NormalizeHEADmain

47 files changed, 17 insertions, 3446 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7b82bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+*.txt text eol=lf
+*.htm text eol=lf
+*.html text eol=lf
+*.md text eol=lf
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8f99fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #65776 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65776)
diff --git a/old/65776-0.txt b/old/65776-0.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 935fb1b..0000000
--- a/old/65776-0.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1498 +0,0 @@
-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Field Book: Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of
-Illinois, by Charles Collinson
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Field Book: Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of Illinois
-       Educational Series 6
-
-Author: Charles Collinson
-        Romayne Skartvedt
-
-Release Date: July 6, 2021 [eBook #65776]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-             Team at https://www.pgdp.net
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIELD BOOK: PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT
-FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS ***
-
-
-
-
-                              _Field Book_
-                PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS
-
-
-                           Charles Collinson
-                           Romayne Skartvedt
-
-
-                   _Illinois State Geological Survey
-                         Educational Series 6_
-
-    [Illustration: uncaptioned]
-
-                           STATE OF ILLINOIS
-                DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION
-
-                           First edition 1960
-                             Reprinted 1966
-
-                    ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
-                           URBANA    ILLINOIS
-                          John C. Frye, Chief
-
-  Printed by Authority of State of Illinois, Ch. 127, IRS, Par. 58.25.
-
-
-
-
-                              _Field Book_
-                PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS
-
-                           Charles Collinson
-                           Romayne Skartvedt
-
-    [Illustration: uncaptioned]
-
-                  _Illustrations by Marie E. Litterer_
-
-
-
-
-                                FOREWORD
-
-
-    [Illustration: Illuminated T]
-
-This field book is intended to guide beginners in their collection and
-general classification of plant fossils. It illustrates the plant
-fossils most commonly found in Illinois and relates them to the plants
-of which they were a part. A list of publications that will furnish more
-detailed identification of specimens is included. The book has been
-prepared in response to numerous inquiries to the Illinois State
-Geological Survey from amateur collectors.
-
-Information has been drawn from numerous sources. The works of Hirmer,
-Janssen, Lesquereux, Noé, and Langford have been particularly useful.
-
-We are especially indebted to Dr. Robert M. Kosanke, paleobotanist at
-the Illinois State Geological Survey, and Dr. Wilson N. Stewart,
-professor of botany of the University of Illinois, for helpful
-suggestions and use of their libraries.
-
-
-
-
-                KEY TO PLANTS ILLUSTRATED ON TIME CHART
-
-
-  1. _Foerstia._ These fossils may be the earliest known occurrence of
-              bryophytes, although some authors have referred them to
-              the brown algae. After Dawson.
-  2. _Psilophyton._ A primitive vascular plant. After Dawson.
-  3. _Lepidodendron._ After Hirmer.
-  4. _Sigillaria._ After Hirmer.
-  5. _Calamites._ After Hirmer.
-  6. _Sphenophyllum._ After Fuller and Tippo.
-  7. _Equisetum._ The only living genus of scouring rushes. After Fuller
-              and Tippo.
-  8. _Megaphyton._ An ancient true fern. After Hirmer.
-  9. Modern tropical tree fern. After Fuller and Tippo.
-  10. _Medullosa._ An ancient seed fern. After Stewart.
-  11. _Williamsonia._ An extinct cycad-like tree. After Sahni.
-  12. _Cycas._ A modern cycad. After Chamberlain.
-  13. _Baiera._ A fossil leaf genus of ginkgo, whose only living
-              representative is the species _Ginkgo biloba_, saved from
-              extinction by careful cultivation in China. Several
-              specimens of this “living fossil” were presented to this
-              country by the Chinese and are now flourishing on many
-              college campuses, including that of the University of
-              Illinois. After Mägdefrau.
-  14. _Cordaites._ After Grand Eury.
-  15. _Lebachia._ A “transition conifer,” forerunner of present day
-              conifers. After Mägdefrau.
-  16. _Pinus._ Modern pine. After Mägdefrau.
-  17. _Acer._ Common maple, an angiosperm whose leaves are also found
-              among Tertiary fossils. After Mägdefrau.
-  18. _Rosa._ The prairie rose, an angiosperm.
-  19. _Campsis._ Trumpet vine, an angiosperm.
-
-    [Illustration: _Geologic Time Chart_]
-
-  _Time Units_
-  _Era and Years_
-    CENOZOIC “Recent Life”
-      Pleistocene
-      Pliocene
-      Miocene
-      Oligocene
-      Eocene
-      Paleocene
-    MESOZOIC “Middle Life”
-      Cretaceous
-        70 million
-          herbaceous lycopods
-      Jurassic
-        25 million
-          yellow-green algae
-          selaginellids
-      Triassic
-        30 million
-          cycad-like plants
-          Equisetum
-    PALEOZOIC “Ancient Life”
-      Permian
-        25 million
-          transition conifers
-          pines, spruces, firs, etc.
-          Equisetites
-      Pennsylvanian
-        25 million
-          ferns related to modern families
-          bryophytes
-      Mississippian
-        30 million
-          seed ferns
-          calamites
-          cycads
-      Devonian
-        55 million
-          cordaites
-          sphenophyllids
-          ancient ferns
-      Silurian
-        40 million
-          psitopsids
-          Foerstia
-      Ordovician
-        80 million
-          red algae
-          green algae
-      Cambrian
-        80 million
-    PROTEROZOIC _and_ ARCHAEOZOIC ERAS
-      4½ billion years
-        blue-green algae
-        chemosynthetic bacteria?
-        NO CERTAIN FOSSILS KNOWN
-  _Plants_
-    Algae
-      yellow-green algae
-      brown algae
-      red algae
-      green algae
-      blue-green algae
-    Mosses
-      bryophytes
-      Foerstia
-    Vascular Plants
-      “Whisk Ferns”
-        psitopsids
-      Club-mosses
-        scale and seal trees
-        quillworts
-        herbaceous lycopods
-      Scouring Rushes, Horsetails
-        Equisetites
-        Equisetum
-        calamites
-        selaginellids
-      Ferns and Seed Plants
-        Ferns
-          ancient ferns
-          ferns related to modern families
-        Gymnosperms
-          Cycads
-            seed ferns
-            cycads
-            cycad-like plants
-          Ginkgo
-          Conifers
-            cordaites
-            transition conifers
-            pines, spruces, firs, etc.
-        Flowering Plants
-
-
-
-
-                              _Field Book_
-                PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS
-
-
-                Charles Collinson and Romayne Skartvedt
-
-    [Illustration: Illuminated P]
-
-Plants that flourished 200 million years ago have made Illinois one of
-the best known fossil collecting sites in the world. The unusual
-abundance and preservation of these fossils in the northern part of the
-state have brought collectors to Illinois from many countries, and
-prized specimens from that area may be seen in science museums
-throughout the world.
-
-The remarkable fossils represent plants that lived during the geologic
-period called the Pennsylvanian or Coal Age and are the result of
-special geologic conditions that occurred repeatedly during the period.
-
-At the beginning of the Pennsylvanian Period, Illinois was part of a
-vast lowland that stretched for hundreds of miles to the north, south,
-and west, and was bordered on the east by highlands. At times much of
-the plain was swampy and, because the climate was relatively warm and
-moist, great jungles of fast growing trees, shrubs, and vines covered
-the landscape. As successive generations of plants lived and died, plant
-material fell into the swamp waters and, protected there from decay,
-accumulated.
-
-Frequently during the period, seas spread over the swampy lowlands,
-submerging the forests and covering them with mud. Each submergence
-lasted only a short time, geologically speaking. When the seas withdrew,
-the deposits of sand and mud left behind were cut by streams that
-carried fresh sand and mud from the eastern highlands. The streams
-eventually became clogged with sediments and when the lowland was again
-depressed swamp conditions returned and forests grew afresh. Such a
-cycle of deposition was repeated again and again during Pennsylvanian
-time, and after burial each layer of plant material gradually lost most
-of its liquids and gases and was slowly converted into one of the
-numerous coal beds presently found in Illinois.
-
-    [Illustration: Reconstruction of Pennsylvanian Coal-forming Swamp]
-
-In some places in the state conditions existed that were especially
-favorable for preservation of plants, and there delicately preserved
-fossils are found in great numbers. In the most favorable areas, such as
-in northern Illinois, the plants are preserved in stony nodules called
-concretions, but they also may be found separately as molds, casts, or
-petrifactions.
-
-Molds (concave surfaces) and casts (convex surfaces) are fossilization
-phenomena in which the actual plant, embedded in the surrounding
-background rock, was dissolved, leaving a hollow space (mold) that
-subsequently filled with other material. A cast was thus formed that
-preserved the plant’s external features.
-
-Most petrifactions are fossils in which silica, carbonate, or other
-material permeated or replaced the internal structures of the plant and
-preserved them so well that in most specimens the finest cellular
-details can be observed. Compressions, another kind of petrifaction, are
-the pressed carbonized remains of the plant itself.
-
-
-
-
-                          PENNSYLVANIAN FLORA
-
-
-    [Illustration: _Aphthoroblattina_]
-
-    [Illustration: _Teneopteron_]
-
-The far-reaching Pennsylvanian swamplands had abundant species of trees
-and other plants that long since have become extinct. Today’s common
-deciduous trees were not present; flowering plants had not yet evolved.
-Instead, the tangled forests were dominated by giant ancestors of
-presently existing club-mosses, horsetails, ferns, conifers, and cycads.
-The undergrowth also was well developed, consisting mainly of ferns,
-fernlike plants, _Sphenophyllum_, and small club-mosses. The plant
-fossils give no indication of seasonal variations. The forests,
-evidently always green, grew rapidly and abundantly, with foliage of
-unprecedented size and luxuriance. Land animals were just beginning to
-develop and included sluggish, salamander-like amphibians, large
-primitive insects, and a few small reptiles. The insects flourished as
-never before or since in the damp forests and attained remarkable size.
-Insects more than four inches long were common and some are known to
-have been more than a foot long with a wingspread proportionately broad.
-Ancestors of the modern spiders, scorpions, centipedes (one fossil found
-in Illinois was twelve inches long), cockroaches, and dragonflies are
-represented by several hundred species.
-
-The fossilized plants of Pennsylvanian time belonged to only a few main
-categories: scale and seal trees, ancient scouring rushes (horsetails),
-herbaceous _Sphenophyllum_, ferns, seed ferns, and cordaitean trees.
-
-
-
-
-                          SCALE AND SEAL TREES
-                               (Plate 1)
-
-
-Scale and seal trees were abundant during the Pennsylvanian Period and
-were important contributors to coal beds. Although distantly related to
-the diminutive club-mosses and ground pines of the present, the trees
-grew on straight, slender trunks to heights of more than a hundred feet.
-
-    [Illustration: Reconstruction of _Lepidodendron_
-    (after Hirmer)]
-
-Scale trees were so called because their numerous, closely set, spirally
-arranged leaves left scarred “cushions” on the branches and trunk,
-making them appear scaly. Seal trees derived their name from the
-signetlike appearance of their leaf cushions. The two best known types
-belong to the genera _Lepidodendron_ (scale tree) and _Sigillaria_ (seal
-tree), and fossils of both are common in Illinois.
-
-_Lepidodendron_ had long, slender, somewhat tapering trunks. Some of the
-trees reached heights of more than 100 feet and measured more than two
-feet in basal diameter. The trunk ended in a spreading crown formed by
-repeated dichotomous branching. The leaves were awl-shaped or linear,
-ranging from one to 30 inches long.
-
-The leaf cushions of _Lepidodendron_ are diamond-shaped, longer than
-broad, and arranged in spiral rows around the trunk and branches. A
-different name, _Lepidophyllum_, is used for fossils of the long,
-bladelike leaf when it is found detached.
-
-Spores were borne in long cylindrical cones at the tips of the branches.
-Those cones referred, or assigned, to the genus _Lepidostrobus_ bore
-both small spores (microspores) and large spores (megaspores) in the
-same cones. Those in which only a large single spore, a somewhat
-seedlike structure, was developed in a spore sac (sporangium) are
-referred to the genus _Lepidocarpon_.
-
-The rather commonly found genus _Stigmaria_ comprises so-called
-“appendages” which, although stemlike in structure, apparently served as
-roots for the scale and seal trees. These appendages are identified by
-irregular spirals of circular scars (pits) that mark the attachment
-points of former rootlets.
-
-    [Illustration: Reconstruction of _Sigillaria_
-    (after Hirmer)]
-
-_Sigillaria_, although less common than _Lepidodendron_, was widely
-distributed during the Pennsylvanian Period. It differed in growth habit
-from _Lepidodendron_ in that it generally had fewer branches and not
-uncommonly was unbranched. Some species also possessed a thicker trunk,
-with hexagonal to elongate leaf cushions separated by vertical ribs. The
-trunk was crowned, in the manner of the modern palm tree, by a cluster
-of large, grasslike leaves.
-
-The detached leaves of _Sigillaria_, extremely difficult to distinguish
-from _Lepidophyllum_ (leaves of _Lepidodendron_), are referred to the
-genus _Sigillariophyllum_ if preserved as compressions and to
-_Sigillariopsis_ if preserved as petrifactions. Unbranched _Sigillaria_
-trunks have been found that are more than 100 feet long and six feet in
-diameter near the base, but the average height probably was closer to 50
-feet.
-
-    [Illustration: Reconstruction of _Calamites_
-    (After Hirmer)]
-
-Not all Pennsylvanian trees were large, however. Small forms are known,
-including the important undergrowth genera _Lycopodites_ and
-_Selaginellites_. In woody types the trunk consisted of an inner region
-of conducting and supporting tissues, surrounding concentric cortical
-layers, and an outer layer of corklike bark. Although the fossil
-impressions of the various bark layers have been given separate generic
-names, these are not commonly used.
-
-
-
-
-                            SCOURING RUSHES
-                               (Plate 2)
-
-
-Although related to the small, inconspicuous horsetails of today, the
-ancient scouring rushes of the Pennsylvanian Period grew to the size of
-trees and were among the most widely distributed plant groups.
-
-Some of these plants attained heights of 40 feet or more, but the
-average was closer to 20 feet. The trunks were jointed and bore a whorl
-of branches at the joints (nodes). Their small leaves also grew in
-whorls at nodes along the smaller branches. Internodal regions were
-ribbed in the same manner as present day horsetails. Fossils of the
-trunks are assigned to the genus _Calamites_ and quite commonly are
-preserved in sandstone and shale.
