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diff --git a/old/65776-0.txt b/old/65776-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 935fb1b..0000000 --- a/old/65776-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1498 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Field Book: Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of -Illinois, by Charles Collinson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Field Book: Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of Illinois - Educational Series 6 - -Author: Charles Collinson - Romayne Skartvedt - -Release Date: July 6, 2021 [eBook #65776] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIELD BOOK: PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT -FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS *** - - - - - _Field Book_ - PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS - - - Charles Collinson - Romayne Skartvedt - - - _Illinois State Geological Survey - Educational Series 6_ - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - STATE OF ILLINOIS - DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION - - First edition 1960 - Reprinted 1966 - - ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY - URBANA ILLINOIS - John C. Frye, Chief - - Printed by Authority of State of Illinois, Ch. 127, IRS, Par. 58.25. - - - - - _Field Book_ - PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS - - Charles Collinson - Romayne Skartvedt - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - _Illustrations by Marie E. Litterer_ - - - - - FOREWORD - - - [Illustration: Illuminated T] - -This field book is intended to guide beginners in their collection and -general classification of plant fossils. It illustrates the plant -fossils most commonly found in Illinois and relates them to the plants -of which they were a part. A list of publications that will furnish more -detailed identification of specimens is included. The book has been -prepared in response to numerous inquiries to the Illinois State -Geological Survey from amateur collectors. - -Information has been drawn from numerous sources. The works of Hirmer, -Janssen, Lesquereux, Noé, and Langford have been particularly useful. - -We are especially indebted to Dr. Robert M. Kosanke, paleobotanist at -the Illinois State Geological Survey, and Dr. Wilson N. Stewart, -professor of botany of the University of Illinois, for helpful -suggestions and use of their libraries. - - - - - KEY TO PLANTS ILLUSTRATED ON TIME CHART - - - 1. _Foerstia._ These fossils may be the earliest known occurrence of - bryophytes, although some authors have referred them to - the brown algae. After Dawson. - 2. _Psilophyton._ A primitive vascular plant. After Dawson. - 3. _Lepidodendron._ After Hirmer. - 4. _Sigillaria._ After Hirmer. - 5. _Calamites._ After Hirmer. - 6. _Sphenophyllum._ After Fuller and Tippo. - 7. _Equisetum._ The only living genus of scouring rushes. After Fuller - and Tippo. - 8. _Megaphyton._ An ancient true fern. After Hirmer. - 9. Modern tropical tree fern. After Fuller and Tippo. - 10. _Medullosa._ An ancient seed fern. After Stewart. - 11. _Williamsonia._ An extinct cycad-like tree. After Sahni. - 12. _Cycas._ A modern cycad. After Chamberlain. - 13. _Baiera._ A fossil leaf genus of ginkgo, whose only living - representative is the species _Ginkgo biloba_, saved from - extinction by careful cultivation in China. Several - specimens of this “living fossil” were presented to this - country by the Chinese and are now flourishing on many - college campuses, including that of the University of - Illinois. After Mägdefrau. - 14. _Cordaites._ After Grand Eury. - 15. _Lebachia._ A “transition conifer,” forerunner of present day - conifers. After Mägdefrau. - 16. _Pinus._ Modern pine. After Mägdefrau. - 17. _Acer._ Common maple, an angiosperm whose leaves are also found - among Tertiary fossils. After Mägdefrau. - 18. _Rosa._ The prairie rose, an angiosperm. - 19. _Campsis._ Trumpet vine, an angiosperm. - - [Illustration: _Geologic Time Chart_] - - _Time Units_ - _Era and Years_ - CENOZOIC “Recent Life” - Pleistocene - Pliocene - Miocene - Oligocene - Eocene - Paleocene - MESOZOIC “Middle Life” - Cretaceous - 70 million - herbaceous lycopods - Jurassic - 25 million - yellow-green algae - selaginellids - Triassic - 30 million - cycad-like plants - Equisetum - PALEOZOIC “Ancient Life” - Permian - 25 million - transition conifers - pines, spruces, firs, etc. - Equisetites - Pennsylvanian - 25 million - ferns related to modern families - bryophytes - Mississippian - 30 million - seed ferns - calamites - cycads - Devonian - 55 million - cordaites - sphenophyllids - ancient ferns - Silurian - 40 million - psitopsids - Foerstia - Ordovician - 80 million - red algae - green algae - Cambrian - 80 million - PROTEROZOIC _and_ ARCHAEOZOIC ERAS - 4½ billion years - blue-green algae - chemosynthetic bacteria? - NO CERTAIN FOSSILS KNOWN - _Plants_ - Algae - yellow-green algae - brown algae - red algae - green algae - blue-green algae - Mosses - bryophytes - Foerstia - Vascular Plants - “Whisk Ferns” - psitopsids - Club-mosses - scale and seal trees - quillworts - herbaceous lycopods - Scouring Rushes, Horsetails - Equisetites - Equisetum - calamites - selaginellids - Ferns and Seed Plants - Ferns - ancient ferns - ferns related to modern families - Gymnosperms - Cycads - seed ferns - cycads - cycad-like plants - Ginkgo - Conifers - cordaites - transition conifers - pines, spruces, firs, etc. - Flowering Plants - - - - - _Field Book_ - PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS - - - Charles Collinson and Romayne Skartvedt - - [Illustration: Illuminated P] - -Plants that flourished 200 million years ago have made Illinois one of -the best known fossil collecting sites in the world. The unusual -abundance and preservation of these fossils in the northern part of the -state have brought collectors to Illinois from many countries, and -prized specimens from that area may be seen in science museums -throughout the world. - -The remarkable fossils represent plants that lived during the geologic -period called the Pennsylvanian or Coal Age and are the result of -special geologic conditions that occurred repeatedly during the period. - -At the beginning of the Pennsylvanian Period, Illinois was part of a -vast lowland that stretched for hundreds of miles to the north, south, -and west, and was bordered on the east by highlands. At times much of -the plain was swampy and, because the climate was relatively warm and -moist, great jungles of fast growing trees, shrubs, and vines covered -the landscape. As successive generations of plants lived and died, plant -material fell into the swamp waters and, protected there from decay, -accumulated. - -Frequently during the period, seas spread over the swampy lowlands, -submerging the forests and covering them with mud. Each submergence -lasted only a short time, geologically speaking. When the seas withdrew, -the deposits of sand and mud left behind were cut by streams that -carried fresh sand and mud from the eastern highlands. The streams -eventually became clogged with sediments and when the lowland was again -depressed swamp conditions returned and forests grew afresh. Such a -cycle of deposition was repeated again and again during Pennsylvanian -time, and after burial each layer of plant material gradually lost most -of its liquids and gases and was slowly converted into one of the -numerous coal beds presently found in Illinois. - - [Illustration: Reconstruction of Pennsylvanian Coal-forming Swamp] - -In some places in the state conditions existed that were especially -favorable for preservation of plants, and there delicately preserved -fossils are found in great numbers. In the most favorable areas, such as -in northern Illinois, the plants are preserved in stony nodules called -concretions, but they also may be found separately as molds, casts, or -petrifactions. - -Molds (concave surfaces) and casts (convex surfaces) are fossilization -phenomena in which the actual plant, embedded in the surrounding -background rock, was dissolved, leaving a hollow space (mold) that -subsequently filled with other material. A cast was thus formed that -preserved the plant’s external features. - -Most petrifactions are fossils in which silica, carbonate, or other -material permeated or replaced the internal structures of the plant and -preserved them so well that in most specimens the finest cellular -details can be observed. Compressions, another kind of petrifaction, are -the pressed carbonized remains of the plant itself. - - - - - PENNSYLVANIAN FLORA - - - [Illustration: _Aphthoroblattina_] - - [Illustration: _Teneopteron_] - -The far-reaching Pennsylvanian swamplands had abundant species of trees -and other plants that long since have become extinct. Today’s common -deciduous trees were not present; flowering plants had not yet evolved. -Instead, the tangled forests were dominated by giant ancestors of -presently existing club-mosses, horsetails, ferns, conifers, and cycads. -The undergrowth also was well developed, consisting mainly of ferns, -fernlike plants, _Sphenophyllum_, and small club-mosses. The plant -fossils give no indication of seasonal variations. The forests, -evidently always green, grew rapidly and abundantly, with foliage of -unprecedented size and luxuriance. Land animals were just beginning to -develop and included sluggish, salamander-like amphibians, large -primitive insects, and a few small reptiles. The insects flourished as -never before or since in the damp forests and attained remarkable size. -Insects more than four inches long were common and some are known to -have been more than a foot long with a wingspread proportionately broad. -Ancestors of the modern spiders, scorpions, centipedes (one fossil found -in Illinois was twelve inches long), cockroaches, and dragonflies are -represented by several hundred species. - -The fossilized plants of Pennsylvanian time belonged to only a few main -categories: scale and seal trees, ancient scouring rushes (horsetails), -herbaceous _Sphenophyllum_, ferns, seed ferns, and cordaitean trees. - - - - - SCALE AND SEAL TREES - (Plate 1) - - -Scale and seal trees were abundant during the Pennsylvanian Period and -were important contributors to coal beds. Although distantly related to -the diminutive club-mosses and ground pines of the present, the trees -grew on straight, slender trunks to heights of more