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diff --git a/old/65951-h/65951-h.htm b/old/65951-h/65951-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 99df418..0000000 --- a/old/65951-h/65951-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3214 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - Chambers’s Journal, by Various—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -.ph3{ - text-align: center; - font-size: large; - font-weight: bold; -} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } -hr.full {width: 95%; margin-left: 2.5%; margin-right: 2.5%;} - - -.header {text-align: center; margin-top: 0;} -.header p {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} -.header .floatl {float: left;} -.header .floatr {float: right;} -.header .floatc {padding-top: .5em;} - -@media handheld -{ -.header {text-align: center; margin-top: 0;} -.header p {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} -.header .floatl {float: left;} -.header .floatr {float: right;} -.header .floatc {padding-top: .5em;} -} - - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -/* Girl's Own */ - -.blockquot_ans { - margin-left: 1.5em; - text-indent: -1.5em; -} - - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} /* page numbers */ - - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - - -/* Images */ - -img { - max-width: 100%; - height: auto; -} -img.w100 {width: 100%;} - - -.blockquot { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnotes {border: 1px dashed;} - -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -/* Poetry */ -.poetry-container {text-align: center;} -.poetry {text-align: left; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;} -/* uncomment the next line for centered poetry in browsers */ - .poetry {display: inline-block;} -.poetry .stanza {margin: 1em auto;} -.poetry .verse {text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em;} -/* large inline blocks don't split well on paged devices */ -@media print { .poetry {display: block;} } -.x-ebookmaker .poetry {display: block;} - - -/* Poetry indents */ -.poetry .indent0 {text-indent: -3em;} -.poetry .indent18 {text-indent: 6em;} -.poetry .indent22 {text-indent: 8em;} -.poetry .indent26 {text-indent: 10em;} - - - </style> - </head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, Fifth Series, No. 30, Vol. I, July 26, 1884, by Various</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, Fifth Series, No. 30, Vol. I, July 26, 1884</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Various</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 29, 2021 [eBook #65951]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Susan Skinner, Eric Hutton and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL OF POPULAR LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART, FIFTH SERIES, NO. 30, VOL. I, JULY 26, 1884 ***</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_465">{465}</span></p> - -<h1>CHAMBERS’S JOURNAL<br /> -OF<br /> -POPULAR<br /> -LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART.</h1> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak">CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<p class='center'> - - -<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. --> - -<a href="#A_SCOTTISH_MARINE_STATION">A SCOTTISH MARINE STATION.</a><br /> -<a href="#BY_MEAD_AND_STREAM">BY MEAD AND STREAM.</a><br /> -<a href="#THE_LARGEST_STATUES_IN_THE_WORLD">THE LARGEST STATUES IN THE WORLD, ANCIENT AND MODERN.</a><br /> -<a href="#A_GREENROOM_ROMANCE">A GREENROOM ROMANCE.</a><br /> -<a href="#HUMOROUS_DEFINITIONS">HUMOROUS DEFINITIONS.</a><br /> -<a href="#THE_MONTH">THE MONTH: SCIENCE AND ARTS.</a><br /> -<a href="#OCCASIONAL_NOTES">OCCASIONAL NOTES.</a><br /> -<a href="#EVENING_ON_THE_LAKE">EVENING ON THE LAKE.</a><br /> - -<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. --> - -</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter w100" id="header" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/header.jpg" alt="Chambers’s Journal of Popular Literature, Science, -and Art. Fifth Series. Established by William and Robert Chambers, 1832. Conducted by R. Chambers (Secundus)." /> -</div> - - -<hr class="full" /> -<div class="center"> -<div class="header"> -<p class="floatl"><span class="smcap">No. 30.—Vol. I.</span></p> -<p class="floatr"><span class="smcap">Price</span> 1½<em>d.</em></p> -<p class="floatc">SATURDAY, JULY 26, 1884.</p> -</div></div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_SCOTTISH_MARINE_STATION">A SCOTTISH MARINE STATION.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> ocean has been watched and studied for ages -in innumerable aspects—it has been looked at -from points of view wide asunder as the poles—it -has been sung of by poets, and fished in by -fishermen, and sailed over by sailors for thousands -of years; but it is still a region of mystery -and wonder. There are very many things about -the sea which are quite unknown to this day; -in fact, the science of marine phenomena is -yet in its early youth, only emerging from its -infancy. The study of the physical, chemical, -and biological conditions of the sea has always -been surrounded by a sort of halo of romance, -a scientific glamour that almost led men to -believe that such research was like fishing—valuable -results might be looked for in return -for little labour, if the proper opportunity could -be found. But the opportunity only occurred -at wide intervals, and then the happy few who -were fortunate enough to form the scientific -staff of such expeditions as that of the <i>Challenger</i> -were regarded with unmixed envy by the -many who were eager to do similar work if -they could get the chance.</p> - -<p>The wonders discovered by the chief scientific -cruises of recent years have greatly increased -the interest of the public in the science -of the sea, and this public interest has quite -lately assumed a tangible form in the foundation -of the Scottish Marine Station for Scientific -Research at Granton, near Edinburgh. To understand -the importance and value of this Station, -one must know something of the difficulties -presented to any one who wishes to solve -some special problem connected with the life -which swarms in the waters around our coasts. -He must rely on the help of fishermen for -collecting specimens; and if he cannot go -to the expense of hiring a boat and crew, -he requires to content himself with any selection -of their ‘rubbish’ which they may be -pleased to make. Should he wish to examine -any locality minutely, he must purchase a dredge -and tow-nets, leads and lines, and bottles -and boxes to contain the specimens which -may be obtained. The difficulty is only half -overcome when the work of collecting is over. -It is impossible to convey the creatures alive -to any distance; and after a few attempts to -do so, the naturalist either hires a room in -the fishing-village for his work, or gives up the -study of marine life altogether; unless he steer -a middle course, and content himself with a -bare enumeration of species and a description of -the external appearance of his specimens.</p> - -<p>The individual who is desirous of making -chemical or physical observations on the wide sea -is in a still more evil case. His apparatus is more -costly and more complicated than that of the -biologist; it is less easy to manage in a boat not -specially adapted for the purpose; and the -immediate vicinity of a laboratory is of the first -importance. The obstacles, in fact, are so numerous, -that observations of this nature have been -almost entirely neglected in Great Britain. Now -and then, it is true, the fire of scientific enthusiasm -burns strong enough in a man to enable -him to overcome all difficulties, and to carry on -a brilliant research with complete success to a -satisfactory conclusion. The work of such men -is monumental; but they do not appear many -times in a century. The name of one marine -chemist is associated with Edinburgh; it is that -of Dr John Murray, who in the year 1816 made -a series of researches on sea-water collected -at Trinity. His work settled a most important -point of theoretical chemistry, and it is referred -to as of value to this day.</p> - -<p>That the progress of marine research was -hindered by the trouble and expense of carrying -it out—and in honesty it must be said that the -latter was always the more powerful deterrent—has -long been apparent; and for many years -attempts, more or less successful, have been made -to remedy this state of affairs. In response to -energetic appeals from various learned Societies, -government has repeatedly lent gunboats for -scientific purposes, and the <i>Porcupine</i>, <i>Lightning</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_466">{466}</span> -<i>Triton</i>, and other ships have done much good -work. The culmination of government enterprise -was reached in 1873, when the <i>Challenger</i> -was fitted out for an entirely scientific cruise, -and circumnavigated the world investigating the -phenomena of the ocean everywhere. How much -was accomplished by the three years’ voyage can -only be realised by those who are familiar with -the thirteen large volumes which have been -already published describing the collections and -observations; but the general reader may form -an idea of the magnitude of the work done by -reflecting that specialists have been engaged in -examining and describing the collections since -the return of the ship in 1876, and that this -work is still in progress.</p> - -<p>Since the return of the <i>Challenger</i>, a number -of short scientific trips have been made in the -vicinity of the British coast by gunboats and -hired vessels; and the results of these have -been such as to show the extreme advisability of -something more permanent being set on foot. -The success of the Marine Observatories at Naples -and at Marseilles, and of the small movable -laboratory kept up for two summers by the -university of Aberdeen, proved that Marine -Stations were practicable and desirable. It was -the consideration of the difficulties in the way -of young men who wished to devote themselves -to the examination of marine phenomena, but -who were unable of themselves to meet the great -expense of such work, that led Mr John Murray, -Director of the <i>Challenger</i> Expedition Commission, -to start a Marine Station in the neighbourhood -of Edinburgh. A submerged quarry on the shore -at Granton, which quarry has been in communication -with the sea for nearly thirty years, was -selected as the site, and a floating laboratory was -formally opened there during the festivities of -the Edinburgh University Tercentenary celebration -this spring.</p> - -<p>The Marine Station has now been open for -several months, and the working arrangements -have attained a certain degree of completeness. -The accommodation which exists at present includes -a floating laboratory, ‘the Ark,’ where -zoological, botanical, and chemical work is -being carried on by the permanent staff and -other investigators. There is also a steam-yacht, -the <i>Medusa</i>, fitted out with all the arrangements -for trawling, dredging, sounding, and taking the -other necessary observations. She is manned by -an efficient crew, and has the advantage of the -services of an engineer who was on the <i>Challenger</i> -during her scientific cruise. The <i>Medusa</i> is a -capital seaboat, though, from her small size, -when in rough weather, she sometimes tries -the sea-going capabilities of the workers. The -creatures brought up by the dredge or trawl -are kept alive in boxes, the water in which -must be changed at intervals, though, when -there is a heavy sea and a head-wind, as often -happens, this service is performed by the waves, -which break over the bows in magnificent -spray showers, very beautiful to watch from -the dry security of the after-cabin. On -arriving at the Ark, the animals are transferred -to aquaria or glass dishes, in which a -constant current of thoroughly aërated sea-water -can be kept up, and in these they live very -happily. The larger specimens are usually placed -in wire cages moored to the Ark, where they -enjoy all the advantages of life except freedom. -For short excursions in the neighbourhood -of Granton, there is a good sailing-boat, -the <i>Raven</i>; and work in the haven in which -the Ark lies can also be carried on by the little -<i>Dove</i>, and the two Norwegian skiffs belonging -to the Station, whose names, <i>Appendicularia</i> and -<i>Asymptote</i>, are mystifying to the uninitiated. A -row round the quarry at low water reveals the -immense richness of the vegetable and animal -life which inhabits its waters. There are growths -of sponges of different colour, with gracefully -interlacing branches like a coral grove, where -bright-hued sea-anemones spread their tentacles, -and crabs and other crustacea crawl and swim -about at their pleasure. And not only are the -commoner forms of marine life abundant; rarer -species may be found frequently. The beautiful -nudibranch mollusc <i>Eolus</i> lives in the quarry; -and the great fifteen-spined-stickleback builds its -nest there, and it has been seen keeping guard -over its door while its mate and young remain -comfortably within.