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diff --git a/old/65941-0.txt b/old/65941-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7a72025..0000000 --- a/old/65941-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,726 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of George Croghan, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: George Croghan - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: July 28, 2021 [eBook #65941] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEORGE CROGHAN *** - - [Illustration: _GEORGE CROGHAN - A SKETCH OF AN ILLUSTRATION IN THE PAGEANT OF AMERICA. COPYRIGHT AND - BY PERMISSION YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS_] - - - - - GEORGE CROGHAN - - - Prepared by the Staff of the - Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen County - 1953 - - [Illustration: Boards of the Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen - County] - -One of a historical series, this pamphlet is published under the -direction of the governing Boards of the Public Library of Fort Wayne -and Allen County. - - BOARD·OF·TRUSTEES·OF·THE·SCHOOL·CITY·OF·FORT·WAYNE - - _Mrs. Sadie Fulk Roehrs_ - _Joseph E. Kramer, Secretary_ - _B.F. Geyer, President_ - _W. Page Yarnelle, Treasurer_ - _Willard Shambaugh_ - - PUBLIC LIBRARY BOARD FOR ALLEN COUNTY - -The members of this Board include the members of the Board of Trustees -of the School City of Fort Wayne (with the same officers) together with -the following citizens chosen from Allen County outside the corporate -City of Fort Wayne. - - _James E. Graham_ - _Arthur Niemeier_ - _Mrs. Glenn Henderson_ - _Mrs. Charles Reynolds_ - - - - - FOREWORD - - -George Croghan, an officer in the War of 1812, typifies the patriotism, -the bravery, and the gallantry of the young American of that period. At -the age of twenty-one, he was in temporary command of the garrison at -Fort Wayne for a brief time. - -His excellent record in the defense of Fort Defiance and Fort Meigs -earned him the command of Fort Stephenson (the present site of Fremont, -Ohio). His intelligent and valorous defense of the fort against -overwhelming odds touched the imaginations and thrilled the hearts of -the American people. His later life was uneventful; he served as United -States postmaster at New Orleans and as inspector general in the regular -army. He saw action under General Taylor in the Mexican War and died of -cholera in New Orleans in 1849. - -The following account of Croghan’s early life, compiled by a woman who -had known him as a boy, appeared in the supplement appended to Volume -VII of the NILES’ WEEKLY REGISTER. The Boards and the Staff of the -Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen County reprint this biographical -sketch in the hope that it will prove interesting and entertaining to -students of local history. Grammar, spelling, and punctuation have been -changed to conform to current usage. - - Frankfort, Kentucky - July 22, 1814 - - Sir: - -Upon receiving the letter which you addressed to me, I immediately took -such measures as were necessary to procure the information you -requested. I now transmit to you the result of my inquiries, regretting -that it was not in my power to do it sooner. - -At the time when Colonel Croghan and I were inmates of the same house, -he was in his fourteenth year. No incident occurred during that early -period sufficiently interesting to find a place in his history; yet even -then, his conduct exhibited a happy combination of those talents and -principles which have already procured for him the admiration and -gratitude of his country. - -Though ingenuous in his disposition and unassuming and conciliating in -his manner, he was remarkable for discretion and steadiness. His -opinions, when once formed, were maintained with modest but persevering -firmness; and the propriety of his decisions generally justified the -spirit with which they were defended. Yet, though rigid in his adherence -to principle and in his estimate of what was right or improper, in cases -of minor importance he was all compliance. I never met a youth who would -so cheerfully sacrifice every personal gratification for the wishes or -accommodations of his friends. In sickness and disappointment he evinced -patience and fortitude which could not have been exceeded by any veteran -in the schools of misfortune or philosophy. If I were asked to name the -most prominent features of his character, or, rather, the prevailing -dispositions of his mind at this period, I should answer, decision and -urbanity; the former resulted from the uncommon and estimable qualities -of his understanding, and the latter came from the concentration of all -the “sweet charities of life” in his heart. - -I have