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font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Forest Trees of Illinois (Third Edition), by Robert H. Mohlenbrock</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Forest Trees of Illinois (Third Edition)</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Robert H. Mohlenbrock</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: June 26, 2021 [eBook #65705]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOREST TREES OF ILLINOIS (THIRD EDITION) ***</div> -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Forest Trees of Illinois" width="501" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1>Forest Trees -<br />of Illinois</h1> -<p class="center">THIRD EDITION</p> -<p class="tbcenter">By Robert H. Mohlenbrock -<br />Department of Botany, Southern Illinois University</p> -<p class="center">Photography by John A. Richardson and Robert H. Mohlenbrock -<br />Illustrations by Miriam Wysong Meyer and Fredda J. Burton -<br />Southern Illinois University</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<p class="center">Printed by authority of the State of Illinois -<br />Issued by -<br />DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION -<br />Division of Forestry</p> -<p class="center">14 -<br />(17943—10M—4-80)</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<h2 id="toc" class="center">TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2> -<dl class="toc"> -<dt><a href="#c1">Acknowledgments</a> 4</dt> -<dt><a href="#c2">Introduction</a> 5</dt> -<dt><a href="#c3">Illustrated Glossary</a> 6</dt> -<dt><a href="#c4">Key to the Trees of Illinois in Spring, Summer, and Fall</a> 9</dt> -<dt><a href="#c5">Key to the Trees of Illinois in Winter</a> 27</dt> -<dt><a href="#c6">Trees of Illinois</a> 38</dt> -<dt><a href="#c7">Special Places to Study Trees</a> 318</dt> -<dt><a href="#c8">White Oak, the State Tree of Illinois</a> 322</dt> -<dt><a href="#c9">Illinois Big Tree Champions</a> 323</dt> -<dt><a href="#c10">Index to Common and Scientific Names</a> 324</dt> -<dt><a href="#c11">District Foresters</a> 330</dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">Acknowledgments</span></h2> -<p>I am grateful to the late Mr. Fred Siemert, State Forester of the -Illinois Division of Forestry, for suggesting the need for a new -“Forest Trees of Illinois.” The first and second editions of this work -have been immensely popular, and the need for a third edition is -gratifying.</p> -<p>This third edition is only slightly modified from the second. A few -illustrations and bark photographs have been substituted, and the -key has been improved in places. New material has been added to -the description of the water hickory.</p> -<p>I wish to give thanks to Mr. Al Mickelson of the Illinois Division -of Forestry for encouraging this third edition, and to his assistants, -Mr. John Sester and Mr. Ernest Kunze, for editing it for -publication. Mark Mohlenbrock has redrawn the leaves and fruit -illustrated on pages <a href="#Page_101">101</a> and <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">Introduction</span></h2> -<p>The initial edition of Forest Trees of Illinois was written in 1927 -by W. R. Mattoon and R. B. Miller, two prominent foresters in the -state at that time. This was revised in 1955 by Dr. George Damon -Fuller, then of the Illinois State Museum, and E. E. Nuuttila, State -Forester of Illinois.</p> -<p>In 1973, I prepared the first edition of the new Forest Trees of -Illinois with new text, keys, photographs, and illustrations. An -updated second edition was published in 1978. Because of the -heavy demand for this work, this third edition has been prepared.</p> -<p>Woody plants are usually divided into trees and shrubs, but the -difference between these growth forms is not always distinct. In this -work, we consider a plant to be of tree stature if it has a single erect -trunk which branches above the ground to form a crown. It must -have a diameter of at least 3 inches 4½ feet above the ground and an -overall height of 12 feet. Some of the plants included in this work -are borderline between trees and shrubs. The height of a plant may -be influenced by its geography. Thus, the Gray Dogwood (<i>Cornus -racemosa</i>) in extreme southern Illinois may reach the dimensions of -a small tree, but this same species in northern Illinois is also of a -shrubby stature.</p> -<p>Almost every kind of plant in the world is known by a Common -Name and a Latin Name. The Common Name is the one used -locally by residents of the area. It is of limited value because people -in different areas sometimes have different names for the same -plant. For example, one of the trees in Illinois is known by some as -the Ironwood, by others as the Blue Beech, by others as the -American Hornbeam, and by still others as the Musclewood Tree. -Then again, the name Ironwood applies to at least two different -kinds of trees in Illinois. The Latin Name for each kind of tree is -known the World over by the same name. Actually, the Latin Name -is composed of two words, the genus name, which is always -capitalized, and the specific epithet, which is not capitalized.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div> -<p>Of all the kinds of plants in the World, none is so well-loved, so -stately and majestic, as a forest tree. More and more people each -year are vacationing and seeking outdoor recreation. Many of them -“take to the woods” for their leisure, because the forests of our state -hold an unending fascination to many who enter them.</p> -<p>Moreover, trees provide us with building material for our homes, -shade for our lawns and parks, and hundreds of other products used -in our everyday living.</p> -<p>To know the trees we encounter is to enhance our appreciation -for them. The purpose of FOREST TREES OF ILLINOIS is to -bring to Illinoisans a means of identifying the trees that grow in this -state.</p> -<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">Illustrated Glossary</span></h2> -<p>In order to distinguish one kind of tree from another, it is -necessary to learn the major characteristics which the forest trees of -Illinois may possess. Illustrated below are several of the most -commonly encountered characteristics of leaves and twigs. A thorough -understanding of these structures will insure a quicker and -more accurate identification.</p> -<p>On the pages following the illustrated glossary are keys to the -trees of Illinois. A key is a botanical device which enables the user, -through proper selection of a series of choices, to identify a specimen -at hand. Separate keys are provided for trees during the -spring, summer, and autumn seasons and during the winter season. -Begin at the first pair of number 1’s, choose the statement that best -fits the unknown specimen, and then go to the next pair of statements -beneath. Continue this same procedure until the name of the -plant is reached.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p001.jpg" id="ncfig1" alt="LEAF FORMS, ARRANGEMENT, SHAPES" width="600" height="776" /> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>LEAF FORMS AND ARRANGEMENT</dt> -<dd>SIMPLE</dd> -<dd>PINNATELY COMPOUND</dd> -<dd>PALMATELY COMPOUND</dd> -<dd>DOUBLY PINNATELY COMPOUND</dd> -<dd>OPPOSITE</dd> -<dd>ALTERNATE</dd> -<dd>WHORLED</dd> -<dt>LEAF SHAPES</dt> -<dd>LANCEOLATE</dd> -<dd>OBLANCEOLATE</dd> -<dd>OBLONG</dd> -<dd>ELLIPTICAL</dd> -<dd>OVATE</dd> -<dd>OBOVATE</dd></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p001a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="728" /> -<p class="pcap">WINTER TWIG CHARACTERS</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>WINTER TWIG CHARACTERS</dt> -<dd>BUD SCALE</dd> -<dd>TERMINAL BUD</dd> -<dd>LATERAL BUD</dd> -<dd>LEAF SCAR</dd> -<dd>LENTICELS</dd> -<dd>BUNDLE TRACES</dd> -<dt>{LEAF LAYERS}</dt> -<dd>UPPER EPIDERMIS</dd> -<dd>PALISADE LAYER</dd> -<dd>RIBS AND VEINS</dd> -<dd>SPONGY LAYER</dd> -<dd>STOMA</dd> -<dd>LOWER EPIDERMIS</dd> -<dt>LEAF TIPS</dt> -<dd>ACUTE</dd> -<dd>OBTUSE</dd> -<dd>LONG-TAPERING</dd> -<dt>LEAF EDGES</dt> -<dd>PINNATELY LOBED</dd> -<dd>WAVY</dd> -<dd>TOOTHED</dd> -<dd>DOUBLY TOOTHED</dd> -<dd>SMOOTH</dd> -<dt>LEAF BASES</dt> -<dd>HEART-SHAPED</dd> -<dd>TRUNCATE</dd> -<dd>ASYMMETRICAL</dd> -<dd>ROUNDED</dd> -<dd>TAPERING</dd></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div> -<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">Key to the Trees of Illinois in Spring, Summer, and Fall</span></h2> -<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves needle-like or scale-like</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_GroupA">Group A</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like.</span></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves compound (divided into 3 or more leaflets)</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_GroupB">Group B</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves simple.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leaves opposite or whorled</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_GroupC">Group C</a></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leaves alternate.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Leaves neither toothed nor lobed</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_GroupD">Group D</a></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Leaves toothed or lobed or both.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Leaves toothed but not lobed</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_GroupE">Group E</a></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Leaves lobed</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_GroupF">Group F</a></dd></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div> -<h3><b id="g_GroupA">GROUP A</b></h3> -<p>Leaves needle-like or scale-like, often evergreen.</p> -<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves in clusters of 2 or more.</span></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves in clusters of 10 or more, falling off during autumn.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leaves blue-green; cone-scales smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LarixLaricina">Larix laricina</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leaves bright green; cone-scales hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LarixDecidua">Larix decidua</a></i></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves in clusters of 2-5, evergreen.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">4. Leaves in clusters of 5</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusStrobus">Pinus strobus</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">4. Leaves in clusters of 2-3.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">5. Leaves in clusters of 2.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">6. Most or all the leaves less than 3 inches long, usually twisted.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">7. Leaves up to 1½ inches long; sheath at base of leaves not longer than ⅛ inch</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusBanksiana">Pinus banksiana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">7. Leaves 2-3 inches long; sheath at base of leaves at least ⅓ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusSylvestris">Pinus sylvestris</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">6. Most or all the leaves longer than 3 inches, rarely twisted.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">8. Leaves mostly less than 5 inches long; cone-scale with a small spine</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusEchinata">Pinus echinata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">8. Leaves mostly more than 5 inches long; cone-scale without a spine</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusResinosa">Pinus resinosa</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">5. Leaves in clusters of 3.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">9. Leaves flexible, mostly less than 5 inches long; sheath at base of leaves about ¼ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusEchinata">Pinus echinata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">9. Leaves stiff, mostly more than 5 inches long; sheath at base of leaves about 1 inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusTaeda">Pinus taeda</a></i></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves solitary.</span></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">10. Leaves evergreen, of 2 types, some of them scale-like and about ⅛ inch long, some of them needle-like and up to ⅓ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_JuniperusVirginiana">Juniperus virginiana</a></i></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">10. Leaves falling off in autumn, all needle-like, usually at least ½ inch long.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">11. Leaves 3-angled.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">12. Leaves blue-green</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LarixLaricina">Larix laricina</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">12. Leaves bright green</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LarixDecidua">Larix decidua</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">11. Leaves flat</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_TaxodiumDistichum">Taxodium distichum</a></i></dd></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div> -<h3><b id="g_GroupB">GROUP B</b></h3> -<p>Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like, compound.</p> -<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves alternate.</span></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaflets 3</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PteleaTrifoliata">Ptelea trifoliata</a></i></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaflets 5 or more.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Main stalk between leaflets winged on either side</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhusCopallina">Rhus copallina</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Main stalk between leaflets not winged.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Leaves with an even number of leaflets, often doubly compound.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Leaflets not more than ½ inch wide.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">6. Pods usually 12 inches long or longer, with 6 or more seeds</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_GleditsiaTriacanthos">Gleditsia triacanthos</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">6. Pods 1-2 inches long, with 1-3 seeds</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_GleditsiaAquatica">Gleditsia aquatica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Some or all the leaflets at least one inch broad.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">7. Leaves doubly compound; leaflets smooth along the edges; leaves without a foul odor when crushed</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_GymnocladusDioicus">Gymnocladus dioicus</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">7. Leaves once compound; leaflets usually with a few coarse teeth along the edges; leaves with a foul odor when crushed</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AilanthusAltissima">Ailanthus altissima</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Leaves with an odd number of leaflets, once compound (twice compound in <i><a class="inl" href="#g_AraliaSpinosa">Aralia spinosa</a></i>, which has prickly leafstalks).</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">8. Leaflets without teeth along the edges.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">9. Leaflets less than 1 inch broad and 2 inches long; twigs with short spines at base of leaf stalks</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RobiniaPseudoacacia">Robinia pseudoacacia</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">9. Leaflets up to 4 inches long and up to 2 inches broad; twigs without spines.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">10. Some or all the leaflets alternate; base of leafstalk conspicuously swollen</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CladrastisLutea">Cladrastis lutea</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">10. All the leaflets opposite; base of leafstalk not swollen</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhusVernix">Rhus vernix</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">8. Leaflets toothed along the edges.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">11. Leaves doubly compound, often with small prickles on the leafstalks and on some of the veins</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AraliaSpinosa">Aralia spinosa</a></i></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_12">12</dt> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">11. Leaves once compound, without prickles.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">12. All leaves with 11 or more leaflets.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">13. Leafstalks and lower surface of leaves completely smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhusGlabra">Rhus glabra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">13. Leafstalks and lower surface of leaves (at least on the veins) hairy.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">14. Pith of twigs chambered when cut lengthwise.</span></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">15. Pith pale brown; bark dark brown, with roughened ridges</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_JuglansNigra">Juglans nigra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">15. Pith dark brown; bark gray, with smooth ridges</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_JuglansCinerea">Juglans cinerea</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">14. Pith of twigs solid.</span></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">16. Leaves strongly aromatic when crushed; twigs not covered with velvety hairs.</span></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">17. Bud scales with yellow hairs; nut 1½ to 2 times longer than broad</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaIllinoensis">Carya illinoensis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">17. Bud scales without yellow hairs; nut about as broad as long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaAquatica">Carya aquatica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">16. Leaves not aromatic when crushed; twigs covered with velvety hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhusTyphina">Rhus typhina</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">12. Some or all leaves with less than 11 leaflets.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">18. Buds with 4-6 scales arranged in pairs; most of the leaves with at least 9 leaflets.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">19. Terminal leaflet without a stalk or with a very short stalk; buds mustard-yellow</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaCordiformis">Carya cordiformis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">19. Terminal leaflet with a well-developed stalk; bud reddish-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaAquatica">Carya aquatica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="lj">18. Buds with 6 or more overlapping scales; most of the leaves with fewer than 9 leaflets (except sometimes in <i><a class="inl" href="#g_CaryaTomentosa">Carya tomentosa</a></i> and <i><a class="inl" href="#g_CaryaLaciniosa">Carya laciniosa</a></i>), never with 11 leaflets.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">20. Teeth along the leaf margin with small tufts of hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaOvata">Carya ovata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">20. Teeth along the leaf margin without small tufts of hairs.</span></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_13">13</dt> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">21. Lower surface of leaflets densely and uniformly hairy.</span></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">22. Stalk to which leaflets are attached densely hairy; bark tight, not shaggy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaTomentosa">Carya tomentosa</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">22. Stalk to which leaflets are attached smooth or sparsely hairy; bark shaggy at maturity</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaLaciniosa">Carya laciniosa</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">21. Lower leaf surface smooth, or with tufts of hairs in the vein axils, or sometimes sparsely hairy along the veins.</span></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">23. Scales of buds, stalk of leaves, and young twigs rusty-hairy or -scaly</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaTexana">Carya texana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">23. Rusty hairs and scales not present.</span></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">24. Leaflets mostly 5; bud scales without hairs at the tip; bark tight, not peeling</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaGlabra">Carya glabra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">24. Leaflets mostly 7; bud scales with hairs at the tip; bark peeling at maturity</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaOvalis">Carya ovalis</a></i></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves opposite.</span></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">25. Leaves palmately compound.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">26. Leaflets mostly 7; buds very sticky</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AesculusHippocastanum">Aesculus hippocastanum</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">26. Leaflets mostly 5; buds not sticky.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">27. Fruit prickly; flowers yellow</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AesculusGlabra">Aesculus glabra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">27. Fruit smooth; flowers red</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AesculusDiscolor">Aesculus discolor</a></i></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">25. Leaves pinnately compound, or sometimes with only 3 leaflets.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">28. Leaflets usually 3, or sometimes 5; twigs green or glaucous</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerNegundo">Acer negundo</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">28. Leaflets usually 7 or more, sometimes 5; twigs not green.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">29. Some or all of the twigs square</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusQuadrangulata">Fraxinus quadrangulata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">29. Stems not square.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">30. Leaflets without stalks</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusNigra">Fraxinus nigra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">30. Leaflets stalked.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">31. Stalks of the leaflets winged.</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusPennsylvanica"><i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> var. <i>subintegerrima</i></a></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">31. Twigs and leafstalks smooth</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">32. Leaflets whitened on the lower surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusAmericana">Fraxinus americana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">32. Leaflets green or yellow-brown on the lower surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusTomentosa">Fraxinus tomentosa</a></i></dd></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<h3><b id="g_GroupC">GROUP C</b></h3> -<p>Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like, simple, opposite or whorled.</p> -<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves (or some of them) in whorls of 3.</span></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves with a bad odor when crushed; flowers with conspicuous purple spots</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CatalpaBignonioides">Catalpa bignonioides</a></i></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves without a bad odor when crushed; flowers merely lined with purple</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CatalpaSpeciosa">Catalpa speciosa</a></i></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves opposite.</span></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">3. Leaves at least 6 inches long and 6 inches broad, heart-shaped at the base, never palmately lobed</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PaulowniaTomentosa">Paulownia tomentosa</a></i></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">3. Leaves usually less than 6 inches long and 6 inches broad, not heart-shaped at the base or, if slightly heart-shaped, then also palmately lobed.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">4. Leaves palmately lobed.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">5. Leafstalk with milky sap when broken</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerPlatanoides">Acer platanoides</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">5. Leafstalk without milky sap.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">6. Areas between leaf lobes mostly V-shaped; leaves usually silvery or white on the lower surface.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">7. Leaves deeply divided, the areas between the lobes extending more than half-way to the midvein</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerSaccharinum">Acer saccharinum</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">7. Leaves shallowly divided, the areas between the lobes extending less than half-way to the midvein.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">8. Leaves completely covered with a white felt on the lower surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerRubrumVarDrummondii">Acer rubrum var. drummondii</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">8. Leaves smooth or sparsely hairy on the lower leaf surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerRubrum">Acer rubrum</a></i></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_15">15</dt> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">6. Areas between leaf lobes mostly U-shaped; leaves green or paler on the lower surface, not white or silvery.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">9. Leaves with the edges drooping.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">10. Leaves green on the lower surface; small leafy outgrowths sometimes present at the base of the leafstalk</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerNigrum">Acer nigrum</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">10. Leaves grayish on the lower surface; small leafy outgrowths at the base of the leafstalk absent</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerBarbatum">Acer barbatum</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">9. Leaves flat, the edges not drooping</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerSaccharum">Acer saccharum</a></i></dd></dl> -<dl class="key"><dd class="t"><span class="jl">4. Leaves not lobed.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">11. Leaves toothed along the edges.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">12. Edges of leaves regularly toothed from tip of leaf to base; leaves usually short-pointed or rounded at the tip.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">13. Buds, leafstalks, and veins on the lower surface of the leaf covered with rusty hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ViburnumRufidulum">Viburnum rufidulum</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">13. Buds, leafstalks, and veins on the lower surface of the leaf without rusty hairs.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">14. Leaf stalks wavy along the edges</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ViburnumLentago">Viburnum lentago</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">14. Leaf stalks not wavy along the edges.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">15. Branches spine-tipped</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhamnusCathartica">Rhamnus cathartica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">15. Branches not spine-tipped</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ViburnumPrunifolium">Viburnum prunifolium</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">12. Edges of leaves toothed only above the middle of the leaf; leaves tapering to a long point</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ForestieraAcuminata">Forestiera acuminata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">11. Leaves not toothed along the edges.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">16. Upper surface of leaves rough to the touch</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusDrummondii">Cornus drummondii</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">16. Upper surface of leaves smooth.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">17. Leaves with deeply impressed veins on the upper surface; lower surface of leaves gray or whitish.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">18. Leaves often nearly as broad as long; flowers surrounded by 4 large, white bracts; berries red; twigs green</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusFlorida">Cornus florida</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">18. Leaves longer than broad; flowers not surrounded by 4 large, white bracts; berries white; twigs gray</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusRacemosa">Cornus racemosa</a></i></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_16">16</dt> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">17. Leaves without deeply impressed veins; leaves often paler on the lower surface, but not gray or whitish</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ForestieraAcuminata">Forestiera acuminata</a></i></dd></dl> -<h3><b id="g_GroupD">GROUP D</b></h3> -<p>Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like, simple, alternate, neither toothed nor lobed.</p> -<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Most or all of the leaves more than six inches long.</span></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves long-tapering to the base; winter buds elongated, about ⅛ inch long, covered with reddish-brown hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AsiminaTriloba">Asimina triloba</a></i></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves rounded or only short-tapering to the base; winter buds either ½ inch long and white-hairy, or rounded and yellow.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leafstalks usually more than 1½ inches long, hairy; buds nearly round, yellow</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_NyssaAquatica">Nyssa aquatica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leafstalks usually less than 1½ inches long, smooth; buds elongated, white-hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MagnoliaAcuminata">Magnolia acuminata</a></i></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">1. Most or all of the leaves less than six inches long.</span></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">4. Leafstalks with milky sap; twigs usually bearing small spines near the point of the leaf attachment</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MacluraPomifera">Maclura pomifera</a></i></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">4. Leafstalks without milky sap; twigs not spiny.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">5. Leaves spicy-aromatic when crushed, twigs green</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_SassafrasAlbidum">Sassafras albidum</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">5. Leaves not spicy-aromatic when crushed; twigs usually not green.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">6. Leaves distinctly asymmetrical at base, usually obviously 3-nerved from the base.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">7. Leaves usually at least twice longer than broad, rounded at the base</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisLaevigata">Celtis laevigata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">7. Leaves usually less than twice longer than broad, more or less heart-shaped at the base</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisTenuifolia">Celtis tenuifolia</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">6. Leaves symmetrical at the base, with a single main vein.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">8. Leaves heart-shaped at the base, about as broad as long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CercisCanadensis">Cercis canadensis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">8. Leaves rounded or tapering to the base, longer than broad.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">9. Many of the leaves clustered near the tips of the twigs.</span></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_17">17</dt> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">10. Leaves abruptly short-pointed at the tip</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_NyssaSylvatica">Nyssa sylvatica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">10. Leaves tapering to the tip.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">11. Veins of leaf deeply impressed, strongly arching toward the tip of the leaf; fruit a berry</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusAlternifolia">Cornus alternifolia</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">11. Veins of leaf not deeply impressed nor strongly arching toward the tip of the leaf; fruit an acorn.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">12. Lower surface of leaves hairy; leafstalk usually hairy; leaves usually one inch wide or wider</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusImbricaria">Quercus imbricaria</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">12. Lower surface of leaves smooth except for the veins; leafstalk usually smooth; leaves usually less than one inch wide</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusPhellos">Quercus phellos</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">9. Leaves not clustered near the tips of the twigs.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">13. Leaves usually with 10 or more pairs of veins; leafstalks often 1½ inches long or longer</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_NyssaAquatica">Nyssa aquatica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">13. Leaves usually with 6-8 pairs of veins; leafstalks rarely as long as 1½ inches.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">14. Leaves abruptly contracted to a short point at the tip.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">15. Leaves usually about twice as long as broad; fruit an orange berry about 1 inch in diameter</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_DiospyrosVirginiana">Diospyros virginiana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">15. Leaves usually less than twice as long as broad; fruit a blue berry up to ½ inch in diameter</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_NyssaSylvatica">Nyssa sylvatica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">14. Leaves gradually tapering to the tip</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhamnusCaroliniana">Rhamnus caroliniana</a></i></dd></dl> -<h3><b id="g_GroupE">GROUP E</b></h3> -<p>Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like; leaves simple, alternate, toothed but not lobed.</p> -<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves asymmetrical at the base.</span></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves with 3 main veins arising from the base of the blade.</span></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_18">18</dt> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Edge of leaf with low, rounded teeth or merely wavy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_HamamelisVirginiana">Hamamelis virginiana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Edge of leaf sharply or finely toothed.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Most of all the leafstalks less than one inch long; trunk usually warty.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Upper surface of leaf very rough to the touch; leaves thick and leathery.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">6. Leaves tapering to a long point at the tip; most or all of the blades 3 inches long or longer</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisOccidentalis">Celtis occidentalis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">6. Leaves tapering to a short point at the tip; most or all of the blades less than 3 inches long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisTenuifolia">Celtis tenuifolia</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Upper surface of leaf smooth or only slightly rough to the touch; leaves thin and membranaceous.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">7. Leaves at least three times longer than broad</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisLaevigata">Celtis laevigata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">7. Leaves less than three times longer than broad.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">8. Some or all the leaves 3 inches long or longer</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisOccidentalis">Celtis occidentalis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">8. Leaves less than 3 inches long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisTenuifolia">Celtis tenuifolia</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Leafstalks more than 1 inch long.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">9. Leaves smooth on the lower surface except for small tufts of hairs where the veins meet</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_TiliaAmericana">Tilia americana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">9. Leaves hairy on the lower surface.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">10. Lower surface of leaves white</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_TiliaHeterophylla">Tilia heterophylla</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">10. Lower surface of leaves green</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_TiliaAmericana">Tilia americana</a></i></dd></dl> -<dl class="key"><dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves with one main vein arising from the base of the blade.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">11. Some of the twigs with corky wings.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">12. Some or all the leaves four inches long or longer; leaf-stalks more than ⅛ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusThomasii">Ulmus thomasii</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">12. None of the leaves four inches long; leafstalks up to ⅛ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusAlata">Ulmus alata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">11. Twigs without corky wings.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">13. Leaves very rough-hairy to the touch</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusRubra">Ulmus rubra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">13. Leaves smooth or soft to the touch.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">14. Edge of leaf doubly toothed (each tooth divided into a second small tooth).</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">15. Leaves distinctly one-sided at the base; leafstalks often smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusAmericana">Ulmus americana</a></i></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_19">19</dt> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">15. Leaves only slightly one-sided at the base; leafstalks hairy.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">16. Bark of trunk with sinewy ridges; fruit enclosed in flat, 3-lobed bracts; lower lateral veins of leaf unbranched</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CarpinusCaroliniana">Carpinus caroliniana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">16. Bark of trunk broken into scales; fruit surrounded by inflated, bladdery bracts; lower lateral veins of leaf branched</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_OstryaVirginiana">Ostrya virginiana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">14. Edge of leaf singly toothed.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">17. Leaves smooth on the lower surface; leafstalks smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusPumila">Ulmus pumila</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">17. Leaves hairy on the lower surface, at least where the veins meet; leafstalks usually hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PlaneraAquatica">Planera aquatica</a></i></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves symmetrical at the base.</span></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">18. Leaves with 2-4 irregular teeth along the edges.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">19. Leaves usually with 10 or more pairs of veins; leaf stalks often 1½ inches long or longer</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_NyssaAquatica">Nyssa aquatica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">19. Leaves usually with 6-8 pairs of veins; leaf stalks rarely as long as 1½ inches</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_NyssaSylvatica">Nyssa sylvatica</a></i></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">18. Leaves more regularly toothed with more than 4 teeth along the edges.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">20. Leafstalks with milky sap when broken.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">21. Leaf stalks and lower surface of leaf with long hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BroussonetiaPapyrifera">Broussonetia papyrifera</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">21. Leaf stalks and lower surface of leaf smooth or with short hairs.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">22. Lower leaf surface hairy between the veins</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MorusRubra">Morus rubra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">22. Lower leaf surface smooth or hairy only on the veins</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MorusAlba">Morus alba</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">20. Leafstalks without milky sap when broken.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">23. Leaves at least 4 times as long as broad.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">24. Leafstalks less than ⅛ inch long; leaves irregularly toothed along the edges</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_SalixInterior">Salix interior</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">24. Leafstalks more than ⅛ inch long; leaves regularly toothed along the edges.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">25. Leaves green on the lower surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_SalixNigra">Salix nigra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">25. Leaves whitish on the lower surface.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">26. Each leaf with a pair of leaf-like stipules at the base of the leafstalk</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_SalixCaroliniana">Salix caroliniana</a></i></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_20">20</dt> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">26. Each leaf without a pair of leaf-like stipules</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_SalixAmygdaloides">Salix amygdaloides</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">23. Leaves less than 4 times as long as broad.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">27. Leaves as broad as long or broader.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">28. Leaf stalks not flattened.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">29. Leaves strongly whitened on the lower surface, not heart-shaped at the base</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusAlba">Populus alba</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">29. Leaves not strongly whitened on the lower leaf surface, heart-shaped at the base</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusHeterophylla">Populus heterophylla</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">28. Leaf stalks flattened.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">30. Leaves basically triangular in shape, coarsely toothed</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusDeltoides">Populus deltoides</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">30. Leaves basically ovate or spherical, coarsely or finely toothed.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">31. Leaves with 20 or more fine teeth along the edges</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusTremuloides">Populus tremuloides</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">31. Leaves with up to 15 coarse teeth along the edges.</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusGrandidentata">Populus grandidentata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">27. Leaves longer than broad.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">32. Twigs usually with sharp spines.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">33. Leaves broadest below the middle; fruit a small apple.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">34. Many of the leaves narrowly oblong to narrowly elliptic</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusAngustifolia">Malus angustifolia</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">34. Most of the leaves ovate to oval to broadly lance-shaped.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">35. Twigs and young leaves densely hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusIoensis">Malus ioensis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">35. Twigs and young leaves smooth or nearly so</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusCoronaria">Malus coronaria</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">33. Leaves broadest at or above the middle; fruit a hawthorn.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">36. Leaves broadest at the middle; leafstalks one inch long or longer</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusViridis">Crataegus viridis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">36. Leaves broadest above the middle; leafstalks up to ¾ inch long.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">37. Leaves leathery, smooth on both surfaces</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusCrusGalli">Crataegus crus-galli</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">37. Leaves not leathery, usually somewhat hairy on the lower surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusPunctata">Crataegus punctata</a></i></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_21">21</dt> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">32. Twigs not spiny.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">38. Some of the twigs with corky wings.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">39. Some or all the leaves 4 inches long or longer; leafstalks more than ⅛ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusThomasii">Ulmus thomasii</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">39. None of the leaves 4 inches long; leafstalks up to ⅛ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusAlata">Ulmus alata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">38. None of the twigs with corky wings.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">40. Individual teeth along edge of the leaf at least ¼ inch long.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">41. Most of the veins not reaching to the tip of each leaf; lower surface of leaf usually silvery-white</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusBicolor">Quercus bicolor</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">41. Most of the veins projecting to the tip of each leaf; lower surface of leaf green or pale, but usually not silvery-white.</span></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">42. Leaves usually with sharp-pointed teeth.</span></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">43. Fruit an acorn; lower leaf surface usually covered with very short hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusMuhlenbergii">Quercus muhlenbergii</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">43. Fruit enclosed in a prickly bur; lower leaf surface smooth or nearly so</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CastaneaDentata">Castanea dentata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">42. Leaves usually with somewhat rounded teeth.</span></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">44. Cup of acorn at least 1 inch across; trunk whitish to gray</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusMichauxii">Quercus michauxii</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">44. Cup of acorn less than 1 inch across; trunk brown to black</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusPrinus">Quercus prinus</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">40. Individual teeth along edge of leaf up to ⅛ inch long.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">45. Some of the leaves produced from short, stubby shoots along the main twigs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_IlexDecidua">Ilex decidua</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">45. Twigs without short, stubby side shoots.</span></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">46. Leafstalks with 1 or more small glands (“bumps”), usually near the point of attachment to the blade.</span></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">47. Each tooth along the edge of the leaf bearing a small, reddish-brown gland.</span></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_22">22</dt> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">48. Some or all leaves one inch broad or broader.</span></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">49. Leaves flat</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusHortulana">Prunus hortulana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">49. Leaves more or less folded down the middle</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusMunsoniana">Prunus munsoniana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">48. None of the leaves as much as one inch broad</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusAngustifolia">Prunus angustifolia</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">47. Teeth along the edge of the leaf not bearing a gland.</span></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">50. Leaves usually with a dull, wrinkled surface; fruit a plum</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusAmericana">Prunus americana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">50. Leaves usually appearing smooth and rather shiny; fruit an elongated cluster of small cherries.</span></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">51. Teeth along edge of leaf curving inward, usually rather blunt</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusSerotina">Prunus serotina</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">51. Teeth along edge of leaf pointing outward, usually sharp-pointed</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusVirginiana">Prunus virginiana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">46. Leafstalks not bearing glands.</span></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">52. Leaves doubly toothed along the edges.</span></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">53. Bark peeling off into papery strips or layers; leaves usually about two-thirds as broad as long or broader.</span></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">54. Bark yellowish, silvery-gray, or creamy-white.</span></dd> -<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">55. Bark yellowish or silvery-gray; leaves with 8 or more pairs of veins</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BetulaLutea">Betula lutea</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">55. Bark creamy-white; leaves with no more than 7 pairs of veins</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BetulaPapyrifera">Betula papyrifera</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">54. Bark reddish-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BetulaNigra">Betula nigra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">53. Bark broken into small plates, or smooth and sinewy, not peeling off into papery strips or layers.</span></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">56. Bark of trunk with sinewy ridges; fruit enclosed in flat, 3-lobed bracts; lower lateral veins of leaf unbranched</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CarpinusCaroliniana">Carpinus caroliniana</a></i></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_23">23</dt> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">56. Bark of trunk broken into scales; fruit enclosed in inflated, bladdery bracts; lower lateral veins of leaf branched</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_OstryaVirginiana">Ostrya virginiana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">52. Leaves singly toothed along the edges.</span></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">57. Leaves heart-shaped at the base.</span></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">58. Leaves up to six inches long and nearly as broad</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusHeterophylla">Populus heterophylla</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">58. Leaves not more than four inches long and about half as broad.</span></dd> -<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">59. Leaves bronze as they unfold; leafstalk smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AmelanchierLaevis">Amelanchier laevis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">59. Leaves densely white-hairy as they unfold; leafstalk somewhat hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AmelanchierArborea">Amelanchier arborea</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">57. Leaves rounded or tapering to the base, not heart-shaped.</span></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">60. Teeth along edge of leaf widely spaced, at least ¼ inch apart</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FagusGrandifolia">Fagus grandifolia</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">60. Teeth along edge of leaf closely and regularly spaced.</span></dd> -<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">61. Leafstalk hairy; fruit fleshy.</span></dd> -<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">62. Leaves shiny on the upper surface; leafstalks ½ inch long or longer</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhamnusCaroliniana">Rhamnus caroliniana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">62. Leaves dull on the upper surface; leafstalks up to ¼ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PlaneraAquatica">Planera aquatica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">61. Leafstalk smooth at maturity; fruit dry and variously winged.</span></dd> -<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">63. Some of the leaves three inches long or longer; fruit 4-winged or a woody “cone.”