than a hundred feet. - - [Illustration: Reconstruction of _Lepidodendron_ - (after Hirmer)] - -Scale trees were so called because their numerous, closely set, spirally -arranged leaves left scarred “cushions” on the branches and trunk, -making them appear scaly. Seal trees derived their name from the -signetlike appearance of their leaf cushions. The two best known types -belong to the genera _Lepidodendron_ (scale tree) and _Sigillaria_ (seal -tree), and fossils of both are common in Illinois. - -_Lepidodendron_ had long, slender, somewhat tapering trunks. Some of the -trees reached heights of more than 100 feet and measured more than two -feet in basal diameter. The trunk ended in a spreading crown formed by -repeated dichotomous branching. The leaves were awl-shaped or linear, -ranging from one to 30 inches long. - -The leaf cushions of _Lepidodendron_ are diamond-shaped, longer than -broad, and arranged in spiral rows around the trunk and branches. A -different name, _Lepidophyllum_, is used for fossils of the long, -bladelike leaf when it is found detached. - -Spores were borne in long cylindrical cones at the tips of the branches. -Those cones referred, or assigned, to the genus _Lepidostrobus_ bore -both small spores (microspores) and large spores (megaspores) in the -same cones. Those in which only a large single spore, a somewhat -seedlike structure, was developed in a spore sac (sporangium) are -referred to the genus _Lepidocarpon_. - -The rather commonly found genus _Stigmaria_ comprises so-called -“appendages” which, although stemlike in structure, apparently served as -roots for the scale and seal trees. These appendages are identified by -irregular spirals of circular scars (pits) that mark the attachment -points of former rootlets. - - [Illustration: Reconstruction of _Sigillaria_ - (after Hirmer)] - -_Sigillaria_, although less common than _Lepidodendron_, was widely -distributed during the Pennsylvanian Period. It differed in growth habit -from _Lepidodendron_ in that it generally had fewer branches and not -uncommonly was unbranched. Some species also possessed a thicker trunk, -with hexagonal to elongate leaf cushions separated by vertical ribs. The -trunk was crowned, in the manner of the modern palm tree, by a cluster -of large, grasslike leaves. - -The detached leaves of _Sigillaria_, extremely difficult to distinguish -from _Lepidophyllum_ (leaves of _Lepidodendron_), are referred to the -genus _Sigillariophyllum_ if preserved as compressions and to -_Sigillariopsis_ if preserved as petrifactions. Unbranched _Sigillaria_ -trunks have been found that are more than 100 feet long and six feet in -diameter near the base, but the average height probably was closer to 50 -feet. - - [Illustration: Reconstruction of _Calamites_ - (After Hirmer)] - -Not all Pennsylvanian trees were large, however. Small forms are known, -including the important undergrowth genera _Lycopodites_ and -_Selaginellites_. In woody types the trunk consisted of an inner region -of conducting and supporting tissues, surrounding concentric cortical -layers, and an outer layer of corklike bark. Although the fossil -impressions of the various bark layers have been given separate generic -names, these are not commonly used. - - - - - SCOURING RUSHES - (Plate 2) - - -Although related to the small, inconspicuous horsetails of today, the -ancient scouring rushes of the Pennsylvanian Period grew to the size of -trees and were among the most widely distributed plant groups. - -Some of these plants attained heights of 40 feet or more, but the -average was closer to 20 feet. The trunks were jointed and bore a whorl -of branches at the joints (nodes). Their small leaves also grew in -whorls at nodes along the smaller branches. Internodal regions were -ribbed in the same manner as present day horsetails. Fossils of the -trunks are assigned to the genus _Calamites_ and quite commonly are -preserved in sandstone and shale. - -The leaf whorls are placed in the genus _Annularia_. One form commonly -found in Illinois has long, pointed, needlelike leaves and is given the -name _Asterophyllites_. _Calamostachys_, shown on plate 5, is one of the -most common calamite cones. - - - - - SPHENOPHYLLUM - (Plate 2) - - -The name _Sphenophyllum_ refers to both stems and leaves of this extinct -genus, which was related to the scouring rushes—note its resemblance to -_Annularia_. - -A small herbaceous plant, _Sphenophyllum_ formed much of the swampy -undergrowth of the Pennsylvanian Period and is abundant among Illinois -fossils. It had a slender, ribbed stem bearing whorls of delicate, -wedge-shaped leaves, generally less than three-fourths of an inch long, -attached around the stem in multiples of three. - -The cones of this group also are slender, delicate structures, bearing a -number of sporangia, and are correctly called _Bowmanites_, although -they also have been called _Sphenophyllostachys_. These fossil cones -frequently are found in Illinois. - -_Sphenophyllum_ first appeared during the Devonian Period, some 300 -million years ago, but did not become abundant until Pennsylvanian time. -The genus continued through the Permian but died out in Triassic time. - - - - - FERNS - (Plates 1 and 3) - - -True