-
-The leaf whorls are placed in the genus _Annularia_. One form commonly
-found in Illinois has long, pointed, needlelike leaves and is given the
-name _Asterophyllites_. _Calamostachys_, shown on plate 5, is one of the
-most common calamite cones.
-
-
-
-
-                             SPHENOPHYLLUM
-                               (Plate 2)
-
-
-The name _Sphenophyllum_ refers to both stems and leaves of this extinct
-genus, which was related to the scouring rushes—note its resemblance to
-_Annularia_.
-
-A small herbaceous plant, _Sphenophyllum_ formed much of the swampy
-undergrowth of the Pennsylvanian Period and is abundant among Illinois
-fossils. It had a slender, ribbed stem bearing whorls of delicate,
-wedge-shaped leaves, generally less than three-fourths of an inch long,
-attached around the stem in multiples of three.
-
-The cones of this group also are slender, delicate structures, bearing a
-number of sporangia, and are correctly called _Bowmanites_, although
-they also have been called _Sphenophyllostachys_. These fossil cones
-frequently are found in Illinois.
-
-_Sphenophyllum_ first appeared during the Devonian Period, some 300
-million years ago, but did not become abundant until Pennsylvanian time.
-The genus continued through the Permian but died out in Triassic time.
-
-
-
-
-                                 FERNS
-                            (Plates 1 and 3)
-
-
-True ferns, like those living in today’s woodlands, were common in the
-Pennsylvanian forests. Some species attained heights of 30 to 40 feet.
-Their fronds (compound leaves divided into segments or leaflets)
-commonly were five to six feet long.
-
-    [Illustration: Portion of fern frond showing sori on lower side of
-    leaflets]
-
-True ferns do not produce cones or seeds, but spores, which develop in
-cases called sporangia. The sporangia frond showing are attached in
-clusters (sori) to the lower side or margins of the leaves. In modern
-ferns the sporangia may also occur on fertile spikes.
-
-The shape and position of the sori are used to identify modern ferns,
-but because leaves that bear sori (“fertile” leaves) are rare among
-fossil specimens, the number, shape, and attachment of the leaflets and
-the pattern of the veins are more commonly used for identification.
-
-    [Illustration: Reconstruction of _Megaphyton_
-    (after Hirmer)]
-
-Because fossils of complete fern plants have not yet been found,
-separate names have been adopted for detached leaves, stems, and other
-parts. For example, the fossil stems of some Pennsylvanian ferns found
-in Illinois have been referred to two genera, _Megaphyton_, whose leaf
-attachment scars are arranged in two vertical rows, one on either side
-of the stem, and _Caulopteris_, whose leaf scars are arranged in a steep
-spiral that becomes progressively flatter upward until near the top they
-appear to be whorled. When the stem is a petrifaction, with internal
-structures preserved, it is called _Psaronius_. The fronds are referred
-to a number of genera, but those most commonly found in Illinois are
-_Pecopteris_, _Asterotheca_, and _Ptychocarpus_.
-
-    [Illustration: Venation of seed fern leaflets]
-
-  _Pecopteris_
-  _Asterotheca_
-  _Ptychocarpus_
-
-
-
-
-                               SEED FERNS
-                               (Plate 4)
-
-
-Seed ferns resembled true ferns in general, but they produced seeds,
-borne on modified leaves. Where spore sacs and seeds are absent, the
-leaves of seed ferns are difficult to distinguish from those of spore
-ferns, although individual seed fern leaflets, called pinnae, are
-somewhat larger.
-
-    [Illustration: _Medullosa_ Reconstruction and original drawing by
-    Wilson N. Stewart]
-
-Seed ferns included vinelike plants in the undergrowth and trees such as
-_Medullosa_. Some tree genera were very tall, with trunks more than two
-feet in diameter. Unlike the true ferns, still living today, seed ferns
-declined steadily after the close of the Pennsylvanian Period and
-finally became extinct during Jurassic time. During Pennsylvanian time,
-however, they were much more numerous and varied than true ferns.
-
-    [Illustration: Venation of seed fern leaflets]
-
-  _Alethopteris_
-  _Odontopteris_
-  _Mariopteris_
-  _Neuropteris_
-  _Linopteris_
-
-Most of the common seed ferns found as fossils in Illinois can be
-referred to the following leaf genera: _Alethopteris_, _Neuropteris_,
-_Odontopteris_, _Linopteris_, _Mariopteris_ (which may be a true fern),
-_Cyclopteris_, and _Spiropteris_. _Cyclopteris_ includes circular leaves
-that occurred at the base of leaves referable to _Neuropteris_.
-_Spiropteris_ includes young leaves that had not yet uncoiled and may
-belong to either true ferns or seed ferns.
-
-
-
-
-                               CORDAITES
-                            (Plates 1 and 2)
-
-
-    [Illustration: Reconstruction of _Cordaites_
-    (after Hirmer)]
-
-Cordaitean trees, forerunners of modern conifers such as pine and
-spruce, were important during the Pennsylvanian Period for they were
-distributed throughout the world. These trees, among the tallest plants
-of the time, sometimes grew more than 100 feet high.
-
-The cordaitean trunk was unbranched for three-fourths of the height of
-the tree and was topped by dense branches bearing large, simple,
-straplike leaves spirally arranged. The leaves had closely set parallel
-veins and measured from half an inch to three feet or more long.
-
-Internally, the structure of the trunks was similar to that of modern
-pine trunks. Casts of the pith are referred to the genus _Artisia_. The
-seeds were borne in clusters on branches in leaf axils.
-
-The _Cordaites_ were major contributors to some coal beds.
-
-
-
-
-                            FRUITING BODIES
-                               (Plate 5)
-
-
-Fossils representing many kinds of plant reproductive structures are
-found in Pennsylvanian rocks, but unfortunately most of them are not
-attached to any identifiable part of the parent plant and they cannot be
-assigned definitely to a particular plant. Such fossils are referred to
-genera and species solely on the basis of their own characteristics,
-although, as in other fossil classifications, such “form genera” are
-presumed to be parts of, or related to, the plants with which they are
-found in habitual association.
-
-A few such fossils, fairly common in Illinois, are illustrated on plate
-5 to show their general shape and size. When attached to an identifiable
-leaf or leaflet, the seed is referred to as the seed of that leaf genus.
-
-For example, _Holcospermum_, a radially symmetrical seed with ribs and
-grooves, _Codonotheca_, a stalked, spore-bearing, lobed “cup,” and
-_Neuropterocarpus_, a flask-shaped seed with longitudinal ribs and
-grooves, all have been associated with _Neuropteris_, a leaf genus.
-
-    [Illustration: Mazon Creek Strip Mine Area Showing Distribution of
-    Spoil Heaps. The small circular areas represent waste from
-    underground mines.]
-
-_Trigonocarpus_, commonly found as a cast of the internal part of a
-seed, is a trimerously symmetrical body frequently associated with
-_Alethopteris_. _Pachytesta_ includes preserved structures and outer
-layers of a seed. _Carpolithes_ is a catch-all “genus” functioning as a
-general term for seeds and seedlike forms whose plant group affinities
-cannot be determined.
-
-
-
-
-               COLLECTING AREAS FOR PENNSYLVANIAN PLANTS
-                           Northern Illinois
-
-
-Plant fossils can be found in almost any northern Illinois area where
-Pennsylvanian rocks are exposed (see back cover), but in some places
-they are much better preserved and more numerous than in others. Most of
-the well known collecting areas and a few of the lesser known ones are
-discussed below. Even though some of the localities were discovered many
-years ago, they may indicate areas that are still favorable for
-collecting.
-
-
-Mazon Creek Area
-
-Of all the fossils that have been found in Illinois, the most famous are
-the plant remains from the world-renowned Mazon Creek area in the
-northeastern part of the state. In this area in Grundy and Will
-Counties, plant fossils are found in ironstone concretions in the lower
-part of the Francis Creek Shale directly overlying the Colchester (No.
-2) Coal.
-
-Fossils were discovered in outcrops along Mazon Creek more than a
-century ago and collections later were made from scores of conical spoil
-heaps at underground mines. After coal stripping began in the 1920’s,
-great numbers of specimens were collected.
-
-In the stripping operations, the concretion-bearing beds are commonly
-the last to be placed on the spoil heap. Weathering softens and removes
-the shales and leaves the nodules concentrated on the surface. Each
-season brings a new crop of concretions to the surface.
-
-    [Illustration: _Plate 1_]
-
-  _Calamites_ ⅓×
-  _Stigmaria_ ⅖×
-  _Lepidodendron_ ⅖×
-  _Calamites_ ¹/₁₀×
-  Fern Stem ⅔×
-  _Caulopteris_ ¼×
-  _Sigillaria_ ⅖×
-  _Megaphyton_ ⅗×
-  _Calamites_ ⅗×
-  _Artisia_ ⅗×
-  _Sigillaria_ sub-bark ⅗×
-
-    [Illustration: uncaptioned]
-
-The concretions generally are oval to elongate and range from less than
-an inch to a foot or more in maximum dimension. Only about one nodule in
-ten contains plant remains.
-
-Approximately 25 to 30 species have been found in this region. The
-productivity of the area was shown by George Langford, Sr., a well known
-midwestern fossil collector. He and his son split about 250 thousand
-concretions during a 140-day period and obtained some 25 thousand plant
-specimens. Fine specimens still can be collected in a few hours.
-
-The plant collecting localities in Will and Grundy Counties along Mazon
-Creek, four to six miles southeast of the town of Morris, were the first
-to be well known. Ferns are especially abundant. Fossils of insects,
-crustaceans, worms, and salamanders also have been found. Collecting
-conditions vary considerably from season to season, and fossils are not
-as easily obtained there as from the strip-mine spoil heaps.
-
-Fossiliferous concretions may be found in a number of the strip mines in
-the area, although probably most have come from the Northern Illinois
-Coal Corporation mine between the towns of Braidwood and Wilmington.
-
-In earlier years good collections were made from the spoil heaps of
-underground mines. Especially notable are the mine dumps of the
-Wilmington Star No. 7 mine, 2¼ miles west of Coal City, and Skinner No.
-2 mine, two miles northeast of Braidwood.
-
-In the vicinity of Morris on the northwest edge of the Mazon Creek area,
-fossil ferns have been found along the north side of the Illinois River
-and in the banks of the Illinois-Michigan Canal. About a mile north in
-an area of strip mining, fossil-bearing concretions have been found in
-shale and irregular sandstone layers.
-
-    [Illustration: uncaptioned]
-
-    [Illustration: _Plate 2_]
-
-  _Sphenophyllum_ ⅗×
-  _Lepidostrobophyllum_ ⅗×
-  _Annularia_ ⅗×
-  _Sphenophyllum_ 1×
-  _Lycopodites_ ⅗×
-  _Cordaites_ ⅗×
-  _Asterophyllites_ ⅓×
-
-Fossils in concretions also have been collected from a shaly limestone
-at the south end of the Kankakee River bridge along the Grundy and Will
-county line.
-
-
-Bureau County
-
-Some 40 miles downstream from Morris on the Illinois River, plant
-fossils have been discovered in waste from the Spring Valley Coal Co.
-mine 1. They also are found in black shale below the LaSalle Limestone
-in a small gully in the southwest part of town, but at neither place are
-they plentiful.
-
-
-Knox County
-
-A notable number and variety of well preserved plant fossils have been
-produced from a locality along Court Creek in East Galesburg. The Rock
-Island (No. 1) Coal is mined in the area and the fossils appear to have
-come from the shale overlying it.
-
-    [Illustration: uncaptioned]
-
-Fossil plants also have been found in shales above the Colchester (No.
-2) Coal in the vicinity of DeLong and with the Herrin (No. 6) Coal in
-mines southeast of Victoria.
-
-
-Mercer and Warren Counties
-
-In northern Warren and southern Mercer Counties the sandstone underlying
-the Rock Island (No. 1) Coal is termed the “Stigmarian” sandstone
-because of numerous siliceous casts found in the bed. Many of the
-fossils have been collected from an old mine dump and from ravines along
-the Edwards River northeast of Aledo.
-
-A number of representatives of _Sphenophyllum_, _Neuropteris_, and
-_Annularia_ have been collected from ironstone concretions occurring in
-shale that overlies the Colchester (No. 2) Coal about three miles
-southwest of Alexis. They were found in a gully about a third of a mile
-southeast of Center School.
-
-    [Illustration: uncaptioned]
-
-    [Illustration: _Plate 3_]
-
-  _Pecopteris_ 1×
-  _Ptychocarpus_ ⅗×
-  _Pecopteris_ ⅗×
-  _Mariopteris_ ⅗×
-  _Asterotheca_ ⅗×
-  _Spiropteris_ ⅗×
-  _Pecopteris_ ⅗×
-
-In the same general area but about three miles due south of Alexis,
-fossil plants also may be found in the clay pits of the Hydraulic-Press
-Brick Company and the Northwestern Clay Manufacturing Company.
-
-
-Fulton County
-
-Although there are numerous isolated occurrences of plant fossils
-throughout the extensive strip mines and outcrops in Fulton County, no
-exceptionally good collecting localities have been discovered.
-
-Fern and cordaitean leaves have been collected along Mill Creek about a
-mile northeast of Pleasantview where the fossils occur in the shale
-overlying the Babylon Coal. In the same general area, impressions and
-casts of _Stigmaria_, _Lepidodendron_, and _Cordaites_ have been found
-in the Babylon Sandstone.
-
-    [Illustration: uncaptioned]
-
-Three miles north of Pleasantview, a quarter of a mile northwest of
-Union School, several species of leaves have been collected from the
-Browning Sandstone where it is exposed in a roadcut.
-
-Farther east, there is a fairly good locality in the stream bluff of
-Kerton Creek about 3¼ miles north and a quarter of a mile west of Bluff
-City. There the plants are found about 18 feet below a coal bed.
-
-Numerous fern impressions also are found in shale beds above the Herrin
-(No. 6) Coal along the Middle Branch of Copperas Creek, six miles west
-of Glasford. Other specimens may be found in these beds elsewhere in the
-area.
