could hardly -expect so simple a determination of this sense. According -to the correct but concise definition of Aristotle, the dream -is a continuation of thinking in sleep (in so far as one sleeps). -Considering that during the day our thoughts produce such a -diversity of psychic acts—judgments, conclusions, contradictions, -expectations, intentions, &c.—why should our sleeping -thoughts be forced to confine themselves to the production of -wishes? Are there not, on the contrary, many dreams that -present a different psychic act in dream form, <em>e.g.</em>, a solicitude, -and is not the very transparent father’s dream mentioned -above of just such a nature? From the gleam of light falling -into his eyes while asleep the father draws the solicitous conclusion -that a candle has been upset and may have set fire -to the corpse; he transforms this conclusion into a dream by -investing it with a senseful situation enacted in the present -tense. What part is played in this dream by the wish-fulfilment, -and which are we to suspect—the predominance of the -thought continued from the waking state or of the thought -incited by the new sensory impression?</p> - -<p class='c006'>All these considerations are just, and force us to enter more -deeply into the part played by the wish-fulfilment in the dream, -and into the significance of the waking thoughts continued -in sleep.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is in fact the wish-fulfilment that has already induced -us to separate dreams into two groups. We have found some -dreams that were plainly wish-fulfilments; and others in -which wish-fulfilment could not be recognised, and was frequently -concealed by every available means. In this latter -class of dreams we recognised the influence of the dream censor. -The undisguised wish dreams were chiefly found in children, -yet fleeting open-hearted wish dreams <em>seemed</em> (I purposely -emphasize this word) to occur also in adults.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We may now ask whence the wish fulfilled in the dream -originates. But to what opposition or to what diversity do -we refer this “whence”? I think it is to the opposition -between conscious daily life and a psychic activity remaining -<span class='pageno' id='Page_437'>437</span>unconscious which can only make itself noticeable during the -night. I thus find a threefold possibility for the origin of a -wish. Firstly, it may have been incited during the day, and -owing to external circumstances failed to find gratification, -there is thus left for the night an acknowledged but unfulfilled -wish. Secondly, it may come to the surface during the day -but be rejected, leaving an unfulfilled but suppressed wish. -Or, thirdly, it may have no relation to daily life, and belong to -those wishes that originate during the night from the suppression. -If we now follow our scheme of the psychic apparatus, -we can localise a wish of the first order in the system Forec. -We may assume that a wish of the second order has been forced -back from the Forec. system into the Unc. system, where alone, -if anywhere, it can maintain itself; while a wish-feeling of the -third order we consider altogether incapable of leaving the Unc. -system. This brings up the question whether wishes arising -from these different sources possess the same value for the -dream, and whether they have the same power to incite a -dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>On reviewing the dreams which we have at our disposal -for answering this question, we are at once moved to add as -a fourth source of the dream-wish the actual wish incitements -arising during the night, such as thirst and sexual desire. It -then becomes evident that the source of the dream-wish does -not affect its capacity to incite a dream. This view is supported -by the dream of the little girl who continued the sea trip -interrupted during the day, and by the other children’s dreams -referred to; they are explained by an unfulfilled but not suppressed -wish from the day-time. That a wish suppressed during -the day asserts itself in the dream can be shown by a great -many examples. I shall mention a very simple example of this -class. A somewhat sarcastic young lady, whose younger friend -has become engaged to be married, is asked throughout the day -by her acquaintances whether she knows and what she thinks -of the fiancé. She answers with unqualified praise, thereby -silencing her own judgment, as she would prefer to tell the -truth, namely, that he is an ordinary person (Dutzendmensch).<a id='rFQ' /><a href='#fFQ' class='c008'><sup>[FQ]</sup></a> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_438'>438</span>The following night she dreams that the same question is put -to her, and that she replies with the formula: “In case of -subsequent orders it will suffice to mention the number.” -Finally, we have learned from numerous analyses that the -wish in all dreams that have been subject to distortion -has been derived from the unconscious, and has been unable -to come to perception in the waking state. Thus it would -appear that all wishes are of the same value and force for the -dream formation.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I am at present unable to prove that the state of affairs -is really different, but I am strongly inclined to assume a more -stringent determination of the dream-wish. Children’s dreams -leave no doubt that an unfulfilled wish of the day may be the -instigator of the dream. But we must not forget that it is, -after all, the wish of a child, that it is a wish-feeling of infantile -strength only. I have a strong doubt whether an unfulfilled -wish from the day would suffice to create a dream in an adult. -It would rather seem that as we learn to control our impulses -by intellectual activity, we more and more reject as vain the -formation or retention of such intense wishes as are natural -to childhood. In this, indeed, there may be individual variations; -some retain the infantile type of psychic processes -longer than others. The differences are here the same as those -found in the gradual decline of the originally distinct visual -imagination.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In general, however, I am of the opinion that unfulfilled -wishes of the day are insufficient to produce a dream in adults. -I readily admit that the wish instigators originating in -conscious life contribute towards the incitement of dreams, -but that is probably all. The dream would not originate if -the foreconscious wish were not reinforced from another -source.</p> - -<p class='c006'>That source is the unconscious. I believe that <em>the conscious -wish is a dream inciter only if it succeeds in arousing a similar -unconscious wish which reinforces it</em>. Following the suggestions -obtained through the psychoanalysis of the neuroses, I -believe that these unconscious wishes are always active and -ready for expression whenever they find an opportunity to -unite themselves with an emotion from conscious life, and that -they transfer their greater intensity to the lesser intensity of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_439'>439</span>the latter.<a id='rFR' /><a href='#fFR' class='c008'><sup>[FR]</sup></a> It may therefore seem that the conscious wish -alone has been realised in a dream; but a slight peculiarity -in the formation of this dream will put us on the track of the -powerful helper from the unconscious. These ever active and, -as it were, immortal wishes from the unconscious recall the -legendary Titans who from time immemorial have borne the -ponderous mountains which were once rolled upon them by the -victorious gods, and which even now quiver from time to time -from the convulsions of their mighty limbs; I say that these -wishes found in the repression are of themselves of an infantile -origin, as we have learned from the psychological investigation -of the neuroses. I should like, therefore, to withdraw the -opinion previously expressed that it is unimportant whence -the dream-wish originates, and replace it by another, as follows: -<em>The wish manifested in the dream must be an infantile one.</em> In -the adult it originates in the Unc., while in the child, where -no separation and censor as yet exist between Forec. and -Unc., or where these are only in the process of formation, it -is an unfulfilled and unrepressed wish from the waking state. -I am aware that this conception cannot be generally demonstrated, -but I maintain nevertheless that it can be frequently -demonstrated, even where it was not suspected, and that it -cannot be generally refuted.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The wish-feelings which remain from the conscious waking -state are, therefore, relegated to the background in the dream -formation. In the dream content I shall attribute to them -only the part attributed to the material of actual sensations -during sleep (see p. 185). If I now take into account those -other psychic instigations remaining from the waking state -which are not wishes, I shall only adhere to the line mapped -out for me by this train of thought. We may succeed in -provisionally terminating the sum of energy of our waking -<span class='pageno' id='Page_440'>440</span>thoughts by deciding to go to sleep. He is a good sleeper -who can do this; Napoleon I. is reputed to have been a model -of this sort. But we do not always succeed in accomplishing -it, or in accomplishing it perfectly. Unsolved problems, -harassing cares, overwhelming impressions continue the thinking -activity even during sleep, maintaining psychic processes -in the system which we have termed the foreconscious. These -mental processes continuing into sleep may be divided into -the following groups: 1, That which has not been terminated -during the day owing to casual prevention; 2, that which has -been left unfinished by temporary paralysis of our mental -power, <em>i.e.</em> the unsolved; 3, that which has been rejected and -suppressed during the day. This unites with a powerful -group (4) formed by that which has been excited in our Unc. -during the day by the work of the foreconscious. Finally, -we may add group (5) consisting of the indifferent and hence -unsettled impressions of the day.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We should not underrate the psychic intensities introduced -into sleep by these remnants of waking life, especially those -emanating from the group of the unsolved. These excitations -surely continue to strive for expression during the night, and -we may assume with equal certainty that the sleeping state -renders impossible the usual continuation of the excitement -in the foreconscious and the termination of the excitement by -its becoming conscious. As far as we can normally become -conscious of our mental processes, even during the night, in so -far we are not asleep. I shall not venture to state what change -is produced in the Forec. system by the sleeping state, but -there is no doubt that the psychological character of sleep is -essentially due to the change of energy in this very system, -which also dominates the approach to motility, which is -paralysed during sleep. In contradistinction to this, there -seems to be nothing in the psychology of the dream to warrant -the assumption that sleep produces any but secondary changes -in the conditions of the Unc. system. Hence, for the nocturnal -excitation in the Forec. there remains no other path -than that followed by the wish excitements from the Unc. -This excitation must seek reinforcement from the Unc., and -follow the detours of the unconscious excitations. But what -is the relation of the foreconscious day remnants to the dream? -<span class='pageno' id='Page_441'>441</span>There is no doubt that they penetrate abundantly into the -dream, that they utilise the dream content to obtrude themselves -upon consciousness even during the night; indeed, -they occasionally even dominate the dream content, and impel -it to continue the work of the day; it is also certain that the -day remnants may just as well have any other character as -that of wishes; but it is highly instructive and even decisive -for the theory of wish-fulfilment to see what conditions they -must comply with in order to be received into the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Let us pick out one of the dreams cited above as examples, -<em>e.g.</em>, the dream in which my friend Otto seems to show the -symptoms of Basedow’s disease (p. 228). My friend Otto’s -appearance occasioned me some concern during the day, and -this worry, like everything else referring to this person, affected -me. I may also assume that these feelings followed me into -sleep. I was probably bent on finding out what was the matter -with him. In the night my worry found expression in the dream -which I have reported, the content of which was not only -senseless, but failed to show any wish-fulfilment. But I began -to investigate for the source of this incongruous expression of -the solicitude felt during the day, and analysis revealed the -connection. I identified my friend Otto with a certain Baron L. -and myself with a Professor R. There was only one explanation -for my being impelled to select just this substitution for -the day thought. I must have always been prepared in the -Unc. to identify myself with Professor R., as it meant the -realisation of one of the immortal infantile wishes, viz. that -of becoming great. Repulsive ideas respecting my friend, -that would certainly have been repudiated in a waking state, -took advantage of the opportunity to creep into the dream, -but the worry of the day likewise found some form of expression -through a substitution in the dream content. The day -thought, which was no wish in itself but rather a worry, had -in some way to find a connection with the infantile now unconscious -and suppressed wish, which then allowed it, though -already properly prepared, to “originate” for consciousness. -The more dominating this worry, the stronger must be the -connection to be established; between the contents of the -wish and that of the worry there need be no connection, nor -was there one in any of our examples.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_442'>442</span>We can now sharply define the significance of the unconscious -wish for the dream. It may be admitted that -there is a whole class of dreams in which the incitement -originates preponderatingly or even exclusively from the remnants -of daily life; and I believe that even my cherished -desire to become at some future time a “professor extraordinarius” -would have allowed me to slumber undisturbed -that night had not my worry about my friend’s health been -still active. But this worry alone would not have produced -a dream; the motive power needed by the dream had to be -contributed by a wish, and it was the affair of the worriment -to procure for itself such wish as a motive power of the dream. -To speak figuratively, it is quite possible that a day thought -plays the part of the contractor (<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">entrepreneur</span></i>) in the dream. -But it is known that no matter what idea the contractor may -have in mind, and how desirous he may be of putting it into -operation, he can do nothing without capital; he must depend -upon a capitalist to defray the necessary expenses, and this -capitalist, who supplies the psychic expenditure for the dream -is invariably and indisputably <em>a wish from the unconscious</em>, -no matter what the nature of the waking thought may be.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In other cases the capitalist himself is the contractor for -the dream; this, indeed, seems to be the more usual case. -An unconscious wish is produced by the day’s work, which in -turn creates the dream. The dream processes, moreover, run -parallel with all the other possibilities of the economic relationship -used here as an illustration. Thus, the entrepreneur -may contribute some capital himself, or several entrepreneurs -may seek the aid of the same capitalist, or several capitalists -may jointly supply the capital required by the entrepreneur. -Thus there are dreams produced by more than one dream-wish, -and many similar variations which may readily be passed over -and are of no further interest to us. What we have left unfinished -in this discussion of the dream-wish we shall be able -to develop later.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The “tertium comparationis” in the comparisons just -employed—<em>i.e.</em> the sum placed at our free disposal in proper -allotment—admits of still finer application for the illustration -of the dream structure. As shown on p. 285 we can -recognise in most dreams a centre especially supplied with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_443'>443</span>perceptible intensity. This is regularly the direct representation -of the wish-fulfilment; for, if we undo the displacements -of the dream-work by a process of retrogression, we find that -the psychic intensity of the elements in the dream thoughts -is replaced by the perceptible intensity of the elements in -the dream content. The elements adjoining the wish-fulfilment -have frequently nothing to do with its sense, but prove -to be descendants of painful thoughts which oppose the wish. -But, owing to their frequently artificial connection with the -central element, they have acquired sufficient intensity to -enable them to come to expression. Thus, the force of expression -of the wish-fulfilment is diffused over a certain sphere -of association, within which it raises to expression all elements, -including those that are in themselves impotent. In dreams -having several strong wishes we can readily separate from one -another the spheres of the individual wish-fulfilments; the -gaps in the dream likewise can often be explained as boundary -zones.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Although the foregoing remarks have considerably limited -the significance of the day remnants for the dream, it will -nevertheless be worth our while to give them some attention. -For they must be a necessary ingredient in the formation of -the dream, inasmuch as experience reveals the surprising fact -that every dream shows in its content a connection with some -impression of a recent day, often of the most indifferent kind. -So far we have failed to see any necessity for this addition to -the dream mixture (p. 153). This necessity appears only -when we follow closely the part played by the unconscious -wish, and then seek information in the psychology of the -neuroses. We thus learn that the unconscious idea, as such, -is altogether incapable of entering into the foreconscious, and -that it can exert an influence there only by uniting with a -harmless idea already belonging to the foreconscious, to which -it transfers its intensity and under which it allows itself to be -concealed. This is the fact of transference which furnishes -an explanation for so many surprising occurrences in the -psychic life of neurotics.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The idea from the foreconscious which thus obtains an -unmerited abundance of intensity may be left unchanged by -the transference, or it may have forced upon it a modification -<span class='pageno' id='Page_444'>444</span>from the content of the transferring idea. I trust the reader -will pardon my fondness for comparisons from daily life, but -I feel tempted to say that the relations existing for the repressed -idea are similar to the situations existing in Austria -for the American dentist, who is forbidden to practise unless -he gets permission from a regular physician to use his name on -the public signboard and thus cover the legal requirements. -Moreover, just as it is naturally not the busiest physicians -who form such alliances with dental practitioners, so in the -psychic life only such foreconscious or conscious ideas are -chosen to cover a repressed idea as have not themselves -attracted much of the attention which is operative in the -foreconscious. The unconscious entangles with its connections -preferentially either those impressions and ideas of the foreconscious -which have been left unnoticed as indifferent, or -those that have soon been deprived of this attention through -rejection. It is a familiar fact from the association studies -confirmed by every experience, that ideas which have formed -intimate connections in one direction assume an almost negative -attitude to whole groups of new connections. I once tried from -this principle to develop a theory for hysterical paralysis.</p> - -<p class='c006'>If we assume that the same need for the transference of the -repressed ideas which we have learned to know from the analysis -of the neuroses makes its influence felt in the dream as well, -we can at once explain two riddles of the dream, viz. that every -dream analysis shows an interweaving of a recent impression, -and that this recent element is frequently of the most indifferent -character. We may add what we have already learned -elsewhere, that these recent and indifferent elements come so -frequently into the dream content as a substitute for the most -deep-lying of the dream thoughts, for the further reason that -they have least to fear from the resisting censor. But -while this freedom from censorship explains only the preference -for trivial elements, the constant presence of recent elements -points to the fact that there is a need for transference. -Both groups of impressions satisfy the demand of the repression -for material still free from associations, the indifferent ones -because they have offered no inducement for extensive associations, -and the recent ones because they have had insufficient -time to form such associations.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_445'>445</span>We thus see that the day remnants, among which we may -now include the indifferent impressions when they participate -in the dream formation, not only borrow from the Unc. the -motive power at the disposal of the repressed wish, but also -offer to the unconscious something indispensable, namely, the -attachment necessary to the transference. If we here attempted -to penetrate more deeply into the psychic processes, -we should first have to throw more light on the play of emotions -between the foreconscious and the unconscious, to which, -indeed, we are urged by the study of the psychoneuroses, -whereas the dream itself offers no assistance in this respect.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Just one further remark about the day remnants. There -is no doubt that they are the actual disturbers of sleep, and -not the dream, which, on the contrary, strives to guard sleep. -But we shall return to this point later.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have so far discussed the dream-wish, we have traced -it to the sphere of the Unc., and analysed its relations to the -day remnants, which in turn may be either wishes, psychic -emotions of any other kind, or simply recent impressions. -We have thus made room for any claims that may be made -for the importance of conscious thought activity in dream -formations in all its variations. Relying upon our thought -series, it would not be at all impossible for us to explain even -those extreme cases in which the dream as a continuer of the -day work brings to a happy conclusion an unsolved problem -of the waking state. We do not, however, possess an example, -the analysis of which might reveal the infantile or repressed -wish source furnishing such alliance and successful strengthening -of the efforts of the foreconscious activity. But we -have not come one step nearer a solution of the riddle: Why -can the unconscious furnish the motive power for the wish-fulfilment -only during sleep? The answer to this question -must throw light on the psychic nature of wishes; and it will -be given with the aid of the diagram of the psychic apparatus.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We do not doubt that even this apparatus attained its -present perfection through a long course of development. -Let us attempt to restore it as it existed in an early phase of -its activity. From assumptions, to be confirmed elsewhere, -we know that at first the apparatus strove to keep as free from -excitement as possible, and in its first formation, therefore, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_446'>446</span>the scheme took the form of a reflex apparatus, which enabled -it promptly to discharge through the motor tracts any sensible -stimulus reaching it from without. But this simple function -was disturbed by the wants of life, which likewise furnish the -impulse for the further development of the apparatus. The -wants of life first manifested themselves to it in the form of -the great physical needs. The excitement aroused by the -inner want seeks an outlet in motility, which may be designated -as “inner changes” or as an “expression of the emotions.” -The hungry child cries or fidgets helplessly, but its situation -remains unchanged; for the excitation proceeding from an -inner want requires, not a momentary outbreak, but a force -working continuously. A change can occur only if in some -way a feeling of gratification is experienced—which in the case -of the child must be through outside help—in order to remove -the inner excitement. An essential constituent of this experience -is the appearance of a certain perception (of food -in our example), the memory picture of which thereafter -remains associated with the memory trace of the excitation of -want.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Thanks to the established connection, there results at the -next appearance of this want a psychic feeling which revives -the memory picture of the former perception, and thus recalls -the former perception itself, <em>i.e.</em> it actually re-establishes the -situation of the first gratification. We call such a feeling a -wish; the reappearance of the perception constitutes the wish-fulfilment, -and the full revival of the perception by the want -excitement constitutes the shortest road to the wish-fulfilment. -We may assume a primitive condition of the psychic -apparatus in which this road is really followed, <em>i.e.</em> where the -wishing merges into an hallucination. This first psychic -activity therefore aims at an identity of perception, <em>i.e.</em> it aims -at a repetition of that perception which is connected with the -fulfilment of the want.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This primitive mental activity must have been modified -by bitter practical experience into a more expedient secondary -activity. The establishment of the identity perception on -the short regressive road within the apparatus does not in -another respect carry with it the result which inevitably -follows the revival of the same perception from without. The -<span class='pageno' id='Page_447'>447</span>gratification does not take place, and the want continues. In -order to equalise the internal with the external sum of energy, -the former must be continually maintained, just as actually -happens in the hallucinatory psychoses and in the deliriums -of hunger which exhaust their psychic capacity in clinging -to the object desired. In order to make more appropriate -use of the psychic force, it becomes necessary to inhibit the -full regression so as to prevent it from extending beyond the -image of memory, whence it can select other paths leading -ultimately to the establishment of the desired identity from -the outer world. This inhibition and consequent deviation -from the excitation becomes the task of a second system which -dominates the voluntary motility, <em>i.e.</em> through whose activity -the expenditure of motility is now devoted to previously recalled -purposes. But this entire complicated mental activity -which works its way from the memory picture to the establishment -of the perception identity from the outer world merely -represents a detour which has been forced upon the wish-fulfilment -by experience.<a id='rFS' /><a href='#fFS' class='c008'><sup>[FS]</sup></a> Thinking is indeed nothing but the -equivalent of the hallucinatory wish; and if the dream be -called a wish-fulfilment this becomes self-evident, as nothing -but a wish can impel our psychic apparatus to activity. The -dream, which in fulfilling its wishes follows the short regressive -path, thereby preserves for us only an example of the primary -form of the psychic apparatus which has been abandoned as -inexpedient. What once ruled in the waking state when -the psychic life was still young and unfit seems to have been -banished into the sleeping state, just as we see again in the -nursery the bow and arrow, the discarded primitive weapons -of grown-up humanity. <em>The dream is a fragment of the abandoned -psychic life of the child.</em> In the psychoses these modes -of operation of the psychic apparatus, which are normally -suppressed in the waking state, reassert themselves, and then -betray their inability to satisfy our wants in the outer world.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The unconscious wish-feelings evidently strive to assert -themselves during the day also, and the fact of transference -and the psychoses teach us that they endeavour to penetrate -<span class='pageno' id='Page_448'>448</span>to consciousness and dominate motility by the road leading -through the system of the foreconscious. It is, therefore, -the censor lying between the Unc. and the Forec., the assumption -of which is forced upon us by the dream, that we have to -recognise and honour as the guardian of our psychic health. -But is it not carelessness on the part of this guardian to -diminish its vigilance during the night and to allow the suppressed -emotions of the Unc. to come to expression, thus again -making possible the hallucinatory regression? I think not, -for when the critical guardian goes to rest—and we have proof -that his slumber is not profound—he takes care to close the -gate to motility. No matter what feelings from the otherwise -inhibited Unc. may roam about on the scene, they need -not be interfered with; they remain harmless because they are -unable to put in motion the motor apparatus which alone can -exert a modifying influence upon the outer world. Sleep -guarantees the security of the fortress which is under guard. -Conditions are less harmless when a displacement of forces -is produced, not through a nocturnal diminution in the operation -of the critical censor, but through pathological enfeeblement -of the latter or through pathological reinforcement of -the unconscious excitations, and this while the foreconscious -is charged with energy and the avenues to motility are open. -The guardian is then overpowered, the unconscious excitations -subdue the Forec.; through it they dominate our speech and -actions, or they enforce the hallucinatory regression, thus -governing an apparatus not designed for them by virtue of -the attraction exerted by the perceptions on the distribution -of our psychic energy. We call this condition a psychosis.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We are now in the best position to complete our psychological -construction, which has been interrupted by the introduction -of the two systems, Unc. and Forec. We have -still, however, ample reason for giving further consideration -to the wish as the sole psychic motive power in the dream. -We have explained that the reason why the dream is in every -case a wish realisation is because it is a product of the Unc., -which knows no other aim in its activity but the fulfilment -of wishes, and which has no other forces at its disposal but -wish-feelings. If we avail ourselves for a moment longer of -the right to elaborate from the dream interpretation such -<span class='pageno' id='Page_449'>449</span>far-reaching psychological speculations, we are in duty bound -to demonstrate that we are thereby bringing the dream into a -relationship which may also comprise other psychic structures. -If there exists a system of the Unc.—or something sufficiently -analogous to it for the purpose of our discussion—the dream -cannot be its sole manifestation; every dream may be a -wish-fulfilment, but there must be other forms of abnormal -wish-fulfilment besides this of dreams. Indeed, the theory -of all psychoneurotic symptoms culminates in the proposition -<em>that they too must be taken as wish-fulfilments of the unconscious</em>. -Our explanation makes the dream only the first member of -a group most important for the psychiatrist, an understanding -of which means the solution of the purely psychological part -of the psychiatric problem. But other members of this group -of wish-fulfilments, <em>e.g.</em>, the hysterical symptoms, evince one -essential quality which I have so far failed to find in the dream. -Thus, from the investigations frequently referred to in this -treatise, I know that the formation of an hysterical symptom -necessitates the combination of both streams of our psychic -life. The symptom is not merely the expression of a realised -unconscious wish, but it must be joined by another wish from -the foreconscious which is fulfilled by the same symptom; -so that the symptom is at least doubly determined, once by -each one of the conflicting systems. Just as in the dream, -there is no limit to further over-determination. The determination -not derived from the Unc. is, as far as I can see, -invariably a stream of thought in reaction against the unconscious -wish, <em>e.g.</em>, a self-punishment. Hence I may say, in -general, that <em>an hysterical symptom originates only where two -contrasting wish-fulfilments, having their source in different -psychic systems, are able to combine in one expression</em>. (Compare -my latest formulation of the origin of the hysterical -symptoms in a treatise published by the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zeitschrift für -Sexualwissenschaft</span></cite>, by Hirschfeld and others, 1908). Examples -on this point would prove of little value, as nothing -but a complete unveiling of the complication in question -would carry conviction. I therefore content myself with the -mere assertion, and will cite an example, not for conviction -but for explication. The hysterical vomiting of a female -patient proved, on the one hand, to be the realisation of an -<span class='pageno' id='Page_450'>450</span>unconscious fancy from the time of puberty, that she might -be continuously pregnant and have a multitude of children, -and this was subsequently united with the wish that she might -have them from as many men as possible. Against this immoderate -wish there arose a powerful defensive impulse. But -as the vomiting might spoil the patient’s figure and beauty, so -that she would not find favour in the eyes of mankind, the -symptom was therefore in keeping with her punitive trend of -thought, and, being thus admissible from both sides, it was -allowed to become a reality. This is the same manner -of consenting to a wish-fulfilment which the queen of the -Parthians chose for the triumvir Crassus. Believing that he -had undertaken the campaign out of greed for gold, she caused -molten gold to be poured into the throat of the corpse. -“Now hast thou what thou hast longed for.” As yet we -know of the dream only that it expresses a wish-fulfilment of -the unconscious; and apparently the dominating foreconscious -permits this only after it has subjected the wish to some -distortions. We are really in no position to demonstrate -regularly a stream of thought antagonistic to the dream-wish -which is realised in the dream as in its counterpart. Only -now and then have we found in the dream traces of reaction -formations, as, for instance, the tenderness toward friend R. -in the “uncle dream” (p. 116). But the contribution from -the foreconscious, which is missing here, may be found in -another place. While the dominating system has withdrawn -on the wish to sleep, the dream may bring to expression with -manifold distortions a wish from the Unc., and realise this -wish by producing the necessary changes of energy in the -psychic apparatus, and may finally retain it through the entire -duration of sleep.<a id='rFT' /><a href='#fFT' class='c008'><sup>[FT]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'>This persistent wish to sleep on the part of the foreconscious -in general facilitates the formation of the dream. Let -us refer to the dream of the father who, by the gleam of light -from the death chamber, was brought to the conclusion that -the body has been set on fire. We have shown that one of -the psychic forces decisive in causing the father to form this -<span class='pageno' id='Page_451'>451</span>conclusion, instead of being awakened by the gleam of light, -was the wish to prolong the life of the child seen in the dream -by one moment. Other wishes proceeding from the repression -probably escape us, because we are unable to analyse this dream. -But as a second motive power of the dream we may mention -the father’s desire to sleep, for, like the life of the child, the -sleep of the father is prolonged for a moment by the dream. -The underlying motive is: “Let the dream go on, otherwise -I must wake up.” As in this dream so also in all other dreams, -the wish to sleep lends its support to the unconscious wish. On -page 104 we reported dreams which were apparently dreams of -convenience. But, properly speaking, all dreams may claim -this designation. The efficacy of the wish to continue to sleep -is the most easily recognised in the waking dreams, which so -transform the objective sensory stimulus as to render it compatible -with the continuance of sleep; they interweave this -stimulus with the dream in order to rob it of any claims it -might make as a warning to the outer world. But this wish -to continue to sleep must also participate in the formation of -all other dreams which may disturb the sleeping state from -within only. “Now, then, sleep on; why, it’s but a dream”; -this is in many cases the suggestion of the Forec. to consciousness -when the dream goes too far; and this also describes in -a general way the attitude of our dominating psychic activity -toward dreaming, though the thought remains tacit. I must -draw the conclusion that <em>throughout our entire sleeping state -we are just as certain that we are dreaming as we are certain that -we are sleeping</em>. We are compelled to disregard the objection -urged against this conclusion that our consciousness is never -directed to a knowledge of the former, and that it is directed -to a knowledge of the latter only on special occasions when the -censor is unexpectedly surprised. Against this objection we -may say that there are persons who are entirely conscious of -their sleeping and dreaming, and who are apparently endowed -with the conscious faculty of guiding their dream life. Such a -dreamer, when dissatisfied with the course taken by the dream, -breaks it off without awakening, and begins it anew in order -to continue it with a different turn, like the popular author -who, on request, gives a happier ending to his play. Or, at -another time, if placed by the dream in a sexually exciting -<span class='pageno' id='Page_452'>452</span>situation, he thinks in his sleep: “I do not care to continue -this dream and exhaust myself by a pollution; I prefer to -defer it in favour of a real situation.”</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>(<em>d</em>) <em>Waking caused by the Dream—The Function of the Dream—The Anxiety Dream.</em></h3> - -<p class='c015'>Since we know that the foreconscious is suspended during -the night by the wish to sleep, we can proceed to an intelligent -investigation of the dream process. But let us first sum up -the knowledge of this process already gained. We have shown -that the waking activity leaves day remnants from which the -sum of energy cannot be entirely removed; or the waking -activity revives during the day one of the unconscious wishes; -or both conditions occur simultaneously; we have already -discovered the many variations that may take place. The unconscious -wish has already made its way to the day remnants, -either during the day or at any rate with the beginning of sleep, -and has effected a transference to it. This produces a wish -transferred to the recent material, or the suppressed recent -wish comes to life again through a reinforcement from the -unconscious. This wish now endeavours to make its way to -consciousness on the normal path of the mental processes -through the foreconscious, to which indeed it belongs through -one of its constituent elements. It is confronted, however, by -the censor, which is still active, and to the influence of which -it now succumbs. It now takes on the distortion for which -the way has already been paved by its transference to the recent -material. Thus far it is in the way of becoming something -resembling an obsession, delusion, or the like, <em>i.e.</em> a thought -reinforced by a transference and distorted in expression by -the censor. But its further progress is now checked through -the dormant state of the foreconscious; this system has -apparently protected itself against invasion by diminishing -its excitements. The dream process, therefore, takes the regressive -course, which has just been opened by the peculiarity -of the sleeping state, and thereby follows the attraction -exerted on it by the memory groups, which themselves exist -in part only as visual energy not yet translated into terms of -the later systems. On its way to regression the dream takes -<span class='pageno' id='Page_453'>453</span>on the form of dramatisation. The subject of compression will -be discussed later. The dream process has now terminated -the second part of its repeatedly impeded course. The first -part expended itself progressively from the unconscious -scenes or phantasies to the foreconscious, while the second -part gravitates from the advent of the censor back to the perceptions. -But when the dream process becomes a content of -perception it has, so to speak, eluded the obstacle set up in -the Forec. by the censor and by the sleeping state. It succeeds -in drawing attention to itself and in being noticed by consciousness. -For consciousness, which means to us a sensory organ -for the reception of psychic qualities, may receive stimuli -from two sources—first, from the periphery of the entire -apparatus, viz. from the perception system, and, secondly, from -the pleasure and pain stimuli, which constitute the sole psychic -quality produced in the transformation of energy within the -apparatus. All other processes in the Ψ-system, even those -in the foreconscious, are devoid of any psychic quality, and -are therefore not objects of consciousness inasmuch as they -do not furnish pleasure or pain for perception. We shall have -to assume that those liberations of pleasure and pain automatically -regulate the outlet of the occupation processes. -But in order to make possible more delicate functions, it was -later found necessary to render the course of the presentations -more independent of the manifestations of pain. To accomplish -this the Forec. system needed some qualities of its own -which could attract consciousness, and most probably received -them through the connection of the foreconscious -processes with the memory system of the signs of speech, -which is not devoid of qualities. Through the qualities of -this system, consciousness, which had hitherto been a sensory -organ only for the perceptions, now becomes also a sensory -organ for a part of our mental processes. Thus we have now, -as it were, two sensory surfaces, one directed to perceptions -and the other to the foreconscious mental processes.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I must assume that the sensory surface of consciousness -devoted to the Forec. is rendered less excitable by sleep -than that directed to the P-systems. The giving up of interest -for the nocturnal mental processes is indeed purposeful. -Nothing is to disturb the mind; the Forec. wants to sleep. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_454'>454</span>But once the dream becomes a perception, it is then capable of -exciting consciousness through the qualities thus gained. The -sensory stimulus accomplishes what it was really destined for, -namely, it directs a part of the energy at the disposal of the -Forec. in the form of attention upon the stimulant. We must, -therefore, admit that the dream invariably awakens us, that -is, it puts into activity a part of the dormant force of the Forec. -This force imparts to the dream that influence which we have -designated as secondary elaboration for the sake of connection -and comprehensibility. This means that the dream is treated -by it like any other content of perception; it is subjected to -the same ideas of expectation, as far at least as the material -admits. As far as the direction is concerned in this third part -of the dream, it may be said that here again the movement is -progressive.</p> - -<p class='c006'>To avoid misunderstanding, it will not be amiss to say a -few words about the temporal peculiarities of these dream -processes. In a very interesting discussion, apparently suggested -by Maury’s puzzling guillotine dream, Goblot<a id='r29' /><a href='#f29' class='c008'><sup>[29]</sup></a> tries -to demonstrate that the dream requires no other time than -the transition period between sleeping and awakening. The -awakening requires time, as the dream takes place during that -period. One is inclined to believe that the final picture of -the dream is so strong that it forces the dreamer to awaken; -but, as a matter of fact, this picture is strong only because -the dreamer is already very near awakening when it appears. -“Un rêve c’est un réveil qui commence.