</p> - -<p>The work which is being carried on at the -Marine Station at present is divided between -four workers. Mr J. T. Cunningham, the naturalist -in charge, is making a research into the -development of the Teleostian fishes, the great -group to which most of our food-fishes, such as -the cod, herring, and haddock, belong. Mr J. -R. Henderson has commenced to form a collection -of all the animal life of the Firth of Forth; -while Mr John Rattray is proceeding with a -similar collection of the algæ or seaweeds, and -is also making a detailed study of the diatoms -of the district, a piece of work which has never -previously been attempted. Mr Hugh Robert -Mill has charge of the daily meteorological -observations at the Station, and he is working -at the chemical and physical study of estuary-water, -examining the variations in saltness and -in temperature which occur from the fresh -water to the open sea, and comparing them at -different seasons. The work at the Station is -thus seen to be purely scientific; and the -results which will ultimately be obtained must be -of great practical importance. Any scientific man -is welcomed to work at the Station on special -problems, without charge, and several gentlemen -have taken advantage of the privilege.</p> - -<p>It may give a better idea of the working of -the various departments if the actual methods -employed be shortly described.</p> - -<p>Zoological specimens are collected in various -ways. The ‘trawl’ is a wide-meshed net tied -up at one end. The net’s mouth is attached -above to a stout wooden beam that unites two -iron runners; the lower side is a strong cable, -the ground-rope, which rubs along the sea-bottom. -The fish, alarmed by the ground-rope, rise up -and are caught in the net, which is carried along -so rapidly that escape is impossible. In using -the trawl the vessel must steam quickly, and the -ground trawled over must be free from rocks. -It is only employed for the capture of the larger -kinds of fish, such as flounders, haddock, and -cod. The ‘dredge’ is the true naturalist’s implement. -It is a small-meshed net, closed at one -end, and fixed to a rectangular iron frame at -the other. When drawn along, it scrapes the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_467">{467}</span> -bottom, and brings up everything that it encounters, -mud and shells, and all living creatures -that are not quick enough to get away. -After a run over good ground, when the -dredge is hauled up—an operation that is performed -on the <i>Medusa</i> by a gun-metal wire-rope -and a steam winch—and emptied on deck, -the profusion of animal life that lies in a -struggling heap before one is quite bewildering. -There are pectens and oysters, alcyonarians -(usually known as ‘dead-men’s-fingers’), sea-anemones -of all sizes and colours, swimming-crabs -and spider-crabs and soldier-crabs, whelks and -mussels, zoophytes and algæ, ascidians (commonly -called ‘sea-squirts’), sponges, sea-urchins, star-fishes -of every kind from the magnificent -sun-star, ‘rose-jacynth to the finger-tips,’ to -the common brittle-star and ‘five-fingers;’ -and there are other things more than can be -numbered. The dredge and trawl explore the -bottom, but are useless for collecting specimens -from the surface or intermediate depths; and -‘tow-nets’—bags of muslin or canvas sewn on -hoops and drawn after the vessel—are employed -for this purpose. The creatures caught in the -tow-net are usually small; when the contents of -the net are placed in a bottle, the water seems full -of bright spots darting about in all directions; but -under the microscope the specks discover themselves -to be beautifully formed crustaceans shining -in glassy armour. But the tow-net often catches -larger things. An exquisite transparent <i>medusa</i> -or jelly-fish, its umbrella several inches in diameter, -rayed with purple, and carrying a fringe -of graceful pendent tentacles, is often brought -on board its namesake; and hosts of smaller -species of these beautiful creatures are always to -be found. It is in the tow-net, too, that the -floating ova of fishes, about which there has -been so much discussion recently, are caught.</p> - -<p>The chemical and physical work done at sea -is chiefly the collection of samples of water and -the observation of temperature. Water from any -moderate depth is collected by lashing a bottle -to the sounding-line and lowering it to the -proper point; the stopper is then pulled out by -a cord and the bottle allowed to fill. The -water in the bottle is not changed in its ascent, -as the mouth is narrow and it always hangs -vertically. When the sea is rough or the depth is -great, it is necessary to employ some other means. -The ‘slip-water-bottle’ is convenient for most -purposes. It consists of a brass disc covered with -india-rubber, and supporting a central column -to which the line is attached. This is lowered -to the required depth, and then a hollow brass -cylinder, open below, but closed above except for -a hole that just allows the line to pass, is allowed -to slip down the line. The base of the cylinder -strikes on the rubber-covered disc, and securely -incloses a sample of the water, which is run -off by a stop-cock into a bottle after the whole -has been hauled on board. The water must -always be brought to the laboratory in stoppered -bottles, which are entirely filled, and have had -the stoppers tied down from the moment of -collecting.</p> - -<p>The temperature of surface-water is usually -taken by drawing a bucketful and placing an -ordinary bath-thermometer in it for a few minutes. -The precautions of hanging the thermometer in -the centre of the bucket and placing it in the -shade must be observed. Temperature at greater -depths may be observed in several ways. Three -methods have been tried at the Marine Station. -The first is by means of a ‘cistern-thermometer,’ -used by the late Sir Robert Christison for ascertaining -the temperature of the water in the -deep Scottish lochs, which was presented to the -Station by Sir Alexander Christison. It consists -of a thermometer, the bulb of which is -in the centre of a conical copper vessel capable -of containing about five pints. When this is -lowered into the sea, the water passes through -the instrument; but on hauling up, the valves -on the upper side are closed, and it is brought -on board full of water from the greatest depth -it had reached. Experiment shows that the -water has not had time to change its temperature -in the few minutes that elapse between -collecting it and reading the thermometer. A -more common instrument, though one not found -so suitable for use in shallow water, is the Miller-Casella -thermometer, the form chiefly employed -on the <i>Challenger</i>. It is a self-registering thermometer -with a maximum and minimum arm, -which register the highest and lowest temperatures -met with in each immersion. As the temperature -of the sea almost invariably decreases -with increase of depth, the lowest temperature is -considered to be that of the lowest point reached.</p> - -<p>The third form of thermometer has been found -the most convenient, and, with some modification, -the best for the purposes of the Station. It is -Negretti and Zambra’s deep-sea thermometer, and -its principle is that when the temperature of the -water is attained by the thermometer the instrument -is made to turn over; the mercury column -always breaks at the same point, a contraction -near the bulb; the part which had been beyond -the bulb remaining in the inverted tube, which -is graduated so as to show the temperature at -the moment of inversion. Its great advantage is -that no subsequent change of temperature affects -the instrument until it is set again. Its great -defect is that it is difficult to be sure when it -has turned over. The simple and ingenious -inverting mechanism of Magnaghi is hardly -trustworthy; but an improvement has been -effected, in consequence of the experience gained -at the Scottish Station, which makes the turning -of the thermometer, or of any number of -thermometers on the same line, a matter of -certainty.</p> - -<p>The transparency of the water is measured -roughly by noting the depth to which a large -white disc continues visible when immersed. In -the course of a trip from Grangemouth to the -Isle of May, the colour of the water was observed -to vary from dirty yellow to clear blue-green; -and the disc, at first visible only three feet below -the surface, was seen at a depth of six feet at -Inchgarvie, at fifteen feet off Inchkeith, and at -no less than sixty feet a little east of the May. -Although the water of the upper reaches of the -firth has been rendered muddy by the admixture -of river-water, that at the May Island remains -beautifully clear.</p> - -<p>The routine-work of a biological and chemical -laboratory is not of much interest to most -people. For every day of collecting, with its -fresh sea-air and new sea-sights, there must be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_468">{468}</span> -several spent on the Ark in preserving the -specimens, pressing plants, dissecting, mounting -microscopic objects, observing densities, analysing -water, calculating results, and such things; and -all this work does not always tend to preserve -an odourless atmosphere.</p> - -<p>It is not intended that the Marine Station -shall long continue of its present small dimensions. -The experiment, so far as it has gone, -has been so successful that it is now proposed -to erect a large house on shore near the quarry, -where there will be commodious laboratories, -large aquaria, and rooms for the accommodation -of the workers. In the meantime, Mr Irvine -of Royston has generously given the use of an -old manufactory which stands close to the sea -beside the quarry. It was formerly used as -a tannery, and so contains a number of large -water-tight tanks built in the ground. There -is a steam pumping-engine; and a very simple -modification of the existing pipes will secure -the supply of abundance of sea-water. The -tanks will be used for experiments on fish-breeding; -and the buildings in the works can be employed -as laboratories without much alteration.</p> - -<p>The Marine Station is intended to be a centre -from which branches will extend to other parts -of the country. It is in contemplation to erect -a permanent marine observatory on the Clyde; -and there will also be a portable station, probably -a floating laboratory on the plan of the -Ark, which can be taken to any part of the -coast where it is desirable to make an extended -series of observations.</p> - -<p>The Granton Station is, with the exception of -an annual grant of three hundred pounds from -the Scottish Meteorological Society, entirely -supported by voluntary subscription; and the -heartiness with which the appeals to the public -have been responded to by donations of money, -apparatus, and material, shows how thoroughly -the people of Scotland realise the importance -of the work which is being done. The Government -Grant Committee of the London Royal -Society has made certain allowances to the -members of the scientific staff for special -researches; but this is not in any sense a -government endowment of the Station, the -Treasury having definitely refused to give any -money for such a purpose. Although government -support is an extremely desirable thing, -the willing aid of an enlightened public is still -better, and the Scottish Marine Station at -Granton has this aid.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak x-ebookmaker-important" id="BY_MEAD_AND_STREAM">BY MEAD AND STREAM.</h2> -</div> - - -<h3>CHAPTER XXXIX.—THE OTHER SIDE.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">It</span> seemed very curious to Madge that she should -become the confidant of those two men, with -whose fate that of her mother had been so sadly -associated. She was thrust into the ungracious -position of arbiter between them; she had to -decide whether or not the one was false and -treacherous, or the other the victim of his own -hasty passion and self-deceived in his accusations. -She was satisfied that Mr Beecham had spoken -under the conviction of the truth of what he told -her; and Mr Hadleigh had just shown her that—if -innocent—he could be magnanimous, by his -willingness to meet in friendliness one whom he -had so long regarded as his implacable foe.</p> - -<p>The position involved so much in the result -to her and to Philip, that she felt a little -bewildered, and almost afraid of what she was -about to hear. But she could forgive: that -knowledge steadied her.</p> - -<p>Mr Hadleigh with his formal courtesy asked -her to be seated. He stood at the window, and -she could see that the white gloom of the coming -snowstorm was reflected on his face.</p> - -<p>‘May I inquire where you have met Mr -Shield?’</p> - -<p>She was obliged to reply as she had done to a -question put by Philip, which, although different, -was to the same purport: ‘I may not tell you -yet.’</p> - -<p>‘Philip knows that you have met him?’</p> - -<p>‘No.’ It was most uncomfortable to have to -give these evasive answers, which seemed to make -her the one who had to give explanations. She -observed that Mr Hadleigh’s heavy eyebrows -involuntarily lifted.</p> - -<p>‘I ought not to have asked. Pardon me.’</p> - -<p>Something in his tone and manner plainly -showed that he had penetrated her secret and -Mr Beecham’s.</p> - -<p>‘I am sorry not to be able to give you a direct -answer.’