-
-
-McDonough County
-
-    [Illustration: uncaptioned]
-
-In some of the small underground mines near Colchester, the shale
-overlying the Colchester (No. 2) Coal contains ironstone concretions
-similar to those from northeastern Illinois. More than 50 species of
-plant fossils have been reported, but they were collected many years ago
-from spoil heaps at the mines. Beds of the same age crop out widely in
-other localities in western Illinois and may contain plant fossils.
-
-    [Illustration: _Plate 4_]
-
-  _Sphenopteris_ ⅗×
-  _Linopteris_ ⅗×
-  _Neuropteris_ ½×
-  _Odontopteris_ ⅗×
-  _Cycopteris_ ½×
-  _Alethopteris_ ⅗×
-  _Alethopteris_ ⅗×
-  _Odontopteris_ ½×
-  _Alethopteris_ ⅗×
-
-
-Vermilion County
-
-In outcrops about three miles below Georgetown on the Little Vermilion
-River, a number of fossil plant species and one insect species have been
-collected from shales overlying the Herrin (No. 6) Coal, locally called
-the Grape Creek Coal. The fossils occur in concretions much like those
-from Mazon Creek.
-
-An occasional stem replacement or impression is found in the
-concretionary shale above the No. 7 Coal in the strip mine area west of
-Hillery. In fact, isolated fragmentary plant specimens are fairly common
-in the Danville mining area, but no especially productive localities
-have come to light.
-
-
-Other Northern Illinois Localities
-
-In addition to the counties listed above, a number of others have
-produced plant fossils. For example, there are records of plant fossils
-found southeast of Franklin in Morgan County, at Neelys in Peoria
-County, and at a number of places in the southern and western parts of
-Rock Island County. Local exploration is certain to turn up numerous
-other collecting places at present unknown.
-
-    [Illustration: uncaptioned]
-
-    [Illustration: _Plate 5_]
-
-  _Codonotheca_ ⅗×
-  _Calamostachys_ 1×
-  _Pachytesta_ ⅗×
-  _Codonospermum_ ⅗×
-  _Cordaicorpus_ ⅗×
-  _Samaropsis_ ½×
-  _Whittleseya_ 1×
-  _Trigonocorpus_ ¼×
-  _Holcospermum_ ⅗×
-  _Neuropterocarpus_ ⅗×
-  _Lepidostrobus_ ⅗×
-  _Carpolithes_ ⅗×
-
-
-
-
-                           Southern Illinois
-
-
-    [Illustration: uncaptioned]
-
-
-Lawrence County
-
-Near the Lawrence-Richland county line, not far from the towns of
-Berryville and Calhoun, there is an area rich in the fossil
-petrifactions called “coal balls” in which cellular structures of stems
-and roots generally are well preserved.
-
-
-Saline, Pope, and Johnson Counties
-
-Saline County has more recorded plant fossil localities than any other
-southern Illinois county. Fossil plant collecting localities are
-isolated but numerous in the area southwest of Harrisburg. Mine dumps,
-such as in the area five or six miles northwest of Eddyville, and many
-outcrops are available throughout the region. The fossils probably are
-associated with the Murphysboro, Delwood, Willis, Reynoldsburg, and
-Battery Rock Coals.
-
-One especially good collecting area is on the south tributary of the
-East Branch Cedar Creek about 6½ miles south of Stonefort. The fossils
-are found in six feet of shale overlying the Battery Rock Coal horizon.
-
-
-Perry and Jackson Counties
-
-Near DuQuoin and Murphysboro, a variety of well preserved plant fossils
-has been collected from shales overlying both the Herrin (No. 6) Coal
-and the Murphysboro Coal. Nearly all have come from shaft mines that are
-not easily accessible to the collector.
-
-One currently good outcrop locality for collecting plant fossils from
-the shale above the Murphysboro Coal is just southeast of Murphysboro.
-
-
-Other Southern Illinois Localities
-
-Other collecting localities have been recorded west of McLeansboro in
-Hamilton County, northwest of Mt. Vernon in Jefferson County, near
-Grayville in White County, and in the Friendsville area of Wabash
-County. There is no doubt that careful search will turn up many more.
-
-Almost anywhere in the large coal producing areas of southern Illinois
-plant fossils can be found either in spoil heaps or in outcrops along
-stream, road, and railroad cuts. The thick Pennsylvanian sandstones that
-crop out in a belt extending through Gallatin, Saline, Williamson, and
-Jackson Counties generally contain compressions or replacements of
-trunks or other woody plant parts.
-
-
-
-
-            SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLECTING PENNSYLVANIAN PLANTS
-
-
-Where to Look for Plant Fossils
-
-Pennsylvanian plants are most commonly found in shales directly
-overlying coal beds. The shales are believed to be of nonmarine origin
-like the coals and may contain fossils either in ironstone concretions
-or on the bedding planes. The shale layers as well as the concretions
-should be examined. Where the bed directly overlying the coal consists
-of black slaty shale or limestone containing marine fossils, plant
-remains are rarely abundant or well preserved.
-
-Beneath the coals there generally is an underclay that is interpreted as
-the material in which the coal forest grew. The underclay is in turn
-underlain by a sandstone, and both are believed to be mostly nonmarine.
-Stigmarian axes and “roots” are common in many of the underclays. Plant
-fossils are common in the sandstone but generally are poorly preserved,
-except in the local shaly lenses.
-
-The best place to look for plant fossils in northern Illinois, except
-for the strip mines of the Mazon Creek area, is probably in the spoil
-heaps from shaft mines. The Colchester (No. 2) Coal has been extensively
-mined by the longwall method. This technique causes the mine roof to
-settle when the coal is removed, and the haulage ways are kept open by
-removing the roof shale. Inasmuch as the roof shale is the Francis Creek
-Formation of the Mazon Creek area, it may contain abundant plant-bearing
-concretions. The shale is not everywhere fossiliferous, however, and in
-many spoil heaps fossils are rare.
-
-    [Illustration: Tools for Collecting]
-
-
-Collecting Equipment
-
-The collector of plant fossils should have the following tools and
-equipment:
-
-  ① Hammer—a bricklayer’s hammer will work well.
-  ② One or two chisels, preferably one large and one small.
-  ③ Knapsack or basket in which to carry specimens.
-  ④ Newspapers and a roll of tissue paper for protecting fragile
-              specimens.
-  ⑤ Pencil and paper for labeling specimens and making notes about the
-              collecting locality from which the fossils came. Much of
-              the value of a particular fossil lies in knowing precisely
-              where it was found and the layer of rock it came from.
-
-
-Rules of Courtesy
-
-When entering a collecting area every collector should observe several
-rules carefully:
-
-① For your own protection get permission to enter and collect on any
-private property. Such action also will help to assure your welcome if
-you wish to come back again.
-
-② Leave the gates exactly as you find them, open or closed. Do not climb
-fences that may break or sag under your weight; crawl under or go
-around.
-
-③ Don’t litter, even though far from any house or other buildings. Do
-not disturb the owner’s equipment, stock, or planted areas.
-
-
-Handling Specimens
-
-    [Illustration: uncaptioned]
-
-The most successful way to split an ironstone concretion is to set it on
-edge, long axis horizontal, on any fairly large rock and strike the
-upper edge with the hammer. If the concretion is one that developed
-around a fossil nucleus, it generally will split along the plane of
-weakness, revealing the fossil. Sometimes one side of the concretion
-will break off in the middle, in which case the remainder should be
-tapped firmly but gently on the upper edge until the fossil is
-completely uncovered. Pieces of the broken half should be glued together
-neatly with waterproof cement so that the entire specimen can be
-retained.
-
-Fossils embedded in shale may be recovered by the same method or by
-repeatedly tapping a chisel inserted along the bedding plane. If the
-fossil is exposed, the matrix can be chiseled away by slow, painstaking
-effort.
-
-The usual method of wrapping plant-bearing nodules is to place the end
-of a sheet of newspaper between the two halves of the nodule, fold the
-paper over the nodule, and roll it up in the sheet.
-
-    [Illustration: How to Wrap a Fossiliferous Concretion]
-
-When several localities are visited in one collecting trip, the fossils
-from each should be kept separate; cloth bags are convenient for this
-purpose. Notes about the locality should be put in the same bag as
-fossils from that locality so that there is no possibility of confusion.
-
-Some fossils are so fragile or porous that they should be covered with a
-hardening protective coat of crude gum arabic solution. (Refined gum
-arabic will not serve.) This may be applied with a fine brush in
-successive layers, or sturdier fossils may be dipped in it.
-
-When a fossil is so delicate that the surface tension of the gum arabic
-solution causes the fossil to “spread,” celluloid (not plastic)
-dissolved in acetone should be substituted. Before this solution is
-used, the specimen must be completely dry or the coating will become
-cloudy or opaque.
-
-If the specimen is pyritized, it should be sprayed with lacquer or
-shellac to prevent disintegration. If these protective sprays are used
-they must be applied to dry specimens during dry weather or the coating
-will remain sticky.
-
-    [Illustration: uncaptioned]
-
-
-
-
-                               REFERENCES
-
-
-AN INTRODUCTION TO PALEOBOTANY. C. A. Arnold. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New
-York, 1947, 433 p.
-
-GRUNDY AND WILL COUNTIES. Frank H. Bradley. In Worthen et al., Geology
-and Paleontology, Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. IV, 1870, p.
-190-225.
-
-PALMLIKE PLANTS FROM THE DOLORES FORMATION (TRIASSIC), SOUTHWESTERN
-COLORADO. Roland W. Brown. United States Geological Survey Professional
-Paper 274-H, 1956, p. 205-209.
-
-CARBONIFEROUS INSECTS FROM THE VICINITY OF MAZON CREEK, ILLINOIS. F. M.
-Carpenter. Illinois State Museum Scientific Paper 3, pt. 1, 1943, p.
-7-20.
-
-THE LIVING CYCADS. C. J. Chamberlain. University of Chicago Press,
-Chicago, 1919, 172 p.
-
-GUIDE FOR BEGINNING FOSSIL HUNTERS. Charles Collinson. Illinois State
-Geological Survey Educational Series 4, 1956, 36 p. (Revised 1959, 40
-p.)
-
-HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. Carl O. Dunbar. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
-1949, 576 p.
-
-COLLEGE BOTANY. Harry J. Fuller and Oswald Tippo. Henry Holt & Co., New
-York, 1954, 993 p.
-
-HANDBUCH DER PALÄOBOTANIK, BD. 1: _THALLOPHYTA, BRYOPHYTA,
-PTERIDOPHYTA_. Max Hirmer. R. Oldenbourg, Munich and Berlin, 1927, 708
-p.
-
-SOME FOSSIL PLANT TYPES OF ILLINOIS. Raymond E. Janssen. Illinois State
-Museum Scientific Paper 1, 1940, 124 p.
-
-LEAVES AND STEMS OF FOSSIL FORESTS. Raymond E. Janssen. Illinois State
-Museum Popular Science Series; v. 1, 1957, 190 p.
-
-THE MAZON CREEK EURYPTERID: A REVISION OF THE GENUS _LEPIDODERMA_. Erik
-N. Kjellesvig-Waering. Illinois State Museum Scientific Paper 3, no. 4,
-1948, p. 3-46.
-
-PLANTS OF THE PAST. F. H. Knowlton. Princeton University Press,
-Princeton, N. J., 1927, 275 p.
-
-THE WILMINGTON COAL FLORA FROM A PENNSYLVANIAN DEPOSIT IN WILL COUNTY,
-ILLINOIS. George Langford. Esconi Associates, Downers Grove, Ill., 1958,
-360 p.
-
-THE MAZON CREEK, ILLINOIS, SHALES AND THEIR AMPHIBIAN FAUNA. R. L.
-Moodie. American Journal of Science, 4th Series, v. 34, 1912, p.
-277-285.
-
-INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. Raymond C. Moore. McGraw-Hill Book
-Co., Inc., New York, 1958, 656 p.
-
-PENNSYLVANIAN FLORA OF NORTHERN ILLINOIS. A. C. Noé. Illinois State
-Geological Survey Bulletin 52, 1925, 113 p.
-
-PENNSYLVANIAN INVERTEBRATES OF THE MAZON CREEK AREA, ILLINOIS. Eugene S.
-Richardson, Jr. Fieldiana: Geology, v. 12, 1956, p. 1-76.
-
-REPORT ON THE CARR AND DANIELS COLLECTIONS OF FOSSIL PLANTS FROM MAZON
-CREEK. Wilson N. Stewart. Illinois Academy of Science Transactions, v.
-43, 1950, p. 41-45.
-
-A RECENTLY DISCOVERED _PHLEGETHONTIA_ FROM ILLINOIS. W. D. Turnbull and
-Priscilla F. Turnbull. Fieldiana: Zoology, v. 37, 1955, p. 523-535.
-
-    [Illustration: uncaptioned]
-
-
-
-
-                     EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION PROGRAM
-
-
-The Educational Extension Section of the Illinois State Geological
-Survey reaches the public through a number of channels, including
-nontechnical publications, rock and mineral collections for Illinois
-schools and educational groups, lectures, exhibits, correspondence
-involving identification of rocks and minerals, news items for the
-press, and field trips.
-
-During each year six field trips are given, in widely separated parts of
-the state, for teachers, students, and laymen. The general program is
-especially designed to assist in teaching geological sciences and to
-help make Illinois citizens aware of the state’s great mineral wealth.
-
-                                        Illinois State Geological Survey
-                                                        Urbana, Illinois
-
-    [Illustration: ILLINOIS, Land of Lincoln]
-
-    [Illustration: PENNSYLVANIAN OUTCROP AREA]
-
-  Morris
-  Braidwood
-  Peoria
-  Colchester
-  Danville
-  Springfield
-  Duquoin
-  Murphysboro
-  Harrisburg
-  Marion
-
-                   _Illinois State Geological Survey
-                         Educational Series 6_
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-—Silently corrected a few typos.