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>It has already been emphasized by Dugas<a id='r18' /><a href='#f18' class='c008'><sup>[18]</sup></a> that Goblot -was forced to repudiate many facts in order to generalise his -theory. There are, moreover, dreams from which we do not -awaken, <em>e.g.</em>, some dreams in which we dream that we dream. -From our knowledge of the dream-work, we can by no means -admit that it extends only over the period of awakening. On -the contrary, we must consider it probable that the first part -of the dream-work begins during the day when we are still -under the domination of the foreconscious. The second -phase of the dream-work, viz. the modification through the -censor, the attraction by the unconscious scenes, and the penetration -to perception must continue throughout the night. -And we are probably always right when we assert that we feel -<span class='pageno' id='Page_455'>455</span>as though we had been dreaming the whole night, although we -cannot say what. I do not, however, think it necessary to -assume that, up to the time of becoming conscious, the dream -processes really follow the temporal sequence which we have -described, viz. that there is first the transferred dream-wish, -then the distortion of the censor, and consequently the -change of direction to regression, and so on. We were forced -to form such a succession for the sake of <em>description</em>; in -reality, however, it is much rather a matter of simultaneously -trying this path and that, and of emotions fluctuating to and -fro, until finally, owing to the most expedient distribution, one -particular grouping is secured which remains. From certain -personal experiences, I am myself inclined to believe that the -dream-work often requires more than one day and one night -to produce its result; if this be true, the extraordinary art -manifested in the construction of the dream loses all its marvels. -In my opinion, even the regard for comprehensibility as an -occurrence of perception may take effect before the dream -attracts consciousness to itself. To be sure, from now on the -process is accelerated, as the dream is henceforth subjected -to the same treatment as any other perception. It is like -fireworks, which require hours of preparation and only a -moment for ignition.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Through the dream-work the dream process now gains -either sufficient intensity to attract consciousness to itself and -arouse the foreconscious, which is quite independent of the -time or profundity of sleep, or, its intensity being insufficient -it must wait until it meets the attention which is set in motion -immediately before awakening. Most dreams seem to operate -with relatively slight psychic intensities, for they wait for the -awakening. This, however, explains the fact that we regularly -perceive something dreamt on being suddenly aroused -from a sound sleep. Here, as well as in spontaneous awakening, -the first glance strikes the perception content created by -the dream-work, while the next strikes the one produced -from without.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But of greater theoretical interest are those dreams which -are capable of waking us in the midst of sleep. We must bear -in mind the expediency elsewhere universally demonstrated, -and ask ourselves why the dream or the unconscious wish has -<span class='pageno' id='Page_456'>456</span>the power to disturb sleep, <em>i.e.</em> the fulfilment of the foreconscious -wish. This is probably due to certain relations of -energy into which we have no insight. If we possessed such -insight we should probably find that the freedom given to the -dream and the expenditure of a certain amount of detached -attention represent for the dream an economy in energy, -keeping in view the fact that the unconscious must be held in -check at night just as during the day. We know from experience -that the dream, even if it interrupts sleep, repeatedly -during the same night, still remains compatible with sleep. We -wake up for an instant, and immediately resume our sleep. It -is like driving off a fly during sleep, we awake <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ad hoc</span></i>, and -when we resume our sleep we have removed the disturbance. -As demonstrated by familiar examples from the sleep of wet -nurses, &c., the fulfilment of the wish to sleep is quite compatible -with the retention of a certain amount of attention in -a given direction.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But we must here take cognisance of an objection that is -based on a better knowledge of the unconscious processes. -Although we have ourselves described the unconscious wishes -as always active, we have, nevertheless, asserted that they are -not sufficiently strong during the day to make themselves -perceptible. But when we sleep, and the unconscious wish -has shown its power to form a dream, and with it to awaken -the foreconscious, why, then, does this power become exhausted -after the dream has been taken cognisance of? Would -it not seem more probable that the dream should continually -renew itself, like the troublesome fly which, when driven away, -takes pleasure in returning again and again? What justifies -our assertion that the dream removes the disturbance of sleep?</p> - -<p class='c006'>That the unconscious wishes always remain active is quite -true. They represent paths which are passable whenever a -sum of excitement makes use of them. Moreover, a remarkable -peculiarity of the unconscious processes is the fact that -they remain indestructible. Nothing can be brought to an end -in the unconscious; nothing can cease or be forgotten. This -impression is most strongly gained in the study of the neuroses, -especially of hysteria. The unconscious stream of thought -which leads to the discharge through an attack becomes -passable again as soon as there is an accumulation of a sufficient -<span class='pageno' id='Page_457'>457</span>amount of excitement. The mortification brought on thirty -years ago, after having gained access to the unconscious -affective source, operates during all these thirty years like a -recent one. Whenever its memory is touched, it is revived -and shows itself to be supplied with the excitement which is -discharged in a motor attack. It is just here that the office -of psychotherapy begins, its task being to bring about adjustment -and forgetfulness for the unconscious processes. Indeed, -the fading of memories and the flagging of affects, which we -are apt to take as self-evident and to explain as a primary -influence of time on the psychic memories, are in reality -secondary changes brought about by painstaking work. It -is the foreconscious that accomplishes this work; and the -only course to be pursued by psychotherapy is to subjugate -the Unc. to the domination of the Forec.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There are, therefore, two exits for the individual unconscious -emotional process. It is either left to itself, in which case it -ultimately breaks through somewhere and secures for once a -discharge for its excitation into motility; or it succumbs to -the influence of the foreconscious, and its excitation becomes -confined through this influence instead of being discharged. -It is the latter process that occurs in the dream. Owing to the -fact that it is directed by the conscious excitement, the energy -from the Forec., which confronts the dream when grown to -perception, restricts the unconscious excitement of the dream -and renders it harmless as a disturbing factor. When the -dreamer wakes up for a moment, he has actually chased away -the fly that has threatened to disturb his sleep. We can now -understand that it is really more expedient and economical -to give full sway to the unconscious wish, and clear its way to -regression so that it may form a dream, and then restrict and -adjust this dream by means of a small expenditure of foreconscious -labour, than to curb the unconscious throughout -the entire period of sleep. We should, indeed, expect that -the dream, even if it was not originally an expedient process, -would have acquired some function in the play of forces of -the psychic life. We now see what this function is. The dream -has taken it upon itself to bring the liberated excitement of the -Unc. back under the domination of the foreconscious; it thus -affords relief for the excitement of the Unc. and acts as a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_458'>458</span>safety-valve for the latter, and at the same time it insures -the sleep of the foreconscious at a slight expenditure of the -waking state. Like the other psychic formations of its group, -the dream offers itself as a compromise serving simultaneously -both systems by fulfilling both wishes in so far as -they are compatible with each other. A glance at Robert’s -“elimination theory,” referred to on page 66, will show that -we must agree with this author in his main point, viz. in the -determination of the function of the dream, though we differ -from him in our hypotheses and in our treatment of the dream -process.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The above qualification—in so far as the two wishes are -compatible with each other—contains a suggestion that there -may be cases in which the function of the dream suffers shipwreck. -The dream process is in the first instance admitted -as a wish-fulfilment of the unconscious, but if this tentative -wish-fulfilment disturbs the foreconscious to such an extent -that the latter can no longer maintain its rest, the dream then -breaks the compromise and fails to perform the second part -of its task. It is then at once broken off, and replaced by -complete wakefulness. Here, too, it is not really the fault -of the dream, if, while ordinarily the guardian of sleep, it is -here compelled to appear as the disturber of sleep, nor should -this cause us to entertain any doubts as to its efficacy. This -is not the only case in the organism in which an otherwise -efficacious arrangement became inefficacious and disturbing -as soon as some element is changed in the conditions of its -origin; the disturbance then serves at least the new purpose -of announcing the change, and calling into play against it the -means of adjustment of the organism. In this connection, -I naturally bear in mind the case of the anxiety dream, and -in order not to have the appearance of trying to exclude this -testimony against the theory of wish-fulfilment wherever I -encounter it, I will attempt an explanation of the anxiety -dream, at least offering some suggestions.</p> - -<p class='c006'>That a psychic process developing anxiety may still be a -wish-fulfilment has long ceased to impress us as a contradiction. -We may explain this occurrence by the fact that the -wish belongs to one system (the Unc.), while by the other -system (the Forec.), this wish has been rejected and suppressed. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_459'>459</span>The subjection of the Unc. by the Forec. is not complete -even in perfect psychic health; the amount of this suppression -shows the degree of our psychic normality. Neurotic symptoms -show that there is a conflict between the two systems; the -symptoms are the results of a compromise of this conflict, and -they temporarily put an end to it. On the one hand, they -afford the Unc. an outlet for the discharge of its excitement, -and serve it as a sally port, while, on the other hand, they -give the Forec. the capability of dominating the Unc. to some -extent. It is highly instructive to consider, <em>e.g.</em>, the significance -of any hysterical phobia or of an agoraphobia. Suppose a -neurotic incapable of crossing the street alone, which we would -justly call a “symptom.” We attempt to remove this symptom -by urging him to the action which he deems himself incapable -of. The result will be an attack of anxiety, just as an attack of -anxiety in the street has often been the cause of establishing -an agoraphobia. We thus learn that the symptom has been -constituted in order to guard against the outbreak of the -anxiety. The phobia is thrown before the anxiety like a -fortress on the frontier.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Unless we enter into the part played by the affects in these -processes, which can be done here only imperfectly, we cannot -continue our discussion. Let us therefore advance the proposition -that the reason why the suppression of the unconscious -becomes absolutely necessary is because, if the discharge -of presentation should be left to itself, it would develop an -affect in the Unc. which originally bore the character of -pleasure, but which, since the appearance of the repression, -bears the character of pain. The aim, as well as the result, of -the suppression is to stop the development of this pain. The -suppression extends over the unconscious ideation, because -the liberation of pain might emanate from the ideation. The -foundation is here laid for a very definite assumption concerning -the nature of the affective development. It is regarded -as a motor or secondary activity, the key to the innervation -of which is located in the presentations of the Unc. Through -the domination of the Forec. these presentations become, as -it were, throttled and inhibited at the exit of the emotion-developing -impulses. The danger, which is due to the fact -that the Forec. ceases to occupy the energy, therefore consists -<span class='pageno' id='Page_460'>460</span>in the fact that the unconscious excitations liberate such an -affect as—in consequence of the repression that has previously -taken place—can only be perceived as pain or anxiety.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This danger is released through the full sway of the dream -process. The determinations for its realisation consist in the -fact that repressions have taken place, and that the suppressed -emotional wishes shall become sufficiently strong. They thus -stand entirely without the psychological realm of the dream -structure. Were it not for the fact that our subject is -connected through just one factor, namely, the freeing of the -Unc. during sleep, with the subject of the development of -anxiety, I could dispense with discussion of the anxiety dream, -and thus avoid all obscurities connected with it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As I have often repeated, the theory of the anxiety -belongs to the psychology of the neuroses. I would say -that the anxiety in the dream is an anxiety problem and not -a dream problem. We have nothing further to do with it -after having once demonstrated its point of contact with the -subject of the dream process. There is only one thing left -for me to do. As I have asserted that the neurotic anxiety -originates from sexual sources, I can subject anxiety dreams -to analysis in order to demonstrate the sexual material in their -dream thoughts.</p> - -<p class='c006'>For good reasons I refrain from citing here any of the -numerous examples placed at my disposal by neurotic patients, -but prefer to give anxiety dreams from young persons.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Personally, I have had no real anxiety dream for decades, -but I recall one from my seventh or eighth year which I subjected -to interpretation about thirty years later. The dream -was very vivid, and showed me <em>my beloved mother, with peculiarly -calm sleeping countenance, carried into the room and laid on the -bed by two (or three) persons with bird’s beaks</em>. I awoke crying -and screaming, and disturbed my parents. The very tall -figures—draped in a peculiar manner—with beaks, I had taken -from the illustrations of Philippson’s bible; I believe they -represented deities with heads of sparrowhawks from an -Egyptian tomb relief. The analysis also introduced the reminiscence -of a naughty janitor’s boy, who used to play with -us children on the meadow in front of the house; I would -add that his name was Philip. I feel that I first heard from -<span class='pageno' id='Page_461'>461</span>this boy the vulgar word signifying sexual intercourse, which is -replaced among the educated by the Latin “coitus,” but to -which the dream distinctly alludes by the selection of the bird’s -heads.<a id='rFU' /><a href='#fFU' class='c008'><sup>[FU]</sup></a> I must have suspected the sexual significance of the -word from the facial expression of my worldly-wise teacher. -My mother’s features in the dream were copied from the -countenance of my grandfather, whom I had seen a few days -before his death snoring in the state of coma. The interpretation -of the secondary elaboration in the dream must therefore -have been that my mother was dying; the tomb relief, -too, agrees with this. In this anxiety I awoke, and could not -calm myself until I had awakened my parents. I remember -that I suddenly became calm on coming face to face with my -mother, as if I needed the assurance that my mother was not -dead. But this secondary interpretation of the dream had -been effected only under the influence of the developed anxiety. -I was not frightened because I dreamed that my mother was -dying, but I interpreted the dream in this manner in the foreconscious -elaboration because I was already under the domination -of the anxiety. The latter, however, could be traced by -means of the repression to an obscure obviously sexual desire, -which had found its satisfying expression in the visual content -of the dream.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A man twenty-seven years old who had been severely ill -for a year had had many terrifying dreams between the ages -of eleven and thirteen. He thought that a man with an axe -was running after him; he wished to run, but felt paralysed -and could not move from the spot. This may be taken as a -good example of a very common, and apparently sexually -indifferent, anxiety dream. In the analysis the dreamer first -thought of a story told him by his uncle, which chronologically -was later than the dream, viz. that he was attacked at -night by a suspicious-looking individual. This occurrence led -him to believe that he himself might have already heard of a -similar episode at the time of the dream. In connection with -the axe he recalled that during that period of his life he once -hurt his hand with an axe while chopping wood. This -immediately led to his relations with his younger brother, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_462'>462</span>whom he used to maltreat and knock down. In particular, he -recalled an occasion when he struck his brother on the head -with his boot until he bled, whereupon his mother remarked: -“I fear he will kill him some day.” While he was seemingly -thinking of the subject of violence, a reminiscence from his -ninth year suddenly occurred to him. His parents came home -late and went to bed while he was feigning sleep. He soon -heard panting and other noises that appeared strange to him, -and he could also make out the position of his parents in bed. -His further associations showed that he had established an -analogy between this relation between his parents and his -own relation toward his younger brother. He subsumed -what occurred between his parents under the conception -“violence and wrestling,” and thus reached a sadistic conception -of the coitus act, as often happens among children. -The fact that he often noticed blood on his mother’s bed -corroborated his conception.</p> - -<p class='c006'>That the sexual intercourse of adults appears strange to -children who observe it, and arouses fear in them, I dare say is -a fact of daily experience. I have explained this fear by the -fact that sexual excitement is not mastered by their understanding, -and is probably also inacceptable to them because -their parents are involved in it. For the same reason this -excitement is converted into fear. At a still earlier period of -life sexual emotion directed toward the parent of opposite sex -does not meet with repression but finds free expression, as we -have seen above (pp. 209–215).</p> - -<p class='c006'>For the night terrors with hallucinations (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pavor nocturnus</span></i>) -frequently found in children, I would unhesitatingly give the -same explanation. Here, too, we are certainly dealing with -the incomprehensible and rejected sexual feelings, which, if -noted, would probably show a temporal periodicity, for an -enhancement of the sexual <em>libido</em> may just as well be produced -accidentally through emotional impressions as through the -spontaneous and gradual processes of development.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I lack the necessary material to sustain these explanations -from observation. On the other hand, the pediatrists seem -to lack the point of view which alone makes comprehensible -the whole series of phenomena, on the somatic as well as on -the psychic side. To illustrate by a comical example how one -<span class='pageno' id='Page_463'>463</span>wearing the blinders of medical mythology may miss the understanding -of such cases, I will relate a case which I found in a -thesis on <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pavor nocturnus</span></i> by <em>Debacker</em>,<a href='#f17' class='c008'><sup>[17]</sup></a> 1881 (p. 66). A -thirteen-year-old boy of delicate health began to become -anxious and dreamy; his sleep became restless, and about -once a week it was interrupted by an acute attack of anxiety -with hallucinations. The memory of these dreams was invariably -very distinct. Thus, he related that the <em>devil</em> shouted -at him: “Now we have you, now we have you,” and this was -followed by an odour of sulphur; the fire burned his skin. -This dream aroused him, terror-stricken. He was unable to -scream at first; then his voice returned, and he was heard to -say distinctly: “No, no, not me; why, I have done nothing,” -or, “Please don’t, I shall never do it again.” Occasionally, -also, he said: “Albert has not done that.” Later he avoided -undressing, because, as he said, the fire attacked him only -when he was undressed. From amid these evil dreams, which -menaced his health, he was sent into the country, where he -recovered within a year and a half, but at the age of fifteen -he once confessed: “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Je n’osais pas l’avouer, mais j’éprouvais -continuellement des picotements et des surexcitations aux -<em>parties</em>;<a id='rFV' /><a href='#fFV' class='c008'><sup>[FV]</sup></a> à la fin, cela m’énervait tant que plusieurs fois, -j’ai pensé me jeter par la fenêtre au dortoir.</span>”</p> - -<p class='c006'>It is certainly not difficult to suspect: 1, that the boy had -practised masturbation in former years, that he probably -denied it, and was threatened with severe punishment for his -wrongdoing (his confession: <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Je ne le ferai plus</span>; his denial: -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Albert n’a jamais fait ça</span>). 2, That under the pressure of -puberty the temptation to self-abuse through the tickling of -the genitals was reawakened. 3, That now, however, a struggle -of repression arose in him, suppressing the <em>libido</em> and changing -it into fear, which subsequently took the form of the punishments -with which he was then threatened.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Let us, however, quote the conclusions drawn by our author -(p. 69). This observation shows: 1, That the influence of -puberty may produce in a boy of delicate health a condition -of extreme weakness, and that it may lead to a <em>very marked -cerebral anæmia</em>.<a id='rFW' /><a href='#fFW' class='c008'><sup>[FW]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_464'>464</span>2. This cerebral anæmia produces a transformation of -character, demonomaniacal hallucinations, and very violent -nocturnal, perhaps also diurnal, states of anxiety.</p> - -<p class='c006'>3. Demonomania and the self-reproaches of the day can -be traced to the influences of religious education which the -subject underwent as a child.</p> - -<p class='c006'>4. All manifestations disappeared as a result of a lengthy -sojourn in the country, bodily exercise, and the return of -physical strength after the termination of the period of puberty.</p> - -<p class='c006'>5. A predisposing influence for the origin of the cerebral -condition of the boy may be attributed to heredity and to -the father’s chronic syphilitic state.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The concluding remarks of the author read: “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Nous -avons fait entrer cette observation dans le cadre des délires -apyrétiques d’inanition, car c’est à l’ischémie cérébrale que nous -rattachons cet état particulier.</span>”</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>(<em>e</em>) <em>The Primary and Secondary Processes—Regression.</em></h3> - -<p class='c015'>In venturing to attempt to penetrate more deeply into the -psychology of the dream processes, I have undertaken a difficult -task, to which, indeed, my power of description is hardly -equal. To reproduce in description by a succession of words -the simultaneousness of so complex a chain of events, and in -doing so to appear unbiassed throughout the exposition, goes -fairly beyond my powers. I have now to atone for the fact -that I have been unable in my description of the dream -psychology to follow the historic development of my views. -The view-points for my conception of the dream were reached -through earlier investigations in the psychology of the neuroses, -to which I am not supposed to refer here, but to which -I am repeatedly forced to refer, whereas I should prefer to -proceed in the opposite direction, and, starting from the -dream, to establish a connection with the psychology of the -neuroses. I am well aware of all the inconveniences arising -for the reader from this difficulty, but I know of no way to -avoid them.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As I am dissatisfied with this state of affairs, I am glad to -dwell upon another viewpoint which seems to raise the value -of my efforts. As has been shown in the introduction to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_465'>465</span>first chapter, I found myself confronted with a theme which -had been marked by the sharpest contradictions on the part -of the authorities. After our elaboration of the dream problems -we found room for most of these contradictions. We -have been forced, however, to take decided exception to two -of the views pronounced, viz. that the dream is a senseless -and that it is a somatic process; apart from these cases we -have had to accept all the contradictory views in one place or -another of the complicated argument, and we have been able -to demonstrate that they had discovered something that was -correct. That the dream continues the impulses and interests -of the waking state has been quite generally confirmed -through the discovery of the latent thoughts of the dream. -These thoughts concern themselves only with things that -seem important and of momentous interest to us. The -dream never occupies itself with trifles. But we have also -concurred with the contrary view, viz. that the dream -gathers up the indifferent remnants from the day, and that -not until it has in some measure withdrawn itself from the -waking activity can an important event of the day be taken -up by the dream. We found this holding true for the dream -content, which gives the dream thought its changed expression -by means of disfigurement. We have said that from the -nature of the association mechanism the dream process more -easily takes possession of recent or indifferent material which -has not yet been seized by the waking mental activity; and -by reason of the censor it transfers the psychic intensity -from the important but also disagreeable to the indifferent -material. The hypermnesia of the dream and the resort to -infantile material have become main supports in our theory. -In our theory of the dream we have attributed to the wish -originating from the infantile the part of an indispensable -motor for the formation of the dream. We naturally could -not think of doubting the experimentally demonstrated -significance of the objective sensory stimuli during sleep; -but we have brought this material into the same relation -to the dream-wish as the thought remnants from the -waking activity. There was no need of disputing the fact -that the dream interprets the objective sensory stimuli after -the manner of an illusion; but we have supplied the motive -<span class='pageno' id='Page_466'>466</span>for this interpretation which has been left undecided by the -authorities. The interpretation follows in such a manner that -the perceived object is rendered harmless as a sleep disturber -and becomes available for the wish-fulfilment. Though we -do not admit as special sources of the dream the subjective -state of excitement of the sensory organs during sleep, which -seems to have been demonstrated by Trumbull Ladd,<a href='#f40' class='c008'><sup>[40]</sup></a> we -are nevertheless able to explain this excitement through the -regressive revival of active memories behind the dream. A -modest part in our conception has also been assigned to the -inner organic sensations which are wont to be taken as the -cardinal point in the explanation of the dream. These—the -sensation of falling, flying, or inhibition—stand as an ever -ready material to be used by the dream-work to express the -dream thought as often as need arises.</p> - -<p class='c006'>That the dream process is a rapid and momentary one -seems to be true for the perception through consciousness of -the already prepared dream content; the preceding parts of -the dream process probably take a slow, fluctuating course. -We have solved the riddle of the superabundant dream content -compressed within the briefest moment by explaining -that this is due to the appropriation of almost fully formed -structures from the psychic life. That the dream is disfigured -and distorted by memory we found to be correct, but not -troublesome, as this is only the last manifest operation in the -work of disfigurement which has been active from the beginning -of the dream-work. In the bitter and seemingly irreconcilable -controversy as to whether the psychic life sleeps at -night or can make the same use of all its capabilities as during -the day, we have been able to agree with both sides, though -not fully with either. We have found proof that the dream -thoughts represent a most complicated intellectual activity, -employing almost every means furnished by the psychic apparatus; -still it cannot be denied that these dream thoughts -have originated during the day, and it is indispensable to -assume that there is a sleeping state of the psychic life. Thus, -even the theory of partial sleep has come into play; but the -characteristics of the sleeping state have been found not in the -dilapidation of the psychic connections but in the cessation -of the psychic system dominating the day, arising from its -<span class='pageno' id='Page_467'>467</span>desire to sleep. The withdrawal from the outer world retains -its significance also for our conception; though not the only -factor, it nevertheless helps the regression to make possible -the representation of the dream. That we should reject the -voluntary guidance of the presentation course is uncontestable; -but the psychic life does not thereby become aimless, -for we have seen that after the abandonment of the desired -end-presentation undesired ones gain the mastery. The loose -associative connection in the dream we have not only recognised, -but we have placed under its control a far greater -territory than could have been supposed; we have, however, -found it merely the feigned substitute for another correct -and senseful one. To be sure we, too, have called the dream -absurd; but we have been able to learn from examples how -wise the dream really is when it simulates absurdity. We -do not deny any of the functions that have been attributed -to the dream. That the dream relieves the mind like a valve, -and that, according to Robert’s assertion, all kinds of harmful -material are rendered harmless through representation in the -dream, not only exactly coincides with our theory of the two-fold -wish-fulfilment in the dream, but, in his own wording, -becomes even more comprehensible for us than for Robert -himself. The free indulgence of the psychic in the play of -its faculties finds expression with us in the non-interference -with the dream on the part of the foreconscious activity. -The “return to the embryonal state of psychic life in the -dream” and the observation of Havelock Ellis,<a href='#f23' class='c008'><sup>[23]</sup></a> “an archaic -world of vast emotions and imperfect thoughts,” appear to us as -happy anticipations of our deductions to the effect that <em>primitive</em> -modes of work suppressed during the day participate in -the formation of the dream; and with us, as with Delage,<a href='#f15' class='c008'><sup>[15]</sup></a> the -<em>suppressed</em> material becomes the mainspring of the dreaming.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have fully recognised the rôle which Scherner ascribes -to the dream phantasy, and even his interpretation; but we -have been obliged, so to speak, to conduct them to another -department in the problem. It is not the dream that produces -the phantasy but the unconscious phantasy that takes -the greatest part in the formation of the dream thoughts. We -are indebted to Scherner for his clue to the source of the dream -thoughts, but almost everything that he ascribes to the dream-work -<span class='pageno' id='Page_468'>468</span>is attributable to the activity of the unconscious, which -is at work during the day, and which supplies incitements -not only for dreams but for neurotic symptoms as well. We -have had to separate the dream-work from this activity as -being something entirely different and far more restricted. -Finally, we have by no means abandoned the relation of the -dream to mental disturbances, but, on the contrary, we have -given it a more solid foundation on new ground.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Thus held together by the new material of our theory as -by a superior unity, we find the most varied and most contradictory -conclusions of the authorities fitting into our structure; -some of them are differently disposed, only a few of them are -entirely rejected. But our own structure is still unfinished. -For, disregarding the many obscurities which we have necessarily -encountered in our advance into the darkness of -psychology, we are now apparently embarrassed by a new -contradiction. On the one hand, we have allowed the dream -thoughts to proceed from perfectly normal mental operations, -while, on the other hand, we have found among the dream -thoughts a number of entirely abnormal mental processes -which extend likewise to the dream contents. These, consequently, -we have repeated in the interpretation of the dream. -All that we have termed the “dream-work” seems so remote -from the psychic processes recognised by us as correct, that -the severest judgments of the authors as to the low psychic -activity of dreaming seem to us well founded.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Perhaps only through still further advance can enlightenment -and improvement be brought about. I shall pick out -one of the constellations leading to the formation of dreams.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have learned that the dream replaces a number of -thoughts derived from daily life which are perfectly formed -logically. We cannot therefore doubt that these thoughts -originate from our normal mental life. All the qualities which -we esteem in our mental operations, and which distinguish -these as complicated activities of a high order, we find repeated -in the dream thoughts. There is, however, no need of assuming -that this mental work is performed during sleep, as this -would materially impair the conception of the psychic state -of sleep we have hitherto adhered to. These thoughts may -just as well have originated from the day, and, unnoticed by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_469'>469</span>our consciousness from their inception, they may have continued -to develop until they stood complete at the onset of -sleep. If we are to conclude anything from this state of -affairs, it will at most prove <em>that the most complex mental operations -are possible without the co-operation of consciousness</em>, -which we have already learned independently from every -psychoanalysis of persons suffering from hysteria or obsessions. -These dream thoughts are in themselves surely not incapable -of consciousness; if they have not become conscious to us -during the day, this may have various reasons. The state of -becoming conscious depends on the exercise of a certain -psychic function, viz. attention, which seems to be extended -only in a definite quantity, and which may have been withdrawn -from the stream of thought in question by other aims. -Another way in which such mental streams are kept from -consciousness is the following:—Our conscious reflection -teaches us that when exercising attention we pursue a definite -course. But if that course leads us to an idea which does not -hold its own with the critic, we discontinue and cease to apply -our attention. Now, apparently, the stream of thought thus -started and abandoned may spin on without regaining attention -unless it reaches a spot of especially marked intensity -which forces the return of attention. An initial rejection, -perhaps consciously brought about by the judgment on the -ground of incorrectness or unfitness for the actual purpose of -the mental act, may therefore account for the fact that a -mental process continues until the onset of sleep unnoticed -by consciousness.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Let us recapitulate by saying that we call such a stream of -thought a foreconscious one, that we believe it to be perfectly -correct, and that it may just as well be a more neglected one -or an interrupted and suppressed one. Let us also state -frankly in what manner we conceive this presentation course. -We believe that a certain sum of excitement, which we call -occupation energy, is displaced from an end-presentation -along the association paths selected by that end-presentation. -A “neglected” stream of thought has received no such occupation, -and from a “suppressed” or “rejected” one this -occupation has been withdrawn; both have thus been left -to their own emotions. The end-stream of thought stocked -<span class='pageno' id='Page_470'>470</span>with energy is under certain conditions able to draw to itself -the attention of consciousness, through which means it then -receives a “surplus of energy.” We shall be obliged somewhat -later to elucidate our assumption concerning the nature -and activity of consciousness.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A train of thought thus incited in the Forec. may either -disappear spontaneously or continue. The former issue we -conceive as follows: It diffuses its energy through all the -association paths emanating from it, and throws the entire -chain of ideas into a state of excitement which, after lasting -for a while, subsides through the transformation of the excitement -requiring an outlet into dormant energy.<a id='rFX' /><a href='#fFX' class='c008'><sup>[FX]</sup></a> If this -first issue is brought about the process has no further significance -for the dream formation. But other end-presentations -are lurking in our foreconscious that originate from the sources -of our unconscious and from the ever active wishes. These -may take possession of the excitations in the circle of thought -thus left to itself, establish a connection between it and the -unconscious wish, and transfer to it the energy inherent in -the unconscious wish. Henceforth the neglected or suppressed -train of thought is in a position to maintain itself, although -this reinforcement does not help it to gain access to consciousness. -We may say that the hitherto foreconscious train of -thought has been drawn into the unconscious.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Other constellations for the dream formation would result -if the foreconscious train of thought had from the beginning -been connected with the unconscious wish, and for that -reason met with rejection by the dominating end-occupation; -or if an unconscious wish were made active for other—possibly -somatic—reasons and of its own accord sought a -transference to the psychic remnants not occupied by the -Forec. All three cases finally combine in one issue, so that -there is established in the foreconscious a stream of thought -which, having been abandoned by the foreconscious occupation, -receives occupation from the unconscious wish.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The stream of thought is henceforth subjected to a series -of transformations which we no longer recognise as normal -psychic processes and which give us a surprising result, viz. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_471'>471</span>a psychopathological formation. Let us emphasize and group -the same.</p> - -<p class='c006'>1. The intensities of the individual ideas become capable -of discharge in their entirety, and, proceeding from one conception -to the other, they thus form single presentations -endowed with marked intensity. Through the repeated recurrence -of this process the intensity of an entire train of ideas -may ultimately be gathered in a single presentation element. -This is the principle of <em>compression or condensation</em> with which -we became acquainted in the chapter on “The Dream-Work.” -It is condensation that is mainly responsible for the strange -impression of the dream, for we know of nothing analogous -to it in the normal psychic life accessible to consciousness. -We find here, also, presentations which possess great psychic -significance as junctions or as end-results of whole chains of -thought; but this validity does not manifest itself in any -character conspicuous enough for internal perception; hence, -what has been presented in it does not become in any way -more intensive. In the process of condensation the entire -psychic connection becomes transformed into the intensity of -the presentation content. It is the same as in a book where -we space or print in heavy type any word upon which particular -stress is laid for the understanding of the text. In speech the -same word would be pronounced loudly and deliberately and -with emphasis. The first comparison leads us at once to an -example taken from the chapter on “The Dream-Work” -(trimethylamine in the dream of Irma’s injection). Historians -of art call our attention to the fact that the most -ancient historical sculptures follow a similar principle in expressing -the rank of the persons represented by the size of -the statue. The king is made two or three times as large as -his retinue or the vanquished enemy. A piece of art, however, -from the Roman period makes use of more subtle means to -accomplish the same purpose. The figure of the emperor is -placed in the centre in a firmly erect posture; special care is -bestowed on the proper modelling of his figure; his enemies -are seen cowering at his feet; but he is no longer represented -a giant among dwarfs. However, the bowing of the subordinate -to his superior in our own days is only an echo of that -ancient principle of representation.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_472'>472</span>The direction taken by the condensations of the dream is -prescribed on the one hand by the true foreconscious relations -of the dream thoughts, on the other hand by the attraction of -the visual reminiscences in the unconscious. The success of -the condensation work produces those intensities which are -required for penetration into the perception systems.</p> - -<p class='c006'>2. Through this free transferability of the intensities, -moreover, and in the service of condensation, <em>intermediary -presentations</em>—compromises, as it were—are formed (<em>cf.</em> the -numerous examples). This, likewise, is something unheard -of in the normal presentation course, where it is above all a -question of selection and retention of the “proper” presentation -element. On the other hand, composite and compromise -formations occur with extraordinary frequency when we are -trying to find the linguistic expression for foreconscious -thoughts; these are considered “slips of the tongue.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>3. The presentations which transfer their intensities to -one another are <em>very loosely connected</em>, and are joined together -by such forms of association as are spurned in our serious -thought and are utilised in the production of the effect of wit -only. Among these we particularly find associations of the -sound and consonance types.</p> - -<p class='c006'>4. Contradictory thoughts do not strive to eliminate one -another, but remain side by side. They often unite to produce -condensation <em>as if no contradiction</em> existed, or they form compromises -for which we should never forgive our thoughts, but -which we frequently approve of in our actions.