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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d8f99fa --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #65776 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65776) diff --git a/old/65776-0.txt b/old/65776-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 935fb1b..0000000 --- a/old/65776-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1498 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Field Book: Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of -Illinois, by Charles Collinson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Field Book: Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of Illinois - Educational Series 6 - -Author: Charles Collinson - Romayne Skartvedt - -Release Date: July 6, 2021 [eBook #65776] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIELD BOOK: PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT -FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS *** - - - - - _Field Book_ - PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS - - - Charles Collinson - Romayne Skartvedt - - - _Illinois State Geological Survey - Educational Series 6_ - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - STATE OF ILLINOIS - DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION - - First edition 1960 - Reprinted 1966 - - ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY - URBANA ILLINOIS - John C. Frye, Chief - - Printed by Authority of State of Illinois, Ch. 127, IRS, Par. 58.25. - - - - - _Field Book_ - PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS - - Charles Collinson - Romayne Skartvedt - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - _Illustrations by Marie E. Litterer_ - - - - - FOREWORD - - - [Illustration: Illuminated T] - -This field book is intended to guide beginners in their collection and -general classification of plant fossils. It illustrates the plant -fossils most commonly found in Illinois and relates them to the plants -of which they were a part. A list of publications that will furnish more -detailed identification of specimens is included. The book has been -prepared in response to numerous inquiries to the Illinois State -Geological Survey from amateur collectors. - -Information has been drawn from numerous sources. The works of Hirmer, -Janssen, Lesquereux, Noé, and Langford have been particularly useful. - -We are especially indebted to Dr. Robert M. Kosanke, paleobotanist at -the Illinois State Geological Survey, and Dr. Wilson N. Stewart, -professor of botany of the University of Illinois, for helpful -suggestions and use of their libraries. - - - - - KEY TO PLANTS ILLUSTRATED ON TIME CHART - - - 1. _Foerstia._ These fossils may be the earliest known occurrence of - bryophytes, although some authors have referred them to - the brown algae. After Dawson. - 2. _Psilophyton._ A primitive vascular plant. After Dawson. - 3. _Lepidodendron._ After Hirmer. - 4. _Sigillaria._ After Hirmer. - 5. _Calamites._ After Hirmer. - 6. _Sphenophyllum._ After Fuller and Tippo. - 7. _Equisetum._ The only living genus of scouring rushes. After Fuller - and Tippo. - 8. _Megaphyton._ An ancient true fern. After Hirmer. - 9. Modern tropical tree fern. After Fuller and Tippo. - 10. _Medullosa._ An ancient seed fern. After Stewart. - 11. _Williamsonia._ An extinct cycad-like tree. After Sahni. - 12. _Cycas._ A modern cycad. After Chamberlain. - 13. _Baiera._ A fossil leaf genus of ginkgo, whose only living - representative is the species _Ginkgo biloba_, saved from - extinction by careful cultivation in China. Several - specimens of this “living fossil” were presented to this - country by the Chinese and are now flourishing on many - college campuses, including that of the University of - Illinois. After Mägdefrau. - 14. _Cordaites._ After Grand Eury. - 15. _Lebachia._ A “transition conifer,” forerunner of present day - conifers. After Mägdefrau. - 16. _Pinus._ Modern pine. After Mägdefrau. - 17. _Acer._ Common maple, an angiosperm whose leaves are also found - among Tertiary fossils. After Mägdefrau. - 18. _Rosa._ The prairie rose, an angiosperm. - 19. _Campsis._ Trumpet vine, an angiosperm. - - [Illustration: _Geologic Time Chart_] - - _Time Units_ - _Era and Years_ - CENOZOIC “Recent Life” - Pleistocene - Pliocene - Miocene - Oligocene - Eocene - Paleocene - MESOZOIC “Middle Life” - Cretaceous - 70 million - herbaceous lycopods - Jurassic - 25 million - yellow-green algae - selaginellids - Triassic - 30 million - cycad-like plants - Equisetum - PALEOZOIC “Ancient Life” - Permian - 25 million - transition conifers - pines, spruces, firs, etc. - Equisetites - Pennsylvanian - 25 million - ferns related to modern families - bryophytes - Mississippian - 30 million - seed ferns - calamites - cycads - Devonian - 55 million - cordaites - sphenophyllids - ancient ferns - Silurian - 40 million - psitopsids - Foerstia - Ordovician - 80 million - red algae - green algae - Cambrian - 80 million - PROTEROZOIC _and_ ARCHAEOZOIC ERAS - 4½ billion years - blue-green algae - chemosynthetic bacteria? - NO CERTAIN FOSSILS KNOWN - _Plants_ - Algae - yellow-green algae - brown algae - red algae - green algae - blue-green algae - Mosses - bryophytes - Foerstia - Vascular Plants - “Whisk Ferns” - psitopsids - Club-mosses - scale and seal trees - quillworts - herbaceous lycopods - Scouring Rushes, Horsetails - Equisetites - Equisetum - calamites - selaginellids - Ferns and Seed Plants - Ferns - ancient ferns - ferns related to modern families - Gymnosperms - Cycads - seed ferns - cycads - cycad-like plants - Ginkgo - Conifers - cordaites - transition conifers - pines, spruces, firs, etc. - Flowering Plants - - - - - _Field Book_ - PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS - - - Charles Collinson and Romayne Skartvedt - - [Illustration: Illuminated P] - -Plants that flourished 200 million years ago have made Illinois one of -the best known fossil collecting sites in the world. The unusual -abundance and preservation of these fossils in the northern part of the -state have brought collectors to Illinois from many countries, and -prized specimens from that area may be seen in science museums -throughout the world. - -The remarkable fossils represent plants that lived during the geologic -period called the Pennsylvanian or Coal Age and are the result of -special geologic conditions that occurred repeatedly during the period. - -At the beginning of the Pennsylvanian Period, Illinois was part of a -vast lowland that stretched for hundreds of miles to the north, south, -and west, and was bordered on the east by highlands. At times much of -the plain was swampy and, because the climate was relatively warm and -moist, great jungles of fast growing trees, shrubs, and vines covered -the landscape. As successive generations of plants lived and died, plant -material fell into the swamp waters and, protected there from decay, -accumulated. - -Frequently during the period, seas spread over the swampy lowlands, -submerging the forests and covering them with mud. Each submergence -lasted only a short time, geologically speaking. When the seas withdrew, -the deposits of sand and mud left behind were cut by streams that -carried fresh sand and mud from the eastern highlands. The streams -eventually became clogged with sediments and when the lowland was again -depressed swamp conditions returned and forests grew afresh. Such a -cycle of deposition was repeated again and again during Pennsylvanian -time, and after burial each layer of plant material gradually lost most -of its liquids and gases and was slowly converted into one of the -numerous coal beds presently found in Illinois. - - [Illustration: Reconstruction of Pennsylvanian Coal-forming Swamp] - -In some places in the state conditions existed that were especially -favorable for preservation of plants, and there delicately preserved -fossils are found in great numbers. In the most favorable areas, such as -in northern Illinois, the plants are preserved in stony nodules called -concretions, but they also may be found separately as molds, casts, or -petrifactions. - -Molds (concave surfaces) and casts (convex surfaces) are fossilization -phenomena in which the actual plant, embedded in the surrounding -background rock, was dissolved, leaving a hollow space (mold) that -subsequently filled with other material. A cast was thus formed that -preserved the plant’s external features. - -Most petrifactions are fossils in which silica, carbonate, or other -material permeated or replaced the internal structures of the plant and -preserved them so well that in most specimens the finest cellular -details can be observed. Compressions, another kind of petrifaction, are -the pressed carbonized remains of the plant itself. - - - - - PENNSYLVANIAN FLORA - - - [Illustration: _Aphthoroblattina_] - - [Illustration: _Teneopteron_] - -The far-reaching Pennsylvanian swamplands had abundant species of trees -and other plants that long since have become extinct. Today’s common -deciduous trees were not present; flowering plants had not yet evolved. -Instead, the tangled forests were dominated by giant ancestors of -presently existing club-mosses, horsetails, ferns, conifers, and cycads. -The undergrowth also was well developed, consisting mainly of ferns, -fernlike plants, _Sphenophyllum_, and small club-mosses. The plant -fossils give no indication of seasonal variations. The forests, -evidently always green, grew rapidly and abundantly, with foliage of -unprecedented size and luxuriance. Land animals were just beginning to -develop and included sluggish, salamander-like amphibians, large -primitive insects, and a few small reptiles. The insects flourished as -never before or since in the damp forests and attained remarkable size. -Insects more than four inches long were common and some are known to -have been more than a foot long with a wingspread proportionately broad. -Ancestors of the modern spiders, scorpions, centipedes (one fossil found -in Illinois was twelve inches long), cockroaches, and dragonflies are -represented by several hundred species. - -The fossilized plants of Pennsylvanian time belonged to only a few main -categories: scale and seal trees, ancient scouring rushes (horsetails), -herbaceous _Sphenophyllum_, ferns, seed ferns, and cordaitean trees. - - - - - SCALE AND SEAL TREES - (Plate 1) - - -Scale and seal trees were abundant during the Pennsylvanian Period and -were important contributors to coal beds. Although distantly related to -the diminutive club-mosses and ground pines of the present, the trees -grew on straight, slender trunks to heights of more than a hundred feet. - - [Illustration: Reconstruction of _Lepidodendron_ - (after Hirmer)] - -Scale trees were so called because their numerous, closely set, spirally -arranged leaves left scarred “cushions” on the branches and trunk, -making them appear scaly. Seal trees derived their name from the -signetlike appearance of their leaf cushions. The two best known types -belong to the genera _Lepidodendron_ (scale tree) and _Sigillaria_ (seal -tree), and fossils of both are common in Illinois. - -_Lepidodendron_ had long, slender, somewhat tapering trunks. Some of the -trees reached heights of more than 100 feet and measured more than two -feet in basal diameter. The trunk ended in a spreading crown formed by -repeated dichotomous branching. The leaves were awl-shaped or linear, -ranging from one to 30 inches long. - -The leaf cushions of _Lepidodendron_ are diamond-shaped, longer than -broad, and arranged in spiral rows around the trunk and branches. A -different name, _Lepidophyllum_, is used for fossils of the long, -bladelike leaf when it is found detached. - -Spores were borne in long cylindrical cones at the tips of the branches. -Those cones referred, or assigned, to the genus _Lepidostrobus_ bore -both small spores (microspores) and large spores (megaspores) in the -same cones. Those in which only a large single spore, a somewhat -seedlike structure, was developed in a spore sac (sporangium) are -referred to the genus _Lepidocarpon_. - -The