ferns, like those living in today’s woodlands, were common in the -Pennsylvanian forests. Some species attained heights of 30 to 40 feet. -Their fronds (compound leaves divided into segments or leaflets) -commonly were five to six feet long. - - [Illustration: Portion of fern frond showing sori on lower side of - leaflets] - -True ferns do not produce cones or seeds, but spores, which develop in -cases called sporangia. The sporangia frond showing are attached in -clusters (sori) to the lower side or margins of the leaves. In modern -ferns the sporangia may also occur on fertile spikes. - -The shape and position of the sori are used to identify modern ferns, -but because leaves that bear sori (“fertile” leaves) are rare among -fossil specimens, the number, shape, and attachment of the leaflets and -the pattern of the veins are more commonly used for identification. - - [Illustration: Reconstruction of _Megaphyton_ - (after Hirmer)] - -Because fossils of complete fern plants have not yet been found, -separate names have been adopted for detached leaves, stems, and other -parts. For example, the fossil stems of some Pennsylvanian ferns found -in Illinois have been referred to two genera, _Megaphyton_, whose leaf -attachment scars are arranged in two vertical rows, one on either side -of the stem, and _Caulopteris_, whose leaf scars are arranged in a steep -spiral that becomes progressively flatter upward until near the top they -appear to be whorled. When the stem is a petrifaction, with internal -structures preserved, it is called _Psaronius_. The fronds are referred -to a number of genera, but those most commonly found in Illinois are -_Pecopteris_, _Asterotheca_, and _Ptychocarpus_. - - [Illustration: Venation of seed fern leaflets] - - _Pecopteris_ - _Asterotheca_ - _Ptychocarpus_ - - - - - SEED FERNS - (Plate 4) - - -Seed ferns resembled true ferns in general, but they produced seeds, -borne on modified leaves. Where spore sacs and seeds are absent, the -leaves of seed ferns are difficult to distinguish from those of spore -ferns, although individual seed fern leaflets, called pinnae, are -somewhat larger. - - [Illustration: _Medullosa_ Reconstruction and original drawing by - Wilson N. Stewart] - -Seed ferns included vinelike plants in the undergrowth and trees such as -_Medullosa_. Some tree genera were very tall, with trunks more than two -feet in diameter. Unlike the true ferns, still living today, seed ferns -declined steadily after the close of the Pennsylvanian Period and -finally became extinct during Jurassic time. During Pennsylvanian time, -however, they were much more numerous and varied than true ferns. - - [Illustration: Venation of seed fern leaflets] - - _Alethopteris_ - _Odontopteris_ - _Mariopteris_ - _Neuropteris_ - _Linopteris_ - -Most of the common seed ferns found as fossils in Illinois can be -referred to the following leaf genera: _Alethopteris_, _Neuropteris_, -_Odontopteris_, _Linopteris_, _Mariopteris_ (which may be a true fern), -_Cyclopteris_, and _Spiropteris_. _Cyclopteris_ includes circular leaves -that occurred at the base of leaves referable to _Neuropteris_. -_Spiropteris_ includes young leaves that had not yet uncoiled and may -belong to either true ferns or seed ferns. - - - - - CORDAITES - (Plates 1 and 2) - - - [Illustration: Reconstruction of _Cordaites_ - (after Hirmer)] - -Cordaitean trees, forerunners of modern conifers such as pine and -spruce, were important during the Pennsylvanian Period for they were -distributed throughout the world. These trees, among the tallest plants -of the time, sometimes grew more than 100 feet high. - -The cordaitean trunk was unbranched for three-fourths of the height of -the tree and was topped by dense branches bearing large, simple, -straplike leaves spirally arranged. The leaves had closely set parallel -veins and measured from half an inch to three feet or more long. - -Internally, the structure of the trunks was similar to that of modern -pine trunks. Casts of the pith are referred to the genus _Artisia_. The -seeds were borne in clusters on branches in leaf axils. - -The _Cordaites_ were major contributors to some coal beds. - - - - - FRUITING BODIES - (Plate 5) - - -Fossils representing many kinds of plant reproductive structures are -found in Pennsylvanian rocks, but unfortunately most of them are not -attached to any identifiable part of the parent plant and they cannot be -assigned definitely to a particular plant. Such fossils are referred to -genera and species solely on the basis of their own characteristics, -although, as in other fossil classifications, such “form genera” are -presumed to be parts of, or related to, the plants with which they are -found in habitual association. - -A few such fossils, fairly common in Illinois, are illustrated on plate -5 to show their general shape and size. When attached to an identifiable -leaf or leaflet, the seed is referred to as the seed of that leaf genus. - -For example, _Holcospermum_, a radially symmetrical seed with ribs and -grooves, _Codonotheca_, a stalked, spore-bearing, lobed “cup,” and -_Neuropterocarpus_, a flask-shaped seed with longitudinal ribs and -grooves, all have been associated with _Neuropteris_, a leaf genus. - - [Illustration: Mazon Creek Strip Mine Area Showing Distribution of - Spoil Heaps. The small circular areas represent waste from - underground mines.] - -_Trigonocarpus_, commonly found as a cast of the internal part of a -seed, is a trimerously symmetrical body frequently associated with -_Alethopteris_. _Pachytesta_ includes preserved structures and outer -layers of a seed. _Carpolithes_ is a catch-all “genus” functioning as a -general term for seeds and seedlike forms whose plant group affinities -cannot be determined. - - - - - COLLECTING AREAS FOR PENNSYLVANIAN PLANTS - Northern Illinois - - -Plant fossils can be found in almost any northern Illinois area where -Pennsylvanian rocks are exposed (see back cover), but in some places -they are much better preserved and more numerous than in others. Most of -the well known collecting areas and a few of the lesser known ones are -discussed below. Even though some of the localities were discovered many -years ago, they may indicate areas that are still favorable for -collecting. - - -Mazon Creek Area - -Of all the fossils that have been found in Illinois, the most famous are -the plant remains from the world-renowned Mazon Creek area in the -northeastern part of the state. In this area in Grundy and Will -Counties, plant fossils are found in ironstone concretions in the lower -part of the Francis Creek Shale directly overlying the Colchester (No. -2) Coal. - -Fossils were discovered in outcrops along Mazon Creek more than a -century ago and collections later were made from scores of conical spoil -heaps at underground mines. After coal stripping began in the 1920’s, -great numbers of specimens were collected. - -In the stripping operations, the concretion-bearing beds are commonly -the last to be placed on the spoil heap. Weathering softens and removes -the shales and leaves the nodules concentrated on the surface. Each -season brings a new crop of concretions to the surface. - - [Illustration: _Plate 1_] - - _Calamites_ ⅓× - _Stigmaria_ ⅖× - _Lepidodendron_ ⅖× - _Calamites_ ¹/₁₀× - Fern Stem ⅔× - _Caulopteris_ ¼× - _Sigillaria_ ⅖× - _Megaphyton_ ⅗× - _Calamites_ ⅗× - _Artisia_ ⅗× - _Sigillaria_ sub-bark ⅗× - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - -The concretions generally are oval to elongate and range from less than -an inch to a foot or more in maximum dimension. Only about one nodule in -ten contains plant remains. - -Approximately 25 to 30 species have been found in this region. The -productivity of the area was shown by George Langford, Sr., a well known -midwestern fossil collector. He and his son split about 250 thousand -concretions during a 140-day period and obtained some 25 thousand plant -specimens. Fine specimens still can be collected in a few hours. - -The plant collecting localities in Will and Grundy Counties along Mazon -Creek, four to six miles southeast of the town of Morris, were the first -to be well known. Ferns are especially abundant. Fossils of insects, -crustaceans, worms, and salamanders also have been found. Collecting -conditions vary considerably from season to season, and fossils are not -as easily obtained there as from the strip-mine spoil heaps. - -Fossiliferous concretions may be found in a number of the strip mines in -the area, although probably most have come from the Northern Illinois -Coal Corporation mine between the towns of Braidwood and Wilmington. - -In earlier years good collections were made from the spoil heaps of -underground mines. Especially notable are the mine dumps of the -Wilmington Star No. 7 mine, 2¼ miles west of Coal City, and Skinner No. -2 mine, two miles northeast of Braidwood. - -In the vicinity of Morris on the northwest edge of the Mazon Creek area, -fossil ferns have been found along the north side of the Illinois River -and in the banks of the Illinois-Michigan Canal. About a mile north in -an area of strip mining, fossil-bearing concretions have been found in -shale and irregular sandstone layers. - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - [Illustration: _Plate 2_] - - _Sphenophyllum_ ⅗× - _Lepidostrobophyllum_ ⅗× - _Annularia_ ⅗× - _Sphenophyllum_ 1× - _Lycopodites_ ⅗× - _Cordaites_ ⅗× - _Asterophyllites_ ⅓× - -Fossils in concretions also have been collected from a shaly limestone -at the south end of the Kankakee River bridge along the Grundy and Will -county line. - - -Bureau County - -Some 40 miles downstream from Morris on the Illinois River, plant -fossils have been discovered in waste from the Spring Valley Coal Co. -mine 1. They also are found in black shale below the LaSalle Limestone -in a small gully in the southwest part of town, but at neither place are -they plentiful. - - -Knox County - -A notable number and variety of well preserved plant fossils have been -produced from a locality along Court Creek in East Galesburg. The Rock -Island (No. 1) Coal is mined in the area and the fossils appear to have -come from the shale overlying it. - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - -Fossil plants also have been found in shales above the Colchester (No. -2) Coal in the vicinity of DeLong and with the Herrin (No. 6) Coal in -mines southeast of Victoria. - - -Mercer and Warren Counties - -In northern Warren and southern Mercer