</p> - -<p class='c006'>These are some of the most conspicuous abnormal processes -to which the thoughts which have previously been -rationally formed are subjected in the course of the dream-work. -As the main feature of these processes we recognise -the high importance attached to the fact of rendering the occupation -energy mobile and capable of discharge; the content -and the actual significance of the psychic elements, to which -these energies adhere, become a matter of secondary importance. -One might possibly think that the condensation -and compromise formation is effected only in the service of -regression, when occasion arises for changing thoughts into -pictures. But the analysis and—still more distinctly—the -synthesis of dreams which lack regression toward pictures, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_473'>473</span><em>e.g.</em> the dream “Autodidasker—Conversation with Court-Councillor -N.,” present the same processes of displacement -and condensation as the others.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Hence we cannot refuse to acknowledge that the two kinds -of essentially different psychic processes participate in the -formation of the dream; one forms perfectly correct dream -thoughts which are equivalent to normal thoughts, while the -other treats these ideas in a highly surprising and incorrect -manner. The latter process we have already set apart in -Chapter VI as the dream-work proper. What have we now -to advance concerning this latter psychic process?</p> - -<p class='c006'>We should be unable to answer this question here if we -had not penetrated considerably into the psychology of the -neuroses and especially of hysteria. From this we learn that -the same incorrect psychic processes—as well as others that -have not been enumerated—control the formation of hysterical -symptoms. In hysteria, too, we at once find a series of perfectly -correct thoughts equivalent to our conscious thoughts, -of whose existence, however, in this form we can learn nothing -and which we can only subsequently reconstruct. If they have -forced their way anywhere to our perception, we discover from -the analysis of the symptom formed that these normal -thoughts have been subjected to abnormal treatment and -<em>have been transformed into the symptom by means of condensation -and compromise formation, through superficial associations, -under cover of contradictions, and eventually over the road -of regression</em>. In view of the complete identity found between -the peculiarities of the dream-work and of the psychic -activity forming the psychoneurotic symptoms, we shall feel -justified in transferring to the dream the conclusions urged -upon us by hysteria.</p> - -<p class='c006'>From the theory of hysteria we borrow the proposition -that <em>such an abnormal psychic elaboration of a normal train of -thought takes place only when the latter has been used for the -transference of an unconscious wish which dates from the infantile -life and is in a state of repression</em>. In accordance with -this proposition we have construed the theory of the dream -on the assumption that the actuating dream-wish invariably -originates in the unconscious, which, as we ourselves have admitted, -cannot be universally demonstrated though it cannot -<span class='pageno' id='Page_474'>474</span>be refuted. But in order to explain the real meaning of the -term <em>repression</em>, which we have employed so freely, we shall -be obliged to make some further addition to our psychological -construction.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We have above elaborated the fiction of a primitive psychic -apparatus, whose work is regulated by the efforts to avoid -accumulation of excitement and as far as possible to maintain -itself free from excitement. For this reason it was constructed -after the plan of a reflex apparatus; the motility, originally -the path for the inner bodily change, formed a discharging -path standing at its disposal. We subsequently discussed -the psychic results of a feeling of gratification, and we might -at the same time have introduced the second assumption, viz. -that accumulation of excitement—following certain modalities -that do not concern us—is perceived as pain and sets the -apparatus in motion in order to reproduce a feeling of gratification -in which the diminution of the excitement is perceived -as pleasure. Such a current in the apparatus which emanates -from pain and strives for pleasure we call a wish. We have -said that nothing but a wish is capable of setting the apparatus -in motion, and that the discharge of excitement in the apparatus -is regulated automatically by the perception of pleasure and -pain. The first wish must have been an hallucinatory occupation -of the memory for gratification. But this hallucination, -unless it were maintained to the point of exhaustion, -proved incapable of bringing about a cessation of the desire -and consequently of securing the pleasure connected with -gratification.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Thus there was required a second activity—in our terminology -the activity of a second system—which should not -permit the memory occupation to advance to perception and -therefrom to restrict the psychic forces, but should lead the -excitement emanating from the craving stimulus by a devious -path over the spontaneous motility which ultimately should -so change the outer world as to allow the real perception of -the object of gratification to take place. Thus far we have -elaborated the plan of the psychic apparatus; these two -systems are the germ of the Unc. and Forec. which we include -in the fully developed apparatus.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In order to be in a position successfully to change the outer -<span class='pageno' id='Page_475'>475</span>world through the motility, there is required the accumulation -of a large sum of experiences in the memory systems as -well as a manifold fixation of the relations which are evoked -in this memory material by different end-presentations. We -now proceed further with our assumption. The manifold -activity of the second system, tentatively sending forth and -retracting energy, must on the one hand have full command -over all memory material, but on the other hand it would be -a superfluous expenditure for it to send to the individual -mental paths large quantities of energy which would thus -flow off to no purpose, diminishing the quantity available for -the transformation of the outer world. In the interests of -expediency I therefore postulate that the second system succeeds -in maintaining the greater part of the occupation energy -in a dormant state and in using but a small portion for the -purposes of displacement. The mechanism of these processes -is entirely unknown to me; anyone who wishes to follow up -these ideas must try to find the physical analogies and prepare -the way for a demonstration of the process of motion in the -stimulation of the neuron. I merely hold to the idea that -the activity of the first Ψ-system is directed <em>to the free outflow -of the quantities of excitement</em>, and that the second system -brings about an inhibition of this outflow through the energies -emanating from it, <em>i.e.</em> it produces a <em>transformation into dormant -energy, probably by raising the level</em>. I therefore assume -that under the control of the second system as compared with -the first, the course of the excitement is bound to entirely -different mechanical conditions. After the second system -has finished its tentative mental work, it removes the inhibition -and congestion of the excitements and allows these -excitements to flow off to the motility.</p> - -<p class='c006'>An interesting train of thought now presents itself if we -consider the relations of this inhibition of discharge by the -second system to the regulation through the principle of pain. -Let us now seek the counterpart of the primary feeling of -gratification, namely, the objective feeling of fear. A perceptive -stimulus acts on the primitive apparatus, becoming -the source of a painful emotion. This will then be followed -by irregular motor manifestations until one of these withdraws -the apparatus from perception and at the same time -<span class='pageno' id='Page_476'>476</span>from pain, but on the reappearance of the perception this manifestation -will immediately repeat itself (perhaps as a movement -of flight) until the perception has again disappeared. -But there will here remain no tendency again to occupy the -perception of the source of pain in the form of an hallucination -or in any other form. On the contrary, there will be a -tendency in the primary apparatus to abandon the painful -memory picture as soon as it is in any way awakened, as the -overflow of its excitement would surely produce (more precisely, -begin to produce) pain. The deviation from memory, -which is but a repetition of the former flight from perception, -is facilitated also by the fact that, unlike perception, memory -does not possess sufficient quality to excite consciousness and -thereby to attract to itself new energy. This easy and regularly -occurring deviation of the psychic process from the former -painful memory presents to us the model and the first example -of <em>psychic repression</em>. As is generally known, much of this -deviation from the painful, much of the behaviour of the -ostrich, can be readily demonstrated even in the normal psychic -life of adults.</p> - -<p class='c006'>By virtue of the principle of pain the first system is therefore -altogether incapable of introducing anything unpleasant -into the mental associations. The system cannot do anything -but wish. If this remained so the mental activity of -the second system, which should have at its disposal all the -memories stored up by experiences, would be hindered. But -two ways are now opened: the work of the second system -either frees itself completely from the principle of pain and -continues its course, paying no heed to the painful reminiscence, -or it contrives to occupy the painful memory in such a manner -as to preclude the liberation of pain. We may reject the first -possibility, as the principle of pain also manifests itself as a -regulator for the emotional discharge of the second system; -we are, therefore, directed to the second possibility, namely, -that this system occupies a reminiscence in such a manner -as to inhibit its discharge and hence, also, to inhibit the -discharge comparable to a motor innervation for the development -of pain. Thus from two starting points we are -led to the hypothesis that occupation through the second -system is at the same time an inhibition for the emotional -<span class='pageno' id='Page_477'>477</span>discharge, viz. from a consideration of the principle of -pain and from the principle of the smallest expenditure of -innervation. Let us, however, keep to the fact—this is the -key to the theory of repression—that the second system is -capable of occupying an idea only when it is in position to -check the development of pain emanating from it. Whatever -withdraws itself from this inhibition also remains inaccessible -for the second system and would soon be abandoned by virtue -of the principle of pain. The inhibition of pain, however, -need not be complete; it must be permitted to begin, as it -indicates to the second system the nature of the memory and -possibly its defective adaptation for the purpose sought by the -mind.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The psychic process which is admitted by the first system -only I shall now call the <em>primary</em> process; and the one resulting -from the inhibition of the second system I shall call -the <em>secondary</em> process. I show by another point for what -purpose the second system is obliged to correct the primary -process. The primary process strives for a discharge of the -excitement in order to establish a <em>perception</em> identity with the -sum of excitement thus gathered; the secondary process has -abandoned this intention and undertaken instead the task -of bringing about a <em>thought identity</em>. All thinking is only a -circuitous path from the memory of gratification taken as an -end-presentation to the identical occupation of the same -memory, which is again to be attained on the track of the -motor experiences. The state of thinking must take an -interest in the connecting paths between the presentations -without allowing itself to be misled by their intensities. But -it is obvious that condensations and intermediate or compromise -formations occurring in the presentations impede the -attainment of this end-identity; by substituting one idea for -the other they deviate from the path which otherwise would -have been continued from the original idea. Such processes -are therefore carefully avoided in the secondary thinking. -Nor is it difficult to understand that the principle of pain -also impedes the progress of the mental stream in its pursuit -of the thought identity, though, indeed, it offers to the mental -stream the most important points of departure. Hence the -tendency of the thinking process must be to free itself more -<span class='pageno' id='Page_478'>478</span>and more from exclusive adjustment by the principle of pain, -and through the working of the mind to restrict the affective -development to that minimum which is necessary as a signal. -This refinement of the activity must have been attained -through a recent over-occupation of energy brought about -by consciousness. But we are aware that this refinement -is seldom completely successful even in the most normal -psychic life and that our thoughts ever remain accessible to -falsification through the interference of the principle of pain.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This, however, is not the breach in the functional efficiency -of our psychic apparatus through which the thoughts -forming the material of the secondary mental work are enabled -to make their way into the primary psychic process—with -which formula we may now describe the work leading -to the dream and to the hysterical symptoms. This case of -insufficiency results from the union of the two factors from -the history of our evolution; one of which belongs solely to -the psychic apparatus and has exerted a determining influence -on the relation of the two systems, while the other operates -fluctuatingly and introduces motive forces of organic origin -into the psychic life. Both originate in the infantile life and -result from the transformation which our psychic and somatic -organism has undergone since the infantile period.</p> - -<p class='c006'>When I termed one of the psychic processes in the psychic -apparatus the primary process, I did so not only in consideration -of the order of precedence and capability, but also as -admitting the temporal relations to a share in the nomenclature. -As far as our knowledge goes there is no psychic -apparatus possessing only the primary process, and in so far -it is a theoretic fiction; but so much is based on fact that -the primary processes are present in the apparatus from the -beginning, while the secondary processes develop gradually in -the course of life, inhibiting and covering the primary ones, -and gaining complete mastery over them perhaps only at the -height of life. Owing to this retarded appearance of the -secondary processes, the essence of our being, consisting in -unconscious wish feelings, can neither be seized nor inhibited -by the foreconscious, whose part is once for all restricted to -the indication of the most suitable paths for the wish feelings -originating in the unconscious. These unconscious wishes -<span class='pageno' id='Page_479'>479</span>establish for all subsequent psychic efforts a compulsion to which -they have to submit and which they must strive if possible to -divert from its course and direct to higher aims. In consequence -of this retardation of the foreconscious occupation a -large sphere of the memory material remains inaccessible.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Among these indestructible and unincumbered wish feelings -originating from the infantile life, there are also some, the -fulfilments of which have entered into a relation of contradiction -to the end-presentation of the secondary thinking. The -fulfilment of these wishes would no longer produce an affect -of pleasure but one of pain; <em>and it is just this transformation -of affect that constitutes the nature of what we designate as “repression,” -in which we recognise the infantile first step of passing -adverse sentence or of rejecting through reason</em>. To investigate -in what way and through what motive forces such a transformation -can be produced constitutes the problem of repression, -which we need here only skim over. It will suffice to remark -that such a transformation of affect occurs in the course of -development (one may think of the appearance in infantile -life of disgust which was originally absent), and that it is -connected with the activity of the secondary system. The -memories from which the unconscious wish brings about the -emotional discharge have never been accessible to the Forec., -and for that reason their emotional discharge cannot be inhibited. -It is just on account of this affective development -that these ideas are not even now accessible to the foreconscious -thoughts to which they have transferred their wishing -power. On the contrary, the principle of pain comes into -play, and causes the Forec. to deviate from these thoughts of -transference. The latter, left to themselves, are “repressed,” -and thus the existence of a store of infantile memories, from -the very beginning withdrawn from the Forec., becomes the -preliminary condition of repression.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In the most favourable case the development of pain terminates -as soon as the energy has been withdrawn from the -thoughts of transference in the Forec., and this effect characterises -the intervention of the principle of pain as expedient. It -is different, however, if the repressed unconscious wish receives -an organic enforcement which it can lend to its thoughts of -transference and through which it can enable them to make -<span class='pageno' id='Page_480'>480</span>an effort towards penetration with their excitement, even after -they have been abandoned by the occupation of the Forec. -A defensive struggle then ensues, inasmuch as the Forec. -reinforces the antagonism against the repressed ideas, and -subsequently this leads to a penetration by the thoughts of -transference (the carriers of the unconscious wish) in some form -of compromise through symptom formation. But from the -moment that the suppressed thoughts are powerfully occupied -by the unconscious wish-feeling and abandoned by the foreconscious -occupation, they succumb to the primary psychic -process and strive only for motor discharge; or, if the path -be free, for hallucinatory revival of the desired perception -identity. We have previously found, empirically, that the -incorrect processes described are enacted only with thoughts -that exist in the repression. We now grasp another part of -the connection. These incorrect processes are those that are -primary in the psychic apparatus; <em>they appear wherever -thoughts abandoned by the foreconscious occupation are left to -themselves, and can fill themselves with the uninhibited energy, -striving for discharge from the unconscious</em>. We may add a -few further observations to support the view that these processes -designated “incorrect” are really not falsifications of -the normal defective thinking, but the modes of activity of -the psychic apparatus when freed from inhibition. Thus we -see that the transference of the foreconscious excitement to -the motility takes place according to the same processes, and -that the connection of the foreconscious presentations with -words readily manifest the same displacements and mixtures -which are described to inattention. Finally, I should like -to adduce proof that an increase of work necessarily results -from the inhibition of these primary courses from the fact -that we gain a <em>comical effect</em>, a surplus to be discharged -through laughter, <em>if we allow these streams of thought to come to -consciousness</em>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The theory of the psychoneuroses asserts with complete -certainty that only sexual wish-feelings from the infantile life -experience repression (emotional transformation) during the -developmental period of childhood. These are capable of -returning to activity at a later period of development, and then -have the faculty of being revived, either as a consequence of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_481'>481</span>the sexual constitution, which is really formed from the -original bisexuality, or in consequence of unfavourable influences -of the sexual life; and they thus supply the motive -power for all psychoneurotic symptom formations. It is -only by the introduction of these sexual forces that the gaps -still demonstrable in the theory of repression can be filled. -I will leave it undecided whether the postulate of the sexual -and infantile may also be asserted for the theory of the dream; -I leave this here unfinished because I have already passed a -step beyond the demonstrable in assuming that the dream-wish -invariably originates from the unconscious.<a id='rFY' /><a href='#fFY' class='c008'><sup>[FY]</sup></a> Nor will -I further investigate the difference in the play of the psychic -forces in the dream formation and in the formation of the -hysterical symptoms, for to do this we ought to possess a -more explicit knowledge of one of the members to be compared. -But I regard another point as important, and will -here confess that it was on account of this very point that I -have just undertaken this entire discussion concerning the two -psychic systems, their modes of operation, and the repression. -For it is now immaterial whether I have conceived the psychological -<span class='pageno' id='Page_482'>482</span>relations in question with approximate correctness, or, -as is easily possible in such a difficult matter, in an erroneous -and fragmentary manner. Whatever changes may be made in -the interpretation of the psychic censor and of the correct -and of the abnormal elaboration of the dream content, the -fact nevertheless remains that such processes are active in -dream formation, and that essentially they show the closest -analogy to the processes observed in the formation of the -hysterical symptoms. The dream is not a pathological -phenomenon, and it does not leave behind an enfeeblement -of the mental faculties. The objection that no deduction -can be drawn regarding the dreams of healthy persons from -my own dreams and from those of neurotic patients may be -rejected without comment. Hence, when we draw conclusions -from the phenomena as to their motive forces, we recognise -that the psychic mechanism made use of by the neuroses -is not created by a morbid disturbance of the psychic life, but -is found ready in the normal structure of the psychic apparatus. -The two psychic systems, the censor crossing between them, -the inhibition and the covering of the one activity by the -other, the relations of both to consciousness—or whatever -may offer a more correct interpretation of the actual conditions -in their stead—all these belong to the normal structure -of our psychic instrument, and the dream points out for us -one of the roads leading to a knowledge of this structure. If, -in addition to our knowledge, we wish to be contented with a -minimum perfectly established, we shall say that the dream -gives us proof that the <em>suppressed material continues to exist -even in the normal person and remains capable of psychic activity</em>. -The dream itself is one of the manifestations of this suppressed -material; theoretically, this is true in <em>all</em> cases; according -to substantial experience it is true in at least a great number -of such as most conspicuously display the prominent characteristics -of dream life. The suppressed psychic material, which -in the waking state has been prevented from expression and -cut off from internal perception <em>by the antagonistic adjustment -of the contradictions</em>, finds ways and means of obtruding itself -on consciousness during the night under the domination of -the compromise formations.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Flectere si nequeo superos, Acheronta movebo.</span></i>”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c017'><span class='pageno' id='Page_483'>483</span>At any rate the interpretation of dreams is the <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">via regia</span></i> to a -knowledge of the unconscious in the psychic life.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In following the analysis of the dream we have made some -progress toward an understanding of the composition of this -most marvellous and most mysterious of instruments; to be -sure, we have not gone very far, but enough of a beginning has -been made to allow us to advance from other so-called pathological -formations further into the analysis of the unconscious. -Disease—at least that which is justly termed functional—is -not due to the destruction of this apparatus, and the establishment -of new splittings in its interior; it is rather to be -explained dynamically through the strengthening and weakening -of the components in the play of forces by which so many -activities are concealed during the normal function. We -have been able to show in another place how the composition -of the apparatus from the two systems permits a subtilisation -even of the normal activity which would be impossible for a -single system.<a id='rFZ' /><a href='#fFZ' class='c008'><sup>[FZ]</sup></a></p> - -<h3 class='c016'>(<em>f</em>) <em>The Unconscious and Consciousness—Reality.</em></h3> - -<p class='c015'>On closer inspection we find that it is not the existence of -two systems near the motor end of the apparatus but of -two kinds of processes or modes of emotional discharge, the -assumption of which was explained in the psychological discussions -of the previous chapter. This can make no difference -for us, for we must always be ready to drop our auxiliary ideas -whenever we deem ourselves in position to replace them by -something else approaching more closely to the unknown -reality. Let us now try to correct some views which might -be erroneously formed as long as we regarded the two systems -in the crudest and most obvious sense as two localities within -the psychic apparatus, views which have left their traces in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_484'>484</span>the terms “repression” and “penetration.” Thus, when we -say that an unconscious idea strives for transference into the -foreconscious in order later to penetrate consciousness, we -do not mean that a second idea is to be formed situated in a -new locality like an interlineation near which the original -continues to remain; also, when we speak of penetration into -consciousness, we wish carefully to avoid any idea of change -of locality. When we say that a foreconscious idea is repressed -and subsequently taken up by the unconscious, we might be -tempted by these figures, borrowed from the idea of a struggle -over a territory, to assume that an arrangement is really -broken up in one psychic locality and replaced by a new one -in the other locality. For these comparisons we substitute -what would seem to correspond better with the real state of -affairs by saying that an energy occupation is displaced to or -withdrawn from a certain arrangement so that the psychic -formation falls under the domination of a system or is withdrawn -from the same. Here again we replace a topical mode -of presentation by a dynamic; it is not the psychic formation -that appears to us as the moving factor but the innervation -of the same.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I deem it appropriate and justifiable, however, to apply -ourselves still further to the illustrative conception of the two -systems. We shall avoid any misapplication of this manner -of representation if we remember that presentations, thoughts, -and psychic formations should generally not be localised in -the organic elements of the nervous system, but, so to speak, -between them, where resistances and paths form the correlate -corresponding to them. Everything that can become an -object of our internal perception is virtual, like the image in -the telescope produced by the passage of the rays of light. -But we are justified in assuming the existence of the systems, -which have nothing psychic in themselves and which never -become accessible to our psychic perception, corresponding to -the lenses of the telescope which design the image. If we -continue this comparison, we may say that the censor between -two systems corresponds to the refraction of rays during their -passage into a new medium.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Thus far we have made psychology on our own responsibility; -it is now time to examine the theoretical opinions -<span class='pageno' id='Page_485'>485</span>governing present-day psychology and to test their relation -to our theories. The question of the unconscious in psychology -is, according to the authoritative words of Lipps,<a id='rGA' /><a href='#fGA' class='c008'><sup>[GA]</sup></a> less -a psychological question than the question of psychology. -As long as psychology settled this question with the verbal -explanation that the “psychic” is the “conscious” and that -“unconscious psychic occurrences” are an obvious contradiction, -a psychological estimate of the observations gained by -the physician from abnormal mental states was precluded. -The physician and the philosopher agree only when both -acknowledge that unconscious psychic processes are “the -appropriate and well-justified expression for an established -fact.” The physician cannot but reject with a shrug of his -shoulders the assertion that “consciousness is the indispensable -quality of the psychic”; he may assume, if his respect -for the utterings of the philosophers still be strong enough, -that he and they do not treat the same subject and do not -pursue the same science. For a single intelligent observation -of the psychic life of a neurotic, a single analysis of a dream -must force upon him the unalterable conviction that the most -complicated and correct mental operations, to which no one -will refuse the name of psychic occurrences, may take place -without exciting the consciousness of the person. It is -true that the physician does not learn of these unconscious -processes until they have exerted such an effect on consciousness -as to admit communication or observation. But -this effect of consciousness may show a psychic character -widely differing from the unconscious process, so that the -internal perception cannot possibly recognise the one as a -substitute for the other. The physician must reserve for -himself the right to penetrate, by a process of deduction, -from the effect on consciousness to the unconscious psychic -process; he learns in this way that the effect on consciousness -is only a remote psychic product of the unconscious -process and that the latter has not become conscious as such; -that it has been in existence and operative without betraying -itself in any way to consciousness.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_486'>486</span>A reaction from the over-estimation of the quality of -consciousness becomes the indispensable preliminary condition -for any correct insight into the behaviour of the psychic. -In the words of Lipps, the unconscious must be accepted as -the general basis of the psychic life. The unconscious is the -larger circle which includes within itself the smaller circle -of the conscious; everything conscious has its preliminary -step in the unconscious, whereas the unconscious may stop -with this step and still claim full value as a psychic activity. -Properly speaking, the unconscious is the real psychic; <em>its -inner nature is just as unknown to us as the reality of the external -world, and it is just as imperfectly reported to us through the data -of consciousness as is the external world through the indications -of our sensory organs</em>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A series of dream problems which have intensely occupied -older authors will be laid aside when the old opposition between -conscious life and dream life is abandoned and the -unconscious psychic assigned to its proper place. Thus many -of the activities whose performances in the dream have excited -our admiration are now no longer to be attributed to the -dream but to unconscious thinking, which is also active during -the day. If, according to Scherner, the dream seems to play -with a symbolising representation of the body, we know that -this is the work of certain unconscious phantasies which have -probably given in to sexual emotions, and that these phantasies -come to expression not only in dreams but also in -hysterical phobias and in other symptoms. If the dream -continues and settles activities of the day and even brings to -light valuable inspirations, we have only to subtract from it -the dream disguise as a feat of dream-work and a mark of -assistance from obscure forces in the depth of the mind (<em>cf.</em> the -devil in Tartini’s sonata dream). The intellectual task as -such must be attributed to the same psychic forces which -perform all such tasks during the day. We are probably far -too much inclined to over-estimate the conscious character -even of intellectual and artistic productions. From the communications -of some of the most highly productive persons, -such as Goethe and Helmholtz, we learn, indeed, that the most -essential and original parts in their creations came to them in -the form of inspirations and reached their perceptions almost -<span class='pageno' id='Page_487'>487</span>finished. There is nothing strange about the assistance of -the conscious activity in other cases where there was a concerted -effort of all the psychic forces. But it is a much abused -privilege of the conscious activity that it is allowed to hide -from us all other activities wherever it participates.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It will hardly be worth while to take up the historical -significance of dreams as a special subject. Where, for instance, -a chieftain has been urged through a dream to engage -in a bold undertaking the success of which has had the effect -of changing history, a new problem results only so long as the -dream, regarded as a strange power, is contrasted with other -more familiar psychic forces; the problem, however, disappears -when we regard the dream as a form of expression for feelings -which are burdened with resistance during the day and which -can receive reinforcements at night from deep emotional -sources.<a id='rGB' /><a href='#fGB' class='c008'><sup>[GB]</sup></a> But the great respect shown by the ancients for -the dream is based on a correct psychological surmise. It -is a homage paid to the unsubdued and indestructible in the -human mind, and to the demoniacal which furnishes the dream-wish -and which we find again in our unconscious.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Not inadvisedly do I use the expression “in our unconscious,” -for what we so designate does not coincide with the -unconscious of the philosophers, nor with the unconscious -of Lipps. In the latter uses it is intended to designate -only the opposite of conscious. That there are also unconscious -psychic processes beside the conscious ones is the hotly -contested and energetically defended issue. Lipps gives us -the more far-reaching theory that everything psychic exists -as unconscious, but that some of it may exist also as conscious. -But it was not to prove this theory that we have adduced the -phenomena of the dream and of the hysterical symptom -formation; the observation of normal life alone suffices to -establish its correctness beyond any doubt. The new fact -that we have learned from the analysis of the psychopathological -formations, and indeed from their first member, -viz. dreams, is that the unconscious—hence the psychic—occurs -as a function of two separate systems and that it -occurs as such even in normal psychic life. Consequently -<span class='pageno' id='Page_488'>488</span>there are two kinds of unconscious, which we do not as yet -find distinguished by the psychologists. Both are unconscious -in the psychological sense; but in our sense the first, -which we call Unc., is likewise incapable of consciousness, -whereas the second we term “Forec.” because its emotions, -after the observance of certain rules, can reach consciousness, -perhaps not before they have again undergone censorship, -but still regardless of the Unc. system. The fact that in -order to attain consciousness the emotions must traverse an -unalterable series of events or succession of instances, as is -betrayed through their alteration by the censor, has helped -us to draw a comparison from spatiality. We described the -relations of the two systems to each other and to consciousness -by saying that the system Forec. is like a screen between the -system Unc. and consciousness. The system Forec. not only -bars access to consciousness, but also controls the entrance to -voluntary motility and is capable of sending out a sum of mobile -energy, a portion of which is familiar to us as attention.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We must also steer clear of the distinctions superconscious -and subconscious which have found so much favour in the -more recent literature on the psychoneuroses, for just such a -distinction seems to emphasize the equivalence of the psychic -and the conscious.</p> - -<p class='c006'>What part now remains in our description of the once all-powerful -and all-overshadowing consciousness? None other -than that of a sensory organ for the perception of psychic -qualities. According to the fundamental idea of schematic -undertaking we can conceive the conscious perception only -as the particular activity of an independent system for which -the abbreviated designation “Cons.” commends itself. This -system we conceive to be similar in its mechanical characteristics -to the perception system P, hence excitable by qualities -and incapable of retaining the trace of changes, <em>i.e.</em> it is devoid -of memory. The psychic apparatus which, with the sensory -organs of the P-systems, is turned to the outer world, is itself -the outer world for the sensory organ of Cons.; the teleological -justification of which rests on this relationship. We are -here once more confronted with the principle of the succession -of instances which seems to dominate the structure of the -apparatus. The material under excitement flows to the Cons. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_489'>489</span>sensory organ from two sides, firstly from the P-system whose -excitement, qualitatively determined, probably experiences a -new elaboration until it comes to conscious perception; and, -secondly, from the interior of the apparatus itself, the quantitative -processes of which are perceived as a qualitative series -of pleasure and pain as soon as they have undergone certain -changes.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The philosophers, who have learned that correct and highly -complicated thought structures are possible even without the -co-operation of consciousness, have found it difficult to attribute -any function to consciousness; it has appeared to them -a superfluous mirroring of the perfected psychic process. The -analogy of our Cons. system with the systems of perception -relieves us of this embarrassment. We see that perception -through our sensory organs results in directing the occupation -of attention to those paths on which the incoming sensory -excitement is diffused; the qualitative excitement of the P-system -serves the mobile quantity of the psychic apparatus -as a regulator for its discharge. We may claim the same -function for the overlying sensory organ of the Cons. system. -By assuming new qualities, it furnishes a new contribution -toward the guidance and suitable distribution of the mobile -occupation quantities. By means of the perceptions of -pleasure and pain, it influences the course of the occupations -within the psychic apparatus, which normally operates unconsciously -and through the displacement of quantities. It -is probable that the principle of pain first regulates the displacements -of occupation automatically, but it is quite possible -that the consciousness of these qualities adds a second and -more subtle regulation which may even oppose the first and -perfect the working capacity of the apparatus by placing it -in a position contrary to its original design for occupying -and developing even that which is connected with the liberation -of pain. We learn from neuropsychology that an important -part in the functional activity of the apparatus is -attributed to such regulations through the qualitative excitation -of the sensory organs. The automatic control of the -primary principle of pain and the restriction of mental capacity -connected with it are broken by the sensible regulations, -which in their turn are again automatisms. We learn that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_490'>490</span>the repression which, though originally expedient, terminates -nevertheless in a harmful rejection of inhibition and of psychic -domination, is so much more easily accomplished with reminiscences -than with perceptions, because in the former -there is no increase in occupation through the excitement of -the psychic sensory organs. When an idea to be rejected has -once failed to become conscious because it has succumbed to -repression, it can be repressed on other occasions only because -it has been withdrawn from conscious perception on other -grounds. These are hints employed by therapy in order to -bring about a retrogression of accomplished repressions.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The value of the over-occupation which is produced by -the regulating influence of the Cons. sensory organ on the -mobile quantity, is demonstrated in the teleological connection -by nothing more clearly than by the creation of a new -series of qualities and consequently a new regulation which -constitutes the precedence of man over the animals. For -the mental processes are in themselves devoid of quality -except for the excitements of pleasure and pain accompanying -them, which, as we know, are to be held in check as possible -disturbances of thought. In order to endow them with a -quality, they are associated in man with verbal memories, the -qualitative remnants of which suffice to draw upon them the -attention of consciousness which in turn endows thought -with a new mobile energy.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The manifold problems of consciousness in their entirety -can be examined only through an analysis of the hysterical -mental process. From this analysis we receive the impression -that the transition from the foreconscious to the occupation -of consciousness is also connected with a censorship similar -to the one between the Unc. and the Forec. This censorship, -too, begins to act only with the reaching of a certain quantitative -degree, so that few intense thought formations escape -it. Every possible case of detention from consciousness, as -well as of penetration to consciousness, under restriction is -found included within the picture of the psychoneurotic -phenomena; every case points to the intimate and two-fold -connection between the censor and consciousness. I shall -conclude these psychological discussions with the report of -two such occurrences.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_491'>491</span>On the occasion of a consultation a few years ago the -subject was an intelligent and innocent-looking girl. Her -attire was strange; whereas a woman’s garb is usually groomed -to the last fold, she had one of her stockings hanging down -and two of her waist buttons opened. She complained of -pains in one of her legs, and exposed her leg unrequested. -Her chief complaint, however, was in her own words as -follows: She had a feeling in her body as if something was -stuck into it which moved to and fro and made her tremble -through and through. This sometimes made her whole body -stiff. On hearing this, my colleague in consultation looked -at me; the complaint was quite plain to him. To both of -us it seemed peculiar that the patient’s mother thought -nothing of the matter; of course she herself must have been -repeatedly in the situation described by her child. As for the -girl, she had no idea of the import of her words or she would -never have allowed them to pass her lips. Here the censor -had been deceived so successfully that under the mask of -an innocent complaint a phantasy was admitted to consciousness -which otherwise would have remained in the -foreconscious.