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diff --git a/old/65985-h/65985-h.htm b/old/65985-h/65985-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 5c37407..0000000 --- a/old/65985-h/65985-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3117 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - Chambers’s Journal, by Various—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -.ph3{ - text-align: center; - font-size: large; - font-weight: bold; -} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } -hr.full {width: 95%; margin-left: 2.5%; margin-right: 2.5%;} - - -.header {text-align: center; margin-top: 0;} -.header p {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} -.header .floatl {float: left;} -.header .floatr {float: right;} -.header .floatc {padding-top: .5em;} - -@media handheld -{ -.header {text-align: center; margin-top: 0;} -.header p {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} -.header .floatl {float: left;} -.header .floatr {float: right;} -.header .floatc {padding-top: .5em;} -} - - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} /* page numbers */ - - -.right {text-align: right;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -.allsmcap {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;} - - -/* Images */ - -img { - max-width: 100%; - height: auto; -} -img.w100 {width: 100%;} - - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnotes {border: 1px dashed;} - -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -/* Poetry */ -.poetry-container {text-align: center;} -.poetry {text-align: left; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;} -/* uncomment the next line for centered poetry in browsers */ - .poetry {display: inline-block;} -.poetry .stanza {margin: 1em auto;} -.poetry .verse {text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em;} -/* large inline blocks don't split well on paged devices */ -@media print { .poetry {display: block;} } -.x-ebookmaker .poetry {display: block;} - -/* Poetry indents */ -.poetry .indent0 {text-indent: -3em;} -.poetry .indent2 {text-indent: -2em;} - - - </style> - </head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, Fifth Series, No. 31, Vol. I, August 2, 1884, by Various</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, Fifth Series, No. 31, Vol. I, August 2, 1884</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Various</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: August 3, 2021 [eBook #65985]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Susan Skinner, Eric Hutton and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL OF POPULAR LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART, FIFTH SERIES, NO. 31, VOL. I, AUGUST 2, 1884 ***</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_481">{481}</span></p> - -<h1>CHAMBERS’S JOURNAL<br /> -OF<br /> -POPULAR<br /> -LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART.</h1> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak">CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<p class='center'> - - -<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. --> - -<a href="#BIRD_MIGRATION">BIRD MIGRATION.</a><br /> -<a href="#BY_MEAD_AND_STREAM">BY MEAD AND STREAM.</a><br /> -<a href="#ANCIENT_ROCK-HEWN_EDICTS">ANCIENT ROCK-HEWN EDICTS.</a><br /> -<a href="#A_RUN_FOR_LIFE">A RUN FOR LIFE.</a><br /> -<a href="#FAMILIAR_SKETCHES_OF_ENGLISH_LAW">FAMILIAR SKETCHES OF ENGLISH LAW.</a><br /> -<a href="#HEROINES">HEROINES.</a><br /> -<a href="#ARMY_SCHOOLS">ARMY SCHOOLS.</a><br /> -<a href="#LIGHTING_COLLIERIES_BY_ELECTRICITY">LIGHTING COLLIERIES BY ELECTRICITY.</a><br /> -<a href="#A_LAST_GOOD-NIGHT">A LAST ‘GOOD-NIGHT.’</a><br /> - -<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. --> - -</p> - - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter w100" id="header" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/header.jpg" alt="Chambers’s Journal of Popular Literature, Science, -and Art. Fifth Series. Established by William and Robert Chambers, 1832. Conducted by R. Chambers (Secundus)." /> -</div> - - -<hr class="full" /> -<div class="center"> -<div class="header"> -<p class="floatl"><span class="smcap">No. 31.—Vol. I.</span></p> -<p class="floatr"><span class="smcap">Price</span> 1½<em>d.</em></p> -<p class="floatc">SATURDAY, AUGUST 2, 1884.</p> -</div></div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="BIRD_MIGRATION">BIRD MIGRATION.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> migration of birds is a subject that has -excited the attention of naturalists of all nations -from very early times, and many theories have -been advanced to account for the mysterious -periodical movements that take place among the -feathered tribes, although it can hardly be said -there is one which fully explains these movements. -Some writers affirm that they are -entirely due to temperature; others, that they -are caused by a want of food; while others, again, -assert that they are traceable, within certain -limits, to a hereditary impulse which guides birds -in following lines of flight over seas where at one -time all was land.</p> - -<p>There can be no doubt that originally, birds, -like other animals, were actuated to a great -extent in their periodical shiftings by the main -considerations of food and temperature. As -familiar examples of this, we have only to -remember that species which are reared within -the Arctic Circle are compelled to quit their -birthplaces as soon as the brief summer is past—their -haunts becoming wrapped in snow, and -their feeding-grounds converted into a dreary -expanse of ice; while in our own country, every -one knows that swallows and other soft-billed -birds are obliged to leave us at the close of -autumn, and repair to climes where there is -not only greater warmth but abundance of insect -life, on which their subsistence depends.</p> - -<p>Another theory, however, may be adverted to, -as showing the phenomena in a more suggestive -and poetical light—namely, that put forward by -the aged Swedish poet Runeberg, who believes -that birds, in undertaking their vast and toilsome -journeys, are solely influenced by their longing for -light. When the days become shorter in the -north, birds make up their minds to go southwards; -but as soon as the long northern days -of summer set in, ‘with all their luminous and -long-drawn hours,’ the winged hosts return to their -old haunts. There is evidently something in this -theory, because, in the case of the insectivorous -birds, there is little diminution of food in their -southern hunting-grounds to compel them to -seek a change; and even with regard to marine -birds, it seems quite possible that fishes and -other migratory creatures in the sea on which -they prey are influenced to a great extent by -some such impulse as this theory indicates. The -longing after light, moreover, is well exemplified -in imprisoned plants, which, though firmly rooted -in the ground, instinctively strain towards -the light, and spread upwards in search of an -outlet from the surrounding darkness. The -Swedish poet, therefore, may, after all, be nearer -the truth than some naturalists are willing to -allow.</p> - -<p>But whatever may be the true theory, it is -certain that at the close of each summer, whether -it be within the Arctic Circle or in the temperate -region of Britain, where observations are now -being made, vast flights of birds are seen passing -southwards, and again in early spring proceeding -northwards, with unvarying regularity; and it -has consequently become a matter of considerable -interest to ornithologists, as well as to naturalists -at large, to record such observations as may help -to throw light upon the question as to what -species share in the general migration and how -their movements appear to be influenced.</p> - -<p>In <i>Chambers’s Journal</i> for December 1876, a -suggestion was made that the light-keepers of -our lighthouses might be enlisted in the cause -of science by making notes of their observations -concerning birds and other animals, as by that -means new facts would certainly be added to our -stores of knowledge; and Messrs J. A. Harvie -Brown and John Cordeaux—two well-known -ornithologists—subsequently undertook of their -own accord the circulation of carefully prepared -schedules among the keepers of lighthouses -and lightships situated on the English and -Scottish coasts, with a view to investigate the -migratory movements of birds. The results, -which were both interesting and valuable, were -published in the <i>Zoologist</i> for 1880, but were -immediately thereafter reprinted in a convenient<span class="pagenum" id="Page_482">{482}</span> -form for reference. Subsequently, it was found -that the scheme was somewhat beyond the limits -of private enterprise, and application for aid was -therefore made to the British Association at its -meeting at Swansea, in the autumn of the same -year. This led to the appointment of a Committee -of Naturalists, whose Report, issued in -1881 (London: Sonnenschein and Allen), was -so encouraging, that when the Association again -met at York, a larger Committee was appointed, -and a wider interest given to the investigations -by their extension to the coasts of Ireland. A -subsequent Report on the migration of birds, -containing a mass of interesting information on -the points referred to, has recently been issued -as the work of this Committee; and judging -from its contents, it may reasonably be expected -that the results of such investigations will -become more and more important as the work -proceeds.</p> - -<p>From the returns given by the light-keepers, -it would appear that birds, prior to crossing -the ocean, follow closely the coast-line in their -journeyings, and that during the two periods -named, a continuous stream passes to and from -their summer quarters, broken, it may be, by -a sudden change of wind or other vicissitude -of weather, and thus causing ‘throbs’ or -‘rushes,’ as they have been termed, but steady -as a rule—the hereditary impulse being too -powerful to admit of anything but a temporary -deviation or delay on these great highways of -migration.</p> - -<p>It seems strange that while such movements -are taking place, persons resident but a few miles -inland may be unaware of the winged multitudes -that in this way pass within a short distance of -their homes. Yet a great deal of information -may be gathered by close observers who are -willing to visit the seacoast at daybreak about -the time the birds are on the move. The present -writer well remembers seeing large flights of birds -of different species arriving in early spring on the -shores of East Lothian for a succession of years. -Among these, the swallows were conspicuous even -at some distance out at sea, the main body passing -northwards in undeviating flight, while numerous -detachments left it and came landwards, to -people the haunts in the country which they -had occupied the previous year. The same was -observed in the case of wheatears, redstarts, and -golden-crested wrens—the last-named being particularly -interesting from their tiny size. Occasionally -goldcrests would come in great numbers, -and immediately on alighting, would flutter in -the morning sunlight among the rocks and walls -near high-water mark in search of insect prey, -paying no heed to the presence of any one -watching their motions. Again, in the autumn -months, buzzards, owls, and woodcock would -arrive simultaneously, and pitch upon the rocks -at low water, as if glad to touch the nearest -land; and even wood-pigeons (supposed by the -country folks to come from Norway), which -delight only in dense woods and fertile fields, -and which suddenly appear in vast numbers -in severe British winters, settled in crowds upon -the stony beach without any preliminary survey -of the ground. Observations like these can be -made on almost any part of the east of Scotland, -and it is gratifying to find them verified -in a remarkable degree by the returns from -the light-keepers, which not only show the closeness -with which birds follow the coast-line, but -also indicate the points of land from which they -speed seawards in their adventurous flight. Thus, -it is found that arrivals and departures take -place at Spurn Point and on the coast of Forfarshire—the -inference being, if the theory of -a former land-communication be true, that an -ancient coast-line must have extended east or -north-eastward probably from Holderness to -Southern Scandinavia and the mouth of the -Baltic. There is also reason to believe that -similar points of arrival and departure exist in -the north-east of Aberdeenshire, judging from the -occurrence of so many rare birds, whose presence -there at the migration season can hardly -otherwise be accounted for.</p> - -<p>Among other interesting facts brought to light -by the present series of investigations we find -that, with very rare exceptions, young birds of -the year migrate some weeks <i>in advance</i> of -the parent birds, and that the appearance on -our coasts in autumn of many species, such as -the wheatear, fieldfare, redwing, hooded crow, -goldcrest, and woodcock, may almost be predicted -to a day. The punctuality, indeed, with which -certain birds return to us in the fall of the year -is remarkable—one species regularly taking -precedence of another according to the time -required for their self-dependence. Shore-birds -apparently reach this stage earlier than land-birds, -as it has been observed that the young of the -knot, gray plover, godwit, and sanderling—birds -which nest in very high latitudes, and are the -last of the migrants to leave in spring—are -amongst the first to come to our shores.