</span></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_24">24</dt> -<dd class="t14"><span class="jl">64. Leaves pointed at the tip; fruit 4-winged</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_HalesiaCarolina">Halesia carolina</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t14"><span class="jl">64. Leaves rounded at the tip; fruit a woody “cone”</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AlnusGlutinosa">Alnus glutinosa</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">63. Leaves less than 3 inches long; fruit surrounded by a flat wing</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusPumila">Ulmus pumila</a></i></dd></dl> -<h3><b id="g_GroupF">GROUP F</b></h3> -<p>Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like; leaves simple, -alternate, lobed.</p> -<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Leafstalks with milky sap when broken.</span></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">2. Leafstalks and lower surface of leaf with long hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BroussonetiaPapyrifera">Broussonetia papyrifera</a></i></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">2. Leafstalks and lower surface of leaf smooth or with short hairs.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Lower leaf surface hairy between the veins</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MorusRubra">Morus rubra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Lower leaf surface smooth or hairy only on the veins</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MorusAlba">Morus alba</a></i></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">1. Leafstalks without milky sap when broken.</span></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">4. Twigs usually with sharp spines.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">5. Leaves broadest at the middle or above the middle.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">6. Leaves broadest at the middle; lower surface of leaf smooth except for a few tufts of hairs near the veins</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusViridis">Crataegus viridis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">6. Leaves broadest above the middle; lower surface of leaf hairy throughout</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusPunctata">Crataegus punctata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">5. Leaves broadest below the middle.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">7. Leaves hairy throughout on the lower surface.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">8. Leaves mostly tapering to the base; fruit a crab apple</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusIoensis">Malus ioensis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">8. Leaves rounded at the base; fruit a hawthorn.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">9. Fruit with pitted seeds; flowers appearing in late May and June</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusCalpodendron">Crataegus calpodendron</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">9. Fruit without pitted seeds; flowers appearing in April or early May</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusMollis">Crataegus mollis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">7. Leaves smooth on the lower surface or hairy only on the veins.</span></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_25">25</dt> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">10. Leaves tapering to the base.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">11. Leaves oval to ovate to broadly lance-shaped</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusCoronaria">Malus coronaria</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">11. Leaves narrowly oblong to narrowly elliptic</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusAngustifolia">Malus angustifolia</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">10. Leaves rounded at the base.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">12. Leaves blue-green; fruit spherical or nearly so</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusPruinosa">Crataegus pruinosa</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">12. Leaves green; fruit shaped like a little apple</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusCoronaria">Malus coronaria</a></i></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">4. Twigs without spines.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">13. Leaves star-shaped</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LiquidambarStyraciflua">Liquidambar styraciflua</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">13. Leaves not star-shaped.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">14. Leaves 4-lobed, smooth on both surfaces</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LiriodendronTulipifera">Liriodendron tulipifera</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">14. Leaves more than 4-lobed, hairy on one or both surfaces.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">15. Leaves palmately lobed and veined.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">16. Leaves densely coated with white felt on the lower surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusAlba">Populus alba</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">16. Leaves without a coat of white felt on the lower surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PlatanusOccidentalis">Platanus occidentalis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">15. Leaves pinnately lobed and veined.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">17. Lobes of leaf with bristle-tips.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">18. Leaves broadest above the middle</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusMarilandica">Quercus marilandica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">18. Leaves broadest at or below the middle.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">19. Leaves hairy throughout on the lower surface.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">20. Lower surface of leaves with gray hairs; base of leaf blade usually broadly rounded.</span></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">21. Leaves with 5-11 more or less equal lobes, the uppermost lobe not strongly curved</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusPagodaefolia">Quercus pagodaefolia</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">21. Leaves with 3-5 more or less unequal lobes, the uppermost lobes often strongly curved</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusFalcata">Quercus falcata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">20. Lower surface of leaves with rusty hairs; base of leaf blade not broadly rounded</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusVelutina">Quercus velutina</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">19. Leaves smooth on the lower surface or hairy only next to the veins.</span></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_26">26</dt> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">22. Leaves divided less than halfway to the middle.</span></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">23. Leafstalks hairy; buds hairy, gray</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusVelutina">Quercus velutina</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t8">23. Leafstalks smooth; buds smooth, reddish-brown <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusRubra">Quercus rubra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">22. Leaves divided more than halfway to the middle.</span></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">24. Leafstalks hairy; cup of acorn fringed around the edge</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusVelutina">Quercus velutina</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">24. Leafstalks smooth; cup of acorn not fringed around the edge.</span></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">25. Lower surface of leaves with large tufts of hairs in the vein axils.</span></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">26. Cup of acorn saucer-shaped.</span></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">27. Cup of acorn up to ½ inch broad.</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusPalustris">Quercus palustris</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">27. Cup of acorn more than ½ inch broad</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusShumardii">Quercus shumardii</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">26. Cup of acorn top-shaped.</span></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">28. Cup of acorn enclosing about ⅓ the nut at most</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusShumardii">Quercus shumardii</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">28. Cup of acorn enclosing more than one-third of the nut</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusEllipsoidalis">Quercus ellipsoidalis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">25. Lower surface of leaves smooth or with small tufts in hairs in the vein axils</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusCoccinea">Quercus coccinea</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">17. Lobes of leaf with round tips, not bristle-tipped.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">29. Leaves smooth on the lower surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusAlba">Quercus alba</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">29. Leaves hairy on the lower surface.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">30. Upper three lobes of leaf squarish, forming a cross; twigs hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusStellata">Quercus stellata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">30. Leaves without three squarish lobes at the upper end; twigs smooth or nearly so.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">31. Edge of acorn cup with a fringe</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusMacrocarpa">Quercus macrocarpa</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">31. Edge of acorn cup not fringed</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusLyrata">Quercus lyrata</a></i></dd></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div> -<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">Key to Illinois Trees in Winter</span></h2> -<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Green leaves present during winter, needle-like or scale-like</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_GroupG">Group G</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">1. Green leaves absent during winter</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_GroupH">Group H</a></dt></dl> -<h3><b id="g_GroupG">GROUP G</b></h3> -<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves in clusters of 2 or more.</span></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves in clusters of 5</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusStrobus">Pinus strobus</a></i></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves in clusters of 2-3.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leaves in clusters of 2.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Most or all the leaves less than 3 inches long, usually twisted.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Leaves up to 1½ inches long; sheath at base of leaves not longer than ⅛ inch</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusBanksiana">Pinus banksiana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Leaves 2-3 inches long; sheath at base of leaves at least ⅓ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusSylvestris">Pinus sylvestris</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Most or all the leaves longer than 3 inches, rarely twisted.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">6. Leaves mostly less than 5 inches long; cone-scale with a small spine</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusEchinata">Pinus echinata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">6. Leaves mostly more than 5 inches long; cone-scale without a spine</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusResinosa">Pinus resinosa</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leaves in clusters of 3.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">7. Leaves flexible, mostly less than 5 inches long; sheath at base of leaves about ¼ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusEchinata">Pinus echinata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">7. Leaves stiff, mostly more than 5 inches long; sheath at base of leaves about 1 inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusTaeda">Pinus taeda</a></i></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves solitary, of 2 types, some of them scale-like and about ⅛ inch long, some of them needle-like and up to ⅓ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_JuniperusVirginiana">Juniperus virginiana</a></i></dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div> -<h3><b id="g_GroupH">GROUP H</b></h3> -<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Leaf scars absent (scars which resemble leaf scars present but lacking bundle scars)</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_TaxodiumDistichum">Taxodium distichum</a></i></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">1. Leaf scars present.</span></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaf scars in whorls of 3</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CatalpaSpp">Catalpa spp.</a></i></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaf scars opposite or alternate.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leaf scars opposite.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Bundle scar 1</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ForestieraAcuminata">Forestiera acuminata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Bundle scars 3 or more.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Bundle scars usually 9 or more.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">6. Pith hollow or sometimes chambered</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PaulowniaTomentosa">Paulownia tomentosa</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">6. Pith solid, not chambered.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">7. Twigs 4-sided</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusQuadrangulata">Fraxinus quadrangulata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">7. Twigs not 4-sided.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">8. Twigs hairy.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">9. Leaf scars notched at top.</span></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">10. Twigs with conspicuous large lenticels; trunks swollen at the base</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusTomentosa">Fraxinus tomentosa</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">10. Twigs with inconspicuous lenticels; trunks not swollen at the base</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusAmericana">Fraxinus americana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">9. Leaf scars more or less straight across at the top</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusPennsylvanica">Fraxinus pennsylvanica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">8. Twigs smooth.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">11. Leaf scars oval; buds brownish-black to black</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusNigra">Fraxinus nigra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">11. Leaf scars half-round; buds brown.</span></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">12. Leaf scars notched at the top</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusAmericana">Fraxinus americana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">12. Leaf scars more or less straight across the top</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusPennsylvanica"><i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> var. <i>subintegerrima</i></a></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Bundle scars usually 3-7 (sometimes 9 in <i><a class="inl" href="#g_AcerNegundo">Acer negundo</a></i>).</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">13. Leaf scars very broad, usually at least ⅓ inch across.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">14. Bark smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AesculusDiscolor">Aesculus discolor</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">14. Bark becoming furrowed and scaly</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AesculusGlabra">Aesculus glabra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">13. Leaf scars narrow, less than ⅓ inch across.</span></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_29">29</dt> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">15. Buds with 2 exposed outer scales.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">16. Twigs gray or gray-brown.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">17. Buds long and narrow, at least 5 times longer than broad</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ViburnumLentago">Viburnum lentago</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">17. Buds shorter, at most 3 times longer than broad.</span></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">18. Buds reddish-brown.</span></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">19. Buds smooth or scurfy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ViburnumPrunifolium">Viburnum prunifolium</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">19. Buds hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ViburnumRufidulum">Viburnum rufidulum</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">18. Buds light brown.</span></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">20. Buds hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusDrummondii">Cornus drummondii</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">20. Buds smooth or nearly so</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusRacemosa">Cornus racemosa</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">16. Twigs purple or orange-brown.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">21. Twigs purplish</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusFlorida">Cornus florida</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">21. Twigs orange-brown, at least usually not purplish</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusRacemosa">Cornus racemosa</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">15. Buds with more than 2 exposed scales.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">22. Twigs green or glaucous</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerNegundo">Acer negundo</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">22. Twigs brown.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">23. Buds rounded, several in a cluster; twigs red or orange.</span></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">24. Twigs hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerRubrumVarDrummondii">Acer rubrum var. drummondii</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">24. Twigs smooth.</span></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">25. Twigs with an unpleasant odor; bark scaly</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerSaccharinum">Acer saccharinum</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">25. Twigs without an unpleasant odor; bark not scaly</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerRubrum">Acer rubrum</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">23. Buds elongated; twigs brown or gray.</span></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">26. Ends of some twigs tapering to a spine</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhamnusCathartica">Rhamnus cathartica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">26. Ends of twigs not spiny.</span></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">27. Twigs (at least by the time they are 2 years old) pale gray-brown, dull</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerNigrum">Acer nigrum</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">27. Twigs pale reddish-brown, shiny.</span></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">28. Buds pointed at the tip</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerSaccharum">Acer saccharum</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">28. Buds more or less rounded at the tip</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerBarbatum">Acer barbatum</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leaf scars alternate.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">29. Thorns or spines present.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">30. Spines in pairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RobiniaPseudoacacia">Robinia pseudoacacia</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">30. Spines solitary, although sometimes branched.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">31. Spines scattered all along the twigs and branches</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AraliaSpinosa">Aralia spinosa</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">31. Spines not scattered all along the twigs and branches.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">32. Thorns branched</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_GleditsiaSpp">Gleditsia spp.</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">32. Thorns unbranched.</span></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_30">30</dt> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">33. Buds pointed at the tip.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">34. Twigs usually hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusIoensis">Malus ioensis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">34. Twigs usually smooth.</span></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">35. Buds with reddish scales</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusCoronaria">Malus coronaria</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">35. Buds with chestnut-brown scales</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusAngustifolia">Malus angustifolia</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">33. Buds more or less rounded at the tip.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">36. Terminal bud absent</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MacluraPomifera">Maclura pomifera</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">36. Terminal bud present</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusSpp">Crataegus spp.</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">29. Thorns or spines absent.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">37. Pith chambered, at least at the nodes.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">38. Leaf scars 3-lobed and usually with 3 groups of bundle scars.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">39. Pith pale brown; leaf scars without velvety hairs at the top</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_JuglansNigra">Juglans nigra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">39. Pith chocolate-brown; leaf scars with velvety hairs at the top</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_JuglansCinerea">Juglans cinerea</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">38. Leaf scars half-round, not 3-lobed.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">40. Pith chambered only at the nodes; stipular scars present.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">41. Buds about ¼ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisOccidentalis">Celtis occidentalis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">41. Buds about ⅛ inch long.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">42. Twigs usually smooth; trees</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisLaevigata">Celtis laevigata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">42. Twigs usually hairy; shrubs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisTenuifolia">Celtis tenuifolia</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">40. Pith chambered between the nodes as well as at most of the nodes; stipular scars absent.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">43. Exposed bud scales 2</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_DiospyrosVirginiana">Diospyros virginiana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">43. Exposed bud scales 4</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_HalesiaCarolina">Halesia carolina</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">37. Pith solid, although sometimes with diaphragms.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">44. Pith with diaphragms.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">45. Buds without bud scales</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AsiminaTriloba">Asimina triloba</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">45. Buds with 1 or more scales.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">46. Bud scales 1-2; bundle scars 7 or more; stipular scars present.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">47. Bud scale 1, hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MagnoliaAcuminata">Magnolia acuminata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">47. Bud scales 2, smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LiriodendronTulipifera">Liriodendron tulipifera</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">46. Bud scales 3-several; bundle scars 3; stipular scars absent.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">48. Buds about ¼ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_NyssaSylvatica">Nyssa sylvatica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">48. Buds up to 1 inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_NyssaAquatica">Nyssa aquatica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">44. Pith without diaphragms.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">49. Bundle scar 1.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">50. Twigs orange; bark reddish-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LarixDecidua">Larix decidua</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">50. Twigs orange; bark reddish-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LarixLaricina">Larix laricina</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">49. Bundle scars 2 or more.</span></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_31">31</dt> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">51. Stipular scars forming a ring around the twig</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PlatanusOccidentalis">Platanus occidentalis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">51. Stipular scars not forming a ring around the twig, or absent.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">52. Twigs aromatic when cut.</span></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">53. Twigs green; buds generally smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_SassafrasAlbidum">Sassafras albidum</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">53. Twigs orange-brown; buds generally hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BetulaLutea">Betula lutea</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">52. Twigs not aromatic when cut.</span></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">54. Buds without scales.</span></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">55. Terminal buds larger than the rest of the buds.</span></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">56. Buds rusty-hairy or gray-woolly.</span></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">57. Buds rusty-hairy, 2-3 times longer than broad</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AsiminaTriloba">Asimina triloba</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">57. Buds gray-woolly, not much longer than broad</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusIoensis">Malus ioensis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">56. Buds smooth or, if hairy, not conspicuously rusty-hairy or gray-woolly.</span></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">58. Leaf scars lobed; twigs without stipular scars.</span></dd> -<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">59. Buds bright yellow</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaCordiformis">Carya cordiformis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">59. Buds brown or reddish-brown.</span></dd> -<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">60. Terminal bud up to ½ inch long; twigs with orange lenticels</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaIllinoensis">Carya illinoensis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">60. Terminal bud up to ¼ inch long; twigs with pale lenticels</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaAquatica">Carya aquatica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">58. Leaf scars unlobed; twigs with stipular scars.</span></dd> -<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">61. Buds pale brown; twigs often zig-zag</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_HamamelisVirginiana">Hamamelis virginiana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">61. Buds light brown; twigs mostly straight</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhamnusCaroliniana">Rhamnus caroliniana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">55. Terminal buds smaller than other buds, or absent.</span></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_32">32</dt> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">62. Pith reddish-brown; leaf scars often ½ inch across</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_GymnocladusDioicus">Gymnocladus dioicus</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">62. Pith not reddish-brown; leaf scars less than ½ inch across.</span></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">63. Milky sap present.</span></dd> -<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">64. Twigs hairy.</span></dd> -<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">65. Twigs velvety; pith yellow</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhusTyphina">Rhus typhina</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">65. Twigs not velvety; pith whitish</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhusCopallina">Rhus copallina</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">64. Twigs smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhusGlabra">Rhus glabra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">63. Milky sap absent.</span></dd> -<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">66. Leaf scars completely encircling the bud</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CladrastisLutea">Cladrastis lutea</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">66. Leaf scars only partly encircling the bud</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PteleaTrifoliata">Ptelea trifoliata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">54. Buds with 1 or more scales.</span></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">67. Buds with 1 scale</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_SalixSpp">Salix spp.</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">67. Buds with 2 or more scales.</span></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">68. Bundle scar 1.</span></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">69. Twigs with short spur-like shoots</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_IlexDecidua">Ilex decidua</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">69. Twigs without short spur-like shoots</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_DiospyrosVirginiana">Diospyros virginiana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">68. Bundle scars 2 or more.</span></dd> -<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">70. Buds at least 4 times longer than broad.</span></dd> -<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">71. Stipular scars encircling the twig, or nearly so</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FagusGrandifolia">Fagus grandifolia</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">71. Stipular scars not encircling the twigs, or absent.</span></dd> -<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">72. Lowermost bud scale directly above the leaf scar</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusDeltoides">Populus deltoides</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">72. Lowermost bud scale to one side of leaf scar.</span></dd> -<dd class="t14"><span class="jl">73. Twigs reddish-brown, with pale lenticels</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AmelanchierArborea">Amelanchier arborea</a></i></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_33">33</dt> -<dd class="t14"><span class="jl">73. Twigs gray-brown, with dark lenticels</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AmelanchierLaevis">Amelanchier laevis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t15"><span class="jl">70. Buds less than 4 times longer than broad. (Go to 74)</span></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">74. Pith star-shaped, or triangular, or variously lobed in cross-section.</span></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">75. Lowermost bud scale directly above the leaf scar.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">76. Twigs densely hairy; bark white</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusAlba">Populus alba</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">76. Twigs smooth or sparsely hairy.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">77. Visible bud scales more than 4.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">78. Buds smooth, shiny, brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusTremuloides">Populus tremuloides</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">78. Buds hairy, dull, gray</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusGrandidentata">Populus grandidentata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">77. Visible bud scales 3-4.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">79. Buds at least ½ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusDeltoides">Populus deltoides</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">79. Buds less than ½ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusHeterophylla">Populus heterophylla</a></i></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">75. Lowermost bud scale to one side of leaf scar.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">80. Buds clustered near the tip of the twig; bud scales in 5 rows.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">81. Buds at least ¼ inch long.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">82. Buds angular.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">83. Buds smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusShumardii">Quercus shumardii</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">83. Buds hairy, at least at tip.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">84. Buds hairy all over.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">85. Buds with rusty or brown hairs.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">86. Buds with rusty hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusMarilandica">Quercus marilandica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">86. Buds with brown hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusMichauxii">Quercus michauxii</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">85. Buds with gray hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusVelutina">Quercus velutina</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">84. Buds hairy only at the tip.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">87. Buds light red-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusPagodaefolia">Quercus pagodaefolia</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">87. Buds dark red-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusCoccinea">Quercus coccinea</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">82. Buds not angular.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">88. Buds and twigs orange-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusPrinus">Quercus prinus</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">88. Buds and twigs red, red-brown, dark brown, or gray-brown.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">89. Buds red or red-brown.</span></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_34">34</dt> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">90. Buds light red to light red-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusRubra">Quercus rubra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">90. Buds dark red to dark red-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusFalcata">Quercus falcata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">89. Buds dark brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusCoccinea">Quercus coccinea</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">81. Buds less than ¼ inch long.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">91. Buds pointed at the tip.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">92. Buds and twigs brown to orange-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusMuhlenbergii">Quercus muhlenbergii</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">92. Buds and twigs red to red-brown to gray-brown.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">93. Scales of buds hairy.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">94. Twigs dark red-brown to gray; buds red-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusFalcata">Quercus falcata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">94. Twigs light or dark brown; buds gray-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusImbricaria">Quercus imbricaria</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">93. Scales of buds smooth or nearly so.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">95. Buds dark red-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusPhellos">Quercus phellos</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">95. Buds light red-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusPalustris">Quercus palustris</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">91. Buds more or less rounded.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">96. Twigs red-brown, shiny.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">97. Buds not angular</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusAlba">Quercus alba</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">97. Buds angular</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusEllipsoidalis">Quercus ellipsoidalis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">96. Twigs gray to yellow-brown to purplish, dull.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">98. Twigs and buds smooth or nearly so.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">99. Twigs purplish, with a whitish coating</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusBicolor">Quercus bicolor</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">99. Twigs gray to yellow-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusLyrata">Quercus lyrata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">98. Twigs and buds hairy.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">100. Buds red-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusStellata">Quercus stellata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">100. Buds gray to gray-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusMacrocarpa">Quercus macrocarpa</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">80. Buds not clustered near the tip of the twig; bud scales not in 5 rows.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">101. Bundle scars in more than 3 groups; leaf scars lobed.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">102. Visible bud scales 2.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">103. Buds bright yellow</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaCordiformis">Carya cordiformis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">103. Bud scales brown or reddish-brown.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">104. Terminal bud up to ½ inch long; twigs with orange lenticels</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaIllinoensis">Carya illinoensis</a></i></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_35">35</dt> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">104. Terminal bud up to ¼ inch long; twigs with pale lenticels</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaAquatica">Carya aquatica</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">102. Visible bud scales more than 2.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">105. Some or all the terminal buds ½ inch long or longer.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">106. Outermost bud scales falling away early, revealing pale inner scales; bark not peeling</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaTomentosa">Carya tomentosa</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">106. Outermost bud scales persistent; bark peeling.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">107. Twigs orange-brown, with orange lenticels</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaLaciniosa">Carya laciniosa</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">107. Twigs dark brown or red-brown, with pale lenticels</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaOvata">Carya ovata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">105. Terminal buds usually less than ½ inch long.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">108. Buds rusty-hairy, with silvery or yellow scales</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaTexana">Carya texana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">108. Buds smooth or only slightly hairy, without scales.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">109. Bark smooth or furrowed, not scaly</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaGlabra">Carya glabra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">109. Bark becoming scaly</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaOvalis">Carya ovalis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">101. Bundle scars in 3 groups; leaf scars not lobed.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">110. Buds up to ⅙ inch long; twigs bitter to the taste.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">111. Pith triangular in cross-section</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AlnusGlutinosa">Alnus glutinosa</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">111. Pith not triangular in cross section.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">112. Buds very shiny</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusSerotina">Prunus serotina</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">112. Buds dull</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusVirginiana">Prunus virginiana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">110. Buds longer than ⅙ inch; twigs not bitter to the taste.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">113. Twigs sometimes with corky wings; buds with 4 or more exposed scales</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LiquidambarStyraciflua">Liquidambar styraciflua</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">113. Twigs without corky wings; buds with 2-3 exposed scales</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CastaneaDentata">Castanea dentata</a></i></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">74. Pith round or nearly so in cross-section.</span></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">114. Terminal bud present.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">115. Buds with 2-3 exposed scales</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusAlternifolia">Cornus alternifolia</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">115. Buds with 4 or more exposed scales.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">116. Bud scales fleshy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusSpp">Crataegus spp.</a></i>.</dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_36">36</dt> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">116. Bud scales not fleshy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusSpp">Prunus spp.</a></i></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">114. Terminal bud absent.</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">117. Leaf scars at least ½ inch across; bundle scars 9</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AilanthusAltissima">Ailanthus altissima</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="jl">117. Leaf scars smaller; bundle scars not 9.</span></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">118. Stipular scars absent.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">119. Leaf scars bordered by hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CercisCanadensis">Cercis canadensis</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">119. Leaf scars not hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_GleditsiaSpp">Gleditsia spp.</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">118. Stipular scars present.</span></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">120. Exposed bud scales 2.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">121. Milky sap present</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BroussonetiaPapyrifera">Broussonetia papyrifera</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">121. Milky sap absent.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">122. Twigs gray or brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_TiliaAmericana">Tilia americana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">122. Twigs light red</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_TiliaHeterophylla">Tilia heterophylla</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">120. Exposed bud scales 3 or more.</span></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">123. Exposed bud scales 3-4; lenticels horizontal.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">124. Twigs with taste of wintergreen</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BetulaLutea">Betula lutea</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">124. Twigs without taste of wintergreen.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">125. Twigs and buds smooth; bark white</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BetulaPapyrifera">Betula papyrifera</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">125. Twigs and buds somewhat hairy; bark reddish</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BetulaNigra">Betula nigra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">123. Exposed bud scales more than 4; lenticels more or less circular.</span></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">126. Bundle scars not in groups of 3; milky sap present.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">127. Buds about ¼ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MorusRubra">Morus rubra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">127. Buds about ⅛ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MorusAlba">Morus alba</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">126. Bundle scars in groups of 3; milky sap absent.</span></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">128. Exposed bud scales usually about 12</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CarpinusCaroliniana">Carpinus caroliniana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">128. Exposed bud scales usually about 6.</span></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">129. Leaf scars and bundle scars slightly elevated</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_OstryaVirginiana">Ostrya virginiana</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">129. Leaf scars and bundle scars depressed.</span></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">130. Buds less than ⅛ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusPumila">Ulmus pumila</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">130. Buds at least ⅛ inch long.</span></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">131. Some of the twigs with corky wings.</span></dd> -<dt class="pb" id="Page_37">37</dt> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">132. Buds about ¼ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusThomasii">Ulmus thomasii</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">132. Buds about ⅛ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusAlata">Ulmus alata</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">131. None of the twigs with corky wings.</span></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">133. Buds rusty-hairy, about ¼ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusRubra">Ulmus rubra</a></i></dd> -<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">133. Buds light brown, smooth, about ⅛ inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusAmericana">Ulmus americana</a></i></dd></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div> -<h2 id="c6"><span class="small">Trees of Illinois</span></h2> -<h3>SOUTHERN SUGAR MAPLE -<br /><i><b id="g_AcerBarbatum">Acer barbatum</b></i> Michx.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -2 feet; crown rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth and pale brown at first, becoming darker and furrowed -when old.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth or hairy, usually with pale lenticels; -leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, reddish-brown, hairy, up to ¼ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 4 inches long, nearly as -broad, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, drooping on the sides, the edges -sparsely and coarsely toothed, green and smooth or a little hairy -on the upper surface, paler and much hairier on the lower -surface; leaf-stalks up to 3 inches long, very hairy. The leaves -turn yellow or orange in the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes -on the same tree, in dense clusters, yellowish-green, appearing as -the leaves unfold.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of a wing with a seed at the base, -greenish, up to 1 inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, coarse-grained, light brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, interior finishing, cabinets.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Woodlands.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Virginia across southern Illinois to southeastern Oklahoma, -south to Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Southern Sugar Maple resembles the -Black Maple because of its drooping leaves, but differs by its -smaller, thicker leaves.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p002.jpg" id="ncfig2" alt="SOUTHERN SUGAR MAPLE" width="490" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div> -<h3>BOX ELDER -<br /><i><b id="g_AcerNegundo">Acer negundo</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Ash-leaved Maple.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -4 feet; crown wide-spreading.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown, ridged when young, becoming deeply furrowed -with age.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Smooth, green, glaucous, or rarely purplish, shiny, usually -with white lenticels; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 5-9 -bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, white-hairy, up to ⅛ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 3-7 leaflets; leaflets -elliptic to ovate, up to 4 inches long, about half as broad, pointed -at the tip, tapering or rounded at the sometimes asymmetrical -base, smooth or usually coarsely toothed along the edges or even -shallowly lobed, light green and smooth on the upper surface, -paler and smooth or hairy on the lower surface.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, several in -a cluster, greenish-yellow, appearing as the leaves begin to -unfold.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Borne in pairs, in drooping clusters, composed of a curved -wing with a seed at the base, greenish-yellow, up to 2 inches -long.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, close-grained, white.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Paper pulp, interior finishing, furniture.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Vermont across to Saskatchewan, south to Texas, east to -Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Box Elder most nearly resembles -ashes, but differs by its green or glaucous twigs and its paired -fruits.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p003.jpg" id="ncfig3" alt="BOX ELDER" width="485" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div> -<h3>BLACK MAPLE -<br /><i><b id="g_AcerNigrum">Acer nigrum</b></i> Michx.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 65 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -2½ feet; crown broad, with several upright branches.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown to black, smooth when young, soon becoming -furrowed and scaly.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth, often with pale lenticels; leaf scars -opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, dark brown, finely hairy, up to one-fourth inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 6 inches long and nearly as -broad, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, drooping on the sides, the edges -of the leaves sparsely and coarsely toothed, green and smooth on -the upper surface, yellow-green and smooth or hairy on the veins -on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 5 inches long, smooth or -hairy. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes -on the same tree, in dense clusters, yellowish, appearing as the -leaves unfold.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of a wing with a seed at the base, -reddish-brown to greenish, up to 1 inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, coarse-grained, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, cabinets.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woodlands.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New Hampshire across to Minnesota and South Dakota, -south to Louisiana, east to Georgia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Black Maple is distinguished from the -Sugar Maple by its drooping leaves. It differs from the Southern -Sugar Maple, which also has drooping leaves, by its larger, -thinner leaves.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_43">43</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p004.jpg" id="ncfig4" alt="BLACK MAPLE" width="477" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div> -<h3>RED MAPLE -<br /><i><b id="g_AcerRubrum">Acer rubrum</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -3 feet; crown oval or rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray and smooth when young, becoming darker and scaly.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, mostly smooth, more or less reddish, usually with -pale lenticels; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle -traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, reddish, usually hairy, up to ¼ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 6 inches long, nearly as -broad, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, the edges of the leaves sharply -toothed to nearly toothless, pale green and smooth on the upper -surface, white or gray and either smooth or hairy on the lower -surface; leafstalks smooth or finely hairy, up to 4 inches long.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes -on the same tree, in dense clusters, bright red or yellow, opening -in February and March before the leaves begin to unfold.