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Another example: I began the psychoanalytic treatment -of a boy of fourteen years who was suffering from <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tic convulsif</span></i>, -hysterical vomiting, headache, &c., by assuring him -that, after closing his eyes, he would see pictures or have ideas, -which I requested him to communicate to me. He answered -by describing pictures. The last impression he had received -before coming to me was visually revived in his memory. -He had played a game of checkers with his uncle, and now saw -the checker-board before him. He commented on various positions -that were favourable or unfavourable, on moves that were -not safe to make. He then saw a dagger lying on the checker-board, -an object belonging to his father, but transferred to -the checker-board by his phantasy. Then a sickle was lying on -the board; next a scythe was added; and, finally, he beheld -the likeness of an old peasant mowing the grass in front of -the boy’s distant parental home. A few days later I discovered -the meaning of this series of pictures. Disagreeable family -relations had made the boy nervous. It was the case of a -strict and crabbed father who lived unhappily with his mother, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_492'>492</span>and whose educational methods consisted in threats; of the -separation of his father from his tender and delicate mother, -and the remarrying of his father, who one day brought home -a young woman as his new mamma. The illness of the fourteen-year-old -boy broke out a few days later. It was the suppressed -anger against his father that had composed these pictures into -intelligible allusions. The material was furnished by a reminiscence -from mythology. The sickle was the one with which -Zeus castrated his father; the scythe and the likeness of the -peasant represented Kronos, the violent old man who eats his -children and upon whom Zeus wreaks vengeance in so unfilial -a manner. The marriage of the father gave the boy an opportunity -to return the reproaches and threats of his father—which -had previously been made because the child played -with his genitals (the checker-board; the prohibitive moves; -the dagger with which a person may be killed). We have -here long repressed memories and their unconscious remnants -which, under the guise of senseless pictures have slipped into -consciousness by devious paths left open to them.</p> - -<p class='c006'>I should then expect to find the theoretical value of the -study of dreams in its contribution to psychological knowledge -and in its preparation for an understanding of neuroses. Who -can foresee the importance of a thorough knowledge of the -structure and activities of the psychic apparatus when even -our present state of knowledge produces a happy therapeutic -influence in the curable forms of the psychoneuroses? What -about the practical value of such study someone may ask, -for psychic knowledge and for the discovering of the secret -peculiarities of individual character? Have not the unconscious -feelings revealed by the dream the value of real -forces in the psychic life? Should we take lightly the ethical -significance of the suppressed wishes which, as they now -create dreams, may some day create other things?</p> - -<p class='c006'>I do not feel justified in answering these questions. I -have not thought further upon this side of the dream problem. -I believe, however, that at all events the Roman Emperor was -in the wrong who ordered one of his subjects executed because -the latter dreamt that he had killed the Emperor. He should -first have endeavoured to discover the significance of the -dream; most probably it was not what it seemed to be. And -<span class='pageno' id='Page_493'>493</span>even if a dream of different content had the significance of -this offence against majesty, it would still have been in place -to remember the words of Plato, that the virtuous man contents -himself with dreaming that which the wicked man does -in actual life. I am therefore of the opinion that it is best to -accord freedom to dreams. Whether any reality is to be -attributed to the unconscious wishes, and in what sense, I am -not prepared to say offhand. Reality must naturally be -denied to all transition—and intermediate thoughts. If -we had before us the unconscious wishes, brought to their -last and truest expression, we should still do well to remember -that more than one single form of existence must be ascribed -to the psychic reality. Action and the conscious expression -of thought mostly suffice for the practical need of judging a -man’s character. Action, above all, merits to be placed in -the first rank; for many of the impulses penetrating consciousness -are neutralised by real forces of the psychic life -before they are converted into action; indeed, the reason -why they frequently do not encounter any psychic obstacle -on their way is because the unconscious is certain of their -meeting with resistances later. In any case it is instructive -to become familiar with the much raked-up soil from which -our virtues proudly arise. For the complication of human -character moving dynamically in all directions very rarely -accommodates itself to adjustment through a simple alternative, -as our antiquated moral philosophy would have it.</p> - -<p class='c006'>And how about the value of the dream for a knowledge -of the future? That, of course, we cannot consider.<a id='rGC' /><a href='#fGC' class='c008'><sup>[GC]</sup></a> One -feels inclined to substitute: “for a knowledge of the past.” -For the dream originates from the past in every sense. To -be sure the ancient belief that the dream reveals the future -is not entirely devoid of truth. By representing to us a wish -as fulfilled the dream certainly leads us into the future; but -this future, taken by the dreamer as present, has been formed -into the likeness of that past by the indestructible wish.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_494'>494</span> - <h2 class='c004'>VIII<br /> <span class='large'>LITERARY INDEX</span></h2> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f1'> -<p class='c005'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. Aristoteles. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Über Träume und Traumdeutungen.</span></cite> Translated -by Bender.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f2'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. Artemidoros aus Daldis. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Symbolik der Träume.</span></cite> Translated -by Friedrich. S. Krauss. Wien, 1881.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f3'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. Benini, V. “La Memoria e la Durata dei Sogni.” <cite><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Rivista -Italiana de Filosofia</span></cite>, Marz-April 1898.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f4'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. Binz, C. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Über den Traum.</span></cite> Bonn, 1878.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f5'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r5'></a>-->5. Borner, J. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Das Alpdrücken, seine Begründung und Verhütung.</span></cite> -Würzburg, 1855.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f6'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r6'></a>-->6. Bradley, J. H. “On the Failure of Movement in Dream.” -<cite>Mind</cite>, July 1894.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f7'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r7'></a>-->7. Brander, R. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Der Schlaf und das Traumleben.</span></cite> 1884.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f8'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. Burdach. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Physiologie als Erfahrungswissenschaft</span></cite>, 3 Bd. -1830.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f9'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r9'></a>-->9. Büchsenschütz, B. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Traum und Traumdeutung in Altertum.</span></cite> -Berlin, 1868.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f10'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r10'></a>-->10. Chaslin, Ph. <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Du Rôle du Rêve dans l’Evolution du Délire.</span></cite> Thèse -de Paris. 1887.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f11'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r11'>11</a>. Chabaneix. <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Subconscient chez les Artistes, les Savants et -les Ecrivains.</span></cite> Paris, 1897.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f12'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r12'>12</a>. Calkins, Mary Whiton. “Statistics of Dreams.” <cite>Amer. J. of -Psychology</cite>, V., 1893.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f13'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r13'></a>-->13. Clavière. “La Rapidité de la Pensée dans le Rêve.” <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue -philosophique</span></cite>, XLIII., 1897.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f14'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r14'></a>-->14. Dandolo, G. <cite><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">La Coscienza nel Sonno.</span></cite> Padova, 1889.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f15'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r15'>15</a>. Delage, Yves. “Une Théorie de Rêve.” <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue scientifique</span></cite>, -II, Juli 1891.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f16'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r16'>16</a>. Delbœuf, J. <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Sommeil et les Rêves.</span></cite> Paris, 1885.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f17'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r17'>17</a>. Debacker. <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Terreurs nocturnes des Enfants.</span></cite> Thèses de Paris. -1881.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f18'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r18'>18</a>. Dugas. “Le Souvenir du Rêve.” <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue philosophique</span></cite>, -XLIV., 1897.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f19'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r19'>19</a>. Dugas. “Le Sommeil et la Cérébration inconsciente durant -le Sommeil.” <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue philosophique</span></cite>, XLIII., 1897.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f20'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r20'>20</a>. Egger, V. “La Durée apparente des Rêves.” <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue philosophique</span></cite>, -Juli 1895.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f21'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r21'></a>-->21. Egger. “Le Souvenir dans le Rêve.” <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue philosophique</span></cite>, -XLVI., 1898.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f22'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r22'></a>-->22. <span class='pageno' id='Page_495'>495</span>Ellis Havelock. “On Dreaming of the Dead.” <cite>The Psychological -Review</cite>, II., Nr. 5, September 1895.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f23'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r23'></a>-->23. Ellis Havelock. “The Stuff that Dreams are made of.” -<cite>Appleton’s Popular Science Monthly</cite>, April 1899.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f24'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r24'></a>-->24. Ellis Havelock. “A Note on Hypnogogic Paramnesia.” <cite>Mind</cite>, -April 1897.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f25'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r25'>25</a>. Fechner, G. Th. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Elemente der Psychophysik.</span></cite> 2 Aufl., 1889.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f26'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r26'>26</a>. Fichte, J. H. “Psychologie.” <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Lehre vom bewussten -Geiste des Menschen.</span></cite> I. Teil. Leipzig, 1864.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f27'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r27'></a>-->27. Giessler, M. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Aus den Tiefen des Traumlebens.</span></cite> Halle, 1890.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f28'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r28'></a>-->28. Giessler, M. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die physiologischen Beziehungen der Traumvorgänge.</span></cite> -Halle, 1896.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f29'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r29'>29</a>. Goblot. “Sur le Souvenir des Rêves.” <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue philosophique</span></cite>, -XLII., 1896.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f30'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r30'></a>-->30. Graffunder. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Traum und Traumdeutung.</span></cite> 1894.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f31'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r31'></a>-->31. Griesinger. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Pathologie und Therapie der psychischen Krankheiten.</span></cite> -3 Aufl. 1871.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f32'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r32'>32</a>. Haffner, P. “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Schlafen und Träumen. 1884.</span>” <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Frankfurter -zeitgemässe Broschüren</span></cite>, 5 Bd., Heft. 10.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f33'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r33'>33</a>. Hallam, Fl., and Sarah Weed. “A Study of the Dream Consciousness.” -<cite>Amer. J. of Psychology</cite>, VII., Nr. 3, April 1896.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f34'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r34'>34</a>. D’Hervey. <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Les Rêves et les Moyens de les Diriger.</span></cite> Paris, -1867 (anonym.).</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f35'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r35'>35</a>. Hildebrandt, F. W. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Der Traum und seine Verwertung für -Leben.</span></cite> Leipzig, 1875.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f36'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r36'>36</a>. Jessen. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Versuch einer Wissenschaftlichen Begründung der -Psychologie.</span></cite> Berlin, 1856.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f37'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r37'>37</a>. Jodl. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Lehrbuch der Psychologie.</span></cite> Stuttgart, 1896.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f38'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r38'></a>-->38. Kant, J. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht.</span></cite> Kirchmannsche -Ausgabe. Leipzig, 1880.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f39'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r39'>39</a>. Krauss, A. “Der Sinn im Wahnsinn.” <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Allgemeine Zeitschrift -für Psychologie</span></cite>, XV. u. XVI., 1858–1859.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f40'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r40'>40</a>. Ladd. “Contribution to the Psychology of Visual Dreams.” -<cite>Mind</cite>, April 1892.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f41'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r41'></a>-->41. Leidesdorf, M. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Das Traumleben.</span></cite> Wien, 1880. Sammlung der -“Alma Mater.”</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f42'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r42'>42</a>. Lémoine. <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Du Sommeil au Point de Vue physiologique et psychologique.</span></cite> -Paris, 1885.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f43'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r43'></a>-->43. Lièbeault, A. <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Sommeil provoqué et les Etats analogues.</span></cite> -Paris, 1889.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f44'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r44'></a>-->44. Lipps, Th. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Grundtatsachen des Seelenlebens.</span></cite> Bonn, 1883.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f45'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r45'>45</a>. Le Lorrain. “Le Rêve.” <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue philosophique.</span></cite> Juli 1895.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f46'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r46'></a>-->46. Maudsley. <cite>The Pathology of Mind.</cite> 1879.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f47'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r47'>47</a>. Maury, A. “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Analogies des Phénomènes du Rêve et de -l’Aliènation Mentale.</span>” <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Annales med. psych.</span></cite>, 1854, p. 404.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f48'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r48'>48</a>. Maury, A. <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Sommeil et les Rêves.</span></cite> Paris, 1878.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f49'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r49'></a>-->49. Moreau, J. “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">De l’Identité de l’Etat de Rêve et de Folie.</span>” -<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Annales med. psych.</span></cite>, 1855, p. 361.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f50'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r50'>50</a>. <span class='pageno' id='Page_496'>496</span>Nelson, J. “A Study of Dreams.” <cite>Amer. J. of Psychology</cite>, -I., 1888.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f51'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r51'>51</a>. Pilcz. “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Über eine gewisse Gesetzmässigkeit in den Träumen.</span>” -Autorreferat in <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Monatsschrift für Psychologie und Neurologie</span></cite>. März -1899.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f52'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r52'>52</a>. Pfaff, E. R. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Das Traumleben und seine Deutung nach den -Prinzipien der Araber, Perser, Griechen, Indier und Ägypter.</span></cite> Leipzig, -1868.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f53'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r53'>53</a>. Purkinje. Artikel: <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Wachen, Schlaf, Traum und verwandte -Zustände in Wagners Handwörterbuch der Physiologie</span></cite>. 1846.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f54'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r54'>54</a>. Radestock, P. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Schlaf und Traum.</span></cite> Leipzig, 1878.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f55'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r55'>55</a>. Robert, W. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Der Traum als Naturnotwendigkeit erklärt.</span></cite> 1886.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f56'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r56'></a>-->56. Sante de Sanctis. <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Les Maladies mentales et les Rêves.</span></cite> 1897. -Extrait des <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Annales de la Société de Médecine de Gand</span></cite>.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f57'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r57'></a>-->57. Sante de Sanctis. “Sui rapporti d’Identità, di Somiglianza, -di Analogia e di Equivalenza fra Sogno e Pazzia.” <cite><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Rivista quindicinale -di Psicologia, Psichiatria, Neuropatologia.</span></cite> 15, Nov. 1897.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f58'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r58'>58</a>. Scherner, R. A. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Das Leben des Traumes.</span></cite> Berlin, 1861.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f59'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r59'>59</a>. Scholz, Fr. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Schlaf und Traum.</span></cite> Leipzig, 1887.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f60'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r60'></a>-->60. Schopenhauer. “Versuch über das Geistersehen und was -damit zusammenhängt.” <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Parerga und Paralipomena</span></cite>, 1. Bd., 1857.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f61'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r61'>61</a>. Schleiermacher, Fr. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Psychologie.</span></cite> Edited by L. George. -Berlin, 1862.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f62'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r62'>62</a>. Siebek, A. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Das Traumleben der Seele.</span></cite> 1877. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Sammlung -Virchow-Holtzendorf.</span></cite> Nr. 279.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f63'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r63'>63</a>. Simon, M. “Le Monde des Rêves.” Paris, 1888. <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Bibliothèque -scientifique contemporaine.</span></cite></p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f64'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r64'>64</a>. Spitta, W. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Schlaf- und Traumzustände der menschlichen -Seele.</span></cite> 2. Aufl. Freiburg, I. B., 1892.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f65'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r65'>65</a>. Stumpf, E. J. G. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Der Traum und seine Deutung.</span></cite> Leipzig, -1899.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f66'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r66'>66</a>. Strümpell, L. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Natur und Entstehung der Träume.</span></cite> Leipzig, -1877.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f67'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r67'></a>-->67. Tannery. “Sur la Mémoire dans le Rêve.” <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue philosophique</span></cite>, -XLV., 1898.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f68'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r68'>68</a>. Tissié, Ph. “Les Rêves, Physiologie et Pathologie.” 1898. -<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Bibliothèque de Philosophie contemporaine.</span></cite></p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f69'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r69'></a>-->69. Titchener. “Taste Dreams.” <cite>Amer. Jour. of Psychology</cite>, VI., -1893.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f70'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r70'>70</a>. Thomayer. “Sur la Signification de quelques Rêves.” <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue -neurologique.</span></cite> Nr. 4, 1897.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f71'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r71'></a>-->71. Vignoli. “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Von den Träumen, Illusionen und Halluzinationen.</span>” -<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Internationale wissenschaftliche Bibliothek</span></cite>, Bd. 47.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f72'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r72'>72</a>. Volkelt, J. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Traumphantasie.</span></cite> Stuttgart, 1875.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f73'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r73'>73</a>. Vold, J. Mourly. “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Expériences sur les Rêves et en particulier -sur ceux d’Origine musculaire et optique.</span>” Christiania, 1896. Abstract -in the <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue philosophique</span></cite>, XLII., 1896.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f74'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r74'></a>-->74. Vold, J. Mourly. “Einige Experimente über Gesichtsbilder -<span class='pageno' id='Page_497'>497</span>im Träume.” <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Dritter internationaler Kongress für Psychologie in -München.</span></cite> 1897.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f74a'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r74a'>74a</a>. (Vold, J. Mourly. “Über den Traum.” <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Experimentell-psychologische -Untersuchungen.</span></cite> Herausgegeben von O. Klemm. Erster -Band. Leipzig, 1910.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f75'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r75'>75</a>. Weygandt, W. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Entstehung der Träume.</span></cite> Leipzig, 1893.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f76'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r76'>76</a>. Wundt. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie.</span></cite> II. Bd., -2 Aufl. 1880.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f77'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r77'>77</a>. Stricker. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Studien über das Bewusstsein.</span></cite> Wien, 1879.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f78'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r78'>78</a>. Stricker. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Studien über die Assoziation der Vorstellungen.</span></cite> Wien, -1883.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>PSYCHOANALYTIC LITERATURE OF DREAMS</h3> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f79'> -<p class='c015'><a href='#r79'>79</a>. Abraham, Karl (Berlin): <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Traum und Mythos: Eine Studie -zur Volker-psychologie</span></cite>. Schriften z. angew. Seelenkunde, Heft 4, -Wien und Leipzig, 1909.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f80'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r80'></a>-->80. Abraham, Karl (Berlin): “Über hysterische Traumzustände.” -(<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrbuch f. psychoanalyt. und psychopatholog.</span></cite> Forschungen, Vol. II., -1910.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f81'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r81'></a>-->81. Adler, Alfred (Wien): “Zwei Träume einer Prostituierten.” -(<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zeitschrift f. Sexualwissenschaft</span></cite>, 1908, Nr. 2.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f82'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r82'></a>-->82. Adler, Alfred (Wien): “Ein erlogener Traum.” (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zentralbl. -f. Psychoanalyse</span></cite>, 1. Jahrg. 1910, Heft 3.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f83'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r83'></a>-->83. Bleuler, E. (Zürich): “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Psychoanalyse Freuds.</span>” (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrb. -f. psychoanalyt. u. psychopatholog.</span></cite> Forschungen, Bd. II., 1910.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f84'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r84'></a>-->84. Brill, A. A. (New York): “Dreams and their Relation to the -Neuroses.” (<cite>New York Medical Journal</cite>, April 23, 1910.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f84a'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r84a'></a>-->84a. Brill. <cite>Hysterical Dreamy States.</cite> Ebenda, May 25, 1912.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f85'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r85'></a>-->85. Ellis, Havelock: “The Symbolism of Dreams.” (<cite>The Popular -Science Monthly</cite>, July 1910.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f86'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r86'></a>-->86. Ellis, Havelock: <cite>The World of Dreams</cite>. London, 1911.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f87'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r87'>87</a>. Ferenczi, S. (Budapest): “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die psychologische Analyse der -Träume.</span>” (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Psychiatrisch-neurologische Wochenschrift</span></cite>, XII., Jahrg., -Nr. 11–13, Juni 1910. English translation under the title: <cite>The -Psychological Analysis of Dreams</cite> in the <cite>American Journal of Psychology</cite>, -April 1910.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f88'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r88'></a>-->88. Freud, S. (Wien): “Über den Traum.” (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Grenzfragen des -Nerven- und Seelenlebens.</span></cite> Edited by Löwenfeld und Kurella, Heft 8. -Wiesbaden, Bergmann, 1901, 2. Aufl. 1911.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f89'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r89'></a>-->89. Freud, S. (Wien): “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Bruchstück einer Hysterieanalyse.</span>” -(<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Monatsschr. f. Psychiatrie und Neurologie</span></cite>, Bd. 18, Heft 4 und 5, 1905. -Reprinted in Sammlung kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre, 2. Folge. -Leipzig u. Wien, 1909.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f90'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r90'></a>-->90. Freud, S. (Wien): “Der Wahn und die Träume in W. Jensen’s -<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Gradiva</span></cite>.” (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Schriften zur angewandten Seelenkunde</span></cite>, Heft 1, Wien und -Leipzig, 1907.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f91'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r91'></a>-->91. Freud, S. (Wien): “Über den Gegensinn der Urworte.” A -<span class='pageno' id='Page_498'>498</span>review of the brochure of the same name by Karl Abel, 1884. (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrbuch -für psychoanalyt. und psychopatholog.</span></cite> Forschungen, Bd. II., 1910.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f92'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r92'></a>-->92. “Typisches Beispiel eines verkappten Ödipustraumes.” (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zentralbl. -für Psychoanalyse</span></cite>, I. Jahrg. 1910, Heft 1.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f93'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r93'></a>-->93. Freud, S. (Wien): <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Nachträge zur Traumdeutung</span></cite>. (Ebenda, -Heft 5.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f94'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r94'></a>-->94. Hitschmann, Ed. (Wien): <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Freud’s Neurosenlehre. Nach ihrem -gegenwärtigen Stande zusammenfassend dargestellt.</span></cite> Wien und Leipzig, -1911. (Kap. V., “Der Traum.”)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f95'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r95'>95</a>. Jones, Ernest (Toronto): “Freud’s Theory of Dreams.” -(<cite>American Journal of Psychology</cite>, April 1910.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f96'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r96'></a>-->96. Jones, Ernest (Toronto): “Some Instances of the Influence of -Dreams on Waking Life.” (<cite>The Journ. of Abnormal Psychology</cite>, -April-May 1911.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f97'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r97'></a>-->97. Jung, C. G. (Zürich): “L’Analyse des Rêves.” (<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">L’Année -psychologique</span></cite>, tome XV.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f98'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r98'></a>-->98. Jung, C. G. (Zürich): “Assoziation, Traum und hysterisches -Symptom.” (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Diagnostische Assoziationsstudien.</span></cite> Beiträge zur experimentellen -Psychopathologie, hrg. von Doz. C. G. Jung, II. Bd., -Leipzig 1910. Nr. VIII., S. 31–66.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f99'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r99'>99</a>. Jung, C. G. (Zürich): “Ein Beitrag zur Psychologie des -Gerüchtes.” (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse</span></cite>, I. Jahrg. 1910, Heft 3.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f100'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r100'></a>-->100. Maeder, Alphonse (Zürich): “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Essai d’Interprétation de -quelques Rêves.</span>” (<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Archives de Psychologie</span></cite>, t. VI., Nr. 24, April 1907.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f101'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r101'></a>-->101. Maeder, Alphonse (Zürich): “Die Symbolik in den Legenden, -Märchen, Gebrauchen und Träumen.” (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Psychiatrisch-Neurolog.</span></cite> -Wochenschr. X. Jahrg.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f102'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r102'></a>-->102. Meisl, Alfred (Wien): <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Der Traum. Analytische Studien -über die Elemente der Psychischen Funktion</span></cite> V. (Wr. klin. Rdsch., -1907, Nr. 3–6.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f103'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r103'></a>-->103. Onuf, B. (New York): “Dreams and their Interpretations -as Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aids in Psychology.” (<cite>The Journal of -Abnormal Psychology</cite>, Feb.-Mar. 1910.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f104'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r104'></a>-->104. Pfister, Oskar (Zürich): <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Wahnvorstellung und Schülerselbstmord. -Auf Grund einer Traumanalyse beleuchtet</span></cite>. (Schweiz. Blätter für -Schulgesundheitspflege, 1909, Nr. 1.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f105'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r105'></a>-->105. Prince, Morton (Boston): “The Mechanism and Interpretation -of Dreams.” (<cite>The Journal of Abnormal Psychology</cite>, Oct.-Nov. -1910.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f106'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r106'>106</a>. Rank, Otto (Wien): “Ein Traum, der sich selbst deutet.” -(<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrbuch für psychoanalyt. und psychopatholog.</span></cite> Forschungen, Bd. -II., 1910.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f107'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r107'></a>-->107. Rank, Otto (Wien): <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Ein Beitrag zum Narzissismus</span></cite>. (Ebenda, -Bd. III., 1.).</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f108'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r108'>108</a>. Rank, Otto (Wien): “Beispiel eines verkappten Ödipustraumes.” -(<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse</span></cite>, I. Jahrg., 1910.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f109'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r109'>109</a>. Rank, Otto (Wien): <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zum Thema der Zahnreiztraume</span></cite>. (Ebenda.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f110'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r110'></a>-->110. Rank, Otto (Wien): <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Das Verlieren als Symptomhandlung.</span> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_499'>499</span>Zugleich ein Beitrag zum Verständnis der Beziehungen des Traumlebens -zu den Fehlleistungen des Alltagslebens</cite>. (Ebenda.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f111'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r111'></a>-->111. Robitsek, Alfred (Wien): “Die Analyse von Egmonts Traum.” -(<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrb. f. psychoanalyt. u. psychopathol.</span></cite> Forschungen, Bd. II. 1910.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f112'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r112'></a>-->112. Silberer, Herbert (Wien): “Bericht über eine Methode, -gewisse symbolische Halluzinationserscheinungen hervorzurufen und -zu beobachten.” (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahr. Bleuler-Freud</span></cite>, Bd. I., 1909.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f113'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r113'></a>-->113. Silberer, Herbert (Wien): <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Phantasie und Mythos</span></cite>. (Ebenda, -Bd. II., 1910.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f114'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#r114'>114</a>. Stekel, Wilhelm (Wien): “Beiträge zur Traumdeutung.” -(<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopatholog.</span></cite> Forschungen, -Bd. I., 1909.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f115'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r115'></a>-->115. Stekel, Wilhelm (Wien): <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Nervöse Angstzustände und ihre -Behandlung</span></cite>. (Wien und Berlin, 1908.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f116'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r116'></a>-->116. Stekel, Wilhelm (Wien): <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Sprache des Traumes</span></cite>. A -description of the symbolism and interpretation of the Dream and its -relation to the normal and abnormal mind for physicians and psychologists. -(Wiesbaden, 1911.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f117'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r117'></a>-->117. Swoboda, Hermann. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Perioden des menschlichen Organismus.</span></cite> -(Wien und Leipzig, 1904.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f118'> -<p class='c006'><!--<a href='#r118'></a>-->118. Waterman, George A. (Boston): “Dreams as a Cause of -Symptoms.” (<cite>The Journal of Abnormal Psychol.</cite>, Oct.-Nov. 1910.)