rather commonly found genus _Stigmaria_ comprises so-called -“appendages” which, although stemlike in structure, apparently served as -roots for the scale and seal trees. These appendages are identified by -irregular spirals of circular scars (pits) that mark the attachment -points of former rootlets. - - [Illustration: Reconstruction of _Sigillaria_ - (after Hirmer)] - -_Sigillaria_, although less common than _Lepidodendron_, was widely -distributed during the Pennsylvanian Period. It differed in growth habit -from _Lepidodendron_ in that it generally had fewer branches and not -uncommonly was unbranched. Some species also possessed a thicker trunk, -with hexagonal to elongate leaf cushions separated by vertical ribs. The -trunk was crowned, in the manner of the modern palm tree, by a cluster -of large, grasslike leaves. - -The detached leaves of _Sigillaria_, extremely difficult to distinguish -from _Lepidophyllum_ (leaves of _Lepidodendron_), are referred to the -genus _Sigillariophyllum_ if preserved as compressions and to -_Sigillariopsis_ if preserved as petrifactions. Unbranched _Sigillaria_ -trunks have been found that are more than 100 feet long and six feet in -diameter near the base, but the average height probably was closer to 50 -feet. - - [Illustration: Reconstruction of _Calamites_ - (After Hirmer)] - -Not all Pennsylvanian trees were large, however. Small forms are known, -including the important undergrowth genera _Lycopodites_ and -_Selaginellites_. In woody types the trunk consisted of an inner region -of conducting and supporting tissues, surrounding concentric cortical -layers, and an outer layer of corklike bark. Although the fossil -impressions of the various bark layers have been given separate generic -names, these are not commonly used. - - - - - SCOURING RUSHES - (Plate 2) - - -Although related to the small, inconspicuous horsetails of today, the -ancient scouring rushes of the Pennsylvanian Period grew to the size of -trees and were among the most widely distributed plant groups. - -Some of these plants attained heights of 40 feet or more, but the -average was closer to 20 feet. The trunks were jointed and bore a whorl -of branches at the joints (nodes). Their small leaves also grew in -whorls at nodes along the smaller branches. Internodal regions were -ribbed in the same manner as present day horsetails. Fossils of the -trunks are assigned to the genus _Calamites_ and quite commonly are -preserved in sandstone and shale. - -The leaf whorls are placed in the genus _Annularia_. One form commonly -found in Illinois has long, pointed, needlelike leaves and is given the -name _Asterophyllites_. _Calamostachys_, shown on plate 5, is one of the -most common calamite cones. - - - - - SPHENOPHYLLUM - (Plate 2) - - -The name _Sphenophyllum_ refers to both stems and leaves of this extinct -genus, which was related to the scouring rushes—note its resemblance to -_Annularia_. - -A small herbaceous plant, _Sphenophyllum_ formed much of the swampy -undergrowth of the Pennsylvanian Period and is abundant among Illinois -fossils. It had a slender, ribbed stem bearing whorls of delicate, -wedge-shaped leaves, generally less than three-fourths of an inch long, -attached around the stem in multiples of three. - -The cones of this group also are slender, delicate structures, bearing a -number of sporangia, and are correctly called _Bowmanites_, although -they also have been called _Sphenophyllostachys_. These fossil cones -frequently are found in Illinois. - -_Sphenophyllum_ first appeared during the Devonian Period, some 300 -million years ago, but did not become abundant until Pennsylvanian time. -The genus continued through the Permian but died out in Triassic time. - - - - - FERNS - (Plates 1 and 3) - - -True ferns, like those living in today’s woodlands, were common in the -Pennsylvanian forests. Some species attained heights of 30 to 40 feet. -Their fronds (compound leaves divided into segments or leaflets) -commonly were five to six feet long. - - [Illustration: Portion of fern frond showing sori on lower side of - leaflets] - -True ferns do not produce cones or seeds, but spores, which develop in -cases called sporangia. The sporangia frond showing are attached in -clusters (sori) to the lower side or margins of the leaves. In modern -ferns the sporangia may also occur on fertile spikes. - -The shape and position of the sori are used to identify modern ferns, -but because leaves that bear sori (“fertile” leaves) are rare among -fossil specimens, the number, shape, and attachment of the leaflets and -the pattern of the veins are more commonly used for identification. - - [Illustration: Reconstruction of _Megaphyton_ - (after Hirmer)] - -Because fossils of complete fern plants have not yet been found, -separate names have been adopted for detached leaves, stems, and other -parts. For example, the fossil stems of some Pennsylvanian ferns found -in Illinois have been referred to two genera, _Megaphyton_, whose leaf -attachment scars are arranged in two vertical rows, one on either side -of the stem, and _Caulopteris_, whose leaf scars are arranged in a steep -spiral that becomes progressively flatter upward until near the top they -appear to be whorled. When the stem is a petrifaction, with internal -structures preserved, it is called _Psaronius_. The fronds are referred -to a number of genera, but those most commonly found in Illinois are -_Pecopteris_, _Asterotheca_, and _Ptychocarpus_. - - [Illustration: Venation of seed fern leaflets] - - _Pecopteris_ - _Asterotheca_ - _Ptychocarpus_ - - - - - SEED FERNS - (Plate 4) - - -Seed ferns resembled true ferns in general, but they produced seeds, -borne on modified leaves. Where spore sacs and seeds are absent, the -leaves of seed ferns are difficult to distinguish from those of spore -ferns, although individual seed fern leaflets, called pinnae, are -somewhat larger. - - [Illustration: _Medullosa_ Reconstruction and original drawing by - Wilson N. Stewart] - -Seed ferns included vinelike plants in the undergrowth and trees such as -_Medullosa_. Some tree genera were very tall, with trunks more than two -feet in diameter. Unlike the true ferns, still living today, seed ferns -declined steadily after the close of the Pennsylvanian Period and -finally became extinct during Jurassic time. During Pennsylvanian time, -however, they were much more numerous and varied than true ferns. - - [Illustration: Venation of seed fern leaflets] - - _Alethopteris_ - _Odontopteris_ - _Mariopteris_ - _Neuropteris_ - _Linopteris_ - -Most of the common seed ferns found as fossils in Illinois can be -referred to the following leaf genera: _Alethopteris_, _Neuropteris_, -_Odontopteris_, _Linopteris_, _Mariopteris_ (which may be a true fern), -_Cyclopteris_, and _Spiropteris_. _Cyclopteris_ includes circular leaves -that occurred at the base of leaves referable to _Neuropteris_. -_Spiropteris_ includes young leaves that had not yet uncoiled and may -belong to either true ferns or seed ferns. - - - - - CORDAITES - (Plates 1 and 2) - - - [Illustration: Reconstruction of _Cordaites_ - (after Hirmer)] - -Cordaitean trees, forerunners of modern conifers such as pine and -spruce, were important during the Pennsylvanian Period for they were -distributed throughout the world. These trees, among the tallest plants -of the time, sometimes grew more than 100 feet high. - -The cordaitean trunk was unbranched for three-fourths of the height of -the tree and was topped by dense branches bearing large, simple, -straplike leaves spirally arranged. The leaves had closely set parallel -veins and measured from half an inch to three feet or more long. - -Internally, the structure of the trunks was similar to that of modern -pine trunks. Casts of the pith are referred to the genus _Artisia_. The -seeds were borne in clusters on branches in leaf axils. - -The _Cordaites_ were major contributors to some coal beds. - - - - - FRUITING BODIES - (Plate 5) - - -Fossils representing many kinds of plant reproductive structures are -found in Pennsylvanian rocks, but unfortunately most of them are not -attached to any identifiable part of the parent plant and they cannot be -assigned definitely to a particular plant. Such fossils are referred to -genera and species solely on the basis of their own characteristics, -although, as in other fossil classifications, such “form genera” are -presumed to be parts of, or related to, the plants with which they are -found in habitual association. - -A few such fossils, fairly common in Illinois, are illustrated on plate -5 to show their general shape and size. When attached to an identifiable -leaf or leaflet, the seed is referred to as the seed of that leaf genus. - -For example, _Holcospermum_, a radially symmetrical seed with ribs and -grooves, _Codonotheca_, a stalked, spore-bearing, lobed “cup,” and -_Neuropterocarpus_, a flask-shaped seed with longitudinal ribs and -grooves, all have been associated with _Neuropteris_, a leaf genus. - - [Illustration: Mazon Creek Strip Mine Area Showing Distribution of - Spoil Heaps. The small circular areas represent waste from - underground mines.] - -_Trigonocarpus_, commonly found as a cast of the internal part of a -seed, is a trimerously symmetrical body frequently associated with -_Alethopteris_. _Pachytesta_ includes preserved structures and outer -layers of a seed. _Carpolithes_ is a catch-all “genus” functioning as a -general term for seeds and seedlike forms whose plant group affinities -cannot be determined. - - - - - COLLECTING AREAS FOR PENNSYLVANIAN PLANTS - Northern Illinois - - -Plant fossils can be found in almost any northern Illinois area where -Pennsylvanian rocks are exposed (see back cover), but in some places -they are much better preserved and more numerous than in others. Most of -the well known collecting areas and a few of the lesser known ones are -discussed below. Even though some of the localities were discovered many -years ago, they may indicate areas that are still favorable for -collecting. - - -Mazon Creek Area - -Of all the fossils that have been found in Illinois, the most famous are -the plant remains from the world-renowned Mazon Creek area in the -northeastern part of the state. In this area in Grundy and Will -Counties, plant fossils are found in ironstone concretions in the lower -part of the Francis Creek Shale directly overlying the Colchester (No. -2) Coal. - -Fossils were discovered in outcrops along Mazon Creek more than a -century ago and collections later were made from scores of conical spoil -heaps at underground mines. After coal stripping began in the 1920’s, -great numbers of specimens were collected. - -In the stripping operations, the concretion-bearing beds are commonly -the last to be placed on the spoil heap. Weathering softens and removes -the shales and leaves the nodules concentrated on the surface. Each -season brings a new crop of concretions to the surface. - - [Illustration: _Plate 1_] - - _Calamites_ ⅓× - _Stigmaria_ ⅖× - _Lepidodendron_ ⅖× - _Calamites_ ¹/₁₀× - Fern Stem ⅔× - _Caulopteris_ ¼× - _Sigillaria_ ⅖× - _Megaphyton_ ⅗× - _Calamites_ ⅗× - _Artisia_ ⅗× - _Sigillaria_ sub-bark ⅗× - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - -The concretions generally are oval to elongate and range from less than -an inch to a foot or more in maximum dimension. Only about one nodule in -ten contains plant remains. - -Approximately 25 to 30 species have been found in this region. The -productivity of the area was shown by George Langford, Sr., a well known -midwestern fossil collector. He and his son split about 250 thousand -concretions during a 140-day period and obtained some 25 thousand plant -specimens. Fine specimens still can be collected in a few hours. - -The plant collecting localities in Will and Grundy Counties along Mazon -Creek, four to six miles southeast of the town of Morris, were the first -to be well known. Ferns are especially abundant. Fossils of insects, -crustaceans, worms, and salamanders also have been found. Collecting -conditions vary considerably from season to season, and fossils are not -as