</p> - -<p>‘It does not matter,’ he said with a slight -movement of the hand, as if he were putting the -whole subject of her acquaintance with Shield -aside. ‘I know, from the exclamation you made -a little while ago, that he has told you with all -his bitterness why he and I have not been -friends.’</p> - -<p>‘There was no bitterness, Mr Hadleigh, but -much sadness.’</p> - -<p>‘I am pleased to hear it, and I will try to give -you my explanation in the same spirit. First -about George Laurence. I never heard his name -until after my marriage; and it is therefore -unnecessary to say that when I did hear it, and -learned the nature of his former relations with -my wife, it was not possible for me to receive -him in my house, or for him to regard me as a -desirable acquaintance. There were unfortunate -consequences following upon this peculiar position; -but they may pass. They made my life a -hard and solitary one.’</p> - -<p>He paused, and as he looked out into the dull -atmosphere, the vague stare in his eyes, as if he -were seeking something which he could not see, -became pathetic. Madge began to understand -that expression now, and the meaning of the -melancholy, which was concealed from others -under a mask of cold reserve. She sympathised, -but could say nothing.</p> - -<p>‘I never spoke to the man, and saw him only -a few times. But acquaintances of mine, who -thought the news would be agreeable to me, told -me of his ways of life and predicted the end, -which came quickly. The mistake made by -Philip’s mother and Mr Shield was in believing -that it was not until after her marriage that -Laurence neglected his business and took to dissipation. -Men who had known him for several -years previous to that date informed me that his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_469">{469}</span> -habits were little altered after it. Nights spent -in billiard-rooms and other places; days wasted -on racecourses and his fortune squandered. He -attempted to retrieve all by one daring speculation. -Success would have enabled him to go on -for a longer or shorter time, according to the use -he made of the money; failure meant disgrace -and a charge of fraud. He failed, and escaped -the law by taking poison.’</p> - -<p>‘Are you sure of this?’ ejaculated Madge, -startled and shocked by this very different version -of the sentimental story she had heard.</p> - -<p>‘I will show you the newspaper report of -the inquest, and a copy of the accountant’s -report to the creditors on what estate was left. -They will suffice to satisfy you that there is -no error in anything I have said.’</p> - -<p>‘Why was it that Mr Shield, who was his -most intimate friend, knew nothing of this?’</p> - -<p>‘He must have known something, but not all. -His ways were quiet and studious, and what -he did see, he did not regard with the eyes -of experience. I do not think that Laurence -attempted to deceive him; for men who fall -into his course of life soon become blind to its -evils and consequences; and so, without premeditation, -he did deceive him. Mr Shield, -being a man as passionate in his friendships -as in his hates, would listen to no ill of his -friend. But there is one thing more which I -have never repeated, and never until now allowed -any one over whom I had influence to repeat. -You, however, must learn it from the lips of -one who witnessed the scene.’</p> - -<p>He rang the bell, and Terry the butler appeared. -It was one of Mr Terry’s strict points -of discipline in his kingdom below stairs that -without his sanction no one but himself should -answer the drawing-room bell. Obeying a motion -of the master’s hand, he advanced with a portly -gravity becoming the dignity of his office.</p> - -<p>‘You were an attendant in the Cosmos Club -about the date of my marriage?’ said the -master.</p> - -<p>‘I was, sir, then, and for six months before, -and a good while after.’</p> - -<p>‘You recollect what was said about the marriage -a few evenings after it took place?’</p> - -<p>‘Perfectly, sir, because you told me to write -it down, as you thought some day it might be -useful to you.’</p> - -<p>‘The day has come. Tell us what you heard.’</p> - -<p>‘There was a small dinner-party in the strangers’ -room, and I had charge of it. The gentlemen -were particularly merry, and in fact there was -a remarkable quantity of wine used. Your -marriage, sir, was mentioned; and Mr Laurence, -who was the gayest of the company, although -he took less wine than any other gentleman, -proposed the health of the happy couple. I -recollect his very words, sir. He says: “I was -in the swim for the girl myself; but this beggar, -Hadleigh, cut me out; that was luck for me, -so here’s luck to them;” and the toast was drunk -with perfect enthusiasm. Mr Laurence made -away with himself some time after; and I heard -the gentlemen whisper among themselves, when -referring to the sad event, that it was a question -of doing that or of doing a spell of penal -servitude. That’s all, sir.’</p> - -<p>The master nodded: Mr Terry bowed and -retired with the portly gravity with which he -had entered.</p> - -<p>Mr Hadleigh turned to Madge. The butler’s -story produced the effect desired: she was convinced, -for she felt sure that no man who loved -could speak so lightly—or speak at all—of the -woman he loved in a company of club bacchanalians.</p> - -<p>‘But why did you not tell this to Mr Shield?’ -was her reproachful exclamation.</p> - -<p>‘Because he would not listen to anything I -had to say. From the time of the marriage -until after the death of Laurence, we never met. -Then he came to me, mad with passion, and -poured out a volley of abuse. I was patient -because he was her brother; and silent because -it was as hopeless to expect a man drunk with -rage to be reasonable as one drunk with alcohol. -In his last words to me he accused me of -murder. We have never spoken together since.—Do -you think me guilty?’</p> - -<p>‘I do not believe it,’ she replied decisively; -‘nor would he have believed it, if what you -have told me had been made known to him -in time.’</p> - -<p>‘I am grateful to you,’ said Mr Hadleigh, bending -his head; ‘but I perceive you do not know -Mr Shield. Time and solitude alter most men, -and they must have had a peculiar effect upon -him to have enabled him to make such a deep -impression on you. He used to be obstinate to the -last degree, and once he had formed an opinion, -he held to it in spite of reason.’</p> - -<p>‘He must be changed indeed, then, Mr Hadleigh. -I am sure that when he had had time to think, -he would have understood it all but’——</p> - -<p>She paused; and his keen eyes rested searchingly -on her troubled face.</p> - -<p>‘I know what you would say, and I see that -you have doubted me. Ah well, ah well; it is -a pity; but that, too, shall be made clear to -you, I trust.’</p> - -<p>She looked up again hopefully.</p> - -<p>‘Oh, if you will do that!’ The tone was -like that of an appeal.</p> - -<p>‘It can be done, I think.... You have -been told that it was I who, in my enmity to -Shield, took advantage of his long absence and -silence to set abroad the report that he was -married. I did not. The story was on the tongue -of everybody hereabouts for months, and I, like -the rest, believed it. There are only two men -who would have said that I spoke the falsehood—the -one is the man who invented it; -the other is Shield himself.’</p> - -<p>‘You knew the man?’</p> - -<p>‘I did.’</p> - -<p>‘Then why, why did you not denounce him in -time?’</p> - -<p>‘Because I did not know him until after your -mother’s wedding; and then I thought she would -learn the truth only too soon for her peace of -mind.’</p> - -<p>‘How did you discover him, then?’</p> - -<p>‘The scoundrel revealed himself. He came to -me, and insolently told me that, knowing the state -of affairs between Shield and me, he thought he -would do me a good service. So he had given -him a blow which he would not get over in a -hurry. I knew something of the man, and at -once suspected his meaning. I inquired how he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_470">{470}</span> -had struck the blow; and he explained that it -was he who had brought about matters so that -when Shield came home he found his sweetheart -already married to somebody else.’</p> - -<p>Poor Madge was weeping bitter tears in her -heart, but there were none in her eyes: they -were full of eagerness and wonder. She was -drawing nearer and nearer to the truth, which -would enable her to effect the purpose Philip so -much desired.</p> - -<p>‘It is the advantage of my nature,’ Mr Hadleigh -went on calmly, ‘that I can listen to a scoundrel -without losing temper. On this occasion, I asked -how he knew that Shield had returned. “I have -seen him,” he said; “and he is cut up enough to -please even you. Now, having done this job for -you, I expect you to give me something for my -trouble.”—“How much?”—“A hundred is not too -much to ask for the satisfaction of knowing that -your bitterest foe has got it hot.”—I asked him -to write down that he had been the first to report -in the village that Austin Shield was married, -although at the time he had no authority for the -statement.—“That looks like a confession,” he -said.—“Exactly. I mean it to be one.”—After -thinking for a moment, the fellow said: “All -right; it won’t matter to me, for to-morrow I -am off to the diggings.”’</p> - -<p>Mr Hadleigh stopped and looked out at the -window again, as if the scene he was recalling -even now filled him with indignation. He -resumed:</p> - -<p>‘When he had written the memorandum and -signed it, I told him my opinion of his villainous -transaction, and threatened to have him horsewhipped -through the village. At the same time -I rang the bell. Although disappointed, “Bah!” -said he; “I always thought you were a sneak, -without the pluck to give the fellow who hates -you a hiding. Shield has the right stuff in him; -he gave me the money for telling him that you -employed me to tell the lie. That paper you -swindled out of me isn’t worth a rap. You have -no witnesses.”—He got out of the room before I -could reach him, and escaped pursuit.... He -was right; the paper was useless to me.’</p> - -<p>‘Who was the man?’</p> - -<p>‘Richard Towers. Your aunt will tell you -what a scamp he was.’</p> - -<p>‘But what motive could he have for such a -cruel wrong?’</p> - -<p>‘Unknown to Shield, he was his rival; and it -was his own satisfaction he sought in spreading -the falsehood, as it was his own interests he served -by endeavouring to make capital of it out of both -Shield and me by playing upon the unfortunate -misunderstandings between us.’</p> - -<p>Madge was now calm and thoughtful. She, -too, saw what a powerless instrument the villain’s -memorandum was unless it could be proved -that he had written it. Who would not say Mr -Hadleigh himself had written it, to escape blame?</p> - -<p>‘Have you got the memorandum still?’ she -asked suddenly. ‘Will you give it to me?’</p> - -<p>‘But it is useless, except to satisfy those who -trust me that I had no part in the disgraceful -affair.’</p> - -<p>‘It is not quite useless, Mr Hadleigh. There -are letters bearing that man’s name amongst my -grandfather’s papers, and Mr Shield can compare -the handwriting. That will be enough to assure -him that you are blameless, even if he be so ungenerous -as you imagine. Give me the paper.’</p> - -<p>A clever thought; and Mr Hadleigh was struck -by her quickness in seeing it and the energy with -which she took up his cause. He did not know -that she was working for Philip.</p> - -<p>‘You will make a good advocate,’ he said with -that far-off look in his eyes. ‘You shall have the -paper. It is in the safe in my room.’</p> - -<p>‘Thank you, thank you! I will wait here till -you send it to me.’</p> - -<p class="center">(<i>To be continued.</i>)</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_LARGEST_STATUES_IN_THE_WORLD">THE LARGEST STATUES IN THE WORLD, -ANCIENT AND MODERN.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">A piece</span> of interesting news comes to us from -Egypt regarding a discovery recently made in -Lower Egypt, by Mr Flinders Petrie, of the -fragments of a colossal statue of King Rameses -II., which, calculating the height from the fragments -which remain, must have stood considerably -over one hundred feet in height! The -material employed is granite; and the executing -of such a work in such a material, and when -completed, rearing it into position, must have -involved a profound knowledge not only of -high art but of engineering skill. Is it possible -that the statue could have been cut out -whole in one piece? If so, what lever-power -did the Egyptians possess to raise such an enormous -weight into a perpendicular position?</p> - -<p>Certain it is that these ancient builders knew -well how to get over, and did get over, prodigious -difficulties, as witness their obelisks, and -the enormous stones which compose the platform -of the magnificent Temple of the Sun at Baalbec. -As there is no stone quarry near, how these -vast stones could possibly have been conveyed -thither in the first place, and then raised to their -position, has been an enigma to all modern -architects and engineers by whom the temple has -been critically examined, and who have freely -confessed that, even with all our modern science -of steam-cranes, hydraulic jacks, and railways, -the transport and raising of such immense cyclopean -masses would have undoubtedly presented -many serious difficulties, if indeed it could be -accomplished at all.