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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #65774 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65774)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Facts for the People of the Free States, by
-American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Facts for the People of the Free States
-
-Author: American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
-
-Release Date: July 5, 2021 [eBook #65774]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: hekula03, Splendid Geryon and the Online Distributed
- Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
- produced from images generously made available by the Library
- of Congress)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FACTS FOR THE PEOPLE OF THE FREE
-STATES ***
-
- Liberty Tract. No. 2.
-
- FACTS FOR THE PEOPLE
-
- OF THE
-
- FREE STATES.
-
- [Illustration: PRIVATE SLAVE-PRISON AT WASHINGTON.]
-
- NEW YORK:
- PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM HARNED,
- FOR THE
- AMERICAN AND FOREIGN ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY,
- 22 Spruce Street.
- $1 PER 100, $8 PER 1000.
-
-
-
-
-SOUTHERN SCENES IN 1846.
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Murder of Slaves.
-
-The Abbeville (S. C.) Banner states, that two of Gov.
-McDuffie's slaves were killed on Friday, Feb. 13th, by two
-other slaves, acting in the capacity of _drivers_! They were
-killed by what the law terms "moderate correction!"
-
-
-A Slave Woman attempting Suicide at Baltimore.
-
-In June, 1846, the Baltimore Sun gave an account of a woman who
-"jumped out of the window of the place in which her owner had
-confined her, and immediately took the nearest route to throw
-herself into the water." She was rescued. But, says the Sun,
-"Upon being taken upon the deck of the vessel, she begged the
-by-standers to let her drown herself, stating, that she would
-'sooner be dead, than go back again _to be beaten as she had
-been_!'"
-
-
-A Slave Suicide effected at Richmond, Va.
-
-A correspondent of the Philadelphia Inquirer, July 25, 1846,
-wrote from Richmond, as follows:--"An unpleasant occurrence
-took place in this city yesterday. A man, who has a number
-of negroes in his employment, was proceeding, for a slight
-offence, to punish one of them by whipping, when the poor
-wretch, knowing his master's unmerciful nature, implored that
-he might be _hung_ at once, instead of whipped. This of course
-would not answer, and on tying the negro's hands behind him
-in the usual manner, the employer went into another room to
-procure a cowhide, when the negro, taking advantage of his
-master's absence, rushed from the room, jumped into the river,
-and was drowned."
-
-
-Slave Suicide and Slave Hunting in Louisiana.
-
-In June, 1846, the New Orleans Commercial Times said--"We
-learn that a few days since a negro man, belonging to Captain
-Newport, of East Baton Rouge, while closely pursued by the dogs
-of Mr. Roark, of this Parish, ascended a tree and hung himself.
-Mr. Roark, with Captain Newport's son-in-law and overseer,
-were in pursuit of a runaway slave. They did not know that
-this negro was out, and were surprised upon their arrival, a
-few minutes in the rear of the dogs, to find him suspended by
-his neck, with his feet dangling only a foot or two from the
-earth. Every effort was made to restore animation, but without
-success, although on their coming up the body was still warm.
-The act was one, it would seem, of resolute predetermination,
-as the slave was well provided with cords, which he made use of
-to perpetrate his suicidal purpose."
-
-
-More Murders of Slaves.
-
-The Palmyra (Mo.) Courier, in August, 1846, says:--"We
-understand that a gentleman, living in Macon county, while
-out hunting with his rifle, last week, came suddenly upon
-two fugitive slaves, who gave him battle. He shot one, and
-split the other's skull with the barrel of his gun. He then
-started for home, but before reaching it he met a man in the
-road, who inquired if he had seen or heard of two runaway
-negroes--describing them. The gentleman replied, that he had
-just killed two, and related the circumstance. On proceeding to
-the spot, the stranger identified them as his slaves."
-
-
-
-
-THE FUGITIVE SLAVE.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-A Slave Hunter Killed.
-
-The following is from the Washington (Pa.) Patriot of 1846:
-"We learn that a few days ago, a fugitive slave from Maryland
-was pursued and overtaken in Somerset county, in this State
-by a man named Holland, a wagoner from Ohio, who was tempted
-to the task by the reward offered, $150. When they reached
-McCarty's tavern the slave attempted to escape, but was caught
-by Holland while in the act of climbing a fence. The slave drew
-a long knife, which he had concealed about his person, and
-plunged it into Holland's heart, causing his death instantly.
-He made good his escape, immediately pursued by the people of
-the neighborhood, who at nightfall, had surrounded him, but in
-the darkness of the night he eluded their vigilance, and is now
-beyond their reach."
-
-
-The Rights of the Fugitive.
-
-The Hon. J. R. Giddings, in a speech in the House of
-Representatives, at Washington, Feb. 18, 1846, said--"In regard
-to arresting slaves, we [of the free States] owe no duties to
-the master; on the contrary, all our sympathies, our feelings,
-and our moral duties, beyond what I have stated, are with the
-slave. We will neither arrest him for the master, nor will
-we assist the master in making such arrest. I am aware that
-the third clause of the second section of the first article
-of the Constitution was once believed, by some, to impose
-upon the people of these free States the duty of arresting
-fugitive slaves. But it is now judicially settled that no such
-obligation rests upon us. Indeed a proposition to impose upon
-us such a duty, at the time of framing the Constitution, was
-rejected, without a division, by the Convention. We, therefore,
-leave the master to arrest the slave if he can; and we leave
-the slave to defend himself against the master if he can. We do
-not interfere between them. The slave possesses as perfect a
-right to defend his person and his liberty against the master
-as any citizen of our State. Our laws protect him against every
-other person, except the master or his agent, but they leave
-him to protect himself against them. If he, while defending
-himself, slays the master, our laws do not interfere to punish
-him in any way, further than they would any other person who
-should slay a man in actual self-defence. The laws of the slave
-State cannot reach him, nor is there any law, of God or man,
-that condemns him. On the contrary, our reason, our judgment,
-our humanity approves the act; and we admire the courage and
-firmness with which he defends the "inalienable rights with
-which the God of Nature has endowed him." We regard him as a
-hero worthy of imitation; and we place his name in the same
-category with that of Madison Washington, who, on board the
-Creole, boldly maintained his God-given rights, against those
-inhuman pirates who were carrying him and his fellow-servants
-to a worse than savage slave-market."
-
- * * * * *
-
-ANOTHER SLAVE SUICIDE. "The slave of a farmer in an adjoining
-county, (Jefferson,) having been jumped upon and stamped by his
-master, _with spurs on_, so as to cruelly lacerate his face as
-well as his body, he was found, next morning, in an adjacent
-pond or stream of water--having tied a stone to his own neck,
-(as it is said,) and plunged in, for the successful purpose of
-drowning himself, under the feelings of desperation caused by
-the fiendish treatment of his master!"--_Balt. Sat. Visiter,
-Aug., 1846._
-
-
-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
-
- ---+---------------+--------+-----+---------+------+-------+-------------+------
- No.| Name. | Native |Born.|Installed|Age at| Years | Died. | Age
- | | State. | | into | that |in the | |at his
- | | | | office. | time.|office.| |death.
- ---+---------------+--------+-----+---------+------+-------+-------------+------
- 1.|Geo. Washington|Virginia|1732 | 1789 | 57 | 8 |Dec. 14, 1799| 68
- 2.|John Adams |Mass. |1735 | 1796 | 62 | 4 |July 4, 1826| 91
- 3.|Thos. Jefferson|Virginia|1743 | 1801 | 52 | 8 |July 4, 1826| 83
- 4.|James Madison |Virginia|1751 | 1809 | 58 | 8 |June 28, 1836| 85
- 5.|James Monroe |Virginia|1758 | 1817 | 58 | 8 |July 4, 1831| 72
- 6.|John Q. Adams |Mass. |1767 | 1825 | 58 | 4 | |
- 7.|Andrew Jackson |Virginia|1767 | 1829 | 62 | 8 |June 8, 1845| 78
- 8.|M. Van Buren |N. York |1782 | 1837 | 55 | 4 | |
- 9.|Wm. H. Harrison|Virginia|1773 | 1841 | 68 | -- |April 4, 1841| 68
- 10.|John Tyler |Virginia|1790 | 1841 | 51 | 4 | |
- 11.|James K. Polk |N. Car. |1795 | 1845 | 49 | | |
-
-
-PRESIDENTIAL TESTIMONIES.
-
-GEORGE WASHINGTON.--"I never mean, unless some
-particular circumstance should compel me to it, to possess
-another slave by purchase: _it being among my first wishes to
-see some plan adopted by which slavery in this country may be
-abolished by law_."--_Letter to John F. Mercer._
-
-"There is not a man living, who wishes more sincerely than I
-do, to see a plan adopted for the abolition of it (Slavery);
-but there is only one proper and effectual mode by which it can
-be accomplished, and that is, by the legislative authority;
-and this, _as far as my suffrage will go, will not be
-wanting_."--_Letter to Robert Morris._
-
-JOHN ADAMS.--"Great is truth--great is liberty--great is
-humanity; and they must and will prevail."
-
-THOMAS JEFFERSON.--"The rightful _power_ of all legislation is
-to declare and enforce _only_ our NATURAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES,
-and _take none of them from us_. No man has a natural right
-to _commit aggressions on the equal rights of another_, and
-this is ALL from which the law ought to _restrain him_. Every
-man is under a natural duty of contributing to the necessities
-of society, and this is all the law should enforce upon him.
-When the laws have declared and enforced all this, they have
-fulfilled their functions."--"The idea is quite unfounded, that
-on entering into society, _we give up any natural right_."
-
-"The whole commerce between master and slave is a perpetual
-exercise of the most boisterous passions; the most unremitting
-despotism on the one part, and degrading submissions on the
-other. * * And with what execration should the statesman be
-loaded, who, permitting one-half the citizens thus to trample
-on the rights of the others, transforms those into despots, and
-these into enemies, destroys the morals of the one part, and
-the love of country of the other. For, if a slave can have a
-country in this world, it must be any other in preference to
-that in which he is born to live and labor for another. * * And
-can the liberties of a nation be thought secure when we have
-removed their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds of the
-people, that these liberties are the gift of God; that they are
-not to be violated but with his wrath? Indeed, I tremble for my
-country when I reflect that God is just; and that his justice
-cannot sleep forever. * * When the measure of the slaves' tears
-shall be full; when their tears shall have involved heaven
-itself in darkness; doubtless a God of justice will awaken to
-their distress, and by diffusing light and liberality among
-their oppressors, or, at length by his exterminating thunder,
-manifest his attention to things of the world, and that they
-are not left to the guidance of blind fatality."--_Notes on
-Virginia._
-
-JAMES MADISON.--"It seemed now to be pretty well understood,
-that the real difference of interests lay, not between the
-large and small, but between the Northern and Southern States.