Counties the sandstone underlying -the Rock Island (No. 1) Coal is termed the “Stigmarian” sandstone -because of numerous siliceous casts found in the bed. Many of the -fossils have been collected from an old mine dump and from ravines along -the Edwards River northeast of Aledo. - -A number of representatives of _Sphenophyllum_, _Neuropteris_, and -_Annularia_ have been collected from ironstone concretions occurring in -shale that overlies the Colchester (No. 2) Coal about three miles -southwest of Alexis. They were found in a gully about a third of a mile -southeast of Center School. - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - [Illustration: _Plate 3_] - - _Pecopteris_ 1× - _Ptychocarpus_ ⅗× - _Pecopteris_ ⅗× - _Mariopteris_ ⅗× - _Asterotheca_ ⅗× - _Spiropteris_ ⅗× - _Pecopteris_ ⅗× - -In the same general area but about three miles due south of Alexis, -fossil plants also may be found in the clay pits of the Hydraulic-Press -Brick Company and the Northwestern Clay Manufacturing Company. - - -Fulton County - -Although there are numerous isolated occurrences of plant fossils -throughout the extensive strip mines and outcrops in Fulton County, no -exceptionally good collecting localities have been discovered. - -Fern and cordaitean leaves have been collected along Mill Creek about a -mile northeast of Pleasantview where the fossils occur in the shale -overlying the Babylon Coal. In the same general area, impressions and -casts of _Stigmaria_, _Lepidodendron_, and _Cordaites_ have been found -in the Babylon Sandstone. - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - -Three miles north of Pleasantview, a quarter of a mile northwest of -Union School, several species of leaves have been collected from the -Browning Sandstone where it is exposed in a roadcut. - -Farther east, there is a fairly good locality in the stream bluff of -Kerton Creek about 3¼ miles north and a quarter of a mile west of Bluff -City. There the plants are found about 18 feet below a coal bed. - -Numerous fern impressions also are found in shale beds above the Herrin -(No. 6) Coal along the Middle Branch of Copperas Creek, six miles west -of Glasford. Other specimens may be found in these beds elsewhere in the -area. - - -McDonough County - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - -In some of the small underground mines near Colchester, the shale -overlying the Colchester (No. 2) Coal contains ironstone concretions -similar to those from northeastern Illinois. More than 50 species of -plant fossils have been reported, but they were collected many years ago -from spoil heaps at the mines. Beds of the same age crop out widely in -other localities in western Illinois and may contain plant fossils. - - [Illustration: _Plate 4_] - - _Sphenopteris_ ⅗× - _Linopteris_ ⅗× - _Neuropteris_ ½× - _Odontopteris_ ⅗× - _Cycopteris_ ½× - _Alethopteris_ ⅗× - _Alethopteris_ ⅗× - _Odontopteris_ ½× - _Alethopteris_ ⅗× - - -Vermilion County - -In outcrops about three miles below Georgetown on the Little Vermilion -River, a number of fossil plant species and one insect species have been -collected from shales overlying the Herrin (No. 6) Coal, locally called -the Grape Creek Coal. The fossils occur in concretions much like those -from Mazon Creek. - -An occasional stem replacement or impression is found in the -concretionary shale above the No. 7 Coal in the strip mine area west of -Hillery. In fact, isolated fragmentary plant specimens are fairly common -in the Danville mining area, but no especially productive localities -have come to light. - - -Other Northern Illinois Localities - -In addition to the counties listed above, a number of others have -produced plant fossils. For example, there are records of plant fossils -found southeast of Franklin in Morgan County, at Neelys in Peoria -County, and at a number of places in the southern and western parts of -Rock Island County. Local exploration is certain to turn up numerous -other collecting places at present unknown. - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - [Illustration: _Plate 5_] - - _Codonotheca_ ⅗× - _Calamostachys_ 1× - _Pachytesta_ ⅗× - _Codonospermum_ ⅗× - _Cordaicorpus_ ⅗× - _Samaropsis_ ½× - _Whittleseya_ 1× - _Trigonocorpus_ ¼× - _Holcospermum_ ⅗× - _Neuropterocarpus_ ⅗× - _Lepidostrobus_ ⅗× - _Carpolithes_ ⅗× - - - - - Southern Illinois - - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - -Lawrence County - -Near the Lawrence-Richland county line, not far from the towns of -Berryville and Calhoun, there is an area rich in the fossil -petrifactions called “coal balls” in which cellular structures of stems -and roots generally are well preserved. - - -Saline, Pope, and Johnson Counties - -Saline County has more recorded plant fossil localities than any other -southern Illinois county. Fossil plant collecting localities are -isolated but numerous in the area southwest of Harrisburg. Mine dumps, -such as in the area five or six miles northwest of Eddyville, and many -outcrops are available throughout the region. The fossils probably are -associated with the Murphysboro, Delwood, Willis, Reynoldsburg, and -Battery Rock Coals. - -One especially good collecting area is on the south tributary of the -East Branch Cedar Creek