</p> - -<p>The most interesting of all the stations from -which returns have been sent is the small rocky -island of Heligoland, situated in the North Sea, -about forty miles from the mouth of the Elbe. -Here the tired wing of many a feathered wanderer -finds a resting-place. Lying almost directly -in the line of migration, the island has been periodically -visited by birds in incredible numbers, -many of them belonging to species of extraordinary -interest. Attracted by the lighthouse, which -occupies the highest point of the island, and -throws out on dark nights a blaze of light ‘like -a star of supreme brightness,’ many thousands of -birds of all kinds pitch upon its treeless surface, -where they have scarcely any shelter from the -weather, and where they become at once a prey -to the wants of the islanders, who capture them -in vast numbers, and use them as food. Mr Cordeaux, -in an interesting communication to the <i>Ibis</i> -for 1875, states, that on the evening of the 6th -of November 1868, three thousand four hundred -larks were captured on the lantern of the lighthouse -before half-past nine o’clock; and on the -same evening, subsequent to that hour, eleven -thousand six hundred others were taken—making -a total of fifteen thousand. For this holocaust -of these charming songsters, no words of deprecation -are strong enough, though their capture -was probably regarded as a lawful addition to -the larder of the captors, and probably such -visitations had been so regarded ever since the -lighthouse had begun to lure the poor creatures -to an untimely fate! In this way also, no doubt, -many a feathered rarity was consumed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_483">{483}</span></p> - -<p>Fortunately for science, however, this little -island has numbered amongst its resident population -an observer of rare intelligence, Mr H. Gätke, -whose leisure hours have been employed for nearly -thirty years in registering the occurrence of the -birds which have either made the rock a temporary -resting-place or been seen crossing it in their -migratory flight. Mr Gätke first visited Heligoland -as an artist; but having secured an official -appointment there, he afterwards made the island -his permanent home. During the interval, he -has collected and preserved with his own hands -upwards of four hundred species—a collection -containing examples of the avi-fauna of the four -quarters of the globe. Strange as it may appear, -birds have touched here whose proper homes are -wide as the poles asunder—birds from the burning -plains of India and the arctic lands of desolation. -The Far West, too, has contributed its land and -water birds; and from the barren steppes of -Siberia, tiny warblers have joined the moving -throng. As instances of the abundance of what -are called ‘British birds,’ mention may be made -of flights of buzzards numbering thousands which -passed over the island on September 22, 1881; -while flocks of equal numbers rested on the cliffs, -and a ‘great flight’ of hooded crows, which crossed -in the same direction. As for the starling—a bird -which has become extraordinarily plentiful in this -country during the last thirty years—it is referred -to as making its appearance in a ‘great rush,’ -which no doubt accounts for a flock, recorded -some time afterwards as coming from the east, by -a light-keeper on the English coast, ‘estimated to -contain a million starlings, making a noise like -thunder, darkening the air.’ All these birds were -doubtless of Scandinavian origin, and had in the -case of each species travelled in a compact body -along the coast-line until they reached North -Germany, where they had to some extent become -broken up, many of the birds being induced to -alter their flight westwards in the direction of -the British coasts. As a natural consequence, the -earliest observers of their arrival in this country -would be the light-keepers at Spurn Head on -the Yorkshire coast; and the records from this -station show that the buzzards and hooded crows -at least, reached us from Heligoland in somewhat -less than twenty-four hours.</p> - -<p>Another important post of observation is the -lighthouse on the Isle of May, in the Firth of -Forth,<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> from which one of the reporters has -obtained records of species of more than ordinary -interest, the intelligent keeper there having -sent him no fewer than seven closely filled schedules, -principally referring to autumn migrations. -Seventy-five species have already been identified -from this station; but in addition to these, -numerous entries refer to ‘small birds’ of various -descriptions, regarding which and other accidental -visitors, more will be known as the investigations -proceed, arrangements having been made for the -preservation and transmission to the mainland of -all the species that occur at the station. The -occurrence of the blue-throated warbler here—a -very rare bird in Britain—suggests the possibility -of other interesting forms being sent from -this locality.</p> - -<p>In summarising the material received, the compilers -of the Report confess that the migrations -of seagulls are most erratic and difficult to -tabulate. In certain years, however, these are -unquestionably regulated by the movements of -the fish upon which they feed. The late Professor -MacGillivray has recorded that, in the -winter of 1837, a flock of seagulls computed -to contain not short of a million birds made -its appearance in the Firth of Forth; and it -must be within the recollection of at least one -of the reporters that in 1872-3 similar if not -even greater numbers visited the firth, the most -common species being the kittiwake and lesser -black-backed gull. In this memorable invasion, -unusual numbers of glaucous and Iceland -gulls made their appearance, birds of such note -among ornithologists as to be marked objects when -they do occur; and the entire assemblage was -suggestive of a migration controlled by the movements -of fishes—the waters of the firth being at -that time swarming with sprats. The ‘catches’ -of the local fishermen were so heavy as to necessitate -their sale at a trifling sum per cartload -to the neighbouring farmers, for the purpose of -manuring their fields.</p> - -<p>There is not much, we apprehend, to be gathered -from the appearance of skuas, petrels, long-tailed -or ice ducks (<i>Harelda glacialis</i>), and other species -whose haunts are exclusively marine, as their -occurrence inshore signifies in nearly all cases -continued rough weather at some distance from -land. There are no seafaring creatures, indeed, -that delight more in storms than ice-ducks and -petrels; for them, the huge green waves or -churned masses of foam have no terrors; they -are for the time being at home amid the wildest -waters—the petrels on the one hand flitting -silently over the turbulent billows, rising as they -advance, and falling in their wake with contemptuous -ease; the ducks, on the other hand, -careering aloft during a sudden blast, and sounding -their bagpipe-like notes, as if deriding the -war of elements. Very different is the experience -of the tender songsters that traverse the dreary -waste of waters; sorely tried in their powers -of flight, they are not unfrequently caught by -adverse gales and driven hundreds of miles out -of their course, to be finally swallowed by the -pitiless waves.</p> - -<p>In connection with this subject, and as bearing -upon the question of former land-communications, -reference may be made to an extremely -interesting paper on the Migration and Habits of -the Norwegian Lemming, read before the Linnæan -Society of London by Mr W. D. Crotch -in 1876. In this communication, Mr Crotch -shows that the lemming, which is a small -rat-like animal, occurring in abundance in -many parts of Norway, assembles periodically, -although at irregular intervals, in incredible -numbers, and travels westwards until the seacoast -is reached; after which, on the first calm -day, the vast multitude plunges into the Atlantic -Ocean, ‘and perishes, with its front still pointing -westwards.’ Such a voluntary destruction in -the case of a single species is perhaps nowhere -else to be found in the history of migratory -animals, and it seems difficult to understand -how the annihilation of so many migratory -hordes through a ‘suicidal routine’ should not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_484">{484}</span> -ultimately lead to their extinction. Mr Crotch -tells us that no survivor returns to the mountains; -indeed, so formidable is the migration -and its effects upon the poor fugitives, that -we are told by Mr Collett—a Norwegian naturalist—of -a ship sailing for fifteen hours through -‘a swarm of lemmings which extended as far -over the Trondhjems fiord as the eye could -reach.’</p> - -<p>Mr Crotch rightly, we think, concludes that -land existed in the North Atlantic Ocean at no -very remote date, and that when dry land connected -Norway with Greenland, the lemmings -‘acquired the habit of migrating westwards for -the same reasons which govern more familiar -migrations.’ The inherited tendencies, therefore, -of this little creature are opposed to the so-called -instinct which impels quadrupeds as well as birds -to change their quarters in quest of food and -warmth, unless we conclude, with Mr Crotch, -that in the case of the lemming, such instinct -has persistently failed in its only rational purpose.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak x-ebookmaker-important" id="BY_MEAD_AND_STREAM">BY MEAD AND STREAM.</h2> -</div> -<p class="ph3">BY CHARLES GIBBON.</p> - - -<h3>CHAPTER XL.—MADGE’S MISSION.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> glow of happiness on Madge’s face seemed -to brighten even the gloomy atmosphere outside. -She had done something for Philip—something -that would not only give him pleasure in the -highest degree, but which he would regard as -an important practical service. For she had no -doubt that she would be able to convince Mr -Beecham of the groundlessness of all his charges -against Mr Hadleigh. Then the two men would -meet; they would shake hands; all the errors -and suspicions which had separated them would -be cleared up, forgiven, and soon forgotten in -the amity which would follow. How glad Philip -would be. She was impatient to complete her -good work.</p> - -<p>Miss Hadleigh entered the room hurriedly.</p> - -<p>‘Goodness gracious, dear, what charm have -you used with papa that you have kept him -so long with you? I never knew him stay so -long with anybody before.’</p> - -<p>‘The only charm used was that the subjects -we had to talk about were of great interest to -us both,’ Madge answered, smiling.</p> - -<p>‘Oh, how nice.—They concerned Philip? What -does he say?’</p> - -<p>‘That we are not to pay attention to the -rumours until we have definite information from -Philip himself.’</p> - -<p>‘Was that all?’ Miss Hadleigh was disappointed, -and her expression of curiosity indicated -that she was quite sure it was not all.</p> - -<p>‘No,’ said Madge softly, wishful that her -answer might have been more satisfactory to Miss -Hadleigh.</p> - -<p>The latter did not endeavour to conceal her -surprise; but she did successfully conceal her -feeling of pique that Madge should have been -taken into the confidence of her father about -matters of grave moment: she was sure they -were so, for she had passed him on his way to -the library. <i>She</i> had never been so honoured.</p> - -<p>‘I suppose I must not ask you what the other -subjects were, dear?’ she said, with one of her -most gracious smiles. She meant: ‘You certainly -<i>ought</i> to tell <i>me</i>.’</p> - -<p>Madge was spared the necessity of making a -reply; for Mr Hadleigh, instead of sending the -promised packet, had brought it himself. When -he appeared, his daughter was silent. That was -generally the case; but on the present occasion -the silence had an additional significance. She -was struck by a peculiar change in his expression, -his walk, and manner. As she afterwards -told her betrothed, it quite took her breath away -to see him coming into the room looking as mild -as if there had never been a frown on his face. -The dreamy, seeking look had vanished from -his eyes, which were now fixed steadily on -Madge.</p> - -<p>‘I have brought you the memorandum, Miss -Heathcote, and you are free to make what use -of it you may think best.’</p> - -<p>‘I hope to make good use of it,’ was her answer -as she received a long blue envelope which was -carefully sealed.</p> - -<p>‘Of course you understand that you are at -liberty to open this yourself, or in the presence -of others whom you think the contents -may affect.’</p> - -<p>‘I shall first find one or two of the other -letters,’ said Madge, after a moment’s reflection, -‘and then I shall place them with this packet, -sealed as it is, in the hands of the gentleman it -most concerns.’</p> - -<p>‘I am satisfied. What I am most anxious -about is that you yourself should be convinced. -Do not forget that.’</p> - -<p>‘I am already convinced.’ No one could doubt -it who saw the bright confidence in her eyes.</p> - -<p>‘That is all I desire; but of course it will be -a pleasure to me if you succeed in convincing -others. I have told them to have the carriage -ready, as I thought you might be in a hurry to -get home.’</p> - -<p>‘Indeed I am; and thank you.’</p> - -<p>Amazement as much as courtesy kept Miss -Hadleigh mute until the leave-taking compelled -her to utter the usual formalities. Mr Hadleigh -saw Madge to the carriage, and there was a note -of tenderness in his ‘Good-bye’—as if he were -a father seeing his daughter start on a long -journey from which she might never return.