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| author | Git automation user <git> | 2025-06-19 14:22:01 -0700 |
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| committer | Git automation user <git> | 2025-06-19 14:22:01 -0700 |
| commit | c8078953d35bad0ac9486d15c67d423cc503a13f (patch) | |
| tree | b9d8d5ad7e61eca26659aeb516a27dfe0d8e4fba | |
| parent | afe765cbe34a1587bb3379d955f874e4386a5d0a (diff) | |
| -rw-r--r-- | 65496-0.txt | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 65496-h/65496-h.htm | 748 |
2 files changed, 353 insertions, 397 deletions
diff --git a/65496-0.txt b/65496-0.txt index ce51b35..2526779 100644 --- a/65496-0.txt +++ b/65496-0.txt @@ -2172,7 +2172,7 @@ possessions:— be signed by the chairman and transmitted to Elizabeth Blackwell. - T. J. STRATTON, _Chairman_. + F. J. STRATTON, _Chairman_. With an immense sigh of relief and aspiration of profound gratitude to Providence I instantly accepted the invitation, and prepared for diff --git a/65496-h/65496-h.htm b/65496-h/65496-h.htm index 2fd1ad0..7ddb2df 100644 --- a/65496-h/65496-h.htm +++ b/65496-h/65496-h.htm @@ -1,17 +1,11 @@ - -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> - -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women, by Elizabeth Blackwell. - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - + <meta charset="utf-8"> + <title>Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women | Project Gutenberg</title> + <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" > + <style> + body { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; @@ -88,7 +82,7 @@ p { } p.line-spaced {line-height: 2em;} - + .footnotes { @@ -112,8 +106,8 @@ p.line-spaced {line-height: 2em;} .footnote .fnlabel { - position: absolute; - right: 84%; + position: absolute; + right: 84%; text-align: right; } @@ -123,7 +117,7 @@ p.line-spaced {line-height: 2em;} text-decoration: none; } -.center { +.center { text-align: center; text-indent: 0em;} @@ -161,12 +155,12 @@ td { vertical-align: bottom; } -.tdchap { +.tdchap { text-align: center; padding-top: .75em; line-height: 1.5em;} -.tdh { +.tdh { text-indent: -1em; text-align: left; margin-left: 1em; @@ -194,18 +188,18 @@ li.nospace {margin-bottom: 0em;} display: inline-block; font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 1em; - text-align: left; + text-align: left; } .poem .stanza { margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; } .poem p { - margin: 0; - padding-left: 3em; - text-indent: -3em; } + margin: 0; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; } -.poem p.i1{ margin-left: 1em;} +.poem p.i1{ margin-left: 1em;} @@ -217,7 +211,7 @@ li.nospace {margin-bottom: 0em;} } -@media print, handheld +@media print { h1 {page-break-before: always;} @@ -226,46 +220,7 @@ li.nospace {margin-bottom: 0em;} text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .25em; } - - -} - -@media handheld -{ - body {margin: 0;} - - hr { - margin-top: .1em; - margin-bottom: .1em; - visibility: hidden; - color: white; - width: .01em; - display: none; - } - .poem { - display: block; - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 10%; - } - - ul {margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 0;} - li {list-style-type: none; padding-left: 1em; text-indent: -1.5em;} - - .tnbox { - page-break-inside: avoid; - margin-left: 2%; - margin-right: 2%; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - padding: .5em; - } - table {width: 100%; max-width: 100%;} - - .footnotes { - margin-top: 6em; - border: none; } - } </style> @@ -295,28 +250,28 @@ li.nospace {margin-bottom: 0em;} <div class="chapter"> <h1> -<span class="s08">PIONEER WORK</span><br /> +<span class="s08">PIONEER WORK</span><br > -<span class="s05">IN OPENING THE</span><br /> +<span class="s05">IN OPENING THE</span><br > MEDICAL PROFESSION TO WOMEN </h1> <p class="center line-spaced p4"> -<i>AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES</i><br /> +<i>AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES</i><br > -BY<br /> +BY<br > -DR. ELIZABETH BLACKWELL<br /> +DR. ELIZABETH BLACKWELL<br > -AUTHOR OF<br /> -‘THE MORAL EDUCATION OF THE YOUNG’ ETC.<br /> +AUTHOR OF<br > +‘THE MORAL EDUCATION OF THE YOUNG’ ETC.<br > </p> <p class="center p4"> -LONDON<br /> -LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.<br /> -AND NEW YORK<br /> +LONDON<br > +LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.<br > +AND NEW YORK<br > 1895 </p> @@ -329,7 +284,7 @@ AND NEW YORK<br /> PREFACE </h2> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <p> It has often been urged that a record should be @@ -360,12 +315,12 @@ past years. CONTENTS </h2> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > -<table summary="Table of Contents"> +<table style=";"> <tr> -<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER I<br /> -EARLY YEARS<br /> +<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER I<br > +EARLY YEARS<br > 1821</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -384,8 +339,8 @@ in Henderson, Kentucky</td> <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER II<br /> -EARNING MONEY FOR STUDY<br /> +<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER II<br > +EARNING MONEY FOR STUDY<br > 1845</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -399,11 +354,11 @@ Medicine with Dr. S. H. Dickson—Sivori Concerts—Calhoun on States Rights—Dr. Warrington on Medical Study—Boarding-school Experiences—Summer at Aiken, S.C.</td> <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_26">26</a> -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_vii' name='Page_vii' href='#Page_vii'>vii</a></span></td> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_vii' href='#Page_vii'>vii</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER III<br /> -STUDY IN AMERICA<br /> +<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER III<br > +STUDY IN AMERICA<br > 1847</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -415,8 +370,8 @@ in Blockley Almshouse—Graduation</td> <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER IV<br /> -STUDY IN EUROPE<br /> +<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER IV<br > +STUDY IN EUROPE<br > 1849</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -440,15 +395,15 @@ Visits—Last Days in England</td> <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER V<br /> -PRACTICAL WORK IN AMERICA<br /> +<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER V<br > +PRACTICAL WORK IN AMERICA<br > 1851</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdh">Settlement in New York—First Medical Consultation—Lectures on the Physical Education of Girls—Formation of Independent Dispensary—Quaker Help—Incorporation of the -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_viii' name='Page_viii' href='#Page_viii'>viii</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_viii' href='#Page_viii'>viii</a></span> New York Infirmary, 1854—Letters descriptive of Early Difficulties—Purchase of House—Adoption of Child—First Drawing-room Address—Sister resolves to study—Letters @@ -458,8 +413,8 @@ New York</td> <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER VI<br /> -ENGLAND REVISITED<br /> +<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER VI<br > +ENGLAND REVISITED<br > 1858</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -475,8 +430,8 @@ Work of the New York Infirmary</td> <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER VII<br /> -RETURN TO ENGLAND<br /> +<td class="tdchap" colspan="2">CHAPTER VII<br > +RETURN TO ENGLAND<br > 1869</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -490,14 +445,14 @@ Work—Moral Work</td> </tr> </table> -<p><span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_1' name='Page_1' href='#Page_1'></a></span> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_1' href='#Page_1'></a></span> </p></div><!-- chapter --> <div class="chapter"> <h2> -CHAPTER I<br /> +CHAPTER I<br > <span class="subhead"> -EARLY LIFE IN ENGLAND<br /> +EARLY LIFE IN ENGLAND<br > 1821 </span> </h2> @@ -531,7 +486,7 @@ My earliest recollections are connected with the house in Bristol, No. 1 Wilson Street, near Portman Square, to which the family removed from Counterslip, where I was born, when I was about three -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_2' name='Page_2' href='#Page_2'>2</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_2' href='#Page_2'>2</a></span> years old. My childish remembrances are chiefly associated with my elder sisters, for being born between two baby brothers, who both died in infancy, @@ -578,7 +533,7 @@ soon came: <p>The leads are too high For those who can’t fly.</p> <p>If I let you go there, I suppose your next prayer</p> <p>Will be for a hop To the chimney top! -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_3' name='Page_3' href='#Page_3'>3</a></span></p> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_3' href='#Page_3'>3</a></span></p> </div><!-- stanza --> <div class="stanza"> <p>So I charge you three misses, Not to show your phizes</p> @@ -619,7 +574,7 @@ was in the Black Book, for some childish misdemeanour—I forget what; but the punishment I well remember. I was sent up to the attics, instead of being allowed to join the dinner party. Upstairs in -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_4' name='Page_4' href='#Page_4'>4</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_4' href='#Page_4'>4</a></span> the dark I leaned over the banisters, watched the light stream out from the dining-room as the servants carried the dishes in and out, and listened to the @@ -657,7 +612,7 @@ was banished, rose vividly before me. <p> But a stranger incident still occurred as I stood there. The sound of a latch-key was heard in the -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_5' name='Page_5' href='#Page_5'>5</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_5' href='#Page_5'>5</a></span> hall-door, and a figure, that I at once recognised as my father’s, in a white flannel suit, seemed to enter and look smilingly at me. It was only a momentary @@ -695,7 +650,7 @@ field, with its healing spring, leading out of Kingsdown Parade, was a favourite walk—for passing down the fine avenue of elms we stood at the great iron gates of Sir Richard Vaughan’s place, to admire -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_6' name='Page_6' href='#Page_6'>6</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_6' href='#Page_6'>6</a></span> the peacocks, and then passed up the lane towards Redland, where violets grew on the grassy banks and natural curiosities could be collected. All these @@ -733,7 +688,7 @@ tiny bridges were thrown. To active, imaginative children this little domain was a source of never-ending enjoyment, whether cherishing pet animals, cultivating gardens, or playing -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_7' name='Page_7' href='#Page_7'>7</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_7' href='#Page_7'>7</a></span> Robinson Crusoe. When not staying in town we lived in this pleasant place, my father driving out from business daily. @@ -777,7 +732,7 @@ Church. ‘Rags of Popery’ was a phrase early learned in a parrot-like way. But a very strong sense of religion was early implanted. The Bible was held in affectionate reverence. Mrs. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_8' name='Page_8' href='#Page_8'>8</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_8' href='#Page_8'>8</a></span> Sherwood’s stories were favourite books; and although we soon learned to skip the endless disquisitions on metaphysical dogmas which they contained, @@ -823,7 +778,7 @@ left; we found New York comparatively deserted, from the same cause, when we arrived, and several steerage passengers died during the voyage; but the family party remained in good health, and the ocean -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_9' name='Page_9' href='#Page_9'>9</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_9' href='#Page_9'>9</a></span> life furnished delightful experiences to the younger travellers. </p> @@ -870,7 +825,7 @@ that the Lord Jesus belonged to a race with darker skins than ours. At once the rumour went abroad that ‘Dr. Cox had called Jesus Christ a nigger,’ and it was resolved forthwith to lynch him! So he came -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_10' name='Page_10' href='#Page_10'>10</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_10' href='#Page_10'>10</a></span> out to our country house on Long Island until the storm had blown over. </p> @@ -906,12 +861,12 @@ the older society of the East. <p> Amongst other curious experiences, we attended a public Fourth of July picnic, held in the neighbouring -woods. At this festival, the well-known ‘Come-outers’<a name='FA_1' id='FA_1' href='#FN_1' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a>—the +woods. At this festival, the well-known ‘Come-outers’<a id='FA_1' href='#FN_1' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a>—the Wattles brothers—were the chief speakers. Augustus, the elder, had established in the unsettled districts of the West what he called ‘Humanity’s Barn,’ where any human being might -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_11' name='Page_11' href='#Page_11'>11</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_11' href='#Page_11'>11</a></span> find a night’s shelter. His younger brother, John, was a chief speaker on this special occasion, and he concluded his speech with the following (to us) @@ -955,7 +910,7 @@ For the next few years, until the younger children grew up and were able gradually to share in the work, we managed to support the family and maintain a home. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_12' name='Page_12' href='#Page_12'>12</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_12' href='#Page_12'>12</a></span> </p> <p> @@ -984,7 +939,7 @@ Paul’s Church, of which the Rev. H. V. Johns was rector, entering heartily into its social life and teaching in its Sunday-school. We shared also in the stirring political contest which took place when -General Harrison defeated Van Buren, the ‘Locofoco’<a name='FA_2' id='FA_2' href='#FN_2' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> +General Harrison defeated Van Buren, the ‘Locofoco’<a id='FA_2' href='#FN_2' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> candidate for the presidency. We attended political conventions and public meetings, and joined in singing political songs. It was a most exciting @@ -997,7 +952,7 @@ movement spread to the West. It was the era of the Brook Farm experiment. We became acquainted with the very intelligent circle of New England society settled in Cincinnati, of which the -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_13' name='Page_13' href='#Page_13'>13</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_13' href='#Page_13'>13</a></span> Rev. W. H. Channing was the attractive centre. This gentleman, nephew of Dr. Ellery Channing of Boston, and father of our present parliamentary @@ -1035,7 +990,7 @@ In the year 1842, our elder brothers entering into business, the boarding-school was given up, and I occupied myself with private pupils. Whilst still engaged in this way I was invited to take charge of -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_14' name='Page_14' href='#Page_14'>14</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_14' href='#Page_14'>14</a></span> a girls’ district school, to be established in the town of Henderson, situated in the western part of Kentucky. The invitation seemed to promise useful @@ -1082,7 +1037,7 @@ tremendous shock smashed in a great deal of the woodwork in the fore part of the boat. The captain gave one jump, wrung his hands, spun round, and went to sleep again. In the morning I went with Mr. S. into Louisville; -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_15' name='Page_15' href='#Page_15'>15</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_15' href='#Page_15'>15</a></span> there I got my watch-key mended (a providential piece of foresight, for ’twould have been impossible here), bought various little things, and saw also the famed Kentucky @@ -1118,7 +1073,7 @@ steamboat shoved off, and I followed my companion—holding his hand to prevent myself slipping down the bank. In the middle of the mud I stopped to see the last of our friend and civilisation; we waved our handkerchiefs -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_16' name='Page_16' href='#Page_16'>16</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_16' href='#Page_16'>16</a></span> till the boat was out of sight, and then, gulping down my tears and giving a few convulsive laughs, we proceeded on our way through a dirty, little, straggling, @@ -1154,7 +1109,7 @@ selected, the windows were broken, the floor and walls filthy, the plaster fallen off, the responsible trustees not appointed, the scholars unnotified of my arrival; no, ’twas impossible, I must wait a week; but the idea of spending -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_17' name='Page_17' href='#Page_17'>17</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_17' href='#Page_17'>17</a></span> an unnecessary week in Henderson was insupportable, so I urged and argued, and persuaded and ran about, till a man was sent to mend the windows, and another to @@ -1193,7 +1148,7 @@ day, find myself living in public, and almost losing my identity. Well, Sunday, and a refreshing Presbyterian sermon, of an eternity’s duration, I must leave to your imagination. Monday I ran about, and at last seated -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_18' name='Page_18' href='#Page_18'>18</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_18' href='#Page_18'>18</a></span> myself in Dr. Wilson’s parlour, where I received a visit from one of the Responsibles, a fussy, pompous little doctor, who talked <i>grandly</i>, whereupon I talked grandlier, @@ -1232,7 +1187,7 @@ that everybody is sitting in an awkward silence, and that it is absolutely necessary to say something. The first evening I so spent I was rejoicing at the prospect of escape, for the watches had been pulled out, and it -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_19' name='Page_19' href='#Page_19'>19</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_19' href='#Page_19'>19</a></span> was declared late (half-past eight), when I was taken quite by surprise by seeing the Episcopal clergyman who was present seat himself by the table with a large Bible @@ -1274,7 +1229,7 @@ which latter there is certainly a larger supply than at any place I have ever seen. Every negro has his pet dog, the more savage the better, and all the masters follow their example. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_20' name='Page_20' href='#Page_20'>20</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_20' href='#Page_20'>20</a></span> </p> @@ -1317,7 +1272,7 @@ earliest morning to latest night, cuffed about by everyone, scolded at all day long, blamed unjustly, and without spirit enough to reply, with no consideration in any way for their feelings, with no hope for the future, smelling -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_21' name='Page_21' href='#Page_21'>21</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_21' href='#Page_21'>21</a></span> horribly, and as ugly as Satan—to live in their midst, utterly unable to help them, is to me dreadful, and what I would not do long for any consideration. Meanwhile @@ -1356,7 +1311,7 @@ former acquaintance. My school hours for the present are from nine to three. At half-past twelve I ring my bell, when there is a general rush and devouring. I uncover the tin knife-box devoted to me, and find -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_22' name='Page_22' href='#Page_22'>22</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_22' href='#Page_22'>22</a></span> regularly inside a saucer with three or four little slices of ham, a roll, a piece of corn bread, a cup of cream, and a raw egg; the latter I throw into the hot ashes, and @@ -1409,7 +1364,7 @@ they are both very pretty. <p> The people here begin to interest me more than they -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_23' name='Page_23' href='#Page_23'>23</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_23' href='#Page_23'>23</a></span> did at first; all continue very kind, and I think well satisfied. When I came here, I did not care one straw what was thought of my personal appearance, I dressed @@ -1448,7 +1403,7 @@ while my party was busily engaged round a tree, I started off on a good brisk walk home, where, some time after, the others arrived, in some consternation to know how or why I had so suddenly vanished. I laughed at -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_24' name='Page_24' href='#Page_24'>24</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_24' href='#Page_24'>24</a></span> them and their sentimental doings, and they have not invited me since. </p> @@ -1486,13 +1441,13 @@ let him have a clean shirt on that Sunday morning. The contrast of the two figures, the young lady and the slave, and the sharp reprimand with which his mistress from her rocking-chair drove the slave -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_25' name='Page_25' href='#Page_25'>25</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_25' href='#Page_25'>25</a></span> away, left a profound impression on my mind. Kind as the people were to me personally, the sense of justice was continually outraged; and at the end of the first term of engagement I resigned the situation. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_26' name='Page_26' href='#Page_26'>26</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_26' href='#Page_26'>26</a></span> </p> </div> </div><!-- chapter --> @@ -1500,10 +1455,10 @@ situation. <div class="chapter"> <h2> CHAPTER II -<br /> +<br > <span class="subhead"> EARNING MONEY FOR MEDICAL STUDY -<br /> +<br > 1845-1847</span> </h2> @@ -1536,7 +1491,7 @@ sisters variously occupied, the family life was full and active, and for a while I keenly enjoyed the return home. But I soon felt the want of a more engrossing pursuit than the study of music, German, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_27' name='Page_27' href='#Page_27'>27</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_27' href='#Page_27'>27</a></span> and metaphysics, and the ordinary interests that social life presented. </p> @@ -1574,7 +1529,7 @@ means of which one of the professors wished to interest his class in the wonderful structure of the eye. Physiology, thus taught, became extremely distasteful to me. My favourite studies were history and -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_28' name='Page_28' href='#Page_28'>28</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_28' href='#Page_28'>28</a></span> metaphysics, and the very thought of dwelling on the physical structure of the body and its various ailments filled me with disgust. @@ -1626,7 +1581,7 @@ with myself on the subject. <p> At this time I had not the slightest idea of how to become a physician, or of the course of study -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_29' name='Page_29' href='#Page_29'>29</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_29' href='#Page_29'>29</a></span> necessary for this purpose. As the idea seemed to gain force, however, I wrote to and consulted with several physicians, known to my family, in various @@ -1670,7 +1625,7 @@ person was a noted abortionist, and known all over the country. She was a woman of great ability, and defended her course in the public papers. She made a large fortune, drove a fine carriage, had a -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_30' name='Page_30' href='#Page_30'>30</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_30' href='#Page_30'>30</a></span> pew in a fashionable church, and though often arrested, was always bailed out by her patrons. She was known distinctively as a ‘female physician,’ @@ -1720,7 +1675,7 @@ took root. <p> I find it written:— -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_31' name='Page_31' href='#Page_31'>31</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_31' href='#Page_31'>31</a></span> </p> <div class="blockquot"> @@ -1776,7 +1731,7 @@ But a little later it is written:— <p> I felt cold and gloomy all day; read in Jackson’s Memoirs, and felt almost disheartened at the immensity of -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_32' name='Page_32' href='#Page_32'>32</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_32' href='#Page_32'>32</a></span> the field before me. I hesitate as if I were about to take the veil, but I am gradually coming up to the resolution. </p> @@ -1825,7 +1780,7 @@ finally resolved to accept a teacher’s position in a school in North Carolina, where, whilst accumulating money for future use, I could also commence a trial of medical study, for the Rev. John Dickson, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_33' name='Page_33' href='#Page_33'>33</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_33' href='#Page_33'>33</a></span> who was principal of the school, had previously been a doctor. </p> @@ -1866,7 +1821,7 @@ that I loved. We forded more than one rapid river, and climbed several chains of the Alleghanies in crossing through Kentucky and Tennessee into North Carolina. The wonderful view from the Gap of -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_34' name='Page_34' href='#Page_34'>34</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_34' href='#Page_34'>34</a></span> Clinch Mountain, looking down upon an ocean of mountain ridges spread out endlessly below us, and seen in the fresh light of an early morning, remains @@ -1907,7 +1862,7 @@ me, support me! Lord Jesus, guide, enlighten me!’ My very being went out in this yearning cry for Divine help. Suddenly, overwhelmingly, an answer came. A glorious presence, as of brilliant -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_35' name='Page_35' href='#Page_35'>35</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_35' href='#Page_35'>35</a></span> light, flooded my soul. There was nothing visible to the physical sense; but a spiritual influence so joyful, gentle, but powerful, surrounded me that the @@ -1948,7 +1903,7 @@ time before I could compel myself to make the necessary incision, which revealed only a little yellowish dust inside. The battle then fought, however, was a useful one. In my later anatomical -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_36' name='Page_36' href='#Page_36'>36</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_36' href='#Page_36'>36</a></span> studies I never had so serious a repugnance to contend with. </p> @@ -2002,7 +1957,7 @@ Asheville: 1845. feelings of a gentleman, that though you would not promise to write to me, you perform, which is decidedly the better of the two. Now I have to call you and S. to -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_37' name='Page_37' href='#Page_37'>37</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_37' href='#Page_37'>37</a></span> account for your breach of promise. What is the reason you did not come to my window, as you agreed to do, the morning you left Asheville? I got up before four o’clock @@ -2047,7 +2002,7 @@ meet some Charleston ladies who had called on me, and made themselves very agreeable. I suppose you would have been most pleased with the eatables (the ice-cream, whips, jelly, and cakes were delicious), but what delighted -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_38' name='Page_38' href='#Page_38'>38</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_38' href='#Page_38'>38</a></span> me was a little Channing glorification (M. will understand what I mean) that Mrs. Carr (the lady who so resembles Ellen Channing) and I held in the garden. @@ -2089,7 +2044,7 @@ triumphantly to me to know if I could do it. I said I could not only introduce the four knights, but their four squires also, and then suffer knights, squires, and four nuns to elope, without the blind Abbess having the -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_39' name='Page_39' href='#Page_39'>39</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_39' href='#Page_39'>39</a></span> slightest suspicion of the defection. Everybody thought it impossible, but when I actually performed the feat they looked upon me as half a conjuror—particularly the @@ -2128,7 +2083,7 @@ the woman of Samaria; presently a bilious-looking Southerner came down and drank a dipper full of water, which dispelled all the illusion, for my imagination conjured up rice-swamps and clanking chains. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_40' name='Page_40' href='#Page_40'>40</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_40' href='#Page_40'>40</a></span> </p> <p> @@ -2187,7 +2142,7 @@ Asheville: July 27, 1845. night while engaged in your favourite Saturday evening’s employment—singing hymns. A stranger minister who was to preach next day had just arrived, and I, seated at -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_41' name='Page_41' href='#Page_41'>41</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_41' href='#Page_41'>41</a></span> the piano, surrounded by the girls, was supplying him with sacred entertainment, when Howard Dickson laid your letter beside me. I smiled, and gave an involuntary @@ -2232,7 +2187,7 @@ good angel had sent me to her aid. <p> I have just returned from the Sunday-school which -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_42' name='Page_42' href='#Page_42'>42</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_42' href='#Page_42'>42</a></span> we have organised to-day for the slaves. When I first came here I determined to teach all the slaves I could to read and write, and elevate them in every way in my @@ -2268,7 +2223,7 @@ teaching, and reserved my indignation to vent on this inoffensive white paper. I am afraid much cannot be done for the slaves in this way; their minds are so obscured, and oral instruction is so tedious, that the patience -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_43' name='Page_43' href='#Page_43'>43</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_43' href='#Page_43'>43</a></span> of both teachers and scholars may be worn out. I, however, shall do my utmost to illuminate both head and heart, and the poor children thanked me with humble @@ -2316,7 +2271,7 @@ So you, too, mother, confirm Henry’s account of the begin to think that I have been the evil genius of the place, withholding the rain from the garden, the visitors from the house; for no sooner am I gone than floods of -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_44' name='Page_44' href='#Page_44'>44</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_44' href='#Page_44'>44</a></span> both flow down and up, and everywhere are greenness and gaiety. Very well; I certainly won’t come back to bring a blight into Paradise.... But, seriously, if @@ -2361,7 +2316,7 @@ we drank to its health from the Poinsett Spring, as we had promised John to do. A little afterwards we passed the wildest scenery I ever remember to have seen. The road wound down the south side of the mountain in very -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_45' name='Page_45' href='#Page_45'>45</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_45' href='#Page_45'>45</a></span> abrupt curves, so as to form a succession of terraces one above the other; whilst, on the opposite side, the wooded mountain ridge, though so near, was softened by mist, @@ -2400,7 +2355,7 @@ Flinn and ‘the lady.’ So I said good-bye to kind Mrs. John Dickson, and, driving softly along to a large old-fashioned house, surrounded by a garden full of tall evergreens, I entered a spacious hall and was welcomed -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_46' name='Page_46' href='#Page_46'>46</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_46' href='#Page_46'>46</a></span> by Dr. Sam. and Mrs. Dickson and their eldest daughter, and ushered into a handsome drawing-room, cloak, hood, smoke, and all. @@ -2448,7 +2403,7 @@ pleasure of a visit to a banana plantation. <p> John C. Calhoun’s address, given to the enthusiastic meeting which crowded the theatre, was noteworthy. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_47' name='Page_47' href='#Page_47'>47</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_47' href='#Page_47'>47</a></span> The contrast between the calm, able orator, who appeared entirely unmoved by the rapturous demonstrations of his audience, who responded to @@ -2491,7 +2446,7 @@ of Bulwer’s. It was Sivori’s violin that produced so strange an effect. Herz was a smooth, brilliant pianoforte player, with considerable superficial talent, nothing more; but Sivori has genius. His playing bewildered -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_48' name='Page_48' href='#Page_48'>48</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_48' href='#Page_48'>48</a></span> me; I did not understand it. It seemed to me like a chaos that might become a world of beauty could I only find the word that should reduce it to order. I went @@ -2527,7 +2482,7 @@ which I composed, since I am in Charleston. It is called and then he extemporised beautifully on ‘Lucy Long.’ I hope you may have the pleasure in Cincinnati of hearing these real artists. Oh for the time when such -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_49' name='Page_49' href='#Page_49'>49</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_49' href='#Page_49'>49</a></span> music may be a daily feast for all, and when the performers shall be as noble in character as they are gifted in talent! @@ -2571,7 +2526,7 @@ this winter, and as I teach in the warmest room in the house, and throw open the shutters to let in all the sunshine, I don’t often have to wear my blanket, but get along pretty comfortably. I am teaching at present more -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_50' name='Page_50' href='#Page_50'>50</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_50' href='#Page_50'>50</a></span> than eight hours a day, and you may imagine I get pretty tired by tea-time. Such a press of teaching, however, will not last very long, and I am quite willing that Mrs. @@ -2616,7 +2571,7 @@ in very many important enterprises, and it is one which thy own mind seems so firmly to have settled that I scarcely need advert to it now, but to show that my own faith may sometimes be so feeble that I enter into -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_51' name='Page_51' href='#Page_51'>51</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_51' href='#Page_51'>51</a></span> human calculation as to the expediency of certain plans of operation which have suggested themselves to me in the course of my movements about this great city, or @@ -2652,7 +2607,7 @@ thy mission of love and humanity; but I beg thee to believe with me that if the project be of divine origin and appointment it will sooner or later surely be accomplished. Thus, in the language of Gamaliel on another -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_52' name='Page_52' href='#Page_52'>52</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_52' href='#Page_52'>52</a></span> occasion, “If this work be of men it will come to nought, but if it be of God ye cannot overthrow it, lest haply ye be found even to fight against God.” In now addressing @@ -2694,7 +2649,7 @@ a visit to the opera that is now in town would be by no means disagreeable; but now we have to sit at our window and admire the moonlight on the waters, and sigh in vain after the vanities of the world, all for want of a -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_53' name='Page_53' href='#Page_53'>53</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_53' href='#Page_53'>53</a></span> beau—alas! poor nuns that we are. Then sometimes the girls get up a little screaming for our benefit. The other night, for instance, the ten o’clock bell had rung. Miss @@ -2730,7 +2685,7 @@ to scream; all the others joined in, and I really believe that if I had not gone to them when I did they would have fallen into convulsions, so completely had they given themselves up to terror. These are some of the -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_54' name='Page_54' href='#Page_54'>54</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_54' href='#Page_54'>54</a></span> pleasant diversions of our life, and as I welcome anything that makes me laugh, they are quite acceptable. </p> @@ -2775,7 +2730,7 @@ building with little steeple, half hidden amongst the trees, that took my fancy. So I dressed and strolled through the sandy wood paths at the rate of a mile an hour, as I hate overheating myself. I reached my church at length, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_55' name='Page_55' href='#Page_55'>55</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_55' href='#Page_55'>55</a></span> when, lo! it proved to be a deserted schoolhouse, containing two large cool rooms, built of weather-beaten pine, with projecting roof and pleasant elevated porch. Here @@ -2814,7 +2769,7 @@ think you attribute a foolish sentimental fastidiousness to me that I do not possess. You also speak of my want of bodily sympathy being an objection. If I understand what you mean, I think it would prove of the most valuable -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_56' name='Page_56' href='#Page_56'>56</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_56' href='#Page_56'>56</a></span> assistance possible. I suspect you were thinking of that unlucky dose of lobelia I once gave you when I grew angry because you groaned and groaned, and obstinately @@ -2853,23 +2808,23 @@ left. Returning to Charleston, the winter and spring were fully occupied with teaching; the Christmas being cheered by the receipt from home of our ‘Family -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_57' name='Page_57' href='#Page_57'>57</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_57' href='#Page_57'>57</a></span> Christmas Annual,’ a collection of articles in prose and verse, specially prepared anonymously by the various members of the family, and decorated by domestic artists. This diversion was continued for many years; and several volumes are still preserved as mementoes of those pleasant times. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_58' name='Page_58' href='#Page_58'>58</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_58' href='#Page_58'>58</a></span> </p></div><!-- chapter --> <div class="chapter"> <h2> CHAPTER III -<br /> +<br > <span class="subhead"> STUDY IN AMERICA -<br /> +<br > 1847-1849 </span> @@ -2904,7 +2859,7 @@ admission as a regular student. The interviews with their various professors were by turns hopeful and disappointing. Whilst pursuing these inquiries I commenced my anatomical studies in the private -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_59' name='Page_59' href='#Page_59'>59</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_59' href='#Page_59'>59</a></span> school of Dr. Allen. This gentleman by his thoughtful arrangements enabled me to overcome the natural repulsion to these studies generally felt at the outset. @@ -2947,7 +2902,7 @@ did not know that they were insurmountable; he would let me know on Monday. I came home with a lighter heart, though I can hardly say I hope. On Monday Dr. Jackson said he had done his best for me, but the professors -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_60' name='Page_60' href='#Page_60'>60</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_60' href='#Page_60'>60</a></span> were all opposed to my entrance. Dr. Horner advised me to try the Filbert Street and Franklin schools. A professor of Jefferson College thought it would be @@ -2989,7 +2944,7 @@ education—indeed, his communication would be so unfavourable that he would rather not meet me in person. I told the Doctor that if the path of duty led me to hell I would go there; and I did not think that by being with -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_61' name='Page_61' href='#Page_61'>61</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_61' href='#Page_61'>61</a></span> devils I should become a devil myself—at which the good Doctor stared. </p> @@ -3031,7 +2986,7 @@ Surgery in the largest college in Philadelphia. He thoroughly approved of a woman’s gaining complete medical knowledge; told me that although my public entrance into the classes was out of the -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_62' name='Page_62' href='#Page_62'>62</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_62' href='#Page_62'>62</a></span> question, yet if I would assume masculine attire and enter the college he could entirely rely on two or three of his students to whom he should communicate @@ -3077,7 +3032,7 @@ is strongly opposed to a woman’s intruding herself into the profession; consequently it would be perhaps impossible to obtain private instruction, but if that were possible, the enormous expense would render it impracticable, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_63' name='Page_63' href='#Page_63'>63</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_63' href='#Page_63'>63</a></span> and where the feelings of the profession are strongly enlisted against such a scheme, the museums, libraries, hospitals, and all similar aids would be closed @@ -3119,7 +3074,7 @@ the opportunity of studying the French in their native land, is not this a false view, a greatly exaggerated fear? Is it not perfectly true everywhere that a woman who respects herself will be respected by others; that where -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_64' name='Page_64' href='#Page_64'>64</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_64' href='#Page_64'>64</a></span> the life is directed by a strong, pure motive to a noble object, in a quiet, dignified, but determined manner, the better feelings of mankind are enlisted, and the woman @@ -3162,7 +3117,7 @@ of the winter sessions was rapidly approaching. No answer came for some time. At last, to my immense relief (though not surprise, for failure never seemed possible), I received the following letter from -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_65' name='Page_65' href='#Page_65'>65</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_65' href='#Page_65'>65</a></span> the medical department of a small university town in the western part of the State of New York:— </p> @@ -3201,9 +3156,9 @@ myself, <div class="signature"> <div class="left-align"> <p> -<span class="o6">Yours respectfully,</span><br /> +<span class="o6">Yours respectfully,</span><br > -<span class="smcap o3">Charles A. Lee</span>,<br /> +<span class="smcap o3">Charles A. Lee</span>,<br > Dean of the Faculty. </p> </div><!-- left-align --> @@ -3229,7 +3184,7 @@ following resolutions were unanimously adopted:— <p> 1. <i>Resolved</i>—That one of the radical principles of a -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_66' name='Page_66' href='#Page_66'>66</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_66' href='#Page_66'>66</a></span> Republican Government is the universal education of both sexes; that to every branch of scientific education the door should be open equally to all; that the application @@ -3248,7 +3203,7 @@ Blackwell. <p class="signature"> -<span class="smcap">T. J. Stratton</span>, <i>Chairman</i>. +<span class="smcap">F. J. Stratton</span>, <i>Chairman</i>. </p> </div><!