seldom seen Colonel Croghan during the last eight years; but I -subjoin the testimony of those who have observed him during that whole -period. An intelligent young gentleman who was his associate in study -and in arms has given me the following brief sketch of Colonel Croghan’s -military career. I am transmitting his account together with such -corroborative and additional facts as I have collected from other -sources. - -“Lieutenant Colonel George Croghan was born at Locust Grove, Kentucky, -near the Falls of the Ohio, on November 15, 1791. His father, Major -William Croghan, left Ireland at an early period of his life; he was -appointed an officer in the Revolutionary Army and discharged his duties -to the satisfaction of the commander in chief. His mother is the -daughter of John Clark, Esq., of Virginia. His maternal grandfather was -a gentleman of worth and respectability; he exerted himself and -contributed towards the support of our just and glorious contest with -Great Britain. John Clark had five sons, four of whom were officers in -the Revolutionary Army. William, together with Captain Lewis, explored -the Louisiana Purchase lands and is at present governor of the Missouri -Territory. He was too young to participate with his brothers in the -achievement of our liberties. His conduct since has been a sufficient -demonstration of the part he would have taken had he been riper in -years. The military talents of another son, George R. Clark, have -obtained for him the flattering appellation of ‘the Father of the -Western Country.’ - - [Illustration: ·····_ADMIRER OF THE WRITINGS OF SHAKESPEARE_·····] - -“Colonel Croghan has always been esteemed generous and humane. When he -was a boy, his manly appearance and independence of thought and action -commanded the attention and admiration of all who knew him. The -selection of his speeches for scholastic exercises tended in some -measure to mark his peculiar talent and were of an entirely military -nature. He read with delight whatever pertained to military affairs and -listened for hours to conversations dealing with battles. His principal -amusements were gunning and fox hunting. He would frequently rise at -twelve o’clock at night and would repair to the woods alone (or -accompanied only by his little servant), either to give chase to the fox -or to battle with the wildcat and the raccoon. Nothing offended him more -than for anyone, even in jest, to say a word disrespectful of -Washington. - -“While in Kentucky, his time was principally occupied with the studies -of his native tongue, geography, the elements of geometry, and the Latin -and Greek languages. In these different branches of knowledge he made a -respectable progress. - -“In 1808, he left Locust Grove for the purpose of prosecuting his -studies in William and Mary College. He graduated from this institution -with a Bachelor of Arts degree on July 4, 1810; on that day he delivered -an oration on the subject of expatriation. This oration was deemed by -the audience to be concise, ingenious, and argumentative, and it was -delivered in a manner which did great credit to his oratorical powers. -During the ensuing summer he attended a course of lectures on law, and -upon the termination of the course, he returned to his father’s home. -Here he prosecuted the study of law and occasionally indulged in -miscellaneous reading. Biography and history have always occupied much -of his attention. He is an enthusiastic admirer of the writings of -Shakespeare and can recite most of the noted passages of that great poet -and philosopher. He admires tragedy but not comedy. He has (as his -countenance indicates) a serious mind; yet no one admires a pleasant -anecdote or an unaffected sally of wit more than he. With his friends he -is affable and free from reserve. His manners are prepossessing, he -dislikes ostentation, and he has never been heard to utter a word in -praise of himself. - - [Illustration: ··_HE LEFT HIS FATHER’S HOUSE AS A VOLUNTEER_··] - -“In the autumn of 1811, the Battle of Tippecanoe was fought; it was the -first opportunity offered for the display of his military talents. He -embraced it with avidity—he left his father’s house as a volunteer and -was appointed aid-de-camp to General Harrison. On November 7, an attack -was made on General Harrison’s troops; the enemy were repulsed with -valor, and during the engagement young Croghan evinced great courage, -activity, and military skill. His services were acknowledged by all; he -exhibited such proofs of genius for war that many of his -companions-in-arms remarked that ‘he was born a soldier.’ A cant phrase -among the troops was ‘to do a main business’; during the battle, Croghan -rode from post to post exciting the courage of the men by exclaiming, -‘Now, my brave fellows, now is the time to do a main business!’ On the -return march of the troops following the battle, the army was frequently -met by persons inquiring of the soldiers the fates of their children or -friends. Among these was a very poor and aged man whose son had been -slain in battle. Croghan learned of the old man’s plight, observed his -inability to perform much bodily labor, regularly made fires for him -every morning, and supplied him with provisions, clothes, and money. -Many accounts of similar acts of kindness are related by the soldiers -and officers of this campaign. - - [Illustration: ·····_HAVING WADED THROUGH MUD_·····] - -“After the Battle of Tippecanoe his military ardor was even more -increased, and, upon hearing that a speedy declaration of war was -forthcoming, he expressed a desire to join the regular army. -Recommendatory letters of the most flattering kind were written by -Generals Harrison and Boyd to the Secretary of War; at the commencement -of hostilities against Great Britain, he was appointed a captain in the -Seventeenth Regiment of Infantry. He was in command for some time at -Clark Cantonment [Clarksville, Indiana], near the Falls of the Ohio; but -after a brief period there he was ordered to march with his few regulars -to the headquarters of the Northwestern Army at Detroit. His countenance -beamed with delight upon receiving this order. Soon large bodies of -militia and volunteers were marching to Detroit; but before they had -proceeded far they heard of Hull’s surrender. - -“Shortly afterwards the command of the Northwestern Army was given to -General Harrison. For a short time, Captain Croghan commanded Fort -Defiance on the Maumee River; after the defeat of General Winchester, he -was ordered to Fort Meigs. His conduct during the unforgettable siege of -that fort was handsomely noted in General Harrison’s official report, -and afterwards he was promoted to a majority and stationed with his -battalion at Upper Sandusky. Late one afternoon information reached him -by express of an attack upon Fort Stephenson [Fremont]. The distance -between the two places was thirty-six miles, and the road was extremely -bad. Because of the pitch darkness he and his men were obliged to lie -down in the road and wait for the return of light in order to avoid the -risk of losing their way. - -“He arrived at Fort Ball before sunrise the next morning, having waded -waist deep through mud and mire and having been exposed to a heavy rain -during the whole night. There he was informed that the report of an -attack upon Fort Stephenson was unfounded; after remaining a few days, -he proceeded to Fort Stephenson, after receiving orders to take command -of that post. He arrived there about the fifteenth of July. - -“A few days later, Fort Meigs was besieged by large British and Indian -forces. No doubt was entertained that the enemy would visit Fort -Stephenson; accordingly, Major Croghan labored day and night to place -the hastily built fort in a state of readiness. The necessity of cutting -a ditch around the fort became apparent to him immediately. In order to -foil the enemy if they should succeed in leaping the ditch, which was -nine feet wide and six feet deep, he had large logs placed on the tops -of the walls. The logs were adjusted so that a slight weight would cause -them to fall from their position and crush to death all below. This -improvement in the art of fortification took place only a few days -before the attack. It is a novel idea and it originated with Croghan. - -“A short time before the action, he wrote the following concise and -impressive letter to a friend: ‘The enemy are not far distant—I expect -an attack—I will defend this post to the last extremity. I have just -sent away the women and children with the sick of the garrison that I -may be able to act without encumbrances. Be satisfied; I shall, I hope, -do my duty. The example set me by my revolutionary kindred is before me; -let me die rather than prove unworthy of their name.’ - -“In the afternoon of the first day of August, the attack upon Fort -Stephenson was commenced. The particulars of that memorable and -brilliant action can be found in General Harrison’s official account of -this period. A lucid statement of the honorable motives which influenced -Colonel Croghan’s conduct on that occasion is contained in an ‘extract -of a letter from himself to his friend in Seneca Town, dated August 27, -1813.’ These accounts and other interesting particulars will be found in -public prints issued between August 14 and September 16. - -“Major Croghan’s conduct after the battle was as noble as it had been -during the hardest fighting. The wounded were treated by him with the -greatest tenderness; with considerable peril, he gave them water by -means of buckets let down by ropes to the outside of the pickets. During -the night, when he could not safely open the fort, he had a tunnel dug -under the wall and through it the wounded were conveyed into the fort. - -“Major Croghan accompanied General Harrison to Malden, but, as the -brigade to which he was attached was stationed there, he did not -participate in the Battle of the Thames. He is remarkable as a -disciplinarian, and his orders are given with more promptness, -precision, and energy than are usually found in the orders of older and -more experienced commanders.” - -I have appended the following extract of a letter written by one of -Colonel Croghan’s fellow students and fellow soldiers. It will throw -additional light on the military character of that distinguished young -officer. - -Lieutenant Colonel George Croghan is a native of Kentucky; he is the -second son of Major William Croghan of near Louisville. He is the nephew -of the gallant hero and accomplished general, George Rogers Clark, the -Father of the Western Country, and of General William Clark, the present -enterprising governor of the Missouri Territory. His father, a native of -Ireland who early embarked to seek his fortune in America, was a -distinguished officer in the War of the Revolution. - -Lieutenant Colonel Croghan was born on November 15, 1791, and received -all the advantages of education which the best grammar schools in -Kentucky could afford; in his seventeenth year he commenced a scientific -course at William and Mary College in Virginia. In school and college he -was known for his manliness of character, his elevation of sentiment, -and his strength of intellect; all these virtues were connected with a -high and persevering ambition. - - [Illustration: ··_THE WOUNDED WERE TREATED BY HIM WITH THE GREATEST - TENDERNESS_··] - -In July, 1810, he graduated at William and Mary College, and soon -afterwards he commenced the study of law. He continued to visit that -institution until the fall of 1811, when he volunteered his services for -a campaign up the Wabash. A short time before the action at Tippecanoe, -he was appointed aid-de-camp in General Harrison’s headquarters. -Although in his situation he was unable to evince that activity which -later distinguished him, he exhibited an undaunted soul in one of the -most sanguinary conflicts of the present day and received the thanks of -the commanding general. - -In consequence of his services on the Wabash expedition, he was -appointed a captain in the provisional army which was directed to be -raised and organized in the spring of 1812. In August of that year he -marched with General Winchester’s Kentucky detachment, which was to -relieve General Hull in Canada. In the movements of that gallant but -unfortunate little army, the caution, zeal, and military capacity of -Captain Croghan were conspicuous. Both before and after the attack on -Fort Wayne, the ground occupied by Captain Croghan was easily noticed -because of the judicious fortifications erected in his areas. On the -march of the army toward Detroit, he was entrusted with the command of -Fort Defiance, at the junction of the Auglaize and Maumee rivers. There -he manifested his usual excellent military arrangements. After the -defeat at Raisin River, he joined General Harrison at Maumee Rapids -before the erection of Fort Meigs. - -It is a credit to the discernment of General Harrison that he relied -with the utmost confidence on Captain Croghan’s judicious defenses -during the difficult siege of Fort Meigs by the British. In a sortie -under the gallant Colonel Millar on May 5, the companies led by Captains -Croghan, Laghan, and Bradford were given the task of storming the -British batteries. These positions were defended by an English force and -a body of Indians; both were superior in number to the assailants. Here -Captain Croghan’s gallantry was again noticed in general orders. - -At a very critical period in the last campaign of 1813, young Croghan, -now a major, was appointed to the command of Fort Stephenson, at Lower -Sandusky. The official documents of the time and the applause of a -grateful country are the most honorable commentaries available -concerning his conduct in the defense of that post. The entire campaign -was changed from a defensive to an offensive operation. The eventual -outcome of the war was very materially influenced by the achievements of -that single battle. For his valor and good conduct on this occasion, -Major Croghan was breveted a lieutenant colonel. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEORGE CROGHAN *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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