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of an erect wing with a seed at the -base, red or yellow, up to 1 inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, close-grained, light brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, gun-stocks.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Swamps, low woods, upland slopes, bluff tops.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to Ontario, south to eastern Texas, -east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Red Maple is characterized by its -white lower leaf surfaces and its shallowly lobed leaves. The -similar Silver Maple has very deeply lobed leaves.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p005.jpg" id="ncfig5" alt="RED MAPLE" width="487" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div> -<h3>SWAMP RED MAPLE -<br /><i id="g_AcerRubrumVarDrummondii"> rubrum</i> L. var. <i>drummondii</i> (H. & A.) Sarg.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -1 foot; crown narrow.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray and smooth when young, becoming darker and scaly.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, white-hairy when young, usually becoming smooth -or nearly so, reddish; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 -bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, reddish, hairy, up to ¼ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 6 inches long, nearly as -broad, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, the edges of the leaves toothed, -green and somewhat hairy on the upper surface, densely white-hairy -on the lower surface; leafstalks stout, densely hairy, up to 4 -inches long.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes -on the same tree, in dense red clusters, opening before the leaves -begin to unfold.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of an erect wing with a seed at the -base, bright red, over 1 inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, coarse-grained, light brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Furniture.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded swamps.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New Jersey across to Missouri, south to Texas, east to -Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Swamp Red Maple is distinguished -from the Red Maple by the dense coat of white hairs on the -undersurface of the leaves and by the longer fruits.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p006.jpg" id="ncfig6" alt="SWAMP RED MAPLE" width="503" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div> -<h3>SILVER MAPLE -<br /><i><b id="g_AcerSaccharinum">Acer saccharinum</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Soft Maple.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk -diameter up to 5 feet; crown usually broadly rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or silvery, smooth at first, becoming loose and scaly or -even somewhat shaggy when old.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, smooth, often curving upward; leaf -scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: More or less rounded, reddish-brown, smooth to finely hairy, -up to ⅛ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 8 inches long, nearly as -broad, deeply palmately 5-lobed, the edges of the leaves sharply -toothed, pale green and smooth on the upper surface, silvery-white -and usually smooth on the lower surface, except in the leaf -axils; leafstalks smooth, up to 5 inches long, often reddish.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes -on the same tree, in dense clusters, greenish-yellow, opening in -February and March before the leaves begin to unfold.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of a curved wing with a seed at the -base, green or yellow, up to 3 inches long.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, close-grained, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture; sometimes grown as an ornamental, but the -branchlets are brittle.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Wet soil.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New Brunswick across to Minnesota and South Dakota, -south to Oklahoma, Texas, east to northern Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The deeply lobed leaves which are silvery-white -on the flower surface best distinguish this tree.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p007.jpg" id="ncfig7" alt="SILVER MAPLE" width="464" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div> -<h3>SUGAR MAPLE -<br /><i><b id="g_AcerSaccharum">Acer saccharum</b></i> Marsh.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Hard Maple.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk -diameter up to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded, with many -branches.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray to dark brown to black, becoming furrowed and scaly.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, brown, often with pale lenticels; leaf scars -opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, dark brown, smooth or a little hairy, shiny, up to ¼ -inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 5 inches long, nearly as -broad or a little broader, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, the edges of the -leaves sparsely and coarsely toothed, dark green and smooth on -the upper surface, green or paler on the lower surface and usually -smooth, or sometimes hairy on the veins; leafstalks up to 3 inches -long, smooth and sometimes hairy. The leaves turn brilliant -shades of yellow and orange in the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes -on the same tree, in dense clusters, greenish-yellow, appearing as -the leaves begin to unfold.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of a wing with a seed at the base, -greenish-yellow to brownish, up to 1 inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, close-grained, light brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, interior finishing, cabinets; maple sugar is derived -from the sap; frequently grown as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to eastern Texas, -east to northern Florida.</p> -<p class="revint"><i id="g_AcerPlatanoides">Distinguishing</i> Features: Leaves of the Sugar Maple differ from -those of the Black Maple and the Southern Sugar Maple by being -flat, rather than drooping along the edges. {Sap differs from the -Norway Maple, <i>Acer platanoides</i>, by being clear rather than milky.}</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_51">51</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p008.jpg" id="ncfig8" alt="SUGAR MAPLE" width="465" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_52">52</div> -<h3>RED BUCKEYE -<br /><i><b id="g_AesculusDiscolor">Aesculus discolor</b></i> Pursh</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10 -inches; crown rounded and spreading.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray to tan, smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, gray to tan, smooth; leaf scars opposite, -triangular, with 3 groups of bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown, up to ½ inch long, not hairy, -not sticky.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, palmately compound, with 5 leaflets; leaflets -elliptic to obovate, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 6 -inches long, less than half as wide, toothed along the edges, green -and smooth on the upper surface, paler and finely hairy on the -lower surface.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Numerous, red, in large clusters sometimes nearly 1 foot -long, appearing in April.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical or punching-bag shaped, up to 2 inches across, -light brown, not prickly, containing 1 or 2 light reddish-brown -seeds.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, close-grained, light in weight, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental because of its showy -flowers.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: North Carolina across to Missouri, south to Texas, east to -Georgia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The smooth fruits and the beautiful red -flowers distinguish this species from other members of the genus -in Illinois.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p009.jpg" id="ncfig9" alt="RED BUCKEYE" width="472" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_54">54</div> -<h3>OHIO BUCKEYE -<br /><i><b id="g_AesculusGlabra">Aesculus glabra</b></i> Willd.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 55 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 15 -inches; crown broadly rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray to pale gray, deeply furrowed and roughened when -mature.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, pale brown, smooth; leaf scars opposite, triangular, -with 3 groups of bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown to yellowish, up to ⅔ inch -long, not hairy, not sticky.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, palmately compound, with 5 or 7 leaflets; leaflets -obovate to oblanceolate, long-pointed at the tip, tapering to the -base, up to 6 inches long, less than half as wide, toothed along the -edges, green and smooth on the upper surface, green or much -whitened on the lower surface.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Numerous, yellow-green, in large clusters sometimes -nearly 1 foot long, appearing in April and May, the petals of each -flower of different lengths.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Prickly, spherical or nearly so, up to 1½ inch in diameter, -pale brown, containing 1 large, smooth and shiny seed.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, close-grained, light in weight, pale brown to nearly -white.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Paper pulp. The tree is also sometimes grown as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Usually rich woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Pennsylvania across to Nebraska, south to Oklahoma, east to -Alabama.</p> -<p class="revint"><i id="g_AesculusHippocastanum">Distinguishing</i> Features: The Ohio Buckeye differs from the -Horse Chestnut {<i>Aesculus hippocastanum</i>} by its non-sticky buds. It differs from the Red Buckeye -by the greenish-yellow flowers and prickly fruits.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p010.jpg" id="ncfig10" alt="OHIO BUCKEYE" width="497" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_56">56</div> -<h3>TREE-OF-HEAVEN -<br /><i><b id="g_AilanthusAltissima">Ailanthus altissima</b></i> (Mill.) Swingle</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter -up to 2 feet; crown spreading and irregular. The tree readily -spreads by underground root-suckers.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth or slightly roughened, light brown to dark brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, angular, smooth, gray to light brown, with lenticels; -leaf scars alternate, large, broadly heart-shaped, slightly elevated, -with usually 9 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, smooth or a little hairy, -brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 41 leaflets; -leaflets lanceolate, tapering to a long point at the tip, rounded at -the base, up to 6 inches long, less than half as wide, smooth or -somewhat hairy on both surfaces, often with some teeth along the -edges. The leaves have an unpleasant odor when crushed.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Some flowers with both stamens and pistils, others with -one or the other, in large green or yellow clusters, each flower -small, with 5 petals. The staminate flowers produce a very -unpleasant odor. The flowers appear in June and July.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Large clusters of winged seeds, yellow or orange, each fruit -up to 2 inches long with one seed about in the middle.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Tree-of-Heaven is grown as an ornamental, principally in -urban areas where it is able to withstand considerable smoke and -smog.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Disturbed woods; readily adapts to urban conditions.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Native of Asia; frequently planted in the United States and -readily spreading from cultivation.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The pinnately compound leaves with up to -41 leaflets, unpleasantly scented when crushed, make this a -readily recognizable species.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_57">57</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p011.jpg" id="ncfig11" alt="TREE-OF-HEAVEN" width="478" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_58">58</div> -<h3>BLACK ALDER -<br /><i><b id="g_AlnusGlutinosa">Alnus glutinosa</b></i> (L.) Gaertn.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small or medium tree to 45 feet tall; trunk diameter -up to 12 inches; crown broadly rounded when mature.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth at first, becoming shallowly fissured with age.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray or gray-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, -with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades nearly round or obovate, rounded -at the tip, rounded or somewhat tapering to the base, up to five -inches long, often nearly as broad, irregularly and rather coarsely -toothed along the edges, dark green and smooth on the upper -surface, green and smooth beneath, or sometimes hairy on the -veins; leafstalks stout, up to 1 inch long, usually smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately but on -the same tree, appearing before the leaves unfold, the staminate -in slender, drooping catkins up to 3 inches long, the pistillate in -erect, oblong “cones” less than 1 inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Cone-shaped, up to ¾ inch long, composed of several -nut-like seeds, each subtended by a woody segment of the -“cone.”</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, straight-grained.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: The wood is easily carved and used in the making of small -wooden objects. It is also used for charcoal and fuel. The bark has -reputed medicinal properties.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist, disturbed areas.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Native of Europe, Asia, and Africa; naturalized throughout -much of northeastern North America.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The small, woody “cones” and the often -orbicular, irregularly toothed leaves are the distinguishing marks -of this species.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_59">59</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p012.jpg" id="ncfig12" alt="BLACK ALDER" width="457" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_60">60</div> -<h3>SHADBUSH -<br /><i><b id="g_AmelanchierArborea">Amelanchier arborea</b></i> (Michx. f.) Fern.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Shadblow; Serviceberry.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 -inches; crown rounded and spreading with many slender -branchlets; trunk straight, slender, often divided into several -trunks.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth and silvery at first, later becoming darker and divided -into loose scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, with a few hairs when very young; leaf scars -alternate, 2-ranked, slightly elevated, narrowly crescent-shaped, -with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, slender, brown, up to ½ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to broadly lanceolate, -pointed at the tip, rounded or sometimes a little heart-shaped at -the base, finely toothed along the edges, green and smooth or -nearly so on the upper surface, paler and often hairy on the lower -surface, up to 4 inches long and about half as broad; leafstalks up -to 2 inches long, smooth or hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Several produced in drooping clusters before the leaves -appear, each showy with 5 white, oblong petals, with much of the -flower hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Mostly spherical, up to ¼ inch in diameter, reddish-purple, -capped by the persistent calyx, dry, 1- to 2-seeded.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Rather heavy, hard, close-grained, reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel, tool handles; the fruit is edible.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded slopes; edge of cliffs.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Quebec across to Minnesota, south to Nebraska, east to -Louisiana and Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Shadbush is recognized by its alternate, -simple leaves which are usually heart-shaped at the base, -and by its distinctive white flowers.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_61">61</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p013.jpg" id="ncfig13" alt="SHADBUSH" width="493" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_62">62</div> -<h3>SMOOTH SHADBUSH -<br /><i><b id="g_AmelanchierLaevis">Amelanchier laevis</b></i> Wieg.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Smooth Serviceberry.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree up to 15 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 -inches; crown narrowly round-topped, with many slender -branchlets.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth and gray at first, becoming darker and scaly at -maturity.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or grayish, smooth; leaf scars alternate, -slightly elevated, narrowly crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle -traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Slender, pointed, reddish-brown, smooth, up to ¾ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to ovate, pointed at the -tip, usually rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long, about ½ as -broad, finely toothed along the edges, green and smooth on the -upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface; leafstalks -slender, up to 1 inch long, smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Up to 6 in drooping clusters, appearing after the leaves are -half grown, each showy with 5 white, narrow petals, with most of -the flower smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Usually spherical, up to ¼ inch in diameter, dark purple, -sweet, fleshy, 1- to 2-seeded.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, dark brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel, tool handles; the fruits are edible.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods and slopes.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to Ontario, south to Iowa, Illinois, and -Georgia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Smooth Shadbush differs from the -Shadbush by its smooth leafstalks and juicy, edible, dark purple -fruits.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_63">63</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p014.jpg" id="ncfig14" alt="SMOOTH SHADBUSH" width="476" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_64">64</div> -<h3>HERCULES’ CLUB -<br /><i><b id="g_AraliaSpinosa">Aralia spinosa</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Devil’s Walking-stick.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 -inches; crown widely spreading.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, roughened, shallowly furrowed, with short, hard -prickles.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, pale brown or gray, smooth except for many short, -hard prickles; leaf scars alternate, broadly U-shaped, with about -15 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Cone-shaped, brown, smooth, up to ½ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, doubly or triply pinnately compound, with very -numerous leaflets; leaflets ovate to lance-ovate, pointed at the tip, -tapering to rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long, about half as -wide, coarsely toothed along the edges, green and smooth on the -upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface, except -usually for a few prickles along the veins.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Numerous, in many umbrella-shaped clusters, appearing -during late June and July, each with 5 small white petals and -purple stalks.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Black, spherical berries up to ⅛ inch in diameter, containing -2-5 seeds.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, brittle, close-grained, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Hercules’ Club is sometimes grown as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New Jersey across to Iowa, south to Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The clusters of flowers and the leaves each -may be as much as 4 feet long. The short, sharp prickles of the -twigs are distinctive.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_65">65</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p015.jpg" id="ncfig15" alt="HERCULES’ CLUB" width="476" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_66">66</div> -<h3>PAWPAW -<br /><i><b id="g_AsiminaTriloba">Asimina triloba</b></i> Dunal.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree rarely up to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up -to 10 inches; crown broad and spreading; trunk straight, slender; -thickets develop by means of root suckers.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, thin, smooth at first, becoming shallowly fissured -with age.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, gray; leaf scars alternate, 2-ranked, more -or less horseshoe-shaped, usually with 5 or less commonly 7 -bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Very narrow, dark rusty-brown, covered with golden hairs, -up to ⅔ inch long, without bud scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadly lance-shaped to elliptic, -short-pointed at the tip, narrowed to the base, without teeth -along the edges, smooth on both surfaces, paler on the lower -surface, up to 1 foot long and 6 inches broad; leafstalks short, -slender, smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Borne singly when the leaves begin to unfold, up to 2 -inches across, green at first, becoming deep maroon, composed of -three wrinkled, leathery sepals and six similar petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Oblong, thick, up to 6 inches long, greenish-yellow, with -yellow edible flesh and several dark brown seeds, ripening in -September.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, coarse-grained, light in weight, greenish-yellow.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: The fruit is used as a source of food; the wood has few uses.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods and thickets, often many growing together in a -colony.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New York across to Michigan and Iowa, south to Texas, east -to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Pawpaw is distinguished by its large, -toothless, alternate leaves, its slender buds without bud scales, -and its thick, fleshy fruits.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_67">67</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p016.jpg" id="ncfig16" alt="PAWPAW" width="451" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_68">68</div> -<h3>YELLOW BIRCH -<br /><i><b id="g_BetulaLutea">Betula lutea</b></i> Michx.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Gray Birch.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up -to 1½ feet; crown broadly rounded, with small branches.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth and silvery or grayish, curling into strips, very rough -when old.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, greenish-brown, smooth, with numerous lenticels; -leaf scars alternate, half-elliptical, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, brown, usually somewhat hairy, up to ⅙ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, more or -less rounded at the somewhat asymmetrical base, up to 5 inches -long, and nearly half as wide, double-toothed, dark green and -nearly smooth on the upper surface, paler and usually somewhat -hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks yellow, hairy, up to one inch -long. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately but on -the same tree, the staminate crowded in elongated clusters, the -pistillate crowded in shorter, thicker clusters, appearing after the -leaves have begun to unfold.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Several winged nuts, crowded together in erect “cones” up -to 1½ inches long.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, flooring, boxes.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded slopes.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to Iowa, northern -Illinois, northern Indiana, Ohio, and Delaware; also in the Appalachian -Mountains to Georgia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Yellow Birch differs from all other -birches in Illinois by its silvery or grayish bark and its ovate -leaves. The bark has the faint fragrance of wintergreen.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_69">69</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p017.jpg" id="ncfig17" alt="YELLOW BIRCH" width="514" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_70">70</div> -<h3>RIVER BIRCH -<br /><i><b id="g_BetulaNigra">Betula nigra</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Red Birch.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown -irregularly rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Curling, shredding, brownish-pink to reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, with several short hairs; leaf scars -alternate, half-elliptical, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Up to one-fourth inch long, pointed, hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades rhombic to ovate, coarsely doubly -toothed, paler and densely hairy on the lower surface, up to 3 -inches long, acute at the tip, truncate or tapering to the base, the -leafstalks woolly.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on same tree, inconspicuous, -opening in late April and May, the staminate in slender drooping -clusters, the pistillate in short, conelike, woolly clusters.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Tiny, hairy nuts, each with a 3-lobed wing, crowded together -in a cylindrical cone up to 1½ inches long and ½ inch -thick.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Strong but light, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Wood is used for furniture; sometimes planted as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Along rivers and streams; bottomland woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Massachusetts and New Hampshire across to southern -Minnesota and eastern Kansas, south to eastern Texas and -Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The shaggy, peeling reddish-brown bark -readily distinguishes this tree from any other in Illinois, as does -its rhombic, doubly toothed leaves.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_71">71</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p018.jpg" id="ncfig18" alt="RIVER BIRCH" width="433" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_72">72</div> -<h3>PAPER BIRCH -<br /><i><b id="g_BetulaPapyrifera">Betula papyrifera</b></i> Marsh.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Canoe Birch.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -2 feet; crown broadly rounded, irregular, with many slender -branches.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Thin and white or creamy, splitting at maturity into papery -layers, becoming very dark and furrowed near the base of the -trunk at maturity.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, zigzag, reddish-brown to blackish, more or less -hairy; leaf scars alternate, half-elliptical, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Slender, pointed, dark brown, smooth or nearly so, up to -one-fourth inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, more or -less rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long, over half as wide, -coarsely toothed, dark green and smooth on the upper surface, -yellow-green and smooth or somewhat hairy on the lower surface -and with black dots on the lower surface; leafstalks yellow, -smooth or finely hairy, up to 1 inch long. The leaves turn yellow -in the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on the same tree, -developing in the autumn and present on the tree during the -winter, the staminate crowded into slender spikes up to 4 inches -long, the pistillate crowded into thicker spikes up to 1¼ inches -long, the flowers minute, without petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Cone-like, cylindrical, drooping, composed of many minute -seeds attached to 3-lobed wings.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, hard, strong, durable, close-grained, light -reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Bark used to cover canoes; wood used for pulp, fuel, toothpicks, -and spools; sometimes grown as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich, wooded slopes and stream banks.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Labrador across to Alaska, south to Montana, Colorado, -northern Illinois, and West Virginia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Paper Birch is readily distinguished -by its white bark which peels off into thin, papery layers.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_73">73</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p019.jpg" id="ncfig19" alt="PAPER BIRCH" width="484" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_74">74</div> -<h3>PAPER MULBERRY -<br /><i><b id="g_BroussonetiaPapyrifera">Broussonetia papyrifera</b></i> (L.) Vent.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 -inches; crown rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or light brown, smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Moderately stout, greenish-gray, smooth or finely hairy, -zigzag; leaf scars alternate, nearly spherical, elevated, with 5 -bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Cone-shaped, more or less smooth, up to 3 mm long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, tapering to a point at the -tip, more or less heart-shaped at the base, up to 8 inches long, -sometimes nearly as broad, toothed, sometimes 2- or 3-lobed, -usually rough-hairy on both surfaces; leafstalks up to 2 inches -long, smooth or finely hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately, on separate -trees, appearing as the leaves unfold, the staminate in -pendulous catkins, the pistillate in dense, hairy, spherical heads.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical, semi-fleshy, orange, up to 1 inch in diameter, -with red fruits projecting.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Often planted as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Along roads, around old homes.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Native of Asia; occasionally found along roads and in fencerows -in the eastern United States.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The leaves, some of which are 2- or -3-lobed, are very reminiscent of mulberry leaves. Mulberry -leaves, however, are not densely rough-hairy.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_75">75</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p020.jpg" id="ncfig20" alt="PAPER MULBERRY" width="464" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_76">76</div> -<h3>BLUE BEECH -<br /><i><b id="g_CarpinusCaroliniana">Carpinus caroliniana</b></i> Walt.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Ironwood; American Hornbeam; Musclewood.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Up to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1½ feet; -crown rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth, blue-gray, ridged, appearing “muscular.”</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, difficult to break, reddish-brown, smooth or finely -hairy; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, elevated, with 3 -bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Small, angular, tapering to a short point.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades thin, pointed at the tip, usually -rounded at the base, 2-4 inches long and about half as wide, finely -doubly toothed, the upper surface smooth, the lower surface -either smooth or hairy; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on same tree but in different -catkins, opening during May.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Nutlets borne at the base of a three-lobed green “leaf,” -crowded together into a fruiting cluster.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Strong and hard, hence the name Ironwood.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Tool handles.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to central Minnesota, south to eastern -Oklahoma and eastern Texas, east to central Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Several other trees may be confused with -the Blue Beech. Beech, which has smooth gray bark, has leaves -with fewer teeth and twigs with pointed buds. Hop Hornbeam, -with very similar leaves, has a flaky bark. The elms, which also -have somewhat similar leaves, usually have the leaves asymmetrical -at the base.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_77">77</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p021.jpg" id="ncfig21" alt="BLUE BEECH" width="428" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_78">78</div> -<h3>WATER HICKORY -<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaAquatica">Carya aquatica</b></i> (Michx. f.) Nutt.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 -feet; crown narrow.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, furrowed, becoming somewhat scaly at maturity.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or gray, smooth or occasionally -slightly hairy; leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, scarcely elevated, -with several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown with yellow scales, usually hairy, up -to ¼ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-17 leaflets; leaflets -lance-shaped, curved, pointed at the tip, tapering to the asymmetrical -base, up to 5 inches long, up to 2 inches wide, finely -toothed along the edges, dark green and smooth or nearly so on -the upper surface, brownish and smooth or somewhat hairy on -the lower surface.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing when the leaves are partly grown, the staminate -several in slender, drooping catkins up to 3 inches long, the -pistillate fewer, in shorter spikes, neither type with petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Short-ellipsoid, usually tapering to either end, flattened, up -to 1½ inches long and two-thirds as broad, the husk 4-winged, -dark brown but with yellow scales, thin, splitting only about -halfway to the base, the nut flattened, 4-angled, reddish-brown, -the shell thin, the seed bitter.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, dark brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, fuel.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Swampy woods and drained floodplains.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Virginia across to southeastern Missouri, south to Texas, east -to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Water Hickory is similar to Pecan and -Bitternut Hickory in having 7 or more leaflets per leaf. However, -it lacks the yellow buds of the Bitternut Hickory and the slender, -edible nut of the Pecan. The leaves are generally hairier than -those of the Pecan.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_79">79</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p022.jpg" id="ncfig22" alt="WATER HICKORY" width="457" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_80">80</div> -<h3>BITTERNUT HICKORY -<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaCordiformis">Carya cordiformis</b></i> (Wang.) K. Koch</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Yellow-bud Hickory.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -2½ feet; crown broadly rounded and often irregular; trunk -straight, columnar.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Brown, thin, separating into small, platy scales or shallow -ridges and fissures.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, grayish or orange-brown, smooth, usually with -lenticels; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped, scarcely elevated, -with usually several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Narrow, slender, pointed, covered by a dense, bright yellow -coat of glandular dots and small hairs, up to ¾ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with usually 7-9 leaflets; -leaflets lance-shaped, usually curved, long-pointed at the tip, -tapering or rounded at the base, toothed along the edges, yellow-green -and smooth on the upper surface, somewhat lighter -and usually hairy on the lower surface, up to 6 inches long and -usually less than half as wide.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute, -without petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the -pistillate in groups of 1 or 2.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: More or less spherical, up to 1¼ inches in diameter, the -husk thin, yellowish, with 4 distinct ridges extending about -halfway down, the nut somewhat flattened, the seed very bitter.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, dark brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel, fence posts.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods; dry hills; along roads.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Southern Ontario across to central Minnesota, south to -eastern Texas, east to north-central Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Bitternut Hickory is easily recognized by -its slender, mustard-yellow buds. It differs further from the -Water Hickory by its rounded fruits.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_81">81</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p023.jpg" id="ncfig23" alt="BITTERNUT HICKORY" width="464" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_82">82</div> -<h3>PIGNUT HICKORY -<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaGlabra">Carya glabra</b></i> (Mill.) Sweet</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -2 feet; crown oblong or obovoid, with many small, spreading -branchlets; trunk straight, columnar, sometimes branching fairly -low to the ground.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light gray to black, not scaly or peeling off into shreds, at -maturity furrowed and ridged.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown or gray, shiny, smooth, tough, usually with -lenticels; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped or 3-lobed, scarcely -elevated, usually with several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: More or less rounded but coming to a short point at the tip, -tan or grayish, the outermost scales tipped with a few small hairs, -never with small yellow dots, the inner scales hairy all along the -edges, up to ½ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with usually 5, sometimes -7 leaflets; leaflets lance-shaped, pointed at the tip, tapering at the -bottom, toothed along the edges, green and smooth on the upper -surface, green and smooth or sometimes hairy on the veins on the -lower surface, up to 5 inches long and up to 2 inches broad, the -upper three leaflets larger than the lower two.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to expand, minute, -without petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the -pistillate in groups of 1-3.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical to pear-shaped, up to 1 inch long, not quite as -broad, the husks thin, greenish, usually not splitting all the way -to the base, the nut somewhat compressed and with a very hard -shell, the seed sweet. Occasional trees have fruits up to 2 inches -long.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, hard, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel, fence posts, tool handles.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded slopes and ridges.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Vermont across to southern Michigan and northern Illinois, -south across Missouri to eastern Texas, east to central Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Pignut Hickory is best recognized by its -rather small leaflets which usually are five in number, the tight -bark, and the characteristic pear-shaped fruits.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_83">83</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p024.jpg" id="ncfig24" alt="PIGNUT HICKORY" width="452" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_84">84</div> -<h3>PECAN -<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaIllinoensis">Carya illinoensis</b></i> (Wang.) K. Koch</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 150 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 -feet; crown widely spreading and rounded; trunk rather short, -stout, straight.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, becoming roughened into platy scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, brown, hairy when young, but becoming -smooth; leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, scarcely elevated, with 3-18 -bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Long-pointed, covered with yellow glandular dots and fine -hairs, up to one-half inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 9-19 leaflets; leaflets -lance-shaped, curved, long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering -to the asymmetrical base, finely doubly-toothed, yellow-green -and usually smooth on the upper surface, paler and either -smooth or hairy on the lower surface, up to 8 inches long and 3 -inches broad.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing when the leaves are partly grown, the staminate -many in slender, drooping, yellow-green catkins, the pistillate -fewer in shorter spikes, neither type with petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Ellipsoid, pointed at the tip, up to 2 inches long and 1 inch -broad, the husk narrowly 4-winged, dark brown but with yellow -scales, thin, usually splitting nearly to the base, the nut pointed at -the tip, reddish-brown with black markings, the shell thin, the -seed sweet.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, light reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: The nuts are prized for their tastiness; the wood is used for -interior finishing, furniture, fuel, and tool handles.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods, particularly along rivers.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Indiana to Iowa, south through southeastern Kansas to -eastern Texas, east to Alabama; Mexico.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Pecan differs from all other hickories -by its greater number of leaflets. The Black Walnut and Butternut, -which may have as many leaflets, have a partitioned pith. In -every case, the fruit of the Pecan is distinctive.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_85">85</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p025.jpg" id="ncfig25" alt="PECAN" width="449" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_86">86</div> -<h3>KINGNUT HICKORY -<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaLaciniosa">Carya laciniosa</b></i> (Michx. f.) Loud.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Big Shellbark Hickory; Riverbank Hickory.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 -feet; crown oblong to ovoid, with drooping lower branches; trunk -straight, columnar, stout.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light gray, soon separating into long, thick, vertical plates -which curve away from the trunk.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, gray or brown, conspicuously dotted with orange -lenticels; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped or 3-lobed, not elevated, -usually with several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Elongated, dark brown, hairy, up to ¾ inch long, the outer -scales with a long, stiff point.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 5-9 leaflets; leaflets -lance-shaped to ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering or rounded at -the base, finely toothed along the edges, dark green and mostly -smooth on the upper surface, paler and softly hairy on the lower -surface, up to 10 inches long and up to half as wide.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute, -without petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the -pistillate in clusters of 2-5.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical, often depressed at the top, up to 2¼ inches -across, the husk divided all the way to the base into four sections, -minutely orange-speckled and sometimes hairy, the nut with -conspicuous ridges, the seed very sweet.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, dark brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Wood is used for tool handles and fuel; nuts are sold commercially -because of their edible qualities.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich bottomlands.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Southwestern Pennsylvania and southern Michigan across to -central Illinois and southern Iowa, south to northeastern Oklahoma, -Arkansas, and eastern Tennessee; also in scattered areas of -New York, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and -Mississippi.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The shaggy bark and large leaflets resemble -those of the Shagbark Hickory, but the Kingnut Hickory has -orange-dotted twigs and usually seven leaflets which lack minute -tufts of hairs at the tip of each tooth.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_87">87</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p026.jpg" id="ncfig26" alt="KINGNUT HICKORY" width="466" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_88">88</div> -<h3>SWEET PIGNUT HICKORY -<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaOvalis">Carya ovalis</b></i> (Wang.) Sarg.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: False Shagbark Hickory; Small-fruited Hickory.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk up to 2 -feet in diameter; crown oblong or broadly rounded, with upright, -spreading upper branches and drooping lower branches; trunk -straight, columnar.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, tight and rather smooth when young, usually peeling -off into narrow plates at maturity.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown or gray, tough, smooth, usually with lenticels; -leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, not elevated, usually with -several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: More or less rounded but coming to a short point at the tip, -tan or grayish, usually minutely yellow-dotted, the scales hairy all -along the edges up to ⅔ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with usually 7, sometimes -5, leaflets; leaflets lance-shaped sometimes curved, pointed at the -tip, tapering or somewhat rounded at the base, finely toothed -along the edges, green and smooth on the upper surface, minutely -dotted and sometimes with some hairs on the lower -surface, up to 6 inches long, up to 2 inches broad.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute, without -petals, the staminate crowded in slender, drooping catkins, the -pistillate in groups of 1-2.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Ellipsoid, rarely spherical, up to 1¼ inch long, the husk -green and minutely warty, thin, splitting all the way to the base, -the nut somewhat 4-angled, the seed sweet.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Tool handles, fuel.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded slopes.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New Hampshire across to Wisconsin, south to Arkansas, east -to Georgia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This Hickory cannot always be reliably -distinguished from the Pignut Hickory. However, it usually has a -somewhat scaly bark, seven leaflets, minutely yellow-dotted -buds, and fruits which split all the way to the base.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_89">89</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p027.jpg" id="ncfig27" alt="SWEET PIGNUT HICKORY" width="504" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_90">90</div> -<h3>SHAGBARK HICKORY -<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaOvata">Carya ovata</b></i> (Mill.) K. Koch</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk -diameter up to 3½ feet; crown rounded, with some of the -branches often hanging.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, separating into long, shreddy scales giving the trunk a -shaggy appearance.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, reddish-brown to gray, smooth or somewhat hairy; -leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, not elevated, with several bundle -traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, rounded or short-pointed at the tip, up to 1 inch long, -hairy, the scales conspicuously yellow-green or reddish as they -unfold in the spring.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 5-7 leaflets; leaflets -ovate, obovate, or less commonly lance-shaped, usually short-pointed -at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 10 inches long, up -to 5 inches wide, finely toothed along the edges, with the tip of -each tooth with a minute tuft of hairs, green or yellow-green and -smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth or somewhat -hairy on the lower surface.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute, -without petals, the staminate crowded in slender, drooping catkins, -the pistillate in groups of 2-5.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical or occasionally punching-bag shaped, up to 2 -inches across, the husk yellow-green to reddish-brown, up to ½ -inch thick, splitting all the way to the base, the nut 4-angled, -nearly white, the seed sweet.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, light brown, close-grained.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Tool handles, fuel; the nuts are tasty.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Low, shaded woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Maine across to Minnesota, south to eastern Texas, east to -Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Shagbark Hickory is distinguished by -its shaggy bark, its usually 5 large leaflets, and its large winter -buds.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_91">91</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p028.jpg" id="ncfig28" alt="SHAGBARK HICKORY" width="446" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_92">92</div> -<h3>BLACK HICKORY -<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaTexana">Carya texana</b></i> Buckl.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Red Hickory; Texas Hickory; Buckley’s Hickory.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree up to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 -foot; crown oblong to rounded, with numerous, small branchlets; -trunk straight or somewhat crooked, slender but sturdy.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Brown to black, not scaly or peeling off into shreds, becoming -somewhat furrowed and ridged at maturity.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray, tough, almost always smooth; leaf scars -alternate, three-lobed, not elevated, usually with several bundle -traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, short-pointed, up to ½ inch long, covered by shiny -silvery-golden scales and tipped with a small tuft of hairs.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 5-7 leaflets; leaflets -lance-shaped, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, finely -toothed along the edges, dark green and smooth or sometimes -hairy on the upper surface, paler and smooth or hairy on the -lower surface, up to 6 inches long, less than half as wide, the -stalks covered with reddish and yellowish scales and hairs.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute, -without petals, the staminate crowded in slender, drooping catkins, -the pistillate in groups of 1-2.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical to ellipsoid, up to 1½ inches across, the husk -yellow-green, thin, minutely hairy or scaly, splitting nearly to the -base, the nut 4-angled, the seed sweet.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel, fence posts.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry ridges and cliffs.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Southern Indiana across to Kansas, south to Texas and -Louisiana.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Black Hickory differs from the somewhat -similar Pignut and Sweet Pignut Hickories by the yellow -scales along the leafstalks.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_93">93</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p029.jpg" id="ncfig29" alt="BLACK HICKORY" width="447" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_94">94</div> -<h3>MOCKERNUT HICKORY -<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaTomentosa">Carya tomentosa</b></i> (Poir.) Nutt.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: White Hickory.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium or tall tree to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up -to 3 feet; crown rounded, the branchlets either erect or hanging.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark gray, shallowly furrowed, not scaly, often with a diamond-shaped -pattern.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender or relatively stout, usually hairy, gray; leaf scars -alternate, 3-lobed, not elevated, with several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, rounded or pointed at the tip, up to nearly 1 inch -long, reddish-brown, hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 5-9 leaflets; leaflets -broadly lanceolate to oblanceolate, pointed at the tip, rounded or -tapering to the base, up to 8 inches long, about half as wide, -finely toothed along the edge, yellow-green and hairy on the -upper surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute, -without petals, the staminate crowded in slender, drooping catkins, -the pistillate in groups of 2-5.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Ellipsoid or obovoid or spherical, up to 2 inches across, the -husk reddish-brown, up to ¼ inch thick, smooth or slightly hairy, -the nut sometimes 4-angled, reddish-brown, the seed sweet but -small.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, dark brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Tool handles, fuel, fence posts.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry wooded slopes; shaded woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Massachusetts across to southern Ontario, south to eastern -Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Mockernut Hickory is distinguished from -all other Illinois hickories by its usually 7 or 9 hairy leaflets with -hairy leafstalks and hairy twigs. The large fruits with the small -seeds within, which may account for the common name, are also -distinctive.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_95">95</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p030.jpg" id="ncfig30" alt="MOCKERNUT HICKORY" width="495" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_96">96</div> -<h3>CHESTNUT -<br /><i><b id="g_CastaneaDentata">Castanea dentata</b></i> (Marsh.) Borkh.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree, formerly attaining a height of 100 feet; -trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, shallowly furrowed.