easily obtained there as from the strip-mine spoil heaps. - -Fossiliferous concretions may be found in a number of the strip mines in -the area, although probably most have come from the Northern Illinois -Coal Corporation mine between the towns of Braidwood and Wilmington. - -In earlier years good collections were made from the spoil heaps of -underground mines. Especially notable are the mine dumps of the -Wilmington Star No. 7 mine, 2¼ miles west of Coal City, and Skinner No. -2 mine, two miles northeast of Braidwood. - -In the vicinity of Morris on the northwest edge of the Mazon Creek area, -fossil ferns have been found along the north side of the Illinois River -and in the banks of the Illinois-Michigan Canal. About a mile north in -an area of strip mining, fossil-bearing concretions have been found in -shale and irregular sandstone layers. - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - [Illustration: _Plate 2_] - - _Sphenophyllum_ ⅗× - _Lepidostrobophyllum_ ⅗× - _Annularia_ ⅗× - _Sphenophyllum_ 1× - _Lycopodites_ ⅗× - _Cordaites_ ⅗× - _Asterophyllites_ ⅓× - -Fossils in concretions also have been collected from a shaly limestone -at the south end of the Kankakee River bridge along the Grundy and Will -county line. - - -Bureau County - -Some 40 miles downstream from Morris on the Illinois River, plant -fossils have been discovered in waste from the Spring Valley Coal Co. -mine 1. They also are found in black shale below the LaSalle Limestone -in a small gully in the southwest part of town, but at neither place are -they plentiful. - - -Knox County - -A notable number and variety of well preserved plant fossils have been -produced from a locality along Court Creek in East Galesburg. The Rock -Island (No. 1) Coal is mined in the area and the fossils appear to have -come from the shale overlying it. - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - -Fossil plants also have been found in shales above the Colchester (No. -2) Coal in the vicinity of DeLong and with the Herrin (No. 6) Coal in -mines southeast of Victoria. - - -Mercer and Warren Counties - -In northern Warren and southern Mercer Counties the sandstone underlying -the Rock Island (No. 1) Coal is termed the “Stigmarian” sandstone -because of numerous siliceous casts found in the bed. Many of the -fossils have been collected from an old mine dump and from ravines along -the Edwards River northeast of Aledo. - -A number of representatives of _Sphenophyllum_, _Neuropteris_, and -_Annularia_ have been collected from ironstone concretions occurring in -shale that overlies the Colchester (No. 2) Coal about three miles -southwest of Alexis. They were found in a gully about a third of a mile -southeast of Center School. - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - [Illustration: _Plate 3_] - - _Pecopteris_ 1× - _Ptychocarpus_ ⅗× - _Pecopteris_ ⅗× - _Mariopteris_ ⅗× - _Asterotheca_ ⅗× - _Spiropteris_ ⅗× - _Pecopteris_ ⅗× - -In the same general area but about three miles due south of Alexis, -fossil plants also may be found in the clay pits of the Hydraulic-Press -Brick Company and the Northwestern Clay Manufacturing Company. - - -Fulton County - -Although there are numerous isolated occurrences of plant fossils -throughout the extensive strip mines and outcrops in Fulton County, no -exceptionally good collecting localities have been discovered. - -Fern and cordaitean leaves have been collected along Mill Creek about a -mile northeast of Pleasantview where the fossils occur in the shale -overlying the Babylon Coal. In the same general area, impressions and -casts of _Stigmaria_, _Lepidodendron_, and _Cordaites_ have been found -in the Babylon Sandstone. - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - -Three miles north of Pleasantview, a quarter of a mile northwest of -Union School, several species of leaves have been collected from the -Browning Sandstone where it is exposed in a roadcut. - -Farther east, there is a fairly good locality in the stream bluff of -Kerton Creek about 3¼ miles north and a quarter of a mile west of Bluff -City. There the plants are found about 18 feet below a coal bed. - -Numerous fern impressions also are found in shale beds above the Herrin -(No. 6) Coal along the Middle Branch of Copperas Creek, six miles west -of Glasford. Other specimens may be found in these beds elsewhere in the -area. - - -McDonough County - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - -In some of the small underground mines near Colchester, the shale -overlying the Colchester (No. 2) Coal contains ironstone concretions -similar to those from northeastern Illinois. More than 50 species of -plant fossils have been reported, but they were collected many years ago -from spoil heaps at the mines. Beds of the same age crop out widely in -other localities in western Illinois and may contain plant fossils. - - [Illustration: _Plate 4_] - - _Sphenopteris_ ⅗× - _Linopteris_ ⅗× - _Neuropteris_ ½× - _Odontopteris_ ⅗× - _Cycopteris_ ½× - _Alethopteris_ ⅗× - _Alethopteris_ ⅗× - _Odontopteris_ ½× - _Alethopteris_ ⅗× - - -Vermilion County - -In outcrops about three miles below Georgetown on the Little Vermilion -River, a number of fossil plant species and one insect species have been -collected from shales overlying the Herrin (No. 6) Coal, locally called -the Grape Creek Coal. The fossils occur in concretions much like those -from Mazon Creek. - -An occasional stem replacement or impression is found in the -concretionary shale above the No. 7 Coal in the strip mine area west of -Hillery. In fact, isolated fragmentary plant specimens are fairly common -in the Danville mining area, but no especially productive localities -have come to light. - - -Other Northern Illinois Localities - -In addition to the counties listed above, a number of others have -produced plant fossils. For example, there are records of plant fossils -found southeast of Franklin in Morgan County, at Neelys in Peoria -County, and at a number of places in the southern and western parts of -Rock Island County. Local exploration is certain to turn up numerous -other collecting places at present unknown. - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - [Illustration: _Plate 5_] - - _Codonotheca_ ⅗× - _Calamostachys_ 1× - _Pachytesta_ ⅗× - _Codonospermum_ ⅗× - _Cordaicorpus_ ⅗× - _Samaropsis_ ½× - _Whittleseya_ 1× - _Trigonocorpus_ ¼× - _Holcospermum_ ⅗× - _Neuropterocarpus_ ⅗× - _Lepidostrobus_ ⅗× - _Carpolithes_ ⅗× - - - - - Southern Illinois - - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - -Lawrence County - -Near the Lawrence-Richland county line, not far from the towns of -Berryville and Calhoun, there is an area rich in the fossil -petrifactions called “coal balls” in which cellular structures of stems -and roots generally are well preserved. - - -Saline, Pope, and Johnson Counties - -Saline County has more recorded plant fossil localities than any other -southern Illinois county. Fossil plant collecting localities are -isolated but numerous in the area southwest of Harrisburg. Mine dumps, -such as in the area five or six miles northwest of Eddyville, and many -outcrops are available throughout the region. The fossils probably are -associated with the Murphysboro, Delwood, Willis, Reynoldsburg, and -Battery Rock Coals. - -One especially good collecting area is on the south tributary of the -East Branch Cedar Creek about 6½ miles south of Stonefort. The fossils -are found in six feet of shale overlying the Battery Rock Coal horizon. - - -Perry and Jackson Counties - -Near DuQuoin and Murphysboro, a variety of well preserved plant fossils -has been collected from shales overlying both the Herrin (No. 6) Coal -and the Murphysboro Coal. Nearly all have come from shaft mines that are -not easily accessible to the collector. - -One currently good outcrop locality for collecting plant fossils from -the shale above the Murphysboro Coal is just southeast of Murphysboro. - - -Other Southern Illinois Localities - -Other collecting localities have been recorded west of McLeansboro in -Hamilton County, northwest of Mt. Vernon in Jefferson County, near -Grayville in White County, and in the Friendsville area of Wabash -County. There is no doubt that careful search will turn up many more. - -Almost anywhere in the large coal producing areas of southern Illinois -plant fossils can be found either in spoil heaps or in outcrops along -stream, road, and railroad cuts. The thick Pennsylvanian sandstones that -crop out in a belt extending through Gallatin, Saline, Williamson, and -Jackson Counties generally contain compressions or replacements of -trunks or other woody plant parts. - - - - - SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLECTING PENNSYLVANIAN PLANTS - - -Where to Look for Plant Fossils - -Pennsylvanian plants are most commonly found in shales directly -overlying coal beds. The shales are believed to be of nonmarine origin -like the coals and may contain fossils either in ironstone concretions -or on the bedding planes. The shale layers as well as the concretions -should be examined. Where the bed directly overlying the coal consists -of black slaty shale or limestone containing marine fossils, plant -remains are rarely abundant or well preserved. - -Beneath the coals there generally is an underclay that is interpreted as -the material in which the coal forest grew. The underclay is in turn -underlain by a sandstone, and both are believed to be mostly nonmarine. -Stigmarian axes and “roots” are common in many of the underclays. Plant -fossils are common in the sandstone but generally are poorly preserved, -except in the local shaly lenses. - -The best place to look for plant fossils in northern Illinois, except -for the strip mines of the Mazon Creek area, is probably in the spoil -heaps from shaft mines. The Colchester (No. 2) Coal has been extensively -mined by the longwall method. This technique causes the mine roof to -settle when the coal is removed, and the haulage ways are kept open by -removing the roof shale. Inasmuch as the roof shale is the Francis Creek -Formation of the Mazon Creek area, it may contain abundant plant-bearing -concretions. The shale is not everywhere fossiliferous, however, and in -many spoil heaps fossils are rare. - - [Illustration: Tools for Collecting] - - -Collecting Equipment - -The collector of plant fossils should have the following tools and -equipment: - - ① Hammer—a bricklayer’s hammer will work well. - ② One or two chisels, preferably one large and one small. - ③ Knapsack or basket in which to carry specimens. - ④ Newspapers and a roll of tissue paper for protecting fragile - specimens. - ⑤ Pencil and paper for labeling specimens and making notes about the - collecting locality from which the fossils came. Much of - the value of a particular fossil lies in knowing precisely - where it was found and the layer of rock it came from. - - -Rules of Courtesy - -When entering a collecting area every collector should observe several -rules carefully: - -① For your own protection get permission to enter and collect on any -private property. Such action also will help to assure your welcome if -you wish to come back again. - -② Leave the gates exactly as you find them, open or closed. Do not climb -fences that may break or sag under your weight; crawl under or go -around. - -③ Don’t litter, even though far from any house or other buildings. Do -not disturb the owner’s equipment, stock, or planted areas. - - -Handling Specimens - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - -The most successful way to split an ironstone concretion is to set it on -edge, long axis horizontal, on any fairly large rock and strike the -upper edge with the hammer. If the concretion is one that developed -around a fossil nucleus, it generally will split along the plane of -weakness, revealing the fossil. Sometimes one side of the concretion -will break off in the middle, in which case the remainder should be -tapped firmly but gently on the upper edge until the fossil is -completely uncovered. Pieces of the broken half should be glued together -neatly with waterproof cement so that the entire specimen can be -retained. - -Fossils embedded in shale may be recovered by the same method or by -repeatedly tapping a chisel inserted along the bedding plane. If the -fossil is exposed, the matrix can be chiseled away by slow, painstaking -effort. - -The usual method of wrapping plant-bearing nodules is to place the end -of a sheet of newspaper between the two halves of the nodule, fold the -paper over the nodule, and roll it up in the sheet. - - [Illustration: How to Wrap a Fossiliferous Concretion] - -When several localities are visited in one collecting trip, the fossils -from each should be kept separate; cloth bags are convenient for this -purpose. Notes about the locality should be put in the same bag as -fossils from that locality so that there is no possibility of confusion. - -Some fossils are so fragile or porous that they should be covered with a -hardening protective coat of crude gum arabic solution. (Refined gum -arabic will not serve.) This may be applied with a fine brush in -successive layers, or sturdier fossils may be dipped in it. - -When a fossil is so delicate that the surface tension of the gum arabic -solution causes the fossil to “spread,” celluloid (not plastic) -dissolved in acetone should be substituted. Before this solution is -used, the specimen must be completely dry or the coating will become -cloudy or opaque. - -If the specimen is pyritized, it should be sprayed with lacquer or -shellac to prevent disintegration. If these protective sprays are used -they must be applied to dry specimens during dry weather or the coating -will remain sticky. - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - - - - REFERENCES - - -AN INTRODUCTION TO PALEOBOTANY. C. A. Arnold. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New -York, 1947, 433 p. - -GRUNDY AND WILL COUNTIES. Frank H. Bradley. In Worthen et al., Geology -and Paleontology, Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. IV, 1870, p. -190-225. - -PALMLIKE PLANTS FROM THE DOLORES FORMATION (TRIASSIC), SOUTHWESTERN -COLORADO. Roland W. Brown. United States Geological Survey Professional -Paper 274-H, 1956, p. 205-209. - -CARBONIFEROUS INSECTS FROM THE VICINITY OF MAZON CREEK, ILLINOIS. F. M. -Carpenter. Illinois State Museum Scientific Paper 3, pt. 1, 1943, p. -7-20. - -THE LIVING CYCADS. C. J. Chamberlain. University of Chicago Press, -Chicago, 1919, 172 p. - -GUIDE FOR BEGINNING FOSSIL HUNTERS. Charles Collinson. Illinois State -Geological Survey Educational Series 4, 1956, 36 p. (Revised 1959, 40 -p.) - -HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. Carl O. Dunbar. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, -1949, 576 p. - -COLLEGE BOTANY. Harry J. Fuller and Oswald Tippo. Henry Holt & Co., New -York, 1954, 993 p. - -HANDBUCH DER PALÄOBOTANIK, BD. 1: _THALLOPHYTA, BRYOPHYTA, -PTERIDOPHYTA_. Max Hirmer. R. Oldenbourg, Munich and Berlin, 1927, 708 -p. - -SOME FOSSIL PLANT TYPES OF ILLINOIS. Raymond E. Janssen. Illinois State -Museum Scientific Paper 1, 1940, 124 p. - -LEAVES AND STEMS OF FOSSIL FORESTS. Raymond E. Janssen. Illinois State -Museum Popular Science Series; v. 1, 1957, 190 p. - -THE MAZON CREEK EURYPTERID: A REVISION OF THE GENUS _LEPIDODERMA_. Erik -N. Kjellesvig-Waering. Illinois State Museum Scientific Paper 3, no. 4, -1948, p. 3-46. - -PLANTS OF THE PAST. F. H. Knowlton. Princeton University Press, -Princeton, N. J., 1927, 275 p. - -THE WILMINGTON COAL FLORA FROM A PENNSYLVANIAN DEPOSIT IN WILL COUNTY, -ILLINOIS. George Langford. Esconi Associates, Downers Grove, Ill., 1958, -360 p. - -THE MAZON CREEK, ILLINOIS, SHALES AND THEIR AMPHIBIAN FAUNA. R. L. -Moodie. American Journal of Science, 4th Series, v. 34, 1912, p. -277-285. - -INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. Raymond C. Moore. McGraw-Hill Book -Co., Inc., New York, 1958, 656 p. - -PENNSYLVANIAN FLORA OF NORTHERN ILLINOIS. A. C. Noé. Illinois State -Geological Survey Bulletin 52, 1925, 113 p. - -PENNSYLVANIAN INVERTEBRATES OF THE MAZON CREEK AREA, ILLINOIS. Eugene S. -Richardson, Jr. Fieldiana: Geology, v. 12, 1956, p. 1-76. - -REPORT ON THE CARR AND DANIELS COLLECTIONS OF FOSSIL PLANTS FROM MAZON -CREEK. Wilson N. Stewart. Illinois Academy of Science Transactions, v. -43, 1950, p. 41-45. - -A RECENTLY DISCOVERED _PHLEGETHONTIA_ FROM ILLINOIS. W. D. Turnbull and -Priscilla F. Turnbull. Fieldiana: Zoology, v. 37, 1955, p. 523-535. - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - - - - EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION PROGRAM - - -The Educational Extension Section of the Illinois State Geological -Survey reaches the public through a number of channels, including -nontechnical publications, rock and mineral collections for Illinois -schools and educational groups, lectures, exhibits, correspondence -involving identification of rocks and minerals, news items for the -press, and field trips. - -During each year six field trips are given, in widely separated parts of -the state, for teachers, students, and laymen. The general program is -especially designed to assist in teaching geological sciences and to -help make Illinois citizens aware of the state’s great mineral wealth. - - Illinois State Geological Survey - Urbana, Illinois - - [Illustration: ILLINOIS, Land of Lincoln] - - [Illustration: PENNSYLVANIAN OUTCROP AREA] - - Morris - Braidwood - Peoria - Colchester - Danville - Springfield - Duquoin - Murphysboro - Harrisburg - Marion - - _Illinois State Geological Survey - Educational Series 6_ - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIELD BOOK: PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT -FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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} -dl.biblio dt div { display:block; float:left; margin-left:-6em; width:6em; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt.center { margin-left:0em; text-align:center; text-indent:0; } -dl.biblio dd { margin-top:.3em; margin-left:3em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; } -p.biblio { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -.clear { clear:both; } -p.book { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0em; text-align:center; margin-top:0; font-size:90%; } -p.pcapc { margin-left:4.7em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; } -dl.pcap { margin-left:1em; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:90%; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Field Book: Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of Illinois, by Charles Collinson</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Field Book: Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of Illinois</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0;'>Educational Series 6</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Charles Collinson and Romayne Skartvedt</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 6, 2021 [eBook #65776]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIELD BOOK: PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS ***</div> -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of Illinois" width="1000" height="1510" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1><span class="smallest"><i>Field Book</i> -<br /><span class="ss">PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS</span></span></h1> -<p class="center"><span class="ss">Charles Collinson -<br />Romayne Skartvedt</span></p> -<p class="tbcenter"><i class="large">Illinois State Geological Survey -<br />Educational Series 6</i></p> -</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p01.jpg" id="ncfig1" alt="uncaptioned" width="319" height="325" /> -</div> -<p class="center">STATE OF ILLINOIS -<br />DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION</p> -<p class="center">First edition 1960 -<br />Reprinted 1966</p> -<p class="center">ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY -<br />URBANA <span class="hst">ILLINOIS</span> -<br />John C. Frye, Chief</p> -<p class="center"><span class="smaller">Printed by Authority of State of Illinois, Ch. 127, IRS, Par. 58.25.</span></p> -<div class="box"> -<p class="center"><i>Field Book</i> -<br /><span class="ss">PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS</span></p> -<p class="center"><span class="ss">Charles Collinson -<br />Romayne Skartvedt</span></p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p01a.jpg" id="ncfig2" alt="uncaptioned" width="190" height="401" /> -</div> -<p class="center"><i>Illustrations by Marie E. Litterer</i></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">FOREWORD</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" id="ncfig3" alt="Illuminated T" width="143" height="200" /> -</div> -<p>This field book is intended to guide beginners -in their collection and general -classification of plant fossils. It illustrates -the plant fossils most commonly -found in Illinois and relates them to the -plants of which they were a part. A list -of publications that will furnish more detailed -identification of specimens is included. The book -has been prepared in response to numerous inquiries -to the Illinois State Geological Survey -from amateur collectors.</p> -<p>Information has been drawn from numerous -sources. The works of Hirmer, Janssen, Lesquereux, -Noé, and Langford have been particularly -useful.</p> -<p>We are especially indebted to Dr. Robert -M. Kosanke, paleobotanist at the Illinois State -Geological Survey, and Dr. Wilson N. Stewart, -professor of botany of the University of Illinois, -for helpful suggestions and use of their libraries.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">KEY TO PLANTS ILLUSTRATED ON TIME CHART</span></h2> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">1. <i>Foerstia.</i> These fossils may be the earliest known occurrence of bryophytes, although some authors have referred them to the brown algae. After Dawson.</p> -<p class="t0">2. <i>Psilophyton.</i> A primitive vascular plant. After Dawson.</p> -<p class="t0">3. <i>Lepidodendron.</i> After Hirmer.</p> -<p class="t0">4. <i>Sigillaria.</i> After Hirmer.</p> -<p class="t0">5. <i>Calamites.</i> After Hirmer.</p> -<p class="t0">6. <i>Sphenophyllum.</i> After Fuller and Tippo.</p> -<p class="t0">7. <i>Equisetum.</i> The only living genus of scouring rushes. After Fuller and Tippo.</p> -<p class="t0">8. <i>Megaphyton.</i> An ancient true fern. After Hirmer.</p> -<p class="t0">9. Modern tropical tree fern. After Fuller and Tippo.</p> -<p class="t0">10. <i>Medullosa.</i> An ancient seed fern. After Stewart.</p> -<p class="t0">11. <i>Williamsonia.</i> An extinct cycad-like tree. After Sahni.</p> -<p class="t0">12. <i>Cycas.</i> A modern cycad. After Chamberlain.</p> -<p class="t0">13. <i>Baiera.</i> A fossil leaf genus of ginkgo, whose only living representative is the species <i>Ginkgo biloba</i>, saved from extinction by careful cultivation in China. Several specimens of this “living fossil” were presented to this country by the Chinese and are now flourishing on many college campuses, including that of the University of Illinois. After Mägdefrau.</p> -<p class="t0">14. <i>Cordaites.</i> After Grand Eury.</p> -<p class="t0">15. <i>Lebachia.</i> A “transition conifer,” forerunner of present day conifers. After Mägdefrau.</p> -<p class="t0">16. <i>Pinus.</i> Modern pine. After Mägdefrau.</p> -<p class="t0">17. <i>Acer.</i> Common maple, an angiosperm whose leaves are also found among Tertiary fossils. After Mägdefrau.</p> -<p class="t0">18. <i>Rosa.</i> The prairie rose, an angiosperm.</p> -<p class="t0">19. <i>Campsis.</i> Trumpet vine, an angiosperm.