-The institution of slavery, and its consequences, formed the
-line of discrimination."--_Speech in the Convention for the
-formation of the Federal Constitution._
-
-JAMES MONROE.--"We have found that this evil (slavery)
-has preyed upon the very vitals of the Union; and has
-been prejudicial to all the States in which it has
-existed."--_Speech in the Virginia Convention._
-
-JOHN Q. ADAMS.--"Nay, I may go further, and insist that that
-(the slave) representation has ever been, in fact, _the
-ruling power of this government._ The history of the Union
-has afforded a continual proof that this representation of
-property, which they enjoy, has secured to the slaveholding
-States the control of the national policy, and, almost without
-exception, the possession of the highest executive office of
-the Union."--_Speech in Congress, Feb. 4, 1833._
-
-"Fellow citizens: The numbers of freemen constituting your
-nation are much greater than those of the slaveholding States,
-bond and free. You have at least three-fifths of the whole
-population of the Union. Your influence on the legislation and
-the administration of the government ought to be in proportion
-of three to two. But how stands the fact? * * * By means of the
-double representation, the minority command the whole, and a
-_knot of slaveholders give the law and prescribe the policy of
-the country_."--_Speech at North Bridgewater, Nov. 6, 1844._
-
-JAMES K. POLK.--On the 12th of May, 1841, a resolution was
-introduced in Congress, to the effect, "That the President of
-the United States be requested to renew, and to prosecute,
-from time to time, such negotiations with the several maritime
-powers of Europe and America, as he may deem expedient _for
-the effectual abolition of the African Slave Trade_, and its
-ultimate denunciation as _piracy_ under the law of nations,
-by the consent of the civilized world." The vote on this
-resolution was 118 ayes and 32 nays; _James K. Polk voting
-in the negative_. (Cong. Deb. vol. 7., p. 850). Mr. Polk,
-since occupying the presidency, has pardoned two individuals,
-convicted in the courts of having been engaged in this trade.
-
-
-
-
-BURDENS OF SLAVERY ON THE FREE.
-
-The Presidency.
-
-
-Of the fourteen presidential terms, now expired since the
-formation of the government, eleven have been filled by
-slaveholders, one by a "Northern man with Southern principles,"
-and only two by Northern men. The present incumbent is a
-slaveholder, sworn fully to do his utmost to uphold, and even
-extend the abomination; and most terribly he is fulfilling his
-vow, in the surrender of free territory in Oregon, and in a
-war of conquest for slavery in Mexico, at a cost of millions
-of dollars and thousands of lives. By holding the Presidency,
-slavery controls the cabinet, the diplomacy, the army, and the
-navy of the country. The power that controls the Presidency
-controls the nation. No Northern President has been allowed to
-serve more than one term.
-
-
-The Vice Presidency.
-
-The President exercises much of his power by and with the
-Senate. The Vice President is, ex-officio, President of the
-Senate. As such, he has the casting vote in all questions
-before that body. For the last twenty years, with one
-exception, _he has been a slaveholder_. From the adoption of
-the Constitution up to June 1842, there were 76 elections, in
-the Senate, of President pro. tem. Of these the slave States
-had 60 and the free States 16. Most of the 16 were in the
-earlier periods of the government. Mr. Southard was elected
-in 1842. Previous to that, no Northern man had received
-the appointment for _thirty_ years! so careful were the
-slaveholders to watch their interests by securing the casting
-vote.
-
-
-Senate.
-
-For a long series of years the Senate has been equally divided
-between the free and the slave States. In this condition of
-it, it was a great point with the slaveholders to secure the
-casting vote of the Vice Presidency, and right carefully have
-they done it. This vote is of less importance now, since, by
-the admission of Texas, the balance of power is broken up, and
-"The Valley of Rascals," on any tie vote, now rules the Senate
-and the nation.
-
-
-Department of State.
-
-The Office of Secretary of State is the most important of any,
-perhaps, in the cabinet of the President. As it is the duty
-of this officer to direct the correspondence with foreign
-courts, instruct our foreign ministers, negotiate treaties,
-&c.; his station is second only, in importance, to that of
-the Presidency itself. Of the 15, who had filled this office
-up to 1845, the slave States have had 10; the free States 5.
-The whole number of officers in this department at Washington,
-in 1846, is 86. Of these Virginia has 6 and the District of
-Columbia 45.
-
-
-The War Department.
-
-In 1846, there are, at Washington, 98 officers in this
-department. Of these, the District of Columbia has 49--exactly
-one half, and Virginia and Maryland have the balance.
-
-The free States generally have furnished the seamen and the
-soldiers; the men to do the fighting and endure the hard
-knocks, _but slavery has taken care to furnish Southern men for
-officers_. Thus, of 1054 naval officers, New England has only
-172; of the 68 commanders, New England has only 11; of the 328
-lieutenants, New England has only 59; of the 562 midshipmen,
-New England has only 82; and New England owns nearly half the
-tonnage of the country. Of all the officers in the navy in
-1844, whether in service or waiting orders, Pennsylvania, with
-a free population more than double that of Virginia, had but
-177, while Virginia had 224. In 1842, under Mr. Upshur, of 191
-naval appointments, the slave States had 117; the free States
-only 73.
-
-
-Post Office.
-
-The greatest opposition to cheap postage is from the South. The
-reason is obvious. As multitudes of their Post-routes do not
-pay for themselves, they must be paid for, through a system of
-high postage, by the North, or be given up. Thus in 1842, the
-deficit in the Post Office department from the slave States
-was $571,000, while the excess over the expenditures in the
-free States was $600,000. This went of course to make up the
-deficiency of the South. So that in 1842 alone the North paid
-all its own postage, and $571,000 of postage for the South. Nor
-was this all. The whole number of miles of mail transportation
-for 1842, was 34,835,991, at an expense of $3,087,796. Of
-these miles, the mail was carried 20,331,461, at a cost of
-$1,508,413, in the free States; and 14,504,530 miles, at a cost
-of $1,579,383 in the slave States; that is, it cost $70,970
-more to carry the mail in the slave States than in the free,
-while it ran 5,826,931 miles less. Under the new system, from
-official returns, presenting a comparative view of the postage
-received at forty-two offices, North and South, during the
-third quarter of 1844 and 1845, it appears that while the
-falling off at the offices in the free States has not been one
-third, that at the offices in the slave States has been more
-than one half.
-
-
-Civil, Diplomatic and Consular Agencies.
-
-That most of the "spoils" of office, in these departments go to
-the slaveholders is well known. The following is the Diplomatic
-Agency of 1846.
-
-FULL MINISTERS. To _Great Britain_, Louis McLane; _France_,
-William R. King; _Spain_, Romulus M. Saunders; _Turkey_,
-Dabney S. Carr; _Mexico_, John Slidell; _Brazil_, Henry A.
-Wise;--all from slave States; and _Russia_, R. I. Ingersoll
-from Connecticut.
-
-CHARGES. _Austria_, William A. Stiles; _Holland_, Auguste
-Davezac; _Belgium_, Thomas G. Glenson; _The two Sicilies_,
-William H. Polk; _Sardinia_, Robert Wickliffe; _Portugal_,
-Abraham Rencher; _Venezuela_, Benjamin G. Shields; _Buenos
-Ayres_, George Harris; _Chili_, William Crump, all from the
-slave states, and from the free States only _Denmark_, William
-W. Irwin; _Sweden_, H. W. Ellsworth; _Central America_, B. W.
-Bidlack; and _Peru_, A. G. Jewett.
-
-Thus, of the seven full ministers six are from the slave
-States; and of the thirteen Charges, _nine_ are from the
-same; and the four given to Northern men are among the most
-insignificant governments in the world. And this favoritism of
-the South has been the policy for years. The civil and consular
-agencies are dispensed with a like injustice to the free
-States. The following, prepared by Prof. Cleveland, gives the
-number of persons employed in 1845, in these several agencies,
-from a few States, with their salaries, and the number of free
-white inhabitants in the same.
-
- Free States. | Free Pop. | Persons | Salaries | Slave States | Free Pop. | Persons | Salaries |
- ---------------+------------+---------+----------+--------------+-----------+---------+----------+
- New York, | 2,378,890 | 37 | $63,250 | Virginia, | 740,968 | 114 | $200,395
- Pennsylvania, | 1,676,115 | 90 | 123,790 | Maryland, | 318,204 | 133 | 170,305
- Massachusetts, | 729,030 | 43 | 86,215 | Dist. Colum.,| 30,657 | 99 | 77,455
- Ohio, | 1,502,122 | 6 | 4,400 | Kentucky, | 590,253 | 7 | 34,150
-
-
-Presidential Electors.
-
-During the twenty years, ending in 1832, there were six
-presidential elections. In these, the South cast 608 electoral
-votes, but only 41 of them for Northern candidates. During the
-twenty years, ending in 1835, there were five presidential
-elections, in which the South cast 515 electoral votes, only 11
-of which were for Northern candidates.
-
-In the presidential election of 1844, _thirteen_ free States
-had 161 electors, and gave 1,890,884 votes--_one_ elector to
-11,739 votes; while _twelve_ slave States had 105 electors and
-gave 798,848 votes--_one_ elector to 6,608 votes. In other
-terms; _six_ slave State votes counted as much in choice of
-President and Vice President as _eleven_ free State votes. In
-the same election, Michigan had 5 electors and gave 56,222
-votes, or _one_ elector to 11,244 votes; while Louisiana had
-6 electors and gave 26,865 votes, or _one_ elector to 4,447
-votes--that is, _four_ slaveholding Louisiana votes were equal
-to _eleven_ free Michigan votes.
-
-
-Federal Representation.
-
-The present number of the House of Representatives, including
-Texas is 228. Of these 21 represent slave property. In fixing
-the ratio of representation, after the last census, the
-House adopted that of 50,179. This would have given a House
-of 306 members, and the free States a majority of 68. But
-a small majority is more easily managed than a large. The
-Senate rejected that ratio and sent back the bill with the
-ratio of 70,680. This reduced the House to 223 and brought
-down the majority of the free States to the more manageable
-number of 47. The effect of the odd number, 680, was to
-deprive the four great States of the north, Massachusetts,
-New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio, of one member each, with
-no corresponding disadvantage to any slave State. Of this
-proceeding, even the correspondent of the New York Herald
-said,--"The Senate apportionment has robbed the North of at
-least one quarter of its practical influence in the Union, when
-regarded in its full extent; and the members of the free States
-who voted for it, have thus surrendered the rights of their
-constituents, and violated their trusts."
-
-
-The House of Representatives.
-
-The Speaker of the House has the appointment of all committees,
-and of course exerts an immense influence in this, as well as
-other ways, in the legislation of the country. During 31 of the
-34 years, from 1811 to 1845, the speakers were all slaveholders.