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, angular, glabrous or nearly so; leaf -scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, up to ⅓ inch long, dark brown, smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, -pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 8 inches long and -less than half as broad, coarsely toothed along the edges, yellow-green -and smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the -lower surface; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, usually finely hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing in June after the leaves are fully grown, without -petals, greenish or yellowish, the staminate many in elongated -catkins up to 8 inches long, the pistillate 1-3 together.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Spiny bur up to 2 inches in diameter, brown, splitting open -to reveal 3 flattened nutlets.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, light in weight, reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, interior finishing, fuel. The nuts are edible delicacies.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Formerly in rocky woods, once occupying several acres -near Olmstead in Pulaski County. Now virtually extinct, except -for a few sprouts, due to a disease of the bark. A tree about 40 -feet tall still exists near Little Grassy Lake in Williamson County.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Maine to southern Ontario and southern Minnesota, south -to Delaware, Kentucky, and southern Illinois, and in the mountains -to central Alabama.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: In addition to its large, spiny fruits, the -Chestnut can be distinguished by its sharply toothed leaves. -Yellow Chestnut Oak may sometimes have similar leaves, but the -pith of the oak is star-shaped.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_97">97</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p031.jpg" id="ncfig31" alt="CHESTNUT" width="486" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_98">98</div> -<h3>COMMON CATALPA -<br /><i><b id="g_CatalpaBignonioides">Catalpa bignonioides</b></i> Walt.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Lady Cigar Tree; Indian Bean.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Short to medium tree up to 40 feet tall; trunk -diameter up to 1 foot; crown broadly rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown, with thin, platy scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, smooth or slightly hairy, orange-brown to grayish, -with conspicuous lenticels; leaf scars in whorls of 3, round-elliptic, -elevated, with 12 or more bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Round, reddish-brown, slightly hairy, very small.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Whorled, simple; blades ovate, short-pointed at the tip, -heart-shaped at the base, up to 8 inches long and about as broad, -smooth along the edges, yellow-green and smooth on the upper -surface, paler and finely hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks -stout, smooth, up to 6 inches long.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Large, showy, several in a large cluster, appearing in May -and June, the clusters usually more than 6 inches long, each -flower up to 2 inches long, the petals white and spotted with -purple.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Elongated capsules up to 1½ feet long and ½ inch thick, -brown, splitting into 2 parts to reveal several winged, hairy seeds -about 1 inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, railroad ties; ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Along railroads, streams, in fields; planted elsewhere.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Native from Texas to Georgia and Florida; widely planted -elsewhere.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The leaves of this species, when crushed, -give off a very unpleasant aroma.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_99">99</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p032.jpg" id="ncfig32" alt="COMMON CATALPA" width="451" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_100">100</div> -<h3>CATALPA -<br /><i id="g_CatalpaSpp"><b id="g_CatalpaSpeciosa">Catalpa speciosa</b></i> Engelm.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Western Catalpa; Lady Cigar Tree; Indian Bean.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -3 feet; crown broad, widely spreading.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown, dark brown, or black, usually with rather deep -furrows.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, smooth, brown, with conspicuous lenticels; leaf scars -in whorls of 3, with one of the 3 scars smaller than the other 2, -round-elliptic, elevated, with 12 or more bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Round, brown to black, smooth, very small.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Whorled, simple; blades ovate, long-pointed at the tip, -heart-shaped at the base, up to 1 foot long and about ⅔ as broad, -smooth along the edges, dark green and smooth or sparsely hairy -on the upper surface, soft hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks -stout, up to 6 inches long.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Large, showy, several in an elongated cluster, appearing -in May and June, the clusters up to six inches long, each flower -up to 2½ inches long, the petals white and lined with purple.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Elongated capsules up to 1½ feet long and ¾ inch thick, -brown, splitting into 2 parts to reveal several winged, hairy seeds -about 1 inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, interior finishing, railroad ties.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Low woods; often planted in a variety of habitats.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and southern Missouri, -south to Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee; commonly planted -elsewhere.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The two Catalpas in Illinois are hard to tell -apart. This one usually has deeply furrowed bark, shorter clusters -of flowers, petals merely lined with purple rather than spotted, -and leaves which are not unpleasantly scented when crushed.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_101">101</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p033.jpg" id="ncfig33" alt="CATALPA" width="450" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_102">102</div> -<h3>SUGARBERRY -<br /><i><b id="g_CeltisLaevigata">Celtis laevigata</b></i> Willd.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Southern Hackberry; Mississippi Hackberry.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -2½ feet; crown open and broad, with drooping branches.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, with many conspicuous warts.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray or reddish-brown, smooth, sometimes zigzag; -leaf scars alternate, usually crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, -with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Slender, pointed, smooth, brown or gray, up to ⅛ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually lance-shaped, long-pointed -at the tip, tapering or rounded at the asymmetrical base, -up to 6 inches long, less than half as broad, with few or no teeth -along the edges, usually smooth or barely roughened on one or -both surfaces; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, smooth or hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: One to several in drooping clusters, appearing after the -leaves are partly grown, greenish-yellow, without petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, ellipsoid to nearly round, reddish-orange to yellowish, -about ¼ inch in diameter, with 1 seed, ripening in -September or October, borne on slender, drooping stalks.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, soft, close-grained, pale yellow.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, furniture.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Lowland woods to dry hilltops.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Virginia across to southern Missouri, south to Texas, east to -Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Sugarberry differs generally from -other hackberries by its narrower, mostly toothless leaves.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_103">103</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p034.jpg" id="ncfig34" alt="SUGARBERRY" width="513" height="798" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_104">104</div> -<h3>HACKBERRY -<br /><i><b id="g_CeltisOccidentalis">Celtis occidentalis</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Sugarberry.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium or large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk -diameter up to 5 feet; crown usually oblong, with many small -branchlets.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, smooth on young trees and soon bearing “warts,” -becoming rough and scaly on old trees.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray to reddish-brown, smooth, sometimes zigzag; -leaf scars alternate, usually crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle -traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Slender, oval, pointed, brown or gray, finely hairy, about ¼ -inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate or broadly lance-shaped, -long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering at the asymmetrical -base, up to 6 inches long and up to half as broad, usually coarsely -toothed along the edges except sometimes near the base, smooth -or more often rough-hairy on one or both surfaces; leafstalks up to -1 inch long, smooth or hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Arranged in drooping clusters, or sometimes solitary, -appearing after the leaves are partly grown, greenish-yellow, -without petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, nearly round, dark purple, about ⅓ inch in diameter, -with 1 seed, ripening in September and October, borne on -slender, drooping stalks.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, soft, close-grained, pale yellow.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, furniture.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Low woodlands.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Massachusetts across to Manitoba and South Dakota, -southern Oklahoma, Alabama, and Virginia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Hackberry leaves resemble those of some -elms, but have 3 main veins arising from the base of the blade. -This Hackberry differs from other hackberries in Illinois by its -larger, usually coarsely toothed leaves and its larger, dark purple -fruits.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_105">105</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p035.jpg" id="ncfig35" alt="HACKBERRY" width="503" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_106">106</div> -<h3>DWARF HACKBERRY -<br /><i><b id="g_CeltisTenuifolia">Celtis tenuifolia</b></i> Nutt.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10 -inches; crown irregular, with numerous slender branchlets.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, smooth on young trees and soon bearing “warts,” -becoming rough and scaly on old trees.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, green to reddish-brown, smooth at maturity; leaf -scars alternate, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Slender, oval, pointed, grayish-brown, finely hairy, up to ⅛ -inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, rounded -or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, up to 3 inches long, often -at least half as broad, with a few coarse teeth along the edges, or -sometimes lacking teeth, often leathery, smooth or hairy on one -or both surfaces; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, smooth or hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: One or a few in drooping clusters, appearing after the -leaves are partly grown, finely hairy, greenish-yellow, without -petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, spherical, reddish-purple, up to ½ inch in diameter, -1-seeded, ripening September and October.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, close-grained, yellowish.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Fence posts.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Edge of bluffs, woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New Jersey across to Illinois and Kansas, south to Oklahoma, -Louisiana, and northern Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This small tree is extremely variable in -that its leaves may or may not have teeth, they may or may not be -hairy, and they may or may not be leathery. It differs from the -Sugarberry primarily by its broader leaves and from the Common -Hackberry by its smaller fruits and usually less-toothed leaves.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_107">107</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p036.jpg" id="ncfig36" alt="DWARF HACKBERRY" width="481" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_108">108</div> -<h3>REDBUD -<br /><i><b id="g_CercisCanadensis">Cercis canadensis</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; -crown usually broad and flattened.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, separating into long plates and thin scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, zigzag, smooth, angular, brown; leaf scars alternate, -somewhat elevated, triangular, hairy across the top, with 3 -bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Small, rounded, chestnut-brown, smooth or nearly so.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades heart-shaped, contracted to a -short point at the tip, up to 6 inches long and nearly as broad, -smooth on the upper surface, smooth or with some hairs on the -lower surface, without teeth along the edges; leafstalks slender, -up to 5 inches long, usually smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: In small clusters on last year’s branches or on the trunks, -rose-purple, each pea-shaped, about ½ inch long, appearing -when the leaves are first beginning to unfold.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Legumes up to 4 inches long and ½ inch broad, flat, smooth, -brown at maturity, with several seeds.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, dark reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: The major importance of this small tree lies in its value as an -ornamental, because of its spectacular appearance when in -flower.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Connecticut across to southern Wisconsin, south to Texas, -east to northern Florida; also Mexico.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The heart-shaped, toothless leaves easily -identify this tree.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_109">109</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p037.jpg" id="ncfig37" alt="REDBUD" width="490" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_110">110</div> -<h3>YELLOWWOOD -<br /><i><b id="g_CladrastisLutea">Cladrastis lutea</b></i> (Michx. f.) K. Koch</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 45 feet tall; trunk diameter -up to 14 inches; crown widely spreading.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, with some lenticels, somewhat -zigzag; leaf scars alternate, narrow and completely encircling the -bud, with 3-7 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Three or four crowded together, resembling at first a single -bud, hairy, without scales, covered at first by the hollow base of -the leafstalk.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-11 leaflets; leaflets -oval, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 4 inches long -and up to half as wide, smooth on both surfaces, toothless along -the edges. The leaflets turn yellow in the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: In long, drooping clusters up to 1 foot long, white, slightly -fragrant, appearing during June.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Legumes up to 4 inches long and about ½ inch wide, flat, -smooth, pale brown, with 4-6 seeds.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, yellow to light brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel. In olden days, a yellow dye was extracted from this -tree.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich, wooded slopes.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: North Carolina across to southern Missouri and Arkansas, -south to northern Alabama and northern Georgia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The large, pinnately compound leaflets -and the smooth, gray trunk distinguish this tree.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_111">111</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p038.jpg" id="ncfig38" alt="YELLOWWOOD" width="511" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_112">112</div> -<h3>ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD -<br /><i><b id="g_CornusAlternifolia">Cornus alternifolia</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 -inches; crown flattened.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Brown, slightly roughened, with shallow furrows.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or greenish, smooth; leaf scars -alternate, crescent-shaped, somewhat elevated, with 3 bundle -traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Narrowly ovoid, pointed, smooth, up to ¼ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, although often clustered toward the tip of the -twig, simple; blades oval to ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering or -rounded at the base, up to 5 inches long, about half as broad, the -edges smooth or finely round-toothed, green and mostly smooth -on the upper surface, paler and frequently hairy on the lower -surface; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, usually finely hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Several in crowded round-topped clusters, appearing in -May and June, each flower white, with 4 narrow petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Blue, spherical berries up to ⅓ inch in diameter, borne on a -red stalk.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Tool handles.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to southern Ontario and Minnesota, -south to Missouri, Alabama, and Georgia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This is the only American dogwood with -the leaves arranged in an alternate manner.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_113">113</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p039.jpg" id="ncfig39" alt="ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD" width="513" height="780" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_114">114</div> -<h3>ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD -<br /><i><b id="g_CornusDrummondii">Cornus drummondii</b></i> Meyer</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 -inches; crown open and irregular.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, scaly, shallowly furrowed.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, pale brown, purplish, or gray, smooth or slightly -hairy; leaf scars opposite, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with -3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Slender, flattened, pointed, finely hairy, up to ⅛ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic to narrowly ovate, pointed -at the tip, tapering to rounded at the base, up to 4 inches long, up -to half as wide, smooth along the edges, green and with short -hairs on the upper surface, paler and hairy on lower surface; -leafstalks up to ½ inch long, hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Several in round-topped clusters, appearing in May and -June, each flower white, with 4 narrow petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: White, spherical berries up to ¼ inch in diameter, borne on -red stalks.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Tool handles.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods; edges of prairies.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New York across to Minnesota, south to Nebraska and -Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This is the only dogwood in Illinois that is -rough-hairy on the upper surface of the leaves.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_115">115</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p040.jpg" id="ncfig40" alt="ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD" width="488" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_116">116</div> -<h3>FLOWERING DOGWOOD -<br /><i><b id="g_CornusFlorida">Cornus florida</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter -rarely more than 2 feet; crown rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Brown, divided into squarish plates.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, greenish to light brown, smooth, often curving -upward at the tip; leaf scars opposite, crescent-shaped, elevated, -with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Of two kinds, the leaf buds slender, pointed, the flower buds -flat and biscuit-shaped.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic to ovate, pointed at the -tip, tapering or rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long, less than -half as broad, the veins deeply impressed, the edges without -teeth, green and smooth or sparsely hairy on the upper surface, -pale and finely hairy or sometimes smooth on the lower surface; -leafstalks up to ¾ inch long, smooth or finely hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Several crowded together in a yellow-green cluster, each -cluster subtended by 4 large white petal-like bracts, appearing in -late April and May.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Red, ovoid berries up to ½ inch long, shiny, with mealy -flesh and 1 or 2 seeds.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, strong, heavy, close-grained, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: The wood is used in the making of tool handles, although the -real value of the Flowering Dogwood is its ornamental potential.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Maine across to Kansas, south to Texas, east to Florida; also -in Mexico.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The opposite, toothless leaves with deeply -impressed veins distinguish this species.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_117">117</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p041.jpg" id="ncfig41" alt="FLOWERING DOGWOOD" width="495" height="792" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_118">118</div> -<h3>OTHER DOGWOODS</h3> -<p>Several other dogwoods, most of them rarely if ever attaining the -stature of small trees, occur in Illinois.</p> -<p>Gray Dogwood (<i><b id="g_CornusRacemosa">Cornus racemosa</b></i> Lam.). This plant rarely exceeds -a height of 10 feet. It is distinguished by its slender gray -twigs, its small white flowers borne in clusters about as broad as -high, and its white berries about ¼ inch in diameter. The Racemose -Dogwood occurs in a variety of habitats, including prairies and -woods.</p> -<p>Stiff Dogwood (<i><b id="g_CornusFoemina">Cornus foemina</b></i> Mill.). This small dogwood has -brownish twigs with white pith and bluish fruits. Its leaves usually -are smooth on both surfaces. It occurs in low, wet woods.</p> -<p>Round-leaved Dogwood (<i><b id="g_CornusRugosa">Cornus rugosa</b></i> Lam.). As the name -implies, this shrubby dogwood has roundish leaves which are woolly -on the lower surface. The greenish twigs have white pith. The -berries are pale blue. The Round-leaved Dogwood grows in dry, -rocky woods.</p> -<p>Red Osier (<i><b id="g_CornusStolonifera">Cornus stolonifera</b></i> Michx.). Red Osier has dark red -twigs with white pith. The leaves are pale and somewhat hairy on -the lower surface. The berries are white or grayish. Red Osier -usually grows along shores, often forming thickets.</p> -<p>Silky Dogwood (<i><b id="g_CornusObliqua">Cornus obliqua</b></i> Raf.). This plant is usually a -shrub, but may get as much as 15 feet tall. It has twigs with pale -brown pith. The leaves are pale on the lower surface, and usually -have white, appressed hairs. The berries are blue. Silky Dogwood -grows in low ground.</p> -<p>Willow Dogwood (<i><b id="g_CornusAmomum">Cornus amomum</b></i> Mill.). The Willow Dogwood -rarely exceeds a height of 10 feet. Like the Silky Dogwood, it has -twigs with pale brown pith. The leaves usually have reddish-colored -hairs on the lower surface. The berries are pale blue. Willow -Dogwood grows in low ground.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_119">119</div> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p042.jpg" alt="" width="496" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">Gray Dogwood</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_120">120</div> -<h3>COCK-SPUR THORN -<br /><i id="g_CrataegusSpp"><b id="g_CrataegusCrusGalli">Crataegus crus-galli</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 -inches; crown broadly rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, scaly.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Moderately stout, light brown, smooth, usually with sharp -spines up to 4 inches long; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, -slightly elevated, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, up to ¼ inch in diameter, reddish-brown, usually -smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadest above the middle, -rounded or short-pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 4 -inches long, up to 1½ inches broad, leathery, toothed along the -edges, at least in the upper half of the leaf, dark green, smooth, -shiny on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower -surface; leafstalks stout, up to 1 inch long, smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, appearing in May and June, -each up to ¾ inch across, with 5 white petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to ½ inch in diameter, red, fleshy -but dry, with 1-2 nutlets.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded slopes, thickets.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Southern Ontario across to Minnesota, south to Texas, east -to South Carolina.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Cock-spur Thorn differs from most other -hawthorns in Illinois by its leathery, shiny leaves which are -broadest above the middle.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_121">121</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p043.jpg" id="ncfig42" alt="COCK-SPUR THORN" width="505" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_122">122</div> -<h3>RED HAW -<br /><i><b id="g_CrataegusMollis">Crataegus mollis</b></i> (Torr. & Gray) Scheele</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 14 -inches; crown widely spreading.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray-brown, scaly, deeply furrowed.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Moderately stout, gray or brown, smooth or slightly hairy, -rarely with spines; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly -elevated, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, up to ¼ inch in diameter, reddish-brown, usually -hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, broadest near the base, -short-pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 4 inches long -and nearly as broad, coarsely toothed along the edges, occasionally -with shallow lobes, yellow-green and hairy on the upper -surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks stout, up -to 1 inch long, hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, appearing in April and May, -each up to 1 inch across, with 5 white petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to 1 inch in diameter, red, fleshy -but dry, with 4-5 nutlets.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Southern Ontario across to Minnesota, south to Oklahoma, -east to Alabama.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Red Haw is distinguished by its -densely hairy, ovate leaves which are often shallowly lobed.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_123">123</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p044.jpg" id="ncfig43" alt="RED HAW" width="482" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_124">124</div> -<h3>PRUINOSE HAW -<br /><i><b id="g_CrataegusPruinosa">Crataegus pruinosa</b></i> (Wendl.) K. Koch</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 15 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 -inches; crown broad and irregular.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark gray, scaly, furrowed.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, smooth, with spines up to 2 inches -long; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with -3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, reddish-brown, smooth -or nearly so.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades mostly ovate, broadest below the -middle, pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 3 inches -long and about ⅔ as broad, coarsely toothed along the edges and -frequently shallowly lobed, bluish-green and smooth on the -upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface; leafstalks -stout, up to 1 inch long, smooth or somewhat hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, appearing in May and early -June, each up to 1 inch across, with 5 white petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to ¾ inch in diameter, dark red to -purple, fleshy but dry, with 5 nutlets.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods and thickets.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland to southern Ontario, south to Arkansas, east -to North Carolina.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Pruinose Haw is distinguished by its -bluish-green leaves which are widest just below the middle.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_125">125</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p045.jpg" id="ncfig44" alt="PRUINOSE HAW" width="494" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_126">126</div> -<h3>OTHER HAWTHORNS</h3> -<p>Many other hawthorns occur in Illinois. Several of them have -been found only a very few times. Most of them are difficult to -distinguish unless leaves, flowers, and fruits are available. A few of -the hawthorns which are likely to be encountered are described on -this and the following page.</p> -<p>Scarlet Hawthorn (<i><b id="g_CrataegusCoccinioides">Crataegus coccinioides</b></i> Ashe). This hawthorn -grows to a height of 15 feet and has very scaly brown bark. The -slender gray twigs have many stout, sharp spines up to 2 inches -long. The ovate leaves are coarsely toothed and usually shallowly -lobed. There are some hairs on both surfaces of the leaves. The -spherical fruits, when mature, are deep red speckled with several -pale dots. There are usually 5 nutlets inside each fruit. The Scarlet -Hawthorn is found primarily on rocky hills.</p> -<p>Urn-shaped Hawthorn (<i><b id="g_CrataegusCalpodendron">Crataegus calpodendron</b></i> (Ehrh.) Medic.) -The Urn-shaped Hawthorn is named for the shape of its fruit, which -is usually about ½ inch long, red, with sweet flesh and 2-3 nutlets -inside. This small tree only grows to a height of about 15 feet. The -leaves are usually ovate and are coarsely toothed and often shallowly -lobed. They have a greenish-yellow color and are hairy, at least on -the underneath surface. This hawthorn frequently grows along -rocky streams.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_127">127</div> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/p046.jpg" alt="" width="461" height="752" /> -<p class="pcap">Urn-Shaped Hawthorn</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_128">128</div> -<p>Green Haw (<i><b id="g_CrataegusViridis">Crataegus viridis</b></i> L.). The Green Haw is primarily a -tree of low, wet woods, where it grows to a height of nearly 30 feet -and has a gray, scaly bark. The rather variable leaves range from -elliptic to elliptic-ovate and toothed to occasionally shallowly lobed. -The leaves are thin and smooth on both surfaces, except for some -tufts of hair along the axils of the veins on the lower surface. The -orange-red fruits are spherical and about ⅓ inch in diameter. There -are 5 nutlets embedded in the rather sweet flesh.</p> -<p>Dotted Haw (<i><b id="g_CrataegusPunctata">Crataegus punctata</b></i> Jacq.). This hawthorn grows to -a height of about 20 feet and has many stout thorns on its twigs. The -leaves generally are broadest above the middle and are obovate. -The edges of the leaves are usually toothed from the middle to the -tip. Sometimes lobes are formed. The leaves have a relatively thick -texture and are hairy on the veins of the under surface of the leaves. -The usually spherical fruit is about ¾ inch in diameter and contains -3 or 5 nutlets. The Dotted Thorn often forms thickets along the -edges of woods or in rocky fields.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_129">129</div> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/p047.jpg" alt="" width="426" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">Green Hawthorn<br />Dotted Hawthorn</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_130">130</div> -<h3>PERSIMMON -<br /><i><b id="g_DiospyrosVirginiana">Diospyros virginiana</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -1 foot; crown broad and rounded or flattened. (At one time in the -Wabash Valley, Persimmon trees nearly 3 feet in diameter were -known.)</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark gray to black, broken at maturity into squarish blocks.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth or hairy, usually with lenticels; leaf -scars alternate, half-elliptic, with 1 bundle trace.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: More or less rounded, smooth, dark reddish-brown, up to ⅛ -inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oval, pointed at the tip, -tapering or rounded at the base, up to 5 inches long and about -half as broad, smooth along the edges, dark green, smooth, and -shiny on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower -surface; leafstalks stout, up to 1 inch long, smooth or sparsely -hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate usually borne on separate trees, -appearing after the leaves are half grown, the staminate in -clusters of 2-3, tubular, up to ½ inch long, the pistillate solitary, -½ to ¾ inch long. Sometimes flowers with both stamens and -pistils can be found.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, spherical, but with the greenish calyx persistent at -one end, yellow-orange to orange (rarely blue), up to 2 inches in -diameter, sweet when ripe, few-seeded.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, the heartwood nearly black.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Golf club heads, billiard cues.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry woods, rich bottomland woods, edge of fields, fence -rows.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Connecticut across to southern Iowa and eastern Kansas, -south to eastern Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The leaves of the Persimmon are most -often confused with those of the Sour Gum, but usually the tip is -not as abruptly pointed in the Persimmon. The pith of the -Persimmon also lacks the distinct partitions found in the Sour -Gum.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_131">131</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p048.jpg" id="ncfig45" alt="PERSIMMON" width="449" height="798" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_132">132</div> -<h3>BEECH -<br /><i><b id="g_FagusGrandifolia">Fagus grandifolia</b></i> Ehrh.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree to nearly 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up -to 4 feet; crown widely spreading, usually rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth, gray, thin, often marred by human carving.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Gray or yellowish, slender, smooth, more or less zigzag; leaf -scars alternate, half-round, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Slender, narrow, long-pointed, smooth, reddish-brown, up to -¾ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades up to 4 inches long and 2½ inches -broad, oblong, pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the -somewhat asymmetrical base, coarsely toothed along the edges, -blue-green to yellow-green, smooth and shiny on the upper -surface, smooth or finely hairy on the lower surface; leaf stalk -very short, sometimes hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on the same tree, -appearing after the leaves have unfolded, the staminate numerous -in small spherical heads, the pistillate in groups of 2.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Spiny burs up to ¾ inch long, prickly, reddish-brown, -containing 1-3 triangular nuts.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, strong, close-grained, deep reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel, chairs, tool handles.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to Ontario, south to eastern Texas, east to -northern Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The stately Beech is recognized by its -smooth gray bark and its long, pointed winter buds.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_133">133</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p049.jpg" id="ncfig46" alt="BEECH" width="511" height="796" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_134">134</div> -<h3>SWAMP PRIVET -<br /><i><b id="g_ForestieraAcuminata">Forestiera acuminata</b></i> (Michx.) Poir.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 -inches; crown spreading, irregular.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Brown, shallowly furrowed or nearly smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, warty or smooth; leaf scars opposite, -shield-shaped, with 1 bundle trace.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Spherical, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic, pointed at the tip, tapering -to the base, up to 4 inches long, up to 1½ inches broad, finely -toothed along part of the edges, yellow-green and nearly smooth -on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface; -leafstalks slender, usually smooth, up to ½ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on different -trees, appearing before the leaves begin to unfold; staminate -many in rounded clusters, yellow, without petals; pistillate several -in branched clusters, yellowish, without petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Slender, oblong, slightly curved, dark purple, about 1 inch -long, up to ¼ inch wide, fleshy but dry, containing 1 seed.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Occasionally planted as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Swamps, along rivers.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: South Carolina across to Kansas, south to Texas, east to -Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Swamp Privet is distinguished by its opposite, -pointed leaves which are finely toothed along the edges.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_135">135</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p050.jpg" id="ncfig47" alt="SWAMP PRIVET" width="428" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_136">136</div> -<h3>WHITE ASH -<br /><i><b id="g_FraxinusAmericana">Fraxinus americana</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 -feet; crown pyramidal or ovoid, with slender branches; trunk -straight, columnar.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light or dark gray, with diamond-shaped furrows between -flat-topped, sometimes scaly, ridges.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, sometimes with a few hairs; leaf -scars opposite, horseshoe-shaped, with several bundle traces -forming a half-moon.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, dark brown, finely hairy, up to ½ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 5-9 leaflets; leaflets -lance-shaped to lance-ovate, often curved, pointed at the tip, -rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long and about -half as broad, shallowly toothed along the edges, green and -smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth or hairy on the -lower surface.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees before the -leaves begin to expand, minute, without petals, purplish, in -crowded clusters, soon becoming elongated and less crowded.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Paddle-shaped, winged, up to 2½ inches long and ¼ inch -wide, several in a cluster, 1-seeded at the base.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, hard, coarse-grained, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, baseball bats, tool handles, interior finishing.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomlands and wooded slopes.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to Minnesota, south to Texas and Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: White Ash differs from Green Ash in -having distinctly paler lower leaf surfaces. Plants with hairy -leaves resemble Red Ash, but the fruits do not have the wing -extending down beyond the seed in the White Ash.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_137">137</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p051.jpg" id="ncfig48" alt="WHITE ASH" width="470" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_138">138</div> -<h3>BLACK ASH -<br /><i><b id="g_FraxinusNigra">Fraxinus nigra</b></i> Marsh.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -2 feet; crown broadly rounded, with many stout, straight -branches.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light gray, scaly, without diamond-shaped furrows.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars elliptic or oval, with -several bundle traces arranged in a half moon.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Conical, blue-black, finely hairy, about one-fourth inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 7-11 leaflets; leaflets -without stalks, lance-shaped, long-pointed at the tip, tapering or -rounded at the sometimes asymmetrical base, up to 6 inches long, -less than one-half as wide, toothed along the edges, dark green -and smooth on the upper surface, paler and with rusty hairs along -the veins on the lower surface. The leaflets turn reddish-brown in -the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Small, in elongated clusters, appearing before the leaves -begin to unfold, purplish, without any petals, some with both -stamens and pistils, others only with stamens, others only with -pistils.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Oblong, winged fruits, barely notched at the tip, up to 1½ -inches long, up to one-half inch broad, with a single seed at the -base.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, heavy, dark brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Cabinets, baskets, fence posts.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Swampy woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to Iowa, central -Illinois, West Virginia, and Delaware.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This is the only ash in Illinois where none -of the leaflets has stalks.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_139">139</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p052.jpg" id="ncfig49" alt="BLACK ASH" width="486" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_140">140</div> -<h3>RED ASH -<br /><i><b id="g_FraxinusPennsylvanica">Fraxinus pennsylvanica</b></i> Marsh.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -2 feet; crown usually pyramidal; trunk straight, rather stout, -sometimes slightly buttressed at base.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light or dark gray, with diamond-shaped furrows between -flat-topped, sometimes scaly ridges.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender to rather stout, gray or brown, covered by velvety -hairs, leaf scars opposite, half-round and straight across the top, -with several bundle traces forming a half-moon.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, dark brown, finely hairy, about ¼ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 7-9 leaflets; leaflets -elliptic to elliptic-ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, -up to 6 inches long, about ⅓ as wide, sparsely toothed along the -edges, hairy on both surfaces.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on separate trees, appearing after -the leaves have begun to open, minute, crowded in purplish or -greenish dense clusters.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: A cluster of paddle-shaped fruits, each fruit up to 2½ inches -long and less than ½ inch broad, with a single seed at one end.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, strong, heavy, coarse-grained, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Tool handles, interior finishing, furniture.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland forests.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to North Dakota, south to Kansas, east to -Louisiana and northern Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Red Ash is characterized by its hairy leaf -stalks and its narrow wings along the stalks between the leaflets.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_141">141</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p053.jpg" id="ncfig50" alt="RED ASH" width="437" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_142">142</div> -<h3>GREEN ASH -<br /><i id="g_FraxinusPennsylvanicaVarSubintegerrima">Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> Marsh var. <i>subintegerrima</i> (Vahl) Fern.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -2½ feet; crown broadly rounded, with slender, spreading -branches.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light or dark gray, with diamond-shaped furrows between -flat-topped, sometimes scaly, ridges.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender to rather stout, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars -half-round and straight across the top, with several bundle traces -forming a half-moon.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, dark brown, finely hairy, up to one-fourth inch -long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 7-9 leaflets; leaflets -lance-shaped to elliptic, long-pointed at the tip, tapering to the -base, up to 6 inches long and one-and-one-half inches wide, -toothed along the edges, green and smooth on both surfaces. The -leaflets turn reddish-brown or yellowish in the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, in -branched clusters, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, small, -purplish, without petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Lance-shaped or reversely lance-shaped, winged fruits, -usually rounded at the tip, up to 2½ inches long and less than -one-third inch broad, with a single seed at the base.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, light brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing, tool handles, baseball bats; sometimes -grown as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland forests.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Maine across to Saskatchewan and Minnesota, south to -Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Green Ash has leaflets which are -green on both surfaces.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_143">143</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p054.jpg" id="ncfig51" alt="GREEN ASH" width="473" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_144">144</div> -<h3>BLUE ASH -<br /><i><b id="g_FraxinusQuadrangulata">Fraxinus quadrangulata</b></i> Michx.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Square-stemmed Ash.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Moderate tree to seventy feet tall; trunk diameter up -to 3 feet; crown irregular, with many short, sturdy branches.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, scaly, without diamond-shaped furrows.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, square, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars half-round -and concave across the top, with several bundle traces forming a -half-moon.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, gray, finely hairy, up to one-half inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 5-11 leaflets; leaflets -lance-shaped, long-pointed at the tip tapering to the sometimes -asymmetrical base, up to 6 inches long, less than half as wide, -coarsely toothed along the edges, yellowish-green and smooth on -the upper surface, paler and usually with tufts of hairs along the -veins on the lower surface. The leaflets turn yellow in the -autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Small, in branched clusters, appearing as the leaves begin -to unfold, purplish, without any petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Oblong, winged fruits, notched at the tip, up to 2 inches -long and one-half inch broad, with a single seed near the bottom.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, yellow-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Flooring; the inner bark produces a blue dye when placed in -water.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded slopes, limestone cliffs.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Western Pennsylvania across Wisconsin to Iowa, south to -Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Alabama; southern Ontario.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The square stems immediately distinguish -this tree from any other ash in Illinois.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_145">145</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p055.jpg" id="ncfig52" alt="BLUE ASH" width="457" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_146">146</div> -<h3>PUMPKIN ASH -<br /><i><b id="g_FraxinusTomentosa">Fraxinus tomentosa</b></i> Michx. f.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree sometimes nearly 100 feet tall; trunk -diameter up to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded, with stout -spreading branches.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, becoming scaly.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, gray or brown, usually velvety; leaf scars opposite, -horseshoe-shaped, with several bundle traces arranged in a half-moon.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: More or less conical, brown, hairy, about one-fourth inch -long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, compound, with 7-9 leaflets; leaflets lance-shaped -to elliptic, pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering at the -slightly asymmetrical base, up to 10 inches long and about half as -wide, smooth or finely toothed along the edges, yellow-green and -smooth on the upper surface, paler and velvety-hairy on the -lower surface. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, in -elongated clusters, appearing before the leaves, small, greenish-purple, -without any petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Oblong, winged fruits, usually rounded at the tip, up to 3 -inches long and one-half inch broad, with a single seed near the -bottom.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Boxes, paper pulp, fuel.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Floodplains, swamps.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New York across Ohio to southern Illinois and southern -Missouri, south to Louisiana, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Pumpkin Ash is the only ash in Illinois -with velvety-hairy twigs and usually toothless leaves.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_147">147</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p056.jpg" id="ncfig53" alt="PUMPKIN ASH" width="456" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_148">148</div> -<h3>WATER LOCUST -<br /><i id="g_GleditsiaSpp"><b id="g_GleditsiaAquatica">Gleditsia aquatica</b></i> Marsh.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter -up to 2 feet; crown widely but irregularly spreading; trunk short -and stout.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark gray or dark brown, shallowly furrowed.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, smooth, usually with unbranched -thorns; leaf scars alternate, more or less 3-lobed, with 3 bundle -traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, nearly hidden beneath the leaf scars, dark brown, -smooth, up to ⅛ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, both singly and doubly pinnately compound on -the same tree, with many leaflets; leaflets oblong to oblong-ovate, -rounded or slightly pointed at the tip, rounded at the slightly -asymmetrical base, toothless or minutely toothed along the -edges, smooth except for some hairs along the veins, up to 1 inch -long, about half as wide.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Some flowers with both stamens and pistils, others with -only one or the other, in elongated clusters up to 4 inches long, -greenish, small, appearing in May and June.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Short, pointed legumes up to 2 inches long and 1 inch broad, -borne several in a drooping cluster, chestnut-brown, smooth, -with 1 or 2 seeds and no pulp.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, coarse construction.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Swampy woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: North Carolina across to southern Missouri, south to Texas, -east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The short, 1- or 2-seeded legume without -pulp differentiates this locust from the Honey Locust.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_149">149</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p057.jpg" id="ncfig54" alt="WATER LOCUST" width="465" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_150">150</div> -<h3>HONEY LOCUST -<br /><i><b id="g_GleditsiaTriacanthos">Gleditsia triacanthos</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 -feet; crown broadly rounded, often with dropping outer -branches; trunk straight, rather stout, usually with large, purple-brown, -3-parted thorns.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, deeply furrowed and scaly at maturity.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, angular, reddish-brown, smooth, zigzag, with 3-parted -or unbranched thorns; leaf scars alternate, more or less -3-lobed, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, nearly hidden beneath the leaf scars, dark brown, -smooth, up to ⅛ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, often doubly pinnately compound, with many -leaflets; leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, rounded or slightly -pointed at the tip, rounded at the slightly asymmetrical base, -minutely toothed along the edges, smooth except for some hairs -along the veins, up to 1½ inches long, less than half as wide.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Some flowers with both stamens and pistils, others with -only one or the other, in elongated clusters up to 3 inches long, -yellowish, small, appearing in May and June.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Elongated legumes up to 1½ feet long and up to 2 inches -wide, flat, often twisted or curved, purple-brown, containing -several seeds embedded in a thick pulp.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, strong, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, coarse construction; a spineless form sometimes -cultivated.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist, wooded ravines, thickets, along roads.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New York across to South Dakota, south to Texas, east to -Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Honey Locust has more leaflets than any -other kind of tree in Illinois. The large 3-parted spines and the -long fruits are also distinctive.