-- blockquot --> @@ -3282,7 +3237,7 @@ boarding-house, in the same street as my college, and three minutes’ walk from it—a beautiful walk along the high bank overlooking the lake. I hung my room with dear mementoes of absent friends, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_67' name='Page_67' href='#Page_67'>67</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_67' href='#Page_67'>67</a></span> and soon with hope and zeal and thankful feelings of rest I settled down to study. </p> @@ -3330,7 +3285,7 @@ the Professor of Anatomy, a little plump man, blunt in manner and very voluble. He shook me warmly by the hand, said my plan was capital; he had some fun too about a lady pupil, for he never lost a joke; the class had -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_68' name='Page_68' href='#Page_68'>68</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_68' href='#Page_68'>68</a></span> acted manfully; their resolutions were as good as a political meeting, &c. </p> @@ -3372,7 +3327,7 @@ my anatomical instructors. The plan pursued here is admirable, and New York and Philadelphia may learn more than one lesson from Geneva. Dr. Webster came to me laughing after the first lecture, saying: ‘You attract -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_69' name='Page_69' href='#Page_69'>69</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_69' href='#Page_69'>69</a></span> too much attention, Miss Blackwell; there was a very large number of strangers present this afternoon—I shall guard against this in future.’ ‘Yes,’ said Dr. Lee; ‘we @@ -3414,7 +3369,7 @@ the right place for my beginning. I had not the slightest idea of the commotion created by my appearance as a medical student in the little town. Very slowly I perceived that a -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_70' name='Page_70' href='#Page_70'>70</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_70' href='#Page_70'>70</a></span> doctor’s wife at the table avoided any communication with me, and that as I walked backwards and forwards to college the ladies stopped to stare at @@ -3460,7 +3415,7 @@ people seem all to grow kind. <p> <i>November 11.</i>—Anatomy very interesting to-day; two admirable demonstrations. Dr. Webster, full of -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_71' name='Page_71' href='#Page_71'>71</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_71' href='#Page_71'>71</a></span> enthusiasm, told us of Godman, who was converted to phrenology by reading a work against it, in order to cut it up. @@ -3508,7 +3463,7 @@ their faces and shook. My delicacy was certainly shocked, and yet the exhibition was in some sense ludicrous. I had to pinch my hand till the blood nearly came, and call on Christ to help me from smiling, for that would have -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_72' name='Page_72' href='#Page_72'>72</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_72' href='#Page_72'>72</a></span> ruined everything; but I sat in grave indifference, though the effort made my heart palpitate most painfully. Dr. Webster, who had perhaps the most trying position, behaved @@ -3560,7 +3515,7 @@ raisins, I had quite a cosy time reading it. <i>Sunday, January 16.</i>—A most beautiful day; it did me good. The text impressed itself on me—‘Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace whose mind is stayed on Thee.’ I -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_73' name='Page_73' href='#Page_73'>73</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_73' href='#Page_73'>73</a></span> felt happy and blessed. Ah! if the Almighty would always shine on me, how strong I should be! ‘The Lord God is a sun and shield; the Lord will give grace and @@ -3599,7 +3554,7 @@ hurrahs of the students. ‘See the one in pink!’ note,’ &c.—fun suddenly hushed by the entrance of the Professor. Meanwhile I had quietly looked over my notes in the seat always reserved for me, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_74' name='Page_74' href='#Page_74'>74</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_74' href='#Page_74'>74</a></span> entirely undisturbed by the frolic going on at the windows. </p> @@ -3643,7 +3598,7 @@ been engaged. As the term drew to its end there was regret at parting from friends I had made, and also anxiety from the uncertainties that still attended my future -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_75' name='Page_75' href='#Page_75'>75</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_75' href='#Page_75'>75</a></span> course. These feelings are expressed in my journal:— </p> @@ -3656,7 +3611,7 @@ It cheered me, funny as it was. Another student told me he had a daguerreotype-room, and asked me to sit for my likeness to-morrow; but I told him it had annoyed me so much to see my name in the papers -that I certainly could not give my face too.<a name='FA_3' id='FA_3' href='#FN_3' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a> He said he +that I certainly could not give my face too.<a id='FA_3' href='#FN_3' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a> He said he had thought of graduating in August, but now he was glad he had not, as I intended returning to Geneva—too funny! @@ -3677,7 +3632,7 @@ account of how she was actually struck down by the sudden braying of a jackass, which she heard for the first time during a visit to the North, she never having heard the bray before. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_76' name='Page_76' href='#Page_76'>76</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_76' href='#Page_76'>76</a></span> </p> <p> @@ -3724,7 +3679,7 @@ application for admission, it would be inevitably opposed by the other two parties—viz. the Democrats and the Native Americans. He said that my only chance of admission lay in securing the support -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_77' name='Page_77' href='#Page_77'>77</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_77' href='#Page_77'>77</a></span> of each of those parties, without referring in any way to the other rival parties. I accordingly undertook my sole act of ‘lobbying.’ I interviewed each political @@ -3767,7 +3722,7 @@ nothing pestilential amongst the diseases, and I live simply, do my duty, trust in God, and mock at the devil! The matron is the only lady in the establishment (present company excepted), and I frequently step in to see her. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_78' name='Page_78' href='#Page_78'>78</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_78' href='#Page_78'>78</a></span> She wears a nice white cap, has smooth grey hair, and soft dove’s eyes like yours, and I sometimes look at her and think of you till her loud voice breaks forth in fierce @@ -3816,7 +3771,7 @@ Your loving physician, E. <p> At that time, and for many years after, the subject -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_79' name='Page_79' href='#Page_79'>79</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_79' href='#Page_79'>79</a></span> which those wards where I lived represented was an unknown problem to me. I was strangely ignorant of the extent and meaning of that phase of @@ -3866,7 +3821,7 @@ treatment of one of the women. <p> <i>August 19.</i>—A beautiful thought came to me this -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_80' name='Page_80' href='#Page_80'>80</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_80' href='#Page_80'>80</a></span> lovely morning. Emerson says, ‘Our faith comes to us in moments, our vice is habitual.’ I never till now could explain this to my satisfaction. It is that the atmosphere @@ -3904,7 +3859,7 @@ physicians, unlike their chief, were not friendly. When I walked into the wards they walked out. They ceased to write the diagnosis and treatment of patients on the card at the head of each bed, which -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_81' name='Page_81' href='#Page_81'>81</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_81' href='#Page_81'>81</a></span> had hitherto been the custom, thus throwing me entirely on my own resources for clinical study. </p> @@ -3950,7 +3905,7 @@ Heaven guide me! May good spirits ever surround me! <p> At the end of the summer I gladly returned to the healthy and hopeful college life at Geneva. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_82' name='Page_82' href='#Page_82'>82</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_82' href='#Page_82'>82</a></span> Passing through New York, where I saw Dr. Dickson and his family and heard Henry Ward Beecher preach, I reached my winter’s home on October 3, @@ -3963,7 +3918,7 @@ during some delicate demonstration of the brain, the students who were crowding round, standing on chairs, leaning on one another’s shoulders, kept most respectfully from me, drawing back instantly when -by accident they touched my head or shoulder.<a name='FA_4' id='FA_4' href='#FN_4' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a> +by accident they touched my head or shoulder.<a id='FA_4' href='#FN_4' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a> </p> <div class="blockquot"> @@ -3993,7 +3948,7 @@ the dear boy in his future! <p> <i>Sunday, 19th.</i>—Alone all day in my room, yet anything but lonely. Bright visions of usefulness have been -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_83' name='Page_83' href='#Page_83'>83</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_83' href='#Page_83'>83</a></span> floating round me. I consecrated myself anew to the accomplishment of a great idea. I tried to lecture for an hour to an imaginary audience; striving to prepare for @@ -4050,7 +4005,7 @@ made little impression on me. <i>December 22.</i>—The deepest snow I have seen for years. It was as much as I could do to walk to college; but all was pleasant, the class seem so very friendly. One set -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_84' name='Page_84' href='#Page_84'>84</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_84' href='#Page_84'>84</a></span> me a chair, another spoke so pleasantly, and I had several little friendly chats. How little they know my sensitiveness to these trifling tokens! The unusual weather, an @@ -4098,7 +4053,7 @@ will procure me the diploma next Tuesday. Now, though the examinations were not very formidable, still the anxiety and effort were as great as if everything were at stake, and when I came from the room and -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_85' name='Page_85' href='#Page_85'>85</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_85' href='#Page_85'>85</a></span> joined the other candidates who were anxiously awaiting their turn, my face burned, my whole being was excited, but a great load was lifted from my mind. The students @@ -4137,7 +4092,7 @@ footing. <p> But I meant to talk to you about the cholera. Our -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_86' name='Page_86' href='#Page_86'>86</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_86' href='#Page_86'>86</a></span> physicians confessedly cannot cure it. The Professor who lectured upon it yesterday commenced: ‘Gentlemen, I wish I could tell you how to cure the cholera, but @@ -4183,7 +4138,7 @@ day, is nearly finished; and now whilst visitors are dropping in I must record my first entrance into public life—’twas bright and beautiful and very gratifying. Great curiosity was felt. As I entered and sat in the church I -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_87' name='Page_87' href='#Page_87'>87</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_87' href='#Page_87'>87</a></span> gave one thought to friends, and then thought only of the Holy One. After the degree had been conferred on the others, I was called up alone to the platform. The President, @@ -4225,7 +4180,7 @@ life as to the very shallow nature of popularity. <p> The following letter, written by a younger brother who came to be with me on this important -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_88' name='Page_88' href='#Page_88'>88</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_88' href='#Page_88'>88</a></span> occasion, gives some interesting as well as amusing details of the event:— </p> @@ -4268,7 +4223,7 @@ would say, ‘our Elib. feels first-rate this morning. Do you notice how pleased she looks?’ ‘Yes, indeed,’ replied another, ‘and I think she well may after the examination she passed yesterday.’ ‘So Lizzie will get her diploma -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_89' name='Page_89' href='#Page_89'>89</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_89' href='#Page_89'>89</a></span> after all,’ said a third. ‘If any member of the class gets one, <i>she</i> is sure of it,’ said a fourth. Then all agreed that ‘our Elib.’ was ‘a great girl,’ and in short I found that @@ -4307,7 +4262,7 @@ left aisle and join the procession as it came up, and we then walked in and sat down. We found the church, galleries and all, <i>crowded with ladies</i>, they only having been as yet admitted; and of course when we came in there -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_90' name='Page_90' href='#Page_90'>90</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_90' href='#Page_90'>90</a></span> was a general stir and murmur, and everybody turned to look at us. By the time the procession came up, all the pews, except those reserved for students, were filled, @@ -4342,7 +4297,7 @@ Homœopathists, Hydropathists, Mesmerists, Thompsonians, &c., and gave the ladies of the audience quite a lecture for their encouragement and circulation of quack medicines, informing them that they had better study -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_91' name='Page_91' href='#Page_91'>91</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_91' href='#Page_91'>91</a></span> a little the principles of medicine before attempting to practise what they were so profoundly ignorant about. At the close he alluded to the novel proceeding which @@ -4379,13 +4334,13 @@ privileges and the responsibilities of the profession produced a widespread effect in America. The public press very generally recorded the event, and expressed a favourable opinion of it. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_92' name='Page_92' href='#Page_92'>92</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_92' href='#Page_92'>92</a></span> </p> <p> Even in Europe some notice of it was taken, and ‘Punch’ showed his cordial appreciation by his -amusing but friendly verses.<a name='FA_5' id='FA_5' href='#FN_5' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a> +amusing but friendly verses.