-
-
-Judiciary.
-
-The Supreme Court of the United States is the court of
-highest appeal in the nation. Its decision on all questions
-coming before it is final. Of the 30 judges of this court,
-the slave States have had 17; the free States 13. The
-circuits and salaries are still more unequal and unjust.
-Vermont, Connecticut, and New York, with 42 representatives
-in Congress, and a free population of over _three millions_,
-constitute but one circuit; while Alabama and Louisiana, with
-but 11 representatives and a free population of but _half_
-a _million_, constitute another. So of other circuits.
-Louisiana, with a free population of 183,959, has one judge
-at a salary of $3,000; Ohio, with a population of 1,519,461,
-more than eight times as great as that of Louisiana, has only
-one judge, at a salary of $1,000: that is, with eight times as
-many people to do business for, he receives one-third as much
-pay. Arkansas, with a free population of 77,639, has one judge
-at a salary of $2,000; New Hampshire, with a population of
-284,573, has but one judge, at a salary of $1,000. Mississippi,
-with a free population of 180,440, has one judge, at a salary
-of $2,500; Indiana, with a population of 685,863, has but one
-judge, at a salary of $1,000--that is, two-fifths as much pay
-for doing more than three times the work!
-
-
-Surplus Revenue.
-
-The Surplus Revenue, distributed by the Act of 1836, amounted
-to 37,468,859 dollars. The slaveholders managed to have it
-distributed, not, as it should have been, on the basis of
-free population, but that of federal representation. Thereby
-the South, with a free population of 3,823,289, received
-$16,058,082,85, while the North, with a free population of
-7,008,451, received but $21,410,777,12. So that for each
-inhabitant of the _free_ North, there was received but $3,06;
-while for each _free_ person in the South, there was received
-$4,20; or $1,14 more for each free person in the South, than
-for each free person in the North. The South, by this operation
-alone, received for her slave representation in Congress,
-$4,358,549!
-
-
-Revolutionary War.
-
-In this war,--New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
-Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania,--seven
-States--furnished 172,436 troops and were paid for services,
-$61,971,167. Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina,
-South Carolina, and Georgia--six States--furnished 59,335
-troops, and received $52,438,130. In other terms, the Northern
-States furnished about three times the number of troops and
-received less than one fifth more pay. In particular States the
-inequality was far greater.
-
-
-The War of 1812.
-
-The Slaveholders envied the commercial prosperity of the
-North, and, to crush it, decreed the war of 1812, under the
-pretence of defending "free trade and sailor's rights;" and
-one hundred and thirty-seven millions of dollars were wasted
-in its prosecution, and $200,000,000 more were lost on sea
-and land by Northern merchants and farmers, and then, leaving
-"free trade and sailor's rights" where they were before, they
-made peace, and demanded a National Bank and Protective Tariff.
-And in the prosecution of the war, says ALVAN STEWART, Esq,
-(Address to Abolitionists Aug. 1846)--"The South placed Major
-General Smyth at Buffalo, a slaveholding lawyer of Virginia;
-Major General Winder, a slaveholding lawyer of Maryland, at
-Forty Mile Creek, on the side of Lake Ontario; Major General
-Wilkinson, a Louisiana slaveholder, at the Cedars and Rapids
-of the St. Lawrence; and Major General Wade Hampton, the great
-sugar boiler of Louisiana, and the largest slaveholder in the
-United States, (having over 5000 crushed human beings bowing to
-this monster and tyrant), was located at Burlington, Vermont,
-four slaveholding Generals with their four armies, were
-stretched out on our northern frontier, not to _take_ Canada,
-but to prevent its being taken, by the men of New England and
-New York, in 1812, '13 and '14; lest we should make some six or
-eight free States from Canada, if conquered. This was treason
-against Northern interests, blood and honor. This horrid
-revelation could have been proved by General John Armstrong,
-then Secretary of War, after he and Mr. Madison quarreled."
-
-
-Florida, Florida War, Removal of the Indians.
-
-While Florida was in possession of Spain it furnished an
-asylum for slaves escaping from the contiguous States. It was
-therefore bought, at the dictation of the slaveholders, at an
-expense of $5,000,000. For the same purpose, and at the same
-dictation the late Florida War was waged, and the native Indian
-exiled. Of this, the Hon. J. R. GIDDINGS, 1845, said,--"They
-(the army) captured 460 negroes, who were adjudged slaves by
-staff officers of the army, to whom the duty was assigned, and
-who delivered them over to interminable bondage. [See House
-Doc. 52, 3d Sess. 27th Congress.] We have no means by which
-we can determine the number of lives sacrificed in that war;
-but it may be safely asserted, that the capture of each slave
-cost the lives of two white men, and at least $80,000 in cash,
-the most of which was drawn from the pockets of the people of
-the free States. The whole expense of the war is estimated at
-$40,000,000. The moral guilt incurred, and the sacrifice of
-national character cannot be estimated. Perhaps I ought to
-add, on the authority of Gen. Jessup, that bloodhounds were
-also purchased to act as auxiliaries to our army, and that
-bloodhounds, and soldiers, and officers, marched together under
-the star-spangled banner, in pursuit of the panting fugitives
-who had fled from Southern oppression. [House Doc. 125, 3d
-Sess. 25th Congress.] And blood hounds, and soldiers, and
-officers were paid for from the avails of Northern industry;
-while our people were not permitted to petition their servants
-to be relieved from such degradation." One R. Fitzpatrick was
-employed to get the blood hounds. He obtained thirty-three,
-and the cost, including expenses of bringing to Florida, was
-$5000. The removal of the Indians from the several slave States
-was merely to make room for slavery; and it has cost at least
-$50,000,000, and of all these millions the North has had to pay
-the largest share.
-
-
-Texas and the Mexican War.
-
-Everybody knows that Texas was annexed and that the war is
-waged to extend and strengthen Slavery. The cost of these
-measures is yet to be ascertained. There is little doubt that
-it will exceed rather than fall short of one hundred millions.
-
-
-Bank, Tariff, Southern Bankruptcy, &c.
-
-The South originated the Bank and the Tariff. When they ceased
-to work for its interests, the South abolished both. The sums
-filched from the North by these changes of national polity and
-by Southern bankrupts, seem almost incredible. $27,000,000, of
-the capital of the United States Bank was sunk at the South.
-$500,000,000, it is estimated, would not more than meet the
-losses of the North, in sixty years, from Southern bankruptcy.
-In fine, there is no end to these burdens--this side-wise
-plunder of the free, by those whose entire life is a wholesale
-plunder of the Slave. How long will freemen bear it?
-
- "We have a weapon firmer set
- And better than the bayonet:--
- A weapon that comes down, as still
- As snow-flakes fall upon the sod,
- But executes a freeman's will
- As lightning does the will of God;
- And from its force, nor doors nor locks
- Can shield you:--tis THE BALLOT-BOX."
-
-
-SLAVEHOLDING RELIGION.
-
-
-Maintaining Theological Seminaries.
-
-The following is the conclusion of an advertisement in the
-Savannah Republican of March 23, 1845:--
-
-"Also, at the same time and place, the following negro slaves,
-to wit: Charles, Peggy, Antonet, Davy, September, Maria, Jenny,
-and Isaac, levied as the property of HENRY T. HALL, to satisfy
-a mortgage _fi. fa._, issued out of the Supreme Court, in favor
-of the _Board of Directors_ of the _Theological Seminary_ of
-the SYNOD OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA, vs. said Henry T.
-Hall. Conditions, Cash.
-
- C. O'NEAL, Sheriff M. C."
-
-
-Buying Church Furniture.
-
-A runaway slave, in 1841, assigned the following as his reason
-for not communing with the church to which he belonged at
-the South. "The church," said he, "had silver furniture for
-the administration of the Lord's Supper, to procure which,
-they _sold my brother_! and I could not bear the feelings it
-produced, to go forward and receive the sacrament from the
-vessels which were the purchase of my brother's blood."
-
-
-Supporting Churches by Slave Jobbing.
-
-The Rev. J. Cable, of Indiana, May 20, 1846, in a letter to the
-Mercer Luminary, says:--"I have lived eight years in a slave
-State, (Va.)--received my Theological education at the Union
-Theological Seminary, near Hampden Sydney College. Those who
-know anything about slavery, know the worst kind is jobbing
-slavery--that is, the hiring out of slaves from year to year,
-while the master is not present to protect them. It is the
-interest of the one who hires them, to get the worth of his
-money of them, and the loss is the master's if they die. What
-shocked me more than anything else, was the church engaged in
-this jobbing of slaves. The college church which I attended,
-and which was attended by all the students of Hampden Sydney
-College and Union Theological Seminary, held slaves enough to
-pay their pastor, Mr. Stanton, ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS a year, of
-which the church members did not pay a cent (so I understood
-it). The slaves, who had been left to the church by some pious
-mother in Israel, had increased so as to be a large and still
-increasing fund. These were hired out on Christmas day of
-each year, the day in which they celebrate the birth of our
-blessed Savior, to the highest bidder. These worked hard the
-whole year to pay the pastor his $1000 a year, and it was left
-to the caprice of their employers whether they ever heard one
-sermon for which they toiled hard the whole year to procure.
-This was the church in which the professors of the seminary
-and the college often officiated. Since the abolitionists have
-made so much noise about the connection of the church with
-slavery, the Rev. Elisha Balenter informed me the church had
-sold this _property_ and put the money in _other stock_. There
-were four churches near the college church, that were in the
-same situation with this, when I was in that country, that
-supported the pastor, in whole or in part, in the same way,
-viz: Cumberland church, John Kirkpatrick, pastor; Briny church,
-William Plummer, pastor, (since Dr. P. of Richmond;) Buffalo
-church, Mr. Cochran, pastor; Pisga church, near the peaks of
-Otter, J. Mitchell, pastor."
-
-
-Selling Ministers as Slaves.
-
-At the great Convention, at Cincinnati, in June 1845, Mr.
-Needham of Louisville, Ky., said:--"Sir, in 1844, a Methodist
-preacher, with regular license and certificate, was placed in
-the Louisville jail, as a slave on sale. He preached in the
-jail sermons which would have done credit to any white preacher
-of the town. He kept a little memorandum in his pocket, in
-which he marked the number of persons hopefully converted under
-his preaching. I represented his case to leading Methodists in
-Louisville, and showed them a copy of his papers which I had
-taken. _Not one of them visited him in his prison._ He said he
-forgave those who had imprisoned him and were about to sell
-him. He was sold down the river, which was the last time I saw
-him."
-
-
-A Slaveholding D. D. whipping his "b--h" on Sabbath morning
-preparatory to preaching.
-
-March 28, 1843, in a public address at Cincinnati, the Rev.