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_151">151</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p058.jpg" id="ncfig55" alt="HONEY LOCUST" width="454" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_152">152</div> -<h3>KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE -<br /><i><b id="g_GymnocladusDioicus">Gymnocladus dioicus</b></i> (L.) K. Koch</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 85 feet tall; trunk diameter -up to 2½ feet; crown with a narrow, rounded top; trunk stout, -usually branching a few feet above the ground.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark gray, deeply furrowed and scaly at maturity.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, dark brown with orange lenticels, slightly hairy; leaf -scars alternate, heart-shaped, with 3 or 5 bundle traces; pith -chocolate-colored.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Tiny, sunken in hairy cavities immediately above each leaf -scar.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, doubly pinnately compound, with many leaflets; -leaflets ovate, pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 2 -inches long and about half as broad, without teeth along the edge, -dark green and smooth on the upper surface, yellow-green and -smooth or hairy on the veins on the lower surface.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on separate -trees, in more or less elongated, greenish clusters, appearing -after the leaves have unfolded, each flower with 5 oblong, hairy -petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Short, thick legumes up to 10 inches long and up to 2 inches -wide, dark brown, leathery, smooth, containing several large -seeds embedded in a thick, sweet pulp.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, durable, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, fuel, rough construction. The seeds can be used -as a substitute for coffee.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich, often bottomland, woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New York across to South Dakota, south to Oklahoma, east -to Tennessee.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The doubly compound leaves with large -leaflets, the short, thick legumes, and the thick twigs with sunken -buds readily distinguish this tree. It is one of the last trees to put -forth its leaves in the spring.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_153">153</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p059.jpg" id="ncfig56" alt="KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE" width="462" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_154">154</div> -<h3>SILVER BELL -<br /><i><b id="g_HalesiaCarolina">Halesia carolina</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 -inches; crown widely spreading.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, with whitish stripes, somewhat scaly.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, usually smooth; leaf scars alternate, -half-round, with a cluster of bundle scars.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown, somewhat hairy, up to ⅛ -inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to elliptic, pointed at the tip, -tapering to rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long, about half as -broad, finely toothed along the edges, dark green and usually -smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth or slightly hairy -on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, smooth or finely hairy, up -to ½ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Few in hanging clusters, showy, white, each bell-shaped -and up to one inch long, appearing in April.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: 4-winged, dry, brown, up to 2 inches long, containing 1 -seed.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, close-grained, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Occasionally grown as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Virginia across southern Illinois to Oklahoma, south to -Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The bell-shaped white flowers and the -4-winged fruits readily distinguish this handsome tree.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_155">155</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p060.jpg" id="ncfig57" alt="SILVER BELL" width="494" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_156">156</div> -<h3>WITCH HAZEL -<br /><i><b id="g_HamamelisVirginiana">Hamamelis virginiana</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10 -inches; crown broadly rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown, eventually broken into small scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, flexible, brown, hairy at first but becoming smooth; -leaf scars alternate, half-round, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Narrow, pointed, finely hairy, orange-brown, up to ½ inch -long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades obovate, rounded or short-pointed -at the tip, rounded or sometimes tapering to the base, up -to 6 inches long, sometimes nearly half as broad, usually with -several low, rounded teeth, dark green and usually somewhat -hairy on the upper surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface; -leafstalks up to ¾ inch long, slightly hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Blooming from September to November, several in a -cluster, each with 4 bright yellow, strap-shaped petals up to ⅔ -inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Capsules up to ½ long, brown, hairy, splitting open -during the following autumn to liberate several small, shiny -seeds.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, light brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Planted as an ornamental. The astringent witch hazel is -derived from this plant.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Woodlands.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Southern Quebec across to Minnesota, south to Missouri, -Tennessee, and Georgia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The late-flowering period and the obovate -leaves with shallow, rounded teeth characterize the Witch Hazel.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_157">157</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p061.jpg" id="ncfig58" alt="WITCH HAZEL" width="515" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_158">158</div> -<h3>SWAMP HOLLY -<br /><i><b id="g_IlexDecidua">Ilex decidua</b></i> Walt.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Possum Haw; Deciduous Holly.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 -inches; crown spreading.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown, more or less warty.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray, smooth or slightly hairy, often with short -spurs; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, -with 1 bundle trace.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, gray, up to ⅛ inch in diameter.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple, sometimes clustered at the tips of the -short spur-like twigs; blades narrowly oblong to elliptic, short-pointed -or rounded at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 3 inches -long, less than ½ as broad, sparsely and finely toothed along the -edges, green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and slightly -hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, hairy, up to ¼ inch -long.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on different -trees, appearing in April and May; both types of flowers in -few-flowered clusters, greenish or whitish, with usually 4 small -petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Red or rarely orange berries, spherical, up to ¼ inch in -diameter, remaining on the tree during the winter.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, whitish.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: The handsome berries make this species an attractive ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Maryland across to eastern Kansas, south to Texas, east to -Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Swamp Holly is distinguished by its alternate, -remotely toothed leaves clustered at the ends of spur-like -shoots, and by its red berries.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_159">159</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p062.jpg" id="ncfig59" alt="SWAMP HOLLY" width="426" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_160">160</div> -<h3>BUTTERNUT -<br /><i><b id="g_JuglansCinerea">Juglans cinerea</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: White Walnut.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -3 feet; crown flat to broadly rounded; trunk straight, columnar, -not buttressed.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light gray, divided by deep furrows into broad scaly ridges.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, greenish or orange-brown to gray, smooth or hairy, -usually shiny, with white lenticels; pith chocolate-colored, divided -by partitions; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped, elevated, -with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Blunt at the tip, whitish, hairy, soft, up to ½ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 17 leaflets; -leaflets up to 3 inches long and 2 inches wide, broadly lance-shaped, -pointed at the tip, rounded at the asymmetrical base, -finely toothed along the edges, yellow-green on the upper surface, -paler on the lower surface, softly hairy and sometimes -sticky.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Borne separately but on the same tree, appearing when -the leaves are partly grown, the staminate several in thick, -yellow-green catkins, the pistillate much fewer in spikes, neither -of them with petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: In groups of 2-5, ovoid-oblong, up to 2½ inches long, -sticky-hairy, the husk thick, the nut pointed at one end and with -well-developed wings, pale brown, the seed sweet.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, light in weight, coarse-grained, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, interior finishing; the nut is sought after as a -delicacy.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New Brunswick across to Minnesota, south to Arkansas, east -to Georgia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Butternut is distinguished by its bark -pattern, its chocolate-colored, partitioned pith, and its distinctive -fruits.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_161">161</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p063.jpg" id="ncfig60" alt="BUTTERNUT" width="455" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_162">162</div> -<h3>BLACK WALNUT -<br /><i><b id="g_JuglansNigra">Juglans nigra</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 150 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 -feet; crown broadly rounded; trunk straight, columnar, not buttressed -at the base.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Black, thick, deeply furrowed.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, greenish or orange-brown, hairy, smooth and gray; -pith brown, divided by partitions; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped, -elevated, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: More or less rounded at the tip, pale brown, soft, hairy, up to -½ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 15-23 leaflets; leaflets -up to 3½ inches long and 1½ inches wide, broadly lance-shaped, -pointed at the tip, rounded at the asymmetrical base, toothed -along the edges, yellow-green and smooth on the upper surface, -paler and hairy on the lower surface, turning yellow in the -autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Borne separately but on the same tree, appearing when -the leaves are partly grown, the staminate several in thick, -yellow-green, hairy catkins, the pistillate much fewer in small -spikes, neither of them with petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: In groups of 1 or 2, spherical, up to 2 inches in diameter, -green or yellow-green, slightly roughened, the husk thick, the -nut very hard, oval, dark brown, deeply ridged, the seed sweet.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, dark brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: The wood is used for furniture, interior finishing, cabinets; -the nuts are edible.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woodlands.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Massachusetts across to Minnesota, south to Texas, east to -Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Black Walnut is recognized by its -characteristic buds, its chambered pith, and its fruits.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_163">163</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p064.jpg" id="ncfig61" alt="BLACK WALNUT" width="439" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_164">164</div> -<h3>RED CEDAR -<br /><i><b id="g_JuniperusVirginiana">Juniperus virginiana</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Juniper; Eastern Red Cedar.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 90 feet tall, usually much smaller; -trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown narrowly pyramidal or broad -and rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, splitting into long shreds.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Of 2 types, either flat, triangular, opposite, and up to ¹/₁₆ -inch long, or short and needle-like, up to ¾ inch long, blue-green -to green to yellow-green.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on different trees, the staminate in -small, narrow yellowish spikes, the pistillate in small, ovoid, -purplish clusters.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Berry-like, spherical, up to ¼ inch in diameter, dark blue -with a whitish covering, with sweet flesh and 1-2 seeds.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Durable, light in weight, close-grained, red, fragrant.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Clothing chests, pencils, fence posts.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Fields, dry woods, cliffs.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New Brunswick across to North Dakota, south to Texas, east -to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The 2 kinds of leaves readily distinguish -this species.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_165">165</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p065.jpg" id="ncfig62" alt="RED CEDAR" width="485" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_166">166</div> -<h3>EUROPEAN LARCH -<br /><i><b id="g_LarixDecidua">Larix decidua</b></i> Mill.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 15 -inches; crown straight and more or less columnar.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown, scaly.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Moderately stout, yellowish, with numerous conspicuous -leaf scars or, when older, with short lateral spurs.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles borne many in clusters from short spurs, or borne -singly on new branchlets, soft, yellow-green, up to about one -inch long, somewhat triangular, falling from the tree in the -autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing as the new leaves begin to appear, the staminate -in nearly round, yellow heads, the pistillate in oblong, bright red -“cones.”</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones oblong, upright, up to 1¼ inches long, containing -numerous small, winged seeds.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, orange-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: This tree is sometimes planted as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Around homes where it has persisted from cultivation.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Native of Europe; infrequently escaped from cultivation in -northeastern North America.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The European Larch differs from the -American Larch by its slightly longer cones, its yellow-green -needles, and its yellower twigs.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_167">167</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p066.jpg" id="ncfig63" alt="EUROPEAN LARCH" width="428" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_168">168</div> -<h3>AMERICAN LARCH -<br /><i><b id="g_LarixLaricina">Larix laricina</b></i> (DuRoi) Koch</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Tamarack.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter -up to 1½ feet; crown narrowly pyramidal.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, light brown or orange, smooth; leaf scars alternate, -elevated, borne on spurs, with 1 bundle trace.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Spherical, reddish-brown, up to ⅛ inch in diameter.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles numerous in clusters, soft, up to about 1 inch long, -light green, falling away during the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate spherical, yellow, usually not subtended by -leaves; pistillate oblong, rose-colored, usually subtended by -leaves.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones oblong, up to ½ inch long, chestnut-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, durable, close-grained, orange-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, railroad ties, interior finishing; sometimes grown -as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Bogs and swamps.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Labrador to Alaska, south to Minnesota, northern Illinois, -and West Virginia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: American Larch is distinguished by its -short, pale green needles borne many in a cluster or singly on -long shoots.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_169">169</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p067.jpg" id="ncfig64" alt="AMERICAN LARCH" width="453" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_170">170</div> -<h3>SWEET GUM -<br /><i><b id="g_LiquidambarStyraciflua">Liquidambar styraciflua</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Red Gum.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter sometimes more -than 3 feet; crown usually pyramidal.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Usually dark gray and broken into scaly ridges.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, often bordered by corky wings; leaf scars alternate, -half-elliptical, slightly elevated, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Large, shiny, pointed, sometimes sticky to the touch.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades shaped like 5- to 7-pointed stars, -each point toothed along the edge, as much as six inches long and -nearly as broad. In the autumn, the leaves turn a variety of colors, -from red to yellow to purple.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on same tree crowded together in -rounded clusters, opening at about the same time as the leaves -unfold.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Dry “ball” about one inch in diameter, covered by numerous -short, often sharp projections, with many seeds, most of which -are incapable of germinating.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, strong, durable.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Lumber, furniture, flooring. The attractive leaves make this -tree a handsome ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Southwestern Connecticut across southern Illinois to eastern -Oklahoma and eastern Texas, east to central Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The star-shaped leaves readily distinguish -this tree.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_171">171</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p068.jpg" id="ncfig65" alt="SWEET GUM" width="483" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_172">172</div> -<h3>TULIP TREE -<br /><i><b id="g_LiriodendronTulipifera">Liriodendron tulipifera</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Yellow Poplar; Tulip Poplar.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Stately tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -4 feet; crown oblong or pyramidal from a long, columnar trunk.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Grayish, becoming deeply furrowed at maturity; furrows -often whitish within.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Smooth, reddish-brown; leaf scars alternate, nearly spherical, -with several bundle traces, with stipule scars encircling the -twig.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Flattened, up to 1 inch long, resembling duckbills.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided into four broad lobes, the -upper two lobes usually with a conspicuous notch between them, -bright green, averaging 4 to 6 inches long and broad.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: About two inches long, cup-shaped, with six yellow-green -petals with an orange base surrounding a cone-shaped cluster of -pistils; opening in May.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Dry “cones” about 2½ inches long, composed of several -winged seeds.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, durable.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Lumber, veneer cores to which other wood can be glued, -canoes, frames.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich soil.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Connecticut and Vermont across to southern Michigan, -southwestward across Illinois to Louisiana, east to Central -Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The shape of the leaf is unlike that of any -other tree in Illinois.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_173">173</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p069.jpg" id="ncfig66" alt="TULIP TREE" width="458" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_174">174</div> -<h3>OSAGE ORANGE -<br /><i><b id="g_MacluraPomifera">Maclura pomifera</b></i> Schneid.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Hedge Apple; Bow Wood.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 -foot; crown rounded or dome-shaped, with several rather stout, -spreading branches.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light gray-brown tinged with orange, separating into shaggy -strips.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Dull orange-brown, smooth, zigzag, with short, sharp, axillary -spines; leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with -usually 3 groups of bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Round, reddish-brown, smooth, very tiny.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed -at the tip, narrowed or a little bit heart-shaped at the -base, up to 5 inches long and 3½ inches broad, smooth along the -edges, green and smooth on both surfaces; leafstalks smooth, up -to 2 inches long.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, yellow-green, -very tiny, the staminate crowded in short clusters on stalks -up to 4 inches long, the pistillate crowded into spherical heads on -short, stout stalks.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Large, spherical, greenish-yellow compound fruit up to 6 -inches in diameter, containing many seeds, succulent flesh, and -milky sap.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, flexible, durable, coarse-grained, orange when -first cut, becoming brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Bows, fence posts, railroad ties, tool handles; often planted as -a windbreak.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Hedge-rows, woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Native only in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas; commonly -planted elsewhere and often escaped from cultivation.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Osage Orange is distinguished by its -spiny branches, its long-pointed, toothless leaves, its milky sap, -and its large, spherical, yellow-green fruits.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_175">175</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p070.jpg" id="ncfig67" alt="OSAGE ORANGE" width="474" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_176">176</div> -<h3>CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA -<br /><i><b id="g_MagnoliaAcuminata">Magnolia acuminata</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Cucumber Tree.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -3 feet; crown broadly rounded or pyramidal.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or brown, with shallow furrows when older.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, -U-shaped, with several scattered bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Silvery-white, hairy, up to nearly 1 inch long, with a single -bud scale.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually elliptic, short-pointed at -the apex, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 10 inches long -and more than half as broad, entire along the edges, yellow-green -and smooth on the upper surface, paler and sometimes hairy on -the lower surface.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Greenish-yellow, up to 3 inches long, with usually 6 -elongated, pointed petals, appearing in April.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Oblong fruits up to 3 inches long, deep red, with several -seeds. Young fruits look like small cucumbers, thus accounting -for the common name. The fruits ripen from late August to -October.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Cabinets, flooring.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woodlands.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New York to southern Illinois and Oklahoma, south to -Louisiana and Georgia, also southern Ontario.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The large toothless leaves are distinctive -from leaves of all other Illinois trees except the Tupelo Gum, a -tree of swamps which usually had 1-3 coarse teeth along the edges -of each leaf. The silvery buds are also distinctive, as are the -flowers and fruits.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_177">177</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p071.jpg" id="ncfig68" alt="CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA" width="436" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_178">178</div> -<h3>NARROW-LEAVED CRAB APPLE -<br /><i><b id="g_MalusAngustifolia">Malus angustifolia</b></i> (Ait.) Michx.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 9 -inches; crown spreading.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, deeply furrowed, scaly.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or pale brown, smooth, sometimes -spur-like; leaf scars alternate, narrow, curved, with 3 bundle -traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, brown, up to ¹/₁₆ inch in diameter, finely hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oblong, rounded or -pointed at the tip, narrowed to the base, to 2 inches long, less -than half as broad, toothed along the edges, seldom shallowly -lobed, green and smooth on the upper surface, a little paler and -smooth or sparsely hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, -up to 1 inch long, smooth or hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Showy, up to 1 inch across, on long stalks, usually 3 or -more in a cluster, with 5 narrow, rose petals, appearing during -May and June.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Apples up to 1 inch across, yellow-green, edible.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, close-grained, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: The fruit is used in making jelly.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rather moist woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Maryland across to southern Missouri, south to Louisiana, -east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This crab apple is distinguished by its -narrow leaves which are usually unlobed.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_179">179</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p072.jpg" id="ncfig69" alt="NARROW-LEAVED CRAB APPLE" width="474" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_180">180</div> -<h3>PRAIRIE CRAB APPLE -<br /><i><b id="g_MalusCoronaria">Malus coronaria</b></i> (L.) Mill.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; -crown widely spreading.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray-brown to red-brown, with rather deep furrows between -the scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Moderately stout, reddish-brown, often spurlike, sometimes -spiny, usually smooth at maturity; leaf scars alternate, narrow, -curved, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, reddish, about ¼ inch in diameter, smooth or -nearly so.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval, rounded to short-pointed at -the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 3 inches long, -about half as broad, toothed along the edges and sometimes -slightly lobed, yellow-green and smooth on the upper surface, -paler on the lower surface; leafstalks stout, up to 2 inches long, -smooth or hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Showy, up to 1½ inches across, on long stalks, usually 3 or -more in a cluster, with 5 rounded, white or pinkish petals, -appearing during May and June.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Apples up to 1 inch across, yellow-green, edible.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, close-grained, reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Wood is used for tool handles; crab apples used in making -jelly.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods; edge of fields; edge of prairies.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New York and southern Ontario across to Wisconsin, south -to Kansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Prairie Crab Apple differs from the -Narrow-leaved Crab Apple by its broader leaves and from the -Iowa Crab Apple by its usually less-lobed leaves and smooth -flowers.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_181">181</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p073.jpg" id="ncfig70" alt="PRAIRIE CRAB APPLE" width="509" height="790" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_182">182</div> -<h3>IOWA CRAB APPLE -<br /><i><b id="g_MalusIoensis">Malus ioensis</b></i> (Wood) Britt.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; -crown spreading.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, scaly.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Moderately stout, reddish-brown, sometimes spiny, usually -somewhat hairy at maturity; leaf scars alternate, narrow, curved, -with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, reddish-brown, less than ⅛ inch in diameter, -finely hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oval, rounded or -pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 4½ -inches long and less than half as broad, toothed along the edges -and often shallowly lobed, dark green and smooth on the upper -surface, yellow-green and usually somewhat hairy on the lower -surface; leafstalks stout, up to 1 inch long, hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Showy, up to 2 inches across, on long stalks, usually 3 or -more in a cluster, with 5 rounded, white or rose petals, appearing -during May and June.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Apples up to 1¾ inches across, yellow-green, edible.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, close-grained, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: The fruit is used in making jelly.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Edges of prairies and fields.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Wisconsin and Minnesota, south to Nebraska, Texas, and -Louisiana.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Iowa Crab Apple is distinguished -from the other crab apples in the state by the greater frequency -of lobed leaves and by its hairy flowers.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_183">183</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p074.jpg" id="ncfig71" alt="IOWA CRAB APPLE" width="435" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_184">184</div> -<h3>WHITE MULBERRY -<br /><i><b id="g_MorusAlba">Morus alba</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -2 feet; crown broadly rounded, with many short branchlets.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown, sometimes tinted with orange, divided into -long, scaly plates.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, yellowish, smooth or sometimes hairy, more or less -zigzag; leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with numerous -bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown, smooth, about ⅙ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, short-pointed at the tip, -rounded or cut straight across at the base, up to 5 inches long and -nearly as broad, coarsely round-toothed, sometimes 2-lobed, -sometimes 3-lobed, sometimes deeply several-lobed, sometimes -unlobed, green and smooth to the touch on the upper surface, -paler and smooth on the lower surface, except for a few hairs -sometimes on the veins; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately, either -on the same tree or on different trees, appearing as the leaves -unfold, the staminate crowded into narrow green clusters up to 2 -inches long, the pistillate crowded into short, thick spikes up to 1 -inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: A cluster of tiny drupes up to 1¼ inches long, white or -pinkish, more rarely red or purple, sweet, juicy.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, orange-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts; the fruit is edible.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods, along roads, in disturbed areas.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Native of Asia; naturalized from Maine to Minnesota, south -to Texas, east to Georgia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The White Mulberry lacks hairs on the -lower surface of the leaves (except sometimes along the veins), -thus differing from the Red Mulberry.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_185">185</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p075.jpg" id="ncfig72" alt="WHITE MULBERRY" width="450" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_186">186</div> -<h3>RED MULBERRY -<br /><i><b id="g_MorusRubra">Morus rubra</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -2 feet; crown broadly rounded, with many short branchlets.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, divided into long, scaly plates.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth or sometimes hairy, reddish-brown to dark -brown, more or less zigzag; leaf scars alternate, half-round, -elevated, with numerous bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, brown, smooth, up to ¼ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades mostly ovate, abruptly pointed at -the apex, more or less heart-shaped at the base, up to 6 inches -long and sometimes nearly as broad, coarsely toothed, sometimes -2-lobed, sometimes 3-lobed, often unlobed, green and usually -rough to the touch on the upper surface, paler and with short -white hairs on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 1½ inches long, -smooth at maturity. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately, either -on the same tree or on different trees, appearing as the leaves -unfold, the staminate crowded into narrow, green clusters up to 2 -inches long, the pistillate crowded into short, thick spikes up to 1 -inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: A cluster of tiny drupes up to 1½ inches long, at first red, -becoming purple or nearly black, rarely remaining pale, sweet, -juicy.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, durable, coarse-grained, orange-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts and barrels; the fruit is edible.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods, particularly along streams.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Vermont across to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to -Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Red Mulberry differs from White Mulberry -in the presence of some hairs on the lower surface of the -leaves.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_187">187</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p076.jpg" id="ncfig73" alt="RED MULBERRY" width="425" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_188">188</div> -<h3>TUPELO GUM -<br /><i><b id="g_NyssaAquatica">Nyssa aquatica</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Swamp Tupelo; Water Tupelo; Cotton Gum.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 85 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 -feet, often swollen at the base; crown spreading, with numerous -branchlets.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light gray to dark gray to brown, broken into thin scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, more or less angular, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars -alternate, broadly U-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, smooth, about ⅛ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong to somewhat ovate, -pointed at the tip, tapering to rounded to even heart-shaped at -the base, up to 8 inches long and about half as broad, the edges -smooth or with a few coarse teeth, dark green, shiny, smooth or -somewhat hairy on the upper surface, paler and soft-hairy on the -lower surface; leafstalks stout, up to 3 inches long, hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, appearing -as the leaves begin to unfold, greenish, small, the staminate -several in spherical clusters, the pistillate solitary on long stalks -arising from the leaf axils.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, oblong, dark purple with pale speckles, up to 1 inch -long, bitter, 1-seeded, ripening in September.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, close-grained, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Paper pulp, broom handles, floors.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Swamps and low woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Virginia to southern Missouri, south to Texas, east to -Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Tupelo Gum is characterized by its -large, irregularly toothed leaves and its oblong, purple fruits.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_189">189</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p077.jpg" id="ncfig74" alt="TUPELO GUM" width="491" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_190">190</div> -<h3>SOUR GUM -<br /><i><b id="g_NyssaSylvatica">Nyssa sylvatica</b></i> Marsh.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Black Gum.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter -up to 3 feet; crown rounded, often with many small, drooping -branchlets.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Brown to black, often broken up into squarish blocks.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, smooth, sometimes zigzag; leaf -scars alternate, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. The pith is -continuous but marked with distinct partitions.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Short-pointed, yellowish or reddish, smooth, about ⅛ inch -long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades abruptly pointed at the tip, -tapering or rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long and usually -about half as wide, smooth or with a few coarse teeth along the -edges, dark green, shiny, and usually smooth on the upper -surface, paler and usually somewhat hairy on the lower surface; -leafstalks up to 1½ inches long, smooth or sparsely hairy. The -leaves turn scarlet in the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, appearing -after the leaves begin to unfold, greenish, very small, the staminate -several in spherical clusters, the pistillate 2-several on long -stalks arising from the leaf axils.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, oval, dark blue, up to ⅔ inch long, bitter, 1-seeded, -ripening in October.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, soft, not durable, pale yellow.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Pulpwood, gun-stocks, flooring; sometimes used as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry wooded slopes, low woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Maine across to Michigan and Wisconsin, south to Missouri -and Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Sour Gum is easily confused with Persimmon, -but differs by its leaves which are abruptly short-pointed -at the tip, and by its twigs which have continuous pith -marked by distinct partitions.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_191">191</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p078.jpg" id="ncfig75" alt="SOUR GUM" width="456" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_192">192</div> -<h3>HOP HORNBEAM -<br /><i><b id="g_OstryaVirginiana">Ostrya virginiana</b></i> (Mill.) K. Koch</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Ironwood.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree up to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 -foot; crown usually rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Brown and scaly at maturity.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, sometimes hairy, tough to break; -leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3 -bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Small, pointed at the tip.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to ovate, pointed at the -tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long, finely -doubly toothed, green and usually smooth on the upper surface, -paler and usually slightly hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up -to ¼ inch long, hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately but on the same -tree. The staminate catkins are on the tree through the winter -before opening in late April or May.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Nutlets enclosed by an inflated bladder, crowded together in -a cluster resembling hops.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, strong, durable.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Tool handles.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Upland woods; rocky slopes; along streams.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to Manitoba and northeastern Wyoming, -south to eastern Texas and northern Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Blue Beech, with similar leaves, -differs by its scaly bark. Elms, which also have somewhat similar -leaves, usually have their leaves asymmetrical at the base.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_193">193</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p079.jpg" id="ncfig76" alt="HOP HORNBEAM" width="463" height="789" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_194">194</div> -<h3>PRINCESS TREE -<br /><i><b id="g_PaulowniaTomentosa">Paulownia tomentosa</b></i> (Thunb.) Steud.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Paulownia.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 45 feet tall; trunk diameter -up to 1½ feet; crown rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, more or less smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, grayish, finely hairy; leaf scars opposite, nearly -spherical but with a notch at the top, with many bundle traces in a -ring.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Half-round, minutely hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades mostly heart-shaped, tapering to a -short point at the tip, up to about 10 inches long and nearly as -broad, smooth along the edges, minutely hairy on both surfaces.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Large, showy, fragrant, several in a large cluster, appearing -in late April or early May, the clusters sometimes a foot long, -each flower up to 2 inches long, the petals violet with yellow -stripes.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Ovoid capsules up to 1½ inches long, pointed at the tip, -brown, containing numerous winged seeds.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Popular as an ornamental because of its handsome flowers.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Along roads, around home sites.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Native of Asia; occasionally escaped in the eastern United -States.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The leaves of the Princess Tree resemble -those of the Catalpa, but they are always opposite and never in -whorls. The violet flowers and the short, ovid capsules further -distinguish the Princess Tree.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_195">195</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p080.jpg" id="ncfig77" alt="PRINCESS TREE" width="440" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_196">196</div> -<h3>JACK PINE -<br /><i><b id="g_PinusBanksiana">Pinus banksiana</b></i> Lamb.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Gray Pine; Scrub Pine.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 75 feet tall in some parts of the -United States; trunk diameter up to 2½ feet; crown open but -often irregular.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, rough and scaly.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, dark brown, becoming roughened.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles in clusters of 2, stiff, curved, up to 1½ inches long, -dark green.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to ½ inch -long; pistillate crowded into few to several purple clusters.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones oblong, curved, upright, up to 2 inches long, each -scale comprising the cone bearing a small curved prickle; seeds -triangular, up to ¹/₁₂ inch long, with a wing up to ⅓ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Railroad ties, fence posts, fuel, pulpwood.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rocky woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Quebec across to Yukon, south to Minnesota, northern -Illinois, and New York, Nova Scotia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Jack Pine is distinguished by its short, -stiff, curved needles in clusters of 2 and by its short, curved -cones.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_197">197</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p081.jpg" id="ncfig78" alt="JACK PINE" width="450" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_198">198</div> -<h3>SHORTLEAF PINE -<br /><i><b id="g_PinusEchinata">Pinus echinata</b></i> Mill.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Yellow Pine.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; -crown pyramidal or rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into large plates.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, becoming shreddy.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles in clusters of both 2 and 3 on the same tree, -flexible, up to 5 inches long, dark green.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate crowded into several pale purple spikes up to ¾ -inch long; pistillate in groups of 1-3, rose-colored.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones 1-3 in a group, ovoid, up to 2½ inches long, each scale -comprising the cone often bearing a small sharp prickle on the -back; seeds triangular; less than ¼ inch long, with an asymmetrical -curved wing up to ½ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing, paper pulp, construction.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry, rocky slopes; widely planted in a variety of sites.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Southern New York across Pennsylvania and southern Illinois -to Oklahoma, south to Texas, east to northern Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Shortleaf Pine is distinguished by its -needles which may be in clusters of 2 and 3 on the same tree.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_199">199</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p082.jpg" id="ncfig79" alt="SHORTLEAF PINE" width="504" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_200">200</div> -<h3>RED PINE -<br /><i><b id="g_PinusResinosa">Pinus resinosa</b></i> Ait.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 150 feet tall; trunk diameter -up to 3 feet; crown pyramidal.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, divided irregularly into plates.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, reddish-brown, becoming roughened.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles in clusters of 2, flexible, up to 6 inches long, dark -green.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate crowded into several purple spikes up to ½ inch -long; pistillate crowded into fewer scarlet clusters.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones ovoid, mostly straight, up to 2 inches long, each scale -comprising the cone without any prickles; seeds triangular, up to -⅛ inch long, with a wing up to ¾ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Rather hard, heavy, close-grained, reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Ships, bridges, general construction.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry, rocky woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to Minnesota, -Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey; also north-central Illinois -and West Virginia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Red Pine is distinguished by its dark -green needles usually clustered near the tips of the twigs.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_201">201</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p083.jpg" id="ncfig80" alt="RED PINE" width="458" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_202">202</div> -<h3>WHITE PINE -<br /><i><b id="g_PinusStrobus">Pinus strobus</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Tall tree well over 100 feet tall in some regions of the -United States; trunk diameter sometimes in excess of 3 feet; -crown pyramidal.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Brown, divided into broad ridges by shallow fissures.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, orange-brown, smooth or slightly hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles in clusters of 5, very flexible, up to 5 inches long, -blue-green.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to ⅓ inch -long; pistillate crowded into fewer groups, pink to purple.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones oblong, curved, drooping, up to 8 inches long, each -scale comprising the cone lacking any prickles; seeds narrowly -oblong, up to ¼ inch long, with a wing up to ¾ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, light brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing, construction.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods, wooded slopes.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to Iowa, northern -Illinois, and in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The soft, blue-green needles in clusters of -5 readily distinguish the White Pine.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_203">203</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p084.jpg" id="ncfig81" alt="WHITE PINE" width="444" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_204">204</div> -<h3>SCOTCH PINE -<br /><i><b id="g_PinusSylvestris">Pinus sylvestris</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 65 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 -feet; crown irregular.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Large branches reddish-brown, broken into plates.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, roughened.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles in clusters of 2, stiff, to 3 inches long, gray-green.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to ½ inch -long; pistillate crowded into 1 to several clusters.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones narrowly ovoid, to 2½ inches long, each scale comprising -the cone without any prickles.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Often planted as an ornamental, Christmas trees.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Planted in plantations in Illinois, rarely escaped.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Native of Europe; widely planted in the eastern United -States.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The rather short, stiff, gray-green needles -in clusters of 2 distinguish this pine.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_205">205</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p085.jpg" id="ncfig82" alt="SCOTCH PINE" width="455" height="764" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_206">206</div> -<h3>LOBLOLLY PINE -<br /><i><b id="g_PinusTaeda">Pinus taeda</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Old-field Pine.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree sometimes over 125 feet tall; trunk -diameter up to 2 feet; crown rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, divided into irregular plates.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, becoming roughened.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles in clusters of 3 or occasionally 2, stiff, up to 9 -inches long, light green.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to ½ inch -long; pistillate crowded into 1 to several yellow clusters.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones ovoid to oblong, mostly straight, up to 6 inches long, -each scale comprising the cone with a short, sharp prickle; seeds -rounded, up to ¼ inch long, with a wing up to 1 inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Weak, brittle, coarse-grained, yellow-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Pulpwood, construction.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Planted in plantations in Illinois, rarely escaped.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New Jersey to Tennessee, south across Arkansas to eastern -Texas, east to central Florida; not native in Illinois.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Loblolly Pine is distinguished by its -stiff, long needles usually in clusters of 3 and by its long cones. It -is similar to Shortleaf Pine but has longer needles and cones.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_207">207</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p086.jpg" id="ncfig83" alt="LOBLOLLY PINE" width="480" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_208">208</div> -<h3>WATER ELM -<br /><i><b id="g_PlaneraAquatica">Planera aquatica</b></i> Gmel.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Planer-tree.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10 -inches; crown broadly rounded, with slender branchlets.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or pale brown, smooth at first but later splitting into -large scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown to gray, usually smooth; leaf scars -alternate, nearly circular, each with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Slender, pointed, brownish, smooth or somewhat hairy, up to -¼ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades lance-ovate, rounded or somewhat -pointed at the tip, tapering to the usually asymmetrical -base, up to 3 inches long, less than half as broad, regularly -coarsely toothed, smooth or a little roughened on the upper -surface at maturity, smooth or hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks -up to ½ inch long, finely hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Of three kinds, all on the same tree, appearing after the -leaves have begun to expand, greenish-yellow, without petals, -the staminate in several small clusters, the pistillate and perfect -in drooping clusters of 1-3 flowers.