</p> - -<p>Many of our readers will doubtless remember -Mr Poynter’s grand picture in the Royal Academy -of London, a few years ago, entitled ‘Israel in -Egypt.’ It represented an enormous mass of -sculpture mounted on a wheeled truck, dragged -along by hundreds of the unfortunate captive -Israelites, who are smarting under the whips -of their cruel drivers. Mr Poynter had good -authority for his ‘motive-power’ as shown in his -picture. So far as we can discover from ancient -works or ancient sculptures, the hugest stone -masses were transported mainly by force of -human muscles, with few mechanical expedients. -Levers and rollers seem to have been almost, -if not altogether, unknown. The mass was -generally placed on a kind of sledge, the ground -over which it was to pass lubricated with some -oily substance, and the sheer strength of human -shoulders was then applied.</p> - -<p>The most colossal and by far the most remarkable -statue of modern days is that most elaborate -and rather eccentric gift of the French<span class="pagenum" id="Page_471">{471}</span> -nation to the people of America. Not only is -it remarkable for its enormous height and -gigantic proportions, but for the very singular -and ingenious manner in which it has been -constructed, so singular, indeed, that at first sight -it is somewhat difficult to comprehend the manner -in which it has been built up piece by piece, -especially when we mention that the several -pieces of copper composing the figure have <i>not</i> -been cast. How, then, have they been made? -This we will try to explain.</p> - -<p>The statue is a female figure of Liberty, having -on her head a crown, and holding aloft in her -hand a torch. The figure is one hundred and -five feet high; but, reckoning the extreme height -to the top of the torch, the marvellous altitude -of one hundred and thirty-seven feet nine inches -is reached. The statue is to be reared on a -pedestal of solid granite eighty-three feet high, -so that the entire work will rise to the immense -height of two hundred and twenty feet nine -inches! The artist is M. Bartholdi (the family -name, by-the-bye, of the great composer best -known as ‘Mendelssohn’).</p> - -<p>Having first carefully constructed a model in -clay about life-size, this was repeatedly enlarged -until the necessary form and size were obtained. -The next step was to obtain plaster-casts from -the clay, and these casts were then reproduced -by clever artists in hard wood. The wooden -blocks were then in their turn placed in the -hands of coppersmiths, who by the hammer -alone, it is stated, gave the copper sheets the -exact form of the wooden moulds or models; -and thus, in this peculiar and laborious manner, -the outside copper ‘skin’ of the statue was formed -and, to all outward appearance, completed. But -as the copper is only one-eighth of an inch thick, -an inner skin is also provided, placed about a foot -behind the first, whilst the intermediate space -will be filled in with sand, especially at the lower -extremities, to give the whole a steadfast foundation.</p> - -<p>The stability of the figure will not, however, -be left to depend solely on these sheets of thin -copper and loose sand; and therefore the interior, -from top to bottom, will be strengthened by a -framework of girders and supports, by which -the whole will be knit together in one firm, -compact, unyielding mass. As the sheets of -copper and the interior framework are simply -secured in the ordinary manner by rivets, when -it is desired to remove this metallic mountain, -all that has to be done is to unrivet the several -plates, take down, and pack on board ship for -New York.</p> - -<p>It is proposed to place this gigantic ‘Liberty’ -on Bedloe’s Island, a very small islet lying about -two miles south of the Battery and Castle Garden, -the lowest point of the island of Manhattan on -which the city of New York is built, so that -travellers approaching the city by water on that -side will get a fine view of the statue of ‘Liberty -enlightening the World.’</p> - -<p>This mighty work of art, after many years of -close and anxious labour, has recently been -formally handed over by M. Jules Ferry to the -minister of the United States, as a free gift -from the people of France to the people of -America—a token of love and admiration from -the one republic to the other—and measures are -being adopted to take the statue to pieces, with -a view to its immediate transmission to New -York, in which go-ahead city we shall doubtless -soon hear of its final erection.</p> - -<p>If Mr Flinders Petrie’s discovery of the remains -of the gigantic statue of Rameses II. in Lower -Egypt, one hundred feet high of solid granite, -is the largest statue of antiquity, the ‘Liberty’ -of M. Bartholdi may certainly take rank as the -most colossal production of modern days.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_GREENROOM_ROMANCE">A GREENROOM ROMANCE.</h2> -</div> - - -<h3 title="SCENE I.">IN THREE SCENES.—SCENE I.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Mr Percy Montmorency</span> was seated in front -of a looking-glass in his dressing-room at the -Pantheon Theatre, habited in the costume of -Charles Surface, with the perruquier in attendance. -The name of ‘Montmorency’ was merely -a <i>nom de théâtre</i> assumed by Harry Stanley when -he adopted the somewhat singular resolution of -‘fretting and strutting his hour’ on the boards -of a metropolitan theatre; for Mr Stanley was -the only child of his father Colonel Stanley, -and consequently heir to that gallant officer’s -estates in Yorkshire and elsewhere. For the -rest, he was three-and-twenty, undeniably good-looking, -and endowed with considerable abilities. -Having completed the arrangement of the -powdered wig, the perruquier withdrew a pace -and contemplated the effect with well-simulated -admiration. ‘Mr Charles Mathews never looked -the part better, sir.’</p> - -<p>The actor seemed to coincide in the opinion -of his flattering attendant, for he rose, and -surveyed himself in the glass with admiration, -which he made no attempt to conceal.</p> - -<p>‘A good house, Jackson?’</p> - -<p>‘Capital, sir. But a little cold. They’ll warm -up when <i>you</i> go on, sir.’</p> - -<p>‘Tell the call-boy I want him, Jackson.’</p> - -<p>Jackson withdrew; and Montmorency surrendered -himself to a mental soliloquy, which -assumed somewhat of this form: ‘I wonder what -my father wishes to see me about? The same -old story, I suppose—the folly and wickedness -of the step I have taken. Well, of one thing I -am certain: I am much better off in my present -position, than wedded to that Barbadoes girl, -Miss Anstruther, in spite of her money-bags, -and whom I have never seen.’</p> - -<p>These reflections were put an end to by the -entrance of the call-boy.</p> - -<p>‘If a gentleman giving the name of Colonel -Stanley should call, show him in here.’</p> - -<p>‘He is outside, sir,’ replied the boy.</p> - -<p>‘Show him in at once,’ whereupon there -entered a small wizen-faced old gentleman, with -snow-white hair, and supporting himself on a -stick. Montmorency advanced, shook hands -with a great show of cordiality, and placed a -chair, on which Colonel Stanley slowly seated -himself, gazing round the small apartment with -an unfeigned expression of curiosity. ‘So this -is a theatrical dressing-room. You are pretty -snug.’</p> - -<p>The room certainly deserved the encomium of -the old colonel. Paintings in oil and water -colours nearly covered the walls; fancy pipes -and cigar-boxes and scent-bottles littered the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_472">{472}</span> -tables; a case of champagne reposed in one -corner, while in the other was a small pile of -seltzer water.</p> - -<p>The colonel, after indulging in a sigh, proceeded: -‘I have called, Harry, before I return -to Yorkshire, to make one more appeal to you -to give up your present mode of life, settle -down as a landed proprietor in your native -county, and marry Miss Anstruther.’</p> - -<p>It was now the turn of the young man to sigh -as he replied: ‘Impossible, my dear sir. I am -already wedded—to the stage.’</p> - -<p>‘That may be; but unions can easily be dissolved -by a divorce, especially in these days.’</p> - -<p>‘Not where the contracting parties are so -attached to each other as I am to my profession. -No, sir. If a man could take a wife on lease, -for seven, fourteen, or twenty-one years, the case -would be different. But the feeling that my lot -in life was fixed—cut and dried, so to speak—the -matter won’t bear a thought.’ The young man -felt strongly inclined to indulge in a stage-walk, -but the limited area of the apartment forbade -such a physical relief. If the reader should -consider the remarks of the actor somewhat -flippant, it must be borne in mind that no one -whose character did not fall under that definition -would have acted as Harry Stanley had -done.</p> - -<p>The old man scowled as he resumed: ‘I -wonder you can respect yourself, dizened out -and painted like a mummer at a pantomime.’</p> - -<p>‘I am of the same calling as the glory of -England, Shakspeare the actor’——</p> - -<p>‘And poet—you forget that, sir—poet, sir,’ -sharply retorted the colonel.</p> - -<p>‘I can assure you, sir, we have men of good -family playing very small parts to-night. Trip -took honours at Oxford, and Backbite is a Cambridge -man.’</p> - -<p>‘Pray, sir,’ replied the colonel, ‘if that be the -case, why do you all sail under false colours? -Why resign the honoured name of Stanley for -the Frenchified one of Montmorency?’</p> - -<p>The young man bowed as he responded: ‘Out -of deference to the shallow scruples of the -narrow-minded portion of Society.’</p> - -<p>‘Of which I constitute a member, eh?’</p> - -<p>It was in a more conciliatory tone that his -son took up the argument. ‘Pray, sir, let me -ask you a question. Do poets and novelists -never adopt a <i>nom de plume</i>? Did not Miss -Evans style herself “George Eliot;” the late -Governor-general of India, “Owen Meredith;” -Mademoiselle de la Ramée, “Ouida;” Dickens, -“Boz?”’</p> - -<p>‘That’ll do,’ interrupted the colonel. ‘Then -one fine day you will be falling in love, as -you call it, with one of these artful and painted -sirens, and I shall find myself grandfather to a -clown or a pantaloon! For, of course, you will -bring up your offspring to <i>the</i> profession, as you -call it, as if there were no other profession in -the world.’</p> - -<p>His son and heir drew himself proudly up as -he replied: ‘No, sir; I trust I shall never forget -that I own the honoured name of Stanley.’</p> - -<p>The colonel remained silent for several moments -ere he observed: ‘I shall never understand -why you declined even to see Miss -Anstruther.’</p> - -<p>‘Because the very fact that the lady was -labelled my future wife,’ replied his son, ‘would -have caused me to detest her at first sight.’</p> - -<p>The old colonel rose from his seat. ‘I can see -very plainly that I am wasting both your time -and my own.—I suppose you will have to do a -little “tumbling” presently?’</p> - -<p>‘I do not make my first entrance till the -third act. If you will go in front, you can -have my box.’ Montmorency rang the bell as -he spoke, and when the call-boy appeared, -directed him to show his visitor into box A.</p> - -<p>The actor was indulging in a sigh of relief, -when a head appeared at the half-closed door, -and a voice exclaimed: ‘May I come in?’</p> - -<p>Montmorency bounded from his chair as he -seized hold of the extended hand and drew the -owner into the room. The new-comer was a -young man of about the same age as the actor, -and was habited in modern evening dress. -Montmorency wrung the hand of his friend Vallance, -and forced him into a seat. ‘Delighted -to see you, Jack! Have a weed and a seltzer?’</p> - -<p>In a few seconds the two young men were -similarly occupied, and immersed in the consumption -of a couple of choice Partagas.</p> - -<p>The actor opened the ball. ‘You must have -met an elderly party in the passage. That was -the governor. He is very irate because I won’t -fall in love by word of command, and marry -Miss Anstruther, whom I have never seen.—By-the-bye, -<i>you</i> have seen her. What is she like?’</p> - -<p>‘A lovely girl,’ replied Vallance. ‘I met her -at a ball at Scarborough, soon after her arrival -from the West Indies. Faith, Harry, you might -do worse.’</p> - -<p>‘And might do better; eh, Jack? But your -ideas of beauty are so opposite to mine, as I -remember of old. Now, if you wish to see a -perfect vision of loveliness, go in front and see -Fonblanque, the Lady Teazle of to-night.’</p> - -<p>‘You mean <i>Miss</i> Fonblanque, I presume?’</p> - -<p>‘Exactly. The prefix “Miss” is frequently -omitted in theatrical parlance. She is bewitching!’</p> - -<p>Vallance shakes his head. ‘Have a care, Harry. -It would be a pity if you allied yourself with -some unknown adventuress, after refusing the -rich Miss Anstruther.’</p> - -<p>‘Well, to be candid, Jack, I <i>am</i> afraid of -myself. If I did not constantly call to my mind -the fact that I am a Stanley, I should speedily -succumb to the charms of the divine Fonblanque, -so there is some benefit arising from birth after -all.’</p> - -<p>‘And how long do you mean to pursue this -mad freak of yours?’ inquired Vallance.