</p> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_501'>501</span> - <h2 class='c004'>INDEX</h2> -</div> - -<ul class='index c002'> - <li class='c020'>Abraham, K., <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Absurd dreams, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a>, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>–364</li> - <li class='c020'>Absurdity of dreams, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Acceleration of thought in dreams, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Accidental stimuli, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Adler, Alf., <a href='#Page_241'>241</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Affects, flagging of, <a href='#Page_457'>457</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— in the dream, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>–389</li> - <li class='c020'>— inversion of, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— restraint of, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— sources of, <a href='#Page_382'>382</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— suppression of, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a>, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a>, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— transformation of, <a href='#Page_479'>479</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Agoraphobia, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Alarm clock dreams, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Allegorising interpretation of dreams, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— symbolisms, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Altruistic impulses, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Ambiguity of dreams, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Amnesia, <a href='#Page_412'>412</a>, <a href='#Page_413'>413</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Analyses of dreams, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>–102, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>–120, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>–128, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>–146, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>–157, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>–166, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>–183, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>–196, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>–203, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>–221, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>–230, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>–259, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>–283, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#Page_317'>317</a>, <a href='#Page_318'>318</a>, <a href='#Page_320'>320</a>–364, <a href='#Page_366'>366</a>–376, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a>–389, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#Page_460'>460</a>–462</li> - <li class='c020'>— self, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Analysis of dream life, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of psychological formations, <a href='#Page_487'>487</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Anamnesis, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Anxiety dreams, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_413'>413</a>, <a href='#Page_436'>436</a>, <a href='#Page_458'>458</a>–464</li> - <li class='c020'>Apparent duration of dreams, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Arbitrariness in dream interpretation, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Aristotle, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Arithmetic speeches in dreams, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>–334</li> - <li class='c020'>Artemidoros of Daldis, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_481'>481</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Artificial dreams, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Artigues, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Association dreams, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Auditory hallucinations, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— pictures, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Automatisms, <a href='#Page_489'>489</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Benedikt, M., <a href='#Page_392'>392</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Benini, V., <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>Bernard, Claude, <a href='#Page_414'>414</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Binz, C., <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>Bisexuality, <a href='#Page_481'>481</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Bladder-exciting dreams, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Bleuler and Freud, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Bodily stimuli, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — symbolisation of, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Boerner, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Brandes, G., <a href='#Page_225'>225</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Breuer, J., <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_470'>470</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Brill, A. A., <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Bruecke, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>, <a href='#Page_357'>357</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Burdach quoted, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>–43, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Buzareingues, Giron de, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Calkins, Miss Whiton, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Causality, law of, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Causal relations, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Censor of resistance, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Cerebral anæmia, <a href='#Page_463'>463</a>, <a href='#Page_464'>464</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Chabaneix, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Characteristics of the sleeping state, <a href='#Page_466'>466</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Chemistry of the sexual processes, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Childish impressions, <a href='#Page_323'>323</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Children’s dreams, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>–112, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_438'>438</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Chronic psychotic persons, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Cicero quoted, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Cipher method of interpreting dreams, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Clark, G. S., <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Claustrophobia, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Coinage of words in dreams, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Complications of the human character, <a href='#Page_493'>493</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Compositions in dreams, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Compression, principle of, <a href='#Page_471'>471</a></li> - <li class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_502'>502</span>Compulsion neurosis, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Compulsive ideas, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Condensation, principle of, <a href='#Page_471'>471</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— work of the dream, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#Page_358'>358</a>, <a href='#Page_430'>430</a>, <a href='#Page_472'>472</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Condensing activity of the dream, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Conflict of psychic forces, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the will, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Connection between dream content and reality, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Conscious day phantasies, <a href='#Page_393'>393</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— end-presentations, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— thought activity in dream formations, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— wishes, <a href='#Page_438'>438</a>, <a href='#Page_439'>439</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Consciousness, problems of, <a href='#Page_490'>490</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Consolation dreams, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Content of perception, <a href='#Page_453'>453</a>, <a href='#Page_454'>454</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Convenience dreams, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Correspondence between dreams and reality, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Counter volition, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— wish dreams, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Curative activity of the dream, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Dattner, B., <a href='#Page_254'>254</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Daudet, A., <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#Page_392'>392</a></li> - <li class='c020'>David, J. J., <a href='#Page_280'>280</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Day phantasies, <a href='#Page_393'>393</a>, <a href='#Page_394'>394</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Death-wish towards parents, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Debacker, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_463'>463</a></li> - <li class='c020'>De Biran, Maine, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Defence-neuropsychoses, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Degeneration, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c020'>D’Hervey, Marquis, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Delage, Yves, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_467'>467</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>Delbœuf, J., <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>— theory of, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Deliriums of hunger, <a href='#Page_447'>447</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Delusions, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_452'>452</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Demonomania, <a href='#Page_464'>464</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Demonomaniacal hallucinations, <a href='#Page_464'>464</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Dental irritation, dreams of, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— stimulus, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - <li class='c020'>De Sanctis, Sante, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li class='c020'>“Desired” ideas, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Digestive disturbances and dreams, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Disagreeable dreams, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Disfigurement of dreams, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Disfiguring activity of dreams, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Displacement in dream formation, <a href='#Page_314'>314</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Displacement of psychic intensities, <a href='#Page_402'>402</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Distortion in dreams, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>–137, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Disturbing stimuli, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Divinatory power of the dream, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Dream activity, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— affects in the, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>–389</li> - <li class='c020'>— censor, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_387'>387</a>, <a href='#Page_407'>407</a>, <a href='#Page_409'>409</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— condensation, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#Page_358'>358</a>, <a href='#Page_430'>430</a>, <a href='#Page_472'>472</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— curative activity of the, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— digestive disturbances and the, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— disfigurement, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— displacement, <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>–288</li> - <li class='c020'>— divinatory power of the dream, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— enigma of the, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— ethical feelings in the, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— etiology of the, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— fear, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— formation, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>–200, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a>, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>, <a href='#Page_389'>389</a>, <a href='#Page_390'>390</a>, <a href='#Page_400'>400</a>, <a href='#Page_429'>429</a>, <a href='#Page_450'>450</a>, <a href='#Page_465'>465</a>, <a href='#Page_481'>481</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — displacement in, <a href='#Page_314'>314</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — laws of the, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — mechanism of, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — origin of the, <a href='#Page_416'>416</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — psychic activity in, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— formation, requirements of, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— functions of the, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–73, <a href='#Page_458'>458</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— hallucinations, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— hypermnesia, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_465'>465</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— images, variegated, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— interpretation, cipher method of, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — method of, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>–102</li> - <li class='c020'>— — problem of, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — symbolic, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— illusions, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— influence of sexual excitement on the, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— keystone of the, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— life, theory of, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— material of the, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>–16</li> - <li class='c020'>— means of representation in the, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— memory in the, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>–16, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of nerve stimulus, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— obscurity of the, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— origin of the, <a href='#Page_407'>407</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— paramnesia in the, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— peculiarity of the, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— phantasy, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>–72</li> - <li class='c020'>— phenomena of the, <a href='#Page_487'>487</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— pre-scientific conception of the, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— problem, present status of the, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></li> - <li class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_503'>503</span>Dream, problems of the, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— processes, primary, <a href='#Page_464'>464</a>–474</li> - <li class='c020'>— — psychology of the, <a href='#Page_464'>464</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — secondary, <a href='#Page_474'>474</a>–479</li> - <li class='c020'>— prophetic power of the, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— psychic activity in the, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — capacities in the, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — resources of the, <a href='#Page_399'>399</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— psychological character of the, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— psychology of the, <a href='#Page_416'>416</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— psychotherapy of the, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— reactions, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— regression of the, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— relation of the, to the waking state, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>–7</li> - <li class='c020'>— riddles of the, <a href='#Page_444'>444</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— scientific theories of the, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— sources, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>–35</li> - <li class='c020'>— stimuli, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>–35, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— strangeness of the, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— sway of the, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— symbolism, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— the guardian of sleep, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— theories, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–73</li> - <li class='c020'>— thoughts, elements of the, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — emotions of the, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — logical relations among the, <a href='#Page_291'>291</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — revealed upon analysis, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — structure of, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— verbal compositions of the, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— waking caused by the, <a href='#Page_452'>452</a>–458</li> - <li class='c020'>— wishes, <a href='#Page_429'>429</a>, <a href='#Page_437'>437</a>, <a href='#Page_438'>438</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — transferred, <a href='#Page_455'>455</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— wish-fulfilment of the, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— within the dream, <a href='#Page_313'>313</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— work, the, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>–402</li> - <li class='c020'>Dreams about fire, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— absurd, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a>, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>–364</li> - <li class='c020'>— acceleration of thought in, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— alarm clock, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— ambiguity of, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— analyses of, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>–102, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>–120, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>–128, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>–146, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>–157, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>–166, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>–183, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>–196, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>–203, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>–221, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>–230, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>–259, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>–283, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#Page_317'>317</a>, <a href='#Page_318'>318</a>, <a href='#Page_320'>320</a>–364, <a href='#Page_366'>366</a>–376, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a>–389, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#Page_460'>460</a>–462</li> - <li class='c020'>— and mental diseases, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>–79</li> - <li class='c020'>— — disturbance, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— anxiety, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_413'>413</a>, <a href='#Page_436'>436</a>, <a href='#Page_458'>458</a>–464</li> - <li class='c020'>Dreams, apparent duration of, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— arithmetic speeches in, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>–334</li> - <li class='c020'>— artificial, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— as picture puzzles, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— as psychic products, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— association, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— bladder-exciting, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— children’s dreams, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>–112, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_438'>438</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— composition in, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— consolation, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— counter-wish, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— digestive organs and, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— disagreeable, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— disfigurement of, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— disfiguring activity of, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— distortion in, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>–137, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— egotism in, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— etiology of, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— examination, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— exhibition, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— experimentally produced, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— forgetting in, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#Page_405'>405</a>–421</li> - <li class='c020'>— formation of, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>–200, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a>, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— “fractionary” interpretation of, <a href='#Page_414'>414</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— hallucinatory, <a href='#Page_430'>430</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— harmless, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— headache, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— healing properties of, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— historical significance of, <a href='#Page_487'>487</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— hunger, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— hypermnesia, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— hypocritical, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— illusory formations in, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— immoral, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— impression, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— language of, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— mantic power of, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— material of, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>–259</li> - <li class='c020'>— memory of, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— nerve-exciting, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of convenience, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>, <a href='#Page_451'>451</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of death, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of dental irritation, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of falling, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of fear, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of flying, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of intestinal excitement, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of inversion, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of nakedness, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of neurotics, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of swimming, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the dead, <a href='#Page_338'>338</a></li> - <li class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_504'>504</span>— of thirst, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of visual stimulation, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— partition of, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— parturition, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>–245</li> - <li class='c020'>— perennial, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— pollution, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— prophetic power of, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— psychic source of, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— psychological investigation in, <a href='#Page_405'>405</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — peculiarity of, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— punitive, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— scientific literature on, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>–79</li> - <li class='c020'>— self-correction in, <a href='#Page_411'>411</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— sexual, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — organs and, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— somatic origin of, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— sources of, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>–259</li> - <li class='c020'>— supernatural origin of, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— symbolic interpretation of, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— symbolism in, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>–259</li> - <li class='c020'>— the fulfilment of wishes, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>–112, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_393'>393</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— theoretical value of the study of, <a href='#Page_492'>492</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— theory of the origin of, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— the result of egotistical motives, <a href='#Page_346'>346</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— toothache, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— tooth exciting, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— transforming activity of, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— typical, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>–137, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>–259</li> - <li class='c020'>— unburdening properties of, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— urinary organs and, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— why forgotten after awakening, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— wish, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— wish-fulfilment in, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— word coinage in, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>–281</li> - <li class='c020'>Dreaming, psychology of, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Dugas, <a href='#Page_454'>454</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>Duration of dreams, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Dyspnœa, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Egger, V., <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>Egotism in dreams, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the infantile mind, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Elements of dream thoughts, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Elimination theory, <a href='#Page_458'>458</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Ellis, Havelock, quoted, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_467'>467</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Emotions of the dream thoughts, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the psychic life, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— theory of the, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Endogenous psychic affections, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Endopsychic censor, <a href='#Page_416'>416</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Endoptic phenomena, <a href='#Page_414'>414</a></li> - <li class='c020'>End-presentations, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>, <a href='#Page_470'>470</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Enigma of the dream, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Enuresis nocturna of children, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Ephialtes, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Essence of consciousness, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Ethical feelings in the dream, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Etiology of dreams, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of neuroses, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Examination dreams, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Examination-phobia, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Excitation of want, <a href='#Page_446'>446</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Excitations, unconscious, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>, <a href='#Page_448'>448</a>, <a href='#Page_460'>460</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Exhibitional cravings, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Exhibition dreams, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a></li> - <li class='c020'>External nerve stimuli, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— (objective) sensory stimuli, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–27, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Fading of memories, <a href='#Page_457'>457</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Falling in dreams, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Fancies while asleep, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Fechner, G. Th., quoted, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Federn, Dr. Paul, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c020'><i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Fensterln</span></i>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Féré, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Ferenczi, S., <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a></li> - <li class='c020'><cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Festschrift</span></cite>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Figaro quoted, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Fischer, R. P., <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Flagging of affects, <a href='#Page_457'>457</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Fliess, W., <a href='#Page_140'>140</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Fliesse, W., <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Flying in dreams, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Forbidden wishes, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Foreconscious wishes, <a href='#Page_456'>456</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Forgetting in dreams, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–37, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#Page_405'>405</a>–421</li> - <li class='c020'>Formation of dreams, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>–200, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a>, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>, <a href='#Page_389'>389</a>, <a href='#Page_390'>390</a>, <a href='#Page_400'>400</a>, <a href='#Page_429'>429</a>, <a href='#Page_450'>450</a>, <a href='#Page_465'>465</a>, <a href='#Page_481'>481</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of hysterical symptoms, <a href='#Page_481'>481</a>, <a href='#Page_482'>482</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of illusions, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - <li class='c020'>“Fractionary” interpretation of dreams, <a href='#Page_414'>414</a></li> - <li class='c020'>France, Anatole, quoted, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Freud, Dr., <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Functions of the dream, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_458'>458</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Furuncles, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Furunculosis, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Garnier, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - <li class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_505'>505</span>Gastric sensations, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c020'>General and specific sensations, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Goblot quoted, <a href='#Page_454'>454</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Goethe, <a href='#Page_486'>486</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Gregory, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Griesinger, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Gruppe, O., quoted, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li> - <li class='c020'><em>Gschnas</em>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Guislain, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Hagen, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Hallam, Miss Florence, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Hallucinations, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>, <a href='#Page_446'>446</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— auditory, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— hypnogogic, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— ideas transformed into, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of hysteria, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of paranoia, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a>, <a href='#Page_433'>433</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Hallucinatory dreams, <a href='#Page_430'>430</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— paranoia, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— psychoses, <a href='#Page_447'>447</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— regression, <a href='#Page_448'>448</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Harmless dreams, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Hartman, Edward von, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Hauffbauer, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Headache dreams, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Healing properties of dreams, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Helmholtz, <a href='#Page_486'>486</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Herbart quoted, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Hildebrandt, F. W., <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>Hilferding, Mrs. M., <a href='#Page_376'>376</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Historical significance of dreams, <a href='#Page_487'>487</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Hohnbaum, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Homer, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Homosexuality, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Human character, complication of, <a href='#Page_493'>493</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Hunger dreams, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Hypermnesia of the dream, <a href='#Page_465'>465</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Hypermnesic dreams, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Hypnogogic hallucinations, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— sensory images, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Hypocritical dreams, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Hysteria, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>, <a href='#Page_418'>418</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— hallucinations of, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— study of, <a href='#Page_456'>456</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— theory of, <a href='#Page_473'>473</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Hysterical counter-reaction, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— identification, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— imitation, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— paralysis, theory for, <a href='#Page_444'>444</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— phantasy, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— phobias, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_486'>486</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Hysterical symptoms, theory of, <a href='#Page_449'>449</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — formation of, <a href='#Page_481'>481</a>, <a href='#Page_482'>482</a>, <a href='#Page_487'>487</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— vomiting, <a href='#Page_449'>449</a></li> - <li class='c002'>“Ideal” masochists, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Ideas, concatenation of, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— “desired” 85</li> - <li class='c020'>— transformation of, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— transformed into hallucinations, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— “undesired,” <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Ideation, unconscious, <a href='#Page_459'>459</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Illusions, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— formation of, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Illusory formations in dreams, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Imaginations, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Immoral dreams, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Impression dreams, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Incest, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Incomprehensible neologisms, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Independent psychic activity in the dream, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Individual dream images, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— psychology, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Infantile psychology, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— etiology of the neuroses, <a href='#Page_373'>373</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— experiences as the source of dreams, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>–184</li> - <li class='c020'>— phantasies, <a href='#Page_407'>407</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— reminiscences, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Influence of sexual excitement on the dream, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Inner nerve stimuli, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— sensory stimuli, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Insomnia, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Intensive objective stimulation, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Intermediary presentations, <a href='#Page_472'>472</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— thoughts, <a href='#Page_417'>417</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Internal bodily stimulation, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— (subjective) sensory stimuli, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Interpretation of pathological ideas, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Intestinal excitement dreams, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Inversion of affects, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Irma’s dream, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>–90</li> - <li class='c020'>— — analysis of, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>–102</li> - <li class='c002'>Jensen, W., <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Jessen quoted, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Jodl, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Jones, Dr., <a href='#Page_229'>229</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Josephus quoted, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Jung, C. G., <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Kant, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>Keller, G., quoted, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a></li> - <li class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_506'>506</span>Keys to voluntary mobility, <a href='#Page_429'>429</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Keystone of the dream, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Kleinpaul, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Koenigstein, Dr., <a href='#Page_264'>264</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Koerner, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - <li class='c020'><em>Kontuszówka</em>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Krauss, A., <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c002'>Ladd, T., <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_466'>466</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Language of dreams, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Lasalle, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Lasker, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Latent dream content, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Law of causality, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Laws of Association, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the dream formation, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Legend of King Oedipus, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>–224</li> - <li class='c020'>— of Nausikaa, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Le Lorrain, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_447'>447</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Lelut, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Lemoine, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Leuret, theory of, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Liébault, A., <a href='#Page_450'>450</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Lipps, Th., <a href='#Page_485'>485</a>, <a href='#Page_486'>486</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>Literature on dreams, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>–97</li> - <li class='c020'>Logical relations among the dream thoughts, <a href='#Page_291'>291</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Lucretius quoted, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Lynkus, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Macnish quoted, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Maeder, A., <a href='#Page_246'>246</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Manifestations of pain, <a href='#Page_453'>453</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Manifest dream content, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Manifold determination of the dream content, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Mantic power of dreams, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Masochistic wish-dreams, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Material of the dream, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>–16, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>–259</li> - <li class='c020'>Maury, A., <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–21, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_420'>420</a>, <a href='#Page_454'>454</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>Means of representation in the dream, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Mechanism of dream formation, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of psychoneuroses, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Medical theory of dream life, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Meier, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Memory, fading, <a href='#Page_457'>457</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— in the dream, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>–16, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— traces, <a href='#Page_426'>426</a>, <a href='#Page_430'>430</a>, <a href='#Page_446'>446</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Mental diseases, relations between dreams and, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>–79</li> - <li class='c020'>Mental disturbance and dreams, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— stimuli, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Method of dream interpretation, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>–102, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Meyer, C. F., <a href='#Page_374'>374</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Meynert, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Misunderstanding of the dream content, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Moral nature of man, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Moreau, J., <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Motor impulses, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— paralysis in sleep, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— stimuli, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Müller, J., <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Muscular sensations, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Muthmann, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Myers, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Näcke, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Names and syllables, play on, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a>, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Nelson, J., <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Nerve-exciting dreams, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Nerve stimuli, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Nervous excitements, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Neuron excitement, <a href='#Page_428'>428</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Neuropathology, <a href='#Page_481'>481</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Neuropsychology, <a href='#Page_489'>489</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Neuroses, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— etiology of, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— infantile etiology of the, <a href='#Page_373'>373</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— psychoanalysis of the, <a href='#Page_438'>438</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— psychological explanation of the, <a href='#Page_385'>385</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — investigation of the, <a href='#Page_439'>439</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— psychology of the, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>, <a href='#Page_460'>460</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— psychotherapy of the, <a href='#Page_439'>439</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— study of the, <a href='#Page_456'>456</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Neuroses, theory of the, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Neurotic fear, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Neurotics, psychoanalysis of, <a href='#Page_420'>420</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Nightmare, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Night terrors, <a href='#Page_462'>462</a>, <a href='#Page_463'>463</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Nocturnal excitations, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— sensations, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Nordenskjold, O., <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Novalis quoted, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Objective external excitements, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Objective sensory stimuli, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–24, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#Page_451'>451</a>, <a href='#Page_465'>465</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Obscurity of the dream, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Obsessions, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#Page_452'>452</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Obsessive impulses, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Oppenheim, Prof. E., <a href='#Page_493'>493</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Organic sensory stimuli, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Origin of the dream, <a href='#Page_407'>407</a>, <a href='#Page_416'>416</a></li> - <li class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_507'>507</span>Origin of dreams, theory of the, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of hysterical symptoms, <a href='#Page_449'>449</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the psychoses, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Outer nerve stimuli, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— sensory stimuli, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Painful stimuli, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_453'>453</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Paramnesia in the dream, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Paranoia, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_418'>418</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— hallucinatory, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a>, <a href='#Page_433'>433</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Partition of dreams, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Parturition dreams, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>–245</li> - <li class='c020'>Pathological cases of regression, <a href='#Page_435'>435</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Pavor nocturnus, <a href='#Page_462'>462</a>, <a href='#Page_463'>463</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Peculiarities of the dream, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Penetration into consciousness, <a href='#Page_484'>484</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Perception content, <a href='#Page_453'>453</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— identity, <a href='#Page_477'>477</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— stimuli, <a href='#Page_426'>426</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Peripheral