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="1500" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Geologic Time Chart</i></p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt><i>Time Units</i></dt> -<dt><i>Era and Years</i></dt> -<dd>CENOZOIC “Recent Life”</dd> -<dd class="t">Pleistocene</dd> -<dd class="t">Pliocene</dd> -<dd class="t">Miocene</dd> -<dd class="t">Oligocene</dd> -<dd class="t">Eocene</dd> -<dd class="t">Paleocene</dd> -<dd>MESOZOIC “Middle Life”</dd> -<dd class="t">Cretaceous</dd> -<dd class="t2">70 million</dd> -<dd class="t3">herbaceous lycopods</dd> -<dd class="t">Jurassic</dd> -<dd class="t2">25 million</dd> -<dd class="t3">yellow-green algae</dd> -<dd class="t3">selaginellids</dd> -<dd class="t">Triassic</dd> -<dd class="t2">30 million</dd> -<dd class="t3">cycad-like plants</dd> -<dd class="t3">Equisetum</dd> -<dd>PALEOZOIC “Ancient Life”</dd> -<dd class="t">Permian</dd> -<dd class="t2">25 million</dd> -<dd class="t3">transition conifers</dd> -<dd class="t3">pines, spruces, firs, etc.</dd> -<dd class="t3">Equisetites</dd> -<dd class="t">Pennsylvanian</dd> -<dd class="t2">25 million</dd> -<dd class="t3">ferns related to modern families</dd> -<dd class="t3">bryophytes</dd> -<dd class="t">Mississippian</dd> -<dd class="t2">30 million</dd> -<dd class="t3">seed ferns</dd> -<dd class="t3">calamites</dd> -<dd class="t3">cycads</dd> -<dd class="t">Devonian</dd> -<dd class="t2">55 million</dd> -<dd class="t3">cordaites</dd> -<dd class="t3">sphenophyllids</dd> -<dd class="t3">ancient ferns</dd> -<dd class="t">Silurian</dd> -<dd class="t2">40 million</dd> -<dd class="t3">psitopsids</dd> -<dd class="t3">Foerstia</dd> -<dd class="t">Ordovician</dd> -<dd class="t2">80 million</dd> -<dd class="t3">red algae</dd> -<dd class="t3">green algae</dd> -<dd class="t">Cambrian</dd> -<dd class="t2">80 million</dd> -<dd>PROTEROZOIC <i>and</i> ARCHAEOZOIC ERAS</dd> -<dd class="t">4½ billion years</dd> -<dd class="t2">blue-green algae</dd> -<dd class="t2">chemosynthetic bacteria?</dd> -<dd class="t2">NO CERTAIN FOSSILS KNOWN</dd> -<dt><i>Plants</i></dt> -<dd>Algae</dd> -<dd class="t">yellow-green algae</dd> -<dd class="t">brown algae</dd> -<dd class="t">red algae</dd> -<dd class="t">green algae</dd> -<dd class="t">blue-green algae</dd> -<dd>Mosses</dd> -<dd class="t">bryophytes</dd> -<dd class="t">Foerstia</dd> -<dd>Vascular Plants</dd> -<dd class="t">“Whisk Ferns”</dd> -<dd class="t2">psitopsids</dd> -<dd class="t">Club-mosses</dd> -<dd class="t2">scale and seal trees</dd> -<dd class="t2">quillworts</dd> -<dd class="t2">herbaceous lycopods</dd> -<dd class="t">Scouring Rushes, Horsetails</dd> -<dd class="t2">Equisetites</dd> -<dd class="t2">Equisetum</dd> -<dd class="t2">calamites</dd> -<dd class="t2">selaginellids</dd> -<dd class="t">Ferns and Seed Plants</dd> -<dd class="t2">Ferns</dd> -<dd class="t3">ancient ferns</dd> -<dd class="t3">ferns related to modern families</dd> -<dd class="t2">Gymnosperms</dd> -<dd class="t3">Cycads</dd> -<dd class="t4">seed ferns</dd> -<dd class="t4">cycads</dd> -<dd class="t4">cycad-like plants</dd> -<dd class="t3">Ginkgo</dd> -<dd class="t3">Conifers</dd> -<dd class="t4">cordaites</dd> -<dd class="t4">transition conifers</dd> -<dd class="t4">pines, spruces, firs, etc.</dd> -<dd class="t2">Flowering Plants</dd></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<h1 title=""><span class="smallest"><i>Field Book</i> -<br /><span class="ss">PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS</span></span></h1> -<p class="center"><span class="ss">Charles Collinson and Romayne Skartvedt</span></p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p04.jpg" id="ncfig4" alt="Illuminated P" width="126" height="200" /> -</div> -<p>Plants that flourished 200 million years ago -have made Illinois one of the best known fossil -collecting sites in the world. The unusual abundance -and preservation of these fossils in the -northern part of the state have brought collectors -to Illinois from many countries, and prized specimens -from that area may be seen in science museums throughout -the world.</p> -<p>The remarkable fossils represent plants that lived -during the geologic period called the Pennsylvanian or -Coal Age and are the result of special geologic conditions -that occurred repeatedly during the period.</p> -<p>At the beginning of the Pennsylvanian Period, Illinois -was part of a vast lowland that stretched for hundreds of -miles to the north, south, and west, and was bordered on -the east by highlands. At times much of the plain was -swampy and, because the climate was relatively warm -and moist, great jungles of fast growing trees, shrubs, -and vines covered the landscape. As successive generations -of plants lived and died, plant material fell into the -swamp waters and, protected there from decay, accumulated.</p> -<p>Frequently during the period, seas spread over the -swampy lowlands, submerging the forests and covering -<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span> -them with mud. Each submergence lasted only a short -time, geologically speaking. When the seas withdrew, -the deposits of sand and mud left behind were cut by -streams that carried fresh sand and mud from the eastern -highlands. The streams eventually became clogged with -sediments and when the lowland was again depressed -swamp conditions returned and forests grew afresh. Such -a cycle of deposition was repeated again and again during -Pennsylvanian time, and after burial each layer of plant -material gradually lost most of its liquids and gases and -was slowly converted into one of the numerous coal beds -presently found in Illinois.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="604" /> -<p class="pcap">Reconstruction of Pennsylvanian Coal-forming Swamp</p> -</div> -<p>In some places in the state conditions existed that -were especially favorable for preservation of plants, and -there delicately preserved fossils are found in great numbers. -In the most favorable areas, such as in northern -Illinois, the plants are preserved in stony nodules called -concretions, but they also may be found separately as -molds, casts, or petrifactions.</p> -<p>Molds (concave surfaces) and casts (convex surfaces) -are fossilization phenomena in which the actual -plant, embedded in the surrounding background rock, was -dissolved, leaving a hollow space (mold) that subsequently -<span class="pb" id="Page_9">9</span> -filled with other material. A cast was thus formed -that preserved the plant’s external features.</p> -<p>Most petrifactions are fossils in which silica, carbonate, -or other material permeated or replaced the internal -structures of the plant and preserved them so well -that in most specimens the finest cellular details can be -observed. Compressions, another kind of petrifaction, -are the pressed carbonized remains of the plant itself.</p> -<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">PENNSYLVANIAN FLORA</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/p05a.jpg" alt="" width="284" height="400" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Aphthoroblattina</i></p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/p05b.jpg" alt="" width="275" height="400" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Teneopteron</i></p> -</div> -<p>The far-reaching Pennsylvanian swamplands had abundant -species of trees and other plants that long since -have become extinct. Today’s -common deciduous trees were -not present; flowering plants -had not yet evolved. Instead, -the tangled forests were dominated -by giant ancestors of -presently existing club-mosses, -horsetails, ferns, conifers, and -cycads. The undergrowth also -was well developed, consisting -mainly of ferns, fernlike plants, -<i>Sphenophyllum</i>, and small club-mosses. -The plant fossils give no indication of seasonal -variations. The forests, -evidently always green, grew rapidly -and abundantly, with foliage -of unprecedented size and luxuriance. -Land animals were just -beginning to develop and included -sluggish, salamander-like amphibians, -large primitive insects, -and a few small reptiles. The insects -flourished as never before -or since in the damp forests and -attained remarkable size. Insects -<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span> -more than four inches long were common and some are -known to have been more than a foot long with a wingspread -proportionately broad. Ancestors of the modern -spiders, scorpions, centipedes (one fossil found in Illinois -was twelve inches long), cockroaches, and dragonflies -are represented by several hundred species.</p> -<p>The fossilized plants of Pennsylvanian time belonged -to only a few main categories: scale and seal trees, ancient -scouring rushes (horsetails), herbaceous <i>Sphenophyllum</i>, -ferns, seed ferns, and cordaitean trees.</p> -<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">SCALE AND SEAL TREES</span> -<br />(<a href="#fig15">Plate 1</a>)</h2> -<p>Scale and seal trees -were abundant during the -Pennsylvanian Period and -were important contributors -to coal beds. Although distantly -related to the diminutive -club-mosses and ground -pines of the present, the -trees grew on straight, slender -trunks to heights of more -than a hundred feet.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="538" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">Reconstruction of <i>Lepidodendron</i> -<br />(after Hirmer)</p> -</div> -<p>Scale trees were so -called because their numerous, -closely set, spirally -arranged leaves left scarred -“cushions” on the branches -and trunk, making them appear -scaly. Seal trees derived -their name from the -signetlike appearance of -their leaf cushions. The two -best known types belong to the genera <i>Lepidodendron</i> -(scale tree) and <i>Sigillaria</i> (seal tree), and fossils of both -are common in Illinois.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div> -<p><i>Lepidodendron</i> had long, slender, somewhat tapering -trunks. Some of the trees reached heights of more than -100 feet and measured more than two feet in basal diameter. -The trunk ended in a spreading crown formed by repeated -dichotomous branching. The leaves were awl-shaped -or linear, ranging from one to 30 inches long.</p> -<p>The leaf cushions of <i>Lepidodendron</i> are diamond-shaped, -longer than broad, and arranged in spiral rows -around the trunk and branches. A different name, <i>Lepidophyllum</i>, -is used for fossils of the long, bladelike -leaf when it is found detached.</p> -<p>Spores were borne in -long cylindrical cones at the -tips of the branches. Those -cones referred, or assigned, -to the genus <i>Lepidostrobus</i> -bore both small spores (microspores) -and large spores -(megaspores) in the same -cones. Those in which only -a large single spore, a -somewhat seedlike structure, -was developed in a -spore sac (sporangium) are -referred to the genus <i>Lepidocarpon</i>.</p> -<p>The rather commonly -found genus <i>Stigmaria</i> comprises -so-called “appendages” -which, although stemlike -in structure, apparently -served as roots for the -scale and seal trees. These -appendages are identified by irregular spirals of circular -scars (pits) that mark the attachment points of former -rootlets.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/p06a.jpg" alt="" width="524" height="799" /> -<p class="pcap">Reconstruction of <i>Sigillaria</i> -<br />(after Hirmer)</p> -</div> -<p><i>Sigillaria</i>, although less common than <i>Lepidodendron</i>, -was widely distributed during the Pennsylvanian Period. -<span class="pb" id="Page_12">12</span> -It differed in growth habit from <i>Lepidodendron</i> in that it -generally had fewer branches and not uncommonly was -unbranched. Some species also possessed a thicker -trunk, with hexagonal to elongate leaf cushions separated -by vertical ribs. The trunk was crowned, in the manner -of the modern palm tree, by a cluster of large, grasslike -leaves.</p> -<p>The detached leaves of <i>Sigillaria</i>, -extremely difficult to distinguish -from <i>Lepidophyllum</i> (leaves -of <i>Lepidodendron</i>), are referred to -the genus <i>Sigillariophyllum</i> if preserved -as compressions and to -<i>Sigillariopsis</i> if preserved as petrifactions. -Unbranched <i>Sigillaria</i> -trunks have been found that are -more than 100 feet long and six feet -in diameter near the base, but the -average height probably was closer -to 50 feet.