-Edward Smith, True Wesleyan, of Pittsburgh, stated that he
-had lived in slave states thirty-two years; and, speaking
-of a certain D. D. of his acquaintance, he adds:--"He was a
-slaveholder, and a severe one, too, and often, with his own
-hands, he applied the cowhide to the naked backs of his slaves.
-On one occasion, a woman that served in the house, committed,
-on Sabbath morning, an offence of too great magnitude to go
-unpunished until Monday morning. The Dr. took his woman into
-the cellar, and as is usual in such cases, stripped her from
-her waist up, and then applied the lash. The woman writhed and
-winced under each stroke, and cried, '_Oh Lord!_ OH LORD!!
-OH LORD!!!' The Doctor stopped, and his hands fell to his
-side as though struck with palsy, gazed on the woman with
-astonishment, and thus addressed her, (the congregation must
-pardon me for repeating his words), 'Hush, you b--h, will you
-take the name of the Lord in vain on the Sabbath day?' When he
-had stopped the woman from the gross profanity of crying to God
-on the Sabbath day, he finished whipping her, and then went
-and essayed to preach that gospel to his congregation, which
-proclaims liberty to the captive and the opening of the prison
-doors to them who are bound."
-
-
-The Greatest Impediment.
-
-"We are about to make an announcement," says the True American,
-"which must sound very strange to those whose field of
-observation is unlike our own: The greatest impediment to the
-success of the Anti-Slavery movement in the slave States is,
-the opposition to it of those men who profess to have been
-commissioned by high Heaven to go abroad and use their efforts
-for the mitigation of human misery and the extirpation of human
-wrong! This assertion, which appears so monstrous, will not
-surprise any one who lives among slaveholders. Our conviction
-of its truth has been confirmed by extensive observation."
-
-
-
-
-RELIGIOUS TESTIMONIES.
-
-
-ARCHBISHOP POTTER. Some of our wise ones will have it that
-_doulos_ means slave. Archbishop Potter, than whom no man was
-more learned in Grecian antiquities, in his work on them,
-published years ago, says, chap. 10, "Slaves, as long as they
-were under the government of a master, were called _oiketdi_;
-but _after their freedom_ was granted them, they were _douloi_,
-not being like the former, a part of their master's estate,
-but only obliged to some grateful acknowledgments and small
-services, such as were required of the _Metoikoi_, to whom they
-were in some few things inferior."
-
- * * * * *
-
-THE YOUNGER EDWARDS, (Pastor of a church in New Haven, and
-afterwards President of Union College)--"Every man who cannot
-show, that his negro hath by his voluntary conduct, forfeited
-his liberty, is obligated _immediately to manumit him_. And to
-hold [such an one] in a state of slavery, is to be every day
-guilty of robbing him of his liberty, or of _man-stealing_--and
-fifty years from this time (1791) it will be as _shameful for a
-man to hold a negro slave, as to be guilty of common robbery or
-theft_."
-
- * * * * *
-
-DR. ADAM CLARKE. "Among Christians slavery is an _enormity_,
-and a _crime_ for which _perdition_ has scarcely an adequate
-state of punishment."
-
- * * * * *
-
-REV. ALBERT BARNES. "From the whole train of reasoning which
-I have pursued, I trust it will not be considered as improper
-to regard it as a position clearly demonstrated, that the fair
-influence of the Christian religion would everywhere abolish
-slavery. Let its principles be acted out; let its maxims
-prevail and rule in the hearts of all men, and the system,
-in the language of the Princeton Repertory, 'would SPEEDILY
-come to an end.' In what way this is to be brought about, and
-in what manner the influence of the church may be made to
-bear upon it, are points on which there may be differences of
-opinion. But there is one method which is obvious, and which,
-if everywhere practised, would certainly lead to this result.
-It is, _for the Christian church to cease all connection with
-slavery_."
-
- * * * * *
-
-REV. S. H. COX, D. D. "The cause of human rights is only the
-converse of the cause of human duties; and how pious, or how
-orthodox, or how heroic, I should like to know, is he, for
-whose higher evangelical refinement of sensibility, this
-subject of righteousness is too 'delicate' to be theologized
-into our ethics, our creed, or our prayers? Away with such
-nauseating and hypocritical affectation, in high places, and
-low ones, too."--_Letter to S. J. May, Auburn, May 5, 1835._
-
-
-
-
-ANTI-SLAVERY DEPOSITORY,
-
-PUBLICATION OFFICE,
-
-AND
-
-FREE READING ROOM;
-
-NO. 22 SPRUCE STREET,
-
-(3rd door east of NASSAU STREET,)
-
-NEW YORK.
-
-
-William Harned, Publishing Agent of the American and Foreign
-Anti-Slavery Society, invites the attention of the friends of
-the cause in every part of the country, to the new Depository
-and Publishing Office, which is centrally and pleasantly
-located, and designed to afford every attainable facility for
-promoting the great objects of the Society.
-
-THE AMERICAN AND FOREIGN ANTI-SLAVERY REPORTER, edited by Rev.
-A. A. Phelps, is published monthly, at 50 cents per annum, with
-a material reduction to those who take several copies.
-
- THE READING ROOM, _free to all_, is furnished with files of all
- the Anti-Slavery papers and periodicals published in this country;
- together with a good selection of religious, literary, and political
- papers. It is also intended to establish an extensive Library of all
- works on the subject of Slavery, so far as they can be obtained.
-
- A DEPOSITORY for the sale of Anti-Slavery Publications has been
- established; from which it is intended that all the standard works on
- Slavery may be obtained, at wholesale and retail. In addition to such
- of the publications of the American Anti-Slavery Society as are yet in
- print, we have now on sale the following new and popular works, viz.:--
-
- Memoirs and Writings of Charles T. Torrey,
- Barnes on American Slavery,
- Bacon " " "
- Debate between Rice and Blanchard,
- Discussion between Wayland and Fuller,
- Whittier's Poems, 4th and complete edition,
- Home, by Rev, Charles T. Torrey,
- Clarke's Liberty Minstrel, last edition,
- Narrative of Lewis and Milton Clarke,
- " " Frederic Douglass,
- The Slave: or, Memoirs of Archy Moore,
- Poems, by William H. Burleigh,
- Winona, the Brown Maid of the South,
- Unconstitutionality of Slavery, by Spooner, both editions,
- Sinfulness of Slavery, by James G. Birney,
- Slavery, and the Slaveholders' Religion, by Brooke,
- A Reproof of the American Church,
- Condensed Bible Argument, by a Virginian,
- Alvan Stewart's Legal Argument,
- Address of the Cincinnati Liberty Convention,
- An Appeal for the Bondwoman, a Poem by E. Lloyd,
- The American Board and Slaveholding, by Rev. W. W. Patton,
- German Anti-Slavery Almanac for 1847, &c. &c.
-
----> Address all orders for the Reporter, Books, &c. postpaid,
-to
-
- WILLIAM HARNED, 5 Spruce Street, New York.
-
-
- * * * * *
-
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-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Facts for the People of the Free States, by American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
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-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Facts for the People of the Free States</p>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 5, 2021 [eBook #65774]</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: hekula03, Splendid Geryon and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by the Library of Congress)</div>
-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FACTS FOR THE PEOPLE OF THE FREE STATES ***</div>
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="titlepage">
-
-<p class="ph2 oldeng gesperrt">Liberty Tract. No. 2.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<h1 class="nobreak">FACTS FOR THE PEOPLE<br />
-
-<span class="smaller">OF THE</span><br />
-
-<span class="bigger">FREE STATES.</span></h1>
-
-<div class="figtitle">
-<img src="images/title.jpg" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">PRIVATE SLAVE-PRISON AT WASHINGTON.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>
-NEW YORK:<br />
-PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM HARNED,<br />
-<span class="smaller">FOR THE</span><br />
-AMERICAN AND FOREIGN ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY,<br />
-<span class="smaller">22 Spruce Street.</span><br />
-$1 PER 100, $8 PER 1000.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="pleasehide">
-<hr class="chap" />
-</div>
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2>SOUTHERN SCENES IN 1846.</h2>
-</div>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_002.jpg" alt="Man in suit whipping enslaved person chained to a tree" />
-</div>
-
-<h3 class="break-before">Murder of Slaves.</h3>
-
-<p>The Abbeville (S. C.) Banner
-states, that two of Gov. McDuffie’s
-slaves were killed on Friday,
-Feb. 13th, by two other slaves, acting
-in the capacity of <em>drivers</em>!
-They were killed by what the law
-terms “moderate correction!”</p>
-
-
-<h3>A Slave Woman attempting Suicide
-at Baltimore.</h3>
-
-<p>In June, 1846, the Baltimore
-Sun gave an account of a woman
-who “jumped out of the window
-of the place in which her owner
-had confined her, and immediately
-took the nearest route to throw
-herself into the water.” She was
-rescued. But, says the Sun, “Upon being taken upon the deck of the vessel,
-she begged the by-standers to let her drown herself, stating, that she would
-'sooner be dead, than go back again <em>to be beaten as she had been</em>!’”</p>
-
-
-<h3>A Slave Suicide effected at Richmond, Va.</h3>
-
-<p>A correspondent of the Philadelphia Inquirer, July 25, 1846, wrote from
-Richmond, as follows:&mdash;“An unpleasant occurrence took place in this city yesterday.
-A man, who has a number of negroes in his employment, was proceeding,
-for a slight offence, to punish one of them by whipping, when the poor
-wretch, knowing his master’s unmerciful nature, implored that he might be
-<em>hung</em> at once, instead of whipped. This of course would not answer, and on
-tying the negro’s hands behind him in the usual manner, the employer went
-into another room to procure a cowhide, when the negro, taking advantage of
-his master’s absence, rushed from the room, jumped into the river, and was
-drowned.”</p>
-
-
-<h3>Slave Suicide and Slave Hunting in Louisiana.</h3>
-
-<p>In June, 1846, the New Orleans Commercial Times said&mdash;“We learn that a
-few days since a negro man, belonging to Captain Newport, of East Baton
-Rouge, while closely pursued by the dogs of Mr. Roark, of this Parish, ascended
-a tree and hung himself. Mr. Roark, with Captain Newport’s son-in-law and
-overseer, were in pursuit of a runaway slave. They did not know that this
-negro was out, and were surprised upon their arrival, a few minutes in the rear
-of the dogs, to find him suspended by his neck, with his feet dangling only a foot or
-two from the earth. Every effort was made to restore animation, but without success,
-although on their coming up the body was still warm. The act was one,
-it would seem, of resolute predetermination, as the slave was well provided with
-cords, which he made use of to perpetrate his suicidal purpose.”</p>
-
-
-<h3>More Murders of Slaves.</h3>
-
-<p>The Palmyra (Mo.) Courier, in August, 1846, says:&mdash;“We understand that
-a gentleman, living in Macon county, while out hunting with his rifle, last
-week, came suddenly upon two fugitive slaves, who gave him battle. He shot
-one, and split the other’s skull with the barrel of his gun. He then started for
-home, but before reaching it he met a man in the road, who inquired if he had
-seen or heard of two runaway negroes&mdash;describing them. The gentleman replied,
-that he had just killed two, and related the circumstance. On proceeding
-to the spot, the stranger identified them as his slaves.”</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2>THE FUGITIVE SLAVE.</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_003.jpg" alt="Fugitive slave with hat, bag and dog" />
-</div>
-
-
-<h3 class="break-before">A Slave Hunter Killed.</h3>
-
-<p>The following is from the
-Washington (Pa.) Patriot of
-1846: “We learn that a few
-days ago, a fugitive slave from
-Maryland was pursued and
-overtaken in Somerset county,
-in this State by a man named
-Holland, a wagoner from Ohio,
-who was tempted to the task
-by the reward offered, $150.