about 6½ miles south of Stonefort. The fossils -are found in six feet of shale overlying the Battery Rock Coal horizon. - - -Perry and Jackson Counties - -Near DuQuoin and Murphysboro, a variety of well preserved plant fossils -has been collected from shales overlying both the Herrin (No. 6) Coal -and the Murphysboro Coal. Nearly all have come from shaft mines that are -not easily accessible to the collector. - -One currently good outcrop locality for collecting plant fossils from -the shale above the Murphysboro Coal is just southeast of Murphysboro. - - -Other Southern Illinois Localities - -Other collecting localities have been recorded west of McLeansboro in -Hamilton County, northwest of Mt. Vernon in Jefferson County, near -Grayville in White County, and in the Friendsville area of Wabash -County. There is no doubt that careful search will turn up many more. - -Almost anywhere in the large coal producing areas of southern Illinois -plant fossils can be found either in spoil heaps or in outcrops along -stream, road, and railroad cuts. The thick Pennsylvanian sandstones that -crop out in a belt extending through Gallatin, Saline, Williamson, and -Jackson Counties generally contain compressions or replacements of -trunks or other woody plant parts. - - - - - SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLECTING PENNSYLVANIAN PLANTS - - -Where to Look for Plant Fossils - -Pennsylvanian plants are most commonly found in shales directly -overlying coal beds. The shales are believed to be of nonmarine origin -like the coals and may contain fossils either in ironstone concretions -or on the bedding planes. The shale layers as well as the concretions -should be examined. Where the bed directly overlying the coal consists -of black slaty shale or limestone containing marine fossils, plant -remains are rarely abundant or well preserved. - -Beneath the coals there generally is an underclay that is interpreted as -the material in which the coal forest grew. The underclay is in turn -underlain by a sandstone, and both are believed to be mostly nonmarine. -Stigmarian axes and “roots” are common in many of the underclays. Plant -fossils are common in the sandstone but generally are poorly preserved, -except in the local shaly lenses. - -The best place to look for plant fossils in northern Illinois, except -for the strip mines of the Mazon Creek area, is probably in the spoil -heaps from shaft mines. The Colchester (No. 2) Coal has been extensively -mined by the longwall method. This technique causes the mine roof to -settle when the coal is removed, and the haulage ways are kept open by -removing the roof shale. Inasmuch as the roof shale is the Francis Creek -Formation of the Mazon Creek area, it may contain abundant plant-bearing -concretions. The shale is not everywhere fossiliferous, however, and in -many spoil heaps fossils are rare. - - [Illustration: Tools for Collecting] - - -Collecting Equipment - -The collector of plant fossils should have the following tools and -equipment: - - ① Hammer—a bricklayer’s hammer will work well. - ② One or two chisels, preferably one large and one small. - ③ Knapsack or basket in which to carry specimens. - ④ Newspapers and a roll of tissue paper for protecting fragile - specimens. - ⑤ Pencil and paper for labeling specimens and making notes about the - collecting locality from which the fossils came. Much of - the value of a particular fossil lies in knowing precisely - where it was found and the layer of rock it came from. - - -Rules of Courtesy - -When entering a collecting area every collector should observe several -rules carefully: - -① For your own protection get permission to enter and collect on any -private property. Such action also will help to assure your welcome if -you wish to come back again. - -② Leave the gates exactly as you find them, open or closed. Do not climb -fences that may break or sag under your weight; crawl under or go -around. - -③ Don’t litter, even though far from any house or other buildings. Do -not disturb the owner’s equipment, stock, or planted areas. - - -Handling Specimens - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - -The most successful way to split an ironstone concretion is to set it on -edge, long axis horizontal, on any fairly large rock and strike the -upper edge with the hammer. If the concretion is one that developed -around a fossil nucleus, it generally will split along the plane of -weakness, revealing the fossil. Sometimes one side of the concretion -will break off in the middle, in which case the remainder should be -tapped firmly but gently on the upper edge until the fossil is -completely uncovered. Pieces of the broken half should be glued together -neatly with waterproof cement so that the entire specimen can be -retained. - -Fossils embedded in shale may be recovered by the same method or by -repeatedly tapping a chisel inserted along the bedding plane. If the -fossil is exposed, the matrix can be chiseled away by slow, painstaking -effort. - -The usual method of wrapping plant-bearing nodules is to place the end -of a sheet of newspaper between the two halves of the nodule, fold the -paper over the nodule, and roll it up in the sheet. - - [Illustration: How to Wrap a