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="368" height="801" /> -<p class="pcap">Reconstruction of <i>Calamites</i> -<br />(After Hirmer)</p> -</div> -<p>Not all Pennsylvanian trees -were large, however. Small forms -are known, including the important -undergrowth genera <i>Lycopodites</i> and -<i>Selaginellites</i>. In woody types the -trunk consisted of an inner region -of conducting and supporting tissues, -surrounding concentric cortical -layers, and an outer layer of -corklike bark. Although the fossil -impressions of the various bark layers have been given -separate generic names, these are not commonly used.</p> -<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">SCOURING RUSHES</span> -<br />(<a href="#fig16">Plate 2</a>)</h2> -<p>Although related to the small, inconspicuous horsetails -of today, the ancient scouring rushes of the Pennsylvanian -<span class="pb" id="Page_13">13</span> -Period grew to the size of trees and were among -the most widely distributed plant groups.</p> -<p>Some of these plants attained heights of 40 feet or -more, but the average was closer to 20 feet. The trunks -were jointed and bore a whorl of branches at the joints -(nodes). Their small leaves also grew in whorls at nodes -along the smaller branches. Internodal regions were -ribbed in the same manner as present day horsetails. -Fossils of the trunks are assigned to the genus <i>Calamites</i> -and quite commonly are preserved in sandstone and shale.</p> -<p>The leaf whorls are placed in the genus <i>Annularia</i>. -One form commonly found in Illinois has long, pointed, -needlelike leaves and is given the name <i>Asterophyllites</i>. -<i>Calamostachys</i>, shown on <a href="#fig19">plate 5</a>, is one of the most -common calamite cones.</p> -<h2 id="c6"><span class="small">SPHENOPHYLLUM</span> -<br />(<a href="#fig16">Plate 2</a>)</h2> -<p>The name <i>Sphenophyllum</i> refers to both stems and -leaves of this extinct genus, which was related to the -scouring rushes—note its resemblance to <i>Annularia</i>.</p> -<p>A small herbaceous plant, <i>Sphenophyllum</i> formed -much of the swampy undergrowth of the Pennsylvanian -Period and is abundant among Illinois fossils. It had a -slender, ribbed stem bearing whorls of delicate, wedge-shaped -leaves, generally less than three-fourths of an -inch long, attached around the stem in multiples of three.</p> -<p>The cones of this group also are slender, delicate -structures, bearing a number of sporangia, and are correctly -called <i>Bowmanites</i>, although they also have been -called <i>Sphenophyllostachys</i>. These fossil cones frequently -are found in Illinois.</p> -<p><i>Sphenophyllum</i> first appeared during the Devonian -Period, some 300 million years ago, but did not become -abundant until Pennsylvanian time. The genus continued -through the Permian but died out in Triassic time.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<h2 id="c7"><span class="small">FERNS</span> -<br />(Plates <a href="#fig15">1</a> and <a href="#fig17">3</a>)</h2> -<p>True ferns, like those living in today’s -woodlands, were common in the -Pennsylvanian forests. Some species -attained heights of 30 to 40 feet. Their -fronds (compound leaves divided into -segments or leaflets) commonly were -five to six feet long.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="361" height="400" /> -<p class="pcap">Portion of fern -frond showing -sori on lower -side of leaflets</p> -</div> -<p>True ferns do not produce cones or -seeds, but spores, which develop in -cases called sporangia. The sporangia -frond showing are attached in clusters (sori) to the -lower side or margins of the leaves. -In modern ferns the sporangia may also -occur on fertile spikes.</p> -<p>The shape and position of the sori are used to identify -modern ferns, but because leaves that bear sori -(“fertile” leaves) are rare -among fossil specimens, the -number, shape, and attachment -of the leaflets and the -pattern of the veins are more -commonly used for identification.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="" width="504" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">Reconstruction of <i>Megaphyton</i> -<br />(after Hirmer)</p> -</div> -<p>Because fossils of complete -fern plants have not yet been found, -separate names have been adopted -for detached leaves, stems, and -other parts. For example, the fossil -stems of some Pennsylvanian ferns -found in Illinois have been referred -to two genera, <i>Megaphyton</i>, whose -leaf attachment scars are arranged -in two vertical rows, one on either -side of the stem, and <i>Caulopteris</i>, -<span class="pb" id="Page_15">15</span> -whose leaf scars are arranged in a steep spiral that becomes -progressively flatter upward until near the top they -appear to be whorled. When the stem is a petrifaction, -with internal structures preserved, it is called <i>Psaronius</i>. -The fronds are referred to a number of genera, but those -most commonly found in Illinois are <i>Pecopteris</i>, <i>Asterotheca</i>, -and <i>Ptychocarpus</i>.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/p08d.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="191" /> -<p class="pcap">Venation of seed fern leaflets</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt><i>Pecopteris</i></dt> -<dt><i>Asterotheca</i></dt> -<dt><i>Ptychocarpus</i></dt></dl> -<h2 id="c8"><span class="small">SEED FERNS</span> -<br />(<a href="#fig18">Plate 4</a>)</h2> -<p>Seed ferns resembled -true ferns in general, -but they produced -seeds, borne on modified -leaves. Where -spore sacs and seeds -are absent, the leaves -of seed ferns are difficult -to distinguish -from those of spore -ferns, although individual -seed fern leaflets, -called pinnae, -are somewhat larger.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/p08e.jpg" alt="" width="572" height="799" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Medullosa</i> -Reconstruction and original -drawing by Wilson N. Stewart</p> -</div> -<p>Seed ferns included -vinelike plants in -the undergrowth and -trees such as <i>Medullosa</i>. -Some tree genera -were very tall, -<span class="pb" id="Page_16">16</span> -with trunks more than two feet in diameter. Unlike the -true ferns, still living today, seed ferns declined steadily -after the close of the Pennsylvanian Period and finally -became extinct during Jurassic time. During Pennsylvanian -time, however, they were much more numerous -and varied than true ferns.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig12"> -<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="287" /> -<p class="pcap">Venation of seed fern leaflets</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt><i>Alethopteris</i></dt> -<dt><i>Odontopteris</i></dt> -<dt><i>Mariopteris</i></dt> -<dt><i>Neuropteris</i></dt> -<dt><i>Linopteris</i></dt></dl> -<p>Most of the common seed ferns found as fossils in -Illinois can be referred to the following leaf genera: -<i>Alethopteris</i>, <i>Neuropteris</i>, <i>Odontopteris</i>, <i>Linopteris</i>, -<i>Mariopteris</i> (which may be -a true fern), <i>Cyclopteris</i>, -and <i>Spiropteris</i>. <i>Cyclopteris</i> -includes circular leaves -that occurred at the base of -leaves referable to <i>Neuropteris</i>. -<i>Spiropteris</i> includes -young leaves that had not -yet uncoiled and may belong -to either true ferns or seed -ferns.</p> -<h2 id="c9"><span class="small">CORDAITES</span> -<br />(Plates <a href="#fig15">1</a> and <a href="#fig16">2</a>)</h2> -<div class="img" id="fig13"> -<img src="images/p09a.jpg" alt="" width="501" height="801" /> -<p class="pcap">Reconstruction of <i>Cordaites</i> -<br />(after Hirmer)</p> -</div> -<p>Cordaitean trees, forerunners -of modern conifers -such as pine and spruce, -were important during the -<span class="pb" id="Page_17">17</span> -Pennsylvanian Period for they were distributed throughout -the world. These trees, among the tallest plants of the -time, sometimes grew more than 100 feet high.</p> -<p>The cordaitean trunk was unbranched for three-fourths -of the height of the tree and was topped by dense branches -bearing large, simple, straplike leaves spirally arranged. -The leaves had closely set parallel veins and measured -from half an inch to three feet or more long.</p> -<p>Internally, the structure of the trunks was similar to -that of modern pine trunks. Casts of the pith are referred -to the genus <i>Artisia</i>. The seeds were borne in clusters -on branches in leaf axils.</p> -<p>The <i>Cordaites</i> were major contributors to some coal -beds.</p> -<h2 id="c10"><span class="small">FRUITING BODIES</span> -<br />(<a href="#fig19">Plate 5</a>)</h2> -<p>Fossils representing many kinds of plant reproductive -structures are found in Pennsylvanian rocks, but unfortunately -most of them are not attached to any identifiable -part of the parent plant and they cannot be assigned -definitely to a particular plant. Such fossils are referred -to genera and species solely on the basis of their own -characteristics, although, as in other fossil classifications, -such “form genera” are presumed to be parts of, -or related to, the plants with which they are found in -habitual association.</p> -<p>A few such fossils, fairly common in Illinois, are -illustrated on <a href="#fig19">plate 5</a> to show their general shape and -size. When attached to an identifiable leaf or leaflet, -the seed is referred to as the seed of that leaf genus.</p> -<p>For example, <i>Holcospermum</i>, a radially symmetrical -seed with ribs and grooves, <i>Codonotheca</i>, a stalked, -spore-bearing, lobed “cup,” and <i>Neuropterocarpus</i>, a -flask-shaped seed with longitudinal ribs and grooves, -all have been associated with <i>Neuropteris</i>, a leaf genus.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div> -<div class="img" id="fig14"> -<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="621" /> -<p class="pcap">Mazon Creek Strip Mine Area Showing Distribution of Spoil Heaps. -The small circular areas represent waste from underground mines.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div> -<p><i>Trigonocarpus</i>, commonly found as a cast of the internal -part of a seed, is a trimerously symmetrical body -frequently associated with <i>Alethopteris</i>. <i>Pachytesta</i> includes -preserved structures and outer layers of a seed. -<i>Carpolithes</i> is a catch-all “genus” functioning as a general -term for seeds and seedlike forms whose plant group -affinities cannot be determined.</p> -<h2 id="c11"><span class="small">COLLECTING AREAS FOR PENNSYLVANIAN PLANTS</span> -<br />Northern Illinois</h2> -<p>Plant fossils can be found in almost any northern Illinois -area where Pennsylvanian rocks are exposed (see -<a href="#Page_37">back cover</a>), but in some places they are much better -preserved and more numerous than in others. Most of the -well known collecting areas and a few of the lesser known -ones are discussed below. Even though some of the localities -were discovered many years ago, they may indicate -areas that are still favorable for collecting.</p> -<h3 id="c12">Mazon Creek Area</h3> -<p>Of all the fossils that have been found in Illinois, -the most famous are the plant remains from the world-renowned -Mazon Creek area in the northeastern part of -the state. In this area in Grundy and Will Counties, -plant fossils are found in ironstone concretions in the -lower part of the Francis Creek Shale directly overlying -the Colchester (No. 2) Coal.</p> -<p>Fossils were discovered in outcrops along Mazon -Creek more than a century ago and collections later were -made from scores of conical spoil heaps at underground -mines. After coal stripping began in the 1920’s, great -numbers of specimens were collected.</p> -<p>In the stripping operations, the concretion-bearing -beds are commonly the last to be placed on the spoil -heap. Weathering softens and removes the shales and -leaves the nodules concentrated on the surface. -Each season brings a new crop of concretions to -the surface.