<a id='FA_5' href='#FN_5' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a> </p> <p> @@ -4428,7 +4383,7 @@ very important to me. <p> The following letter is characteristic of that period of life:— -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_93' name='Page_93' href='#Page_93'>93</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_93' href='#Page_93'>93</a></span> </p> <div class="blockquot"> @@ -4470,7 +4425,7 @@ reflection that few people read them. I go in whole-souledly for the Divine marriage institution, and shall always support it by precept, and as soon as I get the chance by example too, and all those who would upset it -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_94' name='Page_94' href='#Page_94'>94</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_94' href='#Page_94'>94</a></span> I consider fools and infidels. I think Associationists too often a very poor set of people, and if they would commence by reforming themselves, and let the Almighty @@ -4518,7 +4473,7 @@ general and private talks without end. <p> <i>April 7.</i>—They all came down to see me off. They -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_95' name='Page_95' href='#Page_95'>95</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_95' href='#Page_95'>95</a></span> stood on the adjoining boat as we sailed away up the river, mother leaning on S., the three sisters on one side, H. and G. on the other, all hearts in sympathy. @@ -4547,7 +4502,7 @@ talks he had planned. Beautiful Boston Bay vanished in the distance. America, that land of memories, was left far behind. I took to my berth and lay there in misery five days and nights. How I loathe the ship! -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_96' name='Page_96' href='#Page_96'>96</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_96' href='#Page_96'>96</a></span> </p> </div><!-- blockquot --> </div><!-- chapter --> @@ -4555,10 +4510,10 @@ five days and nights. How I loathe the ship! <div class="chapter"> <h2> CHAPTER IV -<br /> +<br > <span class="subhead"> STUDY IN EUROPE -<br /> +<br > 1849-1851 </span></h2> @@ -4585,7 +4540,7 @@ surroundings of the great mining district of England. The following letters are descriptive of a young student’s impressions on revisiting her native land more than a generation ago. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_97' name='Page_97' href='#Page_97'>97</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_97' href='#Page_97'>97</a></span> </p> <div class="blockquot"> @@ -4627,7 +4582,7 @@ volumes of black smoke rolled over our heads, and the rushing noise grew louder and louder. I thought some accident had occurred, and looked out for the safest retreat, when I found it was only the clearing of -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_98' name='Page_98' href='#Page_98'>98</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_98' href='#Page_98'>98</a></span> the furnaces by sending a powerful blast through them, which was always practised after a casting. Within a square of twelve miles one-sixth of the iron used in @@ -4663,7 +4618,7 @@ the voices of the workmen, form one of the most curious features of the place, and show how the same energy and power are still at work, though in a very different direction. We drove home through the little town of Dudley, which -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_99' name='Page_99' href='#Page_99'>99</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_99' href='#Page_99'>99</a></span> presented a most curious spectacle, for it was market day, and the workmen from all the country round, having received their wages, were come in with their wives and @@ -4699,7 +4654,7 @@ you what a relief this is, for the idea of going to that great city an entire stranger, and wandering about it utterly alone, was a most desolate, oppressive thought, and entirely destroyed all the pleasure of the anticipation, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_100' name='Page_100' href='#Page_100'>100</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_100' href='#Page_100'>100</a></span> though I assumed a very independent tone in speaking of my journey when I found it was utterly impossible for cousin to accompany me. He is an old friend of cousin’s, @@ -4738,7 +4693,7 @@ every little service in his power. His family is an old and highly respected one in Birmingham, and when he found I wished to see something of medicine in the city he used his influence to arrange a useful day for me. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_101' name='Page_101' href='#Page_101'>101</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_101' href='#Page_101'>101</a></span> Accordingly, the day before yesterday I went in with him to Birmingham, having received invitations from several physicians. We spent the day in visiting the @@ -4777,7 +4732,7 @@ scenes; a few minutes’ curiosity, and then all went on as usual. The students presented the same mixture of faces as our American ones, wore rather better coats, and seemed to be quicker in their movements. I noted -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_102' name='Page_102' href='#Page_102'>102</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_102' href='#Page_102'>102</a></span> nothing peculiar in the operation, which was skilfully performed, without chloroform, which Mr. Parker disliked. Before leaving, he offered me a letter to the @@ -4819,7 +4774,7 @@ fine and spacious orderly railway station, the wide streets and gay shops. This morning, after seeing Dr. Percy, Cousin S.’s friend, who has promised to give me the necessary introductions to the hospitals to-morrow, we -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_103' name='Page_103' href='#Page_103'>103</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_103' href='#Page_103'>103</a></span> walked about five miles through the city before reaching Mrs. X.’s house in Devonshire Street. During our walk we passed through many handsome squares with monuments @@ -4855,7 +4810,7 @@ her appearance in a blue and black satin dress with jet ornaments and a lace headdress—a handsome brunette, with red cheeks and very black eyes and hair, and altogether too much mannerism to please me. She was -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_104' name='Page_104' href='#Page_104'>104</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_104' href='#Page_104'>104</a></span> evidently criticising me, and holding herself in a non-committal attitude. I sat still and talked very quietly, thinking to myself that if I were condemned to live there @@ -4891,7 +4846,7 @@ most perfect order prevailed. Our hostess became quite agreeable, laughed, and chatted merrily about all manner of nothings. It was impossible to converse with her; she must do the talking with a little support, and she gave -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_105' name='Page_105' href='#Page_105'>105</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_105' href='#Page_105'>105</a></span> forth a good deal of shrewd worldly wisdom. She set us down at the Zoological Gardens in Regent’s Park, with many regrets that an engagement to a dinner-party in the @@ -4933,7 +4888,7 @@ Miss Gillies is a distinguished artist. I am to visit her and see her relation, Dr. Southwood Smith. Chapman, the well-known publisher, was present, and talked a good deal to me, but seemed a little undecided -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_106' name='Page_106' href='#Page_106'>106</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_106' href='#Page_106'>106</a></span> what tone to take. He has a very handsome, intellectual face. I was introduced to many pleasant people; one had the rare, beautiful face of Cowper’s mother. Great @@ -4978,7 +4933,7 @@ has impressed me more than any other institution with the power and wealth of the nation. It is a series of great palaces, connected by colonnades with double rows of pillars ranged round a large green open to the river, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_107' name='Page_107' href='#Page_107'>107</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_107' href='#Page_107'>107</a></span> with the park and observatory in the background. The old sailors were hobbling about in comfortable dresses, with enormous rations of bread and meat; for we @@ -5014,7 +4969,7 @@ grew stiff, notwithstanding the champagne I drank. By-the-by, that is the only wine I like; iced champagne is really good. I sat by Sir J. H. at table, and never discovered till I had left that it was actually mother’s -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_108' name='Page_108' href='#Page_108'>108</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_108' href='#Page_108'>108</a></span> old friend. He told Charles that he knew my mother, and remembered my face perfectly, having often seen me at church. I regretted exceedingly that I did not know @@ -5053,7 +5008,7 @@ here; its income is 30,000<i>l.</i> per annum, and some hospitals have even more. Then he invited me to attend his clinical lecture; so at the head of a large body of students, who had been peeping at me in every direction, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_109' name='Page_109' href='#Page_109'>109</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_109' href='#Page_109'>109</a></span> I passed with him through ward after ward, men’s and women’s, the students preserving the most perfect order, though I could see that they were filled with the intensest @@ -5092,7 +5047,7 @@ It did at first bewilder, but now I’ve roused myself to meet it and I really enjoy it. I’ve never had such an experience; I must have walked ten miles a day. I come home sometimes hardly able to move a foot; I -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_110' name='Page_110' href='#Page_110'>110</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_110' href='#Page_110'>110</a></span> wash and dress, and in an hour I’m up again and fresh for as much more—the more I have to do, the more I can. I believe I’ve never yet begun to call out my power of @@ -5134,7 +5089,7 @@ cottages are nestled, and there are old mansions hidden in noble parks, old walls covered with luxuriant ivy, shady lanes with long avenues of trees and smooth hedges of hawthorn and laurel, fields covered with a -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_111' name='Page_111' href='#Page_111'>111</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_111' href='#Page_111'>111</a></span> rich carpet golden with buttercups and daisies, the cows quietly feeding in a veritable paradise to them. Then there are all manner of odd corners and irregular clusters @@ -5181,7 +5136,7 @@ city. I parted from my kind companion, who in London had spent the whole week in one continued effort to aid me in every possible way, with real gratitude. I could not thank him, words seemed too meaningless.... I -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_112' name='Page_112' href='#Page_112'>112</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_112' href='#Page_112'>112</a></span> left London with the profoundest respect for the vast power of many kinds displayed there, and a grateful remembrance of a personal reception that had been so @@ -5217,7 +5172,7 @@ charged a couple of francs. We left Calais at nine o’clock, and the difference between France and England was apparent the whole way. The country was no flatter than between Liverpool and Birmingham, but badly -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_113' name='Page_113' href='#Page_113'>113</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_113' href='#Page_113'>113</a></span> drained and badly cultivated, with many peat bogs and dwarf willows bordering the watercourses. There were many villages built of light-coloured stone, but apparently @@ -5256,7 +5211,7 @@ went with me to some places he knew of. At last we found a little room with bedroom attached in a central situation and at a moderate rent. The hostess was a very pleasant-looking woman, with her own room close by, the -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_114' name='Page_114' href='#Page_114'>114</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_114' href='#Page_114'>114</a></span> whole suite being separated from the rest of the house. I felt, however, quite disappointed in the city; it did not seem to me handsome, gay, or elegant after London; but @@ -5305,7 +5260,7 @@ a sketch before this post—the last—closes. <p> Of course I dressed with great care, and arrived just at the appointed hour. I was asked if I was a lady from -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_115' name='Page_115' href='#Page_115'>115</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_115' href='#Page_115'>115</a></span> America, for Lamartine is to most people <i>in the country</i>. I was shown through several ante-chambers into a drawing-room, where stood the poet entertaining some visitors; @@ -5344,7 +5299,7 @@ practice the great thoughts he cherishes. <p> I went last night with my good little hostess to a -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_116' name='Page_116' href='#Page_116'>116</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_116' href='#Page_116'>116</a></span> neighbouring church, where there is service every evening. It was well lighted round the central altar, but in every direction the lofty aisles stretched away into the @@ -5382,7 +5337,7 @@ as <i>Etudiante</i>. The man stared, and then standing in front of me began to make the most extraordinary grimaces, opening his eyes until the whites showed all round them. My first astonished thought was—‘You -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_117' name='Page_117' href='#Page_117'>117</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_117' href='#Page_117'>117</a></span> ugly little brute, what on earth are you doing that for?’ when, his manner suddenly changing on my look of astonishment, he tapped me benevolently @@ -5420,7 +5375,7 @@ however, M. Louis handed to me the letter of introduction which I had sent to him, saying that he thought I ought to see it. It was an astounding production, written in such wretched French that I -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_118' name='Page_118' href='#Page_118'>118</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_118' href='#Page_118'>118</a></span> could only suppose that its author was unaware of its insulting character, or of the effect that such a letter delivered to a French gentleman by a young @@ -5462,7 +5417,7 @@ succeed. Would it be possible to secure in Bristol a copy of my register of baptism, with a statement of my birthday and my parents, certified by the mayor or some proper authority? I was baptised at Bridge Street by -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_119' name='Page_119' href='#Page_119'>119</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_119' href='#Page_119'>119</a></span> Mr. Leifchild; I was born on February 3, 1821. I do not know, however, whether such a register is kept in England. If it could be procured, it would remove the @@ -5504,7 +5459,7 @@ relation to me justified and approved. The thesis was received with applause. This information is quite a relief to me, for the thought would be too painful that you could injure your friends. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_120' name='Page_120' href='#Page_120'>120</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_120' href='#Page_120'>120</a></span> </p> @@ -5553,7 +5508,7 @@ and the unjust, tyrannical acts of the Government excite one’s strongest indignation. Now all is quiet again, however, and the whole affair is said to have been planned by the authorities to get rid of certain troublesome men. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_121' name='Page_121' href='#Page_121'>121</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_121' href='#Page_121'>121</a></span> </p> @@ -5604,7 +5559,7 @@ waggons of ammunition and provisions, escorted by soldiers, had rumbled through the streets. The public squares were shut and filled with soldiers. The Democratic press was destroyed; and the next morning the -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_122' name='Page_122' href='#Page_122'>122</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_122' href='#Page_122'>122</a></span> city was declared in a state of siege, and a proclamation was published by the President calling on all good citizens to maintain the authority of the law. @@ -5652,7 +5607,7 @@ the citizens to arms, and signed by Considérant and Ledru Rollin. On the strength of that proclamation, which is fully believed to have been a forgery, the ‘meeting’ was dispersed and proceedings instituted against the -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_123' name='Page_123' href='#Page_123'>123</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_123' href='#Page_123'>123</a></span> members. The Government is proceeding with a high hand. I see that to-day even the Conservative press is putting in a feeble protest. @@ -5697,7 +5652,7 @@ Stirring events were occurring in Paris during my residence in the Maternité, but only vague rumours reached us, as no newspapers were allowed within the old grey convent walls. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_124' name='Page_124' href='#Page_124'>124</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_124' href='#Page_124'>124</a></span> </p> <p> @@ -5742,7 +5697,7 @@ a little street. A very small door led into a dark little entrance, the <i>portière</i> on one side, and a long room, called by courtesy the <i>parloir</i>, on the other. You must notice the <i>parloir</i>, for it is there I shall receive my -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_125' name='Page_125' href='#Page_125'>125</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_125' href='#Page_125'>125</a></span> visitors, if I ever have any, at two o’clock, in common with the other <i>élèves</i>; and there in one corner, in a sort of little glass box, sits the good dame who attends to the @@ -5778,7 +5733,7 @@ said I must sleep there until I had arranged my affairs with the director. I did not much admire the idea of passing the night in the infirmary. There was a large wood fire on the hearth, and the air felt warm and somewhat -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_126' name='Page_126' href='#Page_126'>126</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_126' href='#Page_126'>126</a></span> close. I looked suspiciously at the long rows of beds extending on each side, their white curtains closely drawn; I did not know what undesirable emanations @@ -5814,7 +5769,7 @@ is, one who has already studied a year, and who always has one or more of the <i>nouvelles élèves</i> under her care for initiation) to the room where the children are born. A large apron of coarse towelling was given me, with the -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_127' name='Page_127' href='#Page_127'>127</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_127' href='#Page_127'>127</a></span> injunction not to lose it, or I should have to pay three francs. It was a large upper room, rather dimly lighted, beds all round, a fire on the hearth, cupboards full of @@ -5850,7 +5805,7 @@ excused from the religious services, but I was too sleepy to do much. I wrote, walked in the garden and read a little there, retired early, and had a most welcome sleep and very pleasant dreams. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_128' name='Page_128' href='#Page_128'>128</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_128' href='#Page_128'>128</a></span> </p> @@ -5891,7 +5846,7 @@ number. At dinner I saw them all together for the first time; some very pretty and graceful, some very rough. I am learning to take wine; everyone advises me to do so, and I shall soon be able to drink my bottle a day. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_129' name='Page_129' href='#Page_129'>129</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_129' href='#Page_129'>129</a></span> </p> @@ -5934,7 +5889,7 @@ though I have been asked so often if I am going to stay two years that I have had to tell a great many—evasions. I shall have, doubtless, many weary moments, but I want you all to know that it will not be so utterly miserable as -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_130' name='Page_130' href='#Page_130'>130</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_130' href='#Page_130'>130</a></span> my former letters may have represented it. And great will be the reward! So send a welcome greeting to the Voluntary Prisoner. @@ -5978,7 +5933,7 @@ I hasten upstairs to the long corridor, the ‘Sainte-Elisabeth,’ where my patients lie. I inquire carefully their condition, wash them, and see that the beds have been properly arranged. By that time it is a quarter past six; -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_131' name='Page_131' href='#Page_131'>131</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_131' href='#Page_131'>131</a></span> Madame Charrier makes her appearance and goes the rounds, accompanied by the <i>élèves</i>, each one giving a short report of the patients under her care. It is a funny @@ -6014,7 +5969,7 @@ very pretty method of instruction: the young teacher seated on the grass, all the pupils grouped around under the thick shade of some fine tree, the atmosphere being of an elastic purity which is truly charming. The French -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_132' name='Page_132' href='#Page_132'>132</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_132' href='#Page_132'>132</a></span> girls have a natural talent for instruction; they are so in the habit of talking that they never find the slightest difficulty in expressing what they know, and their lively @@ -6054,7 +6009,7 @@ again, visit my patients in the corridor, and from two to three go to the <i>parloir</i> to see my friends, if they are so good as to come at that hot hour to see me. This <i>parloir</i> is a funny affair—a plain room, filled with wooden -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_133' name='Page_133' href='#Page_133'>133</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_133' href='#Page_133'>133</a></span> benches, where all manner of rough people are assembled to visit the <i>élèves</i>. On certain days, also, in one corner a woman establishes a little shop, where she supplies @@ -6094,7 +6049,7 @@ to you; it is the most curious spurring-up of pupils I ever saw, and really it makes some of them gallop admirably, though many tumble down in the effort. Three pupils are called down every morning, seated on a long -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_134' name='Page_134' href='#Page_134'>134</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_134' href='#Page_134'>134</a></span> bench in front of Madame Charrier’s table, and undergo an hour’s examination on what they have heard from the teachers. If they answer promptly and well, her satisfaction @@ -6134,7 +6089,7 @@ but <i>saint usage</i>, and the sign of the cross made with wonderful dexterity on the forehead and breast. At the conclusion of the meal another prayer rocket is sent up, amidst laughing and bustle, and all crowd out of the hall, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_135' name='Page_135' href='#Page_135'>135</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_135' href='#Page_135'>135</a></span> with their loaves of bread under their arms and all manner of odd little pots full of eatables in their hands. From one till two another lesson in the amphitheatre—which, @@ -6176,7 +6131,7 @@ slightest opportunity to make my acquaintance.... <p> After dinner, when fine, I generally go into our wood, and, seating myself under my favourite tree, I write till -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_136' name='Page_136' href='#Page_136'>136</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_136' href='#Page_136'>136</a></span> it grows dark; or I stroll up and down the broad alleys, sending my thoughts far off into the past or the future. It is very pleasant in our wood; outside the walls are @@ -6215,7 +6170,7 @@ to vanish.... <p> You must not be surprised if my letter contains an -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_137' name='Page_137' href='#Page_137'>137</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_137' href='#Page_137'>137</a></span> immense number of perplexed parentheses, and has a tendency to return always to the same subject. If you could only hear ‘what hideous sounds salute mine ear,’ @@ -6254,7 +6209,7 @@ life. Imagine, then, that you have retired early to bed, after a night spent in hard work, and the day in that nervous mystification that follows loss of rest. You have taken a refreshing bath and laid yourself down, encircled -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_138' name='Page_138' href='#Page_138'>138</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_138' href='#Page_138'>138</a></span> by dear memories that fan you to sleep with their gentle dreams; you have just entered that beautiful dreamland, when you are suddenly startled by a scream, a burst of @@ -6290,7 +6245,7 @@ the end of the room and drive it with great violence down the centre. The rolling noise over the brick floor is tremendous, and accompanied by a regular Babel of laughter, shouting, and jokes of every description. Some get on -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_139' name='Page_139' href='#Page_139'>139</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_139' href='#Page_139'>139</a></span> top of their beds, which consist of three thick mattresses, and jump up and down like mad things; others get up a wild dance in one corner of the room, which grows continually @@ -6329,7 +6284,7 @@ all she dictated, and then I made a private memorandum for my own satisfaction. This latter was seen by the Superior, and immediately the ‘chief’ was directed to copy it; she did it willingly, for she is a good little being, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_140' name='Page_140' href='#Page_140'>140</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_140' href='#Page_140'>140</a></span> and has a profound respect for the stranger. The other day two of our chiefs begged me to give them a private lesson on the circulation of the blood, which I willingly @@ -6365,7 +6320,7 @@ teacher, she folds her hands and asks in a subdued voice, ‘Mademoiselle, from what department do you come?’ and on receiving the answer, adds, ‘Ah, then it is all accounted for; the case is a hopeless one;’ which announcement -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_141' name='Page_141' href='#Page_141'>141</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_141' href='#Page_141'>141</a></span> greatly delights the rest of the class who belong to more enlightened departments. </p> @@ -6404,7 +6359,7 @@ smile and the tear are equally ready, though the sunshine generally prevails. She has spent several years in business in Paris, in cigar stores and similar employments, where she has had much to do with gentlemen, and she -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_142' name='Page_142' href='#Page_142'>142</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_142' href='#Page_142'>142</a></span> repeats to me the compliments they paid her, the offers they made, and her own witty, contemptuous replies, with the utmost <i>naïveté</i>. Poor child! she has been thrown on @@ -6443,7 +6398,7 @@ the little beings so enveloped before. They are just like mummies, but they perform a terrible concert altogether, with the voices of the <i>élèves</i> to help them. I sit a quiet spectator of the operation, occasionally addressing a -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_143' name='Page_143' href='#Page_143'>143</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_143' href='#Page_143'>143</a></span> question to M. Blot as he touches knife after knife on the arm of the infant before him; which question seems rather to embarrass the handsome <i>interne</i>, for he colours, @@ -6493,7 +6448,7 @@ seem too often neglected. They are still ignorant midwives with their mischievous interference.... The version seemed to me horrible. I almost fainted.... Spent the night in the infirmary—weary work. I cannot bear -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_144' name='Page_144' href='#Page_144'>144</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_144' href='#Page_144'>144</a></span> this loss of sleep.... To-day, three operations; much interested in the morning, but grew weary and disgusted in the afternoon. @@ -6541,7 +6496,7 @@ tongue, skin, &c., and the epithélium vibratile, as in other parts, and the fibro-plastic formations in the reparation of tissues, showing specimens of each kind. The first species was represented by a cellule full of little cellules, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_145' name='Page_145' href='#Page_145'>145</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_145' href='#Page_145'>145</a></span> a <i>noyau</i> in the centre containing a nucleolus—thus.... The second was of elongated form, thus.... The third represented the growth of fibre from cells, which cells @@ -6583,7 +6538,7 @@ second heart is situated in the ascending vena cava, close by the liver; strong muscular fibres are evident in the human subject, but in the horse are as large as quills. He does not perceive yet what veins return the blood, if -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_146' name='Page_146' href='#Page_146'>146</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_146' href='#Page_146'>146</a></span> his supposition be true. He also spoke of the power which the liver has of secreting sugar in a normal state, when animals are fed on certain substances which can be @@ -6591,7 +6546,7 @@ so converted; also of the curious experiment by which a dog was made, in his presence, to secrete albuminous or diabetic urine, according to the pricking of one or another point of the pneumogastric nerve near its -origin....