-When they reached McCarty’s
-tavern the slave attempted to
-escape, but was caught by Holland
-while in the act of climbing
-a fence. The slave drew a
-long knife, which he had concealed
-about his person, and
-plunged it into Holland’s heart, causing his death instantly. He made good his
-escape, immediately pursued by the people of the neighborhood, who at nightfall,
-had surrounded him, but in the darkness of the night he eluded their vigilance,
-and is now beyond their reach.”</p>
-
-
-<h3>The Rights of the Fugitive.</h3>
-
-<p>The Hon. J. R. Giddings, in a speech in the House of Representatives, at
-Washington, Feb. 18, 1846, said&mdash;“In regard to arresting slaves, we [of the
-free States] owe no duties to the master; on the contrary, all our sympathies,
-our feelings, and our moral duties, beyond what I have stated, are with the
-slave. We will neither arrest him for the master, nor will we assist the master
-in making such arrest. I am aware that the third clause of the second section
-of the first article of the Constitution was once believed, by some, to impose
-upon the people of these free States the duty of arresting fugitive slaves. But
-it is now judicially settled that no such obligation rests upon us. Indeed a proposition
-to impose upon us such a duty, at the time of framing the Constitution,
-was rejected, without a division, by the Convention. We, therefore, leave the
-master to arrest the slave if he can; and we leave the slave to defend himself
-against the master if he can. We do not interfere between them. The slave
-possesses as perfect a right to defend his person and his liberty against the
-master as any citizen of our State. Our laws protect him against every other
-person, except the master or his agent, but they leave him to protect himself
-against them. If he, while defending himself, slays the master, our laws do
-not interfere to punish him in any way, further than they would any other person
-who should slay a man in actual self-defence. The laws of the slave
-State cannot reach him, nor is there any law, of God or man, that condemns
-him. On the contrary, our reason, our judgment, our humanity approves the
-act; and we admire the courage and firmness with which he defends the ”inalienable
-rights with which the God of Nature has endowed him.“ We regard
-him as a hero worthy of imitation; and we place his name in the same category
-with that of Madison Washington, who, on board the Creole, boldly maintained
-his God-given rights, against those inhuman pirates who were carrying him
-and his fellow-servants to a worse than savage slave-market.”</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Another Slave Suicide.</span> “The slave of a farmer in an adjoining county,
-(Jefferson,) having been jumped upon and stamped by his master, <em>with spurs on</em>,
-so as to cruelly lacerate his face as well as his body, he was found, next morning,
-in an adjacent pond or stream of water&mdash;having tied a stone to his own
-neck, (as it is said,) and plunged in, for the successful purpose of drowning
-himself, under the feelings of desperation caused by the fiendish treatment of
-his master!”&mdash;<cite>Balt. Sat. Visiter, Aug., 1846.</cite></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p>
-
-
-<h3>PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.</h3>
-
-<table summary="Presidents">
-<tr>
- <th class="bt br bb">No.</th>
- <th class="bt br bb">Name. </th>
- <th class="bt br bb">Native State.</th>
- <th class="bt br bb">Born.</th>
- <th class="bt br bb">Installed into office.</th>
- <th class="bt br bb">Age at that time.</th>
- <th class="bt br bb">Years in the office.</th>
- <th class="bt br bb">Died. </th>
- <th class="bt bb">Age at his death.</th>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td class="br tdc">1.</td>
- <td class="br tdc">Geo. Washington</td>
- <td class="br tdl">Virginia</td>
- <td class="br tdc">1732 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 1789 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 57 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 8 </td>
- <td class="br tdc">Dec. 14, 1799</td>
- <td class="tdc"> 68</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td class="br tdc">2.</td>
- <td class="br tdc">John Adams </td>
- <td class="br tdl">Mass. </td>
- <td class="br tdc">1735 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 1796 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 62 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 4 </td>
- <td class="br tdc">July 4, 1826</td>
- <td class="tdc"> 91</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td class="br tdc">3.</td>
- <td class="br tdc">Thos. Jefferson</td>
- <td class="br tdl">Virginia</td>
- <td class="br tdc">1743 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 1801 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 52 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 8 </td>
- <td class="br tdc">July 4, 1826</td>
- <td class="tdc"> 83</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td class="br tdc">4.</td>
- <td class="br tdc">James Madison </td>
- <td class="br tdl">Virginia</td>
- <td class="br tdc">1751 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 1809 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 58 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 8 </td>
- <td class="br tdc">June 28, 1836</td>
- <td class="tdc"> 85</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td class="br tdc">5.</td>
- <td class="br tdc">James Monroe </td>
- <td class="br tdl">Virginia</td>
- <td class="br tdc">1758 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 1817 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 58 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 8 </td>
- <td class="br tdc">July 4, 1831</td>
- <td class="tdc"> 72</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td class="br tdc">6.</td>
- <td class="br tdc">John Q. Adams </td>
- <td class="br tdl">Mass. </td>
- <td class="br tdc">1767 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 1825 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 58 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 4 </td>
- <td class="br tdc">&nbsp;</td>
- <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td class="br tdc">7.</td>
- <td class="br tdc">Andrew Jackson </td>
- <td class="br tdl">Virginia</td>
- <td class="br tdc">1767 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 1829 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 62 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 8 </td>
- <td class="br tdc">June 8, 1845</td>
- <td class="tdc"> 78</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td class="br tdc">8.</td>
- <td class="br tdc">M. Van Buren </td>
- <td class="br tdl">N. York </td>
- <td class="br tdc">1782 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 1837 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 55 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 4 </td>
- <td class="br tdc">&nbsp;</td>
- <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td class="br tdc">9.</td>
- <td class="br tdc">Wm. H. Harrison</td>
- <td class="br tdl">Virginia</td>
- <td class="br tdc">1773 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 1841 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 68 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> &mdash; </td>
- <td class="br tdc">April 4, 1841</td>
- <td class="tdc"> 68</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td class="br tdc">10.</td>
- <td class="br tdc">John Tyler </td>
- <td class="br tdl">Virginia</td>
- <td class="br tdc">1790 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 1841 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 51 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 4 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> &nbsp; </td>
- <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td class="br tdc">11.</td>
- <td class="br tdc">James K. Polk </td>
- <td class="br tdl">N. Car. </td>
- <td class="br tdc">1795 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 1845 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 49 </td>
- <td class="br tdc">&nbsp;</td>
- <td class="br tdc">&nbsp;</td>
- <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-
-<h3>PRESIDENTIAL TESTIMONIES.</h3>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">George Washington.</span>&mdash;“I never mean, unless some particular circumstance
-should compel me to it, to possess another slave by purchase: <em>it being among
-my first wishes to see some plan adopted by which slavery in this country may be
-abolished by law</em>.”&mdash;<cite>Letter to John F. Mercer.</cite></p>
-
-<p>“There is not a man living, who wishes more sincerely than I do, to see a
-plan adopted for the abolition of it (Slavery); but there is only one proper and
-effectual mode by which it can be accomplished, and that is, by the legislative
-authority; and this, <em>as far as my suffrage will go, will not be wanting</em>.”&mdash;<cite>Letter to
-Robert Morris.</cite></p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">John Adams.</span>&mdash;“Great is truth&mdash;great is liberty&mdash;great is humanity; and they
-must and will prevail.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Jefferson.</span>&mdash;“The rightful <em>power</em> of all legislation is to declare and
-enforce <em>only</em> our <span class="smcap">NATURAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES</span>, and <em>take none of them from us</em>.