-
-—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIELD BOOK: PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT
-FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS ***
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the
-United States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
-the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
-of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
-copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
-easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
-of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
-Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may
-do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
-by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
-license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country other than the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
-  you are located before using this eBook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that:
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
-the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
-forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org
-
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
-Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
-to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website
-and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without
-widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/old/65776-0.zip b/old/65776-0.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index 14370bb..0000000
--- a/old/65776-0.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h.zip b/old/65776-h.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index e4069fe..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/65776-h.htm b/old/65776-h/65776-h.htm
deleted file mode 100644
index 28933ab..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/65776-h.htm
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1948 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
-<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
-<title>Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of Illinois, by Charles Collinson and Romayne Skartvedt&mdash;a Project Gutenberg eBook</title>
-<meta name="author" content="Charles Collinson; Romayne Skartvedt" />
-<meta name="pss.pubdate" content="1966" />
-<link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" />
-<link rel="spine" href="images/spine.jpg" />
-<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://dublincore.org/documents/1998/09/dces/" />
-<meta name="DC.Title" content="Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of Illinois" />
-<meta name="DC.Language" content="en" />
-<meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" />
-<meta name="DC.Created" content="1966" />
-<meta name="DC.Creator" content="Charles Collinson" />
-<meta name="DC.Creator" content="Romayne Skartvedt" />
-<style type="text/css">
-/* == GLOBAL MARKUP == */
-body, table.twocol tr td  { margin-left:2em; margin-right:2em; }   /* BODY */
-.box     { border-style:double; margin-bottom:2em; max-width:30em; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-top:2em; clear:both; }
-.box div.box  { border-style:solid; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; max-width:26em; }
-.box p   { margin-right:1em; margin-left:1em; }
-.box dl  { margin-right:1em; margin-left:1em; }
-h1, h2, h5, h6, .titlepg p { text-align:center; clear:both; text-indent:0; }   /* HEADINGS */
-h2                { margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:1em; font-size:120%; text-align:center; }
-h2 .small         { font-size:100%; }
-h2+h2             { margin-top:3.5em; }
-h1                { margin-top:3em; }
-h1 .likep         { font-weight:normal; font-size:50%; }
-div.box h1        { margin-top:1em; margin-left:.5em; margin-right:.5em; }
-h3                { margin-top:2em; text-align:left; font-size: 100%; clear:both; }
-h4, h5            { font-size:100%; text-align:right; clear:right; }
-h6                { font-size:100%; }
-h6.var            { font-size:80%; font-style:normal; }
-.titlepg          { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border-style:double; clear:both; }
-span.chaptertitle { font-style:normal; display:block; text-align:center; font-size:150%; text-indent:0; }
-.tblttl           { text-align:center; text-indent:0;}
-.tblsttl          { text-align:center; font-variant:small-caps; text-indent:0; }
-
-pre sub.ms { width:4em; letter-spacing:1em; }
-pre        { margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; }
-table.fmla { text-align:center; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em; margin-left:0em; margin-right:0em; }
-table.inline, table.symbol { display: inline-table; vertical-align: middle; }
-td.cola           { text-align:left; vertical-align:100%; }
-td.colb           { text-align:justify; }
-
-p, blockquote, div.p, div.bq { text-align:justify; }                              /* PARAGRAPHS */
-div.p, div.bq   { margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; }
-blockquote, .bq { margin-left:1em; margin-right:0em; }
-.verse    { font-size:100%; }
-p.indent  {text-indent:2em; text-align:left; }
-p.tb, p.tbcenter, verse.tb, blockquote.tb      { margin-top:2em; clear:right; }
-
-span.pb, div.pb, dt.pb, p.pb                   /* PAGE BREAKS */
-{ text-align:right; float:right; margin-right:0em; clear:right; }
-div.pb { display:inline; }
-.pb, dt.pb, dl.toc dt.pb, dl.tocl dt.pb, dl.undent dt.pb, dl.index dt.pb    { text-align:right; float:right; margin-left: 1.5em;
-         margin-top:.5em; margin-bottom:.5em; display:inline; text-indent:0;
-         font-size:80%; font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;
-         color:gray; border:1px solid gray;padding:1px 3px; }
-div.index .pb  { display:block; }
-.bq  div.pb, .bq span.pb  { font-size:90%; margin-right:2em; }
-
-div.img, body a img  {text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:2em; clear:right; }
-img         { max-width:100%; height:auto; }
-
-sup, a.fn { font-size:75%; vertical-align:100%; line-height:50%; font-weight:normal; }
-h3   a.fn { font-size:65%; }
-a.fn      { font-style:normal; }
-sub { font-size:75%; }
-.center, .tbcenter       { text-align:center; clear:both; text-indent:0; }                  /* TEXTUAL MARKUP */
-span.center              { display:block; }
-table.center { clear:both; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; }
-table.center tr td.l, table.center tr th.l  {text-align:left; margin-left:0em; }
-table.center tr td.j  {text-align:justify; }
-table.center tr td.ltab { text-align:left; width:1.5em; }
-table.center tr td.t  {text-align:left; text-indent:1em; }
-table.center tr td.t2 {text-align:left; text-indent:2em; }
-table.center tr td.r, table.center tr th.r  {text-align:right; }
-table.center tr th.rx  { width:4.5em; text-align:right; }
-table.center tr th    {vertical-align:bottom; }
-table.center tr td    {vertical-align:top; }
-table.inline, table.symbol { display: inline-table; vertical-align: middle; }
-
-p           { clear:left; }
-.small, .lsmall      { font-size:90%; }
-.smaller    { font-size:80%; }
-.smallest   { font-size:67%; }
-.larger     { font-size:150%; }
-.large      { font-size:125%; }
-.xlarge     { font-size:150%; }
-.xxlarge    { font-size:200%; }
-.gs         { letter-spacing:1em; }
-.gs3        { letter-spacing:2em; }
-.gslarge    { letter-spacing:.3em; font-size:110%; }
-.sc         { font-variant:small-caps; font-style:normal; }
-.cur        { font-family:cursive; }
-.unbold     { font-weight:normal; }
-.xo         { position:relative; left:-.3em; }
-.over       { text-decoration: overline; display:inline; }
-hr          { width:20%; margin-left:40%; }
-hr.dwide    { margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; width:90%; margin-left:5%; clear:right; }
-hr.double   { margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; width:100%; margin-left:0; margin-right:0; }
-hr.f        { margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; width:100%; margin-left:0; }
-.jl         { text-align:left; }
-.jr, .jri   { text-align:right; min-width:2em; display:inline-block; float:right; }
-.pcap .jri  { font-size:80%; }
-.jr1        { text-align:right; margin-right:2em; }
-h1 .jr      { margin-right:.5em; }
-.ind1       { text-align:left;  margin-left:2em; }
-.u          { text-decoration:underline; }
-.hst        { margin-left:2em; }
-.hst2       { margin-left:4em; }
-.rubric     { color:red; }
-.blue       { color:blue;   background-color:white; }
-.purple     { color:purple; background-color:white; }
-.green      { color:green;  background-color:white; }
-.yellow     { color:yellow; background-color:white; }
-.orange     { color:#ffa500; background-color:white; }
-.brown      { color:brown; background-color:white; }
-.white      { color:white; background-color:black; margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em; max-width:28em; }
-.cnwhite    { color:white; background-color:black; min-width:2em; display:inline-block;
-              text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-family:sans-serif; }
-.cwhite     { color:white; background-color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;
-              font-family:sans-serif; }
-ul  li      { text-align:justify; }
-u.dbl       { text-decoration:underline; }
-.ss         { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; }
-.ssn        { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal; }
-p.revint    { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; }
-.box p.revint  { margin-left:3em; }
-p.revint2   { margin-left:5em; text-indent:-3em; }
-p.revint2 .cn { min-width:2.5em; text-indent:0; text-align:left; display:inline-block; margin-right:.5em; }
-i .f        { font-style:normal; }
-.b          { font-weight:bold; }
-.i          { font-style:italic; }
-.f          { font-style:italic; font-weight:bold; }
-
-dd.t           { text-align:left; margin-left: 5.5em; }
-dl.toc         { clear:both; margin-top:1em; }                    /* CONTENTS (.TOC) */
-dl.toc  dt.center   { text-align:center; clear:both; margin-top:3em; margin-bottom:1em; text-indent:0;}
-.toc  dt      { text-align:right; clear:both; }
-.toc  dt.just { text-align:justify; margin-left:2em; margin-right:2em; }
-.toc  dd      { text-align:right; clear:both; }
-.toc  dd.ddt, .toc dd.t  { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:4em; }
-.toc  dd.ddt2,.toc dd.t2 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:5em; }
-.toc  dd.ddt3 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:6em; }
-.toc  dd.ddt4 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:7em; }
-.toc  dd.ddt5 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:8em; }
-.toc  dd.note { text-align:justify; clear:both; margin-left:5em; text-indent:-1em; margin-right:3em; }
-.toc  dt .xxxtest {width:17em; display:block; position:relative; left:4em; }
-.toc  dt  a,
-.toc  dd  a,
-.toc dt span.left,
-.toc dt span.lsmall,
-.toc dd span.left { text-align:left; clear:right; float:left; }
-.toc  dt  a  span.cn { width:4em; text-align:right; margin-right:.7em;  float:left; }
-.toc  dt.sc   { text-align:right;  clear:both; }
-.toc  dt.scl  { text-align:left;   clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; }
-.toc  dt.sct  { text-align:right;  clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; margin-left:1em; }
-.toc  dt .jl, .toc dd .jl   { text-align:left;  float:left;  clear:both; font-variant:normal; }
-.toc  dt.scc  { text-align:center; clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; text-indent:0; }
-.toc  dt span.lj, span.lj { text-align:left; display:block; float:left; }
-.toc  dd.center { text-align:center; text-indent:0; }
-dd.tocsummary {text-align:justify; margin-right:2em; margin-left:2em; }
-dd.center .sc  {display:block; text-align:center; text-indent:0; }
-/* BOX CELL */
-td.top { border-top:1px    solid; width:.5em; height:.8em; }
-td.bot { border-bottom:1px solid; width:.5em; height:.8em; }
-td.rb  { border:1px solid; border-left:none;  width:.5em; height:.8em;  }
-td.lb  { border:1px solid; border-right:none; width:.5em; height:.8em;  }
-td span.cellt   { text-indent:1em; }
-td span.cellt2  { text-indent:2em; }
-td span.cellt3  { text-indent:3em; }
-td span.cellt4  { text-indent:4em; }
-
-/* INDEX (.INDEX) */
-dl.index   { clear:both; }
-.index dt  { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left; }
-.index dd  { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left; }
-.index dd.t  { margin-left:6em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left; }
-.index dd.t2  { margin-left:8em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left; }
-.index dd.t3  { margin-left:10em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left; }
-.index dd.t4  { margin-left:12em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left; }
-.index dt.center {text-align:center; text-indent:0; }
-  dl.indexlr     { clear:both; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;
-  max-width:20em; text-align:right; }
-  dl.indexlr dt  { clear:both; text-align:right; }
-  dl.indexlr a   { clear:both; float:right; text-align:right; }
-  dl.indexlr dt span { text-align:left; display:block; float:left; }
-  dl.indexlr dt.center {text-align:center; text-indent:0; }
-.ab, .ab1, .ab2 {
-font-weight:bold; text-decoration:none;
-border-style:solid; border-color:gray; border-width:1px;
-margin-right:0px; margin-top:5px; display:inline-block; text-align:center; text-indent:0; }
-.ab { width:1em; }
-.ab2 { width:1.5em; }
-a.gloss { background-color:#f2f2f2; border-bottom-style:dotted; text-decoration:none; border-color:#c0c0c0; color:inherit; }
-                                                           /* FOOTNOTE BLOCKS */
-div.notes p  { margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em; text-align:justify; }
-
-dl.undent dd    { margin-left:3em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; }
-dl.undent dt    { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; clear:both; }
-dl.undent dd.t  { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; }
-dl.undent dd.t2 { margin-left:5em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; }
-dl.undent dd.t3 { margin-left:6em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; }
-dl.undent dd.t4 { margin-left:7em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; }
-dl.undent dd.t5 { margin-left:8em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; }
-                                                           /* POETRY LINE NUMBER */
-.lnum   { text-align:right; float:right; margin-left:.5em; display:inline; }
-
-.hymn     { text-align:left; }                                  /*  HYMN AND VERSE: HTML  */
-.verse    { text-align:left; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:0em; }
-.versetb  { text-align:left; margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:0em; }
-.originc  { text-align:center; text-indent:0; }
-.subttl   { text-align:center; font-size:80%; text-indent:0; }
-.srcttl   { text-align:center; font-size:80%; text-indent:0; font-weight:bold; }
-p.lc      { text-indent:0; text-align:center; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; }
-p.t0, p.l { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.lb                 { margin-left:4em;  text-indent:-3em; margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.tw, div.tw, .tw    { margin-left:1em;  text-indent:-1em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t,  div.t,  .t     { margin-left:5em;  text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t2,  div.t2,  .t2  { margin-left:6em;  text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t3,  div.t3,  .t3  { margin-left:7em;  text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t4,  div.t4,  .t4  { margin-left:8em;  text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t5,  div.t5,  .t5  { margin-left:9em;  text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t6,  div.t6,  .t6  { margin-left:10em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t7,  div.t7,  .t7  { margin-left:11em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t8,  div.t8,  .t8  { margin-left:12em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t9,  div.t9,  .t9  { margin-left:13em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t10, div.t10,.t10  { margin-left:14em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t11, div.t11,.t11  { margin-left:15em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t12, div.t12,.t12  { margin-left:16em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t13, div.t13,.t13  { margin-left:17em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t14, div.t14,.t14  { margin-left:18em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t15, div.t15,.t15  { margin-left:19em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.lr, div.lr, span.lr { display:block; margin-left:0em; margin-right:1em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:right; }