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Oblong, fleshy, up to ½ inch long, with warts irregularly -scattered over the surface, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, light in weight, close-grained, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, fuel.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Swampy areas.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: North Carolina across southern Illinois to southeastern -Missouri, south to Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Water Elm resembles other native -elms in Illinois, but has only single-toothed leaves. The warty -fruits are also distinctive.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_209">209</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p087.jpg" id="ncfig84" alt="WATER ELM" width="508" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_210">210</div> -<h3>SYCAMORE -<br /><i><b id="g_PlatanusOccidentalis">Platanus occidentalis</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Buttonwood; Plane-tree.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree sometimes more than 100 feet tall; trunk -diameter up to 8 feet; crown broad, often irregular.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown when young, quickly breaking into thin, flat -scales, falling away in sections to expose large patches of whitish -or greenish inner bark.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Smooth, light brown, somewhat zigzag; leaf scars alternate, -encircling the buds, somewhat elevated, with 5-7 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Light brown, pointed, about one-fourth inch long, entirely -covered by the base of the leafstalk. When the leaves fall off, -exposing the buds, they leave a scar which surrounds the base of -each bud.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades circular in outline but divided -into 3 or 5 shallow, sharp-pointed lobes, heart-shaped or cut -straight across at the base, up to 7 inches long (longer on vigorous -shoots) and often as broad, bright green and smooth on the upper -surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface except for the -sparsely hairy veins; leafstalks to 5 inches long, slightly hairy; -stipules, resembling the leaves but only about an inch long, often -persist near the base of the leafstalks.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately but on -the same tree, minute, crowded together in dense, round heads.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Round light brown heads, about one inch in diameter, on -long drooping stalks, containing many small seeds surrounded by -hairs.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard and strong.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, interior finishing. Sometimes planted as an ornamental -because of its rapid growth and unusual bark.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomlands, along streams, around lakes and ponds.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Maine across southern Wisconsin to eastern Nebraska, south -to eastern Texas, east to northern Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The large palmately lobed leaves and the -brown and gray mottled bark readily distinguish this tree.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_211">211</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p088.jpg" id="ncfig85" alt="SYCAMORE" width="474" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_212">212</div> -<h3>WHITE POPLAR -<br /><i><b id="g_PopulusAlba">Populus alba</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Silver-leaved Poplar; Abele.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Moderate tree to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 -feet; crown broadly rounded but often irregular.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Grayish to whitish, at first smooth, later becoming deeply -fissured and very dark gray to nearly black.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Greenish-gray, white-hairy at least when young; leaf scars -alternate, crescent-shaped, each with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, hairy, up to ⅛ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually ovate, with a few broad -teeth along the edges, bluntly pointed at the tip, cut straight -across or a little heart-shaped at the base, up to 4 inches long, -dark green on the upper surface, silvery-hairy or white-wooly on -the lower surface; leafstalks up to 3 inches long, densely hairy, -not flat.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, crowded -together in catkins, appearing when the leaves unfold.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Often curved, flask-shaped capsules, greenish, hairy, up to -¼ inch long, containing many seeds with cottony hairs attached.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Grown as an ornamental because of its silvery leaves.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Along roads, around old homesteads.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Native of Europe and Asia; frequently planted and escaped -from cultivation in the United States.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The leaves, with their silvery or white-wooly -under-surface and their few broad teeth, provided the best -means of identifying this tree.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_213">213</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p089.jpg" id="ncfig86" alt="WHITE POPLAR" width="474" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_214">214</div> -<h3>COTTONWOOD -<br /><i><b id="g_PopulusDeltoides">Populus deltoides</b></i> Marsh.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large rapidly growing tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk -diameter up to eight feet; crown spreading or broadly rounded, -with some drooping branches. The largest tree in Illinois, in -Grundy County, is a Cottonwood measuring twenty-eight feet six -inches in circumference.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth and gray when young, becoming furrowed at maturity.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Yellow-green, gray, or tan, smooth, moderately stout, with -numerous pale “dots”; leaf scars alternate, triangular, with 3 large -bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Lance-shaped, long-pointed, up to ½ inch long, sticky, -chestnut-colored.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades to 5 inches long and often nearly -as broad, triangular, abruptly pointed at the tip, cut straight -across or even slightly heart-shaped at the base, with coarse -rounded teeth along the edges, green, smooth, and shiny on the -upper surface, paler on the lower surface; leafstalks to 4 inches -long, smooth, often yellow, flat.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, the -staminate crowded in rather thick, reddish catkins, the pistillate -crowded in narrower, greenish-yellow catkins, both sexes appearing -before the leaves begin to unfold.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Elliptic, greenish-brown capsules up to ¼ inch long, -grouped in elongated clusters, containing numerous seeds with -cottony hairs attached.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, readily warping.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Pulpwood, fuel.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods, along streams.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New Hampshire across to southeastern North Dakota, south -central Texas, east to northern Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Cottonwood is easily recognized by its -triangular leaves with flattened leafstalks. The cottony seeds, -when the fruits are mature, are also distinctive.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_215">215</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p090.jpg" id="ncfig87" alt="COTTONWOOD" width="472" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_216">216</div> -<h3>BIG-TOOTH ASPEN -<br /><i><b id="g_PopulusGrandidentata">Populus grandidentata</b></i> Michx.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Large-tooth Aspen.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1½ -feet; crown rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Grayish-green, smooth at first, becoming shallowly fissured -and broken up into thin scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Grayish-green, with numerous orange “dots,” hairy when -young but becoming smooth; leaf scars alternate, raised, 3-lobed, -each with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, chestnut-brown, somewhat hairy, up to -one-eighth inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades nearly circular in outline, short-pointed -at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 5 inches long, -nearly as broad, with several rather coarse teeth along the edges, -green on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, smooth -when mature; leafstalks up to 3 inches long, flat, enabling the leaf -to rustle even in gentle breezes.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, crowded -together in catkins up to 5 inches long, appearing as the leaves -unfold.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Long, narrow, flask-shaped, green, slightly hairy capsules, -grouped in elongated clusters, containing many seeds with cottony -hairs attached.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Pulpwood.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded slopes, edges of woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Quebec across to Manitoba, south to central Illinois, east to -Maryland; Kentucky and north-central Tennessee east to western -North Carolina.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The coarsely toothed, tremoring leaves -and the grayish-green trunks combine to make this a tree easy to -recognize.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_217">217</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p091.jpg" id="ncfig88" alt="BIG-TOOTH ASPEN" width="422" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_218">218</div> -<h3>SWAMP COTTONWOOD -<br /><i><b id="g_PopulusHeterophylla">Populus heterophylla</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Swamp Poplar.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Up to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown -very irregular, with a few, large, upright branches.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or brown, smooth when young, becoming scaly ridged at -maturity.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, smooth or hairy, reddish; leaf scars alternate, -3-lobed, each with 3 bundle traces; pith 5-angled.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, dark brown, sticky, up to one-half inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, rounded or bluntly pointed -at the tip, heart-shaped at the base, up to 8 inches long, up to 6 -inches broad, with rounded teeth along the edges, green on the -upper surface, paler on the lower surface, densely white-woolly -when young, becoming essentially smooth at maturity; leafstalks -to 4 inches long, smooth or sparsely hairy, not flattened.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, the -staminate crowded in thick catkins up to 4 inches long, the -pistillate in slender catkins up to 6 inches long, both appearing -before the leaves begin to unfold.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Ovoid, reddish-brown capsules up to ½ inch long, grouped -in elongated clusters, containing numerous seeds with cottony -hairs attached.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Pulpwood, fuel, interior finishing.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Swamps, low woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Connecticut to southern Michigan, southwestward across -southern Illinois to central Louisiana, east to northern Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The broad, heart-shaped, toothed leaves -readily distinguish the Swamp Cottonwood from other trees in -Illinois.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_219">219</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p092.jpg" id="ncfig89" alt="SWAMP COTTONWOOD" width="440" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_220">220</div> -<h3>QUAKING ASPEN -<br /><i><b id="g_PopulusTremuloides">Populus tremuloides</b></i> Michx.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -2 feet; crown rounded or occasionally spreading.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Pale yellow-green or white, becoming grayish and divided -into dark scaly ridges at maturity.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Pale yellow-green or white, slender, smooth; leaf scars -alternate, crescent-shaped, each with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Lance-shaped, short-pointed, smooth, sticky, up to ⅓ inch -long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate to nearly round, short-pointed -at the apex, rounded at the base, up to 4 inches long, -nearly as broad, with many small round teeth along the edges, -green, smooth, and shiny on the upper surface, not shiny on the -lower surface; leafstalks to 3 inches long, smooth, flat. The flat -leafstalks allow for the leaves to tremor at the slightest wind.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, the -staminate crowded in catkins up to 4 inches long, the pistillate -crowded in catkins up to 6 inches long.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Narrow, flask-shaped, green capsules up to ¼ inch long, -grouped in elongated clusters, containing numerous seeds with -cottony hairs attached.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Pulpwood.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Edge of woods, thickets.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland to Alaska, south to California and New -Mexico and Texas, east across Missouri and Tennessee to New -Jersey.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The whitish trunk and the ovate, trembling -leaves serve to distinguish this species.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_221">221</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p093.jpg" id="ncfig90" alt="QUAKING ASPEN" width="449" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_222">222</div> -<h3>WILD PLUM -<br /><i id="g_PrunusSpp"><b id="g_PrunusAmericana">Prunus americana</b></i> Marsh.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: American Plum.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 -inches; crown broad, often irregular.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark gray to brown, rough and scaly.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, speckled with many dots, smooth or hairy; -leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown, smooth or hairy, up to ¼ -inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to ovate, pointed at the tip, -rounded or tapering to the base, up to 4 inches long and less than -half as broad, finely toothed along the edges, the teeth not -glandular, green and smooth or hairy on the upper surface, paler -and smooth or hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, up to -1 inch long, sometimes with 1 or 2 glands near the upper end, -smooth or hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, up to 1 inch across, with 5 -white or pinkish petals, appearing before or as the leaves begin to -unfold.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to 1 inch in diameter, red or -covered with a whitish wax, juicy, sweet, 1-seeded.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, close-grained, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: The fruits are used in making jelly and preserves.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods, thickets.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Southern Ontario to Manitoba, south to New Mexico, east to -Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Wild Plum differs from other plums -in Illinois by the absence of glands on the teeth of the leaves. The -Wild Plum may have either smooth or hairy leaves and twigs.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_223">223</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p094.jpg" id="ncfig91" alt="WILD PLUM" width="463" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_224">224</div> -<h3>WILD GOOSE PLUM -<br /><i><b id="g_PrunusHortulana">Prunus hortulana</b></i> Bailey</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 -inches; crown broad and rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or brown, becoming scaly at maturity.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, half-round, -elevated, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, rounded at the tip, reddish-brown, smooth, up to ¼ -inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong to oval, pointed at the tip, -rounded or tapering to the base, up to 6 inches long and about ⅓ -as broad, finely toothed along the edge, the teeth gland-tipped, -green and usually smooth on the upper surface, paler and sometimes -hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, up to 1 inch -long, with 1-several glands, smooth or sparsely hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, up to 1 inch across, with 5 -white petals, appearing after the leaves are partly grown.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to 1 inch in diameter, red or rarely -yellowish, fleshy but hard, bitter, 1-seeded.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, close-grained, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Edges of woods, thickets.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Indiana to Iowa, south to Oklahoma, east to Alabama.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Wild Goose Plum flowers when its leaves -are partly grown, thereby distinguishing it from the Wild Plum -which blooms before or as the leaves begin to unfold.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_225">225</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p095.jpg" id="ncfig92" alt="WILD GOOSE PLUM" width="442" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_226">226</div> -<h3>OTHER WILD PLUMS</h3> -<p>Two other wild plums are occasionally encountered in Illinois.</p> -<p>Munson’s Wild Plum (<i><b id="g_PrunusMunsoniana">Prunus munsoniana</b></i> Wight & Hedrick). -Munson’s Wild Plum is a small tree rarely more than 15 feet tall and -often forming thickets. It has gray or brown scaly bark, smooth -brownish twigs, and small, ovoid buds. The leaves are oval and up -to 6 inches long and up to 2 inches wide. The edges of the leaves are -finely toothed, with each tooth gland-tipped. The upper surface of -the leaf is smooth, while the lower surface usually has some hairs. -The showy white flowers appear while the leaves are developing. -The fruits are spherical or slightly oblong red plums with sweet, -juicy flesh. Munson’s Wild Plum is found only in the midwestern -states.</p> -<p>Narrow-leaved Plum (<i><b id="g_PrunusAngustifolia">Prunus angustifolia</b></i> Marsh.). Also known -as Chickasaw Plum, this is a small tree up to about 15 feet tall, -usually forming thickets. The smooth, brownish twigs usually have -several sharp spines. Most of the leaves are lance-shaped and up to -2 inches long, and conspicuously folded lengthwise. The flowers -begin to bloom just as the leaves start to unfold. The red, nearly -spherical plum has tart, juicy flesh. The Narrow-leaved Plum is -found mostly in the southeastern United States.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_227">227</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p096.jpg" id="ncfig93" alt="ANOTHER WILD PLUM" width="494" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_228">228</div> -<h3>WILD BLACK CHERRY -<br /><i><b id="g_PrunusSerotina">Prunus serotina</b></i> Ehrh.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -3 feet; crown rounded, with rigid branches.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Thin, smooth, reddish-brown at first, becoming deeply furrowed -and black.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, dark brown; leaf scars half-round, each -with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, sharp-pointed, dark brown, smooth, up to one-fourth -inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong or oval, short-pointed at -the tip, tapering to the base, up to 6 inches long and about ⅓ as -broad, finely toothed along the edges, green, smooth, and shiny -on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface -except for rusty hairs along the veins; leafstalks slender, slightly -less than 1 inch long, smooth, with 1 or more reddish glands near -the tip.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Crowded in showy, drooping, elongated clusters up to 6 -inches long, appearing when the leaves are partly grown, each -flower about ¼ inch across, with 5 white petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, juicy, spherical, dark purple, up to ½ inch in -diameter.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, hard, strong, close-grained, light reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Cabinets, interior finishing.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Roadsides, fencerows, edge of woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to Ontario, south to Texas, east to -Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Wild Black Cherry is similar to the -Choke Cherry but usually is a larger tree with thicker leaves and -with the teeth tending to curve inward.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_229">229</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p097.jpg" id="ncfig94" alt="WILD BLACK CHERRY" width="441" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_230">230</div> -<h3>CHOKE CHERRY -<br /><i><b id="g_PrunusVirginiana">Prunus virginiana</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall, often only a shrub; trunk -diameter up to 5 inches; crown irregular.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Thin, smooth and reddish-brown at first, becoming furrowed -and darkened.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown with pale lenticels; leaf -scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, brown, more or less smooth, up to ¼ inch -long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong or oval, short-pointed at -the tip, tapering to the base, up to 4 inches long and about half as -broad, finely and sharply toothed along the edges, green, smooth -and shiny on the upper surface, paler and smooth or with a few -hairs on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, up to 1 inch long, -smooth, with 2 glands near the tip.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Crowded in showy, drooping, elongated clusters up to 6 -inches long, appearing when the leaves are partly grown, each -flower up to ½ inch across, with 5 white petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, juicy, spherical, up to ⅓ inch in diameter, red at -first, becoming deep purple at maturity.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, pale-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel, some interior finishing.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods, along streams.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to Saskatchewan, south to Kansas, east -to North Carolina.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Choke Cherry resembles Wild Black -Cherry, differing by its more pointed teeth along the edges of the -leaves.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_231">231</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p098.jpg" id="ncfig95" alt="CHOKE CHERRY" width="448" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_232">232</div> -<h3>WAFER ASH -<br /><i><b id="g_PteleaTrifoliata">Ptelea trifoliata</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Hop-tree.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree or shrub up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter -up to 5 inches; crown rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Brown, somewhat roughened.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, dark brown, often with small “warts”; leaf scars -alternate, large, horseshoe-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3 -bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Spherical, pale brown, hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, divided into 3 leaflets; leaflets mostly ovate, -long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5 -inches long, up to half as wide, smooth or with fine teeth along -the edges, dark green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and -smooth on the lower surface; leaflets without individual stalks.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately but -usually in the same cluster, appearing in late May and June, with -3-5 obscure, greenish-white petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Thin, flat, nearly spherical winged seed up to 1 inch across.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, yellow-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: The fruit at one time was used as a substitute for hops in -brewing.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rocky, wooded slopes.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Quebec across Michigan to Iowa, south to eastern Texas, -east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Wafer Ash is distinguished by its -3-parted alternate leaves and its flat, spherical, winged seeds.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_233">233</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p099.jpg" id="ncfig96" alt="WAFER ASH" width="540" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_234">234</div> -<h3>WHITE OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusAlba">Quercus alba</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 -feet; crown very broad, with stiff, horizontal branches; trunk -relatively short and rather thick.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or whitish with gray patches, shallowly furrowed.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, somewhat shiny, gray, whitish, or even -purplish; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but -crowded near the tip of the twig, half-round, slightly elevated, -with several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Nearly round, reddish-brown or gray, up to ⅛ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually with 7 or 9 lobes, the -lobes rounded and not bristle-tipped, the sinuses varying from -shallow to deep, the upper surface green and smooth, the lower -surface paler and smooth, up to 10 inches long, up to half as wide, -turning red in the autumn; leafstalks up to 1 inch long, rather -stout, smooth. Leaves on the same tree may vary considerably.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without -petals, the staminate many in drooping, yellow catkins, the -pistillate few in a group, red.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns borne 1 or 2 together, with or without a stalk, the nut -oblong, up to ¾ inch long, green to greenish-brown, shiny, the -cup covering up to ¼ of the nut, yellow-brown, often minutely -hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, durable, coarse-grained, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing, cabinets, general construction, fence posts, -fuel, tight cooperage.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods; wooded slopes; dry woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Maine across to Minnesota, south to eastern Texas, east to -northern Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: White Oak is recognized by its grayish -bark and its 5-7 round-lobed, smooth leaves which are usually -whitish on the lower surface. Its oblong, greenish-brown, shiny -acorns are also distinctive.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_235">235</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p100.jpg" id="ncfig97" alt="WHITE OAK" width="492" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_236">236</div> -<h3>SWAMP WHITE OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusBicolor">Quercus bicolor</b></i> Willd.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 -feet; crown rounded and broad.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Grayish-brown, deeply furrowed, becoming flaky.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, grayish-brown to yellowish-brown; leaf scars alternate, -half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces; -pith star-shaped in cross-section.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Clustered at the tips of the twigs, ellipsoid to spherical, up to -⅛ inch long, yellow-brown, smooth or with a few hairs at the tip.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually broadest above the middle, -up to 6 inches long and 4 inches broad, coarsely round-toothed -or sometimes with a few shallow lobes, smooth or -somewhat hairy on the upper surface, white and softly hairy on -the lower surface; leafstalks nearly an inch long, smooth or -slightly hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without -petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate in -groups of 2-4.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns in pairs, on stalks 1 inch long or longer, the nut -ovoid, pale brown, 1-1½ inches long, enclosed about ⅓ its length -by the cup, the cup thick, light brown, hairy, roughened.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing, cabinets, fuel, fence posts.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Maine and southern Quebec across to southern Minnesota, -south to Oklahoma, east to Georgia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Swamp White Oak is distinguished by -its leaves which are coarsely round-toothed and softly white hairy -on the lower surface of the leaves.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_237">237</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p101.jpg" id="ncfig98" alt="SWAMP WHITE OAK" width="436" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_238">238</div> -<h3>SCARLET OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusCoccinea">Quercus coccinea</b></i> Muench.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½ -feet; crown narrow but open.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, shallowly fissured when mature.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, but crowded -near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle -traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown, hairy at the tip, up to ¼ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided more than half-way to the -middle into 5-7 bristle-tipped lobes, bright green, shiny and -smooth on the upper surface, paler and with tufts of hairs along -the veins on the lower surface, up to 6½ inches long and 4 inches -broad; leafstalks up to 2½ inches long, slender, usually smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without -petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate in -groups of 1 or 2.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or paired, with or without stalks, the nut oval -or hemispherical, up to ¾ inch across, reddish-brown with occasional -darker rings around it, enclosed up to ½ its length by the -cup, the cup thin, top-shaped, reddish-brown, finely hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel, fence posts, coarse construction.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Maine to southern Ontario, south to Oklahoma, east to -Georgia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Scarlet Oak looks very much like Pin Oak, -but differs in habitat and structure of the acorn cup. It sometimes -resembles Black Oak but has shorter, less hairy buds and acorns -without loosely arranged scales on the cup.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_239">239</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p102.jpg" id="ncfig99" alt="SCARLET OAK" width="496" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_240">240</div> -<h3>HILL’S OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusEllipsoidalis">Quercus ellipsoidalis</b></i> E. J. Hill</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Northern Pin Oak.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Moderate tree to about 75 feet tall; trunk diameter -up to 2 feet; crown rounded, with the drooping lowermost -branches often reaching nearly to the ground.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray-black, rather smooth to shallowly fissured.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather slender, smooth at maturity, grayish-brown to reddish-brown; -pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate, -but clustered near the tip of the twig, half-round, slightly elevated, -with several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Nearly smooth, one-fourth inch long, ovoid, reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades 3-9 inches long, slightly tapering -or usually cut nearly straight across at the base, with 2-4 pairs of -bristle-tipped lobes usually cut over half-way to the mid-vein, -deep green and shiny on the upper surface at maturity; leafstalks -smooth, up to 3 inches long.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on same tree, appearing as the -leaves unfold, inconspicuous, the staminate crowded in a catkin, -the pistillate solitary or 2-3 together.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Ripening in October of the second year, on very short stalks; -acorns longer than broad, short-pointed at the base, about ½ inch -across, the cup bowl-shaped covering ⅓ to ½ of the acorn.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Shingles and interior finishings.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry upland woods, often where Black Oak occurs.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Northwestern Ohio and central Michigan to southeastern -Minnesota, south to eastern Iowa and north-central Illinois.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The elongated acorn of the Hill’s Oak -distinguishes it from pin oak, which it closely resembles.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_241">241</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p103.jpg" id="ncfig100" alt="HILL’S OAK" width="485" height="790" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_242">242</div> -<h3>SPANISH OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusFalcata">Quercus falcata</b></i> Michx.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Southern Red Oak.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 -feet; crown broadly rounded, with stiff, stout, spreading branchlets; -trunk straight, rather stout.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown to nearly black, shallowly furrowed.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Reddish-brown to gray, smooth or nearly so at maturity; pith -star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered -near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle -traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, chestnut-brown, hairy, up to ¼ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadly rounded at the base, 3- to -5-lobed, the terminal lobe usually long, narrow, and strongly -curved, all lobes bristle-tipped, up to 8 inches long, up to 6 -inches wide, green on the upper surface, pale and densely -soft-hairy on the lower surface; leaf stalk up to 2½ inches long, -slender, usually hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without -petals, the staminate in slender, drooping, densely hairy catkins, -the pistillate few in a rusty-hairy cluster, with dark red stigmas.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorn usually solitary, with or without a short stalk, the nut -spherical or ellipsoid, up to ½ inch long, orange-brown, the cup -covering only up to ⅓ of the nut, with hairy, reddish-brown -scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, fuel, general construction.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry and usually poor upland soil; occasionally in bottomlands.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Central New Jersey south to central Florida, across to -eastern Texas, up the Mississippi Basin to central Missouri, -south-central Illinois, southeastern Indiana, western Kentucky, -and western Tennessee.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Spanish Oak is the only bristle-tipped -oak in Illinois in which the lower leaf surface is covered with a -mat of fine hairs.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_243">243</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p104.jpg" id="ncfig101" alt="SPANISH OAK" width="460" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_244">244</div> -<h3>SHINGLE OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusImbricaria">Quercus imbricaria</b></i> Michx.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -3 feet; crown rounded or oblong, with many branches; trunk -straight, columnar.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, deeply furrowed between flat, tight plates.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in cross-sections; -leaf scars alternate but crowded near the tip of the -twigs, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, brown, smooth, up to ⅛ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades without lobes or teeth, lanceolate -to oblong, with a bristle tip, narrowed to the base, up to 6 inches -long, up to 2 inches wide, dark green, smooth and shiny on the -upper surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up -to ½ inch long, stout, hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without -petals, the staminate in slender, yellow, drooping catkins, the -pistillate few in a cluster.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, stalked, the nut nearly spherical, -dark brown, less than half enclosed by the cup, the cup -reddish-brown and slightly hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, light reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Shingles, general construction.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist soil along streams or in woods; occasionally on dry, -exposed sandstone cliffs.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New Jersey across to Wisconsin, Iowa, and Nebraska, south -to Kansas, east to Arkansas and South Carolina.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Only the Shingle Oak and the Willow -Oak, among all the oaks, have leaves without any teeth or lobes. -The Shingle Oak generally has broader leaves than does the -Willow Oak. The Shingle Oak can be told from Magnolias by its -star-shaped pith and the formation of acorns.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_245">245</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p105.jpg" id="ncfig102" alt="SHINGLE OAK" width="469" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_246">246</div> -<h3>OVERCUP OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusLyrata">Quercus lyrata</b></i> Walt.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk -diameter up to 3 feet; crown rounded to oblong, with several -branches, the lowermost often drooping; trunk straight, columnar.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or grayish-brown, divided into flat, sometimes squarish, -plates.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, buff-colored; pith star-shaped in cross-section; -leaf scars alternate, but clustered near the tip of the twig, -half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Nearly round, smooth, pale brown, up to ⅛ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided into 5-7 rounded lobes, -the sinuses shallow to deep, up to 10 inches long, up to 4½ inches -broad, dark green and smooth on the upper surface, pale and -softly hairy to nearly smooth on the lower surface; leafstalk up to -1 inch long, smooth or hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -plant, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without -petals, the staminate in slender, yellow, drooping catkins, the -pistillate few in a group.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a stalk, the nut -nearly spherical, up to 1 inch in diameter, pale brown, often -nearly entirely enclosed by the cup, the cup finely hairy, with -some of the scales forming a ragged rim near the base.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, dark brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing, cabinets, fuel, fence posts.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods; swamps.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Southern Virginia across to eastern Texas, north up the -Mississippi Valley to southern Missouri, southern Illinois, and -southern Indiana; also in Delaware, Maryland, and New Jersey; -southward to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The best identifying characteristic of this -plant is the acorn in which the nut often is nearly enclosed by the -cup.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_247">247</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p106.jpg" id="ncfig103" alt="OVERCUP OAK" width="500" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_248">248</div> -<h3>BUR OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusMacrocarpa">Quercus macrocarpa</b></i> Michx.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Mossy-cup Oak.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 120 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 -feet; crown rounded, with stout branches; trunk straight, stout, -sometimes slightly buttressed at the base.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown or yellow-brown, rather deeply furrowed.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, dark brown, often with corky ridges; pith star-shaped -in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near the tip, -half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded or slightly pointed at the tip, yellowish-brown to -reddish-brown, finely hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broader at the upper end, -coarsely round-toothed, usually with a pair of deep sinuses just -below the middle, often with as many as 5-7 lobes, the lobes not -bristle-tipped, dark green and smooth or slightly hairy on the -upper surface, paler and softly hairy on the lower surface, up to -14 inches long and 7 inches wide; leaf stalks up to 1 inch long, -stout, smooth or finely hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without -petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate -few in a group, with red stigmas.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorn usually solitary, with or without a stalk, the nut ovoid -to ellipsoid, dark brown, up to 1¾ inches long, the cup covering -half to nearly all the nut, hairy, the lowermost scales long-fringed.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, durable, close-grained, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Cabinets, ship-building, fenceposts, fuel, tight cooperage.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry ridges to bottomland woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Vermont across to North Dakota, south to Texas, east to -Arkansas, Tennessee, and Maryland.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The leaves of the Bur Oak are distinctive -because they are very broad in the upper half with a pair of deep -sinuses a little below the middle. The large, fringed cups are also -distinctive.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_249">249</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p107.jpg" id="ncfig104" alt="BUR OAK" width="457" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_250">250</div> -<h3>BLACKJACK OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusMarilandica">Quercus marilandica</b></i> Muench.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Scrub Oak.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Relatively small tree, at most attaining a height of 50 -feet, usually much shorter and often very gnarled; trunk diameter -up to 1½ feet; crown exceedingly round-topped, with numerous -lower branches hanging downward.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, shallowly ridged.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Moderately stout, brown, more or less hairy; pith star-shaped -in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near the -top, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Angular, from ¼-½ inch long, somewhat hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades about 4-8 inches long, leathery, -very much broader near the apex than the base, mostly rounded -or even somewhat heart shaped at the base, more or less 3-lobed -and bristle-tipped nearer the apex, the upper surface hairy at -first, becoming shiny dark green at maturity, the lower surface -permanently hairy; leafstalks less than 1 inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on the same tree, appearing as the -leaves unfold, inconspicuous, the staminate crowded in a catkin, -the pistillate solitary or 2-3 together.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Ripening in October of the second year, on very short stalks, -or the stalks sometimes lacking; acorns nearly round, usually at -most only ½ inch in diameter, the cup enclosing ½ the acorn, -with rather loosely arranged scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, strong, heavy, dark brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Excellent as a source of charcoal and fuel.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Poor soil, particularly on dry, exposed rocky cliffs.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New York across to Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, -and southern Iowa to southeastern Nebraska, south into eastern -Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas, then east to -northern Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The 3-lobed leaf, much broader at the -apex, is the most distinctive characteristic of this oak.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_251">251</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p108.jpg" id="ncfig105" alt="BLACKJACK OAK" width="481" height="794" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_252">252</div> -<h3>SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusMichauxii">Quercus michauxii</b></i> Nutt.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Basket Oak; Cow Oak.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to nearly 100 feet tall; trunk -diameter up to 6 feet; crown rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or silvery-white, scaly.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, reddish-brown to gray, smooth or nearly so; leaf scars -alternate but crowded near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, -with several bundle traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, finely hairy, reddish-brown, up to ¼ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades obovate, pointed at the tip, -rounded or tapering to the base, up to 10 inches long and 6 inches -broad, coarsely scalloped along the edges, thick, green and -sparsely hairy on the upper surface, whitish and densely hairy on -the lower surface; leafstalk up to 1½ inches long, hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Borne separately but on the same tree, minute, without -petals, the staminate crowded into long, slender catkins, the -pistillate few in a cluster.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or paired, with or without short stalks, the -nut ovoid to ellipsoid, brown, up to 1½ inches long, enclosed -about ⅓ its length by the cup, the cup thick, cup-shaped, hairy, -short-fringed along the rim.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: General construction, fuel, fence posts.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Low woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New Jersey across to southern Missouri, south to Texas, east -to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Swamp Chestnut Oak is distinguished -from other coarsely toothed oaks by the densely hairy, whitish -lower leaf surfaces and its short-stalked acorns.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_253">253</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p109.jpg" id="ncfig106" alt="SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK" width="430" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_254">254</div> -<h3>YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusMuhlenbergii">Quercus muhlenbergii</b></i> Engelm.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Chinquapin; Chinquapin Oak.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 -feet; crown oblong or rounded, with many branches; trunk -straight, columnar, buttressed at the base.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Pale gray, with scaly ridges.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, yellow-brown or reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in -cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near the tip, -half-round, with several bundle traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, smooth, chestnut-brown, up to ¼ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades narrowly to broadly lanceolate, -pointed at the tip, narrowed or rounded at the base, coarsely -toothed along the edges, smooth and yellow-green on the upper -surface, paler and usually finely hairy on the lower surface, up to -8 inches long and 5 inches broad; leafstalk up to 1½ inches long, -slender, usually smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, minute, without petals, the staminate crowded into long, -slender catkins, the pistillate few in a group, with red stigmas.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns borne in groups of 1 or 2, usually on a short stalk, the -nut ovoid, chestnut-colored, up to ¾ inch long, the cup covering -about ½ the nut, the scales of the cup hairy and usually with a -short fringe.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, durable, close-grained.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, fuel, railroad ties.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Low rich slopes; wooded hillsides; dry cliffs.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Vermont across to southern Minnesota, south to eastern -Nebraska and eastern Texas, east to northern Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Yellow Chestnut Oak is distinguished -from the other coarsely toothed oaks by its usually sharper -pointed teeth and by the size and shape of its acorns.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_255">255</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p110.jpg" id="ncfig107" alt="YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK" width="447" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_256">256</div> -<h3>CHERRYBARK OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusPagodaefolia">Quercus pagodaefolia</b></i> Ell.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Swamp Spanish Oak.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 -feet; crown broadly rounded; trunk straight, columnar.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark gray, broken by narrow ridges into small scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown or gray, usually hairy when -young, becoming smooth; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf -scars alternate but clustered near tip of the twigs, half-round, -slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, angular, hairy, chestnut-brown, up to ¼ inch -long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided into 5-11 pointed lobes, -the sinuses cut about half-way to the midvein, up to 10 inches -long, up to 7 inches wide, dark green, smooth and shiny on the -upper surface, pale and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up -to 2 inches long, stout, hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -plant, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without -petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate -few together.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a stalk, the nut -ellipsoid, about ½ inch long, brown, enclosed for less than ⅓ its -length by the cup, the cup finely hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Strong, hard, coarse-grained, light reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing, furniture, cabinets.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomlands and river banks.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Southeastern Virginia to southeastern Missouri, south to -Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The shape of the leaf is distinctive for this -oak.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_257">257</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p111.jpg" id="ncfig108" alt="CHERRYBARK OAK" width="471" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_258">258</div> -<h3>PIN OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusPalustris">Quercus palustris</b></i> Muench.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter -usually less than 3 feet; crown narrowly rounded or oblong, but -with the lower branches drooping; trunk straight, with pin-like -stubs developing rather low on the trunk.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown or dark brown, scarcely furrowed.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown to dark gray; pith star-shaped -in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but crowded near the -tip, half-round, usually slightly elevated, with several bundle -traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown or dark gray, smooth, up to ⅛ inch -long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided more than half-way to the -middle into 5-7 bristle-tipped lobes, dark green, shiny and more -or less smooth on the upper surface, paler and with tufts of hairs -along the veins on the lower surface, up to 7 inches long and 4 -inches broad; leafstalk up to 2 inches long, slender, usually -smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without -petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate in -groups of 1-3.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns 1-4 together, with or without stalks, the nut hemispherical, -up to ½ inch across, pale brown, frequently with darker -lines, enclosed less than ¼ by the cup, the cup thin, saucer-shaped, -reddish-brown, finely hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: General construction, fuel, fence posts, ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist soil; in floodplain woods; along streams; edges of -swamps and ponds.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Massachusetts across to southeastern Iowa, south to northeastern -Oklahoma, east to northern Virginia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Pin Oak is recognized by its drooping -lower branches and its small acorns.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_259">259</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p112.jpg" id="ncfig109" alt="PIN OAK" width="472" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_260">260</div> -<h3>WILLOW OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusPhellos">Quercus phellos</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 -feet; crown narrowly round-topped.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, smooth at first, becoming irregularly and -shallowly furrowed with age.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in cross-section; -leaf scars alternate but crowded near the tip of the twigs, -half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, smooth, up to ⅛ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades without lobes or teeth, narrowly -lanceolate to narrowly oblong, with a bristle tip, narrowed to the -base, up to 5 inches long, up to 1 inch broad, light green and -smooth on the upper surface, usually smooth and paler on the -lower surface; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, smooth or slightly -hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without -petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate -few in a cluster.