sensations, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Perennial dreams, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Perversion, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Peterson, F., <a href='#Page_419'>419</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Pfaff, E. R., quoted, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Pfister, O., <a href='#Page_245'>245</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Phantasies, infantile, <a href='#Page_407'>407</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Phantastic ganglia cells, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— illusions, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— visual manifestations, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Phantasy combinations, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of being arrested, <a href='#Page_395'>395</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of marriage, <a href='#Page_395'>395</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Phenomena of the dream, <a href='#Page_487'>487</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Phobias, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Physical sensations, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— stimuli, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Pilcz, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Plasticity of the psychic material, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Plato, <a href='#Page_493'>493</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Pleasure stimulus, <a href='#Page_453'>453</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Pneumatic sensations, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Pollution dreams, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Pre-scientific conception of the dream, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Presentation content, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a>, <a href='#Page_367'>367</a>, <a href='#Page_389'>389</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Present status of the dream problem, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Pressure stimulus, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Primary psychic process, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Prince, Morton, <a href='#Page_412'>412</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Problems of consciousness, <a href='#Page_490'>490</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of dream interpretation, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of repression, <a href='#Page_479'>479</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of sleep, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Problems of the dream, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Prophetic power of dreams, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Psi-systems, <a href='#Page_425'>425</a>, <a href='#Page_428'>428</a>, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>, <a href='#Page_453'>453</a>, <a href='#Page_475'>475</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Psychic activity in the dream, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— apparatus, <a href='#Page_426'>426</a>–428, <a href='#Page_430'>430</a>, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>, <a href='#Page_437'>437</a>, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a>, <a href='#Page_482'>482</a>, <a href='#Page_483'>483</a>; - <ul> - <li>diagrams of, <a href='#Page_426'>426</a>, <a href='#Page_427'>427</a>, <a href='#Page_429'>429</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>— capacity of the dream, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— censor, <a href='#Page_422'>422</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— complexes, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— condition of dream formation, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— dream stimuli, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— emotions, <a href='#Page_445'>445</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— exciting sources, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>–35</li> - <li class='c020'>— function in dream formation, <a href='#Page_391'>391</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— impulses, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— infection, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— intensity, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— repression, <a href='#Page_476'>476</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— resources of the, <a href='#Page_399'>399</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— sensory organs, <a href='#Page_490'>490</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— source of dreams, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— state of sleep, <a href='#Page_468'>468</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— stimuli, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— symptomology, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Psychoanalysis, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>, <a href='#Page_366'>366</a>, <a href='#Page_469'>469</a>, <a href='#Page_413'>413</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of adult neurotics, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of neurotics, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_420'>420</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the neuroses, <a href='#Page_438'>438</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Psychoanalytic investigations, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— method of treatment, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_491'>491</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Psychological character of the dream, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— explanation of the neuroses, <a href='#Page_385'>385</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— formations, <a href='#Page_471'>471</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — analysis of, <a href='#Page_487'>487</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— investigation in dreams, <a href='#Page_405'>405</a>, <a href='#Page_422'>422</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — of the neuroses, <a href='#Page_439'>439</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— peculiarity of dreams, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Psychology of children, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of dream activities, <a href='#Page_403'>403</a>–493</li> - <li class='c020'>— of dreaming, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the dream, <a href='#Page_416'>416</a>, <a href='#Page_464'>464</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the neuroses, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_433'>433</a>, <a href='#Page_460'>460</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the psychoneuroses, <a href='#Page_433'>433</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the sleeping state, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the unconscious, <a href='#Page_385'>385</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Psychoneuroses, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>, <a href='#Page_318'>318</a>, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a>, <a href='#Page_393'>393</a>, <a href='#Page_480'>480</a>, <a href='#Page_492'>492</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— mechanism of the, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— psychology of the, <a href='#Page_433'>433</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— sexual etiology for, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Psychoneurotic symptom formations, <a href='#Page_481'>481</a></li> - <li class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_508'>508</span>Psychoneurotic symptoms, <a href='#Page_473'>473</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Psychoneurotics, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Psychopathology, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the dream, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Psychoses, origin of the, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Psychosexual excitements, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Psychotherapy, <a href='#Page_457'>457</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the neuroses, <a href='#Page_439'>439</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Punitive dreams, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Purkinje quoted, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Purpose served by condensation, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Purposeful nature of dream-forgetting, <a href='#Page_410'>410</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Radestock, P., <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>Rank, O., <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>, <a href='#Page_379'>379</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>Regard for presentability, <a href='#Page_313'>313</a>–322</li> - <li class='c020'>Regression, <a href='#Page_422'>422</a>–435</li> - <li class='c020'>— of the dream, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Relation between dream content and dream stimuli, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— between dreams and mental diseases, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>–79</li> - <li class='c020'>— between dreams and the psychoses, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of sexuality to cruelty, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the dream to the waking state, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>–7, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Repressed wishes, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Repression, <a href='#Page_478'>478</a>, <a href='#Page_479'>479</a>, <a href='#Page_484'>484</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Requirements of dream formation, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Restraint of affects, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Riddles of the dream, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_444'>444</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Riklin, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Robert, W., <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_467'>467</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>— elimination theory of, <a href='#Page_458'>458</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Robitsek, Dr. R., <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Rosegger quoted, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a>, <a href='#Page_377'>377</a>, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a></li> - <li class='c002'><em>Salzstangeln</em>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Scaliger’s dream, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Scherner, R. A., <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>–71, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>–191, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_434'>434</a>, <a href='#Page_467'>467</a>, <a href='#Page_486'>486</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Scherner’s method of dream interpretation, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Schelling, school of, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Schiller, Fr., quoted, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Schleiermacher, Fr., <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Scholz, Fr., <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>Schopenhauer, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Scientific literature on dreams, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>–79</li> - <li class='c020'>— theories of the dream, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Secondary elaboration, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>, <a href='#Page_389'>389</a>–402, <a href='#Page_454'>454</a>, <a href='#Page_461'>461</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Self-analyses, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_380'>380</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Self-correction in dreams, <a href='#Page_411'>411</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Sensational intensity, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Sensations, gastric, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— muscular, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— nocturnal, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of falling, <a href='#Page_466'>466</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of flying, <a href='#Page_466'>466</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of impeded movement, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— peripheral, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— physical, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— pneumatic, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— sexual, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Senseful psychological structures, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Sensory images, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — hypnogogic, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— intensity, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— organs, psychic, <a href='#Page_491'>491</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— stimuli, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–27, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_454'>454</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — (objective), <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — (organic), <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — (outer and inner), <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — (subjective), <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Sexual anamnesis, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— dreams, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— etiology, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — for psychoneuroses, <a href='#Page_347'>347</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— organs and dreams, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— sensations, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— symbolism, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— symbols, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— wish feelings, <a href='#Page_480'>480</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Shakespeare quoted, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Siebeck, A., quoted, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Silberer, H., <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Simon, B. M., <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Sleep, problems of, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— psychic state of, <a href='#Page_468'>468</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Sources of affects, <a href='#Page_382'>382</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of dreams, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>–259</li> - <li class='c020'>Somatic dream stimuli, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— exciting sources, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— origin of dreams, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— sources of dreams, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— theory of stimulation, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Spitta, W., <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_406'>406</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>Stekel, W., <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a>, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>, <a href='#Page_313'>313</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— accidental stimuli, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Stimuli of dreams, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>–35</li> - <li class='c020'>— of perception, <a href='#Page_426'>426</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— pain, <a href='#Page_453'>453</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— physical, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a></li> - <li class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_509'>509</span>Stimuli, pleasure, <a href='#Page_453'>453</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— psychic, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Strangeness of the dream, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Stricker, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>Structure of dream thoughts, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Strümpell, L., <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>Study of the neuroses, <a href='#Page_456'>456</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Stumpf, E. J. G., <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Subjective sensory stimuli, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–27, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Supernatural dream content, <a href='#Page_466'>466</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— origin of dreams, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Suppressed wishes, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Suppression of the affects, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a>, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a>, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Sway of the dream, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Swimming in dreams, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Swoboda, H., <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>–142</li> - <li class='c020'>Symbolic concealment, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— dream formations, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — interpretation, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— methods of interpreting dreams, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Symbolisation of bodily stimuli, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the body, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Symbolism in dreams, application of, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>–259</li> - <li class='c020'>— sexual, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Symbols in the dream content, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— sexual, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Synthesis of syllables, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Tabetic paralysis, <a href='#Page_282'>282</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Tactile stimulus, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c020'>“Tannhauser,” quotation from, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Taylor, B., <a href='#Page_269'>269</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Temporal relations of life, <a href='#Page_346'>346</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Theoretical value of the study of dreams, <a href='#Page_492'>492</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Theories of the dream, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–73</li> - <li class='c020'>Theory of dream life, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of dreams, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of hysteria, <a href='#Page_473'>473</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of hysterical paralysis, <a href='#Page_444'>444</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of Leuret, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of organic stimulation, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of partial waking, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of psychoneurotic symptoms, <a href='#Page_449'>449</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of somatic stimuli, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the psychoneuroses, <a href='#Page_480'>480</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of wish-fulfilment, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a>, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a>, <a href='#Page_435'>435</a>, <a href='#Page_458'>458</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of the emotions, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Theory of the neuroses, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Thirst dreams, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Thomayer, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Thought identity, <a href='#Page_477'>477</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Tissié, Ph., <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>Toothache dreams, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Tooth-exciting dreams, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Trains of thought revealed by analysis, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Transferred dream-wishes, <a href='#Page_455'>455</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Transformation of affects, <a href='#Page_479'>479</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— of ideas, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Transforming activity of dreams, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— ideas into plastic images, <a href='#Page_435'>435</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Transvaluation of psychic values, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>, <a href='#Page_402'>402</a>, <a href='#Page_409'>409</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Trenck, Baron, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Typical dreams, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>–259</li> - <li class='c002'>Unburdening properties of dreams, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Unconscious end-presentations, <a href='#Page_418'>418</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— excitations, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>, <a href='#Page_448'>448</a>, <a href='#Page_460'>460</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— ideation, <a href='#Page_459'>459</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— phantasies, <a href='#Page_486'>486</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— psychic life, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — process, <a href='#Page_485'>485</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— wishes, <a href='#Page_438'>438</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>, <a href='#Page_457'>457</a>, <a href='#Page_479'>479</a>–493</li> - <li class='c020'>“Undesired” ideas, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Undesirable presentations, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_414'>414</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Unmoral period of childhood, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Unwished-for presentations, <a href='#Page_418'>418</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Urinary organs and dreams, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Variegated dream images, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Verbal compositions of the dream, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Visceral sensations, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Visions, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Visual excitation, <a href='#Page_434'>434</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— pictures, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Vold, J. Mourly, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Volition, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Volkelt, J., <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c002'>Waking caused by the dream, <a href='#Page_452'>452</a>–458</li> - <li class='c020'>“Weaver’s Masterpiece,” quotation from, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Weed, Sarah, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Weed-Hallam, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></li> - <li class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_510'>510</span>Weygandt, W., <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>Why dreams are forgotten, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Winckler, Hugo, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Wish-dreams, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— — masochistic, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Wishes, forbidden, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— foreconscious, <a href='#Page_456'>456</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— repressed, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— suppressed, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a></li> - <li class='c020'>— unconscious, <a href='#Page_438'>438</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>, <a href='#Page_457'>457</a>, <a href='#Page_479'>479</a>, <a href='#Page_493'>493</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Wish-fulfilment of the dream, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_389'>389</a>, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>, <a href='#Page_435'>435</a>–452</li> - <li class='c020'>— theory of, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a>, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a>, <a href='#Page_458'>458</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Word-play and dream activity, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a></li> - <li class='c020'>Work of displacement, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>–288</li> - <li class='c020'>Wundt, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>; - <ul> - <li>quoted, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c020'>— theory of, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Zola, E., <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></li> -</ul> - -<hr class='c021' /> -<div class='footnote' id='fA'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rA'>A</a>. Translated by A. A. Brill (<cite>Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease</cite> -Publishing Company).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fB'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rB'>B</a>. <em>Cf.</em> the works of Ernest Jones, James J. Putnam, the present writer, -and others.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fC'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rC'>C</a>. For examples demonstrating these facts, <cite>cf.</cite> my work, <cite>Psychoanalysis; -its Theories and Practical Application</cite>, W. B. Saunders’ Publishing Company, -Philadelphia & London.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fD'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rD'>D</a>. To the first publication of this book, 1900.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fE'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rE'>E</a>. Compare, on the other hand, O. Gruppe, <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Griechische Mythologie und -Religionsgeschichte</span></cite>, p. 390. “Dreams were divided into two classes; the first -were influenced only by the present (or past), and were unimportant for the -future: they embraced the <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐνύπνια</span>, insomnia, which immediately produces -the given idea or its opposite, <em>e.g.</em> hunger or its satiation, and the <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φαντάσματα</span>, -which elaborates the given idea phantastically, as <em>e.g.</em> the nightmare, ephialtes. -The second class was, on the other hand, determinant for the future. To -this belong: (1) direct prophecies received in the dream (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χρηματισμός</span>, oraculum); -(2) the foretelling of a future event (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὅραμα</span>); (3) the symbolic or the -dream requiring interpretation (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὄνειρος</span>, somnium). This theory has been -preserved for many centuries.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fF'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rF'>F</a>. From subsequent experience I am able to state that it is not at all rare -to find in dreams repetitions of harmless or unimportant occupations of the -waking state, such as packing trunks, preparing food, work in the kitchen, &c., -but in such dreams the dreamer himself emphasizes not the character but the -reality of the memory, “I have really done all this in the day time.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fG'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rG'>G</a>. <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Chauffeurs</span></i> were bands of robbers in the Vendée who resorted to this -form of torture.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fH'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rH'>H</a>. Gigantic persons in a dream justify the assumption that it deals with -a scene from the dreamer’s childhood.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fI'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rI'>I</a>. The first volume of this Norwegian author, containing a complete description -of dreams, has recently appeared in German. See Index of -Literature, No. <a id='r74a' /><a href='#f74a' class='c008'><sup>[74a]</sup></a>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fJ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rJ'>J</a>. Periodically recurrent dreams have been observed repeatedly. <em>Cf.</em> -the collection of Chabaneix.<a href='#f11' class='c008'><sup>[11]</sup></a></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fK'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rK'>K</a>. Silberer has shown by nice examples how in the state of sleepiness even -abstract thoughts may be changed into illustrative plastic pictures which -express the same thing (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrbuch</span></cite> von Bleuler-Freud, vol. i. 1900).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fL'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rL'>L</a>. Haffner<a href='#f32' class='c008'><sup>[32]</sup></a> made an attempt similar to Delbœuf’s to explain the dream -activity on the basis of an alteration which must result in an introduction -of an abnormal condition in the otherwise correct function of the intact -psychic apparatus, but he described this condition in somewhat different -words. He states that the first distinguishing mark of the dream is the -absence of time and space, <em>i.e.</em> the emancipation of the presentation from the -position in the order of time and space which is common to the individual. -Allied to this is the second fundamental character of the dream, the mistaking -of the hallucinations, imaginations, and phantasy-combinations for -objective perceptions. The sum total of the higher psychic forces, especially -formation of ideas, judgment, and argumentation on the one hand, and the -free self-determination on the other hand, connect themselves with the -sensory phantasy pictures and at all times have them as a substratum. -These activities too, therefore, participate in the irregularity of the dream -presentation. We say they participate, for our faculties of judgment and -will power are in themselves in no way altered during sleep. In reference -to activity, we are just as keen and just as free as in the waking state. A -man cannot act contrary to the laws of thought, even in the dream, <em>i.e.</em> he -is unable to harmonise with that which represents itself as contrary to -him, &c.; he can only desire in the dream that which he presents to himself -as good (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sub ratione boni</span></i>). But in this application of the laws of thinking -and willing the human mind is led astray in the dream through mistaking -one presentation for another. It thus happens that we form and commit in -the dream the greatest contradictions, while, on the other hand, we display -the keenest judgments and the most consequential chains of reasoning, and -can make the most virtuous and sacred resolutions. Lack of orientation is -the whole secret of the flight by which our phantasy moves in the dream, -and lack of critical reflection and mutual understanding with others is the -main source of the reckless extravagances of our judgments, hopes, and -wishes in the dream (p. 18).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fM'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rM'>M</a>. <em>Cf.</em> Haffner<a href='#f32' class='c008'><sup>[32]</sup></a> and Spitta<a href='#f64' class='c008'><sup>[64]</sup></a>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fN'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rN'>N</a>. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Grundzüge des Systems der Anthropologie.</span></cite> Erlangen, 1850 (quoted by -Spitta).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fO'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rO'>O</a>. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Das Traumleben und seine Deutung</span></cite>, 1868 (cited by Spitta, p. 192).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fP'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rP'>P</a>. H. Swoboda, <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Perioden des Menschlichen Organismus</span></cite>, 1904.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fQ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rQ'>Q</a>. In a novel, <cite>Gradiva</cite>, of the poet W. Jensen, I accidentally discovered -several artificial dreams which were formed with perfect correctness and -which could be interpreted as though they had not been invented, but had -been dreamt by actual persons. The poet declared, upon my inquiry, that -he was unacquainted with my theory of dreams. I have made use of this -correspondence between my investigation and the creative work of the poet -as a proof of the correctness of my method of dream analysis (“Der Wahn -und die Träume,” in W. Jensen’s <cite>Gradiva</cite>, No. 1 of the <cite>Schriften zur -angewandten Seelenkunde</cite>, 1906, edited by me). Dr. Alfred Robitsek has -since shown that the dream of the hero in Goethe’s <cite>Egmont</cite> may be interpreted -as correctly as an actually experienced dream (“<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Analyse von -Egmont’s Träume</span>,” <cite>Jahrbuch</cite>, edited by Bleuler-Freud, vol. ii., 1910.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fR'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rR'>R</a>. After the completion of my manuscript, a paper by Stumpf<a id='r65' /><a href='#f65' class='c008'><sup>[65]</sup></a> came -to my notice which agrees with my work in attempting to prove that the -dream is full of meaning and capable of interpretation. But the interpretation -is undertaken by means of an allegorising symbolism, without warrant -for the universal applicability of the procedure.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fS'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rS'>S</a>. Dr. Alfred Robitsek calls my attention to the fact that Oriental dream -books, of which ours are pitiful plagiarisms, undertake the interpretation of -dream elements, mostly according to the assonance and similarity of the -words. Since these relationships must be lost by translation into our -language, the incomprehensibility of the substitutions in our popular “dream -books” may have its origin in this fact. Information as to the extraordinary -significance of puns and punning in ancient Oriental systems of culture may -be found in the writings of Hugo Winckler. The nicest example of a dream -interpretation which has come down to us from antiquity is based on a play -upon words. Artemidoros<a href='#f2' class='c008'><sup>[2]</sup></a> relates the following (p. 225): “It seems to me -that Aristandros gives a happy interpretation to Alexander of Macedon. -When the latter held Tyros shut in and in a state of siege, and was angry -and depressed over the great loss of time, he dreamed that he saw a Satyros -dancing on his shield. It happened that Aristandros was near Tyros and in -the convoy of the king, who was waging war on the Syrians. By disjoining -the word Satyros into <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σα</span> and <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τύρος</span>, he induced the king to become more -aggressive in the siege, and thus he became master of the city. (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Σα τύρος</span>—thine -is Tyros.) The dream, indeed, is so intimately connected with verbal -expression that Ferenczi<a href='#f87' class='c008'><sup>[87]</sup></a> may justly remark that every tongue has its -own dream language. Dreams are, as a rule, not translatable into other -languages.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fT'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rT'>T</a>. Breuer and Freud, <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Studien über Hysterie</span></cite>, Vienna, 1895; 2nd ed. 1909.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fU'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rU'>U</a>. The complaint, as yet unexplained, of pains in the abdomen, may also -be referred to this third person. It is my own wife, of course, who is in -question; the abdominal pains remind me of one of the occasions upon -which her shyness became evident to me. I must myself admit that I do -not treat Irma and my wife very gallantly in this dream, but let it be said -for my excuse that I am judging both of them by the standard of the -courageous, docile, female patient.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fV'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rV'>V</a>. I suspect that the interpretation of this portion has not been carried -far enough to follow every hidden meaning. If I were to continue the -comparison of the three women, I would go far afield. Every dream has at -least one point at which it is unfathomable, a central point, as it were, connecting -it with the unknown.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fW'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rW'>W</a>. “Ananas,” moreover, has a remarkable assonance to the family name of -my patient Irma.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fX'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rX'>X</a>. In this the dream did not turn out to be prophetic. But in another -sense, it proved correct, for the “unsolved” stomach pains, for which I did -not want to be to blame, were the forerunners of a serious illness caused by -gall stones.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fY'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rY'>Y</a>. Even if I have not, as may be understood, given account of everything -which occurred to me in connection with the work of interpretation.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fZ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rZ'>Z</a>. The facts about dreams of thirst were known also to Weygandt,<a href='#f75' class='c008'><sup>[75]</sup></a> who -expresses himself about them (p. 11) as follows: “It is just the sensation of -thirst which is most accurately registered of all; it always causes a representation -of thirst quenching. The manner in which the dream pictures the -act of thirst quenching is manifold, and is especially apt to be formed according -to a recent reminiscence. Here also a universal phenomenon is that -disappointment in the slight efficacy of the supposed refreshments sets in -immediately after the idea that thirst has been quenched.” But he overlooks -the fact that the reaction of the dream to the stimulus is universal. -If other persons who are troubled by thirst at night awake without dreaming -beforehand, this does not constitute an objection to my experiment, but -characterises those others as persons who sleep poorly.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAA'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAA'>AA</a>. The dream afterwards accomplished the same purpose in the case of -the grandmother, who is older than the child by about seventy years, as it -did in the case of the granddaughter. After she had been forced to go -hungry for several days on account of the restlessness of her floating kidney, -she dreamed, apparently with a transference into the happy time of her -flowering maidenhood, that she had been “asked out,” invited as a guest for -both the important meals, and each time had been served with the most -delicious morsels.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAB'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAB'>AB</a>. A more searching investigation into the psychic life of the child -teaches us, to be sure, that sexual motive powers in infantile forms, which -have been too long overlooked, play a sufficiently great part in the psychic -activity of the child. This raises some doubt as to the happiness of the -child, as imagined later by the adults. <em>Cf.</em> the author’s “Three Contributions -to the Sexual Theory,” translated by A. A. Brill, <cite>Journal of Nervous -and Mental Diseases</cite> Publishing Company.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAC'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAC'>AC</a>. It should not be left unmentioned that children sometimes show complex -and more obscure dreams, while, on the other hand, adults will often -under certain conditions show dreams of an infantile character. How rich -in unsuspected material the dreams of children of from four to five years -might be is shown by examples in my “Analyse der Phobie eines fünfjährigen -Knaben” (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrbuch</span></cite>, ed. by Bleuler & Freud, 1909), and in Jung’s -“<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Ueber Konflikte der kindlichen Seele</span>” (ebda. ii. vol., 1910). On the other -hand, it seems that dreams of an infantile type reappear especially often in -adults if they are transferred to unusual conditions of life. Thus Otto -Nordenskjold, in his book <cite>Antarctic</cite> (1904), writes as follows about the crew -who passed the winter with him. “Very characteristic for the trend of our -inmost thoughts were our dreams, which were never more vivid and -numerous than at present. Even those of our comrades with whom dreaming -had formerly been an exception had long stories to tell in the morning -when we exchanged our experiences in the world of phantasies. They all -referred to that outer world which was now so far from us, but they often -fitted into our present relations. An especially characteristic dream was the -one in which one of our comrades believed himself back on the bench at -school, where the task was assigned him of skinning miniature seals which -were especially made for the purposes of instruction. Eating and drinking -formed the central point around which most of our dreams were grouped. -One of us, who was fond of going to big dinner parties at night, was exceedingly -glad if he could report in the morning ‘that he had had a dinner consisting -of three courses.’ Another dreamed of tobacco—of whole mountains -of tobacco; still another dreamed of a ship approaching on the open sea -under full sail. Still another dream deserves to be mentioned. The letter -carrier brought the mail, and gave a long explanation of why he had had to -wait so long for it; he had delivered it at the wrong place, and only after -great effort had been able to get it back. To be sure, we occupied ourselves -in sleep with still more impossible things, but the lack of phantasy in -almost all the dreams which I myself dreamed or heard others relate was -quite striking. It would surely have been of great psychological interest if -all the dreams could have been noted. But one can readily understand how -we longed for sleep. It alone could afford us everything that we all most -ardently desired.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAD'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAD'>AD</a>. A Hungarian proverb referred to by Ferenczi<a href='#f87' class='c008'><sup>[87]</sup></a> states more explicitly -that “the pig dreams of acorns, the goose of maize.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAE'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAE'>AE</a>. It is quite incredible with what stubbornness readers and critics -exclude this consideration, and leave unheeded the fundamental differentiation -between the manifest and the latent dream content.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAF'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAF'>AF</a>. It is remarkable how my memory narrows here for the purposes of -analysis—while I am awake. I have known five of my uncles, and have -loved and honoured one of them. But at the moment when I overcame my -resistance to the interpretation of the dream I said to myself, “I have only -one uncle, the one who is intended in the dream.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAG'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAG'>AG</a>. The word is here used in the original Latin sense <em>instantia</em>, meaning -energy, continuance or persistence in doing. (Translator.