-dt.lr                { width:100%; margin-left:0em; margin-right:0em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:1em; text-align:right; }
-dl dt.lr a           { text-align:left; clear:left; float:left; }
-
-.fnblock   { margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:2em; }
-.fndef, p.fn     { text-align:justify; margin-top:1.5em; margin-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em; }
-.fndef p.fncont, .fndef dl { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0em; }
-.fnblock div.fncont { margin-left:1.5em; text-indent:0em; margin-top:1em; text-align:justify; }
-.fnblock dl  { margin-top:0; margin-left:4em; text-indent:-2em; }
-.fnblock dt  { text-align:justify; }
-dl.catalog dd { font-style:italic; }
-dl.catalog dt { margin-top:1em; }
-.author { text-align:right; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em; display:block; }
-
-dl.biblio  dt        { margin-top:.6em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; clear:both; }
-dl.biblio  dt  div   { display:block; float:left; margin-left:-6em; width:6em; clear:both; }
-dl.biblio  dt.center { margin-left:0em; text-align:center; text-indent:0; }
-dl.biblio  dd        { margin-top:.3em; margin-left:3em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; }
-p.biblio             { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; }
-.clear     { clear:both; }
-p.book     { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; }
-p.review   { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; }
-p.pcap     { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0em; text-align:center; margin-top:0; font-size:90%; }
-p.pcapc    { margin-left:4.7em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; }
-dl.pcap    { margin-left:1em; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:90%; }
-span.attr  { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; }
-span.pn    { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; }
-</style>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Field Book: Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of Illinois, by Charles Collinson</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Field Book: Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of Illinois</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0;'>Educational Series 6</p>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Charles Collinson and Romayne Skartvedt</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 6, 2021 [eBook #65776]</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div>
-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIELD BOOK: PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS ***</div>
-<div id="cover" class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of Illinois" width="1000" height="1510" />
-</div>
-<div class="box">
-<h1><span class="smallest"><i>Field Book</i>
-<br /><span class="ss">PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS</span></span></h1>
-<p class="center"><span class="ss">Charles Collinson
-<br />Romayne Skartvedt</span></p>
-<p class="tbcenter"><i class="large">Illinois State Geological Survey
-<br />Educational Series 6</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p01.jpg" id="ncfig1" alt="uncaptioned" width="319" height="325" />
-</div>
-<p class="center">STATE OF ILLINOIS
-<br />DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION</p>
-<p class="center">First edition 1960
-<br />Reprinted 1966</p>
-<p class="center">ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
-<br />URBANA <span class="hst">ILLINOIS</span>
-<br />John C. Frye, Chief</p>
-<p class="center"><span class="smaller">Printed by Authority of State of Illinois, Ch. 127, IRS, Par. 58.25.</span></p>
-<div class="box">
-<p class="center"><i>Field Book</i>
-<br /><span class="ss">PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS</span></p>
-<p class="center"><span class="ss">Charles Collinson
-<br />Romayne Skartvedt</span></p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p01a.jpg" id="ncfig2" alt="uncaptioned" width="190" height="401" />
-</div>
-<p class="center"><i>Illustrations by Marie E. Litterer</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div>
-<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">FOREWORD</span></h2>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p02.jpg" id="ncfig3" alt="Illuminated T" width="143" height="200" />
-</div>
-<p>This field book is intended to guide beginners
-in their collection and general
-classification of plant fossils. It illustrates
-the plant fossils most commonly
-found in Illinois and relates them to the
-plants of which they were a part. A list
-of publications that will furnish more detailed
-identification of specimens is included. The book
-has been prepared in response to numerous inquiries
-to the Illinois State Geological Survey
-from amateur collectors.</p>
-<p>Information has been drawn from numerous
-sources. The works of Hirmer, Janssen, Lesquereux,
-No&eacute;, and Langford have been particularly
-useful.</p>
-<p>We are especially indebted to Dr. Robert
-M. Kosanke, paleobotanist at the Illinois State
-Geological Survey, and Dr. Wilson N. Stewart,
-professor of botany of the University of Illinois,
-for helpful suggestions and use of their libraries.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div>
-<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">KEY TO PLANTS ILLUSTRATED ON TIME CHART</span></h2>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">1. <i>Foerstia.</i> These fossils may be the earliest known occurrence of bryophytes, although some authors have referred them to the brown algae. After Dawson.</p>
-<p class="t0">2. <i>Psilophyton.</i> A primitive vascular plant. After Dawson.</p>
-<p class="t0">3. <i>Lepidodendron.</i> After Hirmer.</p>
-<p class="t0">4. <i>Sigillaria.</i> After Hirmer.</p>
-<p class="t0">5. <i>Calamites.</i> After Hirmer.</p>
-<p class="t0">6. <i>Sphenophyllum.</i> After Fuller and Tippo.</p>
-<p class="t0">7. <i>Equisetum.</i> The only living genus of scouring rushes. After Fuller and Tippo.</p>
-<p class="t0">8. <i>Megaphyton.</i> An ancient true fern. After Hirmer.</p>
-<p class="t0">9. Modern tropical tree fern. After Fuller and Tippo.</p>
-<p class="t0">10. <i>Medullosa.</i> An ancient seed fern. After Stewart.</p>
-<p class="t0">11. <i>Williamsonia.</i> An extinct cycad-like tree. After Sahni.</p>
-<p class="t0">12. <i>Cycas.</i> A modern cycad. After Chamberlain.</p>
-<p class="t0">13. <i>Baiera.</i> A fossil leaf genus of ginkgo, whose only living representative is the species <i>Ginkgo biloba</i>, saved from extinction by careful cultivation in China. Several specimens of this &ldquo;living fossil&rdquo; were presented to this country by the Chinese and are now flourishing on many college campuses, including that of the University of Illinois. After M&auml;gdefrau.</p>
-<p class="t0">14. <i>Cordaites.</i> After Grand Eury.</p>
-<p class="t0">15. <i>Lebachia.</i> A &ldquo;transition conifer,&rdquo; forerunner of present day conifers. After M&auml;gdefrau.</p>
-<p class="t0">16. <i>Pinus.</i> Modern pine. After M&auml;gdefrau.</p>
-<p class="t0">17. <i>Acer.</i> Common maple, an angiosperm whose leaves are also found among Tertiary fossils. After M&auml;gdefrau.</p>
-<p class="t0">18. <i>Rosa.</i> The prairie rose, an angiosperm.</p>
-<p class="t0">19. <i>Campsis.</i> Trumpet vine, an angiosperm.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig1">
-<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="1500" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Geologic Time Chart</i></p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt><i>Time Units</i></dt>
-<dt><i>Era and Years</i></dt>
-<dd>CENOZOIC &ldquo;Recent Life&rdquo;</dd>
-<dd class="t">Pleistocene</dd>
-<dd class="t">Pliocene</dd>
-<dd class="t">Miocene</dd>
-<dd class="t">Oligocene</dd>
-<dd class="t">Eocene</dd>
-<dd class="t">Paleocene</dd>
-<dd>MESOZOIC &ldquo;Middle Life&rdquo;</dd>
-<dd class="t">Cretaceous</dd>
-<dd class="t2">70 million</dd>
-<dd class="t3">herbaceous lycopods</dd>
-<dd class="t">Jurassic</dd>
-<dd class="t2">25 million</dd>
-<dd class="t3">yellow-green algae</dd>
-<dd class="t3">selaginellids</dd>
-<dd class="t">Triassic</dd>
-<dd class="t2">30 million</dd>
-<dd class="t3">cycad-like plants</dd>
-<dd class="t3">Equisetum</dd>
-<dd>PALEOZOIC &ldquo;Ancient Life&rdquo;</dd>
-<dd class="t">Permian</dd>
-<dd class="t2">25 million</dd>
-<dd class="t3">transition conifers</dd>
-<dd class="t3">pines, spruces, firs, etc.</dd>
-<dd class="t3">Equisetites</dd>
-<dd class="t">Pennsylvanian</dd>
-<dd class="t2">25 million</dd>
-<dd class="t3">ferns related to modern families</dd>
-<dd class="t3">bryophytes</dd>
-<dd class="t">Mississippian</dd>
-<dd class="t2">30 million</dd>
-<dd class="t3">seed ferns</dd>
-<dd class="t3">calamites</dd>
-<dd class="t3">cycads</dd>
-<dd class="t">Devonian</dd>
-<dd class="t2">55 million</dd>
-<dd class="t3">cordaites</dd>
-<dd class="t3">sphenophyllids</dd>
-<dd class="t3">ancient ferns</dd>
-<dd class="t">Silurian</dd>
-<dd class="t2">40 million</dd>
-<dd class="t3">psitopsids</dd>
-<dd class="t3">Foerstia</dd>
-<dd class="t">Ordovician</dd>
-<dd class="t2">80 million</dd>
-<dd class="t3">red algae</dd>
-<dd class="t3">green algae</dd>
-<dd class="t">Cambrian</dd>
-<dd class="t2">80 million</dd>
-<dd>PROTEROZOIC <i>and</i> ARCHAEOZOIC ERAS</dd>
-<dd class="t">4&frac12; billion years</dd>
-<dd class="t2">blue-green algae</dd>
-<dd class="t2">chemosynthetic bacteria?</dd>
-<dd class="t2">NO CERTAIN FOSSILS KNOWN</dd>
-<dt><i>Plants</i></dt>
-<dd>Algae</dd>
-<dd class="t">yellow-green algae</dd>
-<dd class="t">brown algae</dd>
-<dd class="t">red algae</dd>
-<dd class="t">green algae</dd>
-<dd class="t">blue-green algae</dd>
-<dd>Mosses</dd>
-<dd class="t">bryophytes</dd>
-<dd class="t">Foerstia</dd>
-<dd>Vascular Plants</dd>
-<dd class="t">&ldquo;Whisk Ferns&rdquo;</dd>
-<dd class="t2">psitopsids</dd>
-<dd class="t">Club-mosses</dd>
-<dd class="t2">scale and seal trees</dd>
-<dd class="t2">quillworts</dd>
-<dd class="t2">herbaceous lycopods</dd>
-<dd class="t">Scouring Rushes, Horsetails</dd>
-<dd class="t2">Equisetites</dd>
-<dd class="t2">Equisetum</dd>
-<dd class="t2">calamites</dd>
-<dd class="t2">selaginellids</dd>
-<dd class="t">Ferns and Seed Plants</dd>
-<dd class="t2">Ferns</dd>
-<dd class="t3">ancient ferns</dd>
-<dd class="t3">ferns related to modern families</dd>
-<dd class="t2">Gymnosperms</dd>
-<dd class="t3">Cycads</dd>
-<dd class="t4">seed ferns</dd>
-<dd class="t4">cycads</dd>
-<dd class="t4">cycad-like plants</dd>
-<dd class="t3">Ginkgo</dd>
-<dd class="t3">Conifers</dd>
-<dd class="t4">cordaites</dd>
-<dd class="t4">transition conifers</dd>
-<dd class="t4">pines, spruces, firs, etc.</dd>
-<dd class="t2">Flowering Plants</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div>
-<h1 title=""><span class="smallest"><i>Field Book</i>
-<br /><span class="ss">PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS</span></span></h1>
-<p class="center"><span class="ss">Charles Collinson and Romayne Skartvedt</span></p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p04.jpg" id="ncfig4" alt="Illuminated P" width="126" height="200" />
-</div>
-<p>Plants that flourished 200 million years ago
-have made Illinois one of the best known fossil
-collecting sites in the world. The unusual abundance
-and preservation of these fossils in the
-northern part of the state have brought collectors
-to Illinois from many countries, and prized specimens
-from that area may be seen in science museums throughout
-the world.</p>
-<p>The remarkable fossils represent plants that lived
-during the geologic period called the Pennsylvanian or
-Coal Age and are the result of special geologic conditions
-that occurred repeatedly during the period.</p>
-<p>At the beginning of the Pennsylvanian Period, Illinois
-was part of a vast lowland that stretched for hundreds of
-miles to the north, south, and west, and was bordered on
-the east by highlands. At times much of the plain was
-swampy and, because the climate was relatively warm
-and moist, great jungles of fast growing trees, shrubs,
-and vines covered the landscape. As successive generations
-of plants lived and died, plant material fell into the
-swamp waters and, protected there from decay, accumulated.</p>
-<p>Frequently during the period, seas spread over the
-swampy lowlands, submerging the forests and covering
-<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span>
-them with mud. Each submergence lasted only a short
-time, geologically speaking. When the seas withdrew,
-the deposits of sand and mud left behind were cut by
-streams that carried fresh sand and mud from the eastern
-highlands. The streams eventually became clogged with
-sediments and when the lowland was again depressed
-swamp conditions returned and forests grew afresh. Such
-a cycle of deposition was repeated again and again during
-Pennsylvanian time, and after burial each layer of plant
-material gradually lost most of its liquids and gases and
-was slowly converted into one of the numerous coal beds
-presently found in Illinois.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig2">
-<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="604" />
-<p class="pcap">Reconstruction of Pennsylvanian Coal-forming Swamp</p>
-</div>
-<p>In some places in the state conditions existed that
-were especially favorable for preservation of plants, and
-there delicately preserved fossils are found in great numbers.
-In the most favorable areas, such as in northern
-Illinois, the plants are preserved in stony nodules called
-concretions, but they also may be found separately as
-molds, casts, or petrifactions.</p>
-<p>Molds (concave surfaces) and casts (convex surfaces)
-are fossilization phenomena in which the actual
-plant, embedded in the surrounding background rock, was
-dissolved, leaving a hollow space (mold) that subsequently
-<span class="pb" id="Page_9">9</span>
-filled with other material. A cast was thus formed
-that preserved the plant&rsquo;s external features.</p>
-<p>Most petrifactions are fossils in which silica, carbonate,
-or other material permeated or replaced the internal
-structures of the plant and preserved them so well
-that in most specimens the finest cellular details can be
-observed. Compressions, another kind of petrifaction,
-are the pressed carbonized remains of the plant itself.</p>
-<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">PENNSYLVANIAN FLORA</span></h2>
-<div class="img" id="fig3">
-<img src="images/p05a.jpg" alt="" width="284" height="400" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Aphthoroblattina</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig4">
-<img src="images/p05b.jpg" alt="" width="275" height="400" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Teneopteron</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The far-reaching Pennsylvanian swamplands had abundant
-species of trees and other plants that long since
-have become extinct. Today&rsquo;s
-common deciduous trees were
-not present; flowering plants
-had not yet evolved. Instead,
-the tangled forests were dominated
-by giant ancestors of
-presently existing club-mosses,
-horsetails, ferns, conifers, and
-cycads. The undergrowth also
-was well developed, consisting
-mainly of ferns, fernlike plants,
-<i>Sphenophyllum</i>, and small club-mosses.
-The plant fossils give no indication of seasonal
-variations. The forests,
-evidently always green, grew rapidly
-and abundantly, with foliage
-of unprecedented size and luxuriance.