-No man has a natural right to <em>commit aggressions on the equal rights of another</em>,
-and this is <span class="smcap">ALL</span> from which the law ought to <em>restrain him</em>. Every man is under
-a natural duty of contributing to the necessities of society, and this is all the
-law should enforce upon him. When the laws have declared and enforced all
-this, they have fulfilled their functions.”&mdash;“The idea is quite unfounded, that on
-entering into society, <em>we give up any natural right</em>.”</p>
-
-<p>“The whole commerce between master and slave is a perpetual exercise of the
-most boisterous passions; the most unremitting despotism on the one part, and
-degrading submissions on the other. * * And with what execration should
-the statesman be loaded, who, permitting one-half the citizens thus to trample on
-the rights of the others, transforms those into despots, and these into enemies,
-destroys the morals of the one part, and the love of country of the other. For, if a
-slave can have a country in this world, it must be any other in preference to
-that in which he is born to live and labor for another. * * And can the
-liberties of a nation be thought secure when we have removed their only firm
-basis, a conviction in the minds of the people, that these liberties are the
-gift of God; that they are not to be violated but with his wrath? Indeed, I
-tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just; and that his justice cannot
-sleep forever. * * When the measure of the slaves’ tears shall be full;
-when their tears shall have involved heaven itself in darkness; doubtless a
-God of justice will awaken to their distress, and by diffusing light and liberality
-among their oppressors, or, at length by his exterminating thunder, manifest
-his attention to things of the world, and that they are not left to the
-guidance of blind fatality.”&mdash;<cite>Notes on Virginia.</cite></p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">James Madison.</span>&mdash;“It seemed now to be pretty well understood, that the real
-difference of interests lay, not between the large and small, but between the
-Northern and Southern States. The institution of slavery, and its consequences,
-formed the line of discrimination.”&mdash;<cite>Speech in the Convention for the formation
-of the Federal Constitution.</cite></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">James Monroe.</span>&mdash;“We have found that this evil (slavery) has preyed upon
-the very vitals of the Union; and has been prejudicial to all the States in which
-it has existed.”&mdash;<cite>Speech in the Virginia Convention.</cite></p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">John Q. Adams.</span>&mdash;“Nay, I may go further, and insist that that (the slave)
-representation has ever been, in fact, <em>the ruling power of this government.</em> The
-history of the Union has afforded a continual proof that this representation of
-property, which they enjoy, has secured to the slaveholding States the control of
-the national policy, and, almost without exception, the possession of the highest
-executive office of the Union.”&mdash;<cite>Speech in Congress, Feb. 4, 1833.</cite></p>
-
-<p>“Fellow citizens: The numbers of freemen constituting your nation are
-much greater than those of the slaveholding States, bond and free. You have
-at least three-fifths of the whole population of the Union. Your influence on
-the legislation and the administration of the government ought to be in proportion
-of three to two. But how stands the fact? * * * By means of the
-double representation, the minority command the whole, and a <em>knot of slaveholders
-give the law and prescribe the policy of the country</em>.”&mdash;<cite>Speech at North
-Bridgewater, Nov. 6, 1844.</cite></p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">James K. Polk.</span>&mdash;On the 12th of May, 1841, a resolution was introduced in
-Congress, to the effect, “That the President of the United States be requested to
-renew, and to prosecute, from time to time, such negotiations with the several
-maritime powers of Europe and America, as he may deem expedient <em>for the
-effectual abolition of the African Slave Trade</em>, and its ultimate denunciation as
-<em>piracy</em> under the law of nations, by the consent of the civilized world.” The
-vote on this resolution was 118 ayes and 32 nays; <em>James K. Polk voting in the
-negative</em>. (Cong. Deb. vol. 7., p. 850). Mr. Polk, since occupying the presidency,
-has pardoned two individuals, convicted in the courts of having been
-engaged in this trade.</p>
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2>BURDENS OF SLAVERY ON THE FREE.</h2>
-</div>
-
-<h3>The Presidency.</h3>
-
-
-<p>Of the fourteen presidential terms, now expired since the formation of the
-government, eleven have been filled by slaveholders, one by a “Northern man
-with Southern principles,” and only two by Northern men. The present incumbent
-is a slaveholder, sworn fully to do his utmost to uphold, and even extend
-the abomination; and most terribly he is fulfilling his vow, in the surrender of
-free territory in Oregon, and in a war of conquest for slavery in Mexico, at a
-cost of millions of dollars and thousands of lives. By holding the Presidency,
-slavery controls the cabinet, the diplomacy, the army, and the navy of the
-country. The power that controls the Presidency controls the nation. No
-Northern President has been allowed to serve more than one term.</p>
-
-
-<h3>The Vice Presidency.</h3>
-
-<p>The President exercises much of his power by and with the Senate. The
-Vice President is, ex-officio, President of the Senate. As such, he has the casting
-vote in all questions before that body. For the last twenty years, with one
-exception, <em>he has been a slaveholder</em>. From the adoption of the Constitution up
-to June 1842, there were 76 elections, in the Senate, of President pro. tem. Of
-these the slave States had 60 and the free States 16. Most of the 16 were in the
-earlier periods of the government. Mr. Southard was elected in 1842. Previous
-to that, no Northern man had received the appointment for <em>thirty</em> years!
-so careful were the slaveholders to watch their interests by securing the casting
-vote.</p>
-
-
-<h3>Senate.</h3>
-
-<p>For a long series of years the Senate has been equally divided between the
-free and the slave States. In this condition of it, it was a great point with the
-slaveholders to secure the casting vote of the Vice Presidency, and right carefully
-have they done it. This vote is of less importance now, since, by the
-admission of Texas, the balance of power is broken up, and “The Valley of
-Rascals,” on any tie vote, now rules the Senate and the nation.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p>
-
-
-<h3>Department of State.</h3>
-
-<p>The Office of Secretary of State is the most important of any, perhaps, in
-the cabinet of the President. As it is the duty of this officer to direct the correspondence
-with foreign courts, instruct our foreign ministers, negotiate treaties,
-&amp;c.; his station is second only, in importance, to that of the Presidency
-itself. Of the 15, who had filled this office up to 1845, the slave States have had
-10; the free States 5. The whole number of officers in this department at
-Washington, in 1846, is 86. Of these Virginia has 6 and the District of Columbia
-45.</p>
-
-
-<h3>The War Department.</h3>
-
-<p>In 1846, there are, at Washington, 98 officers in this department. Of these,
-the District of Columbia has 49&mdash;exactly one half, and Virginia and Maryland
-have the balance.</p>
-
-<p>The free States generally have furnished the seamen and the soldiers; the
-men to do the fighting and endure the hard knocks, <em>but slavery has taken care
-to furnish Southern men for officers</em>. Thus, of 1054 naval officers, New England
-has only 172; of the 68 commanders, New England has only 11; of the 328
-lieutenants, New England has only 59; of the 562 midshipmen, New England
-has only 82; and New England owns nearly half the tonnage of the country.
-Of all the officers in the navy in 1844, whether in service or waiting orders,
-Pennsylvania, with a free population more than double that of Virginia, had
-but 177, while Virginia had 224. In 1842, under Mr. Upshur, of 191 naval
-appointments, the slave States had 117; the free States only 73.</p>
-
-
-<h3>Post Office.</h3>
-
-<p>The greatest opposition to cheap postage is from the South. The reason is
-obvious. As multitudes of their Post-routes do not pay for themselves, they
-must be paid for, through a system of high postage, by the North, or be given
-up. Thus in 1842, the deficit in the Post Office department from the slave
-States was $571,000, while the excess over the expenditures in the free States
-was $600,000. This went of course to make up the deficiency of the South.
-So that in 1842 alone the North paid all its own postage, and $571,000 of postage
-for the South. Nor was this all. The whole number of miles of mail
-transportation for 1842, was 34,835,991, at an expense of $3,087,796. Of these
-miles, the mail was carried 20,331,461, at a cost of $1,508,413, in the free States;
-and 14,504,530 miles, at a cost of $1,579,383 in the slave States; that is, it cost
-$70,970 more to carry the mail in the slave States than in the free, while it ran
-5,826,931 miles less. Under the new system, from official returns, presenting a
-comparative view of the postage received at forty-two offices, North and South,
-during the third quarter of 1844 and 1845, it appears that while the falling off
-at the offices in the free States has not been one third, that at the offices in the
-slave States has been more than one half.</p>
-
-
-<h3>Civil, Diplomatic and Consular Agencies.</h3>
-
-<p>That most of the “spoils” of office, in these departments go to the slaveholders
-is well known. The following is the Diplomatic Agency of 1846.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Full Ministers.</span> To <i>Great Britain</i>, Louis McLane; <i>France</i>, William R.
-King; <i>Spain</i>, Romulus M. Saunders; <i>Turkey</i>, Dabney S. Carr; <i>Mexico</i>, John
-Slidell; <i>Brazil</i>, Henry A. Wise;&mdash;all from slave States; and <i>Russia</i>, R. I. Ingersoll
-from Connecticut.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Charges.</span> <i>Austria</i>, William A. Stiles; <i>Holland</i>, Auguste Davezac; <i>Belgium</i>,
-Thomas G. Glenson; <i>The two Sicilies</i>, William H. Polk; <i>Sardinia</i>, Robert
-Wickliffe; <i>Portugal</i>, Abraham Rencher; <i>Venezuela</i>, Benjamin G. Shields;
-<i>Buenos Ayres</i>, George Harris; <i>Chili</i>, William Crump, all from the slave states,
-and from the free States only <i>Denmark</i>, William W. Irwin; <i>Sweden</i>, H. W.
-Ellsworth; <i>Central America</i>, B. W. Bidlack; and <i>Peru</i>, A. G. Jewett.</p>
-
-<p>Thus, of the seven full ministers six are from the slave States; and of the
-thirteen Charges, <em>nine</em> are from the same; and the four given to Northern men<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
-are among the most insignificant governments in the world. And this favoritism
-of the South has been the policy for years. The civil and consular agencies
-are dispensed with a like injustice to the free States. The following, prepared
-by Prof. Cleveland, gives the number of persons employed in 1845, in
-these several agencies, from a few States, with their salaries, and the number
-of free white inhabitants in the same.</p>
-
-<table summary="Agency employment by state">
-<tr>
- <th class="bb br">Free States.&nbsp; </th>
- <th class="bb br"> Free Pop.&nbsp; </th>
- <th class="bb br"> Persons </th>
- <th class="bb br"> Salaries </th>
- <th class="bb br"> Slave States </th>
- <th class="bb br"> Free Pop. </th>
- <th class="bb br"> Persons </th>
- <th class="bb"> Salaries </th>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td class="br tdl">New York, </td>
- <td class="br tdr"> 2,378,890 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 37 </td>
- <td class="br tdr"> $ 63,250 </td>
- <td class="br tdl"> Virginia, </td>
- <td class="br tdr"> 740,968 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 114 </td>
- <td class="br tdr"> $200,395</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td class="br tdl">Pennsylvania, </td>
- <td class="br tdr"> 1,676,115 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 90 </td>
- <td class="br tdr"> 123,790 </td>
- <td class="br tdl"> Maryland, </td>
- <td class="br tdr"> 318,204 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 133 </td>
- <td class="br tdr"> 170,305</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td class="br tdl">Massachusetts, </td>
- <td class="br tdr"> 729,030 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 43 </td>
- <td class="br tdr"> 86,215 </td>
- <td class="br tdl"> Dist. Colum.,</td>
- <td class="br tdr"> 30,657 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 99 </td>
- <td class="br tdr"> 77,455</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td class="br tdl">Ohio, </td>
- <td class="br tdr"> 1,502,122 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 6 </td>
- <td class="br tdr"> 4,400 </td>
- <td class="br tdl"> Kentucky, </td>
- <td class="br tdr"> 590,253 </td>
- <td class="br tdc"> 7 </td>
- <td class="br tdr"> 34,150</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-
-<h3>Presidential Electors.</h3>
-
-<p>During the twenty years, ending in 1832, there were six presidential elections.
-In these, the South cast 608 electoral votes, but only 41 of them for Northern
-candidates. During the twenty years, ending in 1835, there were five presidential
-elections, in which the South cast 515 electoral votes, only 11 of which
-were for Northern candidates.</p>
-
-<p>In the presidential election of 1844, <em>thirteen</em> free States had 161 electors, and
-gave 1,890,884 votes&mdash;<em>one</em> elector to 11,739 votes; while <em>twelve</em> slave States had
-105 electors and gave 798,848 votes&mdash;<em>one</em> elector to 6,608 votes. In other terms;
-<em>six</em> slave State votes counted as much in choice of President and Vice President
-as <em>eleven</em> free State votes. In the same election, Michigan had 5 electors and
-gave 56,222 votes, or <em>one</em> elector to 11,244 votes; while Louisiana had 6 electors
-and gave 26,865 votes, or <em>one</em> elector to 4,447 votes&mdash;that is, <em>four</em> slaveholding
-Louisiana votes were equal to <em>eleven</em> free Michigan votes.</p>
-
-
-<h3>Federal Representation.</h3>
-
-<p>The present number of the House of Representatives, including Texas is
-228. Of these 21 represent slave property. In fixing the ratio of representation,
-after the last census, the House adopted that of 50,179. This would have
-given a House of 306 members, and the free States a majority of 68. But a
-small majority is more easily managed than a large. The Senate rejected that
-ratio and sent back the bill with the ratio of 70,680. This reduced the House to
-223 and brought down the majority of the free States to the more manageable
-number of 47. The effect of the odd number, 680, was to deprive the four
-great States of the north, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio,
-of one member each, with no corresponding disadvantage to any slave State.