</p> - -<p>What was the mysterious influence the girl -exercised over this man? Under it he had been -always different from what he appeared to be -at other times; and under it he had consented -to do that to which no one else, except Philip, -had ever dreamt he could be persuaded.</p> - -<p>‘I shall be glad when they are married,’ he -repeated to himself as, when the carriage had -disappeared, he walked slowly back to the -library.</p> - -<p>Aunt Hessy was somewhat startled when she -saw the Ringsford carriage and Madge come out -of it alone.</p> - -<p>‘Is anything wrong at the Manor?’ she -asked; but before she had finished the question -she was reassured by the face of her niece.</p> - -<p>‘No, aunt; but Mr Hadleigh thought I should -have the carriage, as I was in a hurry. I have -had a long talk with him. He has made me -very happy, and has given me the power to -make others happy.’</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_485">{485}</span></p> - -<p>They were in the parlour now, and Aunt -Hessy smiled at the excitement of the usually -calm Madge.</p> - -<p>‘Is it extra blankets and coals for the poor folk, -or a Christmas feast for the children?’</p> - -<p>‘No, no, aunt: it is something of very great -importance to Philip and to me. Philip’s uncle -has all these years believed that it was Mr -Hadleigh who spread the false report about him; -and that is why he will not agree to have anything -to say to him. Now, Philip has set his -heart upon making them friends, and I can do -it!’</p> - -<p>There was a brightness in the girl’s voice and -manner which Aunt Hessy was glad to see after -those days of pained thoughtful looks.</p> - -<p>‘How are you to do that, child?’</p> - -<p>‘By showing Philip’s uncle who the real traitor -was. His name was Richard Towers, and Mr -Hadleigh says you knew him.’</p> - -<p>‘Richard Towers,’ echoed the dame gravely, -and looking back to the troubled time calmly -enough now. ‘We did know him, and we did not -like him. He was one of the worst lads about -the place, although come of decent people. He -borrowed money from my father, and thought -he could pay it back by wedding his daughter. -He would not take “no” for an answer for a long -time. But at last he came to see that there was -no chance for him, and he spoke vile words. I -do believe he was the kind of man that would -take pleasure in such evil work.’</p> - -<p>‘He did do it. I have the proof.’</p> - -<p>‘The wonder is we never thought of it before,’ -continued the dame thoughtfully; ‘but he has -been gone away this many a year and is dead -now. He went to California, and was shot in some -drunken quarrel. Neighbour Hopkin’s lad, who -was out there too, says he was lynched for robbing -a comrade and trying to murder him. But these -are not pleasant things to talk about. God forgive -the poor man all his sins; although, if what -thou ’rt saying be true, he brought sorrow enough -to our door.’</p> - -<p>That was the worst word the good woman had -for the man. Then Madge, without betraying -the confidence of Beecham, gave her a brief outline -of her conversation with Mr Hadleigh. Aunt -Hessy naturally concluded that it was Philip who -had suggested that she should speak to his father, -and asked no questions. With her mind full -of wonder at the way in which the wicked are -found out sooner or later, she went to the dairy -whilst Madge wrote a hasty note to Mr Beecham. -She asked simply what was the earliest hour at -which she could see him.</p> - -<p>She gave the note to young Jerry Mogridge -with strict injunctions that he was to bring back -an answer, no matter how long he might have -to wait. Jerry promised faithful obedience, and -privately hoped that he might have to wait a -long time, for the taproom at the <i>King’s Head</i> -was a pleasant place in which to spend a few -hours.</p> - -<p>Then Madge went to the garret, which had -been a storehouse of wonders to her in childhood, -for there the lumber of several generations was -stowed. It was a large place, occupying nearly -the whole length and breadth of the house, with -a small window at each end, and one skylight. -She knew exactly where to find the oaken box -she wanted, for she herself had pushed it away -under the sloping roof near one of the windows. -It was not a large box, and she had no difficulty -in dragging it forward, so that she had the full -benefit of the light. She had the key ready; -but as it had not been used for years, she found -it was not easy to get it to act. At length she -succeeded, and raising the lid, disclosed a mass -of old letters neatly tied in bundles, and old -account-books ranged in order beside them.</p> - -<p>The letters were not only neatly tied but duly -docketed, so that, as Madge rapidly took out -bundle after bundle, she had only to lift the tops -to see from whom they had come and when. -The light was failing her fast, and Aunt Hessy -would on no account permit a lighted lamp or -candle to be brought into the garret. She -strained her eyes, and endeavoured to quicken -her search. At length she found two letters, -both dated in the same year—the year of her -mother’s marriage—and bearing the name Richard -Towers. With a breath of satisfaction she drew -them out from the bundle. What their contents -might be did not matter: all she wanted was -to secure fair specimens of the man’s handwriting.</p> - -<p>After relocking the box and thrusting it back -into its place, she descended to the oak parlour. -The lamp was on the table, and she lit it at once. -Her first impulse was to open those letters and -read them. But that would be to no purpose, as -it was not in her power to compare the writing -with the memorandum in the blue envelope she -had received from Mr Hadleigh. Of course she -was at perfect liberty to open that too, and it -was natural that she should feel an inclination -to do so. This feeling, however, was brief. She -had decided to deliver the undoubted letters of -Richard Towers and the packet with its seals -unbroken. So she secured them all in one cover, -which she addressed to Austin Shield. It was -not to pass from her own hand except into that -of the person for whom it was intended.</p> - -<p>She had not recovered from the sense of hurry -in which she had been acting, when young Jerry -returned, and after fumbling in his pockets, produced -a note.</p> - -<p>‘You saw Mr Beecham, then?’ she said gladly.</p> - -<p>‘Didn’t see him at all, missy; and I thought -maybe as I’d better bring that back.’ The note -he gave her was her own.</p> - -<p>‘But I told you to wait.’</p> - -<p>‘Weren’t no sort ov use, missy. Gentleman’s -gone away bag and baggage; and they say at the -<i>King’s Head</i> he ain’t a-coming back no more.’</p> - -<p>‘Did he leave no address?’</p> - -<p>‘No what, missy?’</p> - -<p>‘The name of any place where letters could -be sent to him.’</p> - -<p>‘O yes. I saw father: he drove him to the -station, and the gentleman’s gone to London.’</p> - -<p>This was all the information young Jerry had -been able to obtain, and he regarded it as quite -satisfactory. To Madge, it was disappointing; -but only in so far that it delayed the completion -of her mission for a few days. It was certainly -strange that Mr Beecham should take his departure -so suddenly without leaving any message -for her; but she had no doubt that the post -would bring her one.</p> - -<p>So, now, she settled herself down to wait for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_486">{486}</span> -Philip, and to make him glad when he came, -with her news that his father had given his -consent to the reconciliation.</p> - -<p>But Philip did not visit Willowmere that -night.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="ANCIENT_ROCK-HEWN_EDICTS">ANCIENT ROCK-HEWN EDICTS.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Having</span> had the good fortune, some years ago, -to find myself in the grand old Indian land, in -company of friends so exceptional as still to -take keen interest in all matters relating to native -customs and Indian antiquities, I hailed with -delight their proposal that we should devote some -weeks to leisurely wandering among the chief -points of interest along the line of railway, and -thus with ease and comfort see more of the -country than many old Indians have explored -in their long years of exile. One of the chief -cities where we made a prolonged halt was -Allahabad—that is, ‘the City of God’—now the -point of junction for the railway from Bombay -and from Calcutta, but dear to the natives of -India as the meeting-place of the sacred rivers -the Jumna and the Ganges, and consequently -a very favourite place of pilgrimage, where -countless multitudes annually assemble from -every part of Hindustan.</p> - -<p>Immediately above the junction of the sacred -rivers stands the old fort of Allahabad, a grand -mass of red sandstone, built by the great Emperor -Akbar. It now contains a very large English -armoury—great guns and little guns, and cannon -and mortars, and all manner of weapons. Here it -was that the English found refuge during the -Mutiny; and our friends showed us the balcony, -over-hanging the river, to which they thankfully -hauled up any morsels of food or firewood -brought to them by the faithful old servants, -whom, however, they had been compelled to -dismiss, with the rest of the native attendants, -from within the walls of the fort. The mutiny -in this city was very quickly crushed by the -timely arrival of General Neill with his ‘Madras -Lambs;’ not, however, till after one awful night, -when, the doors of the jails having been broken -open, three thousand miscreants were turned -loose to lend their aid in burning and plundering -the city. Upwards of fifty Europeans were -massacred that night, including eight young -cadets who had only just arrived from home. -In the centre of the fort stands a very remarkable -monolith, surmounted by a lion. It bears -an inscription in the ancient Pali character, and is -known as the Lat or Stone of Asoka, a mighty emperor -who lived about 250 <span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span>, and who, having -embraced the tenets of Buddha, inscribed his -decrees on sundry great pillars which he erected -in divers cities. One of these is at the Buddhist -caves of Karli, and is called the Lion-pillar. It -is a sixteen-sided monolith, surmounted by four -lions. Another exists at Delhi, in the ruined -fort of Togluck, though it is called after Feroze, -a very modern emperor, whereas Asoka was, as -we have seen, a mighty prince of pre-Christian -ages. His pillars are sometimes surmounted by -lions, sometimes by human figures, overshadowed -by the seven-headed cobra, or some other emblem -of power, such as the mystic umbrella—symbolical -of Buddha—of which sufficient trace remains -to be recognised, though time and weather -have in the course of two thousand long years -worn away the distinct form. Very similar pillars -are at the present day erected in Nepaul, whereon -are placed statues of kings, sometimes shaded by -an umbrella made of metal—and in one instance, -by the serpent hood.</p> - -<p>From the reign of Asoka, the stone architecture -of India dates its origin. He is said to have left -eighty-four thousand buildings of various sorts, -as the marks of his footprints on Time’s sands. -To him is attributed the great tope at Sanchi, -that mighty relic-shrine, whose huge stone portals -are to this day a marvel of mythological sculpture, -the details of which have now been made -so familiar to us all by casts, photographs, and -description (see Fergusson’s <i>Tree and Serpent -Worship</i>, and also the great plaster casts at the -South Kensington Museum)—sculptures representing -the primeval worship of sacred serpents -and holy trees, and displaying wheels, umbrellas, -and other symbols more particularly suggestive -of the new faith—that of Buddha—which Asoka -established as the religion of the state. This -mighty despot having determined that the new -maxims which had become binding on his own -conscience should henceforth be law to his subjects, -proceeded to inscribe them on stone in every -corner of his dominions, that the wayfarer might -read them for himself.</p> - -<p>Thus it is that, besides finding his edicts -engraven on his buildings and pillars, they are -also found inscribed—as on imperishable tablets—on -great rocks scattered over the country -from Orissa to Peshawur. One of these huge -boulders, twenty feet in height and twenty-three -in circumference, lies in the lonely jungle in -the district of Kathiawad in Western India. -Here the emperor states, that being convinced -of the iniquity of slaying living creatures, he -will henceforth desist from the pleasures of the -chase. Henceforth, no animal must be put to -death either for meat or sacrifice; and this law, -which the emperor appoints for himself, is to -apply to all his subjects, who are in future to -feed only on vegetables. His protection of the -brute creation applies, not only to their lives; -medical care is to be provided for all living -creatures, man and beast, throughout the whole -empire, as far south as Ceylon. Wells were to -be dug, and trees planted, that men and beasts -might have shade and drink. The emperor forbids -all convivial meetings, as displeasing to the gods -or injurious to the reveller. He declares that -he will himself set the example of abstaining -from all save religious festivals. On this huge -‘Junagadh Rock,’ as it is called, allusion is also -made to four contemporary Greek kings. The -date thus obtained is proved to be about 250 -<span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span>, which just corresponds with that of Asoka -himself.