</p> - -<p>‘Till I hear on good authority that the troublesome -Miss Anstruther is engaged, or married.’</p> - -<p>‘And then?’</p> - -<p>‘Why, then I quit the mimic stage as suddenly -as I entered upon it.’</p> - -<p>‘Meanwhile!’ ejaculated Vallance with an -incredulous smile.</p> - -<p>‘Meanwhile,’ replied Montmorency loftily, ‘I -contribute to the “gaiety of nations,” as Johnson -said of Garrick; and therefore consider myself -a far better member of society than a successful -general, who has killed so many hundreds -of his fellow-mortals; or a lawyer, who -has set whole families by the ears in order to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_473">{473}</span> -fill his pockets; or a doctor, who, as Tobin -says, spends the greater part of his time in -writing death-warrants in Latin.’</p> - -<p>Vallance examined his finger-nails for a few -seconds, and after an embarrassing pause, -said: ‘Harry, I am about to make a confession.’</p> - -<p>‘I cannot promise you absolution, Jack.’</p> - -<p>Vallance proceeded: ‘On the memorable night -when I first beheld Miss Anstruther at the ball -at Scarborough, I fell over head and ears in -love with her.’</p> - -<p>‘You fell in love with her, did you!’ repeated -Montmorency, in a tone of some annoyance. -‘You mean with her banking account. Remember, -you are in the confession box.’</p> - -<p>‘On my honour, no!’ replied Vallance. ‘As -you are aware, I could not afford to marry a -penniless girl; but if I were as rich as Rothschild, -and Miss Anstruther a pauper, I would -marry her to-morrow, if she would have me.—You -do not seem to like the idea?’</p> - -<p>‘Humanity is a strange compound, Jack. It -grates upon my sense of propriety that any one -else should step into my shoes and wed the -woman intended for my wife, yet whom I have -vowed never to marry.’</p> - -<p>‘Why, what a dog in the manger, you are!’</p> - -<p>‘I would not so much mind if a stranger -were to win the heiress; but to know her as -your wife, Jack, for the remainder of my existence, -to repent probably of my obstinacy—— You -are not in earnest, Jack?’</p> - -<p>‘Ah, but I am!’ replied Vallance, inwardly -murmuring: ‘May I be forgiven the lie!’</p> - -<p>After a brief mental struggle, Montmorency -continued: ‘Well, success attend you. You are -a lucky fellow to walk off with such a prize; -while I—I shall remain a humble stage-player.’</p> - -<p>‘Remember the peerless Fonblanque, Harry.’</p> - -<p>‘Ah! you are right. There is beauty, talent, -wit, elegance, refinement, all enshrined in the -admirable Lady Teazle of to-night. I shall -now no longer hold back. To-night I shall -know my fate. You have applied the touchstone.’</p> - -<p>The shrill voice of the call-boy now uttered -the words ‘Charles Surface.’</p> - -<p>‘There is my call. So adieu for the present. -Go in front, and call for me at the end of the -show; and we will have a steak at the <i>Albion</i> -together, and drink to the speedy nuptials of -my <i>bête noire</i>, Miss Anstruther.’</p> - -<p>‘With whom?’</p> - -<p>‘Any one! I care not—no offence, Jack—so -I am free.’</p> - -<p>Vallance proceeded straight to box A, and -having tapped at the door, found himself face -to face with Colonel Stanley, who eagerly -exclaimed: ‘Well, Vallance, has my plan succeeded?’</p> - -<p>‘I fear not, sir.’</p> - -<p>‘Give him a second dose the first opportunity. -I never knew it fail. If you want to make a -man fall in love with a particular woman, tell -him she is half engaged, and she will instantly -go up twenty per cent. in his estimation. That -is how I came to marry his mother. Directly -my father told me that Fred Spencer was mad -after her, and that she was half inclined to -marry him, I rushed to the attack, stormed -the fortress, and carried off the prize! <i>I</i> wasn’t -going to let that puppy Spencer march off with -her. A fellow with not a tithe of my personal -recommendations.’ Here the colonel paused, as -he beheld the countenance of his auditor completely -engrossed with the scene; for in the -lovely Lady Teazle of the play, Jack Vallance -had recognised the West Indian heiress, Emily -Anstruther!</p> - - -<h3>SCENE II.</h3> - -<p>Along one of the tortuous passages leading to -the dressing-rooms, a gentleman is conducting -a lady, preceded by the dresser. They have -evidently come from the audience part of the -theatre, as they are both in modern evening -dress. Presently the dresser pauses at a door, -and after tapping, enters; and returns to invite -the lady to invade the sacred precincts of the -dressing-room of Miss Fonblanque, the representative -of Lady Teazle. After a few whispered -words to her escort, the lady accepts the invitation, -and in another moment is clasped in the -embrace of the actress. ‘My dear Julia!’</p> - -<p>‘My darling Emily!’</p> - -<p>Certainly, Lady Teazle fully deserved the -rapturous praises of Montmorency. Her lovely -dark eyes shone all the brighter from the -contrast to the powdered wig; while her -splendid figure was displayed to the utmost -advantage by means of her handsome brocaded -dress.</p> - -<p>‘And so you recognised me under these tinsel -robes, Julia?’</p> - -<p>‘Your voice is unmistakable; I should have -known it anywhere, Emily.—When do you -intend to return to your own sphere?’</p> - -<p>‘First tell me, Julia, how you managed to -penetrate these sacred precincts?’</p> - -<p>‘Oh! my husband, who knows everybody, said -he could at once accomplish it, directly I told -him you were my old schoolfellow at Barbadoes.—Now, -answer me my question, there’s a -dear!’</p> - -<p>‘I <i>have</i> found my proper sphere; I am free, -popular, and admired. Instead of one admirer, -I have hundreds, and the number is increasing -nightly. What can woman wish for more?’</p> - -<p>‘I’ll tell you, Emily: a nice husband, and -domestic bliss.’</p> - -<p>The actress indulged in a scarcely audible -sigh. ‘That might have been my lot. I mean -the domestic bliss part of the affair, if I had -not had it dinned into my ears from morning -till night that there was only one road to -happiness—a union with Mr Stanley, whom I -have never seen.’</p> - -<p>‘You might have liked him very much.’</p> - -<p>‘Impossible, my dear Julia. The very fact -of a man being ticketed like a prize animal at -a show, and then his being introduced to you -as your certain and future husband, would be -quite sufficient to make me detest him.—No, -Julia; when <i>I</i> marry, I will myself make the -selection, and he must be one who is ignorant -that his intended is a rich heiress.’</p> - -<p>‘That will not be a very easy matter to -accomplish, Emily.’</p> - -<p>‘Listen, Julia, and I’ll tell you a secret. There -is a young man acting in this company—a Mr -Percy Montmorency. He is all I could wish—handsome,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_474">{474}</span> -clever, accomplished, and vastly agreeable.’</p> - -<p>‘Then you have <i>made</i> your selection?’</p> - -<p>‘Not so, Julia. His profession renders our -union impossible. He may be heir to a peerage; -he may be a lawyer’s clerk. There is the most -delightful mystery as to our antecedents, we play-actors! -For instance, who would suppose that -I was the rich West Indian heiress, who utilised -her amateur theatrical talents, and adopted her -present profession? And all in order to escape -being pestered into an unwelcome and distasteful -marriage. Heigh-ho! I wish I had never seen -this captivating fellow.’</p> - -<p>Mrs Sydney sighed as she rejoined: ‘Ah, -Emily, there is the danger of your present mode -of life. Before you know where you are, finding -yourself over head and ears in love with some -handsome fellow, even of whose very name you -are ignorant. As to the position in society of -his progenitors, that is a point which would -require the research of the Society of Antiquaries.’</p> - -<p>The actress looked solemnly in the face of her -friend, and taking both her hands within her -own, replied: ‘Julia, there is a fascination in -the life of a successful actress, of which you can -form no conception. There is the delight of -selecting the costume you are to wear on the -eventful evening. No trifle to a woman, as you -will admit. Then there is the actual pleasure of -wearing it, not for the sake of some half-dozen -friends, whose envy in consequence is a poor -reward, but the object of admiration to hundreds -of spectators nightly! Then, instead of monotonous -domesticity, executing crewel-work to the -accompaniment of the snoring in an armchair -of a bored husband, we have the nightly welcome -from a thousand pair of hands, and the final -call before the curtain amidst an avalanche of -flowers! Your name on every tongue, your photo. -in every print-shop in London, and your acts -and deeds the subject of conversation at every -dinner-table in the metropolis!’</p> - -<p>Mrs Sydney shook her head with a melancholy -smile as the actress finished her oration. ‘I am -still unconverted, Emily.’</p> - -<p>‘Quite right, Julia. If we were all actresses, -there would be no audiences.’</p> - -<p>The inexorable call-boy here put a compulsory -finish to the interview between the two friends, -with the words ‘Lady Teazle.’</p> - - -<h3>SCENE III.</h3> - -<p>Montmorency was seated in the greenroom at -the conclusion of the play, engaged in that absent -train of thought known as a brown-study. The -more he saw of the fascinating Fonblanque, the -more he was captivated. Every hour spent in -her society but served to rivet more closely the -chain which bound him to her. Should he -condescend and make her an offer of his hand, -she would naturally be influenced by a profound -sense of gratitude, when she discovered that she -had married a man of fortune and a Stanley! -Whereas, if he had married the rich Miss -Anstruther, he would have had her money-bags -perpetually thrown in his face. A silver-toned -utterance fell on his ears. Looking up, he -beheld the subject of his cogitations.</p> - -<p>‘Allow me to congratulate you, Mr Montmorency, -on your Charles Surface this evening. -A double call before the curtain, and well -deserved.’</p> - -<p>‘You are pleased to flatter me. The plaudits -of the house to-night render any praise on my -part of your Lady Teazle unnecessary. I regret -that I am fated to lose so charming a compatriot.’</p> - -<p>Was it fancy that Montmorency imagined he -detected a paler tint on the cheek of the actress, -as she replied: ‘You are not going to leave -us?’</p> - -<p>‘I fear so.’</p> - -<p>‘Wherefore?’</p> - -<p>‘You are the last person to whom I can confide -the cause of my sudden departure.’</p> - -<p>Lady Teazle cast down her lovely eyes for a -brief space, and then, in a voice in which the -smallest possible <i>tremolo</i> was perceptible, whispered: -‘Are you not happy here?’</p> - -<p>‘I fear, too much so,’ sighed Montmorency. -‘I have been living in a fool’s paradise lately.’</p> - -<p>‘How? In what way, Mr Montmorency?’</p> - -<p>‘I am in love.—You start. You do not believe -in an actor, who is always simulating affection, -ever falling under the influence of a real and -veritable passion.’</p> - -<p>‘You wrong me; indeed, you do. The artistic -nature is, and must be, more acutely sensitive -than that possessed by ordinary mortals. Do I -know the lady?’</p> - -<p>‘You see her every day—when you contemplate -those charming features in the glass. Yes; -it is <i>you</i>, Miss Fonblanque, whom I love, whom -I adore!’</p> - -<p>How can we describe the flood of sensations -which agitated the bosom of the heiress, as she -listened to the avowal of affection from the lips -of the only man she had ever loved! In low -and trembling tones, she managed to reply: ‘Mr -Montmorency, you are not rehearsing a scene in -some new comedy?’</p> - -<p>‘I was never more serious in my life.’</p> - -<p>By this time, the pride of the Anstruthers -had come to the assistance of the heiress. ‘I -grieve very much that I cannot accept your offer. -It is impossible.’</p> - -<p>‘Impossible! Why?’</p> - -<p>‘That I cannot explain.’</p> - -<p>‘We are both members of the same profession, -and so far equal.’</p> - -<p>‘Pardon me,’ said Lady Teazle. ‘You know -nothing of my antecedents, and’——</p> - -<p>‘And you know nothing of mine, you would -say. Charming equality! Say, Miss Fonblanque, -may I hope?’</p> - -<p>It was now the turn of the actress to sigh. -‘It would be cruel to raise hopes which can -never be realised.’</p> - -<p>Montmorency let fall the hand which in his -ardour he had seized, and drew himself proudly -up. ‘That is your fixed answer?’</p> - -<p>‘It is.’</p> - -<p>Montmorency once more took possession of her -taper fingers, and raising them to his lips, uttered -the word ‘Farewell!’ and hastily left the greenroom.</p> - -<p>The dark melting eyes of the heiress gazed -after his retreating figure, and large drops of -moisture gathered in them. ‘I have half a mind<span class="pagenum" id="Page_475">{475}</span> -to call him back,’ she mentally whispered.—‘No! -I must remember I am an Anstruther.’</p> - -<p>Sinking on a couch, Lady Teazle felt her -brain spinning round; then presently raising -her eyes, she beheld—Mr Vallance!</p> - -<p>‘Have I not the honour of speaking to Miss -Anstruther?’</p> - -<p>‘Since you recognise me, it would be affectation -to deny my identity. Mr Vallance, may I ask -you to preserve my secret?’</p> - -<p>‘From all save one individual—Mr Montmorency. -Surely you knew that in the Charles -Surface of this evening you beheld your rejected -lover, Mr Stanley?’