-Land animals were just
-beginning to develop and included
-sluggish, salamander-like amphibians,
-large primitive insects,
-and a few small reptiles. The insects
-flourished as never before
-or since in the damp forests and
-attained remarkable size. Insects
-<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span>
-more than four inches long were common and some are
-known to have been more than a foot long with a wingspread
-proportionately broad. Ancestors of the modern
-spiders, scorpions, centipedes (one fossil found in Illinois
-was twelve inches long), cockroaches, and dragonflies
-are represented by several hundred species.</p>
-<p>The fossilized plants of Pennsylvanian time belonged
-to only a few main categories: scale and seal trees, ancient
-scouring rushes (horsetails), herbaceous <i>Sphenophyllum</i>,
-ferns, seed ferns, and cordaitean trees.</p>
-<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">SCALE AND SEAL TREES</span>
-<br />(<a href="#fig15">Plate 1</a>)</h2>
-<p>Scale and seal trees
-were abundant during the
-Pennsylvanian Period and
-were important contributors
-to coal beds. Although distantly
-related to the diminutive
-club-mosses and ground
-pines of the present, the
-trees grew on straight, slender
-trunks to heights of more
-than a hundred feet.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig5">
-<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="538" height="800" />
-<p class="pcap">Reconstruction of <i>Lepidodendron</i>
-<br />(after Hirmer)</p>
-</div>
-<p>Scale trees were so
-called because their numerous,
-closely set, spirally
-arranged leaves left scarred
-&ldquo;cushions&rdquo; on the branches
-and trunk, making them appear
-scaly. Seal trees derived
-their name from the
-signetlike appearance of
-their leaf cushions. The two
-best known types belong to the genera <i>Lepidodendron</i>
-(scale tree) and <i>Sigillaria</i> (seal tree), and fossils of both
-are common in Illinois.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div>
-<p><i>Lepidodendron</i> had long, slender, somewhat tapering
-trunks. Some of the trees reached heights of more than
-100 feet and measured more than two feet in basal diameter.
-The trunk ended in a spreading crown formed by repeated
-dichotomous branching. The leaves were awl-shaped
-or linear, ranging from one to 30 inches long.</p>
-<p>The leaf cushions of <i>Lepidodendron</i> are diamond-shaped,
-longer than broad, and arranged in spiral rows
-around the trunk and branches. A different name, <i>Lepidophyllum</i>,
-is used for fossils of the long, bladelike
-leaf when it is found detached.</p>
-<p>Spores were borne in
-long cylindrical cones at the
-tips of the branches. Those
-cones referred, or assigned,
-to the genus <i>Lepidostrobus</i>
-bore both small spores (microspores)
-and large spores
-(megaspores) in the same
-cones. Those in which only
-a large single spore, a
-somewhat seedlike structure,
-was developed in a
-spore sac (sporangium) are
-referred to the genus <i>Lepidocarpon</i>.</p>
-<p>The rather commonly
-found genus <i>Stigmaria</i> comprises
-so-called &ldquo;appendages&rdquo;
-which, although stemlike
-in structure, apparently
-served as roots for the
-scale and seal trees. These
-appendages are identified by irregular spirals of circular
-scars (pits) that mark the attachment points of former
-rootlets.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig6">
-<img src="images/p06a.jpg" alt="" width="524" height="799" />
-<p class="pcap">Reconstruction of <i>Sigillaria</i>
-<br />(after Hirmer)</p>
-</div>
-<p><i>Sigillaria</i>, although less common than <i>Lepidodendron</i>,
-was widely distributed during the Pennsylvanian Period.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_12">12</span>
-It differed in growth habit from <i>Lepidodendron</i> in that it
-generally had fewer branches and not uncommonly was
-unbranched. Some species also possessed a thicker
-trunk, with hexagonal to elongate leaf cushions separated
-by vertical ribs. The trunk was crowned, in the manner
-of the modern palm tree, by a cluster of large, grasslike
-leaves.</p>
-<p>The detached leaves of <i>Sigillaria</i>,
-extremely difficult to distinguish
-from <i>Lepidophyllum</i> (leaves
-of <i>Lepidodendron</i>), are referred to
-the genus <i>Sigillariophyllum</i> if preserved
-as compressions and to
-<i>Sigillariopsis</i> if preserved as petrifactions.
-Unbranched <i>Sigillaria</i>
-trunks have been found that are
-more than 100 feet long and six feet
-in diameter near the base, but the
-average height probably was closer
-to 50 feet.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig7">
-<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="368" height="801" />
-<p class="pcap">Reconstruction of <i>Calamites</i>
-<br />(After Hirmer)</p>
-</div>
-<p>Not all Pennsylvanian trees
-were large, however. Small forms
-are known, including the important
-undergrowth genera <i>Lycopodites</i> and
-<i>Selaginellites</i>. In woody types the
-trunk consisted of an inner region
-of conducting and supporting tissues,
-surrounding concentric cortical
-layers, and an outer layer of
-corklike bark. Although the fossil
-impressions of the various bark layers have been given
-separate generic names, these are not commonly used.</p>
-<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">SCOURING RUSHES</span>
-<br />(<a href="#fig16">Plate 2</a>)</h2>
-<p>Although related to the small, inconspicuous horsetails
-of today, the ancient scouring rushes of the Pennsylvanian
-<span class="pb" id="Page_13">13</span>
-Period grew to the size of trees and were among
-the most widely distributed plant groups.</p>
-<p>Some of these plants attained heights of 40 feet or
-more, but the average was closer to 20 feet. The trunks
-were jointed and bore a whorl of branches at the joints
-(nodes). Their small leaves also grew in whorls at nodes
-along the smaller branches. Internodal regions were
-ribbed in the same manner as present day horsetails.
-Fossils of the trunks are assigned to the genus <i>Calamites</i>
-and quite commonly are preserved in sandstone and shale.</p>
-<p>The leaf whorls are placed in the genus <i>Annularia</i>.
-One form commonly found in Illinois has long, pointed,
-needlelike leaves and is given the name <i>Asterophyllites</i>.
-<i>Calamostachys</i>, shown on <a href="#fig19">plate 5</a>, is one of the most
-common calamite cones.</p>
-<h2 id="c6"><span class="small">SPHENOPHYLLUM</span>
-<br />(<a href="#fig16">Plate 2</a>)</h2>
-<p>The name <i>Sphenophyllum</i> refers to both stems and
-leaves of this extinct genus, which was related to the
-scouring rushes&mdash;note its resemblance to <i>Annularia</i>.</p>
-<p>A small herbaceous plant, <i>Sphenophyllum</i> formed
-much of the swampy undergrowth of the Pennsylvanian
-Period and is abundant among Illinois fossils. It had a
-slender, ribbed stem bearing whorls of delicate, wedge-shaped
-leaves, generally less than three-fourths of an
-inch long, attached around the stem in multiples of three.</p>
-<p>The cones of this group also are slender, delicate
-structures, bearing a number of sporangia, and are correctly
-called <i>Bowmanites</i>, although they also have been
-called <i>Sphenophyllostachys</i>. These fossil cones frequently
-are found in Illinois.</p>
-<p><i>Sphenophyllum</i> first appeared during the Devonian
-Period, some 300 million years ago, but did not become
-abundant until Pennsylvanian time. The genus continued
-through the Permian but died out in Triassic time.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div>
-<h2 id="c7"><span class="small">FERNS</span>
-<br />(Plates <a href="#fig15">1</a> and <a href="#fig17">3</a>)</h2>
-<p>True ferns, like those living in today&rsquo;s
-woodlands, were common in the
-Pennsylvanian forests. Some species
-attained heights of 30 to 40 feet. Their
-fronds (compound leaves divided into
-segments or leaflets) commonly were
-five to six feet long.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig8">
-<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="361" height="400" />
-<p class="pcap">Portion of fern
-frond showing
-sori on lower
-side of leaflets</p>
-</div>
-<p>True ferns do not produce cones or
-seeds, but spores, which develop in
-cases called sporangia. The sporangia
-frond showing are attached in clusters (sori) to the
-lower side or margins of the leaves.
-In modern ferns the sporangia may also
-occur on fertile spikes.</p>
-<p>The shape and position of the sori are used to identify
-modern ferns, but because leaves that bear sori
-(&ldquo;fertile&rdquo; leaves) are rare
-among fossil specimens, the
-number, shape, and attachment
-of the leaflets and the
-pattern of the veins are more
-commonly used for identification.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig9">
-<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="" width="504" height="800" />
-<p class="pcap">Reconstruction of <i>Megaphyton</i>
-<br />(after Hirmer)</p>
-</div>
-<p>Because fossils of complete
-fern plants have not yet been found,
-separate names have been adopted
-for detached leaves, stems, and
-other parts. For example, the fossil
-stems of some Pennsylvanian ferns
-found in Illinois have been referred
-to two genera, <i>Megaphyton</i>, whose
-leaf attachment scars are arranged
-in two vertical rows, one on either
-side of the stem, and <i>Caulopteris</i>,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_15">15</span>
-whose leaf scars are arranged in a steep spiral that becomes
-progressively flatter upward until near the top they
-appear to be whorled. When the stem is a petrifaction,
-with internal structures preserved, it is called <i>Psaronius</i>.
-The fronds are referred to a number of genera, but those
-most commonly found in Illinois are <i>Pecopteris</i>, <i>Asterotheca</i>,
-and <i>Ptychocarpus</i>.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig10">
-<img src="images/p08d.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="191" />
-<p class="pcap">Venation of seed fern leaflets</p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt><i>Pecopteris</i></dt>
-<dt><i>Asterotheca</i></dt>
-<dt><i>Ptychocarpus</i></dt></dl>
-<h2 id="c8"><span class="small">SEED FERNS</span>
-<br />(<a href="#fig18">Plate 4</a>)</h2>
-<p>Seed ferns resembled
-true ferns in general,
-but they produced
-seeds, borne on modified
-leaves. Where
-spore sacs and seeds
-are absent, the leaves
-of seed ferns are difficult
-to distinguish
-from those of spore
-ferns, although individual
-seed fern leaflets,
-called pinnae,
-are somewhat larger.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig11">
-<img src="images/p08e.jpg" alt="" width="572" height="799" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Medullosa</i>
-Reconstruction and original
-drawing by Wilson N. Stewart</p>
-</div>
-<p>Seed ferns included
-vinelike plants in
-the undergrowth and
-trees such as <i>Medullosa</i>.
-Some tree genera
-were very tall,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_16">16</span>
-with trunks more than two feet in diameter. Unlike the
-true ferns, still living today, seed ferns declined steadily
-after the close of the Pennsylvanian Period and finally
-became extinct during Jurassic time. During Pennsylvanian
-time, however, they were much more numerous
-and varied than true ferns.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig12">
-<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="287" />
-<p class="pcap">Venation of seed fern leaflets</p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt><i>Alethopteris</i></dt>
-<dt><i>Odontopteris</i></dt>
-<dt><i>Mariopteris</i></dt>
-<dt><i>Neuropteris</i></dt>
-<dt><i>Linopteris</i></dt></dl>
-<p>Most of the common seed ferns found as fossils in
-Illinois can be referred to the following leaf genera:
-<i>Alethopteris</i>, <i>Neuropteris</i>, <i>Odontopteris</i>, <i>Linopteris</i>,
-<i>Mariopteris</i> (which may be
-a true fern), <i>Cyclopteris</i>,
-and <i>Spiropteris</i>. <i>Cyclopteris</i>
-includes circular leaves
-that occurred at the base of
-leaves referable to <i>Neuropteris</i>.
-<i>Spiropteris</i> includes
-young leaves that had not
-yet uncoiled and may belong
-to either true ferns or seed
-ferns.</p>
-<h2 id="c9"><span class="small">CORDAITES</span>
-<br />(Plates <a href="#fig15">1</a> and <a href="#fig16">2</a>)</h2>
-<div class="img" id="fig13">
-<img src="images/p09a.jpg" alt="" width="501" height="801" />
-<p class="pcap">Reconstruction of <i>Cordaites</i>
-<br />(after Hirmer)</p>
-</div>
-<p>Cordaitean trees, forerunners
-of modern conifers
-such as pine and spruce,
-were important during the
-<span class="pb" id="Page_17">17</span>
-Pennsylvanian Period for they were distributed throughout
-the world. These trees, among the tallest plants of the
-time, sometimes grew more than 100 feet high.</p>
-<p>The cordaitean trunk was unbranched for three-fourths
-of the height of the tree and was topped by dense branches
-bearing large, simple, straplike leaves spirally arranged.
-The leaves had closely set parallel veins and measured
-from half an inch to three feet or more long.</p>
-<p>Internally, the structure of the trunks was similar to
-that of modern pine trunks. Casts of the pith are referred
-to the genus <i>Artisia</i>. The seeds were borne in clusters
-on branches in leaf axils.</p>
-<p>The <i>Cordaites</i> were major contributors to some coal
-beds.</p>
-<h2 id="c10"><span class="small">FRUITING BODIES</span>
-<br />(<a href="#fig19">Plate 5</a>)</h2>
-<p>Fossils representing many kinds of plant reproductive
-structures are found in Pennsylvanian rocks, but unfortunately
-most of them are not attached to any identifiable
-part of the parent plant and they cannot be assigned
-definitely to a particular plant. Such fossils are referred
-to genera and species solely on the basis of their own
-characteristics, although, as in other fossil classifications,
-such &ldquo;form genera&rdquo; are presumed to be parts of,
-or related to, the plants with which they are found in
-habitual association.</p>
-<p>A few such fossils, fairly common in Illinois, are
-illustrated on <a href="#fig19">plate 5</a> to show their general shape and
-size. When attached to an identifiable leaf or leaflet,
-the seed is referred to as the seed of that leaf genus.</p>
-<p>For example, <i>Holcospermum</i>, a radially symmetrical
-seed with ribs and grooves, <i>Codonotheca</i>, a stalked,
-spore-bearing, lobed &ldquo;cup,&rdquo; and <i>Neuropterocarpus</i>, a
-flask-shaped seed with longitudinal ribs and grooves,
-all have been associated with <i>Neuropteris</i>, a leaf genus.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig14">
-<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="621" />
-<p class="pcap">Mazon Creek Strip Mine Area Showing Distribution of Spoil Heaps.
-The small circular areas represent waste from underground mines.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div>
-<p><i>Trigonocarpus</i>, commonly found as a cast of the internal
-part of a seed, is a trimerously symmetrical body
-frequently associated with <i>Alethopteris</i>. <i>Pachytesta</i> includes
-preserved structures and outer layers of a seed.