-Of this proceeding, even the correspondent of the New York Herald said,&mdash;“The
-Senate apportionment has robbed the North of at least one quarter of its
-practical influence in the Union, when regarded in its full extent; and the members
-of the free States who voted for it, have thus surrendered the rights of their
-constituents, and violated their trusts.”</p>
-
-
-<h3>The House of Representatives.</h3>
-
-<p>The Speaker of the House has the appointment of all committees, and of
-course exerts an immense influence in this, as well as other ways, in the legislation
-of the country. During 31 of the 34 years, from 1811 to 1845, the speakers
-were all slaveholders.</p>
-
-
-<h3>Judiciary.</h3>
-
-<p>The Supreme Court of the United States is the court of highest appeal in the
-nation. Its decision on all questions coming before it is final. Of the 30
-judges of this court, the slave States have had 17; the free States 13. The circuits
-and salaries are still more unequal and unjust. Vermont, Connecticut,
-and New York, with 42 representatives in Congress, and a free population of
-over <em>three millions</em>, constitute but one circuit; while Alabama and Louisiana,
-with but 11 representatives and a free population of but <em>half</em> a <em>million</em>, consti<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>tute
-another. So of other circuits. Louisiana, with a free population of
-183,959, has one judge at a salary of $3,000; Ohio, with a population of
-1,519,461, more than eight times as great as that of Louisiana, has only one
-judge, at a salary of $1,000: that is, with eight times as many people to do
-business for, he receives one-third as much pay. Arkansas, with a free population
-of 77,639, has one judge at a salary of $2,000; New Hampshire, with a
-population of 284,573, has but one judge, at a salary of $1,000. Mississippi,
-with a free population of 180,440, has one judge, at a salary of $2,500; Indiana,
-with a population of 685,863, has but one judge, at a salary of $1,000&mdash;that
-is, two-fifths as much pay for doing more than three times the work!</p>
-
-
-<h3>Surplus Revenue.</h3>
-
-<p>The Surplus Revenue, distributed by the Act of 1836, amounted to 37,468,859
-dollars. The slaveholders managed to have it distributed, not, as it should have
-been, on the basis of free population, but that of federal representation. Thereby
-the South, with a free population of 3,823,289, received $16,058,082,85, while
-the North, with a free population of 7,008,451, received but $21,410,777,12. So
-that for each inhabitant of the <em>free</em> North, there was received but $3,06; while
-for each <em>free</em> person in the South, there was received $4,20; or $1,14 more for
-each free person in the South, than for each free person in the North. The
-South, by this operation alone, received for her slave representation in Congress,
-$4,358,549!</p>
-
-
-<h3>Revolutionary War.</h3>
-
-<p>In this war,&mdash;New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut,
-New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania,&mdash;seven States&mdash;furnished 172,436
-troops and were paid for services, $61,971,167. Delaware, Maryland, Virginia,
-North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia&mdash;six States&mdash;furnished 59,335
-troops, and received $52,438,130. In other terms, the Northern States furnished
-about three times the number of troops and received less than one fifth more pay.
-In particular States the inequality was far greater.</p>
-
-
-<h3>The War of 1812.</h3>
-
-<p>The Slaveholders envied the commercial prosperity of the North, and, to
-crush it, decreed the war of 1812, under the pretence of defending “free trade
-and sailor’s rights;” and one hundred and thirty-seven millions of dollars were
-wasted in its prosecution, and $200,000,000 more were lost on sea and land
-by Northern merchants and farmers, and then, leaving “free trade and sailor’s
-rights” where they were before, they made peace, and demanded a National
-Bank and Protective Tariff. And in the prosecution of the war, says <span class="smcap">Alvan
-Stewart</span>, Esq, (Address to Abolitionists Aug. 1846)&mdash;“The South placed Major
-General Smyth at Buffalo, a slaveholding lawyer of Virginia; Major
-General Winder, a slaveholding lawyer of Maryland, at Forty Mile Creek, on
-the side of Lake Ontario; Major General Wilkinson, a Louisiana slaveholder,
-at the Cedars and Rapids of the St. Lawrence; and Major General Wade
-Hampton, the great sugar boiler of Louisiana, and the largest slaveholder in
-the United States, (having over 5000 crushed human beings bowing to this
-monster and tyrant), was located at Burlington, Vermont, four slaveholding
-Generals with their four armies, were stretched out on our northern frontier,
-not to <em>take</em> Canada, but to prevent its being taken, by the men of New England
-and New York, in 1812, '13 and '14; lest we should make some six or eight
-free States from Canada, if conquered. This was treason against Northern
-interests, blood and honor. This horrid revelation could have been proved by
-General John Armstrong, then Secretary of War, after he and Mr. Madison
-quarreled.”</p>
-
-
-<h3>Florida, Florida War, Removal of the Indians.</h3>
-
-<p>While Florida was in possession of Spain it furnished an asylum for slaves
-escaping from the contiguous States. It was therefore bought, at the dictation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
-of the slaveholders, at an expense of $5,000,000. For the same purpose, and at
-the same dictation the late Florida War was waged, and the native Indian
-exiled. Of this, the Hon. <span class="smcap">J. R. Giddings</span>, 1845, said,&mdash;“They (the army) captured
-460 negroes, who were adjudged slaves by staff officers of the army, to
-whom the duty was assigned, and who delivered them over to interminable
-bondage. [See House Doc. 52, 3d Sess. 27th Congress.] We have no means
-by which we can determine the number of lives sacrificed in that war; but it
-may be safely asserted, that the capture of each slave cost the lives of two white
-men, and at least $80,000 in cash, the most of which was drawn from the
-pockets of the people of the free States. The whole expense of the
-war is estimated at $40,000,000. The moral guilt incurred, and the sacrifice
-of national character cannot be estimated. Perhaps I ought to add, on the
-authority of Gen. Jessup, that bloodhounds were also purchased to act as auxiliaries
-to our army, and that bloodhounds, and soldiers, and officers, marched
-together under the star-spangled banner, in pursuit of the panting fugitives who
-had fled from Southern oppression. [House Doc. 125, 3d Sess. 25th Congress.]
-And blood hounds, and soldiers, and officers were paid for from the avails of
-Northern industry; while our people were not permitted to petition their servants
-to be relieved from such degradation.” One R. Fitzpatrick was employed
-to get the blood hounds. He obtained thirty-three, and the cost, including expenses
-of bringing to Florida, was $5000. The removal of the Indians from
-the several slave States was merely to make room for slavery; and it has cost
-at least $50,000,000, and of all these millions the North has had to pay the
-largest share.</p>
-
-
-<h3>Texas and the Mexican War.</h3>
-
-<p>Everybody knows that Texas was annexed and that the war is waged to extend
-and strengthen Slavery. The cost of these measures is yet to be ascertained.
-There is little doubt that it will exceed rather than fall short of one
-hundred millions.</p>
-
-
-<h3>Bank, Tariff, Southern Bankruptcy, &amp;c.</h3>
-
-<p>The South originated the Bank and the Tariff. When they ceased to work
-for its interests, the South abolished both. The sums filched from the North by
-these changes of national polity and by Southern bankrupts, seem almost incredible.
-$27,000,000, of the capital of the United States Bank was sunk at
-the South. $500,000,000, it is estimated, would not more than meet the losses
-of the North, in sixty years, from Southern bankruptcy. In fine, there is no
-end to these burdens&mdash;this side-wise plunder of the free, by those whose entire
-life is a wholesale plunder of the Slave. How long will freemen bear it?</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container">
-<div class="poetry">
-<div class="stanza">
- <div class="verse">“We have a weapon firmer set</div>
- <div class="verse">And better than the bayonet:&mdash;</div>
- <div class="verse indent4">A weapon that comes down, as still</div>
- <div class="verse indent6">As snow-flakes fall upon the sod,</div>
- <div class="verse indent4">But executes a freeman’s will</div>
- <div class="verse indent6">As lightning does the will of God;</div>
- <div class="verse">And from its force, nor doors nor locks</div>
- <div class="verse">Can shield you:&mdash;tis <span class="smcap">THE BALLOT-BOX</span>.”</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-
-<h2>SLAVEHOLDING RELIGION.</h2>
-
-
-<h3>Maintaining Theological Seminaries.</h3>
-
-<p>The following is the conclusion of an advertisement in the Savannah Republican
-of March 23, 1845:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“Also, at the same time and place, the following negro slaves, to wit: Charles,
-Peggy, Antonet, Davy, September, Maria, Jenny, and Isaac, levied as the property
-of <span class="smcap">Henry T. Hall</span>, to satisfy a mortgage <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">fi. fa.</i>, issued out of the Supreme
-Court, in favor of the <em>Board of Directors</em> of the <em>Theological Seminary</em> of the
-<span class="smcap">Synod of South Carolina and Georgia</span>, vs. said Henry T. Hall. Conditions,
-Cash.</p>
-
-<p class="right">C. O’NEAL, Sheriff M. C.“</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p>
-
-
-<h3>Buying Church Furniture.</h3>
-
-<p>A runaway slave, in 1841, assigned the following as his reason for not communing
-with the church to which he belonged at the South. “The church,”
-said he, “had silver furniture for the administration of the Lord’s Supper, to
-procure which, they <em>sold my brother</em>! and I could not bear the feelings it produced,
-to go forward and receive the sacrament from the vessels which were the
-purchase of my brother’s blood.”</p>
-
-
-<h3>Supporting Churches by Slave Jobbing.</h3>
-
-<p>The Rev. J. Cable, of Indiana, May 20, 1846, in a letter to the Mercer
-Luminary, says:&mdash;“I have lived eight years in a slave State, (Va.)&mdash;received
-my Theological education at the Union Theological Seminary, near Hampden
-Sydney College. Those who know anything about slavery, know the worst
-kind is jobbing slavery&mdash;that is, the hiring out of slaves from year to year,
-while the master is not present to protect them. It is the interest of the one who
-hires them, to get the worth of his money of them, and the loss is the master’s
-if they die. What shocked me more than anything else, was the church engaged
-in this jobbing of slaves. The college church which I attended, and
-which was attended by all the students of Hampden Sydney College and Union
-Theological Seminary, held slaves enough to pay their pastor, Mr. Stanton,
-<span class="smcap">ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS</span> a year, of which the church members did not pay a cent
-(so I understood it). The slaves, who had been left to the church by some pious
-mother in Israel, had increased so as to be a large and still increasing fund.