</p> - -<p>A film came slowly over the eyes of Miss -Anstruther. ‘You are not joking, Mr Vallance?’</p> - -<p>‘The matter is too serious for jesting. But I -will break a confidence. He loves you. He told -me so half an hour ago.’</p> - -<p>The heiress could scarcely forbear a smile, as -she reflected that her ears had drunk in the soft -confession only five minutes ago. ‘Mr Vallance, -will you do me a favour? Will you ask Mr -Stanley to step here for a few minutes? But -remember, you must on no account reveal my -identity.’</p> - -<p>‘You may rely upon me, Miss Anstruther. I -do not know what steps you mean to adopt; but -there is no time to lose, for old Colonel Stanley -is in front, and will, if he has recognised you, -at once inform his son.’</p> - -<p>‘That is my fear; so haste.’</p> - -<p>Almost before the heiress could mature her -plans, the rejected one appeared before her. He -was very grave, and bowed with an air of deep -humility, as the actress thus addressed him: ‘Mr -Vallance and I are old acquaintances, so I commissioned -him to ask you to return for a short -time. I feel very anxious about our scenes in -the <i>Hunchback</i> to-morrow. Would you mind running -through the Modus and Helen scenes? -I mean the second one.’</p> - -<p>Montmorency bowed. ‘With pleasure.’</p> - -<p>It would have been a lesson for half the -actresses on the stage, could they have beheld -the manner in which the saucy coquette of the -play coaxed her lover, lured him on, fascinated -him, and enveloped him in such a spell of -witcheries, that no Modus that ever breathed -could have been proof against her seductive -wiles. The scene came to an unexpected termination, -for Montmorency suddenly caught her in -his arms, and as he held her clasped tight to -his breast, exclaimed in rapid and excited tones: -‘This is not acting! If it be, you are the -greatest actress that ever trod the boards. You -love me! I see it in your sparkling eye; I -read it in your blushing cheek! Say, am I -not right?’</p> - -<p>Emily Anstruther remained perfectly passive -in the arms of Harry Stanley, as she murmured -‘Yes!’</p> - -<p>The enraptured couple were so completely -absorbed in reading love in each other’s eyes, -that they had not observed the entrance of two -gentlemen, Colonel Stanley and Mr Vallance.</p> - -<p>The old colonel was the first to speak. ‘Speak, -sir! Is this a scene from a play?’</p> - -<p>By this time the heiress had left the sweet -anchorage of her lover’s arms, and advancing to -the old man, said: ‘Do you not recognise your -godchild, Emily Anstruther?’</p> - -<p>But surprise had taken away the power of -speech from the colonel.</p> - -<p>His son interposed. ‘I trust Miss Anstruther -will acquit <i>me</i> of any guilty knowledge of this -fact—will believe that <i>I</i> believed she was -merely Miss Fonblanque the actress.’</p> - -<p>Emily Anstruther here cast down her eyes, -while a deep blush mantled over her face and -neck. ‘I am afraid <i>I</i> am not equally innocent; -for Mr Vallance informed me that I had refused -my hated lover. But I have enough confidence -in <i>his</i> love for me, to hope for his belief in -my unselfish love for <i>him</i>.’</p> - -<p>‘So you see, dad,’ exclaimed the younger -Stanley, ‘Love not only rules the court, the -camp, the grove, as the poet says, but does -not disdain to flutter his wings in the greenroom.’</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>Author’s Note.</i>—This story having been dramatised, -and the provisions of the law as regards dramatic copyright -having been duly complied with, any infringement -of the author’s rights becomes actionable.</p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="HUMOROUS_DEFINITIONS">HUMOROUS DEFINITIONS.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">A smart</span>, pithy, or humorous definition often -furnishes a happy illustration of the proverbial -brevity which is the soul of wit. Wit itself -has not inaptly been called ‘a pleasant surprise -over truth;’ and wisdom, often its near ally, -is, in the opinion of a clever writer, ‘nothing -more than educated cunning.’ ‘Habits are what -we learn and can’t forget,’ says the same author, -who also defines silence as ‘a safe place to hide -in,’ and a lie as ‘the very best compliment that -can be paid to truth.’ ‘Show him an egg and -instantly the air is full of feathers,’ said a -humorist, defining a sanguine man. ‘A moral -chameleon’ is a terse reckoning-up of a humbug. -Man’s whole life has been cynically -summed up in the sentence, ‘Youth is a -blunder; middle life, a struggle; and old age, a -regret.’</p> - -<p>Whimsical definitions are sometimes quite -as neat and telling as those of a smarter -kind. Dr Johnson confessed to a lady that -it was pure ignorance that made him define -‘pastern, the knee of a horse;’ but he could -hardly make the same excuse for defining pension, -‘an allowance made to any one without -an equivalent.’ A patriot, some writer tells us, -is ‘one who lives <i>for</i> the promotion of his -country’s union and dies <i>in</i> it;’ and a hero, -‘he who, after warming his enemies, is toasted -by his friends.’</p> - -<p>Of juvenile definitions, ‘dust is mud with -the juice squeezed out;’ scarcely so scientific -as Palmerston’s definition of dirt as ‘matter -in the wrong place.’ A fan, we learn, is ‘a -thing to brush warm off with;’ and a monkey, -‘a small boy with a tail;’ ‘salt, what makes -your potatoes taste bad when you don’t put -any on;’ ‘wakefulness, eyes all the time coming -unbuttoned;’ and ‘ice, water that stayed out -too late in the cold and went to sleep.’</p> - -<p>A schoolboy asked to define the word ‘sob,’<span class="pagenum" id="Page_476">{476}</span> -whimpered out: ‘It means when a feller don’t -mean to cry and it bursts out itself.’ Another -defined a comma as ‘a period with a long tail.’ -A youngster was asked to give his idea of the -meaning of ‘responsibility,’ so he said: ‘Well, -supposing I had only two buttons on my trousers, -and one came off, all the responsibility would rest -on the other button.’</p> - -<p>‘Give the definition of admittance,’ said a -teacher to the head-boy. This went from the -head to near the foot of the class, all being -unable to tell the meaning of it, until it reached -a little boy who had seen the circus bills posted -about the village, and who exclaimed: ‘Admittance -means one shilling, and children half-price.’</p> - -<p>‘What is a junction, nurse?’ asked a seven-year-old -fairy the other day on a railway platform.—‘A -junction, my dear?’ answered the -nurse, with the air of a very superior person -indeed: ‘why, it’s a place where two roads -separate.’</p> - -<p>To hit off a jury as ‘a body of men organised -to find out which side has the smartest lawyer,’ -is to satirise many of our ‘intelligent fellow-countrymen.’ -The word ‘suspicion’ is, in the -opinion of a jealous husband, ‘a feeling that -compels you to try to find out something which -you don’t wish to know.’ A good definition of -a ‘Pharisee’ is ‘a tradesman who uses long -prayers and short weights;’ of a ‘humbug, one -who agrees with everybody;’ and of a ‘tyrant, -the other version of somebody’s hero.’ An -American lady’s idea of a ballet-girl was, ‘an -open muslin umbrella with two pink handles;’ -and a Parisian’s of ‘chess, a humane substitute -for hard labour.’ Thin soup, according to an -Irish mendicant, is ‘a quart of water boiled down -to a pint, to make it strong.’</p> - -<p>Of definitions of a bachelor—‘an un-altar-ed -man,’ ‘a singular being,’ and ‘a target for a miss,’ -are apt enough. A walking-stick may be described -as ‘the old man’s strength and the young -man’s weakness;’ and an umbrella as ‘a fair and -foul weather friend’ who has had ‘many ups -and downs in the world.’ A watch may be hit -off as a ‘second-hand affair;’ spectacles as ‘second-sight’ -or ‘friendly glasses;’ and a wig as ‘the -top of the poll,’ ‘picked locks,’ and ‘poached -hare.’ And any one who is troubled with an -empty purse may be comforted with the reflection -that ‘no trial could be lighter.’</p> - -<p>‘Custom is the law of fools,’ and ‘politeness -is half-sister to charity’—the last a better definition -than that which spitefully defines polite -society as ‘a place where manners pass for too -much, and morals for too little.’ ‘Fashion’ has -been cleverly hit off as ‘an arbitrary disease -which leads all geese to follow in single file the -one goose that sets the style.’ An idea of the -amusement of dancing is not badly conveyed by -the phrases ‘embodied melody’ and ‘the poetry of -motion.’</p> - -<p>The ‘Complete Angler’ as a definition of ‘a -flirt’ is particularly happy. Beauty has been -called ‘a short-lived tyranny,’ ‘a silent cheat,’ -and ‘a delightful prejudice;’ while modesty has -been declared ‘the delicate shadow that virtue -casts.’ Love has been likened to ‘the sugar in -a woman’s teacup, and man the spoon that stirs -it up;’ and a ‘true-lover’s-knot’ may not inaptly -be termed ‘a dear little tie.’ Kisses have variously -been defined as ‘a harmony in red,’ ‘a -declaration of love by deed of mouth,’ and -‘lip-service.’</p> - -<p>‘Matrimony’ was defined by a little girl at -the head of a confirmation class in Ireland, as -‘a state of torment into which souls enter to -prepare them for another and better world.’</p> - -<p>‘Being,’ said the examining priest, ‘the answer -for purgatory.’</p> - -<p>‘Put her down!’ said the curate, much ashamed -of his pupil—‘put her down to the foot of the -class!’</p> - -<p>‘Lave her alone,’ quoth the priest; ‘the lass -may be right after all. What do you or I know -about it?’</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_MONTH">THE MONTH: -<br /> -SCIENCE AND ARTS.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Nearly</span> seven millions sterling have been already -expended upon the Panama Canal works, and -according to all accounts, there is plenty to show -for the money. The channel is being dredged -out by enormous machines, which scoop out the -softer earth and operate upon the debris of -harder rocks, after the latter have been blasted. -Colon, the Atlantic terminus of the canal, has, -from the miserable and dirty little village which -it presented some years ago, sprung into a prosperous -town. The dry season has unfortunately -been an unhealthy one, and there has been an -epidemic of marsh-fever; but altogether we may -take the general report of the Canal works as a -satisfactory one. There is little doubt that the -great work of uniting the Atlantic and Pacific -Oceans will be accomplished within very few -years.</p> - -<p>News has been received by the Geographical -Society that their intrepid explorer, Mr Joseph -Thomson, whose departure some months ago on -an expedition to the region east and north-east -of Lake Victoria Nyanza we briefly chronicled -at the time, has safely returned to Zanzibar. -Little is at present known as to what he has -done, further than that he has successfully carried -out his programme with the most satisfactory -feature that the work has been done without -any loss of life except from disease. We may -look forward with great interest to Mr Thomson’s -account of this his third successful expedition, -the more so, as this time he has journeyed in -a region of Africa untraversed by any previous -explorer, and about which, therefore, the knowledge -possessed by our best geographers is open -to improvement.</p> - -<p>From a paper recently read before the -Institution of Civil Engineers, by Mr G. H. -Stayton, upon the Wood-pavements of London, -we glean the following interesting particulars: -The metropolis comprises nearly two thousand -miles of streets, of which only fifty-three miles -are at present laid with wood. Most of the -wood used is in the form of rectangular blocks -of yellow deal, principally Swedish. Neither -elm nor oak will stand changes of temperature -sufficiently well to fit them for this purpose; -but pitch-pine answers well, and so does larch; -though the supply of the latter limits its use. -Creosoting the blocks has no value as a preservative, -and the wood is now used plain, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_477">{477}</span> -joints being filled in with cement. The average -cost of laying wood-pavement is about ten -shillings and sixpence per square yard, and the -expenses of maintenance compare very favourably -with Macadam and other systems of pavement. -‘There is nothing new under the sun,’ even -in the matter of wood-pavements, for we find, -on reference to a <i>Mechanic’s Magazine</i> dated -1858, that wood-blocks, placed grain uppermost, -as in all modern systems, are distinctly advocated -as having many advantages over granite roads, -diminution of cost and durability being among -those stated.