-<i>Carpolithes</i> is a catch-all &ldquo;genus&rdquo; functioning as a general
-term for seeds and seedlike forms whose plant group
-affinities cannot be determined.</p>
-<h2 id="c11"><span class="small">COLLECTING AREAS FOR PENNSYLVANIAN PLANTS</span>
-<br />Northern Illinois</h2>
-<p>Plant fossils can be found in almost any northern Illinois
-area where Pennsylvanian rocks are exposed (see
-<a href="#Page_37">back cover</a>), but in some places they are much better
-preserved and more numerous than in others. Most of the
-well known collecting areas and a few of the lesser known
-ones are discussed below. Even though some of the localities
-were discovered many years ago, they may indicate
-areas that are still favorable for collecting.</p>
-<h3 id="c12">Mazon Creek Area</h3>
-<p>Of all the fossils that have been found in Illinois,
-the most famous are the plant remains from the world-renowned
-Mazon Creek area in the northeastern part of
-the state. In this area in Grundy and Will Counties,
-plant fossils are found in ironstone concretions in the
-lower part of the Francis Creek Shale directly overlying
-the Colchester (No. 2) Coal.</p>
-<p>Fossils were discovered in outcrops along Mazon
-Creek more than a century ago and collections later were
-made from scores of conical spoil heaps at underground
-mines. After coal stripping began in the 1920&rsquo;s, great
-numbers of specimens were collected.</p>
-<p>In the stripping operations, the concretion-bearing
-beds are commonly the last to be placed on the spoil
-heap. Weathering softens and removes the shales and
-leaves the nodules concentrated on the surface.
-Each season brings a new crop of concretions to
-the surface.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig15">
-<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="1199" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Plate 1</i></p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt><i>Calamites</i> &#8531;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Stigmaria</i> &#8534;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Lepidodendron</i> &#8534;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Calamites</i> &sup1;/&#8321;&#8320;&times;</dt>
-<dt>Fern Stem &#8532;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Caulopteris</i> &frac14;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Sigillaria</i> &#8534;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Megaphyton</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Calamites</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Artisia</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Sigillaria</i> sub-bark &#8535;&times;</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p11a.jpg" id="ncfig5" alt="uncaptioned" width="94" height="250" />
-</div>
-<p>The concretions generally are oval to elongate
-and range from less than an inch to a foot or
-more in maximum dimension. Only about one nodule in
-ten contains plant remains.</p>
-<p>Approximately 25 to 30 species have been found in
-this region. The productivity of the area was shown by
-George Langford, Sr., a well known midwestern fossil
-collector. He and his son split about 250 thousand concretions
-during a 140-day period and obtained some 25
-thousand plant specimens. Fine specimens still can be
-collected in a few hours.</p>
-<p>The plant collecting localities in Will and Grundy
-Counties along Mazon Creek, four to six miles southeast
-of the town of Morris, were the first to be well known.
-Ferns are especially abundant. Fossils of insects, crustaceans,
-worms, and salamanders also have been found.
-Collecting conditions vary considerably from season to
-season, and fossils are not as easily obtained there as
-from the strip-mine spoil heaps.</p>
-<p>Fossiliferous concretions may be found in a number
-of the strip mines in the area, although probably most
-have come from the Northern Illinois Coal Corporation
-mine between the towns of Braidwood and Wilmington.</p>
-<p>In earlier years good collections were made from the
-spoil heaps of underground mines. Especially notable
-are the mine dumps of the Wilmington Star No. 7 mine,
-2&frac14; miles west of Coal City, and Skinner No. 2 mine,
-two miles northeast of Braidwood.</p>
-<p>In the vicinity of Morris on the northwest
-edge of the Mazon Creek area, fossil ferns have
-been found along the north side of the Illinois
-River and in the banks of the Illinois-Michigan
-Canal. About a mile north in an area of strip
-mining, fossil-bearing concretions have been
-found in shale and irregular sandstone layers.</p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p11c.jpg" id="ncfig6" alt="uncaptioned" width="166" height="351" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig16">
-<img src="images/p12.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="1216" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Plate 2</i></p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt><i>Sphenophyllum</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Lepidostrobophyllum</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Annularia</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Sphenophyllum</i> 1&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Lycopodites</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Cordaites</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Asterophyllites</i> &#8531;&times;</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div>
-<p>Fossils in concretions also have been collected from
-a shaly limestone at the south end of the Kankakee River
-bridge along the Grundy and Will county line.</p>
-<h3 id="c13">Bureau County</h3>
-<p>Some 40 miles downstream from Morris on the Illinois
-River, plant fossils have been discovered in waste
-from the Spring Valley Coal Co. mine 1. They also are
-found in black shale below the LaSalle Limestone in a
-small gully in the southwest part of town, but at neither
-place are they plentiful.</p>
-<h3 id="c14">Knox County</h3>
-<p>A notable number and variety of well preserved
-plant fossils have been produced from
-a locality along Court Creek in East Galesburg.
-The Rock Island (No. 1) Coal is mined in the
-area and the fossils appear to have come from
-the shale overlying it.</p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p12a.jpg" id="ncfig7" alt="uncaptioned" width="163" height="400" />
-</div>
-<p>Fossil plants also have been found in
-shales above the Colchester (No. 2) Coal in the vicinity
-of DeLong and with the Herrin (No. 6) Coal in mines
-southeast of Victoria.</p>
-<h3 id="c15">Mercer and Warren Counties</h3>
-<p>In northern Warren and southern Mercer Counties the
-sandstone underlying the Rock Island (No. 1) Coal is
-termed the &ldquo;Stigmarian&rdquo; sandstone because of numerous
-siliceous casts found in the bed. Many of the fossils
-have been collected from an old mine dump and from ravines
-along the Edwards River northeast of Aledo.</p>
-<p>A number of representatives of <i>Sphenophyllum</i>, <i>Neuropteris</i>,
-and <i>Annularia</i> have been collected from ironstone
-concretions occurring in shale that overlies the
-Colchester (No. 2) Coal about three miles southwest of
-Alexis. They were found in a gully about a third of a
-mile southeast of Center School.</p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p12c.jpg" id="ncfig8" alt="uncaptioned" width="303" height="300" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig17">
-<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="1208" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Plate 3</i></p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt><i>Pecopteris</i> 1&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Ptychocarpus</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Pecopteris</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Mariopteris</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Asterotheca</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Spiropteris</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Pecopteris</i> &#8535;&times;</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div>
-<p>In the same general area but about three miles due
-south of Alexis, fossil plants also may be found in the
-clay pits of the Hydraulic-Press Brick Company and the
-Northwestern Clay Manufacturing Company.</p>
-<h3 id="c16">Fulton County</h3>
-<p>Although there are numerous isolated
-occurrences of plant fossils throughout the
-extensive strip mines and outcrops in Fulton
-County, no exceptionally good collecting localities
-have been discovered.</p>
-<p>Fern and cordaitean leaves have been collected
-along Mill Creek about a mile northeast
-of Pleasantview where the fossils occur in the
-shale overlying the Babylon Coal. In the same general
-area, impressions and casts of <i>Stigmaria</i>, <i>Lepidodendron</i>,
-and <i>Cordaites</i> have been found in the Babylon Sandstone.</p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p13a.jpg" id="ncfig9" alt="uncaptioned" width="251" height="401" />
-</div>
-<p>Three miles north of Pleasantview, a quarter of a
-mile northwest of Union School, several species of leaves
-have been collected from the Browning Sandstone where
-it is exposed in a roadcut.</p>
-<p>Farther east, there is a fairly good locality in the
-stream bluff of Kerton Creek about 3&frac14; miles north and
-a quarter of a mile west of Bluff City. There the plants
-are found about 18 feet below a coal bed.</p>
-<p>Numerous fern impressions also are found in shale
-beds above the Herrin (No. 6) Coal along the Middle
-Branch of Copperas Creek, six miles west of Glasford.
-Other specimens may be found in these beds elsewhere
-in the area.</p>
-<h3 id="c17">McDonough County</h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p13c.jpg" id="ncfig10" alt="uncaptioned" width="267" height="401" />
-</div>
-<p>In some of the small underground
-mines near Colchester, the shale overlying
-the Colchester (No. 2) Coal contains
-ironstone concretions similar to
-those from northeastern Illinois. More than 50 species
-of plant fossils have been reported, but they were collected
-many years ago from spoil heaps at the mines.
-Beds of the same age crop out widely in other localities
-in western Illinois and may contain plant fossils.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig18">
-<img src="images/p14.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="1204" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Plate 4</i></p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt><i>Sphenopteris</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Linopteris</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Neuropteris</i> &frac12;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Odontopteris</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Cycopteris</i> &frac12;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Alethopteris</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Alethopteris</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Odontopteris</i> &frac12;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Alethopteris</i> &#8535;&times;</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div>
-<h3 id="c18">Vermilion County</h3>
-<p>In outcrops about three miles below Georgetown on
-the Little Vermilion River, a number of fossil plant species
-and one insect species have been collected from
-shales overlying the Herrin (No. 6) Coal, locally called
-the Grape Creek Coal. The fossils occur in concretions
-much like those from Mazon Creek.</p>
-<p>An occasional stem replacement or impression is
-found in the concretionary shale above the No. 7 Coal
-in the strip mine area west of Hillery. In fact, isolated
-fragmentary plant specimens are fairly common in the
-Danville mining area, but no especially productive localities
-have come to light.</p>
-<h3 id="c19">Other Northern Illinois Localities</h3>
-<p>In addition to the counties listed above, a number of
-others have produced plant fossils. For example, there
-are records of plant fossils found southeast of Franklin
-in Morgan County, at Neelys in Peoria County, and at a
-number of places in the southern and western parts of
-Rock Island County. Local exploration is certain to turn
-up numerous other collecting places at present unknown.</p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p14a.jpg" id="ncfig11" alt="uncaptioned" width="280" height="399" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig19">
-<img src="images/p15.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="1216" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Plate 5</i></p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt><i>Codonotheca</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Calamostachys</i> 1&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Pachytesta</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Codonospermum</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Cordaicorpus</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Samaropsis</i> &frac12;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Whittleseya</i> 1&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Trigonocorpus</i> &frac14;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Holcospermum</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Neuropterocarpus</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Lepidostrobus</i> &#8535;&times;</dt>
-<dt><i>Carpolithes</i> &#8535;&times;</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div>
-<h2 id="c20"><span class="small">Southern Illinois</span></h2>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p15a.jpg" id="ncfig12" alt="uncaptioned" width="245" height="300" />
-</div>
-<h3 id="c21">Lawrence County</h3>
-<p>Near the Lawrence-Richland county line,
-not far from the towns of Berryville and Calhoun,
-there is an area rich in the fossil petrifactions
-called &ldquo;coal balls&rdquo; in which cellular structures of stems
-and roots generally are well preserved.</p>
-<h3 id="c22">Saline, Pope, and Johnson Counties</h3>
-<p>Saline County has more recorded plant fossil localities
-than any other southern Illinois county. Fossil
-plant collecting localities are isolated but numerous in
-the area southwest of Harrisburg. Mine dumps, such as
-in the area five or six miles northwest of Eddyville, and
-many outcrops are available throughout the region. The
-fossils probably are associated with the Murphysboro,
-Delwood, Willis, Reynoldsburg, and Battery Rock Coals.</p>
-<p>One especially good collecting area is on the south
-tributary of the East Branch Cedar Creek about 6&frac12; miles
-south of Stonefort. The fossils are found in six feet of
-shale overlying the Battery Rock Coal horizon.</p>
-<h3 id="c23">Perry and Jackson Counties</h3>
-<p>Near DuQuoin and Murphysboro, a variety of well
-preserved plant fossils has been collected from shales
-overlying both the Herrin (No. 6) Coal and the Murphysboro
-Coal. Nearly all have come from shaft mines that
-are not easily accessible to the collector.</p>
-<p>One currently good outcrop locality for collecting
-plant fossils from the shale above the Murphysboro Coal
-is just southeast of Murphysboro.</p>
-<h3 id="c24">Other Southern Illinois Localities</h3>
-<p>Other collecting localities have been recorded west
-of McLeansboro in Hamilton County, northwest of Mt.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_30">30</span>
-Vernon in Jefferson County, near Grayville in White County,
-and in the Friendsville area of Wabash County. There
-is no doubt that careful search will turn up many more.</p>
-<p>Almost anywhere in the large coal producing areas of
-southern Illinois plant fossils can be found either in spoil
-heaps or in outcrops along stream, road, and railroad
-cuts. The thick Pennsylvanian sandstones that crop out
-in a belt extending through Gallatin, Saline, Williamson,
-and Jackson Counties generally contain compressions or
-replacements of trunks or other woody plant parts.</p>
-<h2 id="c25"><span class="small">SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLECTING PENNSYLVANIAN PLANTS</span></h2>
-<h3 id="c26">Where to Look for Plant Fossils</h3>
-<p>Pennsylvanian plants are most commonly found in
-shales directly overlying coal beds. The shales are believed
-to be of nonmarine origin like the coals and may
-contain fossils either in ironstone concretions or on the
-bedding planes. The shale layers as well as the concretions
-should be examined. Where the bed directly
-overlying the coal consists of black slaty shale or limestone
-containing marine fossils, plant remains are rarely
-abundant or well preserved.</p>
-<p>Beneath the coals there generally is an underclay
-that is interpreted as the material in which the coal forest
-grew. The underclay is in turn underlain by a sandstone,
-and both are believed to be mostly nonmarine.
-Stigmarian axes and &ldquo;roots&rdquo; are common in many of the
-underclays. Plant fossils are common in the sandstone
-but generally are poorly preserved, except in the local
-shaly lenses.</p>
-<p>The best place to look for plant fossils in northern
-Illinois, except for the strip mines of the Mazon Creek
-area, is probably in the spoil heaps from shaft mines.