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div> -<div class="img" id="fig15"> -<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="1199" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Plate 1</i></p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt><i>Calamites</i> ⅓×</dt> -<dt><i>Stigmaria</i> ⅖×</dt> -<dt><i>Lepidodendron</i> ⅖×</dt> -<dt><i>Calamites</i> ¹/₁₀×</dt> -<dt>Fern Stem ⅔×</dt> -<dt><i>Caulopteris</i> ¼×</dt> -<dt><i>Sigillaria</i> ⅖×</dt> -<dt><i>Megaphyton</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Calamites</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Artisia</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Sigillaria</i> sub-bark ⅗×</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p11a.jpg" id="ncfig5" alt="uncaptioned" width="94" height="250" /> -</div> -<p>The concretions generally are oval to elongate -and range from less than an inch to a foot or -more in maximum dimension. Only about one nodule in -ten contains plant remains.</p> -<p>Approximately 25 to 30 species have been found in -this region. The productivity of the area was shown by -George Langford, Sr., a well known midwestern fossil -collector. He and his son split about 250 thousand concretions -during a 140-day period and obtained some 25 -thousand plant specimens. Fine specimens still can be -collected in a few hours.</p> -<p>The plant collecting localities in Will and Grundy -Counties along Mazon Creek, four to six miles southeast -of the town of Morris, were the first to be well known. -Ferns are especially abundant. Fossils of insects, crustaceans, -worms, and salamanders also have been found. -Collecting conditions vary considerably from season to -season, and fossils are not as easily obtained there as -from the strip-mine spoil heaps.</p> -<p>Fossiliferous concretions may be found in a number -of the strip mines in the area, although probably most -have come from the Northern Illinois Coal Corporation -mine between the towns of Braidwood and Wilmington.</p> -<p>In earlier years good collections were made from the -spoil heaps of underground mines. Especially notable -are the mine dumps of the Wilmington Star No. 7 mine, -2¼ miles west of Coal City, and Skinner No. 2 mine, -two miles northeast of Braidwood.</p> -<p>In the vicinity of Morris on the northwest -edge of the Mazon Creek area, fossil ferns have -been found along the north side of the Illinois -River and in the banks of the Illinois-Michigan -Canal. About a mile north in an area of strip -mining, fossil-bearing concretions have been -found in shale and irregular sandstone layers.</p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p11c.jpg" id="ncfig6" alt="uncaptioned" width="166" height="351" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div> -<div class="img" id="fig16"> -<img src="images/p12.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="1216" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Plate 2</i></p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt><i>Sphenophyllum</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Lepidostrobophyllum</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Annularia</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Sphenophyllum</i> 1×</dt> -<dt><i>Lycopodites</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Cordaites</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Asterophyllites</i> ⅓×</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div> -<p>Fossils in concretions also have been collected from -a shaly limestone at the south end of the Kankakee River -bridge along the Grundy and Will county line.</p> -<h3 id="c13">Bureau County</h3> -<p>Some 40 miles downstream from Morris on the Illinois -River, plant fossils have been discovered in waste -from the Spring Valley Coal Co. mine 1. They also are -found in black shale below the LaSalle Limestone in a -small gully in the southwest part of town, but at neither -place are they plentiful.</p> -<h3 id="c14">Knox County</h3> -<p>A notable number and variety of well preserved -plant fossils have been produced from -a locality along Court Creek in East Galesburg. -The Rock Island (No. 1) Coal is mined in the -area and the fossils appear to have come from -the shale overlying it.</p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p12a.jpg" id="ncfig7" alt="uncaptioned" width="163" height="400" /> -</div> -<p>Fossil plants also have been found in -shales above the Colchester (No. 2) Coal in the vicinity -of DeLong and with the Herrin (No. 6) Coal in mines -southeast of Victoria.</p> -<h3 id="c15">Mercer and Warren Counties</h3> -<p>In northern Warren and southern Mercer Counties the -sandstone underlying the Rock Island (No. 1) Coal is -termed the “Stigmarian” sandstone because of numerous -siliceous casts found in the bed. Many of the fossils -have been collected from an old mine dump and from ravines -along the Edwards River northeast of Aledo.</p> -<p>A number of representatives of <i>Sphenophyllum</i>, <i>Neuropteris</i>, -and <i>Annularia</i> have been collected from ironstone -concretions occurring in shale that overlies the -Colchester (No. 2) Coal about three miles southwest of -Alexis. They were found in a gully about a third of a -mile southeast of Center School.</p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p12c.jpg" id="ncfig8" alt="uncaptioned" width="303" height="300" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<div class="img" id="fig17"> -<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="1208" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Plate 3</i></p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt><i>Pecopteris</i> 1×</dt> -<dt><i>Ptychocarpus</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Pecopteris</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Mariopteris</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Asterotheca</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Spiropteris</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Pecopteris</i> ⅗×</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div> -<p>In the same general area but about three miles due -south of Alexis, fossil plants also may be found in the -clay pits of the Hydraulic-Press Brick Company and the -Northwestern Clay Manufacturing Company.</p> -<h3 id="c16">Fulton County</h3> -<p>Although there are numerous isolated -occurrences of plant fossils throughout the -extensive strip mines and outcrops in Fulton -County, no exceptionally good collecting localities -have been discovered.</p> -<p>Fern and cordaitean leaves have been collected -along Mill Creek about a mile northeast -of Pleasantview where the fossils occur in the -shale overlying the Babylon Coal. In the same general -area, impressions and casts of <i>Stigmaria</i>, <i>Lepidodendron</i>, -and <i>Cordaites</i> have been found in the Babylon Sandstone.</p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p13a.jpg" id="ncfig9" alt="uncaptioned" width="251" height="401" /> -</div> -<p>Three miles north of Pleasantview, a quarter of a -mile northwest of Union School, several species of leaves -have been collected from the Browning Sandstone where -it is exposed in a roadcut.</p> -<p>Farther east, there is a fairly good locality in the -stream bluff of Kerton Creek about 3¼ miles north and -a quarter of a mile west of Bluff City. There the plants -are found about 18 feet below a coal bed.</p> -<p>Numerous fern impressions also are found in shale -beds above the Herrin (No. 6) Coal along the Middle -Branch of Copperas Creek, six miles west of Glasford. -Other specimens may be found in these beds elsewhere -in the area.</p> -<h3 id="c17">McDonough County</h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p13c.jpg" id="ncfig10" alt="uncaptioned" width="267" height="401" /> -</div> -<p>In some of the small underground -mines near Colchester, the shale overlying -the Colchester (No. 2) Coal contains -ironstone concretions similar to -those from northeastern Illinois. More than 50 species -of plant fossils have been reported, but they were collected -many years ago from spoil heaps at the mines. -Beds of the same age crop out widely in other localities -in western Illinois and may contain plant fossils.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<div class="img" id="fig18"> -<img src="images/p14.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="1204" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Plate 4</i></p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt><i>Sphenopteris</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Linopteris</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Neuropteris</i> ½×</dt> -<dt><i>Odontopteris</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Cycopteris</i> ½×</dt> -<dt><i>Alethopteris</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Alethopteris</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Odontopteris</i> ½×</dt> -<dt><i>Alethopteris</i> ⅗×</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div> -<h3 id="c18">Vermilion County</h3> -<p>In outcrops about three miles below Georgetown on -the Little Vermilion River, a number of fossil plant species -and one insect species have been collected from -shales overlying the Herrin (No. 6) Coal, locally called -the Grape Creek Coal. The fossils occur in concretions -much like those from Mazon Creek.</p> -<p>An occasional stem replacement or impression is -found in the concretionary shale above the No. 7 Coal -in the strip mine area west of Hillery. In fact, isolated -fragmentary plant specimens are fairly common in the -Danville mining area, but no especially productive localities -have come to light.</p> -<h3 id="c19">Other Northern Illinois Localities</h3> -<p>In addition to the counties listed above, a number of -others have produced plant fossils. For example, there -are records of plant fossils found southeast of Franklin -in Morgan County, at Neelys in Peoria County, and at a -number of places in the southern and western parts of -Rock Island County. Local exploration is certain to turn -up numerous other collecting places at present unknown.</p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p14a.jpg" id="ncfig11" alt="uncaptioned" width="280" height="399" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div> -<div class="img" id="fig19"> -<img src="images/p15.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="1216" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Plate 5</i></p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt><i>Codonotheca</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Calamostachys</i> 1×</dt> -<dt><i>Pachytesta</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Codonospermum</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Cordaicorpus</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Samaropsis</i> ½×</dt> -<dt><i>Whittleseya</i> 1×</dt> -<dt><i>Trigonocorpus</i> ¼×</dt> -<dt><i>Holcospermum</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Neuropterocarpus</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Lepidostrobus</i> ⅗×</dt> -<dt><i>Carpolithes</i> ⅗×</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div> -<h2 id="c20"><span class="small">Southern Illinois</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p15a.jpg" id="ncfig12" alt="uncaptioned" width="245" height="300" /> -</div> -<h3 id="c21">Lawrence County</h3> -<p>Near the Lawrence-Richland county line, -not far from the towns of Berryville and Calhoun, -there is an area rich in the fossil petrifactions -called “coal balls” in which cellular structures of stems -and roots generally are well preserved.</p> -<h3 id="c22">Saline, Pope, and Johnson Counties</h3> -<p>Saline County has more recorded plant fossil localities -than any other southern Illinois county. Fossil -plant collecting localities are isolated but numerous in -the area southwest of Harrisburg. Mine dumps, such as -in the area five or six miles northwest of Eddyville, and -many outcrops are available throughout the region. The -fossils probably are associated with the Murphysboro, -Delwood, Willis, Reynoldsburg, and Battery Rock Coals.</p> -<p>One especially good collecting area is on the south -tributary of the East Branch Cedar Creek about 6½ miles -south of Stonefort. The fossils are found in six feet of -shale overlying the Battery Rock Coal horizon.