-These were hired out on Christmas day of each year, the day in which they
-celebrate the birth of our blessed Savior, to the highest bidder. These worked
-hard the whole year to pay the pastor his $1000 a year, and it was left to the
-caprice of their employers whether they ever heard one sermon for which they
-toiled hard the whole year to procure. This was the church in which the professors
-of the seminary and the college often officiated. Since the abolitionists
-have made so much noise about the connection of the church with slavery, the
-Rev. Elisha Balenter informed me the church had sold this <em>property</em> and put the
-money in <em>other stock</em>. There were four churches near the college church, that
-were in the same situation with this, when I was in that country, that supported
-the pastor, in whole or in part, in the same way, viz: Cumberland church,
-John Kirkpatrick, pastor; Briny church, William Plummer, pastor, (since Dr.
-P. of Richmond;) Buffalo church, Mr. Cochran, pastor; Pisga church, near
-the peaks of Otter, J. Mitchell, pastor.”</p>
-
-
-<h3>Selling Ministers as Slaves.</h3>
-
-<p>At the great Convention, at Cincinnati, in June 1845, Mr. Needham of
-Louisville, Ky., said:&mdash;“Sir, in 1844, a Methodist preacher, with regular license
-and certificate, was placed in the Louisville jail, as a slave on sale. He
-preached in the jail sermons which would have done credit to any white
-preacher of the town. He kept a little memorandum in his pocket, in which
-he marked the number of persons hopefully converted under his preaching. I
-represented his case to leading Methodists in Louisville, and showed them a
-copy of his papers which I had taken. <em>Not one of them visited him in his prison.</em>
-He said he forgave those who had imprisoned him and were about to sell him.
-He was sold down the river, which was the last time I saw him.”</p>
-
-
-<h3>A Slaveholding D. D. whipping his “b&mdash;h” on Sabbath morning preparatory to
-preaching.</h3>
-
-<p>March 28, 1843, in a public address at Cincinnati, the Rev. Edward Smith,
-True Wesleyan, of Pittsburgh, stated that he had lived in slave states thirty-two
-years; and, speaking of a certain D. D. of his acquaintance, he adds:&mdash;“He
-was a slaveholder, and a severe one, too, and often, with his own hands, he applied
-the cowhide to the naked backs of his slaves. On one occasion, a woman
-that served in the house, committed, on Sabbath morning, an offence of too
-great magnitude to go unpunished until Monday morning. The Dr. took his
-woman into the cellar, and as is usual in such cases, stripped her from her
-waist up, and then applied the lash. The woman writhed and winced under
-each stroke, and cried, '<em>Oh Lord!</em> <span class="smcap">Oh Lord!!</span> OH LORD!!!’ The Doctor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
-stopped, and his hands fell to his side as though struck with palsy, gazed on the
-woman with astonishment, and thus addressed her, (the congregation must pardon
-me for repeating his words), 'Hush, you b&mdash;h, will you take the name of
-the Lord in vain on the Sabbath day?’ When he had stopped the woman from
-the gross profanity of crying to God on the Sabbath day, he finished whipping
-her, and then went and essayed to preach that gospel to his congregation, which
-proclaims liberty to the captive and the opening of the prison doors to them who
-are bound.”</p>
-
-
-<h3>The Greatest Impediment.</h3>
-
-<p>“We are about to make an announcement,” says the True American, “which
-must sound very strange to those whose field of observation is unlike our own:
-The greatest impediment to the success of the Anti-Slavery movement in the
-slave States is, the opposition to it of those men who profess to have been commissioned
-by high Heaven to go abroad and use their efforts for the mitigation
-of human misery and the extirpation of human wrong! This assertion, which
-appears so monstrous, will not surprise any one who lives among slaveholders.
-Our conviction of its truth has been confirmed by extensive observation.”</p>
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2>RELIGIOUS TESTIMONIES.</h2>
-</div>
-
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Archbishop Potter.</span> Some of our wise ones will have it that <i lang="el" xml:lang="el">doulos</i> means
-slave. Archbishop Potter, than whom no man was more learned in Grecian
-antiquities, in his work on them, published years ago, says, chap. 10, “Slaves,
-as long as they were under the government of a master, were called <i lang="el" xml:lang="el">oiketdi</i>;
-but <em>after their freedom</em> was granted them, they were <i lang="el" xml:lang="el">douloi</i>, not being like the
-former, a part of their master’s estate, but only obliged to some grateful acknowledgments
-and small services, such as were required of the <i lang="el" xml:lang="el">Metoikoi</i>, to
-whom they were in some few things inferior.”</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><span class="smcap">The Younger Edwards</span>, (Pastor of a church in New Haven, and afterwards
-President of Union College)&mdash;“Every man who cannot show, that his negro
-hath by his voluntary conduct, forfeited his liberty, is obligated <em>immediately to
-manumit him</em>. And to hold [such an one] in a state of slavery, is to be every
-day guilty of robbing him of his liberty, or of <em>man-stealing</em>&mdash;and fifty years
-from this time (1791) it will be as <em>shameful for a man to hold a negro slave, as to
-be guilty of common robbery or theft</em>.”</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Adam Clarke.</span> “Among Christians slavery is an <em>enormity</em>, and a <em>crime</em>
-for which <em>perdition</em> has scarcely an adequate state of punishment.”</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Rev. Albert Barnes.</span> “From the whole train of reasoning which I have
-pursued, I trust it will not be considered as improper to regard it as a position
-clearly demonstrated, that the fair influence of the Christian religion would
-everywhere abolish slavery. Let its principles be acted out; let its maxims
-prevail and rule in the hearts of all men, and the system, in the language of the
-Princeton Repertory, 'would <span class="smcap">SPEEDILY</span> come to an end.’ In what way this is to
-be brought about, and in what manner the influence of the church may be made
-to bear upon it, are points on which there may be differences of opinion. But
-there is one method which is obvious, and which, if everywhere practised,
-would certainly lead to this result. It is, <em>for the Christian church to cease all
-connection with slavery</em>.”</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Rev. S. H. Cox, D. D.</span> “The cause of human rights is only the converse
-of the cause of human duties; and how pious, or how orthodox, or how heroic,
-I should like to know, is he, for whose higher evangelical refinement of sensibility,
-this subject of righteousness is too 'delicate’ to be theologized into our
-ethics, our creed, or our prayers? Away with such nauseating and hypocritical
-affectation, in high places, and low ones, too.”&mdash;<cite>Letter to S. J. May, Auburn,
-May 5, 1835.</cite></p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2>ANTI-SLAVERY DEPOSITORY,</h2>
-</div>
-<hr class="tb" />
-<p class="ph3">PUBLICATION OFFICE,</p>
-
-<p class="ph4">AND</p>
-
-<p class="ph3">FREE READING ROOM;</p>
-
-<p class="ph4">NO. 22 SPRUCE STREET,<br />
-
-(3rd door east of <span class="smcap">Nassau Street</span>,)<br />
-
-NEW YORK.</p>
-
-
-<p>William Harned, Publishing Agent of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery
-Society, invites the attention of the friends of the cause in every part of the
-country, to the new Depository and Publishing Office, which is centrally and
-pleasantly located, and designed to afford every attainable facility for promoting
-the great objects of the Society.</p>
-
-<p><span class="gesperrt">THE AMERICAN AND FOREIGN ANTI-SLAVERY REPORTER,</span>
-edited by Rev. A. A. Phelps, is published monthly, at 50 cents per annum,
-with a material reduction to those who take several copies.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p><span class="smcap">The Reading Room</span>, <em>free to all</em>, is furnished with files of all the Anti-Slavery
-papers and periodicals published in this country; together with a good selection
-of religious, literary, and political papers. It is also intended to establish
-an extensive Library of all works on the subject of Slavery, so far as they can
-be obtained.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">A Depository</span> for the sale of Anti-Slavery Publications has been established;
-from which it is intended that all the standard works on Slavery may be obtained,
-at wholesale and retail. In addition to such of the publications of the
-American Anti-Slavery Society as are yet in print, we have now on sale the
-following new and popular works, viz.:&mdash;</p>
-
-<ul>
- <li>Memoirs and Writings of Charles T. Torrey,</li>
- <li>Barnes on American Slavery,</li>
- <li>Bacon &nbsp;&nbsp; “ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ” &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; “</li>
- <li>Debate between Rice and Blanchard,</li>
- <li>Discussion between Wayland and Fuller,</li>
- <li>Whittier’s Poems, 4th and complete edition,</li>
- <li>Home, by Rev, Charles T. Torrey,</li>
- <li>Clarke’s Liberty Minstrel, last edition,</li>
- <li>Narrative of Lewis and Milton Clarke,</li>
- <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;” &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; “ &nbsp; Frederic Douglass,</li>
- <li>The Slave: or, Memoirs of Archy Moore,</li>
- <li>Poems, by William H. Burleigh,</li>
- <li>Winona, the Brown Maid of the South,</li>
- <li>Unconstitutionality of Slavery, by Spooner, both editions,</li>
- <li>Sinfulness of Slavery, by James G. Birney,</li>
- <li>Slavery, and the Slaveholders’ Religion, by Brooke,</li>
- <li>A Reproof of the American Church,</li>
- <li>Condensed Bible Argument, by a Virginian,</li>
- <li>Alvan Stewart’s Legal Argument,</li>
- <li>Address of the Cincinnati Liberty Convention,</li>
- <li>An Appeal for the Bondwoman, a Poem by E. Lloyd,</li>
- <li>The American Board and Slaveholding, by Rev. W. W. Patton,</li>
- <li>German Anti-Slavery Almanac for 1847, &amp;c. &amp;c.</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-
-<p>---> Address all orders for the Reporter, Books, &amp;c. postpaid, to</p>
-
-<p class="indent">
-WILLIAM HARNED, 5 Spruce Street, New York.
-</p>
-
-<div class="tnote"><h3>Transcriber’s Notes:</h3>
-<ul>
-<li>Obvious printer’s errors corrected, including unambiguous typos,
-spellings corrected to match standard spelling at time of publication,
-missing but implied quote marks, and the like.</li>
-
-<li>On the final page, a small finger pointing to the right has been replaced with “--->”</li>
-
-<li>Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible,
-including non-standard punctuation, inconsistently hyphenated words, and other inconsistencies.</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FACTS FOR THE PEOPLE OF THE FREE STATES ***</div>
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