</p> - -<p>The edicts go into various other matters. They -inculcate the practice of a moral law of exceeding -purity; they enjoin universal charity; and bid -all men strive to propagate the true creed. To<span class="pagenum" id="Page_487">{487}</span> -this end, special missionaries were to be sent -forth to the uttermost parts of the earth, to preach -to rich and poor, learned and ignorant, that they -might bring those ‘which were bound in the fetters -of sin to a righteousness passing knowledge.’ -Nevertheless, a liberal margin was to be allowed -for diversity of opinion, and nothing savouring -of religious persecution was to be tolerated. At -the same time, the domestic life of the people was -subject to the strictest censorship, overseers being -appointed to report on every act in the life of -every subject. These domestic inspectors attracted -the particular attention of the Greeks who visited -India in the train of Alexander the Great, who -first turned the attention of Europeans to the -then unknown Indian land, and pursued his -career of conquest as far as the banks of the -Sutlej, making himself master of the Punjab, and -establishing Greek colonies at various places. -These Greeks described the domestic monitors -as ‘Episcopi,’ and asserted that their duty was -to report, either to the king or the magistrates, -everything that happened in town and country—an -office which they seem to have filled wisely -and with discretion. We may here observe that -there must be some confusion in this chronicle of -ancient days, inasmuch as Alexander the Great -is stated to have died at Babylon in the year 323 -<span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span>, a hundred years before the date usually -assigned to the death of Asoka.</p> - -<p>But Asoka’s pillar has been to us as a talisman, -transporting us backward for twenty centuries, -to those remote days, which we now hear of as -a dream of the past, when Buddhism first arose, -and, like a mighty wave, for a while overspread -the whole land. Hinduism is now, however, the -chief religion of this north-west province.</p> - -<p>The pillar is not the sole representative of -diversity of creed that exists within the huge -Mohammedan fort, a fort now held by Christians, -who have fitted up one of Akbar’s buildings as a -military chapel, where, we believe, service is held -daily. Half-way between this Christian church -and the Buddhist pillar there still exists a Hindu -temple of exceeding sanctity, though how the -Mohammedans came to tolerate its existence -within their fort is a marvel quite beyond comprehension. -It is a foul temple of darkness, -extending far underground, and roofed with low -arches. We descended by a flight of dark dirty -steps, dimly revealed by a couple of tallow -candles; and we followed the old soldier who -acted as our guide, and who led us along dark -passages, and did the honours of various disgusting -idols, stuck in niches, some as large as -life, others quite small, but all alike hideous, -and all adorned with flowers, and wet with the -libations of holy Ganges water, poured upon them -by the faithful. The flowers are the invariable -large African marigold and China roses.</p> - -<p>Each image is generally smeared with scarlet -paint, to symbolise the atonement of blood that -should be offered daily, but which most of the -worshippers are too poor to afford. This substitute -for the sacrifice of blood is common all -over India, where a daub of red paint administered -to the village god is at all times an -acceptable act of atonement. These village gods, -however, are generally placed beneath some fine -old tree, with the blue sky overhead; but this -disgusting temple was one which you could not -enter without a shuddering impression of earthly -and sensual demon-worship.</p> - -<p>Here we were also shown a budding tree, supposed -to be of extraordinary antiquity; a fiction -by no means shaken, though the Brahmins frequently -substitute a new tree. So holy is this -temple, that when, at one time, all natives were -excluded from the fort, one rich Hindu pilgrim -arrived, and offered twenty thousand rupees for -permission to worship here. The commandant, -however, had no authority to admit any one, so -was compelled to refuse his prayer, in spite of so -tempting a bait. It was with a feeling of -thankful relief that we emerged from that noxious -and oppressive darkness into the balmy air and -blessed sunlight.</p> - -<p>We spent some pleasant hours in one of the -balconies overhanging the river, while in the -cool room within, fair women with musical voices -accompanied themselves on the piano, in Akbar’s -old quarters; and so we idled away the heat of -the day till the red sun sank into the water, -behind the great dark railway bridge, a bridge -which the Brahmins declared the gods would -never tolerate on so sacred a river as the Jumna, -but which nevertheless spans the stream in perfect -security. It was a vast undertaking, as, owing -to the great extent of country subject to inundation -during the rains, it was necessary to construct -a bridge well-nigh two miles in length. The -Indian railway has certainly necessitated an -amazing amount of work, on a scale so vast as -to test engineering skill to the uttermost, and in -no respect more strikingly than in the construction -of these monster bridges, one of which, across -the Soane, is about a mile and a quarter in length, -while that on the Sutlej, between Jellunder and -Loodiana, is about two and a half miles. On -the sandbanks just below the fort, huge mud-turtles -lay basking, and the gentlemen amused -themselves by taking long shots at them from -the balconies, whereupon the creatures rose and -waddled into the water with a sudden flop. -These sandbanks are favourite haunts of crocodiles—<i>muggers</i>, -as they are called—which, however, -declined to show on this occasion.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the pleasantest of our afternoons at -Allahabad was one spent in watching the evolutions -of the native cavalry, Probyn’s Horse, a -beautiful regiment, whose graceful dress, and still -more graceful riding, were always attractive. On -this occasion they were playing the game of -Naza Bazi, or the Game of the Spear, when, -riding past us singly at full gallop, they with -their long spear split a wooden tent-peg driven -hard into the ground. Then they picked a series -of rings off different poles; afterwards, with -unerring sword, cleaving a succession of oranges, -stuck on posts, as though they were foemen’s -skulls. Next followed some very pretty tilting -with spear against sword. We had only one fault -to find—their strokes were so unerring that they -never allowed us the excitement of a doubt! -Altogether, it was the prettiest riding imaginable, -and a beautiful game, though the practice of -suddenly pulling up short, when at full speed, on -reaching the last peg, thereby showing off splendid -horsemanship, must often injure the good steed. -As we watched this beautiful sport, we all agreed -in wishing we could see it introduced into -England. That wish has since then been fulfilled,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_488">{488}</span> -and I learn with pleasure that many of our own -cavalry have attained such perfection in this -game of skill as to be no whit behind the most -accomplished of Indian horsemen.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_RUN_FOR_LIFE">A RUN FOR LIFE.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">A prisoner</span> had escaped from Dartmoor Prison. -During a dense fog, which had suddenly enveloped -a working convict-gang, one of them—a man notorious -for being perhaps the most desperate character -amongst the many desperate ones there—had -contrived to escape, and, for the present at all -events, had eluded capture.</p> - -<p>It was not a particularly pleasant piece of news -for us to hear, considering that we had, attracted -by a very tempting advertisement, taken a small -house for the summer months not very far distant -from the famous prison itself. We were -tired of seaside places; it seemed as if we should -enjoy a change from our every-day life in London -more, if we were in some quiet secluded spot, -far from uncompromising landladies, crowds of -over-dressed people, and bands of music. Every -day we scanned the papers, with a view to discovering -something to suit us; and our patience -was at last rewarded by coming across the following -advertisement, to which I promptly replied: -‘To be let for the summer months, a charming -Cottage, beautifully situated on the borders of -Dartmoor, containing ample accommodation for -a small family, with every convenience; a good -garden and tennis-lawn; also the use of a pony -and trap, if required; and some choice poultry. -Terms, to a careful tenant, most moderate. Apply -to A. B., Post-office, &c.’</p> - -<p>The answer to my inquiries arrived in due -time; and everything seemed so thoroughly satisfactory, -that I induced my husband to settle upon -taking the place for three months, without a -personal inspection of it previously. The terms -were two pounds ten shillings a week, and that -was to include the use of the pony-trap, the -poultry, and several other advantages not set forth -in the advertisement. The only drawback—rather -a serious one—was that Mr Challacombe, -to whom the place belonged, had informed me -that it was about three miles from a station. -However, with the pony-trap always at hand, -even that did not seem an insuperable objection. -He expatiated upon the beauty of the scenery; -the perfect air from the heather-clad moors; and -lastly, requested an early decision from us, as -several other applicants for the Cottage were -already in the field.</p> - -<p>To be brief, we agreed to take it; and on a -scorching day in July, our party—consisting of -two maid-servants, my husband, and myself, and -our only olive branch, a most precious little -maiden of three years old—started from Paddington -Station <i>en route</i> for Exeter, where we were -to branch off for our final destination, Morleigh -Cottage. The pony-trap was to meet us; and -Mr Challacombe had promised that we should -find everything as comfortable as he could possibly -arrange; and as sundry hampers had preceded -us, I had no fears as to settling down -cosily as soon as we should arrive.</p> - -<p>The journey to Exeter by an express train was -by no means tedious; we rather enjoyed it. As -our branch train slowly steamed into the wayside -station, we seemed to be the only passengers who -wished to alight; and presently we found ourselves, -with the exception of a solitary porter, -the sole occupants of the platform. At one end -of it lay a goodly pile of our luggage, which -the said porter had in a very leisurely manner -extracted from the van.</p> - -<p>The pony-trap was to meet us; and as Mr -Challacombe had assured us it would not only -hold four grown-up people and a child, but a fair -amount of <i>impedimenta</i>, we were under no anxiety -as to how we were to reach Morleigh Cottage.</p> - -<p>‘Is there anything here for us?’ my husband -inquired of the porter.</p> - -<p>‘No, sir; not that I knows of.’</p> - -<p>‘From Morleigh Cottage?’ Jack explained.</p> - -<p>‘No, sir,’ he repeated. ‘But chance it may -come yet.’</p> - -<p>‘Chance, indeed,’ I echoed in a low tone. ‘It -will be too disgraceful, Jack, if Mr Challacombe -has forgotten to desire the carriage to be sent.’</p> - -<p>We both proceeded to the other side of the -station, and gazed through the fast-falling twilight -up a narrow road, down which the porter informed -us the pony-trap was sure to come, if it was coming -at all—which did not seem probable, after a dreary -half-hour’s hopeless waiting for it.</p> - -<p>In the meanwhile, we beguiled the time by asking -the porter some leading questions with regard -to the surroundings, &c., of Morleigh Cottage; -all of which he answered with a broad grin on -his sunburnt, healthy face.</p> - -<p>‘How far is the Cottage from here?’ Jack -inquired.</p> - -<p>‘Better than six miles.’</p> - -<p>‘Six miles!’ I exclaimed!—‘O Jack, Mr -Challacombe said it was about three.’</p> - -<p>‘It’s a good step more than that,’ observed the -porter, with a decided nod of his head.</p> - -<p>‘It is a very pretty place?’ I said interrogatively.</p> - -<p>‘It isn’t bad, for them as likes it,’ was the -guarded and somewhat depressing response.</p> - -<p>I felt my spirits sink to zero. I had persuaded -Jack to take it; he had suggested that we should -go to see it first; but the advertisement had been -so tempting, and the idea of the other longing -applicants had made me so keen to secure it, that -I felt whatever it was like, I must make the best -of it, and contrive that Jack at least should not -repent of having been beguiled by me into, as he -expressed it, taking ‘a pig in a poke.’</p> - -<p>‘The pony-carriage is sure to come,’ I said in -a confident way, once more straining my eyes up -the deserted road. As I uttered the word ‘pony-carriage,’ -I detected a distinct grin for the second -time on the man’s face, which was presently fully -accounted for by the appearance of our equipage -coming jolting down the deeply rutted road. -Imagine a tax-cart of the shabbiest, dirtiest description, -with bare boards for seats, and the -bottom strewn with straw; the pony, an aged -specimen, shambling along, with a harness in -which coarse pieces of rope predominated. It -was a pony-<i>trap</i>, with a vengeance.</p> - -<p>I could almost have cried when it drew up, and -I saw Jack’s critical eye running over all its shortcomings. -And it was all my fault.</p> - -<p>It was too late to recede from our bargain -now; all that we could do was to bundle into<span class="pagenum" id="Page_489">{489}</span> -the horrible machine, and endure as we best -could an hour’s martyrdom driving to Morleigh -Cottage.