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a short stalk, -the nut more or less spherical, pale yellow-brown, enclosed less -than ¼ its length by the cup, the cup reddish-brown, finely -hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, rather soft, strong, coarse-grained, pale reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: General construction.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Swampy woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New York across to southern Illinois and eastern Oklahoma, -south to Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This and the Shingle Oak are the only oaks -in Illinois with unlobed, untoothed leaves. The leaves of the -Willow Oak are usually much narrower than those of the Shingle -Oak.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_261">261</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p113.jpg" id="ncfig110" alt="WILLOW OAK" width="482" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_262">262</div> -<h3>ROCK CHESTNUT OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusPrinus">Quercus prinus</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Chestnut Oak.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 55 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -2½ feet; crown broad but irregular.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, with conspicuous furrows between the rounded -ridges.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, smooth or nearly so; leaf scars -alternate, but clustered near the tip of the twig, half-round, with -several bundle traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, brown, somewhat hairy, up to ½ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades obovate to broadly lanceolate, -pointed at the tip, narrowed to the base, thick and leathery, -coarsely round-toothed along the edges, smooth, shiny, and -yellow-green on the upper surface, finely hairy over all the lower -surface, up to 9 inches long and up to 4 inches broad; leafstalk up -to 1 inch long, smooth or slightly hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, minute, without petals, the staminate crowded into long, -slender catkins, the pistillate few in a group.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns borne in groups of 1 or 2, usually on a short stalk, the -nut ovoid to ellipsoid, chestnut-colored, up to 1½ inches long, -the cup covering about ½ the nut or less, the scales of the cup -reddish-brown and warty.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, railroad ties, fuel.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry, rocky, wooded slopes.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Maine across to southern Illinois, south to Mississippi and -Georgia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The acorns of the Rock Chestnut Oak are -about twice the size as those of the Yellow Chestnut Oak. The -teeth of the leaves of the Rock Chestnut Oak tend to be more -rounded than the pointed teeth of the Yellow Chestnut Oak.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_263">263</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p114.jpg" id="ncfig111" alt="ROCK CHESTNUT OAK" width="465" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_264">264</div> -<h3>NORTHERN RED OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusRubra">Quercus rubra</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Red Oak.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to tall tree to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up -to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded, with large spreading branches; -trunk straight, columnar, often buttressed at the base.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Grayish-brown, reddish-brown, blackish, or gray, with dark -stripes.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in cross-section; -leaf scars alternate, but clustered near the tip of the twig, -half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, smooth, reddish-brown, shiny, up to ¼ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades rather shallowly 7- to 11-lobed, -the lobes bristle-tipped, dark green and smooth or somewhat -hairy on the upper surface, paler and smooth or often with hairs -along the veins on the lower surface, up to 10 inches long, up to 6 -inches broad; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, stout, usually smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without -petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate in -groups of 1-3.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without stalks, the nut -ovoid, up to 1½ inches long, pale brown, covered less than ¼ by -the cup, the cup reddish-brown, with tight scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, light brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing, furniture, fuel, fence posts.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich, upland woods; along river banks; on well-drained -slopes.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New Brunswick, across southern Quebec and Ontario, to -northcentral Minnesota, south to eastern Kansas, east across -Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, and in the mountains of eastern -Tennessee and northeastern Georgia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The acorn with its very shallow, saucer-shaped -cap is the best identifying characteristic for the Red Oak. -The leaves are generally more shallowly lobed than those of the -Black Oak, Southern Red Oak, and Scarlet Oak.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_265">265</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p115.jpg" id="ncfig112" alt="NORTHERN RED OAK" width="485" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_266">266</div> -<h3>SHUMARD’S OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusShumardii">Quercus shumardii</b></i> Buckl.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Southern Red Oak; Schneck’s Oak.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Up to 120 feet tall; trunk up to 5 feet in diameter; -crown broad and open, with wide-spreading branches.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Firmly ridged and dark brownish-black.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Generally stouter than those of the Red Oak, smooth; pith -star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate, but clustered -near the tip of the twig, half-round, slightly elevated, with -several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Smooth, red-brown, about one-third inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades up to 8 inches long, straight across -or somewhat wedge-shaped at the base, with 2-4 pairs of lobes -divided over ⅔’s the way to the mid-nerve, each lobe toothed and -bristle-pointed at the tips, the sinuses broadly rounded, dark -green and shiny above, with white tufts of hair in the vein axils -beneath; leafstalks slender, smooth, up to 2½ inches long.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on the same tree, appearing as the -leaves unfold, inconspicuous, the staminate crowded in a catkin, -the pistillate solitary or 2-3 together.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Ripening in October of the second year, on stalks less than ¼ -inch long, usually produced singly; acorns broadly egg-shaped, -short-pointed at the base and flat at the top, up to 1¼ inches long -and about ¾ as broad, light brown; cup shallow, about ¼-⅓ -covering the acorn, with closely appressed, densely short-woolly -scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light, strong, durable; not distinguished commercially from -Red Oak.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing and furniture.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods and stream banks.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Most abundant in the Mississippi basin, but known from -Florida and Texas, north to Maryland, Pennsylvania, eastcentral -Kentucky, Indiana, central Illinois, the eastern half of Iowa, and -southeastern Kansas. The largest known Shumard’s Oak in the -country occurs at Beall Woods in Wabash County, Illinois.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Deeply lobed, shiny leaves with broadly -rounded sinuses.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_267">267</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p116.jpg" id="ncfig113" alt="SHUMARD’S OAK" width="467" height="796" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_268">268</div> -<h3>POST OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusStellata">Quercus stellata</b></i> Wang.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small to medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk -diameter up to 3 feet; crown rounded or obovoid, with rather -stout branches; trunk gnarled or straight, usually not buttressed.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or light brown, divided into flat, sometimes squarish, -plates.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, brownish, covered when young by a tawny-colored -fuzziness; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate -but densely clustered toward the tip, half-round, usually slightly -elevated, with several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Spherical but often short-pointed, reddish-brown, up to ⅛ -inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades thick, 5-lobed, the upper three -lobes squarish, separated from the lowest pair of lobes by a deep -sinus, up to 6 inches long, up to 4½ inches wide, dark green and -hairy on the upper surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface; -leafstalks up to 1 inch long, stout, hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without -petals, the staminate in slender, yellow, drooping catkins, the -pistillate few in a cluster.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a short stalk, -the nut oval to oblong, up to 1 inch long, pale brown, less than -half enclosed by the cup, the cup reddish-brown, hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, fuel, general construction.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry woods; dry bluffs.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Massachusetts across to Kansas, south to Texas, east to -Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The 3 squarish lobes at the upper end of -the thick leaves distinguish the Post Oak.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_269">269</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p117.jpg" id="ncfig114" alt="POST OAK" width="496" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_270">270</div> -<h3>BLACK OAK -<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusVelutina">Quercus velutina</b></i> Lam.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Yellow-bark Oak.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3½ -feet; crown broadly rounded or oblong, with spreading branches; -trunk straight, columnar, scarcely buttressed at the base.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Black, with a yellow or orange inner bark, deeply furrowed.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender or rather stout, reddish-brown to dark brown; pith -star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered -near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle -traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, angular, gray or reddish-brown, hairy, up to ½ inch -long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades deeply to shallowly 7- to 9-lobed, -the lobes bristle-tipped, dark green, shiny and usually smooth on -the upper surface, smooth, finely hairy, or hairy only along the -veins on the lower surface, up to 10 inches long and 8 inches -wide; leaf stalk up to 5 inches long, stout, smooth or finely hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same -tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without -petals, the staminate in slender, drooping clusters, the pistillate -in groups of 1-4.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a short stalk, -the nut ovoid or ellipsoid, up to ¾ inch long, reddish-brown, not -more than ½ enclosed by the cup, the cup with scales not -appressed at the tip, thus appearing ragged.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: General construction, fuel, fence posts.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Mostly upland woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Maine across to south-central Minnesota, south to eastern -Texas, east to northern Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Black Oak is easily distinguished by its -large, angular, gray-hairy buds and its acorns with their ragged-edged -cup.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_271">271</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p118.jpg" id="ncfig115" alt="BLACK OAK" width="454" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_272">272</div> -<h3>CAROLINA BUCKTHORN -<br /><i><b id="g_RhamnusCaroliniana">Rhamnus caroliniana</b></i> Walt.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 -inches; crown spreading.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, somewhat roughened.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray or pale brown, smooth or somewhat hairy; leaf -scars alternate, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Lance-shaped, pointed, up to ¼ inch long, very hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic, short-pointed at the tip, -tapering or somewhat rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long, -up to 2 inches broad, finely toothed or toothless along the edges, -dark green, smooth, and glossy on the upper surface, paler and -smooth or finely hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks finely hairy, -up to 1 inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Few in umbrella-like clusters, inconspicuous, appearing -when the leaves are nearly grown, each flower with 5 small -petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical berries, up to ⅓ inch in diameter, red and shiny, -containing 2-4 seeds.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, light in weight, close-grained, light brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Fuel.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rocky woods and along streams.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Virginia across to Kansas, south to Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Carolina Buckthorn is distinguished -by its shiny, elliptical leaves, its red berries, and its small stature.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_273">273</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p119.jpg" id="ncfig116" alt="CAROLINA BUCKTHORN" width="466" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_274">274</div> -<h3>COMMON BUCKTHORN -<br /><i><b id="g_RhamnusCathartica">Rhamnus cathartica</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall, often branching from near -the base; trunk diameter up to 10 inches; crown spreading and -irregular.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray to brown, roughened when mature.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Gray to brown, usually smooth, some of them usually ending -in a spine; leaf scars opposite to nearly so, narrow, with 3 bundle -traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Lanceolate, brown, smooth, up to ¼ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Broadly elliptic to ovate to nearly orbicular, rounded to -pointed at the tip, usually rounded at the base, up to 2½ inches -long and up to 1½ inches wide, finely toothed along the edges, -smooth on both surfaces, the veins prominent; leafstalks slender, -smooth, up to 1 inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Borne in clusters from the axils of the leaves, during May -and June, some of them either only staminate or only pistillate, -some of them with both stamens and pistils, each flower with 4 -small petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Nearly round, fleshy, black, up to ¼ inch in diameter, -bitter, containing 3 or 4 seeds.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, durable, yellowish, fine-grained.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: This tree is sometimes planted as an ornamental hedge. The -wood is used in making such things as tool handles. The fruits -serve as a powerful purging agent.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Thickets.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Native of Europe and Asia; naturalized throughout much of -northeastern North America.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The spine-tipped twigs, nearly opposite -leaves, and small black fruits readily distinguish this species.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_275">275</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p120.jpg" id="ncfig117" alt="COMMON BUCKTHORN" width="476" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_276">276</div> -<h3>SHINING SUMAC -<br /><i><b id="g_RhusCopallina">Rhus copallina</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Dwarf Sumac; Winged Sumac.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 -inches; crown widely spreading.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, roughened.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, gray-brown to reddish-brown, sometimes -hairy, with conspicuous red lenticels; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped, -elevated with 6-9 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: More or less rounded, rusty-hairy, about ⅛ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with as many as 21 leaflets; -leaflets oblong to elliptic, up to 3 inches long and 1 inch broad, -sharp pointed at the apex, tapering or rounded at the sometimes -asymmetrical base, smooth or with low teeth along the edges, -dark green, smooth and shiny on the upper surface, paler and -hairy on the lower surface, all leaflets attached to a winged stalk. -The leaves turn a deep red or wine color in the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate sometimes borne on separate -plants, sometimes on the same plant, sometimes in the same -flower, numerous in much branched clusters, appearing from late -May to mid-August, each flower greenish-yellow, small.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Cluster of red berries, each berry round, finely hairy, up to -⅛ inch in diameter, containing a single orange seed.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry hills, fields.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Maine across southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska, south -to Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Shining Sumac is readily distinguished -by the winged stalk to which the leaflets are attached.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_277">277</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p121.jpg" id="ncfig118" alt="SHINING SUMAC" width="436" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_278">278</div> -<h3>SMOOTH SUMAC -<br /><i><b id="g_RhusGlabra">Rhus glabra</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 -inches; crown widely spreading.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown, smooth on young plants, becoming somewhat -rough at maturity.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, angular, smooth, reddish-brown or greenish-brown -and covered by a whitish coat which can be wiped off, leaf scars -alternate, nearly encircling the bud, elevated, with 6-9 bundle -traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: More or less rounded, smooth, about ⅛ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 31 leaflets; -leaflets lance-shaped, up to 4 inches long, less than 2 inches -broad, sharp pointed at the apex, tapering or rounded at the often -asymmetrical base, toothed along the edges, green and smooth on -the upper surface, nearly white and smooth on the lower surface. -The leaves turn red in the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate sometimes borne on separate -plants, sometimes on the same plant, sometimes in the same -flower, numerous in much branched clusters, appearing from late -May to mid-August, each flower greenish-yellow, small.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Cluster of red berries, each berry round, smooth, up to ⅛ -inch in diameter, containing a single brown seed.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, pale.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods, fields, disturbed areas.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to Manitoba and North Dakota, south to -Texas, east to Florida; also in Mexico.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This species lacks the winged leaf stalks of -the Shining Sumac and lacks the velvety twigs of the Staghorn -Sumac.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_279">279</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p122.jpg" id="ncfig119" alt="SMOOTH SUMAC" width="438" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_280">280</div> -<h3>STAGHORN SUMAC -<br /><i><b id="g_RhusTyphina">Rhus typhina</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small to medium tree up to 40 feet tall; trunk -diameter up to 15 inches; crown broadly rounded or sometimes -flat.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, smooth at first, becoming scaly in age.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, dark brown, covered by velvety hairs; leaf scars nearly -encircling the twigs, with 6-9 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: More or less rounded, hairy, about ⅛ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 31 leaflets; -leaflets lance-shaped, up to 5 inches long, less than 2 inches -broad, pointed at the tip, tapering or rounded at the usually -asymmetrical base, toothed along the edges, dark green and -smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth except for the -hairy veins on the lower surface. The leaves turn purple to red to -orange in the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate sometimes borne on separate -plants, sometimes on the same plant, sometimes in the same -flower, numerous in much branched clusters, appearing from -June to August, each flower greenish, greenish-yellow, or reddish.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Dense cluster of red berries, each berry round, conspicuously -hairy, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, containing a single brown -seed.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, orange.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods and thickets.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to Minnesota, south to Iowa and Kentucky, -east to North Carolina.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The densely velvety twigs are distinctive -for this species.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_281">281</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p123.jpg" id="ncfig120" alt="STAGHORN SUMAC" width="450" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_282">282</div> -<h3>POISON SUMAC -<br /><i><b id="g_RhusVernix">Rhus vernix</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree or shrub to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up -to 5 inches; crown narrowly rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, smooth, orange-brown to gray; leaf scars -alternate, rounded except for where the bud is, with several -bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded or somewhat pointed, about ¼ inch in diameter, -except for the larger, terminal one, hairy, often purplish.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-13 leaflets; leaflets -elliptic to obovate, pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the -base, up to 4 inches long, up to half as wide, dark green and -smooth on the upper surface, paler and usually smooth on the -lower surface, the edges without teeth. The leaves turn a brilliant -scarlet in the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate sometimes borne on separate -plants, sometimes on the same plant, sometimes in the same -flower, numerous in much branched clusters, appearing from -May to July, each flower greenish-yellow, small.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Cluster of white or creamy berries, each berry round, -smooth, shiny, up to ½ inch in diameter, containing a single -yellow seed.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, light in weight, coarse-grained, yellow-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Little used because of the extremely poisonous nature of most -parts of the plant to the touch.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Bogs and swampy woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Maine across southern Ontario to Minnesota, south to -Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This species differs from other sumacs -with numerous leaflets by the absence of teeth along the edges of -the leaves and by the absence of a winged stalk between the -leaflets.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_283">283</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p124.jpg" id="ncfig121" alt="POISON SUMAC" width="390" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_284">284</div> -<h3>BLACK LOCUST -<br /><i><b id="g_RobiniaPseudoacacia">Robinia pseudoacacia</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up -to 2½ feet; crown narrowly oblong, with irregularly ascending or -spreading branches.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or black, deeply furrowed, with numerous, elevated, -scaly ridges.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender but strong, angular, often zigzag, reddish-brown, -with a pair of short, sharp thorns where each leaf is attached; leaf -scars alternate, three-lobed, with 3 bundle traces per lobe.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Sunken in the twigs, dark brown, without bud scales, up to -one-eighth inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-21 leaflets; leaflets -oval, rounded at both ends but usually with a short point at the -tip, without teeth, blue-green and smooth on the upper surface, -paler and smooth on the lower surface except for the veins, up to -two inches long and nearly half as wide. The leaflets turn yellow -in the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: In long, drooping clusters, white with a yellow spot, very -fragrant, up to 1 inch long, appearing in May and June.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Legumes up to 4 inches long and about ½ inch wide, flat, -smooth, reddish-brown, with 4-8 seeds.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, tool handles; often planted as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Woodlands, thickets, roadsides.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Pennsylvania across to Oklahoma, east to Georgia; often -planted in other regions of the eastern United States.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The pinnately compound leaves with up to -21 oval, smooth-edged leaflets, together with the pairs of spines, -serve to distinguish this species.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_285">285</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p125.jpg" id="ncfig122" alt="BLACK LOCUST" width="490" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_286">286</div> -<h3>PEACH-LEAVED WILLOW -<br /><i id="g_SalixSpp"><b id="g_SalixAmygdaloides">Salix amygdaloides</b></i> Anders.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up -to 1½ feet; crown narrowly rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Grayish-brown, shallowly furrowed, becoming somewhat -scaly.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, pale brown to grayish, smooth; leaf scars alternate, -U-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Small, oblong, brown, up to one-sixth inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadly lance-shaped, long-pointed -at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5 inches -long, finely toothed along the edges, dark green and shiny on the -upper surface, pale on the lower surface; leaf stalks up to ½ inch -long.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, -minute, crowded into elongated catkins, appearing as the leaves -begin to unfold.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Several rather broad, flask-shaped, brown capsules up to -one-sixth inch long, crowded in elongated clusters.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Fuel.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Along streams, around lakes and ponds.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Vermont across southern Ontario to British Columbia, south -to New Mexico, east across southern Illinois to central New York.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This willow has broader leaves than almost -any other willow in Illinois. The pale lower surface of the leaves -also distinguishes it from the Black Willow.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_287">287</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p126.jpg" id="ncfig123" alt="PEACH-LEAVED WILLOW" width="446" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_288">288</div> -<h3>CAROLINA WILLOW -<br /><i><b id="g_SalixCaroliniana">Salix caroliniana</b></i> Michx.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Ward’s Willow.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 -foot; crown widely spreading, often irregular.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown to gray to black, scaly and ridged.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, usually finely hairy; leaf scars alternate, -U-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Small, oblong, reddish-brown, smooth, up to one-eighth inch -long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades lanceolate, long-pointed at the -tip, tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long and up to 1 inch -broad, finely toothed along the edges, green and smooth on the -upper surface, whitish and smooth on the lower surface; stipules -conspicuous; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, -appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, crowded in elongated, -yellowish, hairy catkins.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Several narrow, flask-shaped, brownish capsules up to ¼ -inch long, crowded in elongated clusters.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, not strong.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Fuel.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods, along streams.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Maryland across southern Illinois to Kansas, south to Texas -and Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The leaves of the Carolina Willow are -shaped similarly to those of the Black Willow, but differ by being -whitened on the lower surface.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_289">289</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p127.jpg" id="ncfig124" alt="CAROLINA WILLOW" width="442" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_290">290</div> -<h3>SANDBAR WILLOW -<br /><i><b id="g_SalixInterior">Salix interior</b></i> Rowlee</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter less than 1 -foot; crown irregular.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, furrowed, broken into rough scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, grayish-green, smooth; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped, -with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Small, oblong, pale brown, up to one-sixth inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades very narrow, pointed at the tip, -tapering to the base, to 4 inches long, less than one-half inch -broad, with widely spaced teeth along the edges, green and -usually smooth on both surfaces when mature; leafstalks nearly -absent.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, -minute, crowded into elongated catkins, appearing when the -leaves are partly grown.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Several flask-shaped, brownish, smooth or silky capsules up -to one-eighth inch long, crowded in elongated clusters.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, weak.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Fuel.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Along streams, often forming thickets.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Quebec across to Alaska, south to Oklahoma and Arkansas, -east to Maryland.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The best characteristics to identify this -small tree are the narrow leaves with the teeth relatively far -apart.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_291">291</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p128.jpg" id="ncfig125" alt="SANDBAR WILLOW" width="437" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_292">292</div> -<h3>BLACK WILLOW -<br /><i><b id="g_SalixNigra">Salix nigra</b></i> Marsh.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 90 feet tall; trunk -diameter up to three feet; crown usually round-topped, but -sometimes irregular.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Rough, furrowed, forming elongated, vertical, rather tight -scales.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, olive-green, smooth; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped, -with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Small, oblong, reddish-brown, up to one-eighth inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades narrowly lance-shaped, usually -curved, long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering at the base, -up to 6 inches long, finely toothed along the edges, green and -shiny on the upper surface, smooth or hairy on the veins of the -lower surface; leafstalks short, often surrounded at the base by a -pair of green leaf-like stipules.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, -minute, crowded in elongated catkins, appearing as the leaves -begin to unfold.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Several narrow, flask-shaped, reddish-brown capsules up to -one-eighth inch long, crowded in elongated clusters.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, not strong.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Flooring, boxes, crates, fuel.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Wet ground, frequently along rivers and streams.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New Brunswick across to Ontario, south to Texas, east to -Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The narrow lance-shaped leaves which are -green on the lower surface and which have many fine teeth along -the edges distinguish this willow from other willows in Illinois.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_293">293</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p129.jpg" id="ncfig126" alt="BLACK WILLOW" width="460" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_294">294</div> -<h3>SASSAFRAS -<br /><i><b id="g_SassafrasAlbidum">Sassafras albidum</b></i> (Nutt.) Nees</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: White Sassafras; Red Sassafras.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Usually small to moderate tree up to 40 feet tall, but -rarely as much as 80 feet tall; trunk diameter usually up to 2 feet, -rarely as much as six feet; crown flat-topped, irregular, oblong.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Greenish-gray when young, becoming deeply furrowed and -dark reddish-brown when older.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, green, smooth, aromatic; leaf scars alternate, small, -half-round, usually with three bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, scarcely pointed at the tip, greenish, up to one-fourth -inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades of three different shapes, some -3-lobed, some 2-lobed, some unlobed, tapering to the base, up to -6 inches long, without teeth along the edges, green and smooth -on the upper surface, paler and either smooth or hairy on the -lower surface. The leaves turn brilliant shades of orange, red, and -yellow in the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, in -few-flowered clusters as the leaves begin to unfold, each flower -about ⅓ inch long, greenish-yellow.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Dark blue berries about one-third inch long in deep red cups -and on stalks up to 2 inches long.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, brittle, orange-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts; the roots are strongly aromatic and are dug, -dried, and used in the making of sassafras tea.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Roadsides, old fields, woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Maine across to Michigan and (formerly) Wisconsin, south to -Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Sassafras is distinguished by its distinctively -shaped, aromatic leaves and its green twigs.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_295">295</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p130.jpg" id="ncfig127" alt="SASSAFRAS" width="461" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_296">296</div> -<h3>BALD CYPRESS -<br /><i><b id="g_TaxodiumDistichum">Taxodium distichum</b></i> (L.) Rich.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree to over 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -8 feet; crown open and spreading to pyramidal; base of trunk -often swollen; “knees” usually produced if tree is growing in -water.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Pale reddish-brown, broken into numerous thin scales, becoming -fibrous.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown; leaf scars absent.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Spherical, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles borne singly, pointed at the tip, up to ¾ inch long, -yellow-green, falling away during the autumn.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate borne in branched clusters up to 5 inches long, -purplish; pistillate few to several near the ends of the twigs, -spherical.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones nearly spherical, up to 1 inch in diameter, green to -brown, wrinkled in appearance.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, durable, light in weight, brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Railroad ties, fence posts, barrels, bridges; often planted as an -ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Swamps and low, wet woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New Jersey across to southern Illinois and southern Missouri -to eastern Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Bald Cypress is distinguished by the -feathery appearance of its leaves and by its spherical, wrinkled -cones.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_297">297</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p131.jpg" id="ncfig128" alt="BALD CYPRESS" width="466" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_298">298</div> -<h3>BASSWOOD -<br /><i><b id="g_TiliaAmericana">Tilia americana</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Linden.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium or large tree to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter -up to 2 feet; crown broadly rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Brown, scaly, deeply furrowed.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, half-elliptical, -with 3 to several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, red, smooth, up to ¼ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, heart-shaped -at the very asymmetrical base, up to 8 inches long, up to -⅔ as broad, coarsely toothed along the edges, green and smooth -on the upper surface, paler and smooth or with tufts of hair on the -lower surface; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Few in clusters on a long stalk attached to a paddle-shaped -structure, each flower fragrant, greenish-yellow, with 5 petals, -appearing in June and July.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Hard, spherical but often with a short point at the tip, up to -⅓ inch in diameter, light brown, finely hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, close-grained, strong, not durable.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Coarse construction, furniture, paper pulp, fuel.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New Brunswick across to Manitoba, south to Texas, east to -North Carolina.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The large, heart-shaped leaves sometimes -resemble the leaves of the Red Mulberry, but the leafstalks of the -Basswood do not have milky sap in them. The Basswood differs -from the White Basswood by the virtual absence of hairs on the -lower surface of the leaves.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_299">299</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p132.jpg" id="ncfig129" alt="BASSWOOD" width="445" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_300">300</div> -<h3>WHITE BASSWOOD -<br /><i><b id="g_TiliaHeterophylla">Tilia heterophylla</b></i> Vent.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk -diameter up to 2 feet; crown broadly spreading.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Brown, scaly, deeply furrowed.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, pale red-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, half-elliptical, -with 3 to several bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, red, usually smooth, up to ¼ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, heart-shaped -at the asymmetrical base, up to 6 inches long, about half -as wide, coarsely toothed along the edges, green and more or less -smooth on the upper surface, densely covered with white hairs on -the lower surface; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, more or less -smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Several in clusters on a long stalk attached to a paddle-shaped -structure, each flower fragrant, greenish-yellow, hairy, -with 5 petals, appearing in June and July.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Hard, more or less spherical, somewhat pointed at the tip, -up to ⅓ inch in diameter, reddish-brown, finely hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, close-grained, strong, not durable.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Paper pulp, fuel.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Low, moist woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: New York across to Missouri, south to Mississippi and -Georgia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The dense coat of white hairs on the lower -surface of the leaves distinguishes the White Basswood from the -Basswood.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_301">301</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p133.jpg" id="ncfig130" alt="WHITE BASSWOOD" width="491" height="801" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_302">302</div> -<h3>WINGED ELM -<br /><i><b id="g_UlmusAlata">Ulmus alata</b></i> Michx.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Wahoo Elm.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small or moderate tree to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter -up to 2 feet, but usually much smaller; crown oblong and -relatively narrow.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark gray, with shallow furrows.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, more or less zigzag, smooth, often -with corky wings; leaf scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 -bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Narrow, pointed, brown, smooth or slightly hairy, up to -one-fourth inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, -pointed at the tip, rounded at the slightly asymmetrical base, up -to three inches long, doubly toothed along the edges, green and -smooth or slightly roughened on the upper surface, paler and -hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks short, stout, hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: In drooping clusters of 2-7, appearing before the leaves -unfold, greenish, hairy, small.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Oblong, winged, up to one-third inch long, hairy along the -edges, each wing notched at the top and surrounding a single -central seed.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Tool handles, small wooden articles.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry cliffs, wooded slopes, rarely low woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Virginia across to Missouri, south to Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The corky wings identify the Winged Elm -from all other Illinois elms except the Rock Elm. It differs from -the Rock Elm by its shorter, hairy leaf stalks and its usually -smaller leaves.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_303">303</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p134.jpg" id="ncfig131" alt="WINGED ELM" width="457" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_304">304</div> -<h3>AMERICAN ELM -<br /><i><b id="g_UlmusAmericana">Ulmus americana</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: White Elm.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 -feet; crown broadly rounded or sometimes flat-topped, usually -with drooping branchlets.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Light or dark gray, furrowed, at maturity breaking into thin -plates.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Brown, slender, smooth or sparsely hairy, often zigzag; leaf -scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Broadly ovoid, reddish-brown, smooth or sparsely hairy, up -to one-fourth inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to elliptic, pointed at the tip, -strongly asymmetrical at the base, up to 6 inches long and about -half as wide, coarsely doubly toothed along the edges, the upper -surface dark green and smooth, the lower surface pale and either -softly hairy or smooth; leafstalks very short, usually yellow.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: In drooping clusters of 3-4, appearing before the leaves -unfold, greenish-red, hairy, small.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Oval, winged fruits up to one-half inch long, hairy along the -edges, each wing notched at the top and surrounding a single -central seed.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Flooring, farm implements, shipbuilding; frequently planted -as an ornamental and as a shade tree, but greatly diminished in -number by the Dutch Elm disease and phloem necrosis.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods, along streams.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to southern Manitoba, south to central -Texas, east to south-central Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: American Elm may be distinguished from -the Winged Elm and the Rock Elm by its lack of corky wings on -the branchlets. It differs from the Slippery Elm by its relatively -smooth leaves and the lack of rusty-colored hairs on its buds. The -Siberian Elm, which is also similar, does not have distinctly -asymmetrical leaves. Hackberry leaves, which are also somewhat -similar in appearance, have three main veins originating at the -base of each leaf blade.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_305">305</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p135.jpg" id="ncfig132" alt="AMERICAN ELM" width="443" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_306">306</div> -<h3>SIBERIAN ELM -<br /><i><b id="g_UlmusPumila">Ulmus pumila</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; -crown broadly rounded, with slender branchlets.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or brown, shallowly furrowed at maturity.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown or grayish, smooth; leaf scars alternate, -half-round, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Spherical, reddish-brown, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, somewhat -hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades short-pointed at the tip, tapering -or rounded at the asymmetrical base, up to 7 cm long, up to half -as broad, mostly singly toothed along the edges, smooth on both -surfaces; leafstalks very short, usually smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: In drooping clusters of 2-5, appearing before the leaves -begin to unfold, greenish, small, without petals.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Nearly round, winged fruits, up to ½ inch in diameter, not -notched, smooth, 1-seeded.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Grown chiefly as an ornamental and frequently reproducing -around old buildings.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Along roads, around buildings.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Native of Asia; widely planted in the United States and -naturalized from Minnesota to Kansas and eastward.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Siberian Elm is distinguished by its -small, smooth, singly-toothed leaves.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_307">307</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p136.jpg" id="ncfig133" alt="SIBERIAN ELM" width="442" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_308">308</div> -<h3>SLIPPERY ELM -<br /><i><b id="g_UlmusRubra">Ulmus rubra</b></i> Muhl.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Red Elm.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up -to 4 feet; crown broadly rounded or occasionally flat-topped.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown to gray, with shallow furrows; the inner bark -becomes slippery when chewed.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, with short, gray hairs; leaf -scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Nearly round, up to one-fourth inch in diameter, with -rusty-colored hairs.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to elliptic, pointed at the tip, -strongly asymmetrical at the base, up to 7 inches long, about half -as wide, coarsely doubly toothed along the edges, the upper -surface green and very rough to the touch, the lower surface -smooth or hairy; leafstalks stout, hairy, up to one-half inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: In drooping clusters, appearing before the leaves unfold, -greenish, hairy, small.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Circular, winged fruits up to three-fourths inch in diameter, -not hairy except over the seed, each wing surrounding a single -seed.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, dark brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Shipbuilding, farm implements, fence posts.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods; along streams; rocky, upland woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Quebec across Ontario to North Dakota, south to Texas, east -to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The rough, sandpapery texture of the -asymmetrical leaves distinguishes this elm from all others in the -state.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_309">309</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p137.jpg" id="ncfig134" alt="SLIPPERY ELM" width="437" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_310">310</div> -<h3>ROCK ELM -<br /><i><b id="g_UlmusThomasii">Ulmus thomasii</b></i> Sarg.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Cork Elm.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to -three feet; crown narrow, oblong, with drooping branches.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Grayish-brown, with shallow furrows.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth or finely hairy, usually with corky -wings; leaf scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Lance-shaped, pointed, brown, more or less hairy, up to -one-fourth inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to oblong, pointed at the tip, -rounded at the slightly asymmetrical base, up to 4 inches long, -doubly toothed, green, smooth, and shiny on the upper surface, -paler and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up to one-half inch -long, smooth.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: In drooping clusters of 2-4, appearing before the leaves -begin to unfold, greenish-red, hairy, small.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Oval, winged fruits up to one-half inch long, hairy, each -wing with a shallow notch at the top and surrounding a single -seed.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, strong, heavy, close-grained, pale brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Uses: Railroad ties, farm implements, hockey sticks.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded slopes, rock ledges.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Quebec to Ontario and Minnesota, southwestward to -Kansas, east to Tennessee.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Rock Elm differs from other elms in -Illinois by its corky-winged twigs and its smooth leafstalks.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_311">311</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p138.jpg" id="ncfig135" alt="ROCK ELM" width="436" height="799" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_312">312</div> -<h3>SWEET VIBURNUM -<br /><i><b id="g_ViburnumLentago">Viburnum lentago</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Names: Nannyberry; Wild Raisin; Sheepberry.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 -inches; crown rounded.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into irregular plates.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, grayish, sometimes with orange dots, smooth; leaf -scars opposite, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Red, nearly smooth, long-pointed, up to ¾ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering -or rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long, about half as wide, -sharply and finely toothed along the edges, green and slightly -hairy on the upper surface, yellow-green and minutely black-dotted -on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 1½ inches long, -sometimes rusty-hairy, winged.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Many in broad, round-topped clusters, slightly fragrant, -appearing during April and May, each flower small and creamy-white.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, oval to ellipsoid, blue-black, up to ½ inch long, -sweet, containing a single stone.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, dark orange-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Sometimes planted as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rocky woods; woods along streams.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Quebec across to Manitoba, south to Colorado, east across -northern Illinois to Georgia.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Sweet Viburnum, like other viburnums, -has opposite, simple leaves which are finely and sharply -toothed. It differs from other viburnums in Illinois by its long-pointed -leaves and its winged leaf stalks.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_313">313</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p139.jpg" id="ncfig136" alt="SWEET VIBURNUM" width="447" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_314">314</div> -<h3>BLACK HAW -<br /><i><b id="g_ViburnumPrunifolium">Viburnum prunifolium</b></i> L.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Nannyberry.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 -inches; crown irregular.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into irregular plates.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, grayish, sometimes with orange dots, smooth; leaf -scars opposite, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Brown, nearly smooth, up to ½ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades oval to ovate, short-pointed at the -tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 3 inches long and 2 -inches broad, finely and sharply toothed along the edges, dark -green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the -lower surface; leafstalks up to ⅔ inch long, smooth, scarcely or -not at all winged.