Fossiliferous Concretion] - -When several localities are visited in one collecting trip, the fossils -from each should be kept separate; cloth bags are convenient for this -purpose. Notes about the locality should be put in the same bag as -fossils from that locality so that there is no possibility of confusion. - -Some fossils are so fragile or porous that they should be covered with a -hardening protective coat of crude gum arabic solution. (Refined gum -arabic will not serve.) This may be applied with a fine brush in -successive layers, or sturdier fossils may be dipped in it. - -When a fossil is so delicate that the surface tension of the gum arabic -solution causes the fossil to “spread,” celluloid (not plastic) -dissolved in acetone should be substituted. Before this solution is -used, the specimen must be completely dry or the coating will become -cloudy or opaque. - -If the specimen is pyritized, it should be sprayed with lacquer or -shellac to prevent disintegration. If these protective sprays are used -they must be applied to dry specimens during dry weather or the coating -will remain sticky. - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - - - - REFERENCES - - -AN INTRODUCTION TO PALEOBOTANY. C. A. Arnold. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New -York, 1947, 433 p. - -GRUNDY AND WILL COUNTIES. Frank H. Bradley. In Worthen et al., Geology -and Paleontology, Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. IV, 1870, p. -190-225. - -PALMLIKE PLANTS FROM THE DOLORES FORMATION (TRIASSIC), SOUTHWESTERN -COLORADO. Roland W. Brown. United States Geological Survey Professional -Paper 274-H, 1956, p. 205-209. - -CARBONIFEROUS INSECTS FROM THE VICINITY OF MAZON CREEK, ILLINOIS. F. M. -Carpenter. Illinois State Museum Scientific Paper 3, pt. 1, 1943, p. -7-20. - -THE LIVING CYCADS. C. J. Chamberlain. University of Chicago Press, -Chicago, 1919, 172 p. - -GUIDE FOR BEGINNING FOSSIL HUNTERS. Charles Collinson. Illinois State -Geological Survey Educational Series 4, 1956, 36 p. (Revised 1959, 40 -p.) - -HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. Carl O. Dunbar. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, -1949, 576 p. - -COLLEGE BOTANY. Harry J. Fuller and Oswald Tippo. Henry Holt & Co., New -York, 1954, 993 p. - -HANDBUCH DER PALÄOBOTANIK, BD. 1: _THALLOPHYTA, BRYOPHYTA, -PTERIDOPHYTA_. Max Hirmer. R. Oldenbourg, Munich and Berlin, 1927, 708 -p. - -SOME FOSSIL PLANT TYPES OF ILLINOIS. Raymond E. Janssen. Illinois State -Museum Scientific Paper 1, 1940, 124 p. - -LEAVES AND STEMS OF FOSSIL FORESTS. Raymond E. Janssen. Illinois State -Museum Popular Science Series; v. 1, 1957, 190 p. - -THE MAZON CREEK EURYPTERID: A REVISION OF THE GENUS _LEPIDODERMA_. Erik -N. Kjellesvig-Waering. Illinois State Museum Scientific Paper 3, no. 4, -1948, p. 3-46. - -PLANTS OF THE PAST. F. H. Knowlton. Princeton University Press, -Princeton, N. J., 1927, 275 p. - -THE WILMINGTON COAL FLORA FROM A PENNSYLVANIAN DEPOSIT IN WILL COUNTY, -ILLINOIS. George Langford. Esconi Associates, Downers Grove, Ill., 1958, -360 p. - -THE MAZON CREEK, ILLINOIS, SHALES AND THEIR AMPHIBIAN FAUNA. R. L. -Moodie. American Journal of Science, 4th Series, v. 34, 1912, p. -277-285. - -INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. Raymond C. Moore. McGraw-Hill Book -Co., Inc., New York, 1958, 656 p. - -PENNSYLVANIAN FLORA OF NORTHERN ILLINOIS. A. C. Noé. Illinois State -Geological Survey Bulletin 52, 1925, 113 p. - -PENNSYLVANIAN INVERTEBRATES OF THE MAZON CREEK AREA, ILLINOIS. Eugene S. -Richardson, Jr. Fieldiana: Geology, v. 12, 1956, p. 1-76. - -REPORT ON THE CARR AND DANIELS COLLECTIONS OF FOSSIL PLANTS FROM MAZON -CREEK. Wilson N. Stewart. Illinois Academy of Science Transactions, v. -43, 1950, p. 41-45. - -A RECENTLY DISCOVERED _PHLEGETHONTIA_ FROM ILLINOIS. W. D. Turnbull and -Priscilla F. Turnbull. Fieldiana: Zoology, v. 37, 1955, p. 523-535. - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - - - - EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION PROGRAM - - -The Educational Extension Section of the Illinois State Geological -Survey reaches the public through a number of channels, including -nontechnical publications, rock and mineral collections for Illinois -schools and educational groups, lectures, exhibits, correspondence -involving identification of rocks and minerals, news items for the -press, and field trips. - -During each year six field trips are given, in widely separated parts of -the state, for teachers, students, and laymen. The general program is -especially designed to assist in teaching geological sciences and to -help make Illinois citizens aware of the state’s great mineral wealth. - - Illinois State Geological Survey - Urbana, Illinois - - [Illustration: ILLINOIS, Land of Lincoln] - - [Illustration: PENNSYLVANIAN OUTCROP AREA] - - Morris - Braidwood - Peoria - Colchester - Danville - Springfield - Duquoin - Murphysboro - Harrisburg - Marion - - _Illinois State Geological Survey - Educational Series 6_ - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIELD BOOK: PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT -FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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