</p> - -<p>Our groom was a civil boy of about fifteen, clad -in ordinary working-clothes. He managed to -sit on the shaft or somewhere, and to drive us -back, as Jack of course had no idea of the direction; -and, judging from the solitariness of the -scene, we should not have been wise to depend -upon chance passers-by to direct us.</p> - -<p>Arrived at last, we found the Cottage was just -two shades better than the trap. It was a tiny -abode, as desolately situated as it was possible to -conceive; the only redeeming point about it -being that it was clean.</p> - -<p>The next morning, which happened to be a -very wet misty one, we surveyed our garden and -domain generally. The tennis-lawn was spacious -enough, and the garden, to do Mr Challacombe -justice, was well stocked; but the place itself was -like the city of the dead—so silent, so quiet, so -lonely.</p> - -<p>But as the weather improved, we got out -most of the day, which rendered us very independent -of the small low-roofed rooms. Jack -and I took long walks, and occasionally we -utilised the pony-trap, taking with us our little -Rose and her nurse.</p> - -<p>We began to think soon of asking some of our -relations to visit us; and the first to whom I sent -an invitation was an elderly cousin, who resided -in London, and who was in rather delicate health. -I candidly explained the out-of-the-way nature -of the place we were in, but descanted upon the -great pleasure it would be to have her, and my -entire conviction that the air would do her an -immense amount of good. She came; and it -was very fortunate for me that she did so, as -about three days after, a telegram had reached -us requesting my husband to lose no time in -returning to town, in consequence of one of his -partners being taken ill. It was raining when he -left us; and I watched the wretched shandrydan -disappear down the road with feelings I could -scarcely repress—a sense of foreboding evil seemed -to oppress me. I tried in vain to shake it off, -but only partly succeeded in doing so. Cousin -Susan endeavoured to console me by reminding -me constantly that Jack had promised to return -in a day or two.</p> - -<p>Jack had just been gone for one week, when -Rose’s nurse, a pleasant girl of about twenty, -came to my room and informed me of the occurrence -I have already alluded to—‘A prisoner had -escaped.’</p> - -<p>Nothing could have frightened me more, and -I was afraid it might alarm Cousin Susan, -so I charged Margaret on no account to let -it reach her ears. Very likely, even now the -man was captured; it was rare, indeed, that a -convict ever escaped; but I had heard stories -of their eluding capture, until, driven by sheer -starvation, they often surrendered themselves to -any stray passer-by, to whom the reward might -or might not be of some consequence.</p> - -<p>That very morning, we had arranged to drive -to rather a distant spot to get some ferns. I -would fain have deferred the expedition; but -Cousin Susan was already preparing for it, so I -could only have postponed it by giving my -reasons; and the chance of encountering the convict -seemed too small to risk terrifying her by -telling her of it at all.</p> - -<p>It was a lovely morning when we started, -and Cousin Susan became quite enthusiastic over -the ‘frowning tors and wind-swept moors.’</p> - -<p>‘Don’t you admire them, Helen?’ she said.</p> - -<p>‘They are very grand,’ I admitted.</p> - -<p>‘Oh, so lovely, so wild!’ said Susan.</p> - -<p>I was glad she liked them.</p> - -<p>The ferns were to be found in a sort of ravine, -which was reached by a narrow lane; on one -side was almost a precipice, overhanging a -streamlet, now nearly dry, but one which the -winter rains soon transformed into a torrent; -on the other side was a wood, composed principally -of stunted oak-trees, with hardly any -foliage, and singularly small; but all around the -trees was a thick sort of underwood.</p> - -<p>We had left Tom the stable-boy with the trap -by the roadside, and I had privately resolved -not to let my cousin penetrate farther into the -ravine than I could help; but she was so charmed -with its wealth of rare ferns, that she skipped -from one point to another with an amount of -dexterity and nimbleness I had never before -given her credit for.</p> - -<p>‘I do think we might collect quite a hamperful, -Helen!’ she said, kneeling down as she spoke to -dig up a root most energetically.</p> - -<p>‘We had better come another day, then,’ I -responded. ‘I don’t want to be late of getting -back, so, if you don’t mind just taking a few -specimens—when Jack is with us, we can come -again.’</p> - -<p>‘Now or never!’ gaily rejoined my cousin, little -imagining how soon her own words were to be -applicable to ourselves. She pounced joyfully -upon her ferns, and had collected quite a small -heap, when I suggested that we had better tell -Tom to tie the pony to a gate, and come up to -carry them down for her.</p> - -<p>‘O no!’ said Cousin Susan. ‘I will carry -them myself. Do help me here just a minute, -Helen.’</p> - -<p>By this time we were some distance up the -ravine; the walk was narrow and winding; we -had gone farther than even I had intended. I -bent down to give her the assistance she wanted -in raising up some lovely lichen from the trunk -of a dead tree. As I did so, my eyes wandered -some distance from where we were standing -towards a fallen tree. I fancied—perhaps it was -only fancy—I knew I was in a very nervous state, -and apt to imagine, but I fancied I saw a movement -just beyond the tree—it was within twenty -paces of us. I felt my face grow icy cold; my -veins seemed chilling; for a moment I feared I -was going to faint. Death must be something like -what I felt on that sunny day in August when I -stood in the Devonshire ravine with my unconscious -cousin. I looked again. There it was more distinctly -visible than ever—a line of drab-coloured -clothing, and presently a side-view of the most -villainous-looking countenance it was ever my -fortune to behold. If I could, without alarming -her, get my cousin to retrace her steps about ten -yards, we should have turned a corner, and then -I could tell her enough to hurry her onwards. -I knew she was nervous—more so, perhaps, than -myself; but I knew we were in imminent peril -while in such close proximity to this desperate<span class="pagenum" id="Page_490">{490}</span> -and, from his very escape, doubly desperate -man.</p> - -<p>‘Susan,’ I said—my voice seemed so hard and -dry and strange!—‘you have passed all the best -ferns here.’</p> - -<p>‘O no; I haven’t,’ said Susan joyously, approaching -two steps nearer the crouching convict.</p> - -<p>‘Am I to throw these away?’ I continued, -holding out one of her best specimens, and, as -carelessly and indifferently as I could, moving -one, two, three steps nearer the corner.</p> - -<p>‘No; of course not,’ she exclaimed, hurrying -towards me now. ‘Why, Helen, what are you -thinking of?’</p> - -<p>I moved a few more steps on; and in a few -more, Susan and I would both be out of sight -of that fallen tree.</p> - -<p>‘There is a much better one here,’ I said, -keeping my face well averted, for I felt if she -looked at me she would see its ashy paleness.</p> - -<p>‘Where?’ she asked. ‘Wait a minute, and -I’ll come for it.’ To my horror, she retraced -her steps towards her heap of ferns, and carefully -counted them, whilst I waited in a state -of terror words cannot describe. But she came -at last, and I tottered with her round the fateful -corner.</p> - -<p>‘Don’t be frightened,’ I said; ‘but come -quickly; ask no questions. Do as I tell you, -Susan.’</p> - -<p>She paused, affrighted. ‘Good gracious, Helen, -have you seen a wild beast?’</p> - -<p>‘Worse,’ I murmured. ‘Do not run, but lose -no time.’</p> - -<p>I ventured to glance behind. Nothing was -visible; but every moment was precious; we must -reach the pony-trap and Tom. Once all together, -the convict would surely not venture to attack us, -and I knew that being on the high-road, alone -would in itself insure our safety. But we had not -reached it yet; a long rough narrow path had -to be traversed. If the man suspected we had -seen him, nothing would be easier than for -him to overtake us and make short work of -us. I thought of Jack, of Rose, of my happy -life. Everything seemed to float through my -mind as I half led, half dragged Susan after -me. We had gone perhaps a shade more than -half-way, when I once more turned round, in the -distance, on the path over which we had just -passed. To my unutterable consternation, I beheld -the convict hurrying towards us.</p> - -<p>‘Run, Susan!’ I panted—‘run for your life!’</p> - -<p>Another twist in the road hid us momentarily -from his sight; but I knew he was after us, -running now as fast as, or perhaps a good deal -faster than we were, though we were now both -of us flying along at a pace which only the -peril we were in could have enabled us to -sustain.</p> - -<p>‘For your life!’ I repeated. ‘Run, Susan!’</p> - -<p>I held her hand. Narrow as was the path, -we managed to struggle onwards together and to -keep ahead of our pursuer. Mercifully, we had -had a good start; and it had only been on second -thoughts, some minutes after we had disappeared, -that the man had elected to follow us. I felt if -I once let Susan’s hand go, she would be lost. -Ever and anon, she stumbled; once she nearly fell; -but she recovered herself well, and though panting -terribly, showed no signs of succumbing.</p> - -<p>But he was overtaking us; I heard him coming -faster and faster, nearer and nearer. I heard him -breathing behind us, and I felt another instant -and he must be upon us.</p> - -<p>‘Help!’ I shrieked.</p> - -<p>‘Help!’ echoed poor exhausted Susan, in a still -shriller treble.</p> - -<p>I heard an oath, awful in its profanity, hurled -at us; but the steps seemed to pause.</p> - -<p>‘Help! help!’ I shrieked again.</p> - -<p>We plunged forwards. I heard as in the distance -the sound of horses’ feet galloping towards -us. Another moment and we were on the high-road; -Susan speechless, her dress half torn off -her with our terrible race, her hat gone, and otherwise -in a dishevelled condition; I feeling faint and -sick—but safe—thank God! both of us quite safe—with -not only Tom, seated in the shandrydan, -staring in mute amazement at us, but with three -stalwart mounted warders, who were even then in -quest of the convict.</p> - -<p>They captured him an hour afterwards, after -a terrific struggle, which was made all the more -terrible from the fact of his having possessed himself -of a knife, with which he attempted to stab the -warders.</p> - -<p>Jack came back the next day; and as his -partner’s illness had assumed rather a serious -aspect, he told me he must give up Morleigh -Cottage, and we could finish our holiday at -Eastbourne or some place nearer town. ‘I never -could leave you here again, my darling,’ he said; -‘after such an escape, I can’t risk another.’ So -we all, Cousin Susan included, returned to our -cosy house in Seymour Street, and afterwards -proceeded to the seaside, where in due time Susan -and I both fully recovered from the shock we had -received in that Devonshire ravine.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="FAMILIAR_SKETCHES_OF_ENGLISH_LAW">FAMILIAR SKETCHES OF ENGLISH LAW.</h2> -</div> - - -<h3>III. MASTER AND SERVANT.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> relation of master and servant depends -entirely upon a contract of hiring and service. -If the contract is not to be fully performed within -the period of one year, it is void if not in writing; -and this necessity for a written contract is not -confined to cases where the service is intended -to be for more than one year. If a servant be -hired on Monday for the term of one year, to -commence on the following Saturday, the contract -ought to be in writing, as a verbal contract would -be void on the ground indicated above—namely, -that it was not intended to be fully performed -within one year from the date on which it was -entered into. If, however, the service was to -commence on the Monday on which the verbal -contract of hiring was entered into, no such objection -would arise.</p> - -<p>Assuming that a valid contract is entered into, -there are still some peculiarities attached to certain -kinds of service, which do not affect others. Thus, -in England, both domestic servants and agricultural -labourers are usually engaged for a year; -but the former class may put an end to the -engagement at any time by giving one month’s -notice; while the latter are irrevocably bound -for the entire year, unless the hiring be determined -by mutual consent. This difference is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_491">{491}</span> -founded upon universal custom, which has the -force of law. Probably the custom had its origin -in early ages, and was founded upon considerations -of convenience. The work of an agricultural -labourer is distributed very unequally over -the year, being much more heavy at some seasons -than at others; and therefore it is reasonable that -a man who receives wages by the year should not -be allowed to take his money for the light season, -and leave his situation when the work is heavier. -Domestic servants, on the other hand, have their -work more evenly distributed over the entire -year, although they also have sometimes to do -more work than at other times, but not to the -same extent as agricultural labourers; and being -brought into more immediate contact with their -master’s family (especially the mistress), it might -in many cases be very unpleasant to be obliged -to carry into full effect the hiring for a whole -year. Hence, either master or mistress on the -one hand, or domestic servant on the other, may -at any time give ‘a month’s warning,’ and so dissolve -the engagement. In Scotland, domestic -servants are generally hired for a month or for -‘the term,’ which is half a year, but agricultural -labourers for a year, as in England.