</p> - -<p>It has become customary to speak of the -present epoch as the ‘Iron Age,’ in order to -distinguish it from those two long periods of -human interest known respectively as the Stone -Age and the Bronze Age. But future historians -may well be tempted to substitute the word -steel for iron, for it is an undoubted fact that -improved processes of manufacture, and the -resulting easy and cheap production, are causing -steel to be widely substituted for its parent -metal. In railways, steel rails are now almost -entirely replacing iron ones, and that modification -of the metal known as ‘mild steel’ is finding -great favour just now among shipbuilders. -The Board of Trade have lately had representations -made to them that the superiority of steel -over iron for shipbuilding purposes should be -officially recognised; and that this request is -well grounded, the following instances will go -far to prove. A steamer wrecked on the coast -of the Isle of Wight remained for ten days in -stormy weather perched on a ledge of rocks -without breaking up. ‘If,’ says the engineer’s -Report, ‘she had been built of iron instead of -steel, there is not a doubt that she would have -gone to pieces. The agent of another vessel -wrecked at New Zealand last year reports to -the owner that the vessel was eventually -released from her rocky bed; ‘but, with a -large number of passengers, would have been -lost, had it not been for the beautiful quality -of the material of which she is built, known -as mild steel.’</p> - -<p>But there is one branch of the metal trade -which shows a continually increasing activity, -and which need not fear any rivalry from steel, -and that is the tinplate trade. Many thousands -of tons of this tinned iron—that is, thin sheets -of iron coated with tin—are annually exported -from this country, our best customers being the -United States. We may presume that a large -quantity of this metal comes back to us in the -form of tins containing preserved meats, fish, -and fruit. In Philadelphia, there are a number -of factories for utilising these tins after they -have been used. They are collected from the -ash-heaps, the hotels and boarding-houses. The -solder is melted and sold, to be used again; -the tops and bottoms of the tins are turned -into window sash-weights; the cylindrical portions -are rolled out flat, and are made into covers -for travelling trunks, and are used for many -other purposes. The industry is said to be a -very profitable one, for the expense of gathering -the tins is covered by the sale of the solder, -and the capital required is small. Such ingenious -applications of waste materials most certainly -deserve to succeed.</p> - -<p>What is known as ‘flashed glass’ consists of -common white glass blown with a layer of -coloured glass superposed on its surface, which -surface can afterwards be eaten away in parts -by the application of fluoric acid, so that any -ornament or lettering can be executed upon it. -The same principle in an extended form has -lately been applied by Messrs Webb of Stourbridge -to the production of most beautiful -vases in what has been aptly called cameo -glass. The vase is first blown in glass of three -different descriptions, fused together, forming -eventually three distinct layers of material—the -innermost of a semi-opaque colour, the next -white, and the outside of a tint to harmonise -with the first or innermost. Now comes the -artist’s work. The design being drawn upon -the surface, the outer colour is removed so as -to leave but a tint, deep or light as may be -wanted in certain parts; next, the white is -cut into so as to show up where required the -ground colour behind. In this way the most -intricate design is produced with the most -artistic results. The operator employs not only -fluoric acid, but makes use of the steel point, -and also the ordinary emery wheel commonly -used for engraving and cutting glass. Two of -these vases are, as we write, on view at Mr -Goode’s, South Audley Street, London.</p> - -<p>The first cable tramway laid in Europe has -been opened on the steepest bit of road near -London—namely, Highgate Hill, and is pronounced -on all hands a complete success. It is -to be hoped that the system will become as -common in this country as it is in America, -where not only steep gradients are thus dealt -with, but level roads, such as our horse tramcars -already traverse. The boon to horses -would be immeasurable. At the present time, -on British tramways more than twenty thousand -horses are at work. The labour is so hard, -that about one quarter of this number have -annually to be replaced. This annual loss absorbs -forty-three per cent. of the gross earnings, a consideration -which will appeal more eloquently to -the feelings of many than will the sufferings of -the poor horses.</p> - -<p>Referring to the epidemic of smallpox in -London, a correspondent of the <i>Times</i> gives a -valuable suggestion. He tells how an epidemic -of the same dreaded disease was quickly stamped -out in a South American village some years ago, -and although our great metropolis bears but small -resemblance to a village, the remedy in question -might nevertheless be tried. Huge bonfires -of old creosoted railway sleepers were made in -the streets, and gas-tar was added occasionally -to stimulate the flames. In the meantime, every -house where a death or recovery occurred was -lime-washed. With these precautions, which are -manifestly applicable to other zymotic diseases, -the visitation speedily vanished. Concerning this -all-important subject we may have something -further to say in a special paper.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, there is no kind of doubt that -the spread of infectious disease is attributable -in great measure to personal ignorance, commonly -called carelessness, as well as to that -entire indifference as to the welfare of others -which is so common to human nature. Some -time since, an advertisement appeared to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_478">{478}</span> -following effect: ‘Should this meet the eye -of the lady who travelled (by a particular -train) with her two boys, one of whom was -evidently just recovering from an illness, she -may be pleased to learn that three of the -four young ladies who were in the carriage -are very ill with the measles.’ This is surpassed -by a statement contained in a recent -letter in the <i>Times</i>. A lady, finding that her -boys, on recovering from a severe attack of -scarlatina, suffered much from dandruff (the -scales which separate from the scalp, and which, -in fever, are a prolific source of contagion), took -the sufferers to a leading West End hairdresser’s, -so that their heads could receive a thorough -cleansing with the machine-brush!</p> - -<p>We would in this connection draw attention -to a novel system of providing for smallpox -cases with the least amount of risk to others, -which is established by the Metropolitan Asylums -Board of London, and which will undergo in -time further development. In addition to the -five hospitals in different parts of London which -have been opened whenever a fresh epidemic has -broken out, there is a very elaborate ambulance -system, by which a suitable carriage with a -nurse and porter is despatched, as soon as notice -is received, to the patient’s place of residence -and removes the patient to the nearest hospital. -This has been at work for some years; but in -addition there are three ships moored on the -Thames opposite Purfleet, two of which are -hospital ships, the third being used as a residence -for the staff, and containing offices, kitchens, -workshops, &c. Some four miles inland there is -a convalescent camp, consisting of tents for -about one thousand patients, each heated and -lighted by gas, and suitably fitted for the purpose -in every way.</p> - -<p>To convey patients to the ships, an ambulance -steamer runs as often as required, being -fitted up as a travelling hospital, with beds, -&c., and having a medical and nursing staff. -Patients are removed to the river-side either -direct from their homes, or from the hospitals, -usually on comfortable beds, and carried on -board the steamer, and thence down the -river. Another steamer brings the recovered -cases back; and when landed, they are conveyed -in special carriages to their homes, free from -infection in person and clothing.</p> - -<p>So far the problem of how to provide for -an epidemic of smallpox in London is in a fair -way of being solved, by a system which, though -still in its earliest stage, is daily undergoing -development and improvement. When yet -another steamer is fitted out, there will be no -difficulty in coping with a much larger epidemic -than has visited London for many years, and at -the same time treating patients with an amount -of attention almost unknown till now.</p> - -<p>The proposal to revive the art of lacemaking -in Ireland, to which we adverted some months -ago, has now received more definite form. A -scheme has been framed under the auspices of -many influential persons, the chief features of -which are as follows: Original designs are to -be purchased under the advice of the best -authorities on the subject. These designs will -be sent to the lacemaking centres for execution. -The specimens will then be exhibited and offered -for sale. The expenses to set this machinery at -work will amount to about five hundred pounds, -much of which is already subscribed. Full information -as to the project can be obtained from -Mr Alan Cole, of the South Kensington Museum.</p> - -<p>Dr Von Pettenkofer has, according to the -<i>Lancet</i>, been lately paying attention to the -poisonous action of coal-gas on the human -system, and a few notes of authenticated cases -may be serviceable to those who pay little heed to -an escape of gas so long as it does not in their -opinion assume dangerous dimensions. The cases -quoted all refer to escapes of gas into dwelling-houses -after passing through a layer of earth, -and we may note that such escapes are difficult -of detection, for the earth robs the gas in great -measure of its tell-tale odour. At Roveredo, -three women were killed in their sleep by an -escape from a broken pipe under the roadway -thirty-five feet distant. At Cologne, three of one -family were carried off by a similar escape at -a distance of ninety-eight feet. At Breslau, a -case is reported where the escape was no less -than one hundred and fifteen feet away from its -victim. It would seem that the dangerous constituent -of coal-gas is carbonic oxide, which -usually forms about eight per cent. of the vapour -conveyed to our houses. Whether this noxious -ingredient can, like other impurities, be eliminated -in the process of purification at the gas-works, -we do not know, but the question is -certainly worth the attention of the authorities.</p> - -<p>The Observatory on the summit of Ben Nevis, -which our readers will remember was opened -in October last, will be completed this summer. -The observations already made confirm the anticipations -as to the value of a high level station, -and the completion of the structure will add -to the efficiency of the work done, for hitherto -the observers have been cramped for space. A -shelter for tourists forms part of the scheme, -and travellers will be able to obtain light refreshment -there, and if they desire it, can telegraph -from the highest point in Britain to their friends -below. The cost of completion will absorb about -eight hundred pounds; but this estimate does -not include the heavy outlay for carriage of -materials on horseback up the bridle-path already -constructed. It has been suggested that visitors -on horseback using this path should pay a toll -of five shillings—a modest sum, when it is considered -that the expenses of maintenance are -much increased by the soil being loosened by the -horse’s hoofs, especially when the ground is in -a soft condition.</p> - -<p>The small Chinese colony established at the -International Health Exhibition is one of the -principal attractions of the place. Visitors have -now the opportunity of tasting various strange -dishes which before they had only heard of by -report. The much extolled bird-nest soup can -be had here, together with shark-fins, <i>beches de -mer</i> (sea-slugs), edibles made of different seaweeds, -shredded cucumber peels mixed with vinegar, -and various other delicacies, which, we trust, -are nicer than they seem to be by mere description. -We may note that the South Kensington -executive have already arranged for an Exhibition -to follow on the present one. It is to be -called the Exhibition of Inventions, and will<span class="pagenum" id="Page_479">{479}</span> -include all kinds of appliances, one entire division -being devoted to musical instruments.</p> - -<p>A long-felt want by paper-rulers and others -has now been supplied by the new Patent -Automatic Paper Feeding-machine. It has been -invented by Mr William Archer, 204 Rose Street, -Edinburgh—a paper-ruler who has spent his -spare time during the last ten years in working -it out, and who has now succeeded in patenting -a Ruling-machine which is allowed to be the -most accurate in use for feeding the paper in -a continuous stream, or feeding to grippers at -given intervals. It can be worked either by -hand or steam-power, and it renders unnecessary -the employment of boys or girls as paper-feeders. -It can also be applied to hot rolling-machines; -and it is expected that it will also be turned to -use in connection with printing, &c.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="OCCASIONAL_NOTES">OCCASIONAL NOTES.