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Many in broad, round-topped clusters, appearing during -April and May, each flower small and white.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, oval to ellipsoid, blue-black, up to ⅔ inch long, -sweet, containing a single stone.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong but brittle, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Sometimes planted as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Rocky woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Connecticut across to Michigan, southwest to Kansas, south -to Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Black Haw differs from the Sweet Viburnum -by the absence of wings along the leafstalks. It differs from -the Rusty Nannyberry by the absence of rusty hairs on the buds -and leafstalks.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_315">315</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p140.jpg" id="ncfig137" alt="BLACK HAW" width="474" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_316">316</div> -<h3>RUSTY NANNYBERRY -<br /><i><b id="g_ViburnumRufidulum">Viburnum rufidulum</b></i> Raf.</h3> -<p class="revint">Other Name: Southern Black Haw.</p> -<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 -inches; crown irregular.</p> -<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, broken into square plates.</p> -<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, somewhat rusty-hairy; leaf scars opposite, crescent-shaped, -with 3 bundle traces.</p> -<p class="revint">Buds: Rusty-hairy, up to ½ inch long.</p> -<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic to obovate, short-pointed -or rounded at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 3 -inches long, about half as wide, sharply and finely toothed along -the edges, dark green and usually smooth on the upper surface, -paler and with some rusty hairs on the lower surface; leafstalks up -to ¾ inch long, rusty-hairy.</p> -<p class="revint">Flowers: Many in broad, round-topped clusters, appearing during -April and May, each flower small and creamy-white.</p> -<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, oblong, to obovoid, blue-black, up to ⅔ inch long. -sweet, containing a single stone.</p> -<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong but brittle, close-grained, dark orange-brown.</p> -<p class="revint">Use: Sometimes planted as an ornamental.</p> -<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry, rocky woods.</p> -<p class="revint">Range: Virginia across to Missouri, south to Texas, east to Florida.</p> -<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The most distinguishing characteristics of -the Rusty Nannyberry are the rusty-hairy buds and leaf stalks.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_317">317</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p141.jpg" id="ncfig138" alt="RUSTY NANNYBERRY" width="505" height="800" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_318">318</div> -<h2 id="c7"><span class="small">Special Places to Study Trees</span></h2> -<p>A number of places in the state of Illinois provide opportunities to -study and to observe woody plants. Some of the major ones are -briefly described below.</p> -<h3>The Morton Arboretum</h3> -<p>A good place to learn the trees of Illinois firsthand is the Morton -Arboretum at Lisle, some twenty-five miles west of Chicago. This -privately endowed educational and scientific institution is devoted -to growing all kinds of woody plants that will survive in northern -Illinois. On the Arboretum’s 1500 acres one can find large collections -of oaks, maples, elms, ashes, lindens, junipers, pines, firs, -spruces, and numerous other groupings of woody plants from places -throughout the temperate world.</p> -<p>Certain collections in the Arboretum are along designated trails -and are especially useful in learning to identify trees. Perhaps the -most popular is the Illinois Trees Trail, where native trees are -identified by plaques that show common and scientific names and -give other interesting information about the trees. Another is the -Evergreen Trail, which features conifers.</p> -<p>Some trails emphasize ecology or other aspects of biology but also -feature trees. One of these is the Thornhill Trail, a general nature -trail on which trees are prominent. Another trail links nearby nature -study areas, including a mini-prairie, a wild flower garden, a -northern coniferous forest, and a pond-marsh. A short garden trail, -the Viburnum Walk, is unusual in that it utilizes a grouping of -Viburnums and their relatives to illustrate some of the principles of -plant classification.</p> -<p>Landscape plantings are another important feature in the Arboretum, -and the extensive forested areas provide a dramatic -backdrop for cultivated plantings that have been blended skillfully -into the natural landscape. These are especially spectacular in -spring when flowering trees are in bloom and in fall when the -foliage is in color.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_319">319</div> -<p>At the Morton Arboretum there is a continuous effort to learn -more about the adaptability of trees and shrubs to the special -growing conditions of northern Illinois, especially the soils and -climate. The natural forests are being used as an outdoor laboratory -for ecological studies, and certain cultivated collections are experimental. -The Street Tree Collection, for example, is a large experimental -assemblage of various trees thought to be suitable for street -and shade purposes. The Heath (Ericaceous) Collection is valuable -in determining the cultural requirements for growing certain azaleas -and rhododendrons in northern Illinois.</p> -<p>The Morton Arboretum has been designed for learning through -outdoor experiences. The grounds are open every day of the year, -and visitors are always welcome. A modest admission fee is charged -for each car entering. In the Visitor Center, an overall orientation is -offered through exhibits and audio-visual presentations explaining -the purposes and functions of the Arboretum. Groups planning to -visit should request advance information about seasonal features, -current hours, special programs, and eating facilities. The varied -opportunities and abundant facilities at the Morton Arboretum -make visits both pleasant and memorable.</p> -<h3>Illinois Natural History Survey</h3> -<p>The Illinois Natural History Survey is a research organization -devoted to the scientific study of the living natural resources of -Illinois. It is one of the Divisions of the Department of Registration -and Education and is administered by a Board of Natural Resources -and Conservation, consisting of the Director of the Department, -the President of the University of Illinois, or his representative, the -President of Southern Illinois University, or his representative, -members and experts in the fields of geology, biology, chemistry, -forestry, and engineering.</p> -<p>The Survey is organized into sections, five of which are engaged -in scientific pursuits. These are aquatic biology, botany and plant -pathology, economic entomology, faunistic survey, and wildlife. -These sections pursue basic and scientific research in systematics, -ecology, environmental quality, and control of plant diseases and -insect pests. The zoological collections of the Survey, numbering -about 8,800,000 specimens, rank among the largest and most valuable -<span class="pb" id="Page_320">320</span> -in the world. The botanical collections are smaller in size. The -vascular plant collections number over 145,000 specimens that are -most representative for studies of distribution in Illinois. The -mycological collections, with more than 35,000 specimens, include -numerous types that are basic to scientific research.</p> -<p>The Survey is housed in the Natural Resources Building and the -Natural Resources Studies Annex on the campus of the University -of Illinois, Urbana. In addition, the Survey maintains special research -facilities at Fox Ridge State Park, Stephen A. Forbes State -Park, Havana, Sullivan, and elsewhere for studies of pond management, -prairie chickens, pheasants, waterfowl, fish, and wildlife.</p> -<h3>Southern Illinois University, Carbondale</h3> -<p>Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, has both a Department -of Botany and a Department of Forestry where students may select -courses from a broad curriculum to study various aspects of plant -life. Many forest-oriented courses are available, and most of them -include actual work in the field. The University has an arboretum on -campus where ornamental species are emphasized. Guided tours of -these arboreta, as well as of the display greenhouse, can be arranged -by contacting the Chairman of the Department of Botany, -Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901.</p> -<h3>DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY -<br />University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</h3> -<p>The department has programs in instruction, research and public -service. The instructional program offers professional undergraduate -training in forest science and wood science and these are -accredited by the Society of American Foresters. Graduate training -is provided only at the Master’s level within the department. -Doctoral work can be pursued through interdisciplinary programs -in genetics, ecology, and plant physiology under the general direction -of forestry staff who are members of these respective faculties.</p> -<p>Research is conducted at the main campus, the Dixon Springs -Agricultural Center in southern Illinois (Pope County), Sinnissippi -Forest in northern Illinois (Ogle County), and at other smaller -outlying areas. Support is provided by the Agricultural Experiment -Station and grants from industry and governmental agencies. Projects -<span class="pb" id="Page_321">321</span> -cover a wide range of subjects related to the production and -utilization of wood as well as the use of forests for non-timber -values. The latter includes recreation and watershed management, -with special emphasis on the role of forests and forestry in water -quality.</p> -<p>At Dixon Springs the emphasis has been on the ecology and -management of pine plantations. These plantings represent plant -communities that have been interjected by man into the natural -succession of abandoned agricultural land to forest. Factors affecting -the growth of pine, and the effects of pine on soil conditions, -stand composition, and the regeneration of native hardwood species -are being investigated. Watershed management studies are also -concentrated at Dixon Springs.</p> -<p>The 2,500-acre Sinnissippi Forest, a private estate provides the -department with research opportunities. A nature tail is maintained -as an outdoor laboratory that is widely used by both adult and youth -groups. Sinnissippi Forest emphasizes the fact that a managed -forest can be aesthetically pleasing.</p> -<p>Public service activities are carried on through the Cooperative -Extension Service and provide advice and information to landowners, -youth groups, and other citizens of the State. This is accomplished -largely through group meetings and demonstrations and -direct replies to individual requests for information. Major emphasis -has been on establishment of windbreaks on farms in the prairie -region; promotion of sound management practices for farm woodlands; -and the care of trees in plantations and on farmsteads. -Extension education emphasizes the development of an appreciation -by Illinois youth for conservation of the forest resource; the -promotion among adults of sound management of rural and urban -woodlands; and program for primary and secondary industries that -concerns the conversion of wood into useful products.</p> -<h3>Shawnee National Forest</h3> -<p>Much of the forested land in the southern tip of Illinois is in the -Shawnee National Forest. The 257,000 acres of rolling topography -in the forest contain 208 different kinds of native, woody plants. -Some of the areas which have a high concentration of unusual plant -life have been designated Botanical Areas by the United States -Forest Service. At these areas, such as Little Grand Canyon, -Jackson Hollow, Stone Face, and six others, plant life is protected. -<span class="pb" id="Page_322">322</span> -These are excellent places to observe many of the woody plants of -the State.</p> -<p>At other areas in the Shawnee National Forest, various forest -management practices, such as selective timber-cutting, erosion -control, and watershed protection, can be observed.</p> -<p>Numerous recreation facilities are dotted throughout the Shawnee. -At many of these, nature trails have been developed which -bring the hiker closer to nature. Descriptive brochures are available -for most of the recreation areas. They may be obtained by visiting -the district ranger offices at Vienna, Elizabethtown, Jonesboro, or -Murphysboro, or by writing to the Forest Supervisor, Shawnee -National Forest, Harrisburg, Illinois.</p> -<h3 class="inline" id="c8">White Oak, the State Tree of Illinois</h3> -<p>In 1972, the school children of Illinois selected the white oak, -(<i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusAlba">Quercus alba</a></i> L.), as the state tree. It is truly representative for it -can be found throughout the state on a variety of sites. It grows to -its largest size on upland, cool, well-drained coves, slopes, and -terraces where it often reaches 100 feet of height and 3 feet of -diameter.</p> -<p>White oak is one of Illinois’ most valuable trees. It makes an -excellent shade tree of majestic beauty with a broad round head and -wide spreading branches. Commercially it is an extremely valuable -species used for lumber, veneer, barrels, furniture, flooring, and -construction.</p> -<p>This species is also a part of our national heritage. In the war of -1812, sailors reported that during battle, cannon balls bounced off -the hull of the U.S.S. Constitution. White oak helped make her -“Old Ironsides” and a part of our history.</p> -<h3 class="inline">DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION -<br />DIVISION OF FORESTRY</h3> -<p>The Legislature has given this Division the responsibility for all -activities concerning the forest and tree resource of Illinois. The -Division strives to fulfill its responsibilities by:</p> -<blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_323">323</div> -<p class="revint">—protecting the resource against all detrimental factors such as -fire, insects and diseases, improper harvesting, etc.</p> -<p class="revint">—making the public aware of the importance of this resource -to the state’s health and economy.</p> -<p class="revint">—motivating and providing technical guidance to forest and -tree owners for proper management.</p> -<p class="revint">—practicing and demonstrating proper forest management -principles on Department lands.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>The main objectives of this Division are to promote and achieve -on suitable public and private lands the establishment, protection, -management, use, and perpetuation of our tree resource for all of -the benefits which may be derived from them.</p> -<p>The Division cooperates with and makes full use of federal, state, -and private agency programs, efforts and monies to achieve Division -objectives and benefit forestry in Illinois. Formal cooperative -agreements exist with the United States Forest Service, U.S.D.A. -Soil Conservation Service, Extension Service and other groups, -associations and clubs active in forestry and its related fields.</p> -<p>The efforts of the Division are channeled through five disciplines: -fire control, forest management, reforestation, marketing and utilization, -and urban and community forestry. Each of these sections -has technical leadership at state level plus resource specialists for -field accomplishments. These five efforts intertwine very strongly at -field level where all personnel carry out certain parts of these -programs in designated geographic areas.</p> -<h3 class="inline" id="c9">ILLINOIS BIG TREE CHAMPIONS</h3> -<p>The Division of Forestry is cooperating with the American Forestry -Association in an attempt to find the biggest trees of each kind -in the United States and/or in Illinois. If you know of a tree that you -think might qualify, send the following information to the State -Forester’s office in Springfield: species, trunk circumference in -inches (measured 4½ feet above the ground); total tree height in -feet; and, average width of crown in feet. If your candidate appears -to be a winner, a state forester will be sent to determine the exact -measurements. If it is a winner your name, the kind of tree and its -dimension will be placed on our list. You will receive a certificate -stating that you have found a “Big Tree Champion.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_324">324</div> -<h2 id="c10"><span class="small">Index to Common and Scientific Names</span></h2> -<p class="center"><a class="ab" href="#index_A">A</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_B">B</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_C">C</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_D">D</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_E">E</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_F">F</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_G">G</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_H">H</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_I">I</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_J">J</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_K">K</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_L">L</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_M">M</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_N">N</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_O">O</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_P">P</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_Q">Q</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_R">R</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_S">S</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_T">T</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_U">U</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_V">V</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_W">W</a> <span class="ab">X</span> <a class="ab" href="#index_Y">Y</a> <span class="ab">Z</span></p> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_A">A</dt> -<dt>Acer</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">barbatum</span> <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">negundo</span> <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">nigrum</span> <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">rubrum</span> <a href="#Page_44">44-46</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">saccharinum</span> <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">saccharum</span> <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dd> -<dt>Aesculus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">discolor</span> <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">glabra</span> <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dd> -<dt>Ailanthus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">altissima</span> <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dd> -<dt>Alder</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Black</span> <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dd> -<dt>Alnus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">glutinosa</span> <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dd> -<dt>Amelanchier</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">arborea</span> <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">laevis</span> <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dd> -<dt>Apple</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Iowa Crab</span> <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Narrow-leaved Crab</span> <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Prairie Crab</span> <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd> -<dt>Aralia</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">spinosa</span> <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dd> -<dt>Ash</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Black</span> <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Blue</span> <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Green</span> <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Pumpkin</span> <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Red</span> <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Wafer</span> <a href="#Page_232">232</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">White</span> <a href="#Page_136">136</a></dd> -<dt>Asimina</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">triloba</span> <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dd> -<dt>Aspen</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Large-toothed</span> <a href="#Page_216">216</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Quaking</span> <a href="#Page_220">220</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_B">B</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Basswood</span> <a href="#Page_298">298</a></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">White</span> <a href="#Page_300">300</a></dd> -<dt>Beech</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Blue</span> <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dd> -<dt>Betula</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">lutea</span> <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">nigra</span> <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">papyrifera</span> <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dd> -<dt>Birch</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Paper</span> <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">River</span> <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Yellow</span> <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">Box Elder</span> <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt> -<dt>Broussonetia</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">papyrifera</span> <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dd> -<dt>Buckeye</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Ohio</span> <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Red</span> <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">Buckthorn</span> <a href="#Page_274">274</a></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Carolina</span> <a href="#Page_272">272</a></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">Butternut</span> <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_325">325</div> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_C">C</dt> -<dt>Carpinus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">caroliniana</span> <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dd> -<dt>Carya</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">aquatica</span> <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">cordiformis</span> <a href="#Page_80">80</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">glabra</span> <a href="#Page_82">82</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">illinoensis</span> <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">laciniosa</span> <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">ovalis</span> <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">ovata</span> <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">texana</span> <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">tomentosa</span> <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dd> -<dt>Castanea</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">dentata</span> <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">Catalpa</span> <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">bignonioides</span> <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Common</span> <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">speciosa</span> <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dd> -<dt>Cedar</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Red</span> <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dd> -<dt>Celtis</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">laevigata</span> <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">occidentalis</span> <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">tenuifolia</span> <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dd> -<dt>Cercis</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">canadensis</span> <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd> -<dt>Cherry</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Wild Black</span> <a href="#Page_228">228</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Choke</span> <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">Chestnut</span> <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dt> -<dt>Cladrastis</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">lutea</span> <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">Cock-spur Thorn</span> <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dt> -<dt>Coffee Tree</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Kentucky</span> <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dd> -<dt>Cornus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">amomum</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">alternifolia</span> <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">drummondii</span> <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">florida</span> <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">foemina</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">obliqua</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">racemosa</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">rugosa</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">stolonifera</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">Cottonwood</span> <a href="#Page_214">214</a></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Swamp</span> <a href="#Page_218">218</a></dd> -<dt>Crab Apple</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Iowa</span> <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Narrow-leaved</span> <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Prairie</span> <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd> -<dt>Crataegus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">calpodendron</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">coccinioides</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">crus-galli</span> <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">mollis</span> <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">pruinosa</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">puntata</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">viridis</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dd> -<dt>Cypress</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Bald</span> <a href="#Page_296">296</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_D">D</dt> -<dt>Diospyros</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">virginiana</span> <a href="#Page_130">130</a></dd> -<dt>Dogwood</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Alternate-leaved</span> <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Flowering</span> <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Gray</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Rough-leaved</span> <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_E">E</dt> -<dt>Elder</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Box</span> <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dd> -<dt>Elm</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">American</span> <a href="#Page_304">304</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Rock</span> <a href="#Page_310">310</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Siberian</span> <a href="#Page_306">306</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Slippery</span> <a href="#Page_308">308</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Water</span> <a href="#Page_208">208</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Winged</span> <a href="#Page_302">302</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_F">F</dt> -<dt>Fagus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">grandifolia</span> <a href="#Page_132">132</a></dd> -<dt>Forestiera</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">acuminata</span> <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd> -<dt>Fraxinus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">americana</span> <a href="#Page_136">136</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">nigra</span> <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">pennsylvanica</span> <a href="#Page_140">140-142</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">quadrangulata</span> <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">tomentosa</span> <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_G">G</dt> -<dt>Gleditsia</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">aquatica</span> <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">triacanthos</span> <a href="#Page_150">150</a></dd> -<dt>Gum</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Sour</span> <a href="#Page_190">190</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Sweet</span> <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Tupelo</span> <a href="#Page_188">188</a></dd> -<dt>Gymnocladus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">dioicus</span> <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dd> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_326">326</div> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_H">H</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hackberry</span> <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Dwarf</span> <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dd> -<dt>Halesia</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">carolina</span> <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dd> -<dt>Hamamelis</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">virginiana</span> <a href="#Page_156">156</a></dd> -<dt>Haw</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Black</span> <a href="#Page_314">314</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Dotted</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Green</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Pruinose</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Red</span> <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Scarlet</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Urn-shaped</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">Hawthorn</span> <a href="#Page_120">120-128</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Hercules’ Club</span> <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dt> -<dt>Hickory</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Bitternut</span> <a href="#Page_80">80</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Black</span> <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">False Shagbark</span> <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Kingnut</span> <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Mockernut</span> <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Pignut</span> <a href="#Page_82">82</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Shagbark</span> <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Sweet Pignut</span> <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Water</span> <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dd> -<dt>Holly</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Swamp</span> <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">Hop-tree</span> <a href="#Page_232">232</a></dt> -<dt>Hornbeam</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">American</span> <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Hop</span> <a href="#Page_192">192</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_I">I</dt> -<dt>Ilex</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">decidua</span> <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_J">J</dt> -<dt>Juglans</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">cinerea</span> <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">nigra</span> <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dd> -<dt>Juniperus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">virginiana</span> <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_K">K</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Kentucky Coffee Tree</span> <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_L">L</dt> -<dt>Larch</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">American</span> <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">European</span> <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dd> -<dt>Larix</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">decidua</span> <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">laricina</span> <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dd> -<dt>Liquidambar</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">styraciflua</span> <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dd> -<dt>Liriodendron</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">tulipifera</span> <a href="#Page_172">172</a></dd> -<dt>Locust</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Black</span> <a href="#Page_284">284</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Honey</span> <a href="#Page_150">150</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Water</span> <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_M">M</dt> -<dt>Maclura</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">pomifera</span> <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd> -<dt>Magnolia</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">acuminata</span> <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Cucumber</span> <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dd> -<dt>Malus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">angustifolia</span> <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">coronaria</span> <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">ioensis</span> <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dd> -<dt>Maple</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Black</span> <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Red</span> <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Silver</span> <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Southern Sugar</span> <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Sugar</span> <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Swamp Red</span> <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dd> -<dt>Morus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">alba</span> <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">rubra</span> <a href="#Page_186">186</a></dd> -<dt>Mulberry</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Paper</span> <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Red</span> <a href="#Page_186">186</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">White</span> <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_N">N</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Nannyberry</span> <a href="#Page_312">312</a></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Rusty</span> <a href="#Page_316">316</a></dd> -<dt>Nyssa</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">aquatica</span> <a href="#Page_188">188</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">sylvatica</span> <a href="#Page_190">190</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_O">O</dt> -<dt>Oak</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Basket</span> <a href="#Page_252">252</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Black</span> <a href="#Page_270">270</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Blackjack</span> <a href="#Page_250">250</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Bur</span> <a href="#Page_248">248</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Cherrybark</span> <a href="#Page_256">256</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Hill’s</span> <a href="#Page_240">240</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Overcup</span> <a href="#Page_246">246</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Pin</span> <a href="#Page_258">258</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Post</span> <a href="#Page_268">268</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Red</span> <a href="#Page_264">264</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Rock Chestnut</span> <a href="#Page_262">262</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Scarlet</span> <a href="#Page_238">238</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Shingle</span> <a href="#Page_244">244</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Shumard</span> <a href="#Page_266">266</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Spanish</span> <a href="#Page_242">242</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Swamp White</span> <a href="#Page_236">236</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">White</span> <a href="#Page_234">234</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Willow</span> <a href="#Page_260">260</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Yellow Chestnut</span> <a href="#Page_254">254</a></dd> -<dt>Orange</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Osage</span> <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd> -<dt>Ostrya</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">virginiana</span> <a href="#Page_192">192</a></dd> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_327">327</div> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_P">P</dt> -<dt>Paulownia</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">tomentosa</span> <a href="#Page_194">194</a></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">Pawpaw</span> <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pecan</span> <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Persimmon</span> <a href="#Page_130">130</a></dt> -<dt>Pine</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Jack</span> <a href="#Page_196">196</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Loblolly</span> <a href="#Page_206">206</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Red</span> <a href="#Page_200">200</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Scotch</span> <a href="#Page_204">204</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Shortleaf</span> <a href="#Page_198">198</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">White</span> <a href="#Page_202">202</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Yellow</span> <a href="#Page_198">198</a></dd> -<dt>Pinus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">banksiana</span> <a href="#Page_196">196</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">echinata</span> <a href="#Page_198">198</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">resinosa</span> <a href="#Page_200">200</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">strobus</span> <a href="#Page_202">202</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">sylvestris</span> <a href="#Page_204">204</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">taeda</span> <a href="#Page_206">206</a></dd> -<dt>Planera</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">aquatica</span> <a href="#Page_208">208</a></dd> -<dt>Platanus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">occidentalis</span> <a href="#Page_210">210</a></dd> -<dt>Plum</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">American</span> <a href="#Page_222">222</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Munson’s</span> <a href="#Page_226">226</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Narrow-leaved</span> <a href="#Page_226">226</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Wild Goose</span> <a href="#Page_224">224</a></dd> -<dt>Poplar</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">White</span> <a href="#Page_212">212</a></dd> -<dt>Populus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">alba</span> <a href="#Page_212">212</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">deltoides</span> <a href="#Page_214">214</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">grandidentata</span> <a href="#Page_216">216</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">heterophylla</span> <a href="#Page_218">218</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">tremuloides</span> <a href="#Page_220">220</a></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">Princess Tree</span> <a href="#Page_194">194</a></dt> -<dt>Privet</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Swamp</span> <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd> -<dt>Prunus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">americana</span> <a href="#Page_222">222</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">angustifolia</span> <a href="#Page_226">226</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">hortulana</span> <a href="#Page_224">224</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">munsoniana</span> <a href="#Page_226">226</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">serotina</span> <a href="#Page_228">228</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">virginiana</span> <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dd> -<dt>Ptelea</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">trifoliata</span> <a href="#Page_232">232</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_Q">Q</dt> -<dt>Quercus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">alba</span> <a href="#Page_234">234</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">bicolor</span> <a href="#Page_236">236</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">coccinea</span> <a href="#Page_238">238</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">ellipsoidalis</span> <a href="#Page_240">240</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">falcata</span> <a href="#Page_242">242</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">imbricaria</span> <a href="#Page_244">244</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">lyrata</span> <a href="#Page_246">246</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">macrocarpa</span> <a href="#Page_248">248</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">marilandica</span> <a href="#Page_250">250</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">michauxii</span> <a href="#Page_252">252</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">muhlenbergii</span> <a href="#Page_254">254</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">pagodaefolia</span> <a href="#Page_256">256</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">palustris</span> <a href="#Page_258">258</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">phellos</span> <a href="#Page_260">260</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">prinus</span> <a href="#Page_262">262</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">rubra</span> <a href="#Page_264">264</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">shumardii</span> <a href="#Page_266">266</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">stellata</span> <a href="#Page_268">268</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">velutina</span> <a href="#Page_270">270</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_R">R</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Red Bud</span> <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt> -<dt>Rhamnus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">caroliniana</span> <a href="#Page_272">272</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">cathartica</span> <a href="#Page_274">274</a></dd> -<dt>Rhus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">copallina</span> <a href="#Page_276">276</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">glabra</span> <a href="#Page_278">278</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">typhina</span> <a href="#Page_280">280</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">vernix</span> <a href="#Page_282">282</a></dd> -<dt>Robinia</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">pseudoacacia</span> <a href="#Page_284">284</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_S">S</dt> -<dt>Salix</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">amygdaloides</span> <a href="#Page_286">286</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">caroliniana</span> <a href="#Page_288">288</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">interior</span> <a href="#Page_290">290</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">nigra</span> <a href="#Page_292">292</a></dd> -<dt>Sassafras</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">albidum</span> <a href="#Page_294">294</a></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">Shadbush</span> <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Smooth</span> <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">Silver Bell</span> <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sugarberry</span> <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt> -<dt>Sumac</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Poison</span> <a href="#Page_282">282</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Shinning</span> <a href="#Page_276">276</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Smooth</span> <a href="#Page_278">278</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Staghorn</span> <a href="#Page_280">280</a></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">Sycamore</span> <a href="#Page_210">210</a></dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_328">328</div> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_T">T</dt> -<dt>Taxodium</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">distichum</span> <a href="#Page_296">296</a></dd> -<dt>Tilia</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">americana</span> <a href="#Page_298">298</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">heterophylla</span> <a href="#Page_300">300</a></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">Tree-of-Heaven</span> <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Tulip Tree</span> <a href="#Page_172">172</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_U">U</dt> -<dt>Ulmus</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">alata</span> <a href="#Page_302">302</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">americana</span> <a href="#Page_304">304</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">pumila</span> <a href="#Page_306">306</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">rubra</span> <a href="#Page_308">308</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">thomasii</span> <a href="#Page_310">310</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_V">V</dt> -<dt>Viburnum</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">lentago</span> <a href="#Page_312">312</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">prunifolium</span> <a href="#Page_314">314</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">rufidulum</span> <a href="#Page_316">316</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_W">W</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Walnut, Black</span> <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt> -<dt>Willow</dt> -<dd><span class="jl">Black</span> <a href="#Page_292">292</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Carolina</span> <a href="#Page_288">288</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Peach-leaved</span> <a href="#Page_286">286</a></dd> -<dd><span class="jl">Sand-bar</span> <a href="#Page_290">290</a></dd> -<dt><span class="jl">Witch Hazel</span> <a href="#Page_156">156</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_Y">Y</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Yellowwood</span> <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_329">329</div> -<h2><span class="small">NOTES</span></h2> -<div class="pb" id="Page_330">330</div> -<h2 id="c11"><span class="small">DISTRICT FORESTERS</span></h2> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">1. MT. CARROLL (815-244-3655)</p> -<p class="t2">Junction Rts. 78 & 88</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 105 61053</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">2. OREGON (815-732-6184)</p> -<p class="t2">Ogle County Farm Bureau</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 223 61061</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">3. LISLE (312-964-8081)</p> -<p class="t2">Morton Arboretum</p> -<p class="t2">P.O Box 472 60532</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">4. CAMBRIDGE (309-937-2122)</p> -<p class="t2">301 East North Street</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 126 61238</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">5. PRINCETON (815-875-3125)</p> -<p class="t2">222 South Main</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 236 61356</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">6. MACOMB (309-837-1124)</p> -<p class="t2">W. Jackson Rd. (Hwy. #136)</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 335 61455</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">7. PEKIN (309-347-5119)</p> -<p class="t2">133 Parkway Dr.</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 795 61554</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">8. HAVANA (309-543-3401)</p> -<p class="t2">720 S. 10th Street</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 401 62644</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">9. SHELBYVILLE (217-644-2411)</p> -<p class="t2">Hidden Springs State Forest</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 148 62565</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">10. CHARLESTON (217-345-2420)</p> -<p class="t2">Rt. 16 & Harrison St. Rd.</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 129 61920</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">11. HILLSBORO (217-532-3562)</p> -<p class="t2">925 S. Main Street</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 603 62049</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">12. CARROLLTON (217-942-3816)</p> -<p class="t2">202 N. 5th Street</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 170 62016</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">13. PITTSFIELD (217-285-2221)</p> -<p class="t2">211 South Madison</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 244 62363</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">14. SPARTA (618-443-2925)</p> -<p class="t2">1 Mile E. on Rt. 154</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 21 62286</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">15. CARLYLE (618-594-4475)</p> -<p class="t2">Eldon Hazlet State Park</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 149 62231</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">16. KINMUNDY (618-547-3477)</p> -<p class="t2">Stephen A. Forbes State Park</p> -<p class="t2">Rural Route 1 62854</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">17. OLNEY (618-393-6732)</p> -<p class="t2">200½ North Walnut</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 313 62450</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">18. FAIRFIELD (618-847-3781)</p> -<p class="t2">1404 West Main</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 206 62837</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">19. MURPHYSBORO (618-687-2622)</p> -<p class="t2">1010 N. 14th Avenue</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 188 62966</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">20. HARRISBURG (618-253-7966)</p> -<p class="t2">200 S. Granger St.</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box F 62946</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">21. GOREVILLE (618-995-2568)</p> -<p class="t2">Ferne Clyffe State Park</p> -<p class="t2">P.O. Box 67 62939</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">▲ MASON NURSERY</p> -<p class="t2">R.R. 1, Box 71</p> -<p class="t2">Topeka, 61867</p> -<p class="t2">(309-535-2185)</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">⍟ UNION NURSERY</p> -<p class="t2">R.R. 1, Box 182</p> -<p class="t2">Jonesboro 62952</p> -<p class="t2">(618-833-6125)</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">● MAIN OFFICE</p> -<p class="t2">DIVISION OF FORESTRY</p> -<p class="t2">North West Plaza</p> -<p class="t2">600 N. Grand West</p> -<p class="t2">Springfield, IL 62706</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_331">331</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p142.jpg" id="ncfig139" alt="Illinois Map" width="452" height="800" /> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>DISTRICT 1</dt> -<dd>JO DAVIESS</dd> -<dd>STEPHENSON</dd> -<dd>CARROLL</dd> -<dd>WHITESIDE</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 2</dt> -<dd>WINNEBAGO</dd> -<dd>BOONE</dd> -<dd>OGLE</dd> -<dd>DE KALB</dd> -<dd>LEE</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 3</dt> -<dd>McHENRY</dd> -<dd>LAKE</dd> -<dd>KANE</dd> -<dd>COOK</dd> -<dd>DU PAGE</dd> -<dd>KENDALL</dd> -<dd>WILL</dd> -<dd>GRUNDY</dd> -<dd>KANKAKEE</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 4</dt> -<dd>ROCK ISLAND</dd> -<dd>HENRY</dd> -<dd>MERCER</dd> -<dd>KNOX</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 5</dt> -<dd>BUREAU</dd> -<dd>LA SALLE</dd> -<dd>STARK</dd> -<dd>PUTNAM</dd> -<dd>MARSHALL</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 6</dt> -<dd>HENDERSON</dd> -<dd>WARREN</dd> -<dd>McDONOUGH</dd> -<dd>FULTON</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 7</dt> -<dd>PEORIA</dd> -<dd>WOODFORD</dd> -<dd>TAZEWELL</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 8</dt> -<dd>SCHUYLER</dd> -<dd>CASS</dd> -<dd>MASON ▲</dd> -<dd>MENARD</dd> -<dd>LOGAN</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 9</dt> -<dd>LIVINGSTON</dd> -<dd>McLEAN</dd> -<dd>FORD</dd> -<dd>DE WITT</dd> -<dd>MACON</dd> -<dd>PIATT</dd> -<dd>MOULTRIE</dd> -<dd>SHELBY</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 10</dt> -<dd>IROQUOIS</dd> -<dd>CHAMPAIGN</dd> -<dd>VERMILION</dd> -<dd>DOUGLAS</dd> -<dd>EDGAR</dd> -<dd>COLES</dd> -<dd>CUMBERLAND</dd> -<dd>CLARK</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 11</dt> -<dd>SANGAMON ●</dd> -<dd>MACOUPIN</dd> -<dd>MONTGOMERY</dd> -<dd>CHRISTIAN</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 12</dt> -<dd>MORGAN</dd> -<dd>SCOTT</dd> -<dd>CALHOUN</dd> -<dd>GREENE</dd> -<dd>JERSEY</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 13</dt> -<dd>HANCOCK</dd> -<dd>ADAMS</dd> -<dd>BROWN</dd> -<dd>PIKE</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 14</dt> -<dd>ST CLAIR</dd> -<dd>MONROE</dd> -<dd>RANDOLPH</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 15</dt> -<dd>MADISON</dd> -<dd>BOND</dd> -<dd>CLINTON</dd> -<dd>WASHINGTON</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 16</dt> -<dd>FAYETTE</dd> -<dd>EFFINGHAM</dd> -<dd>MARION</dd> -<dd>CLAY</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 17</dt> -<dd>JASPER</dd> -<dd>CRAWFORD</dd> -<dd>RICHLAND</dd> -<dd>LAWRENCE</dd> -<dd>EDWARDS</dd> -<dd>WABASH</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 18</dt> -<dd>JEFFERSON</dd> -<dd>WAYNE</dd> -<dd>HAMILTON</dd> -<dd>WHITE</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 19</dt> -<dd>PERRY</dd> -<dd>JACKSON</dd> -<dd>FRANKLIN</dd> -<dd>WILLIAMSON</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 20</dt> -<dd>SALINE</dd> -<dd>GALLATIN</dd> -<dd>POPE</dd> -<dd>HARDIN</dd> -<dd>MASSAC</dd> -<dt>DISTRICT 21</dt> -<dd>UNION ⍟</dd> -<dd>JOHNSON</dd> -<dd>ALEXANDER</dd> -<dd>PULASKI</dd></dl> -<h2 id="trnotes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -<li>Material interjected into the eBook is enclosed in {braces}.</li> -</ul> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOREST TREES OF ILLINOIS (THIRD EDITION) ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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