</p> - -<p>The more highly paid class of servants, such as -managers, cashiers, clerks above the grade of -copyists, &c., are generally engaged for an indefinite -term, subject to three months’ notice. Such -an engagement as this, although it may possibly -continue for several years, need not be in writing, -because it may be dissolved within the year; and -it is only when a contract which is entire and -indivisible cannot be fully performed within -that time, that writing is necessary. It is, however, -desirable that the terms of the engagement -should be in writing, for the sake of certainty -and in order to avoid misunderstanding. Copying-clerks, -journeymen, and persons occupying positions -of a similar kind, are usually subject to one -month’s notice. In all cases, the obligation as -to notice is reciprocal, and equally binding on -both parties, mutuality being essential to the -agreement. There is, however, one distinction -which has a substantial reason for its existence: -a master may pay his clerk or manager three -months’ salary, or his journeyman or copying-clerk -one month’s salary, and dismiss him immediately; -but the servant must give the proper -notice, and cannot throw up his engagement by -sacrificing salary in lieu of notice. The reason -for this is obvious: if a clerk gets his salary -without working for it, instead of working out -his notice, he is not in any way injured, but may -be benefited by the prompt dismissal; for he -may obtain an engagement elsewhere before the -time when the notice would have expired. But -it would be difficult to estimate the loss which -might be sustained by a master in consequence -of the sudden withdrawal of a confidential clerk -or manager. For any breach of contract an action -of damages will lie at the instance of either party, -and the measure of damages will be the probable -loss to the servant before he can find a new -situation, or to the master before he can find a -new servant.</p> - -<p>Whenever a person is hired without any -stipulation as to notice, the engagement will be -subject to any custom which may exist in the -particular trade or business for which he was -engaged. In some branches of business, commercial -travellers claim to be engaged absolutely -by the year, and this custom has been proved and -allowed in court; a traveller obtaining a verdict -for the balance of his year’s salary, when he had -been dismissed in the middle of the year. Ordinary -labourers, engaged by the week, are only -entitled to one week’s notice; but miners are -by custom required to give, and are entitled to -receive, fourteen days’ notice.</p> - -<p>Gross misconduct on the part of the servant is -in all cases a sufficient reason for dismissal -without notice; and generally, if the misconduct -be sufficient to justify this extreme course, the -wages actually earned by the offender are forfeited, -and he or she cannot recover the same by -legal proceedings. A manager who imparts his -master’s secrets to a rival in business; a cashier -who cannot account for the cash intrusted to his -care; a journeyman who recklessly destroys any -of his master’s goods—may all be summarily dismissed. -So also may any kind of servant who -persistently disobeys his master’s orders, or frequently -absents himself without leave. A female -domestic servant who without reasonable cause -stays out all night, or who is known to be guilty -of immorality, is within the same category. It -is scarcely necessary to add that any dishonest -act by a servant, such as misappropriating his or -her master’s money or goods, ought to be followed -on detection by immediate dismissal, even though -it may not be thought necessary or desirable to -prosecute the servant.</p> - -<p>In the absence of any special agreement on -the subject, a servant cannot be compelled to -make good the loss occasioned by accidental -breakages; and any deduction from the salary or -wages earned in respect of such breakages would -be illegal, unless the master were to establish a -claim for reparation in respect of fault or gross -negligence; just as in the case of a lawyer or a -doctor who has bungled the duty intrusted to -him through want of skill or due care.</p> - -<p>The death of the master terminates the contract. -In England, the servant may be paid wages up -to the time of his master’s death, if the executors -do not retain his services, which would amount -to a new hiring so far as relates to notice; but -in Scotland he is entitled to be paid wages and -board-wages up to the end of his engagement, -unless a new situation should in the meantime -be procured for him either by himself or the -executors. He is at anyrate entitled to be kept -free from loss, because he was ready to fulfil his -part of the contract.</p> - -<p>On the bankruptcy of the master, each clerk -or servant, labourer or workman—if the assets -be sufficient—is entitled to be paid in full the -salary or wages due to him in respect of services -rendered to the bankrupt during four months -before the date of the receiving order, if the -amount do not exceed fifty pounds, before any -dividend is paid to ordinary creditors. For -any excess, the servant must rank against -his master’s estate as an ordinary creditor, -with whom he will rank for dividend thereon. -This right of priority is, however, subject to the -right of the landlord to distrain for the rent due, -not exceeding a twelvemonth, and is shared with -the collectors of rates and taxes within certain -specified limits. If the net amount of assets in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_492">{492}</span> -hand, after paying expenses, should be insufficient -to cover the preferential payments, the money -must be divided among the parties entitled, by -way of preferential dividend. In Scotland, the -farm-servant’s claim for wages is preferable to the -landlord’s claim for rent.</p> - -<p>A master is liable for any damage done to the -property of strangers by his servant in the course -of his ordinary employment, but not otherwise. -For example: a groom who is sent out by his -master with a horse and carriage, and drives so -negligently as to injure another person’s horse -or carriage, renders his master liable to an action -for damages. An engine-driver who disregards -a danger-signal, and causes a collision, involves -the Railway Company in a liability for reparation -to every passenger who may be injured. But a -master is not liable if the servant act beyond the -scope of his employment; if, for example, the -groom were accidentally to wound a passer-by -with the gamekeeper’s gun, or even if the gamekeeper -himself were voluntarily to wound a -poacher, unless it were proved that he was actually -ordered by his master to do it.</p> - -<p>Before January 1, 1881, a master was not -liable to an action for damages in respect of any -injury sustained by any person employed by -him through the negligence of a fellow-servant; -though he might be held responsible if the -accident which caused the injury were caused -by his own negligence. But the law has been -altered, and a workman is now entitled to compensation -for accidental injury sustained by -reason of the negligence of any foreman or -superintendent in the service of his employer; -or of any person whose orders the workman was -bound to obey; or by reason of anything done in -compliance with the rules or bylaws of the -employer, or in obedience to particular instructions -given by any person duly authorised for -that purpose: or in the case of railway servants, -by reason of the negligence of any signalman, -pointsman, engine-driver, &c. But the right to -compensation is not to arise in case the workman -knew of the negligence which caused the injury, -and failed to give notice to the employer or some -person superior to himself in the service of the -employer; nor if the rules or bylaws from the -observance of which the accident arose had been -approved by the proper department of the -government; neither would a workman who by -his own negligence had contributed to the accident -be entitled to compensation: the common-law -rule as to contributory negligence being -applicable. In case of any accident which is -within the provisions of the Act, notice of the -injury must be given to the employer within -six weeks, and any action must be commenced -within six months after the occurrence of the -accident; or in case of death, proceedings must -be taken within twelve months from the date -of death. The compensation must not exceed in -amount three years’ earnings; and the action -must in England be brought in the County -Court; in Scotland in the Sheriff Court; and in -Ireland in the Civil Bill Court; the proceedings -in each case being removable into a superior -court at the instance of either party. The benefits -of the Act do not extend to domestic or menial -servants, but are available for railway servants, -labourers agricultural and general, journeymen, -artificers, handicraftsmen, and persons otherwise -engaged in manual labour.</p> - -<p>In case of the illness of a servant—unless such -illness be caused by his or her own misconduct—the -master cannot legally refuse to pay the wages -which may accrue during the time of such illness; -but the service may be terminated by notice in -the usual way; the principle being that no man -can be held accountable for what is beyond his -own control. The servant being willing to do his -duty, but rendered unable to do so by circumstances -beyond his own control, he must not be -punished for such inability by being deprived -of his wages. A master is only liable to pay his -servant’s medical attendant when the master has -employed him, but not when the doctor is -employed by the servant himself.</p> - -<p>A master may bring an action against a stranger -for any injury done to his servant, whereby he -(the master) suffers loss or inconvenience, or for -enticing his servant away, and inducing him to -neglect or refuse to fulfil his engagement.</p> - -<p>When a servant applies to any person for a -new engagement, it is usual for him to refer to -his previous master for a character, as it would -be objectionable for a stranger to be employed -without some means of knowing whether he was -competent and respectable. In answering inquiries -as to character and ability, it is necessary -to be very careful to say neither more nor less -than the exact truth. If an undeserved bad -character be given, the servant may recover -damages, on establishing malice and want of probable -cause, in an action for libel or slander, -according to the mode in which the character -was given, in writing or verbally. On the other -hand, suppression of unfavourable facts may have -still more serious consequences. If a servant be -known to be dishonest, and his master ventures -to recommend him as trustworthy, he will render -himself liable to make good any loss occasioned by -subsequent acts of dishonesty which may be committed -by the servant in his new situation, and -which without such recommendation could not -have been committed. When nothing favourable -can be said, the safest way is to decline to answer -any inquiries on the subject. But it would be -unfair to adopt this course without adequate -cause, for such refusal would inevitably be construed -as equivalent to giving the servant a bad -character, and would frequently prove an obstacle -to his obtaining another situation.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="HEROINES">HEROINES.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Most</span> of us have heard of a certain thoughtful -little girl who took Time by the forelock, and -decided that if women must have some profession -to turn to, she would be a Professional Beauty. -There are thousands of girls, older and wiser, -who yearn to be heroines, and have quite as -vague notions about it. There are countless -women, with characters still fresh and plastic, -who find existence but a dull level. Life is a -narrow lane to them. They would like mountaineering. -They want adventure. They sigh to -be heroines.</p> - -<p>What are heroines, after all? Let us look for -the reality, and not for a dream, or we shall go<span class="pagenum" id="Page_493">{493}</span> -mountaineering, and be lost among shadows when -the darkness of age begins to fall. In the real -life we are all living, how does one get to be a -heroine? Are there any, and where are they? -Who shall tell us? Can the novelists? For the -most part, no. The ordinary sort of fiction is -full of ambitious flecks and flaws; how can it -know and describe the most delicate and intricate, -the most minutely beautiful of human characters? -There is a novel in which the hero exclaims -pathetically that he was ‘a Pariah’ until he -married. Could the inventor of the Pariah -invent anything but a heroine to match him? -The fiction that excels in the highest qualities -falls short here. The best describer of life, -even if his conception of this character be -perfectly just, must be content with merely -hinting it, for his space has limits. Instead -of describing in half a page the colour of eyes, -hair, and dress, and afterwards ten adventures -and two dozen conversations, he could hardly -be expected to write for one character a whole -shelf of detailed volumes, and to gather his notes -with the minuteness of a census-taker.