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAH'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAH'>AH</a>. Such hypocritical dreams are not unusual occurrences with me or -with others. While I am working up a certain scientific problem, I am -visited for many nights in rapid succession by a somewhat confusing dream -which has as its content reconciliation with a friend long ago dropped. After -three or four attempts, I finally succeeded in grasping the meaning of this -dream. It was in the nature of an encouragement to give up the little consideration -still left for the person in question, to drop him completely, but it -disguised itself shamefacedly in the opposite feeling. I have reported a -“hypocritical Oedipus dream” of a person, in which the hostile feelings and -the wishes of death of the dream thoughts were replaced by manifest tenderness. -(“<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Typisches Beispiel eines verkappten Oedipustraumes</span>,” <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zentralblatt -für Psychoanalyse</span></cite>, Bd. 1, Heft 1–11, 1910.) Another class of hypocritical -dreams will be reported in another place.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAI'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAI'>AI</a>. To sit for the painter. Goethe: “And if he has no backside, how can -the nobleman sit?”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAJ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAJ'>AJ</a>. I myself regret the introduction of such passages from the psychopathology -of hysteria, which, because of their fragmentary representation -and of being torn from all connection with the subject, cannot have a very -enlightening influence. If these passages are capable of throwing light upon -the intimate relations between the dream and the psychoneuroses, they have -served the purpose for which I have taken them up.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAK'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAK'>AK</a>. Something like the smoked salmon in the dream of the deferred supper.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAL'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAL'>AL</a>. It often happens that a dream is told incompletely, and that a recollection -of the omitted portions appears only in the course of the analysis. -These portions subsequently fitted in, regularly furnish the key to the -interpretation. <em>Cf.</em> below, about forgetting in dreams.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAM'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAM'>AM</a>. Similar “counter wish-dreams” have been repeatedly reported to me -within the last few years by my pupils who thus reacted to their first encounter -with the “wish theory of the dream.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAN'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAN'>AN</a>. We may mention here the simplification and modification of this -fundamental formula, propounded by Otto Rank: “On the basis and with -the help of repressed infantile sexual material, the dream regularly represents -as fulfilled actual, and as a rule also erotic, wishes, in a disguised and -symbolic form.” (“<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Ein Traum, der sich selbst deutet</span>,” <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrbuch</span></cite>, v., Bleuler-Freud, -II. B., p. 519, 1910.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAO'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAO'>AO</a>. See <cite>Selected Papers on Hysteria and other Psychoneuroses</cite>, p. 133, translated -by A. A. Brill, <cite>Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases</cite>, Monograph -Series.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAP'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAP'>AP</a>. It is clear that the conception of Robert, that the dream is intended to -rid our memory of the useless impressions which it has received during the -day, is no longer tenable, if indifferent memories of childhood appear in the -dream with some degree of frequency. The conclusion would have to be -drawn that the dream ordinarily performs very inadequately the duty which -is prescribed for it.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAQ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAQ'>AQ</a>. As mentioned in the first chapter, p. 67, H. Swoboda applies broadly -to the psychic activity, the biological intervals of twenty-three and twenty-eight -days discovered by W. Fliess, and lays especial emphasis upon the fact -that these periods are determinant for the appearance of the dream elements -in dreams. There would be no material change in dream interpretation if -this could be proven, but it would result in a new source for the origin of -the dream material. I have recently undertaken some examination of my -own dreams in order to test the applicability of the “Period Theory” to the -dream material, and I have selected for this purpose especially striking -elements of the dream content, whose origin could be definitely ascertained:—</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div>I.—<em>Dream from October 1–2, 1910</em></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>(Fragment).... Somewhere in Italy. Three daughters show me small -costly objects, as if in an antiquity shop. At the same time they sit down -on my lap. Of one of the pieces I remark: “Why, you got this from me.” -I also see distinctly a small profile mask with the angular features of -Savonarola.</p> - -<p class='c006'>When have I last seen a picture of Savonarola? According to my travelling -diary, I was in Florence on the fourth and fifth of September, and while -there thought of showing my travelling companion the plaster medallion of -the features of the fanatical monk in the Piazza Signoria, the same place -where he met his death by burning. I believe that I called his attention to -it at 3 <span class='fss'>A.M.</span> To be sure, from this impression, until its return in the dream, -there was an interval of twenty-seven and one days—a “feminine period,” -according to Fliess. But, unfortunately for the demonstrative force of this -example, I must add that on the very day of the dream I was visited (the -first time after my return) by the able but melancholy-looking colleague -whom I had already years before nicknamed “Rabbi Savonarola.” He -brought me a patient who had met with an accident on the Pottebba railroad, -on which I had myself travelled eight days before, and my thoughts -were thus turned to my last Italian journey. The appearance in the dream -content of the striking element of Savonarola is explained by the visit of -my colleague on the day of the dream; the twenty-eight day interval had no -significance in its origin.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div>II.—<em>Dream from October 10–11</em></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>I am again studying chemistry in the University laboratory. Court -Councillor L. invites me to come to another place, and walks before me in -the corridor carrying in front of him in his uplifted hand a lamp or some -other instrument, and assuming a peculiar attitude, his head stretched forward. -We then come to an open space ... (rest forgotten).</p> - -<p class='c006'>In this dream content, the most striking part is the manner in which -Court Councillor L. carries the lamp (or lupe) in front of him, his gaze -directed into the distance. I have not seen L. for many years, but I now -know that he is only a substitute for another greater person—for Archimedes -near the Arethusa fountain in Syracuse, who stands there exactly like L. -in the dream, holding the burning mirror and gazing at the besieging army -of the Romans. When had I first (and last) seen this monument? According -to my notes, it was on the seventeenth day of September, in the evening, -and from this date to the dream there really passed 13 and 10, equals -23, days-according to Fliess, a “masculine period.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>But I regret to say that here, too, this connection seems somewhat less -inevitable when we enter into the interpretation of this dream. The dream -was occasioned by the information, received on the day of the dream, that -the lecture-room in the clinic in which I was invited to deliver my lectures -had been changed to some other place. I took it for granted that the new -room was very inconveniently situated, and said to myself, it is as bad as not -having any lecture-room at my disposal. My thoughts must have then -taken me back to the time when I first became a docent, when I really had -no lecture-room, and when, in my efforts to get one, I met with little encouragement -from the very influential gentlemen councillors and professors. -In my distress at that time, I appealed to L., who then had the title of dean, -and whom I considered kindly disposed. He promised to help me, but that -was all I ever heard from him. In the dream he is the Archimedes, who -gives me the <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πήστω</span> and leads me into the other room. That neither the -desire for revenge nor the consciousness of one’s own importance is absent -in this dream will be readily divined by those familiar with dream interpretation. -I must conclude, however, that without this motive for the -dream, Archimedes would hardly have got into the dream that night. I -am not certain whether the strong and still recent impression of the statue -in Syracuse did not also come to the surface at a different interval of time.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div>III.—<em>Dream from October 2–3, 1910.</em></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>(Fragment) ... Something about Professor Oser, who himself prepared -the menu for me, which served to restore me to great peace of mind (rest -forgotten).</p> - -<p class='c006'>The dream was a reaction to the digestive disturbances of this day, which -made me consider asking one of my colleagues to arrange a diet for me. -That in the dream I selected for this purpose Professor Oser, who had died -in the summer, is based on the recent death (October 1) of another university -teacher, whom I highly revered. But when did Oser die, and when did I -hear of his death? According to the newspaper notice, he died on the -22nd of August, but as I was at the time in Holland, whither my Vienna -newspapers were regularly sent me, I must have read the obituary notice -on the 24th or 25th of August. This interval no longer corresponds to any -period. It takes in 7 and 30 and 2, equals 39, days, or perhaps 38 days. I -cannot recall having spoken or thought of Oser during this interval.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Such intervals as were not available for the “period theory” without -further elaboration, were shown from my dreams to be far more frequent -than the regular ones. As maintained in the text, the only thing constantly -found is the relation to an impression of the day of the dream itself.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAR'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAR'>AR</a>. <em>Cf.</em> my essay, “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Ueber Deckerinnerungen</span>,” in the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Monatsschrift für -Psychiatrie und Neurologie</span></cite>, 1899.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAS'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAS'>AS</a>. Ger., <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">blühend</span></i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAT'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAT'>AT</a>. The tendency of the dream function to fuse everything of interest -which is present into simultaneous treatment has already been noticed by -several authors, for instance, by Delage,<a href='#f15' class='c008'><sup>[15]</sup></a> p. 41, Delbœuf,<a href='#f16' class='c008'><sup>[16]</sup></a> <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Rapprochement -Forcé</span></cite>, p. 236.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAU'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAU'>AU</a>. The dream of Irma’s injection; the dream of the friend who is my uncle.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAV'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAV'>AV</a>. The dream of the funeral oration of the young physician.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAW'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAW'>AW</a>. The dream of the botanical monograph.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAX'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAX'>AX</a>. The dreams of my patients during analysis are mostly of this kind.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAY'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAY'>AY</a>. <em>Cf.</em> Chap. VII. upon “Transference.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fAZ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rAZ'>AZ</a>. Substitution of the opposite, as will become clear to us after interpretation.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBA'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBA'>BA</a>. The Prater is the principal drive of Vienna. (Transl.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBB'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBB'>BB</a>. I have long since learned that it only requires a little courage to fulfil -even such unattainable wishes.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBC'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBC'>BC</a>. In the first edition there was printed here the name Hasdrubal, a confusing -error, the explanation of which I have given in my <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Psychopathologie -des Alltagslebens</span></cite>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBD'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBD'>BD</a>. A street in Vienna.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBE'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBE'>BE</a>. <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Fensterln</span></i> is the practice, now falling into disuse, found in rural districts -of the German Schwarzwald, of lovers wooing at the windows of their -sweethearts, bringing ladders with them, and becoming so intimate that they -practically enjoy a system of trial marriages. The reputation of the young -woman never suffers on account of <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">fensterln</span></i>, unless she becomes intimate -with too many suitors. (Translator.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBF'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBF'>BF</a>. Both the emotions which belong to these childish scenes—astonishment -and resignation to the inevitable—had appeared in a dream shortly before, -which was the first thing that brought back the memory of this childhood -experience.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBG'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBG'>BG</a>. I do not elaborate plagiostomi purposely; they recall an occasion of -angry disgrace before the same teacher.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBH'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBH'>BH</a>. <em>Cf.</em> Maury’s dream about kilo-lotto, p. 50.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBI'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBI'>BI</a>. Popo = backside in German nursery language.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBJ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBJ'>BJ</a>. This repetition has insinuated itself into the text of the dream apparently -through my absent-mindedness, and I allow it to remain because the -analysis shows that it has its significance.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBK'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBK'>BK</a>. Not in <cite>Germinal</cite>, but in <cite>La Terre</cite>—a mistake of which I became aware -only in the analysis. I may call attention also to the identity of the letters -in <cite>Huflattich</cite> and <cite>Flatus</cite>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBL'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBL'>BL</a>. Translator’s note.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBM'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBM'>BM</a>. In his significant work (“Phantasie und Mythos,” <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrbuch für Psychoanalyse</span></cite>, -Bd. ii., 1910), H. Silberer has endeavoured to show from this part -of the dream that the dream-work is able to reproduce not only the latent -dream thoughts, but also the psychic processes in the dream formation -(“Das functionale Phänomen”).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBN'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBN'>BN</a>. Another interpretation: He is one-eyed like Odin, the father of the -gods ... Odin’s consolation. The consolation in the childish scene, that I -will buy him a new bed.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBO'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBO'>BO</a>. I here add some material for interpretation. Holding the urinal -recalls the story of a peasant who tries one glass after another at the opticians, -but still cannot read (peasant-catcher, like girl-catcher in a portion of the -dream). The treatment among the peasants of the father who has become -weak-minded in Zola’s <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La Terre</span></cite>. The pathetic atonement that in his last -days the father soils his bed like a child; hence, also, I am his sick-attendant -in the dream. Thinking and experiencing are here, as it were; the same -thing recalls a highly revolutionary closet drama by Oscar Panizza, in which -the Godhead is treated quite contemptuously, as though he were a paralytic -old man. There occurs a passage: “Will and deed are the same thing with -him, and he must be prevented by his archangel, a kind of Ganymede, from -scolding and swearing, because these curses would immediately be fulfilled.” -Making plans is a reproach against my father, dating from a later period in -the development of my critical faculty; just as the whole rebellious, sovereign-offending -dream, with its scoff at high authority, originates in a revolt against -my father. The sovereign is called father of the land (<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Landesvater</span></i>), and -the father is the oldest, first and only authority for the child, from the -absolutism of which the other social authorities have developed in the -course of the history of human civilisation (in so far as the “mother’s right” -does not force a qualification of this thesis). The idea in the dream, “thinking -and experiencing are the same thing,” refers to the explanation of -hysterical symptoms, to which the male urinal (glass) also has a relation. I -need not explain the principle of the “Gschnas” to a Viennese; it consists in -constructing objects of rare and costly appearance out of trifles, and preferably -out of comical and worthless material—for example, making suits of -armour out of cooking utensils, sticks and “salzstangeln” (elongated rolls), as -our artists like to do at their jolly parties. I had now learned that hysterical -subjects do the same thing; besides what has actually occurred to them, they -unconsciously conceive horrible or extravagant fantastic images, which they -construct from the most harmless and commonplace things they have experienced. -The symptoms depend solely upon these phantasies, not upon -the memory of their real experiences, be they serious or harmless. This -explanation helped me to overcome many difficulties and gave me much -pleasure. I was able to allude to it in the dream element “male urinal” (glass) -because I had been told that at the last “Gschnas” evening a poison chalice -of Lucretia Borgia had been exhibited, the chief constituent of which had -consisted of a glass urinal for men, such as is used in hospitals.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBP'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBP'>BP</a>. <em>Cf.</em> the passage in Griesinger<a href='#f31' class='c008'><sup>[31]</sup></a> and the remarks in my second essay on -the “defence-neuropsychoses”—<cite>Selected Papers on Hysteria</cite>, translated by -A. A. Brill.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBQ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBQ'>BQ</a>. In the two sources from which I am acquainted with this dream, the -report of its contents do not agree.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBR'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBR'>BR</a>. An exception is furnished by those cases in which the dreamer utilises -in the expression of his latent dream thoughts the symbols which are -familiar to us.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBS'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBS'>BS</a>. “The Emperor’s New Clothes.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBT'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBT'>BT</a>. The child also appears in the fairy tale, for there a child suddenly -calls: “Why, he hasn’t anything on at all.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBU'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBU'>BU</a>. Ferenczi has reported a number of interesting dreams of nakedness -in women which could be traced to an infantile desire to exhibit, but which -differ in some features from the “typical” dream of nakedness discussed -above.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBV'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBV'>BV</a>. For obvious reasons the presence of the “whole family” in the dream -has the same significance.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBW'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBW'>BW</a>. A supplementary interpretation of this dream: To spit on the stairs, -led me to “esprit d’escalier” by a free translation, owing to the fact that -“Spucken” (English: spit, and also to act like a <em>spook</em>, to haunt) is an occupation -of ghosts. “Stair-wit” is equivalent to lack of quickness at repartee -(German: <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Schlagfertigkeit</span></cite>—readiness to hit back, to strike), with which I -must really reproach myself. Is it a question, however, whether the nurse -was lacking in “readiness to hit”?</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBX'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBX'>BX</a>. <em>Cf.</em> “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Analyse der Phobie eines fünfjährigen Knaben</span>” in the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrbuch -für psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forschungen</span></cite>, vol. i., 1909, and -“Ueber infantile Sexualtheorien,” in <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Sexualprobleme</span></cite>, vol. i., 1908.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBY'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBY'>BY</a>. The three-and-a-half-year-old Hans, whose phobia is the subject of -analysis in the above-mentioned publication, cries during fever shortly after -the birth of his sister: “I don’t want a little sister.” In his neurosis, one -and a half years later, he frankly confesses the wish that the mother should -drop the little one into the bath-tub while bathing it, in order that it may die. -With all this, Hans is a good-natured, affectionate child, who soon becomes -fond of his sister, and likes especially to take her under his protection.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fBZ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rBZ'>BZ</a>. The three-and-a-half-year old Hans embodies his crushing criticism of -his little sister in the identical word (see previous notes). He assumes that -she is unable to speak on account of her lack of teeth.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCA'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCA'>CA</a>. I heard the following idea expressed by a gifted boy of ten, after the -sudden death of his father: “I understand that father is dead, but I cannot -see why he does not come home for supper.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCB'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCB'>CB</a>. At least a certain number of mythological representations. According -to others, emasculation is only practised by Kronos on his father.</p> - -<p class='c006'>With regard to mythological significance of this motive, <em>cf.</em> Otto Rank’s -“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Der Mythus von der Geburt des Helden</span>,” fifth number of <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Schriften zur -angew. Seelenkunde</span></cite>, 1909.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCC'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCC'>CC</a>. Act. i. sc. 2. Translated by George Somers Clark.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCD'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCD'>CD</a>. Another of the great creations of tragic poetry, Shakespeare’s <cite>Hamlet</cite>, -is founded on the same basis as the <cite>Oedipus</cite>. But the whole difference in -the psychic life of the two widely separated periods of civilisation—the age-long -progress of repression in the emotional life of humanity—is made -manifest in the changed treatment of the identical material. In <cite>Oedipus</cite> -the basic wish-phantasy of the child is brought to light and realised as it is -in the dream; in <cite>Hamlet</cite> it remains repressed, and we learn of its existence—somewhat -as in the case of a neurosis—only by the inhibition which -results from it. The fact that it is possible to remain in complete darkness -concerning the character of the hero, has curiously shown itself to be consistent -with the overpowering effect of the modern drama. The play is based upon -Hamlet’s hesitation to accomplish the avenging task which has been assigned -to him; the text does not avow the reasons or motives of this hesitation, nor -have the numerous attempts at interpretation succeeded in giving them. -According to the conception which is still current to-day, and which goes -back to Goethe, Hamlet represents the type of man whose prime energy -is paralysed by over-development of thought activity. (“Sicklied o’er with -the pale cast of thought.”) According to others the poet has attempted to -portray a morbid, vacillating character who is subject to neurasthenia. The -plot of the story, however, teaches us that Hamlet is by no means intended -to appear as a person altogether incapable of action. Twice we see him -asserting himself actively, once in headlong passion, where he stabs the -eavesdropper behind the arras, and on another occasion where he sends the -two courtiers to the death which has been intended for himself—doing this -deliberately, even craftily, and with all the lack of compunction of a prince -of the Renaissance. What is it, then, that restrains him in the accomplishment -of the task which his father’s ghost has set before him? Here the -explanation offers itself that it is the peculiar nature of this task. Hamlet -can do everything but take vengeance upon the man who has put his father -out of the way, and has taken his father’s place with his mother—upon the -man who shows him the realisation of his repressed childhood wishes. The -loathing which ought to drive him to revenge is thus replaced in him by -self-reproaches, by conscientious scruples, which represent to him that he -himself is no better than the murderer whom he is to punish. I have thus -translated into consciousness what had to remain unconscious in the mind -of the hero; if some one wishes to call Hamlet a hysteric subject I cannot -but recognise it as an inference from my interpretation. The sexual disinclination -which Hamlet expresses in conversation with Ophelia, coincides -very well with this view—it is the same sexual disinclination which was to -take possession of the poet more and more during the next few years of his -life, until the climax of it is expressed in <cite>Timon of Athens</cite>. Of course it -can only be the poet’s own psychology with which we are confronted in -<cite>Hamlet</cite>; from a work on Shakespeare by George Brandes (1896), I take -the fact that the drama was composed immediately after the death of -Shakespeare’s father—that is to say, in the midst of recent mourning for -him—during the revival, we may assume, of his childhood emotion towards -his father. It is also known that a son of Shakespeare’s, who died early, -bore the name of Hamnet (identical with Hamlet). Just as <cite>Hamlet</cite> treats -of the relation of the son to his parents, <cite>Macbeth</cite>, which appears subsequently, -is based upon the theme of childlessness. Just as every neurotic -symptom, just as the dream itself, is capable of re-interpretation, and even -requires it in order to be perfectly intelligible, so every genuine poetical -creation must have proceeded from more than one motive, more than one -impulse in the mind of the poet, and must admit of more than one interpretation. -I have here attempted to interpret only the most profound group -of impulses in the mind of the creative poet. The conception of the <cite>Hamlet</cite> -problem contained in these remarks has been later confirmed in a detailed -work based on many new arguments by Dr. Ernest Jones, of Toronto -(Canada). The connection of the <cite>Hamlet</cite> material with the “Mythus von -der Geburt des Helden” has also been demonstrated by O. Rank.—“The -<cite>Oedipus</cite> Complex as an Explanation of <cite>Hamlet’s</cite> Mystery: a Study in Motive” -(<cite>American Journal of Psychology</cite>, January 1910, vol. xxi.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCE'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCE'>CE</a>. Likewise, anything large, over-abundant, enormous, and exaggerated, -may be a childish characteristic. The child knows no more intense wish -than to become big, and to receive as much of everything as grown-ups; the -child is hard to satisfy; it knows no <em>enough</em>, and insatiably demands the -repetition of whatever has pleased it or tasted good to it. It learns to -practise moderation, to be modest and resigned, only through culture and -education. As is well known, the neurotic is also inclined toward immoderation -and excess.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCF'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCF'>CF</a>. While Dr. Jones was delivering a lecture before an American scientific -society, and speaking of egotism in dreams, a learned lady took exception -to this unscientific generalisation. She thought that the lecturer could only -pronounce such judgment on the dreams of Austrians, and had no right to -include the dreams of Americans. As for herself she was sure that all her -dreams were strictly altruistic.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCG'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCG'>CG</a>. According to C. G. Jung, dreams of dental irritation in the case of -women have the significance of parturition dreams.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCH'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCH'>CH</a>. <em>Cf.</em> the “biographic” dream on p. 235.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCI'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCI'>CI</a>. As the dreams of pulling teeth, and teeth falling out, are interpreted -in popular belief to mean the death of a close friend, and as psychoanalysis -can at most only admit of such a meaning in the above indicated parodical -sense, I insert here a dream of dental irritation placed at my disposal by -Otto Rank<a id='r109' /><a href='#f109' class='c008'><sup>[109]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Upon the subject of dreams of dental irritation I have received the -following report from a colleague who has for some time taken a lively -interest in the problems of dream interpretation:</p> - -<p class='c006'><em>I recently dreamed that I went to the dentist who drilled out one of my back -teeth in the lower jaw. He worked so long at it that the tooth became useless. He -then grasped it with the forceps, and pulled it out with such perfect ease that it -astonished me. He said that I should not care about it, as this was not really the -tooth that had been treated; and he put it on the table where the tooth (as it seems -to me now an upper incisor) fell apart into many strata. I arose from the -operating chair, stepped inquisitively nearer, and, full of interest, put a medical -question. While the doctor separated the individual pieces of the strikingly white -tooth and ground them up (pulverised them) with an instrument, he explained -to me that this had some connection with puberty, and that the teeth come out so -easily only before puberty; the decisive moment for this in women is the birth of -a child. I then noticed (as I believe half awake) that this dream was accompanied -by a pollution which I cannot however definitely place at a particular point in -the dream; I am inclined to think that it began with the pulling out of the -tooth.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'><em>I then continued to dream something which I can no longer remember, which -ended with the fact that I had left my hat and coat somewhere (perhaps at the -dentist’s), hoping that they would be brought after me, and dressed only in my -overcoat I hastened to catch a departing train. I succeeded at the last moment -in jumping upon the last car, where someone was already standing. I could not, -however, get inside the car, but was compelled to make the journey in an uncomfortable -position, from which I attempted to escape with final success. We -journeyed through a long tunnel, in which two trains from the opposite direction -passed through our own train as if it were a tunnel. I looked in as from the -outside through a car window.</em></p> - -<p class='c006'>As material for the interpretation of this dream, we obtained the following -experiences and thoughts of the dreamer:—</p> - -<p class='c006'>I. For a short time I had actually been under dental treatment, and at -the time of the dream I was suffering from continual pains in the tooth of -my lower jaw, which was drilled out in the dream, and on which the dentist -had in fact worked longer than I liked. On the forenoon of the day of the -dream I had again gone to the doctor’s on account of the pain, and he had -suggested that I should allow him to pull out another tooth than the one -treated in the same jaw, from which the pain probably came. It was a -‘wisdom tooth’ which was just breaking through. On this occasion, and -in this connection, I had put a question to his conscience as a physician.</p> - -<p class='c006'>II. On the afternoon of the same day I was obliged to excuse myself to -a lady for my irritable disposition on account of the toothache, upon which -she told me that she was afraid to have one of her roots pulled, though the -crown was almost completely gone. She thought that the pulling out of -eye teeth was especially painful and dangerous, although some acquaintance -had told her that this was much easier when it was a tooth of the lower -jaw. It was such a tooth in her case. The same acquaintance also told her -that while under an anæsthetic one of her false teeth had been pulled—a -statement which increased her fear of the necessary operation. She then -asked me whether by eye teeth one was to understand molars or canines, -and what was known about them. I then called her attention to the vein -of superstitions in all these meanings, without however, emphasising the -real significance of some of the popular views. She knew from her own -experience, a very old and general popular belief, according to which <em>if a -pregnant woman has toothache she will give birth to a boy</em>.</p> - -<p class='c006'>III. This saying interested me in its relation to the typical significance -of dreams of dental irritation as a substitute for onanism as maintained by -Freud in his <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Traumdeutung</span></cite> (2nd edition, p. 193), for the teeth and the male -genital (Bub-boy) are brought in certain relations even in the popular -saying. On the evening of the same day I therefore read the passage in -question in the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Traumdeutung</span></cite>, and found there among other things the -statements which will be quoted in a moment, the influence of which on my -dream is as plainly recognisable as the influence of the two above-mentioned -experiences. Freud writes concerning dreams of dental irritation that ‘in -the case of men nothing else than cravings for masturbation from the time -of puberty furnishes the motive power for these dreams,’ p. 193. Further, -‘I am of the opinion that the frequent modifications of the typical dream -of dental irritation—that <em>e.g.</em> of another person drawing the tooth from the -dreamer’s mouth—are made intelligible by means of the same explanation. -It may seem problematic, however, how “dental irritation” can arrive at this -significance. I here call attention to the transference from below to above -(in the dream in question from the lower to the upper jaw), which occurs -so frequently, which is at the service of sexual repression, and by means of -which all kinds of sensations and intentions occurring in hysteria which -ought to be enacted in the genitals can be realised upon less objectionable -parts of the body,’ p. 194. ‘But I must also refer to another connection -contained in an idiomatic expression. In our country there is in use an -indelicate designation for the act of masturbation, namely: To pull one out, -or to pull one down,’ p. 195, 2nd edition. This expression had been familiar -to me in early youth as a designation for onanism, and from here on it will -not be difficult for the experienced dream interpreter to get access to the -infantile material which may lie at the basis of this dream. I only wish -to add that the facility with which the tooth in the dream came out, and -the fact that it became transformed after coming out into an upper incisor, -recalls to me an experience of childhood when I myself easily and painlessly -pulled out one of my wobbling front teeth. This episode, which I can still -to this day distinctly remember with all its details, happened at the same -early period in which my first conscious attempts at onanism began—(Concealing Memory). -The reference of Freud to an assertion of C. G. Jung that dreams of -dental irritation in women signify parturition (footnote p. 194), together -with the popular belief in the significance of toothache in pregnant women, -has established an opposition between the feminine significance and the -masculine (puberty). In this connection I recall an earlier dream which I -dreamed soon after I was discharged by the dentist after the treatment, that -the gold crowns which had just been put in fell out, whereupon I was greatly -chagrined in the dream on account of the considerable expense, concerning -which I had not yet stopped worrying. In view of a certain experience this -dream now becomes comprehensible as a commendation of the material -advantages of masturbation when contrasted with every form of the economically -less advantageous object-love (gold crowns are also Austrian gold -coins).</p> - -<p class='c006'>Theoretically this case seems to show a double interest. First it verifies -the connection revealed by Freud, inasmuch as the ejaculation in the dream -takes place during the act of tooth-pulling. For no matter in what form -a pollution may appear, we are obliged to look upon it as a masturbatic -gratification which takes place without the help of mechanical excitation. -Moreover the gratification by pollution in this case does not take place, as is -usually the case, through an imaginary object, but it is without an object; -and, if one may be allowed to say so, it is purely autoerotic, or at most it -perhaps shows a slight homosexual thread (the dentist).</p> - -<p class='c006'>The second point which seems to be worth mentioning is the following: -The objection is quite obvious that we are seeking here to validate the -Freudian conception in a quite superfluous manner, for the experiences of -the reading itself are perfectly sufficient to explain to us the content of the -dream. The visit to the dentist, the conversation with the lady, and the -reading of the <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Traumdeutung</span></i> are sufficient to explain why the sleeper, who -was also disturbed during the night by toothache, should dream this dream, -it may even explain the removal of the sleep-disturbing pain (by means of -the presentation of the removal of the painful tooth and simultaneous over-accentuation -of the dreaded painful sensation through libido). But no -matter how much of this assumption we may admit, we cannot earnestly -maintain that the readings of Freud’s explanations have produced in the -dreamer the connection of the tooth-pulling with the act of masturbation; -it could not even have been made effective had it not been for the fact, -as the dreamer himself admitted (‘to pull one off’) that this association -had already been formed long ago. What may have still more stimulated -this association in connection with the conversation with the lady is shown -by a later assertion of the dreamer that while reading the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Traumdeutung</span></cite> he -could not, for obvious reasons, believe in this typical meaning of dreams of -dental irritation, and entertained the wish to know whether it held true for -all dreams of this nature. The dream now confirms this at least for his own -person, and shows him why he had to doubt it. The dream is therefore also -in this respect the fulfilment of a wish; namely, to be convinced of the -importance and stability of this conception of Freud.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCJ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCJ'>CJ</a>. A young colleague, who is entirely free from nervousness, tells me in -this connection: “I know from my own experience that while swinging, -and at the moment at which the downward movement had the greatest -impetus, I used to get a curious feeling in my genitals, which I must designate, -although it was not really pleasant to me, as a voluptuous feeling.” -I have often heard from patients that their first erections accompanied by -voluptuous sensations had occurred in boyhood while they were climbing. -It is established with complete certainty by psychoanalyses that the first -sexual impulses have often originated in the scufflings and wrestlings of -childhood.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCK'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCK'>CK</a>. This naturally holds true only for German-speaking dreamers who are -acquainted with the vulgarism “<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">vögeln</span></i>.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCL'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCL'>CL</a>. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Sammlung kl. Schriften zur Neurosenlehre</span></cite>, zweite Folge, 1909.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCM'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCM'>CM</a>. <em>Cf.</em> the author’s <cite>Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory</cite>, translated by -A. A. Brill.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCN'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCN'>CN</a>. W. Stekel, <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Sprache des Traumes</span></cite>, 1911.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCO'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCO'>CO</a>. Alf. Adler, “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Der Psychische Hermaphroditismus im Leben und in der -Neurose</span>,” <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Fortschritte der Medizin</span></cite>, 1910, No. 16, and later works in the -<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse</span></cite>, 1, 1910–1911.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCP'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCP'>CP</a>. I have published a typical example of such a veiled Oedipus dream in -No. 1 of the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse</span></cite>; another with a detailed analysis -was reported in the same journal, No. IV., by Otto Rank. Indeed the -ancients were not unfamiliar with the symbolic interpretation of the open -Oedipus dream (see O. Rank,<a id='r108' /><a href='#f108' class='c008'><sup>[108]</sup></a> p. 534); thus a dream of sexual relations -with the mother has been transmitted to us by Julius Cæsar which the -oneiroscopists interpreted as a favourable omen for taking possession of the -earth (Mother-earth). It is also known that the oracle declared to the -Tarquinii that that one of them would become ruler of Rome who should -first kiss the mother (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">osculum, matri tulerit</span></i>), which Brutus conceived as -referring to the mother-earth (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">terram osculo contigit, scilicet quod ea communia -mater omnium mortalium esset</span></i>, Livius, I., lxi.). These myths and interpretations -point to a correct psychological knowledge. I have found that persons -who consider themselves preferred or favoured by their mothers manifest -in life that confidence in themselves and that firm optimism which often -seems heroic and brings about real success by force.