</p> -<h3 id="c23">Perry and Jackson Counties</h3> -<p>Near DuQuoin and Murphysboro, a variety of well -preserved plant fossils has been collected from shales -overlying both the Herrin (No. 6) Coal and the Murphysboro -Coal. Nearly all have come from shaft mines that -are not easily accessible to the collector.</p> -<p>One currently good outcrop locality for collecting -plant fossils from the shale above the Murphysboro Coal -is just southeast of Murphysboro.</p> -<h3 id="c24">Other Southern Illinois Localities</h3> -<p>Other collecting localities have been recorded west -of McLeansboro in Hamilton County, northwest of Mt. -<span class="pb" id="Page_30">30</span> -Vernon in Jefferson County, near Grayville in White County, -and in the Friendsville area of Wabash County. There -is no doubt that careful search will turn up many more.</p> -<p>Almost anywhere in the large coal producing areas of -southern Illinois plant fossils can be found either in spoil -heaps or in outcrops along stream, road, and railroad -cuts. The thick Pennsylvanian sandstones that crop out -in a belt extending through Gallatin, Saline, Williamson, -and Jackson Counties generally contain compressions or -replacements of trunks or other woody plant parts.</p> -<h2 id="c25"><span class="small">SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLECTING PENNSYLVANIAN PLANTS</span></h2> -<h3 id="c26">Where to Look for Plant Fossils</h3> -<p>Pennsylvanian plants are most commonly found in -shales directly overlying coal beds. The shales are believed -to be of nonmarine origin like the coals and may -contain fossils either in ironstone concretions or on the -bedding planes. The shale layers as well as the concretions -should be examined. Where the bed directly -overlying the coal consists of black slaty shale or limestone -containing marine fossils, plant remains are rarely -abundant or well preserved.</p> -<p>Beneath the coals there generally is an underclay -that is interpreted as the material in which the coal forest -grew. The underclay is in turn underlain by a sandstone, -and both are believed to be mostly nonmarine. -Stigmarian axes and “roots” are common in many of the -underclays. Plant fossils are common in the sandstone -but generally are poorly preserved, except in the local -shaly lenses.</p> -<p>The best place to look for plant fossils in northern -Illinois, except for the strip mines of the Mazon Creek -area, is probably in the spoil heaps from shaft mines. -The Colchester (No. 2) Coal has been extensively mined -<span class="pb" id="Page_31">31</span> -by the longwall method. This technique causes the mine -roof to settle when the coal is removed, and the haulage -ways are kept open by removing the roof shale. Inasmuch -as the roof shale is the Francis Creek Formation of the -Mazon Creek area, it may contain abundant plant-bearing -concretions. The shale is not everywhere fossiliferous, -however, and in many spoil heaps fossils are rare.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig20"> -<img src="images/p16.jpg" alt="" width="700" height="244" /> -<p class="pcap">Tools for Collecting</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c27">Collecting Equipment</h3> -<p>The collector of plant fossils should have the following -tools and equipment:</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">① Hammer—a bricklayer’s hammer will work well.</p> -<p class="t0">② One or two chisels, preferably one large and one small.</p> -<p class="t0">③ Knapsack or basket in which to carry specimens.</p> -<p class="t0">④ Newspapers and a roll of tissue paper for protecting fragile specimens.</p> -<p class="t0">⑤ Pencil and paper for labeling specimens and making notes about the collecting locality from which the fossils came. Much of the value of a particular fossil lies in knowing precisely where it was found and the layer of rock it came from.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div> -<h3 id="c28">Rules of Courtesy</h3> -<p>When entering a collecting area every collector -should observe several rules carefully:</p> -<p>① For your own protection get permission to enter -and collect on any private property. Such action also -will help to assure your welcome if you wish to come -back again.</p> -<p>② Leave the gates exactly as you find them, open -or closed. Do not climb fences that may break or sag -under your weight; crawl under or go around.</p> -<p>③ Don’t litter, even though far from any house or -other buildings. Do not disturb the owner’s equipment, -stock, or planted areas.</p> -<h3 id="c29">Handling Specimens</h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p17.jpg" id="ncfig13" alt="uncaptioned" width="500" height="578" /> -</div> -<p>The most successful way to -split an ironstone concretion is to -set it on edge, long axis horizontal, -on any fairly large rock and -strike the upper edge with the hammer. -If the concretion is one that -developed around a fossil nucleus, -it generally will split along the -plane of weakness, revealing the -fossil. Sometimes one side of the -concretion will break off in the -middle, in which case the remainder -should be tapped firmly but gently -on the upper edge until the fossil -is completely uncovered. Pieces of the broken half should -be glued together neatly with waterproof cement so that -the entire specimen can be retained.</p> -<p>Fossils embedded in shale may be recovered by the -same method or by repeatedly tapping a chisel inserted -<span class="pb" id="Page_33">33</span> -along the bedding plane. If the fossil is exposed, the -matrix can be chiseled away by slow, painstaking effort.</p> -<p>The usual method -of wrapping plant-bearing -nodules is to -place the end of a -sheet of newspaper -between the two -halves of the nodule, -fold the paper over -the nodule, and roll -it up in the sheet.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig21"> -<img src="images/p17a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="239" /> -<p class="pcap">How to Wrap a Fossiliferous Concretion</p> -</div> -<p>When several localities -are visited in one collecting trip, the fossils from -each should be kept separate; cloth bags are convenient -for this purpose. Notes about the locality should be put -in the same bag as fossils from that locality so that there -is no possibility of confusion.</p> -<p>Some fossils are so fragile or porous that they should -be covered with a hardening protective coat of crude gum -arabic solution. (Refined gum arabic will not serve.) -This may be applied with a fine brush in successive layers, -or sturdier fossils may be dipped in it.</p> -<p>When a fossil is so delicate that the surface tension -of the gum arabic solution causes the fossil to “spread,” -celluloid (not plastic) dissolved in acetone should be -substituted. Before this solution is used, the specimen -must be completely dry or the coating will become cloudy -or opaque.</p> -<p>If the specimen is pyritized, it should be sprayed -with lacquer or shellac to prevent disintegration. If -these protective sprays are used they must be applied to -dry specimens during dry weather or the coating will remain -sticky.</p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p17c.jpg" id="ncfig14" alt="uncaptioned" width="245" height="300" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div> -<h2 id="c30"><span class="small">REFERENCES</span></h2> -<p>AN INTRODUCTION TO PALEOBOTANY. -C. A. Arnold. -McGraw-Hill Book Co., New -York, 1947, 433 p.</p> -<p>GRUNDY AND WILL COUNTIES. -Frank H. Bradley. <span class="u">In</span> -Worthen et al., Geology and -Paleontology, Geological Survey -of Illinois, vol. IV, -1870, p. 190-225.</p> -<p>PALMLIKE PLANTS FROM THE -DOLORES FORMATION (TRIASSIC), -SOUTHWESTERN -COLORADO. Roland W. -Brown. United States Geological -Survey Professional -Paper 274-H, 1956, p. 205-209.</p> -<p>CARBONIFEROUS INSECTS -FROM THE VICINITY OF -MAZON CREEK, ILLINOIS. F. -M. Carpenter. Illinois State -Museum Scientific Paper 3, -pt. 1, 1943, p. 7-20.</p> -<p>THE LIVING CYCADS. C. J. -Chamberlain. University of -Chicago Press, Chicago, -1919, 172 p.</p> -<p>GUIDE FOR BEGINNING FOSSIL -HUNTERS. Charles Collinson. -Illinois State Geological -Survey Educational -Series 4, 1956, 36 p. (Revised -1959, 40 p.)</p> -<p>HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. Carl -O. Dunbar. John Wiley & -Sons, Inc., New York, 1949, -576 p.</p> -<p>COLLEGE BOTANY. Harry J. -Fuller and Oswald Tippo. -Henry Holt & Co., New York, -1954, 993 p.</p> -<p>HANDBUCH DER PALÄOBOTANIK, -BD. 1: <i>THALLOPHYTA, -BRYOPHYTA, PTERIDOPHYTA</i>. -Max Hirmer. R. Oldenbourg, -Munich and Berlin, 1927, -708 p.</p> -<p>SOME FOSSIL PLANT TYPES -OF ILLINOIS. Raymond E. -Janssen. Illinois State Museum -Scientific Paper 1, -1940, 124 p.</p> -<p>LEAVES AND STEMS OF FOSSIL -FORESTS. Raymond E. Janssen. -Illinois State Museum -Popular Science Series; v. 1, -1957, 190 p.</p> -<p>THE MAZON CREEK EURYPTERID: -A REVISION OF THE -GENUS <i>LEPIDODERMA</i>. Erik -N. Kjellesvig-Waering. Illinois -State Museum Scientific -Paper 3, no. 4, 1948, p. 3-46.</p> -<p>PLANTS OF THE PAST. F. H. -Knowlton. Princeton University -Press, Princeton, N. J., -1927, 275 p.</p> -<p>THE WILMINGTON COAL -FLORA FROM A PENNSYLVANIAN -DEPOSIT IN WILL -COUNTY, ILLINOIS. George -Langford. Esconi Associates, -Downers Grove, Ill., 1958, -360 p.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div> -<p>THE MAZON CREEK, ILLINOIS, -SHALES AND THEIR AMPHIBIAN -FAUNA. R. L. Moodie. -American Journal of Science, -4th Series, v. 34, 1912, p. -277-285.</p> -<p>INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL -GEOLOGY. Raymond C. -Moore. McGraw-Hill Book -Co., Inc., New York, 1958, -656 p.</p> -<p>PENNSYLVANIAN FLORA OF -NORTHERN ILLINOIS. A. C. -Noé. Illinois State Geological -Survey Bulletin 52, 1925, -113 p.</p> -<p>PENNSYLVANIAN INVERTEBRATES -OF THE MAZON CREEK -AREA, ILLINOIS. Eugene S. -Richardson, Jr. Fieldiana: -Geology, v. 12, 1956, p. 1-76.</p> -<p>REPORT ON THE CARR AND -DANIELS COLLECTIONS OF -FOSSIL PLANTS FROM MAZON -CREEK. Wilson N. Stewart. -Illinois Academy of Science -Transactions, v. 43, 1950, -p. 41-45.</p> -<p>A RECENTLY DISCOVERED -<i>PHLEGETHONTIA</i> FROM ILLINOIS. -W. D. Turnbull and -Priscilla F. Turnbull. Fieldiana: -Zoology, v. 37, 1955, -p. 523-535.</p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p18.jpg" id="ncfig15" alt="uncaptioned" width="272" height="400" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div> -<h2 id="c31"><span class="small">EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION PROGRAM</span></h2> -<p>The Educational Extension Section of the Illinois State -Geological Survey reaches the public through a number -of channels, including nontechnical publications, -rock and mineral collections for Illinois schools and -educational groups, lectures, exhibits, correspondence -involving identification of rocks and minerals, -news items for the press, and field trips.</p> -<p>During each year six field trips are given, in widely -separated parts of the state, for teachers, students, -and laymen. The general program is especially designed -to assist in teaching geological sciences and -to help make Illinois citizens aware of the state’s -great mineral wealth.</p> -<p><span class="lr">Illinois State Geological Survey</span> -<span class="lr">Urbana, Illinois</span></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p20.jpg" id="ncfig16" alt="ILLINOIS, Land of Lincoln" width="800" height="142" /> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig22"> -<img src="images/p20a.jpg" alt="" width="454" height="799" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="ssn">PENNSYLVANIAN OUTCROP AREA</span></p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>Morris</dt> -<dt>Braidwood</dt> -<dt>Peoria</dt> -<dt>Colchester</dt> -<dt>Danville</dt> -<dt>Springfield</dt> -<dt>Duquoin</dt> -<dt>Murphysboro</dt> -<dt>Harrisburg</dt> -<dt>Marion</dt></dl> -<p class="center"><i class="large">Illinois State Geological Survey -<br />Educational Series 6</i></p> -<h2 id="trnotes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIELD BOOK: PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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