</p> - -<p>Let us look elsewhere. Several women have -passed the old turnstile to public life, and got in -somehow on men’s tickets. Their insignificant -sisters peep over the wall, and observe that men -who outside were the soul of chivalry, begin to -elbow the ladies within, and ungallantly assert in -self-defence that the ladies have elbows too. The -insignificant sisters will not enter; but if they -tried to reason about it, they would be ‘stumped -out’ in a moment by the others on the platforms -inside. ‘When I hear a woman use intellectual -arguments, I am dismayed,’ says a wise thinker -from beyond the Atlantic; and the insignificant -crowd aforesaid and the majority of the world -agree with him in this; and those outside the -wall find out all at once that a woman’s unreasoning -nature is no insignificant charm. ‘Her best -reason, as it is the world’s best, is the inspiration -of a pure and believing heart. She is happiest -when she devotes herself, obedient to her patient -and unselfish nature, to some loved being or high -cause; and glory itself, says Madame de Staël, -would be for her only a splendid mourning-suit -for happiness denied.’</p> - -<p>Shall we turn from the platforms, and look to -intellectual culture? We see at the outset that it -cannot be necessary to heroism; for all human -nature’s highest prizes are open to all, and great -intellectual culture belongs to the few. Besides, -there can be such a thing as learning too much, -and knowing nothing worth knowing. In America, -where life is lived double-quick, and where -every product from a continent downwards is -of the largest size, there are crops of overtaught -girlhood ripe already for our inspection. Women -of the middle classes there can discuss the nebular -hypothesis or the binomial theory, as ours talk -of lacework and the baby. Mr Hudson, in his -recent <i>Scamper through America</i>, declares that to -converse in the railway cars with ladies returning -from Conventions and Conferences was a genuine -pleasure, an intellectual treat. But he adds, that -though one could revere them, almost worship -them, to love them was out of the question. -‘Practical passionless creatures, they seemed to -constitute a third sex. Where were the girls? -We never saw them. We did meet with young -ladies of twelve and thirteen, with jewel-laden -fingers, and with vocabularies of ponderous dictionary -words; but, like their mothers and elder -sisters, they were such superior beings, that one -longed for a lassie that was not so very clever—one -who had something yet unlearned that she -could ask a fellow to tell her about.’</p> - -<p>We have failed in the novels, on the platforms, -and at the learned Conferences. Shall we carry -our search to the haunts of human suffering -next? There are hundreds of women, banded -together or working singly, to whom every form -of sorrow and helplessness is an attraction. They -do not deal in dry statistical philanthropy, but in -loving compassion. They are not ‘women with -a mission,’ because the woman with a mission -flaunts it before the world, and gets more or less -in everybody’s way; but these desire to remain -unknown, never counting the debt humanity owes -to them. The wounded soldier on the battlefield -knows them well enough; and the criminal in -prison; and the sick, the poor, the aged, the -young children. Sacrificing a whole life to -the common good, they are heroines; it is -beyond doubt. But not the heroines we seek, -whose sphere is to be something more homely, -easy, and attainable for all. However, these -women, whose lives are compassion, have given -a light upon the track. It dawns upon us, that -in womanly heroism, self-sacrifice is the essence, -and hiddenness marks it genuine.</p> - -<p>Far different is the typical woman with a -mission, whose type, dashed off with a few strokes -by the pen of Dickens, flits across our memory -from <i>Bleak House</i>, and provokes a sigh and a -smile. Again, Mrs Jellyby, with her dress laced -anyhow like the lattice of a summer-house, is -writing in a room full of disorder, with her -philanthropic eye fixed upon the savages of -Borrioboola, South Africa, while her own little -boy is outside, kicking and howling, with his -head stuck between the area railings. Again, -Mr Jellyby employs his evenings in leaning his -head feebly against the wall; and when poor -Caddy is married, we hear him giving her all -he has to give—the beseeching advice: ‘My -dear, never have a mission!’</p> - -<p>Even Mrs Jellyby may help us in our search, -by sending us flying in the opposite direction. -We have had light on our path—hiddenness is -the seal, and unselfishness is the essence, and we -are searching for the heroines of home. Their -distinction does not depend, as in fiction, upon -adventures, lovers, or beauty. If it did, they -could be heroines only till the end of youth and -volume three; but in the real world they shall -be heroines not only till the time of gray hairs -and careworn brow, but for ever and a day.</p> - -<p>There is nothing in creation more beautiful -than a true heroine, and nothing so hard to find. -Not that they are scarce. They crowd the world -as daisies dot the summer fields. But they are -hidden, and hidden precisely where a thing -wanted is most unlikely to be found—too close<span class="pagenum" id="Page_494">{494}</span> -to us, just straight before our eyes. Not in the -world of romance, or in the crush of public -life, or in the clear cold air of science; but -in the narrow lane where we started, in the -monotonous routine of common daily life, that -seems to be hedged in from all interest—there -are the heroines to be found. Their -heroism is made up of trivial details, the shabby -atoms of uneventful life. If it be objected -that the heroic means something greatly above -the ordinary level, we would answer, that their -whole life is above the level; that the essence -of heroism—sacrifice—has become to them an -unconsciously acting second nature, and that -all that is life-long is surely great. But sometimes -trivial incidents can become in themselves -heroic. Whoever heard in a novel of heroism -with a crushed thumb? All the finest things -are true. It is told of the late Viscountess -Beaconsfield, that on the night of an important -speech by her husband, then Mr Disraeli, when -they were seated in the carriage together to drive -to the House of Commons, the servant closing -the door, crushed her thumb. She uttered no -cry, left the bruise untouched, and acted and -spoke as if she was at ease. Hours after, when -she descended from the Ladies’ Gallery, he discovered -the agony she had been enduring, in -order not to spoil his speech; and in after-years, -when the Viscountess was dead, he still -told the touching little story in her praise.</p> - -<p>But to return to our heroines of commonplace -life. Their greatness does not even need striking -incidents. Their worth makes precious those -trivial atoms of which life is composed, and what -began as an unpretending patchwork, ends as a -complete and precious picture, like the splendid -mosaics of Venice or Rome. This is why one -might defy the first of novelists to describe the -loveliness of such a life; its daily parts are positively -too small to pick up.</p> - -<p>For each one of us there is some face enshrined -in memory, whose influence is lofty as an -inspiration, whose power is a living power, -whose love has been stronger than death, and -will light an upward path for us even to life’s -end. Why is all this but because she whom -we loved was a heroine? And what were her -characteristics? One answer will serve for all—Tenderness, -gentleness, self-forgetfulness, suffering. -The last characteristic may not be universal, -like the rest. But the highest love can -only exist where suffering has touched the object -loved. It is one of the compensations for the -manifold sorrow of this world of ours. The fire -of trial seems to light up every beauty and attraction. -The life that not only loved much but -suffered much has a royal right of influence as -long as memory lasts—an influence which cannot -belong to any life which suffering has not -crowned.</p> - -<p>Now we have sketched our heroine, easily -recognisable, but herself never dreaming or caring -to think that she is one, or her glory would be -frail as a bubble. The poorest woman knitting -on her cottage threshold can have this glory for -her own; for there is no true-hearted woman, -rich or poor, who cannot walk her simple life -lovingly enough to leave enshrined for others, -as a living influence, such a memory as we have -described. And what sceptre has so sweet a -power as that—an immortal influence through -the hearts we have loved most? Compared with -this, what is fame but an echo, and what is the -heroism of romance but an unreal shadow!</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="ARMY_SCHOOLS">ARMY SCHOOLS.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> valuable advantages these institutions offer -to soldiers and their children will, we trust, be -evident from the perusal of the following short -account of their organisation. With regard to -children, these schools will soon have little to do; -for the new system of short service promises to -do away almost entirely with the married soldier. -A soldier is not allowed to marry till he has -served seven years, subject to certain qualifications -of good conduct; but as the great majority -of men are passed into the Reserve before -they reach that length of service, the proportion -of married soldiers is very small, and rapidly -becoming more and more reduced in number. -It is rather with the men themselves, therefore, -that the military schoolmaster and his assistants -have now principally to deal.</p> - -<p>Every regiment or depôt has its school. The -schoolmasters are trained at Chelsea; and though -non-combatants, they are subject to the usual -army regulations. They now rank as warrant-officers, -and, on the whole, are an able and estimable -body of men. Occasionally, educated and -promising young soldiers are selected from the -ranks and sent to the training college to qualify -as schoolmasters. Their number is, however, very -limited; the great majority of the schoolmasters -enter the army through the college, joining it as -civilians; consequently, a schoolmaster cannot be -reduced to the ranks. If he misconduct himself -seriously, he is liable to be tried by court-martial -and dismissed. Such cases are very rare. The -army schoolmaster retires with a pension on -attaining twenty-one years’ service, though, under -certain conditions, it is possible for him to prolong -his engagement. If of more than ordinary -ability, he is often promoted to the higher rank -and more important position of Sub-inspector of -Army Schools.</p> - -<p>Assistants are allowed in these schools according -to the numbers in attendance at them. There -is usually one school-assistant to about every -twenty men or children attending. In depôts, -where the soldiers are mostly recruits, the -attendance is often very large, with a correspondingly -increased number of assistants. The -latter are picked out from among the better-educated -men in a regiment; they receive extra -pay, and are exempt from the ordinary drill -and duty of the rank and file, giving their time -and attention to the working of the school and -the details connected with it. Many well-educated -men, who are not otherwise well suited -for non-commissioned officers, are employed in -this way in imparting instruction to their more -illiterate comrades.</p> - -<p>Every recruit on joining a depôt has to attend -school until he satisfies an examiner—sub-inspector—of -his familiarity with certain elementary -subjects. Examinations for this purpose are held -at intervals. There are four classes of certificates -granted to candidates on passing the necessary -examinations. Supposing a man to be competent -to pass the fourth or lowest standard,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_495">{495}</span> -he becomes exempt from further school attendance. -But if ambitious of being made a non-commissioned -officer, or of securing one of the -other good berths, of which there are many open -to intelligent men, it is advisable for him to -hold on till he gains a higher certificate. For -example, to be promoted to the rank of corporal, -the aspirant must be in possession of a third-class -certificate; to attain to a sergeant’s position, he -must have one of the second class. Thus, a considerable -proportion of the men in a regiment -are kept under instruction; and as soon as one -batch has been passed out of the school, other -candidates appear. A few unfortunates, entirely -destitute of education when they enlist, are often -long in obtaining the desired certificates. After a -year or two’s attendance, they are probably dismissed -from school as ‘useless.’ Such hopeless -ignoramuses—happily not so numerous now as -formerly—are a bugbear to the school staff: -they soon cease to make any attempt to learn, -and are simply in the way of the more intelligent -or persevering men. Of course, to such, -the school-work is a species of punishment. But -let us glance at the quantity and quality of the -learning implied in obtaining the certificates.