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCQ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCQ'>CQ</a>. It is only of late that I have learned to value the significance of fancies -and unconscious thoughts about life in the womb. They contain the explanation -of the curious fear felt by so many people of being buried alive, -as well as the profoundest unconscious reason for the belief in a life after -death which represents nothing but a projection into the future of this -mysterious life before birth. <em>The act of birth, moreover, is the first experience -with fear, and is thus the source and model of the emotion of fear.</em></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCR'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCR'>CR</a>. For such a dream see Pfister: “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Ein Fall von Psychoanalytischer Seelensorge -und Seelenheilung</span>,” <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Evangelische Freiheit</span></cite>, 1909. Concerning the symbol -of “saving” see my lecture, “Die Zukünftigen Chancen der psychoanalytischen -Therapie,” <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse</span></cite>, No. I., 1910. Also “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Beiträge -zur Psychologie des Liebeslebens, I. Ueber einen besonderen Typus der -objektwahl beim Manne</span>,” <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrbuch</span></cite>, Bleuler-Freud, vol. ii., 1910.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCS'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCS'>CS</a>. <em>Cf.</em> the works of Bleuler and of his pupils Maeder, Abraham, and -others of the Zürich school upon symbolism, and of those authors who are -not physicians (Kleinpaul and others), to which they refer.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCT'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCT'>CT</a>. In this country the President, the Governor, and the Mayor often -represent the father in the dream. (Translator.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCU'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCU'>CU</a>. I may here repeat what I have said in another place (“<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Zukünftigen -Chancen der psychoanalytischen Therapie</span>,” <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse</span></cite>, -I., No. 1 and 2, 1910): “Some time ago I learned that a psychologist -who is unfamiliar with our work remarked to one of my friends that we are -surely over-estimating the secret sexual significance of dreams. He stated -that his most frequent dream was of climbing a stairway, and that there -was surely nothing sexual behind this. Our attention having been called -to this objection, we directed our investigations to the occurrence of stairways, -stairs, and ladders in the dream, and we soon ascertained that stairs -(or anything analogous to them) represent a definite symbol of coitus. The -basis for this comparison is not difficult to find; under rhythmic intervals -and with increasing difficulty in breathing one reaches to a height, and may -come down again in a few rapid jumps. Thus the rhythm of coitus is recognisable -in climbing stairs. Let us not forget to consider the usage of -language. It shows us that the “climbing” or “mounting” is, without -further addition, used as a substitutive designation of the sexual act. In -French the step of the stairway is called “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">la marche</span></i>”; “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">un vieux marcheur</span></i>” -corresponds exactly to our “an old climber.””</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCV'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCV'>CV</a>. In this country where the word “necktie” is almost exclusively used, -the translator has also found it to be a symbol of a burdensome woman -from whom the dreamer longs to be freed—“necktie—something tied to my -neck like a heavy weight—my fiancée,” are the associations from the dream -of a man who eventually broke his marriage engagement.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCW'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCW'>CW</a>. In spite of all the differences between Scherner’s conception of dream -symbolism and the one developed here, I must still assert that Scherner<a href='#f58' class='c008'><sup>[58]</sup></a> -should be recognised as the true discoverer of symbolism in dreams, and that -the experience of psychoanalysis has brought his book into honourable repute -after it had been considered fantastic for about fifty years.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCX'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCX'>CX</a>. From “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Nachträge zur Traumdeutung</span>,” <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse</span></cite>, I., -No. 5 and 6, 1911.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCY'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCY'>CY</a>. “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Beiträge zur Traumdeutung</span>,” <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrbuch für Psychoanalyt. und psychop. -Forsch.</span></cite>, Bd. I., 1909, p. 473. Here also (p. 475) a dream is reported in -which a hat with a feather standing obliquely in the middle symbolises the -(impotent) man.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fCZ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rCZ'>CZ</a>. <em>Cf.</em> <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse</span></cite>, I.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDA'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDA'>DA</a>. Or chapel-vagina.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDB'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDB'>DB</a>. Symbol of coitus.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDC'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDC'>DC</a>. Mons veneris.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDD'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDD'>DD</a>. Crines pubis.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDE'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDE'>DE</a>. Demons in cloaks and capucines are, according to the explanation of -a man versed in the subject, of a phallic nature.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDF'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDF'>DF</a>. The two halves of the scrotum.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDG'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDG'>DG</a>. See <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse</span></cite>, vol. i., p. 2.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDH'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDH'>DH</a>. This Hebrew word is well known in German-speaking countries, even -among non-Jews, and signifies an unlucky, awkward person. (Translator.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDI'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDI'>DI</a>. In estimating this description of the author one may recall the significance -of stairway dreams, referred to on p. 246.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDJ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDJ'>DJ</a>. The fantastic nature of the situation relating to the nurse of the -dreamer is shown by the objectively ascertained circumstance that the nurse -in this case was his mother. Furthermore, I may call attention to the -regret of the young man in the anecdote (p. 172), that he had not taken -better advantage of his opportunity with the nurse as probably the source -of the present dream.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDK'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDK'>DK</a>. This is the real inciter of the dream.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDL'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDL'>DL</a>. By way of supplement. Such books are poison to a young girl. She -herself in youth had drawn much information from forbidden books.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDM'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDM'>DM</a>. A further train of thought leads to <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Penthesileia</span></cite> by the same author: -cruelty towards her lover.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDN'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDN'>DN</a>. Given by translator as author’s example could not be translated.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDO'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDO'>DO</a>. The same analysis and synthesis of syllables—a veritable chemistry of -syllables—serves us for many a jest in waking life. “What is the cheapest -method of obtaining silver? You go to a field where silver-berries are -growing and pick them; then the berries are eliminated and the silver -remains in a free state.” The first person who read and criticised this book -made the objection to me—which other readers will probably repeat—“that -the dreamer often appears too witty.” That is true, as long as it applies -to the dreamer; it involves a condemnation only when its application is -extended to the interpreter of the dream. In waking reality I can make -very little claim to the predicate “witty”; if my dreams appear witty, this -is not the fault of my individuality, but of the peculiar psychological conditions -under which the dream is fabricated, and is intimately connected -with the theory of wit and the comical. The dream becomes witty because -the shortest and most direct way to the expression of its thoughts is barred -for it: the dream is under constraint. My readers may convince themselves -that the dreams of my patients give the impression of being witty (attempting -to be witty), in the same degree and in a greater than my own. -Nevertheless this reproach impelled me to compare the technique of wit -with the dream activity, which I have done in a book published in 1905, -on <cite>Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious</cite>. (Author.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDP'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDP'>DP</a>. Lasker died of progressive paralysis, that is of the consequences of an -infection caught from a woman (lues); Lasalle, as is well known, was killed -in a duel on account of a lady.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDQ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDQ'>DQ</a>. In the case of a young man who was suffering from obsessions, but -whose intellectual functions were intact and highly developed, I recently -found the only exception to this rule. The speeches which occurred in his -dreams did not originate in speeches which he had heard or had made himself, -but corresponded to the undisfigured wording of his obsessive thoughts, -which only came to his consciousness in a changed state while he was awake.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDR'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDR'>DR</a>. Psychic intensity, value, and emphasis due to the interest of an idea -are, of course, to be kept distinct from sensational intensity, and from intensity -of that which is conceived.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDS'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDS'>DS</a>. Since I consider this reference of dream disfigurement to the censor -as the essence of my dream theory, I here insert the latter portion of a story -“<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Traumen wie Wachen</span>” from <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Phantasien eines Realisten</span></i>, by Lynkus, Vienna, -(second edition, 1900), in which I find this chief feature of my theory -reproduced:—</p> - -<p class='c006'>“Concerning a man who possesses the remarkable quality of never dreaming -nonsense....”</p> - -<p class='c006'>“Your marvellous characteristic of dreaming as you wake is based upon -your virtues, upon your goodness, your justice, and your love for truth; it -is the moral clearness of your nature which makes everything about you -intelligible.”</p> - -<p class='c006'>“But if you think the matter over carefully,” replied the other, “I -almost believe that all people are created as I am, and that no human being -ever dreams nonsense! A dream which is so distinctly remembered that it -can be reproduced, which is therefore no dream of delirium, <em>always</em> has a -meaning; why, it cannot be otherwise! For that which is in contradiction -with itself can never be grouped together as a whole. The fact that time -and space are often thoroughly shaken up detracts nothing from the real -meaning of the dream, because neither of them has had any significance -whatever for its essential contents. We often do the same thing in waking -life; think of the fairy-tale, of many daring and profound phantastic creations, -about which only an ignorant person would say: ‘That is nonsense! -For it is impossible.’”</p> - -<p class='c006'>“If it were only always possible to interpret dreams correctly, as you -have just done with mine!” said the friend.</p> - -<p class='c006'>“That is certainly not an easy task, but the dreamer himself ought -always to succeed in doing it with a little concentration of attention.... -You ask why it is generally impossible? Your dreams seem to conceal -something secret, something unchaste of a peculiar and higher nature, a -certain mystery in your nature which cannot easily be revealed by thought; -and it is for that reason that your dreaming seems so often to be without -meaning, or even to be a contradiction. But in the profoundest sense this -is by no means the case; indeed it cannot be true at all, for it is always the -same person, whether he is asleep or awake.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDT'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDT'>DT</a>. I have since given the complete analysis and synthesis of two dreams in -the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Bruchstueck einer Hysterieanalyse</span></cite>, 1905.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDU'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDU'>DU</a>. From a work of K. Abel, <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Der Gegensinn der Urworte</span></cite>, 1884 (see my -review of it in the Bleuler-Freud <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrbuch</span></cite>, II., 1910), I learned with surprise -a fact which is confirmed by other philologists, that the oldest languages -behaved in this regard quite like the dream. They originally had only one -word for both extremes in a series of qualities or activities (strong—weak, -old—young, far—near, to tie—to separate), and formed separate designations -for the two extremes only secondarily through slight modifications of -the common primitive word. Abel demonstrated these relationships with -rare exceptions in the old Egyptian, and he was able to show distinct -remnants of the same development in the Semitic and Indo-Germanic -languages.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDV'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDV'>DV</a>. If I do not know behind which of the persons which occur in the -dream I am to look for my ego, I observe the following rule: That person in -the dream who is subject to an emotion which I experience while asleep, -is the one that conceals my ego.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDW'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDW'>DW</a>. The hysterical attack sometimes uses the same device—the inversion of -time-relations—for the purpose of concealing its meaning from the spectator. -The attack of a hysterical girl, for example, consists in enacting a little -romance, which she has unconsciously fancied in connection with an encounter -in the street car. A man, attracted by the beauty of her foot, addresses -her while she is reading, whereupon she goes with him and experiences a -stormy love scene. Her attack begins with the representation of this scene -in writhing movements of the body (accompanied by motions of the lips to -signify kissing, entwining of the arms for embraces), whereupon she hurries -into another room, sits down in a chair, lifts her skirt in order to show her -foot, acts as though she were about to read a book, and speaks to me -(answers me).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDX'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDX'>DX</a>. Accompanying hysterical symptoms: Failure to menstruate and profound -depression, which was the chief ailment of the patient.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDY'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDY'>DY</a>. A reference to a childhood experience is after complete analysis shown -to exist by the following intermediaries: “The Moor has done his duty, -the Moor <em>may go</em>.” And then follows the waggish question: “How old is -the Moor when he has done his duty? One year. Then he may go.” (It -is said that I came into the world with so much black curly hair that my -young mother declared me to be a Moor.) The circumstance that I do not -find my hat is an experience of the day which has been turned to account -with various significations. Our servant, who is a genius at stowing away -things, had hidden the hat. A suppression of sad thoughts about death is -also concealed behind the conclusion of the dream: “I have not nearly done -my duty yet; I may not go yet.” Birth and death, as in the dream that -occurred shortly before about Goethe and the paralytic (p. 345).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fDZ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rDZ'>DZ</a>. Cf. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewussten</span></cite>, 2nd edit. 1912, and -“word-bridges,” in the solutions of neurotic symptoms.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEA'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEA'>EA</a>. In general it is doubtful in the interpretation of every element of the -dream whether it—</p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>a</em>) is to be regarded as having a negative or a positive sense (relation of -opposition);</p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>b</em>) is to be interpreted historically (as a reminiscence);</p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>c</em>) is symbolic; or whether</p> - -<p class='c006'>(<em>d</em>) its valuation is to be based upon the sound of its verbal expression.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In spite of this manifold signification, it may be said that the representation -of the dream activity does not impose upon the translator any greater -difficulties than the ancient writers of hieroglyphics imposed upon their -readers.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEB'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEB'>EB</a>. For the interpretation of this preliminary dream, which is to be regarded -as “casual,” see p. 292.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEC'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEC'>EC</a>. Her career.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fED'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rED'>ED</a>. High birth, the wish contrast to the preliminary dream.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEE'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEE'>EE</a>. A composite image, which unites two localities, the so-called garret -(German <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Boden</span></i>—floor, garret) of her father’s house, in which she played -with her brother, the object of her later fancies, and the garden of a malicious -uncle, who used to tease her.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEF'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEF'>EF</a>. Wish contrast to an actual memory of her uncle’s garden, to the effect -that she used to expose herself while she was asleep.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEG'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEG'>EG</a>. Just as the angel bears a lily stem in the Annunciation.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEH'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEH'>EH</a>. For the explanation of this composite image, see p. 296; innocence, -menstruation, Camille.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEI'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEI'>EI</a>. Referring to the plurality of the persons who serve the purpose of her -fancy.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEJ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEJ'>EJ</a>. Whether it is permitted to “pull one off,” <em>i.e.</em> to masturbate.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEK'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEK'>EK</a>. The bough has long since been used to represent the male genital, -and besides that it contains a very distinct allusion to the family name of -the dreamer.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEL'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEL'>EL</a>. Refers to matrimonial precautions, as does that which follows.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEM'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEM'>EM</a>. An analogous “biographical” dream was reported on p. 252, as the -third of the examples of dream symbolism; a second example is the one -fully reported by Rank<a href='#f106' class='c008'><sup>[106]</sup></a> under the title “Traum der sich selbst deutet”; -for another one which must be read in the “opposite direction,” see Stekel<a href='#f114' class='c008'><sup>[114]</sup></a>, -p. 486.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEN'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEN'>EN</a>. Given by translator as author’s example could not be translated.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEO'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEO'>EO</a>. The neurosis also proceeds in the same manner. I know a patient who -involuntarily—contrary to her own wishes—hears (hallucinatory) songs or -fragments of songs without being able to understand their meaning to her -psychic life. She is surely not a paranoiac. Analysis showed that she -wrongly utilised the text of these songs by means of a certain license. “Oh -thou blissful one, Oh thou happy one,” is the beginning of a Christmas song. -By not continuing it to the word “Christmas time” she makes a bridal song -out of it, &c. The same mechanism of disfigurement may take place also -without hallucinations as a mere mental occurrence.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEP'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEP'>EP</a>. As a contribution to the over-determination: My excuse for coming -late was that after working late at night I had in the morning to make the -long journey from Kaiser Josef Street to Waehringer Street.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEQ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEQ'>EQ</a>. In addition Cæsar—Kaiser.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fER'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rER'>ER</a>. I have forgotten in what author I found a dream mentioned that was -overrun with unusually small figures, the source of which turned out to be -one of the engravings of Jacques Callot, which the dreamer had looked at -during the day. These engravings contained an enormous number of -very small figures; a series of them treats of the horrors of the Thirty -Years’ War.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fES'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rES'>ES</a>. The frequency with which in the dream dead persons appear as living, -act, and deal with us, has called forth undue astonishment and given rise to -strange explanations, from which our ignorance of the dream becomes strikingly -evident. And yet the explanation for these dreams lies very close at -hand. How often we have occasion to think: “<em>If</em> father were still alive, -what would he say to it?” The dream can express this <em>if</em> in no other way -than by present time in a definite situation. Thus, for instance, a young -man, whose grandfather has left him a great inheritance, dreams that his -grandfather is alive and demands an accounting of him, upon an occasion -when the young man had been reproached for making too great an expenditure -of money. What we consider a resistance to the dream—the objection -made by our better knowledge, that after all the man is already dead—is in -reality a consolation, because the dead person did not have this or that experience, -or satisfaction at the knowledge that he has nothing more to say.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Another form of absurdity found in dreams of deceased relatives does -not express folly and absurdity, but serves to represent the most extreme -rejection; as the representation of a repressed thought which one would -gladly have appear as something least thought of. Dreams of this kind are -only solvable if one recalls that the dream makes no distinction between -things desired and realities. Thus, for example, a man who nursed his father -during his sickness, and who felt his death very keenly, sometime afterward -dreamed the following senseless dream: <em>The father was again living, and -conversed with him as usual, but</em> (the remarkable thing about it) <em>he had nevertheless -died, though he did not know it</em>. This dream can be understood if after -“he had nevertheless died,” one inserts <em>in consequence of the dreamer’s wish, -and</em> if after “but he did not know it” one adds <em>that the dreamer has entertained -this wish</em>. While nursing his father, the son often wishes his father’s -death; <em>i.e.</em> he entertained the really compassionate desire that death finally -put an end to his suffering. While mourning after his death, this very wish -of compassion became an unconscious reproach, as if it had really contributed -to shorten the life of the sick man. Through the awakening of early -infantile feelings against the father, it became possible to express this reproach -as a dream; and it was just because of the world-wide contrast -between the dream inciter and day thought that this dream had to come out -so absurdly (<em>cf.</em> with this, “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Formulierungen über die zwei Prinzipien des -seelischen Geschehens,” <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrbuch</span></cite>, Bleuler-Freud, III, 1, 1911</span>).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fET'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rET'>ET</a>. Here the dream activity parodies the thought which it designates as -ridiculous, in that it creates something ridiculous in relation to it. Heine -does something similar when he tries to mock the bad rhymes of the King -of Bavaria. He does it in still worse rhymes:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c013'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Herr Ludwig ist ein grosser Poet</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Und singt er, so stuerzt Apollo</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Vor ihm auf die Knie und bittet und fleht,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">‘Halt ein, ich werde sonst toll oh!’</span>”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEU'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEU'>EU</a>. Note the resemblance of <em>Geseres</em> and <em>Ungeseres</em> to the German words -for salted and unsalted—<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">gesalzen</span></i> and <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">ungesalzen</span></i>; also to the German words -for soured and unsoured—<em>gesauert</em> and <em>ungesauert</em>. (Translator.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEV'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEV'>EV</a>. This dream also furnishes a good example for the general thesis that -dreams of the same night, even though they be separated in memory, spring -from the same thought material. The dream situation in which I am -rescuing my children from the city of Rome, moreover, is disfigured by a -reference to an episode belonging to my childhood. The meaning is that I -envy certain relatives who years ago had occasion to transplant their -children to another soil.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEW'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEW'>EW</a>. This German expression is equivalent to our saying “You are not -responsible for that,” or “That has not been acquired through your own -efforts.” (Translator.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEX'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEX'>EX</a>. The injunction or purpose contained in the dream, “I must tell -that to the doctor,” which occurs in dreams that are dreamed in the -course of psychoanalytical treatment, regularly corresponds to a great -resistance to the confession involved in the dream, and is not infrequently -followed by forgetting of the dream.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEY'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEY'>EY</a>. A subject about which an extensive discussion has taken place in -the volumes of the <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue Philosophique</span></cite>—(Paramnesia in the Dream).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fEZ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rEZ'>EZ</a>. These results correct in several respects my earlier statements -concerning the representation of logical relations (p. 290). The latter -described the general conditions of dream activity, but they did not take -into consideration its finest and most careful performances.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFA'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFA'>FA</a>. Stanniol, allusion to <em>Stannius</em>, the nervous system of fishes; <em>cf.</em> p. 325.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFB'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFB'>FB</a>. The place in the corridor of my apartment house where the baby -carriages of the other tenants stand; it is also otherwise several times -over-determined.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFC'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFC'>FC</a>. This description is not intelligible even to myself, but I follow the -principle of reproducing the dream in those words which occur to me -while I am writing it down. The wording itself is a part of the dream -representation.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFD'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFD'>FD</a>. Schiller was not born in one of the Marburgs, but in Marbach, as -every graduate of a Gymnasium knows, and as I also knew. This again is -one of those errors (<em>cf.</em> p. 165) which are included as substitutes for an -intended deception at another place—an explanation of which I have -attempted in the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Psychopathologie des Alltagslebens</span></cite>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFE'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFE'>FE</a>. As analogy to this, I have since explained the extraordinary effect of -pleasure produced by “tendency” wit.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFF'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFF'>FF</a>. It is this fancy from the unconscious dream thoughts which peremptorily -demands <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">non vivit</span></i> instead of <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">non vixit</span></i>. “You have come too late, he -is no longer alive.” The fact that the manifest situation also tends -towards “non vivit” has been mentioned on page 334.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFG'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFG'>FG</a>. It is striking that the name Joseph plays such a large part in my -dreams (see the dream about my uncle). I can hide my ego in the dream -behind persons of this name with particular ease, for Joseph was the name -of the <em>dream interpreter</em> in the Bible.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFH'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFH'>FH</a>. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Rêve, petit roman</span>—day-dream, story.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFI'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFI'>FI</a>. I have analysed a good example of a dream of this kind having its -origin in the stratification of several phantasies, in the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Bruchstück einer -Hysterie Analyse</span></cite>, 1905. Moreover I undervalued the significance of such -phantasies for dream formation, as long as I was working chiefly with my -own dreams, which were based rarely upon day dreams, most frequently -upon discussions and mental conflicts. With other persons it is often -much easier to prove the <em>full analogy between the nocturnal dream and the day -dream</em>. It is often possible in an hysterical patient to replace an attack by -a dream; it is then obvious that the phantasy of day dreams is the first -step for both psychic formations.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFJ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFJ'>FJ</a>. See the <cite>Psychopathology of Everyday Life</cite>, 4th ed., 1912. (English -translation in preparation.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFK'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFK'>FK</a>. Concerning the object of forgetting in general, see the <cite>Psychopathology -of Everyday Life</cite>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFL'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFL'>FL</a>. Translated by A. A. Brill, appearing under the title <cite>Selected Papers on -Hysteria</cite>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFM'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFM'>FM</a>. Jung has brilliantly corroborated this statement by analyses of -Dementia Praecox. (<cite>The Psychology of Dementia Praecox</cite>, translated by -F. Peterson and A. A. Brill.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFN'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFN'>FN</a>. The same considerations naturally hold true also for the case where -superficial associations are exposed in the dream, as, <em>e.g.</em>, in both dreams reported -by Maury (p. 50, <em>pélerinage</em>—<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">pelletier</span></i>—<em>pelle</em>, <em>kilometer</em>—<em>kilogram</em>—<em>gilolo</em>, -<em>Lobelia</em>—<em>Lopez</em>—<em>Lotto</em>). I know from my work with neurotics what kind of -reminiscence preferentially represents itself in this manner. It is the -consultation of encyclopædias by which most people pacify their desire for -explanation of the sexual riddle during the period of curiosity in puberty.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFO'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFO'>FO</a>. The above sentences, which when written sounded very improbable, -have since been justified experimentally by Jung and his pupils in the -<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Diagnostische Assoziationsstudien</span></cite>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFP'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFP'>FP</a>. <cite>Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses</cite>, p. 165, translated -by A. A. Brill (<cite>Journal Mental and Nervous Disease</cite> Publishing Co.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFQ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFQ'>FQ</a>. The German word “Dutzendmensch” (a man of dozens) which the -young lady wished to use in order to express her real opinion of her friend’s -fiancé, denotes a person with whom figures are everything. (Translator.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFR'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFR'>FR</a>. They share this character of indestructibility with all psychic acts -that are really unconscious—that is, with psychic acts belonging to the -system of the unconscious only. These paths are constantly open and -never fall into disuse; they conduct the discharge of the exciting process -as often as it becomes endowed with unconscious excitement. To speak -metaphorically they suffer the same form of annihilation as the shades of -the lower region in the <cite>Odyssey</cite>, who awoke to new life the moment -they drank blood. The processes depending on the foreconscious system -are destructible in a different way. The psychotherapy of the neuroses is -based on this difference.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFS'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFS'>FS</a>. Le Lorrain justly extols the wish-fulfilment of the dream: “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Sans -fatigue sérieuse, sans être obligé de recourir à cette lutte opiniâtre et -longue qui use et corrode les jouissances poursuivies.</span>”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFT'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFT'>FT</a>. This idea has been borrowed from <cite>The Theory of Sleep</cite> by Liébault, who -revived hypnotic investigation in our days. (<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Du Sommeil provoqué</span></cite>, etc.; -Paris, 1889.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFU'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFU'>FU</a>. The German of the word <em>bird</em> is “Vogel,” which gives origin to the -vulgar expression “vöglen,” denoting sexual intercourse. (Trans. note.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFV'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFV'>FV</a>. The italics are my own, though the meaning is plain enough without -them.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFW'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFW'>FW</a>. The italics are mine.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFX'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFX'>FX</a>. <em>Cf.</em> the significant observations by J. Breuer in our <cite>Studies on Hysteria</cite>, -1895, and 2nd ed. 1909.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFY'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFY'>FY</a>. Here, as in other places, there are gaps in the treatment of the -subject, which I have left intentionally, because to fill them up would -require on the one hand too great effort, and on the other hand an -extensive reference to material that is foreign to the dream. Thus I have -avoided stating whether I connect with the word “suppressed” another -sense than with the word “repressed.” It has been made clear only that -the latter emphasizes more than the former the relation to the unconscious. -I have not entered into the cognate problem why the dream -thoughts also experience distortion by the censor when they abandon the -progressive continuation to consciousness and choose the path of regression. -I have been above all anxious to awaken an interest in the problems to -which the further analysis of the dream-work leads and to indicate the -other themes which meet these on the way. It was not always easy to -decide just where the pursuit should be discontinued. That I have not -treated exhaustively the part played in the dream by the psychosexual life -and have avoided the interpretation of dreams of an obvious sexual content -is due to a special reason which may not come up to the reader’s expectation. -To be sure, it is very far from my ideas and the principles expressed by -me in neuropathology to regard the sexual life as a “pudendum” which -should be left unconsidered by the physician and the scientific investigator. -I also consider ludicrous the moral indignation which prompted the -translator of Artemidoros of Daldis to keep from the reader’s knowledge -the chapter on sexual dreams contained in the <cite>Symbolism of the Dreams</cite>. As -for myself, I have been actuated solely by the conviction that in the -explanation of sexual dreams I should be bound to entangle myself deeply -in the still unexplained problems of perversion and bisexuality; and for -that reason I have reserved this material for another connection.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fFZ'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rFZ'>FZ</a>. The dream is not the only phenomenon tending to base psychopathology -on psychology. In a short series of unfinished articles -(“Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie” entitled <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Über den -psychischen Mechanismus der Vergesslichkeit</span></cite>, 1898, and <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Über Deckerinnerungen</span></cite>, -1899) I attempt to interpret a number of psychic manifestations from -everyday life in support of the same conception. These and other articles -on “Forgetting,” “Lapse of Speech,” &c., have since been published collectively -under the title of <cite>Psychopathology of Everyday Life</cite>, 1904 and 1907, of -which an English translation will shortly appear.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fGA'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rGA'>GA</a>. “The Conception of the Unconscious in Psychology”: Lecture -delivered at the Third International Congress of Psychology at Munich, -1897.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fGB'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rGB'>GB</a>. <em>Cf.</em> here (p. 82) the dream (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Σα-τυρος</span>) of Alexander the Great at the -siege of Tyrus.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='fGC'> -<p class='c006'><a href='#rGC'>GC</a>. Professor Ernst Oppenheim (Vienna) has shown me from folk-lore -material that there is a class of dreams for which even the people drop the -expectation of future interpretation, and which they trace in a perfectly -correct manner to wish feelings and wants arising during sleep. He will -in the near future fully report upon these dreams, which for the most part -are in the form of “funny stories.”</p> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='small'>Printed by <span class='sc'>Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.</span></span></div> - <div><span class='small'>Edinburgh & London.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c003' /> -</div> -<div class='tnotes x-ebookmaker'> - -<div class='chapter ph2'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c012'> - <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - - <ol class='ol_1 c002'> - <li>Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - - </li> - <li>Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. - - </li> - <li>Not all numbered items in the Literary Index have corresponding crossreferences in - the text. - - </li> - <li>Footnotes were re-indexed using letters and collected together at the end of the last - chapter. - </li> - </ol> - -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. -</div> - -<div style='margin:0.83em 0; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE<br /> -<span style='font-size:smaller'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br /> -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</span> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person -or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the -Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when -you share it without charge with others. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work -on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the -phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: -</div> - -<blockquote> - <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most - other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions - whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms - of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online - at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you - are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws - of the country where you are located before using this eBook. - </div> -</blockquote> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg™ License. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format -other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain -Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -provided that: -</div> - -<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'> - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation.” - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ - works. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. - </div> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right -of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread -public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state -visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. -</div> - -</div> - </body> - <!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57c on 2021-08-11 00:24:59 GMT --> -</html> |