-The Colchester (No. 2) Coal has been extensively mined
-<span class="pb" id="Page_31">31</span>
-by the longwall method. This technique causes the mine
-roof to settle when the coal is removed, and the haulage
-ways are kept open by removing the roof shale. Inasmuch
-as the roof shale is the Francis Creek Formation of the
-Mazon Creek area, it may contain abundant plant-bearing
-concretions. The shale is not everywhere fossiliferous,
-however, and in many spoil heaps fossils are rare.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig20">
-<img src="images/p16.jpg" alt="" width="700" height="244" />
-<p class="pcap">Tools for Collecting</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c27">Collecting Equipment</h3>
-<p>The collector of plant fossils should have the following
-tools and equipment:</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">&#9312; Hammer&mdash;a bricklayer&rsquo;s hammer will work well.</p>
-<p class="t0">&#9313; One or two chisels, preferably one large and one small.</p>
-<p class="t0">&#9314; Knapsack or basket in which to carry specimens.</p>
-<p class="t0">&#9315; Newspapers and a roll of tissue paper for protecting fragile specimens.</p>
-<p class="t0">&#9316; Pencil and paper for labeling specimens and making notes about the collecting locality from which the fossils came. Much of the value of a particular fossil lies in knowing precisely where it was found and the layer of rock it came from.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div>
-<h3 id="c28">Rules of Courtesy</h3>
-<p>When entering a collecting area every collector
-should observe several rules carefully:</p>
-<p>&#9312; For your own protection get permission to enter
-and collect on any private property. Such action also
-will help to assure your welcome if you wish to come
-back again.</p>
-<p>&#9313; Leave the gates exactly as you find them, open
-or closed. Do not climb fences that may break or sag
-under your weight; crawl under or go around.</p>
-<p>&#9314; Don&rsquo;t litter, even though far from any house or
-other buildings. Do not disturb the owner&rsquo;s equipment,
-stock, or planted areas.</p>
-<h3 id="c29">Handling Specimens</h3>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p17.jpg" id="ncfig13" alt="uncaptioned" width="500" height="578" />
-</div>
-<p>The most successful way to
-split an ironstone concretion is to
-set it on edge, long axis horizontal,
-on any fairly large rock and
-strike the upper edge with the hammer.
-If the concretion is one that
-developed around a fossil nucleus,
-it generally will split along the
-plane of weakness, revealing the
-fossil. Sometimes one side of the
-concretion will break off in the
-middle, in which case the remainder
-should be tapped firmly but gently
-on the upper edge until the fossil
-is completely uncovered. Pieces of the broken half should
-be glued together neatly with waterproof cement so that
-the entire specimen can be retained.</p>
-<p>Fossils embedded in shale may be recovered by the
-same method or by repeatedly tapping a chisel inserted
-<span class="pb" id="Page_33">33</span>
-along the bedding plane. If the fossil is exposed, the
-matrix can be chiseled away by slow, painstaking effort.</p>
-<p>The usual method
-of wrapping plant-bearing
-nodules is to
-place the end of a
-sheet of newspaper
-between the two
-halves of the nodule,
-fold the paper over
-the nodule, and roll
-it up in the sheet.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig21">
-<img src="images/p17a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="239" />
-<p class="pcap">How to Wrap a Fossiliferous Concretion</p>
-</div>
-<p>When several localities
-are visited in one collecting trip, the fossils from
-each should be kept separate; cloth bags are convenient
-for this purpose. Notes about the locality should be put
-in the same bag as fossils from that locality so that there
-is no possibility of confusion.</p>
-<p>Some fossils are so fragile or porous that they should
-be covered with a hardening protective coat of crude gum
-arabic solution. (Refined gum arabic will not serve.)
-This may be applied with a fine brush in successive layers,
-or sturdier fossils may be dipped in it.</p>
-<p>When a fossil is so delicate that the surface tension
-of the gum arabic solution causes the fossil to &ldquo;spread,&rdquo;
-celluloid (not plastic) dissolved in acetone should be
-substituted. Before this solution is used, the specimen
-must be completely dry or the coating will become cloudy
-or opaque.</p>
-<p>If the specimen is pyritized, it should be sprayed
-with lacquer or shellac to prevent disintegration. If
-these protective sprays are used they must be applied to
-dry specimens during dry weather or the coating will remain
-sticky.</p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p17c.jpg" id="ncfig14" alt="uncaptioned" width="245" height="300" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div>
-<h2 id="c30"><span class="small">REFERENCES</span></h2>
-<p>AN INTRODUCTION TO PALEOBOTANY.
-C. A. Arnold.
-McGraw-Hill Book Co., New
-York, 1947, 433 p.</p>
-<p>GRUNDY AND WILL COUNTIES.
-Frank H. Bradley. <span class="u">In</span>
-Worthen et al., Geology and
-Paleontology, Geological Survey
-of Illinois, vol. IV,
-1870, p. 190-225.</p>
-<p>PALMLIKE PLANTS FROM THE
-DOLORES FORMATION (TRIASSIC),
-SOUTHWESTERN
-COLORADO. Roland W.
-Brown. United States Geological
-Survey Professional
-Paper 274-H, 1956, p. 205-209.</p>
-<p>CARBONIFEROUS INSECTS
-FROM THE VICINITY OF
-MAZON CREEK, ILLINOIS. F.
-M. Carpenter. Illinois State
-Museum Scientific Paper 3,
-pt. 1, 1943, p. 7-20.</p>
-<p>THE LIVING CYCADS. C. J.
-Chamberlain. University of
-Chicago Press, Chicago,
-1919, 172 p.</p>
-<p>GUIDE FOR BEGINNING FOSSIL
-HUNTERS. Charles Collinson.
-Illinois State Geological
-Survey Educational
-Series 4, 1956, 36 p. (Revised
-1959, 40 p.)</p>
-<p>HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. Carl
-O. Dunbar. John Wiley &amp;
-Sons, Inc., New York, 1949,
-576 p.</p>
-<p>COLLEGE BOTANY. Harry J.
-Fuller and Oswald Tippo.
-Henry Holt &amp; Co., New York,
-1954, 993 p.</p>
-<p>HANDBUCH DER PAL&Auml;OBOTANIK,
-BD. 1: <i>THALLOPHYTA,
-BRYOPHYTA, PTERIDOPHYTA</i>.
-Max Hirmer. R. Oldenbourg,
-Munich and Berlin, 1927,
-708 p.</p>
-<p>SOME FOSSIL PLANT TYPES
-OF ILLINOIS. Raymond E.
-Janssen. Illinois State Museum
-Scientific Paper 1,
-1940, 124 p.</p>
-<p>LEAVES AND STEMS OF FOSSIL
-FORESTS. Raymond E. Janssen.
-Illinois State Museum
-Popular Science Series; v. 1,
-1957, 190 p.</p>
-<p>THE MAZON CREEK EURYPTERID:
-A REVISION OF THE
-GENUS <i>LEPIDODERMA</i>. Erik
-N. Kjellesvig-Waering. Illinois
-State Museum Scientific
-Paper 3, no. 4, 1948, p. 3-46.</p>
-<p>PLANTS OF THE PAST. F. H.
-Knowlton. Princeton University
-Press, Princeton, N. J.,
-1927, 275 p.</p>
-<p>THE WILMINGTON COAL
-FLORA FROM A PENNSYLVANIAN
-DEPOSIT IN WILL
-COUNTY, ILLINOIS. George
-Langford. Esconi Associates,
-Downers Grove, Ill., 1958,
-360 p.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div>
-<p>THE MAZON CREEK, ILLINOIS,
-SHALES AND THEIR AMPHIBIAN
-FAUNA. R. L. Moodie.
-American Journal of Science,
-4th Series, v. 34, 1912, p.
-277-285.</p>
-<p>INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL
-GEOLOGY. Raymond C.
-Moore. McGraw-Hill Book
-Co., Inc., New York, 1958,
-656 p.</p>
-<p>PENNSYLVANIAN FLORA OF
-NORTHERN ILLINOIS. A. C.
-No&eacute;. Illinois State Geological
-Survey Bulletin 52, 1925,
-113 p.</p>
-<p>PENNSYLVANIAN INVERTEBRATES
-OF THE MAZON CREEK
-AREA, ILLINOIS. Eugene S.
-Richardson, Jr. Fieldiana:
-Geology, v. 12, 1956, p. 1-76.</p>
-<p>REPORT ON THE CARR AND
-DANIELS COLLECTIONS OF
-FOSSIL PLANTS FROM MAZON
-CREEK. Wilson N. Stewart.
-Illinois Academy of Science
-Transactions, v. 43, 1950,
-p. 41-45.</p>
-<p>A RECENTLY DISCOVERED
-<i>PHLEGETHONTIA</i> FROM ILLINOIS.
-W. D. Turnbull and
-Priscilla F. Turnbull. Fieldiana:
-Zoology, v. 37, 1955,
-p. 523-535.</p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p18.jpg" id="ncfig15" alt="uncaptioned" width="272" height="400" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div>
-<h2 id="c31"><span class="small">EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION PROGRAM</span></h2>
-<p>The Educational Extension Section of the Illinois State
-Geological Survey reaches the public through a number
-of channels, including nontechnical publications,
-rock and mineral collections for Illinois schools and
-educational groups, lectures, exhibits, correspondence
-involving identification of rocks and minerals,
-news items for the press, and field trips.</p>
-<p>During each year six field trips are given, in widely
-separated parts of the state, for teachers, students,
-and laymen. The general program is especially designed
-to assist in teaching geological sciences and
-to help make Illinois citizens aware of the state&rsquo;s
-great mineral wealth.</p>
-<p><span class="lr">Illinois State Geological Survey</span>
-<span class="lr">Urbana, Illinois</span></p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p20.jpg" id="ncfig16" alt="ILLINOIS, Land of Lincoln" width="800" height="142" />
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig22">
-<img src="images/p20a.jpg" alt="" width="454" height="799" />
-<p class="pcap"><span class="ssn">PENNSYLVANIAN OUTCROP AREA</span></p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>Morris</dt>
-<dt>Braidwood</dt>
-<dt>Peoria</dt>
-<dt>Colchester</dt>
-<dt>Danville</dt>
-<dt>Springfield</dt>
-<dt>Duquoin</dt>
-<dt>Murphysboro</dt>
-<dt>Harrisburg</dt>
-<dt>Marion</dt></dl>
-<p class="center"><i class="large">Illinois State Geological Survey
-<br />Educational Series 6</i></p>
-<h2 id="trnotes">Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li>
-<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
-<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li>
-</ul>
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIELD BOOK: PENNSYLVANIAN PLANT FOSSILS OF ILLINOIS ***</div>
-<div style='text-align:left'>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Updated editions will replace the previous one&#8212;the old editions will
-be renamed.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG&#8482;
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
-the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
-of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
-copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
-easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
-of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
-Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may
-do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
-by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
-license, especially commercial redistribution.
-</div>
-
-<div style='margin:0.83em 0; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE<br />
-<span style='font-size:smaller'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br />
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</span>
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-To protect the Project Gutenberg&#8482; mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase &#8220;Project
-Gutenberg&#8221;), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
-or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.B. &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (&#8220;the
-Foundation&#8221; or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg&#8482; mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg&#8482; work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country other than the United States.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg&#8482; work (any work
-on which the phrase &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; appears, or with which the
-phrase &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-</div>
-
-<blockquote>
-  <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-    at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
-    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
-  </div>
-</blockquote>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase &#8220;Project
-Gutenberg&#8221; associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg&#8482; License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg&#8482;.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; License.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg&#8482; work in a format
-other than &#8220;Plain Vanilla ASCII&#8221; or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg&#8482; website
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original &#8220;Plain
-Vanilla ASCII&#8221; or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg&#8482; works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-provided that:
-</div>
-
-<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'>
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &bull; You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-        the use of Project Gutenberg&#8482; works calculated using the method
-        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg&#8482; trademark, but he has
-        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-        Section 4, &#8220;Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-        Literary Archive Foundation.&#8221;
-    </div>
-
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &bull; You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-        works.
-    </div>
-
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &bull; You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-        receipt of the work.
-    </div>
-
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &bull; You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-        distribution of Project Gutenberg&#8482; works.
-    </div>
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
-the Project Gutenberg&#8482; trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
-forth in Section 3 below.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain &#8220;Defects,&#8221; such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the &#8220;Right
-of Replacement or Refund&#8221; described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you &#8216;AS-IS&#8217;, WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg&#8482; work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg&#8482; work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg&#8482;&#8217;s
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg&#8482; collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg&#8482; and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation&#8217;s EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state&#8217;s laws.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-The Foundation&#8217;s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
-Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
-to date contact information can be found at the Foundation&#8217;s website
-and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
-public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
-visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg&#8482; eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
-facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This website includes information about Project Gutenberg&#8482;,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/cover.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 90ecff4..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/cover.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p01.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p01.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 40d60f4..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p01.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p01a.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p01a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1aaac9d..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p01a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p02.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p02.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e5e47cb..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p02.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p03.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p03.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 205eace..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p03.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p04.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p04.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 033dc3a..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p04.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p05.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p05.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2dc9c7b..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p05.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p05a.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p05a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2bf3347..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p05a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p05b.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p05b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a1a559..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p05b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p06.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p06.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index fafc773..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p06.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p06a.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p06a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 25de6a4..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p06a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p07.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p07.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c05ebfa..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p07.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p08.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p08.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3dc0dcf..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p08.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p08a.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p08a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 48bcfcb..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p08a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p08d.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p08d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e799782..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p08d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p08e.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p08e.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 60d3c05..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p08e.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p09.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p09.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2718a6b..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p09.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p09a.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p09a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1530fd6..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p09a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p10.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p10.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index aa9d4e8..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p10.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p11.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p11.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 7880d65..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p11.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p11a.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p11a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6181528..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p11a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p11c.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p11c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f7de672..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p11c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p12.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p12.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f245c14..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p12.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p12a.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p12a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f96ace9..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p12a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p12c.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p12c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a5fcd5..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p12c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p13.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p13.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 89155d4..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p13.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p13a.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p13a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 095ff98..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p13a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p13c.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p13c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index bc87b39..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p13c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p14.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p14.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1db81ea..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p14.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p14a.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p14a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c2fd5c..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p14a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p15.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p15.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ea1a602..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p15.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p15a.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p15a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 83d7924..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p15a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p16.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p16.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 051eab5..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p16.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p17.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p17.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9cea8e3..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p17.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p17a.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p17a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 33d0817..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p17a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p17c.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p17c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index d4652ed..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p17c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p18.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p18.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 36b5cd8..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p18.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p20.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p20.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 7f9403f..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p20.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/p20a.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/p20a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index be089f9..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/p20a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65776-h/images/spine.jpg b/old/65776-h/images/spine.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b2e449..0000000
--- a/old/65776-h/images/spine.jpg
+++ /dev/null