</p> - -<p>To satisfy the examiner, the entirely uncultured -youth has in the first place to set himself -resolutely to learn to read. Then he must be -able to write to the extent of transcribing a few -lines from a book. With the mysteries of the -four elementary rules of arithmetic he must -display a tolerably intimate acquaintance. To -men who can already read and write, the latter -does not prove an insuperable obstacle. Having -furnished a moderately good ‘paper’ on these -not very exacting subjects, he in a few days -receives his fourth-class certificate, and leaves -the school in triumph. But if he aspires to a -third-class certificate, a man of this kind has -yet much to do. As a matter of fact, very -few attempt more from mere love of self-improvement; -an eye to advancement in the -ranks acts as the stimulus to further study. -Writing fairly well to dictation is a part of this -next higher step, and often proves a serious difficulty. -Arithmetic will include the compound -rules and reduction; and on a man passing this -standard, a third-class certificate is granted. The -possession of this qualifies the holder for the -rank of corporal. But to the corporal, further -promotion is necessary. No corporal would go -to so much trouble, besides having to perform -the ordinary duty attached to his rank in -regimental affairs, except as a step towards -the coveted chevrons of the sergeant. To -attain sergeant’s rank may be taken as the -aim and ambition of all corporals; and the -latter are the men who, as we have seen, -try to get the third-class certificates. But a -sergeant must, by the regulations, have a -second-class certificate. To the comparatively -untutored corporal, this object entails his continued -use of the school, and an increased -demand of the schoolmaster’s instruction. In -short, to a man whose education has been more -or less neglected in early youth, this second-class -test is a pretty stiff one; it requires a -considerable amount of application for a time -before he can present himself for examination -with a reasonable chance of passing. He must -be able to write fluently and correctly a moderately -difficult passage to dictation; and take -down military orders with due care to arrangement -and spelling. A long list of terms connected -with military matters—such as ‘commissariat,’ -‘aide-de-camp,’ ‘manœuvre’—has to be -written and spelt correctly. The arithmetical -part of the examination consists of the ordinary -rules as far as and including decimals. Besides, -he must be able to work out a debt and -credit account, a military savings-bank account, -and a mess account. Withal, he must read -with fluency, and write a good legible hand. -Such is the necessary scholastic attainment of -the modern sergeant. The ordeal would probably -have terrified his predecessors of a quarter of -a century ago.</p> - -<p>There remains still the certificate of the First -class. This is obtained by a comparatively -small number of men. It enters into details -which would be, to many, insurmountable -difficulties; and as the possession of it is not -compulsory for any non-commissioned rank, it -is not much sought after. A few of the originally -better-educated men do, however, go in for -it. As a passport to the higher grades of clerkships, -or even to eventual commissions, it is -desirable. The examination includes an extra -subject, such as a language, or geometry; the -whole of arithmetic; and a searching test as to -spelling and composition.</p> - -<p>The reader will see that, from the above -description, the second-class certificate is the -important one to possess. Men having got it, -are available for all the higher kinds of non-commissioned -officers, as colour-sergeants, sergeant-majors, -&c. The work of preparing men -for this is perhaps a very important part of the -business of the school, and is generally undertaken -mainly by the schoolmaster himself.</p> - -<p>In an army school the men are divided into -classes according to their several abilities or stages -of advancement. A special class is usually composed -of men preparing themselves for the next -examination for sergeants; another lot looking -forward to being made corporals are engaged -in the necessary work for third-class certificates. -Then there are still more elementary classes for -men trying to get themselves exempted from -school attendance by passing the fourth class; -and lastly, are the complete ‘ignoramuses’ who -are labouring at the alphabet or assiduously -making pot-hooks. The duration of the daily -attendance is from an hour to an hour and -a half; but other duties frequently break in -upon this, and men are not able to be present -every successive day. As attendance is compulsory, -the men are paraded and marched -to school as for any other duty; but the -room is open in the evening for those anxious -to push on with their work—the latter being, -so to speak, volunteers, and nearly all non-commissioned -officers. From this it will be seen -that men really desirous of picking up a serviceable -education have ample opportunity of doing -so, especially when we consider the large share -of spare time which the soldier has in ordinary -circumstances on his hands.</p> - -<p>All the schools are furnished with maps, -books, and everything essential for carrying on -their work. Where there are children, they are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_496">{496}</span> -supplied with these requisites. Children, however, -from being at one time the more important, -have now become a secondary element in army -schools. The present writer was connected with -a school having an average attendance of two -hundred men, but no children. This was in a -depôt, and the men were almost without exception -recruits. A small number of children in barracks -were sent out to the Board School, leaving -the school staff to devote its whole attention -to the adults. At one time several regiments -would have been required to furnish such a -numerously attended school as the above, when -recruits came in at the rate of perhaps about -twenty annually. But short service has filled -regiments up with recruits, or at least with -very young soldiers, which, together with other -circumstances, has given more ample employment -to the schoolmaster. If we compare the number -of recruits who join a regiment with that of -the certificates of education granted in the same -corps, we speedily find that the school department -has not been asleep; and especially is this -the case when we consider what is the educational -standard of most men who enlist. We -hear a good deal from time to time concerning -the superior class of men that now seek to -enter the army; but, practically, from an -educational point of view, recruits are not so -very different from what we have seen for -many years past. It will yet be long before -the army schools are abolished.</p> - -<p>Among some statistics, we lately noticed some -figures relating to the standard of education of -soldiers. In this statement, a large percentage—fifty-seven -per cent. of the whole rank and -file—was set down as of ‘superior education.’ -This probably referred to the men in possession -of the two highest kinds of certificates, as -holders of the third class could hardly be -included under such a heading. The reader -may perhaps be inclined to smile at the use -of such a high-sounding term; though that -such a large proportion of the ranks are educated -even to this degree appears on the whole -to be very creditable indeed. It certainly offers -a marked contrast to the state of affairs at no -very remote period.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="LIGHTING_COLLIERIES_BY_ELECTRICITY">LIGHTING COLLIERIES BY ELECTRICITY.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>This interesting and important experiment has -just been tried with great success at the Park -Pit Ocean Collieries, South Wales. The arrangement -consists of a number of Swan incandescent -lamps distributed throughout the workings, both -under and above ground, in the workshops and -engine-houses. The bottom of the mine is thus -admirably lighted, and the whole of the workings -as far as the main engine roads. The power is -supplied by a six horse-power Marshall engine, -fitted with Hartnell’s patent automatic expansion -gear, driving a Crompton-Bürgin self-regulating -dynamo.</p> - -<p>We believe we are correct in stating that this -is the first attempt to illuminate the whole of -the interior of a colliery pit, and its workings -and offices, by this useful medium; and it is -impossible to over-estimate the value of an incandescent -light, and yet one of extraordinary brilliancy, -in such a place as a coal-mine, subject -to the escape of gases which are liable at any -moment, on coming in contact with an unprotected -flame, to occasion an explosion involving -terrible and deplorable consequences. Now, this -is one source of danger which the use of -this system of lighting prevents; and if this is -found to succeed, it is to be hoped that it may -be adopted in all underground works, where the -advantage of a brilliant light to work by is -recognised; a marvellous contrast to the safe -but gloomy and light-obstructing ‘Davy.’ There -can really be no reason why this plan should -not be universally applied to mines, unless the -objection may be on the score of expense, for -when once the necessary driving-machinery is -built, the rest is simple enough, and the advantages -almost untold.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_LAST_GOOD-NIGHT">A LAST ‘GOOD-NIGHT.’</h2> -</div> - - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0"><span class="smcap">Love</span>, I see thee lowly kneeling,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Claspèd hands and drooping head,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">While the moonbeams pale are stealing</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Sadly round my dying bed.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Dearest, hush thy bitter weeping;</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Lay thy tearful cheek to mine,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">While the stars, their death-watch keeping,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Softly through the lattice shine.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Through the trees, low winds are sighing,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">And my hand, so worn and white,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">On thy clustering hair is lying.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Love, my only love, good-night!</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Ah! I hear thy broken sobbing.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Faint and low, thy voice hath grown;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And I feel thy fond heart throbbing,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Oh, how wildly, ’gainst mine own!</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Dear, my spirit still delaying,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Loves to hover near thee now,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Like the moonbeams fondly straying</div> - <div class="verse indent2">O’er thy pallid cheek and brow.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Yes, my soul, to share thy sorrow,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Pauses in its heavenward flight,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And will comfort thee to-morrow.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Love, my dearest love, good-night!</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Now, for one sweet moment only,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Fold me closely to thy breast.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">When thy life seems dark and lonely,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Oh, remember I am blest!</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Though thy voice with grief be broken,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Smile once more, and call me fair.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Darling, as my last love-token,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Take this little lock of hair.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Feeling these, thy last caresses,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Tears must dim my failing sight.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Kiss once more my wandering tresses,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Then a long, a last good-night!</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Shades of death are round me closing;</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Tears and shadows hide thy face;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Still I fear not, thus reposing,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">In thy faithful, fond embrace.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Though thou lingerest broken-hearted,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">All thy thoughts to me shall soar;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">We shall seem but to be parted;</div> - <div class="verse indent2">I’ll be near thee evermore.</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Brightly on my soul’s awaking,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">See, yon gleam of heavenly light!</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Now, behold the morn is breaking.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Love, my faithful love, good-night!</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse right"><span class="smcap">Fanny Forrester.</span></div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center">Printed and Published by <span class="smcap">W. & R. Chambers</span>, 47 Paternoster -Row, <span class="smcap">London</span>, and 339 High Street, <span class="smcap">Edinburgh</span>.</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center"><i>All Rights Reserved.</i></p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="footnotes"><p class="ph3">FOOTNOTES:</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> See article ‘The Isle of May and its Birds,’ in -<i>Chambers’s Journal</i> for September 22, 1883.</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL OF POPULAR LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART, FIFTH SERIES, NO. 31, VOL. 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