</h2> -</div> - - -<h3>THE NEW ORGAN IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> old-new, or the new-old, organ of Westminster -Abbey was formally tried on the 24th -of May, at the usual afternoon service, after which -a recital, which served to exhibit the extreme -beauty and power of some of the new work, was -given. The new organ has fifty-six speaking -stops, besides many mechanical stops, couplers, -&c., and is placed in two lofty blocks, like the one -in St Paul’s Cathedral, at the west end of the two -choir screens, only that in this case the player -sits between the two over the doorway of the -choir. The magnificent oak case, designed by -Mr Pearson, has not yet been erected, because -the funds for the purpose—about fifteen hundred -pounds—are not, as we write, yet collected. The -principal bellows are blown by a gas-engine, and -are placed in a vault below the cloisters, the pipes -conveying the air being nearly one hundred -feet in length. A curious arrangement exists to -connect the keys with the pipes, which is done -by tubes, through which, on the key being -pressed, wind, under heavy pressure, is admitted, -and acts instantly on a small bellows at the other -end of the tube. This, on being inflated, pulls -down the pallet or valve under the sound-board, -and thus gives air to the pipe. This clever -system is said not to get out of order or to -be affected by changes of temperature.</p> - -<p>It may be interesting to state that this organ -was in the first instance built by Schreider and -Jordan so far back as 1730. Exactly a hundred -years after (1830) it was added to by Elliott; -and again in 1848 and in 1868, Hill made many -additions; and it has now been almost completely -reconstructed by Messrs Hill and Son, -of the same well-known firm. It may fairly -be considered, with that in St Paul’s Cathedral, -and All Saints, Margaret Street, to take rank -as one of the finest church organs in London.</p> - - -<h3>THE ANTHROPOMETRICAL LABORATORY AT THE HEALTH EXHIBITION.</h3> - -<p>Without intending the smallest disrespect to -our numerous readers, we will venture to say -that more than one will be inclined to ask the -very obvious question, ‘What is anthropometry?’ -Well, this fine-sounding, Greek-adapted name -signifies the art of describing and recording, -in a schedule provided for that purpose, the -particulars appertaining to the condition, functions, -powers, and capabilities of the human -body and limbs. Every person visiting the Laboratory -at the Health Exhibition can have his or -her schedule filled up with a statement, ascertained -on the spot, of his name or initials, age, -sex, occupation, place of birth, colour of hair and -eyes, height standing and sitting, weight, length -of span of arms, strength of squeeze and of pull, -swiftness and weight of direct fist-blow, capacity -of chest, lungs, and breathing, as measured by a -spirometer, acuteness of vision as measured by a -test type, conditions of colour-sense, and acuteness -of hearing. The ascertaining of these particulars, -and any others of a like nature bearing -immediately on the principal question, seems to -be the especial business of the art of anthropometry. -It may be objected that the collecting of -these facts, though interesting enough to the -individual practised upon and his family, can be -of no possible use beyond that limit, or indeed -anywhere else; but the gentleman who has -originated this novel and ingenious scheme (Mr -Francis Galton) proposes to keep a duplicate of -the filled-up schedule which each person operated -on will receive; and by this means he hopes to -obtain a very large number of facts and statements, -which will doubtless be ultimately arranged -and tabulated, and made good use of by the originator, -who may possibly submit them to the -Registrar-general, or to the Statistical Society, -for enrolment amongst their curious records. It -is, at anyrate, in spite of its somewhat alarming -Greek name, an interesting experiment.</p> - - -<h3>ADVICE TO INTENDING EMIGRANTS.</h3> - -<p>A correspondent in New South Wales writes -to us as follows: ‘Australia offers a wide field -for the capitalist and the manual labourer, but -I should not advise others to try their fortunes -here. For educated persons, male or female, -without capital, Australia is a death-trap. Such -persons would, according to my observation, do -far better in America, or in the English settlements -in China. In China, young gentlemen -possessing no other fortune than a good education, -are soon employed in the warehouses and -stores by the Chinese merchants, who value -Englishmen whenever they can get them to take -charge of the more responsible parts of their businesses. -The Chinese Customs’ Departments also -are open to educated young Englishmen. But in -Australia, brains are not a marketable commodity; -strong arms are more sought for. The streets of -Sydney are thronged with hundreds of educated -young Englishmen, who have come out here -persuaded by their friends that work is easily -got, as well as money, which is not the case, -except in one or two kinds of labour. I know -of scores of temperate young gentlemen out here -who have done all they could to find employment, -and failed; and at last have had to seek -relief in the Refuge. Some commit suicide out -of sheer despair.</p> - -<p>‘No one, unless he can swing a pickaxe -well and is possessed of plenty of muscular -strength, with not too much refinement in -him, should think of coming out here to earn<span class="pagenum" id="Page_480">{480}</span> -his bread, much less make his “pile,” unless -he has some capital, say a few thousands, to -start a warehouse, or take up land and go in -for sheep-farming. Sometimes young educated -men, who bring good letters of introduction and -good characters also, are given government situations, -as I am thankful to say was the case with -me. But I should warn any educated young -man who has no friends here or capital, against -coming to Australia. Even where he brings -letters, he often has great trouble to get a situation, -as there are so many colonials’ sons hanging -about doing nothing. The towns are overloaded -with men, and the country is left untouched for -want of capital in the majority of those who -come out here.</p> - -<p>‘Servants of all classes do well here; ten shillings -per week and board and lodging is the -usual wage for female servants good or bad; -and one pound per week with board and -lodging for male servants. Governesses are an -utter failure; hundreds are doing nothing here -now; and when they do get employed, they don’t -do much better than at home; sixty pounds with -board and lodging is the usual salary; but they -have to act as nurses often as well, for that -sum.</p> - -<p>‘My advice to young gentlemen and ladies who -are thinking of giving up their situations at -home and emigrating to Australia in the hopes -of getting work and good salary, is—Don’t.’</p> - - -<h3>A CURIOUS DISEASE.</h3> - -<p>The <i>London Medical Record</i> quotes some information -regarding a strange disease that -is met with in Siberia, and known to the -Russians by the name of ‘Miryachit.’ The -person affected seems compelled to imitate anything -he hears or sees, and an interesting -account is given of a steward who was reduced -to a perfect state of misery by his inability to -avoid imitating everything he heard and saw. -One day the captain of the steamer, running up -to him, suddenly clapping his hands at the same -time, accidentally slipped, and fell hard on the -deck. Without having been touched, the steward -instantly clapped his hands and shouted; then, -in helpless imitation, he, too, fell as hard, and -almost precisely in the same manner and position -as the captain. This disease has been met with -in Java, where it is known as ‘Lata.’ In the -case of a female servant who had the same irresistible -tendency to imitate her mistress, the -latter, one day at dessert, wishing to exhibit this -peculiarity, and catching the woman’s eye, suddenly -reached across the table, and seizing a large -French plum, made pretence to swallow it whole. -The woman rushed at the dish and put a -plum in her mouth, and, after severe choking -and semi-asphyxia, succeeded in swallowing it; -but her mistress never tried the experiment -again.</p> - - -<h3>ANOTHER UPHILL RAILWAY.</h3> - -<p>The <i>Hôtel des Alpes</i> at Chillon, and the <i>Hôtel -de Mont Fleury</i> at Montreux, Switzerland, are -situated at no great distance apart; but the -difference of elevation between the two is over -two hundred feet, and the incline very steep. -To get over this difficulty, it is intended to call -in the aid of that mighty power which has of -late so prominently come to the front—electricity. -After a long series of carefully conducted experiments, -it has been determined that an uphill -railway shall be constructed between the two -hotels named, to be driven by electricity. An -electric motor will be placed on a car to drive -a cog-wheel; this wheel will gear into a central -cogged rail, and by this means draw or pull -the car up the ascent. Conductors placed beside -the central rail will convey the current of the -generator, which will be kept going by a five-horse-power -locomotive engine. It is, however, -in contemplation to drive the dynamo not by -steam, but by water-power, abundance of which, -descending from the hills, can be had close by, -and only requires utilising. This railway will -in many points resemble that up the Righi, -only that electricity will be its driving-power -instead of the odd-looking little engine so well -known at the latter place; and when it is -completed, it will certainly be a great boon to -travellers frequenting these beautiful spots.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="EVENING_ON_THE_LAKE">EVENING ON THE LAKE.</h2> -</div> - - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0"><span class="smcap">Upon</span> the mountain-top the purple tints</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Fade into mist; and the rich golden glow</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Of the low-setting sun sinks to a gray</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Subdued and tender.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent26">Home the eagle hies,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Swift, to his eyrie, his broad pinions stretched,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Bearing him onwards, seeming motionless</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The while with rapid wing he cleaves the air,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">As ship the waters: now the grousecock crows</div> - <div class="verse indent0">On heathered knoll his vesper lullaby</div> - <div class="verse indent0">To his dear mate.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent18">And from the silver lake,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Cradled in mountain-setting, echoing comes,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">With rippling music on the air, the plash</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Of dipping oars; and voices deep and low,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Mingled with women’s trebles, tuneful break</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The evening silence!</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent22">Grand indeed it is</div> - <div class="verse indent0">To be amid these mountain solitudes;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And yet there is a sense of rest and calm,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Soothing the spirit—stealing o’er the heart</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Like the soft notes of an Æolian harp,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Falling like balm upon the troubled soul,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And making the most worldly man to feel</div> - <div class="verse indent0">That there is over earth a higher heaven!</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p>The Conductor of <span class="smcap">Chambers’s Journal</span> begs to direct -the attention of <span class="smcap">Contributors</span> to the following notice:</p> - -<div class="blockquot_ans"> - -<p><i>1st.</i> All communications should be addressed to the -‘Editor, 339 High Street, Edinburgh.’</p> - -<p><i>2d.</i> For its return in case of ineligibility, postage-stamps -should accompany every manuscript.</p> - -<p><i>3d.</i> <span class="smcap">Manuscripts</span> should bear the author’s full <i>Christian</i> -name, Surname, and Address, legibly written; and -should be written on white (not blue) paper, and on -one side of the leaf only.</p> - -<p><i>4th.</i> Offerings of Verse should invariably be accompanied -by a stamped and directed envelope.</p> -</div> - -<p><i>If the above rules are complied with, the Editor will -do his best to insure the safe return of ineligible papers.</i></p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center">Printed and Published by <span class="smcap">W. & R. Chambers</span>, 47 Paternoster -Row, <span class="smcap">London</span>, and 339 High Street, <span class="smcap">Edinburgh</span>.</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center"><i>All Rights Reserved.</i></p> - - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="footnotes"><p class="ph3">FOOTNOTES:</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> We will be glad to receive and acknowledge any -donations in aid of the Granton Marine Station.—<span class="smcap">Ed.</span> -<i>C. J.</i>, Edinburgh.</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL OF POPULAR LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART, FIFTH SERIES, NO. 30, VOL. 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