<a name='FA_6' id='FA_6' href='#FN_6' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a> +origin....<a id='FA_6' href='#FN_6' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a> </p> <p> @@ -6613,7 +6568,7 @@ that I should remain a year in the institution. I told him I had determined to remain another three months; but I had many other branches to study. He replied that anything else I might learn elsewhere as well as in -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_147' name='Page_147' href='#Page_147'>147</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_147' href='#Page_147'>147</a></span> Paris, but that the opportunity of seeing all that was remarkable in three thousand deliveries in that space of time could be met with nowhere else in the world; that @@ -6659,7 +6614,7 @@ where he was confined for debt. <p> I imagined a whole romance out of the picture, and a little biography—a romance of a beautiful, true spirit, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_148' name='Page_148' href='#Page_148'>148</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_148' href='#Page_148'>148</a></span> struggling with a society too strong to be turned from its ancient habits of evil. But the pure spirit is not lost, it is working bravely still. @@ -6707,7 +6662,7 @@ should lose no portion of my short day. She woke up an hour earlier than usual, with the sense of some weighty responsibility resting upon her, which she could not at first understand; but as the idea of the Maternité dawned -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_149' name='Page_149' href='#Page_149'>149</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_149' href='#Page_149'>149</a></span> upon her she rose in haste, and at nine o’clock the summons for Mademoiselle Blackwell was shouted forth under the windows of my dormitory. You must know @@ -6746,7 +6701,7 @@ of the Maternité; it is a large round plot of ground, filled to overflowing with every variety of bright flower, enclosed by a trellis-work that is covered inside and outside by morning glories, nasturtiums, &c., so that it is nothing -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_150' name='Page_150' href='#Page_150'>150</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_150' href='#Page_150'>150</a></span> but a hedge of flowers. The nursery grounds we walked through were full of these, which sent forth a delicious odour; and occasionally they were varied by an enclosed @@ -6785,7 +6740,7 @@ is a large, somewhat darkened room hung round with curious pictures, and lined with very curious people. Mesmer occupies a large frame carved with firebrands and anchors and other significant images; he looks -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_151' name='Page_151' href='#Page_151'>151</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_151' href='#Page_151'>151</a></span> fixedly at a pale lady hanging opposite to him, who has evidently undergone several magnetic crises. There are some verses framed and hanging very near the ceiling, @@ -6824,7 +6779,7 @@ her a singular appearance of pale, tremulous red jelly. It would be impossible to describe the ornaments of M. Dupotet’s study cabinet—the mystic symbols and black-letter books of the Black Art; but there is a little -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_152' name='Page_152' href='#Page_152'>152</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_152' href='#Page_152'>152</a></span> metallic mirror of oval form, traced with magic characters, which exerts a truly wonderful effect upon impressible subjects, exciting an ecstasy of delight or a transport @@ -6866,7 +6821,7 @@ to all who are pursuing a new idea earnestly, that is very whimsical. I am obliged to laugh at it; and yet I have true respect for M. Dupotet. Though he believes in ancient magic, though he lives in the hope of working -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_153' name='Page_153' href='#Page_153'>153</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_153' href='#Page_153'>153</a></span> miracles, I really believe him to be an honest, enthusiastic man, engaged with his whole soul in pursuing what seems to him the most important of all discoveries. His @@ -6911,7 +6866,7 @@ he visits Paris. How glad I shall be to see him, as a friend whom I respect, and with whom I can have a long delightful gossip! perhaps also he can give me information and some advice and introductions. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_154' name='Page_154' href='#Page_154'>154</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_154' href='#Page_154'>154</a></span> </p> @@ -6962,7 +6917,7 @@ He examined the eye carefully, discovered that it was the dreaded disease, consulted his chief, and then told me that as everything depended on the early active treatment, he should give up the first days entirely to me. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_155' name='Page_155' href='#Page_155'>155</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_155' href='#Page_155'>155</a></span> He expressed much sympathy, arranged everything for me in the most thoughtful way, and I went to bed—I little knew for how long! I despatched a note to my @@ -7001,7 +6956,7 @@ in magnetism, came down regularly three times a day in rain and snow to sympathise and impart ‘the vital fluid.’ My friendship deepened for my young physician, and I planned a little present for his office. Madame Charrier -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_156' name='Page_156' href='#Page_156'>156</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_156' href='#Page_156'>156</a></span> entered into it with spirit; we had long discussions together, and finally secured an elegant pair of lamps for his consultation-rooms, which I hurried through the corridors @@ -7046,7 +7001,7 @@ medical education, and obliged to confess that I was right in principle. I shall have my <i>congé</i>, and a hope of <i>cliniques</i> and study in the Eccentric hospitals. Heaven has answered that heart-cry of the other night. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_157' name='Page_157' href='#Page_157'>157</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_157' href='#Page_157'>157</a></span> </p> <p> @@ -7095,7 +7050,7 @@ I find from your letters that there is a possibility of your visiting Paris. I should rejoice in the prospect of meeting you, if my own stay were certain; but it is by no means so. I have already accomplished much in -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_158' name='Page_158' href='#Page_158'>158</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_158' href='#Page_158'>158</a></span> France, but I find it very difficult to proceed further; still, I cannot yet judge decidedly of my prospects. I have just received permission from Government to visit the @@ -7111,8 +7066,8 @@ the medical student! <div class="signature"> <div class="left-align"> <p> -<span class="o6">Believe me, very truly,</span><br /> -<span class="o3">Your niece,</span><br /> +<span class="o6">Believe me, very truly,</span><br > +<span class="o3">Your niece,</span><br > <span class="smcap">Elizabeth Blackwell</span>. </p> @@ -7144,7 +7099,7 @@ France, Germany, and Prussia, in five days I reached the famous water-cure region. On the journey a day had been spent in Berlin, where I had been struck by the arrogance of the Prussian officers, and -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_159' name='Page_159' href='#Page_159'>159</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_159' href='#Page_159'>159</a></span> the fear which was expressed by a friend with whom I talked freely in Kroll’s Garden lest conversation should be overheard! @@ -7185,7 +7140,7 @@ quite full, he said, ‘You <i>can</i> come, child; come this afternoon, and bring your things with you,’ and off he went. I felt quite relieved to be spared the bother of lodging-hunting and housekeeping. I determined to -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_160' name='Page_160' href='#Page_160'>160</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_160' href='#Page_160'>160</a></span> face the innumerable gentlemen in shirt sleeves, and let properness go; if the <i>Gräfinn</i> did not like my position—why, she might dislike it! When I reached the place of @@ -7227,7 +7182,7 @@ they were all covered with coats, I was not shocked! <p> The next morning early I went through a series of hydropathic operations, at which Priessnitz assisted, as -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_161' name='Page_161' href='#Page_161'>161</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_161' href='#Page_161'>161</a></span> he always does the first time. The course never varied—viz. packing, a half-bath, a plunge bath, a wet bandage, and some glasses of cold water at six o’clock in the @@ -7275,7 +7230,7 @@ pleasant fir woods, passing several springs by the way, each with its name and inscription and rustic seats around; at each you stop and drink, chat a little with those you meet, and perhaps sit down for a few moments. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_162' name='Page_162' href='#Page_162'>162</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_162' href='#Page_162'>162</a></span> It is very sweet at this hour: the leaves smell so fresh, the beautiful flowers are covered with dew, and the cuckoo is heard in the woods all day. This stroll generally occupies @@ -7323,7 +7278,7 @@ This was, in fact, my first regular professional consultation. <p> The air and water, however, of that lovely region, with the constant outdoor life and endless rambles -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_163' name='Page_163' href='#Page_163'>163</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_163' href='#Page_163'>163</a></span> over the Bohemian mountain-sides, proved too stimulating to the still sensitive organ: a violent attack of inflammation supervened. With great difficulty @@ -7365,7 +7320,7 @@ information as was required, it was resolved: <p class="p2"> ‘That in the opinion of this committee Miss Blackwell -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_164' name='Page_164' href='#Page_164'>164</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_164' href='#Page_164'>164</a></span> should be admitted as a student under such regulations as the treasurer and almoners may from time to time deem necessary.’ @@ -7408,7 +7363,7 @@ Stanley, and Lloyd courteously welcomed me to their wards. Indeed, every department was cordially opened to me, <i>except the department for female diseases</i>! -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_165' name='Page_165' href='#Page_165'>165</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_165' href='#Page_165'>165</a></span> </p> <p> @@ -7462,7 +7417,7 @@ London, 28 Thavies Inn: November 1. <span class="smcap">Dear Friends</span>,—When I arrived in London on October 3, I was actually dismayed by the intolerable atmosphere, the dense envelope of foggy smoke that made me -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_166' name='Page_166' href='#Page_166'>166</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_166' href='#Page_166'>166</a></span> sick during the day and kept me awake at night; and as I continued to make observations on persons and things, and finally settled down in my present prosaic lodgings, @@ -7504,7 +7459,7 @@ exceptions.... But now I am going to tell mother of a visit which I made yesterday on purpose to amuse her—viz. to our old Bridge Street minister, Dr. Leifchild, whose christening -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_167' name='Page_167' href='#Page_167'>167</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_167' href='#Page_167'>167</a></span> of me I distinctly remember! Between three and four, on my return from hospital, I set out determined to hunt up the family, and after searching directories and trudging @@ -7540,7 +7495,7 @@ particularly my mother. ‘A sweet creature she was! How I should like to see her again! Doesn’t she talk about visiting England? I wish she would.’ He spoke of father with great affection, as a true friend. He had -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_168' name='Page_168' href='#Page_168'>168</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_168' href='#Page_168'>168</a></span> received most beautiful letters from him. ‘If my memoirs are published, one of his letters will appear in them.’ They had been told that the two eldest Miss @@ -7576,7 +7531,7 @@ he started back. ‘No! Yes! It isn’t—it is! It can’t be possible! It is very certain; but won’t you let me in?’ From Mr. May he learned that the eldest of the Blackwells had become Socinians; and then I must give -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_169' name='Page_169' href='#Page_169'>169</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_169' href='#Page_169'>169</a></span> an account of my religious faith. Of course I spoke up for myself. I told him my religion was certainly a little peculiar; but nevertheless it was a very good and very @@ -7615,7 +7570,7 @@ pass, and entering the museum, studies its numerous preparations till the hour of lecture, when an attendant shows it to a seat. I only attend regularly one course of lectures—viz. Mr. Paget’s very interesting course on -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_170' name='Page_170' href='#Page_170'>170</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_170' href='#Page_170'>170</a></span> pathology. Mr. Paget spoke to the students before I joined the class. When I entered and bowed, I received a round of applause. My seat is always reserved for me, @@ -7654,7 +7609,7 @@ The growing perplexity of the conscientious student awakening to the uncertainty of the art of medicine is now apparent in letters written at this time. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_171' name='Page_171' href='#Page_171'>171</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_171' href='#Page_171'>171</a></span> </p> <div class="blockquot"> @@ -7696,7 +7651,7 @@ with earnest attention, for a few weeks, the practice of a very large London hospital, and I find the majority of patients do get well; so I have come to this conclusion—that I must begin with a practice which is an old-established -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_172' name='Page_172' href='#Page_172'>172</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_172' href='#Page_172'>172</a></span> custom, which has really more expressed science than any other system; but nevertheless, as it dissatisfies me heartily, I shall commence as soon as possible building @@ -7735,7 +7690,7 @@ of Midwifery and the Diseases of Women and Children wrote me a very polite note, telling me that he entirely disapproved of a lady’s studying medicine, and begging me to consider that his neglecting to give me -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_173' name='Page_173' href='#Page_173'>173</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_173' href='#Page_173'>173</a></span> aid was owing to no disrespect to me as a lady, but to his condemnation of my object. </p> @@ -7784,7 +7739,7 @@ want of faith, which I do not venture to make to my present instructors, for the English are in general too conservative to have sympathy with unbelief, however honest. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_174' name='Page_174' href='#Page_174'>174</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_174' href='#Page_174'>174</a></span> </p> <p> @@ -7823,7 +7778,7 @@ excitement, all moves steadily onward, constantly but without enthusiasm. No theory sets the world on fire till it is well established, and the German observers are much more studied than the French. Everything is stamped -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_175' name='Page_175' href='#Page_175'>175</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_175' href='#Page_175'>175</a></span> by good sense and clear substantial thought; my respect is fully commanded, but I often long for a visit to the College of France and a stroll in the Luxembourg. @@ -7869,7 +7824,7 @@ the heartiest hospitality. A bright social sun henceforth cheered the somewhat sombre atmosphere of my hospital life; for when the day’s duties were accomplished there was -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_176' name='Page_176' href='#Page_176'>176</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_176' href='#Page_176'>176</a></span> always some pleasant social gathering, or some concert or lecture attended with friends, to refresh the medical student. I often walked home from my @@ -7906,7 +7861,7 @@ and ordinary medical methods, my strong faith in hygiene formed the solid ground from which I gradually built up my own methods of treatment. Looking back upon a long medical life, one of my -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_177' name='Page_177' href='#Page_177'>177</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_177' href='#Page_177'>177</a></span> happiest recollections is of the number of mothers whom I influenced in the healthy education of their children. @@ -7964,7 +7919,7 @@ and thinking that I must put on my boots and turn out into the horrible fog that was darkening daylight, when your welcome letters came, and it being holiday time I treated myself to an immediate perusal. I must -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_178' name='Page_178' href='#Page_178'>178</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_178' href='#Page_178'>178</a></span> beg you not to imagine me sitting in a large bare room in an <i>inn</i>. The term ‘inn’ is only applied in this case to a particularly quiet and respectable little street. The @@ -8003,7 +7958,7 @@ but not—for me—to work with body and soul. I cannot sympathise fully with an anti-man movement. I have had too much kindness, aid, and just recognition from men to make such attitude of women otherwise -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_179' name='Page_179' href='#Page_179'>179</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_179' href='#Page_179'>179</a></span> than painful; and I think the true end of freedom may be gained better in another way. I was touched by the kind remembrance of W. H. C., which placed my name @@ -8042,7 +7997,7 @@ wretched sisters, standing at every corner of the streets, decked out in their best, which best is generally a faded shawl and even tattered dress, seeking their wretched living; and many aching hearts I have seen looking -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_180' name='Page_180' href='#Page_180'>180</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_180' href='#Page_180'>180</a></span> through the thin, hungry features. But I will not pain you farther; you know the general fact, though you have never had it pressed home to you in a thousand ways, as @@ -8078,7 +8033,7 @@ passed several delightful evenings with Mrs. Follen, Mrs. Jameson, and the Chapmans; the De Morgans, Morells, and many others are unceasing in their kindness. I find these people varying in religion and everything else, but -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_181' name='Page_181' href='#Page_181'>181</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_181' href='#Page_181'>181</a></span> all alive and open to progressive ideas—if they are not shocked back. There seems to be a very large class of this kind, who are not united in any special effort, but in @@ -8125,7 +8080,7 @@ and give myself a three days’ treat. I arrived in Brighton one bright, blowing afternoon. Nearly three miles of good stone houses face the broad sea, the road in front of them forming a delightful elevated promenade open -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_182' name='Page_182' href='#Page_182'>182</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_182' href='#Page_182'>182</a></span> to the spray and the Atlantic winds. In the distance at one extremity was Beachy Head, at the other the projecting point that hid Portsmouth, and far out, dim in the @@ -8161,7 +8116,7 @@ a glimpse of Fanny Kemble the evening before, when Mrs. Jameson had brought her back from reading the ‘Midsummer Night’s Dream.’ She entered the parlour for a few minutes, throwing open the door and declaiming -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_183' name='Page_183' href='#Page_183'>183</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_183' href='#Page_183'>183</a></span> a tragic Shakespearian quotation, dressed in rose-coloured satin, with a crimson mantle trimmed with white fur, a large bouquet in her bosom, her jet-black hair braided @@ -8203,7 +8158,7 @@ I was obliged to leave my new friends. Lady Byron, in a purple velvet mantle lined with white silk, a rich dress, and a purple satin bonnet trimmed with black lace, escorted me to the cars and put me into the second class, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_184' name='Page_184' href='#Page_184'>184</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_184' href='#Page_184'>184</a></span> which economy obliged me to take. With the most hearty shake of the hand we parted, and we have exchanged several notes since I returned, for, as I said, she @@ -8248,7 +8203,7 @@ the details minute. What must one think of it?... <p> <i>April 17.</i>—Went down with my friend Florence to Embley Park. The laurels were in full bloom. Examined -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_185' name='Page_185' href='#Page_185'>185</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_185' href='#Page_185'>185</a></span> the handsome house and beautiful grounds. Saturday a perfect day. Walked much with Florence in the delicious air, amid a luxury of sights and sounds, @@ -8293,7 +8248,7 @@ establishing myself in practice in London was seriously considered at this time. Under other circumstances I should gladly have made the attempt, for I was strongly attracted to my native -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_186' name='Page_186' href='#Page_186'>186</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_186' href='#Page_186'>186</a></span> land. But I was extremely poor, with no capital to fall back on, and with a great horror of running into debt; neither had I any circle of family friends @@ -8339,7 +8294,7 @@ parted from her with tears. <i>May 20.</i>—Visited Guy’s Hospital, Dr. Oldham doing the honours most kindly. The museum is the best for study that I have yet seen. There are about 600 beds in -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_187' name='Page_187' href='#Page_187'>187</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_187' href='#Page_187'>187</a></span> the hospital; twenty are for midwifery, especially under Dr. Oldham’s care, providing about 1,800 cases in the year, and looked after by four young students, who are @@ -8389,7 +8344,7 @@ to lose me. and am now ready to go. Much as I regret England, my deepest feelings are with my work, which I always carry with me.... Bessie P. spent part of the -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_188' name='Page_188' href='#Page_188'>188</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_188' href='#Page_188'>188</a></span> day with me. We parted with a few cheerful words, but I saw her face colour with emotion as she looked back and saw me watching her from the door. Beautiful, true @@ -8431,7 +8386,7 @@ the cotton arrives from America and India; we then proceeded through room after room where all the processes were conducted, from breaking up the bales, tearing to pieces, sorting, carding, forming into sheets, twisting, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_189' name='Page_189' href='#Page_189'>189</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_189' href='#Page_189'>189</a></span> spinning, weaving, and finally measuring and folding the cloth. We went up and down, by movable trap-doors, underground from street to street, all through the immense @@ -8461,7 +8416,7 @@ page in life fairly closed! <p> Adieu, dear friends! Heaven keep us all! -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_190' name='Page_190' href='#Page_190'>190</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_190' href='#Page_190'>190</a></span> </p> </div><!-- blockquot --> </div><!-- chapter --> @@ -8469,7 +8424,7 @@ Adieu, dear friends! Heaven keep us all! <div class="chapter"> <h2> CHAPTER V -<br /> +<br > <span class="subhead"> PRACTICAL WORK IN AMERICA </span> @@ -8505,7 +8460,7 @@ ocean the warm sympathy they had shown in London. They strengthened that feeling of kinship to my native land which finally drew me back to it. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_191' name='Page_191' href='#Page_191'>191</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_191' href='#Page_191'>191</a></span> </p> <p> @@ -8556,7 +8511,7 @@ strange new mechanical power, yet the Royal College of Physicians and the ‘Lancet’ decreed that it should be explained by involuntary muscular movement, and one M.D. of eminence wrote a letter to me implying that -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_192' name='Page_192' href='#Page_192'>192</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_192' href='#Page_192'>192</a></span> believers in the magnetoscope were to be classed with Mormons. </p> @@ -8598,7 +8553,7 @@ facts bearing upon it. I have, however, had the satisfaction of seeing conviction produced on the mind of one of our most distinguished geologists, who perceived the connection between the influences of magnetism and -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_193' name='Page_193' href='#Page_193'>193</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_193' href='#Page_193'>193</a></span> metals on the pendulum, and some of the subterranean operations, particularly mineral springs. (My hand is tired and must rest.) @@ -8641,7 +8596,7 @@ With a strong feeling that the ocean is not distance, <div class="signature"> <div class="left-align"> <p> -<span class="o4">Yours most truly,</span><br /> +<span class="o4">Yours most truly,</span><br > <i>A. I. Noel Byron</i>. </p> </div><!-- signature --> @@ -8655,7 +8610,7 @@ young physician in preparing some lectures on the physical education of girls, which were delivered in a basement Sunday school room in the spring of 1852. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_194' name='Page_194' href='#Page_194'>194</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_194' href='#Page_194'>194</a></span> </p> <p> @@ -8693,7 +8648,7 @@ Cincinnati at the time of my father’s fatal illness. This gentleman, after seeing the patient, went with me into the parlour. There he began to walk about the room in some agitation, exclaiming, ‘A most -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_195' name='Page_195' href='#Page_195'>195</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_195' href='#Page_195'>195</a></span> extraordinary case! Such a one never happened to me before; I really do not know what to do!’ I listened in surprise and much perplexity, as it was a @@ -8734,7 +8689,7 @@ to try and form an independent dispensary. In 1853, with the aid of some of my friends, a small room was engaged in a poor quarter of the town near Tompkin’s Square; one of my Quaker -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_196' name='Page_196' href='#Page_196'>196</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_196' href='#Page_196'>196</a></span> friends, Mrs. Cornelia Hussey, actively assisted in arranging drugs, covering a screen, &c. This dispensary (afterwards moved to Third Street) was @@ -8775,7 +8730,7 @@ social problems. The difficulties and trials encountered at this early period were severe. Ill-natured gossip, as well as insolent anonymous letters, came to me. Although -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_197' name='Page_197' href='#Page_197'>197</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_197' href='#Page_197'>197</a></span> I have never met with any serious difficulties in attending to my practice at all hours of the night, yet unpleasant annoyances from unprincipled men @@ -8823,7 +8778,7 @@ woman as well as physician, and both natures are wounded by these falsehoods. Ah, I am glad I, and not another, have to bear this pioneer work. I understand now why this life has never been lived before. It <i>is</i> hard, with no -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_198' name='Page_198' href='#Page_198'>198</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_198' href='#Page_198'>198</a></span> support but a high purpose, to live against every species of social opposition.... I <i>should</i> like a little fun now and then. Life is altogether too sober. @@ -8871,7 +8826,7 @@ is to hear a <i>man</i> called Doctor!’ <p> In December of 1855 I gave a first drawing-room ‘Address on the Medical Education of Women.’ -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_199' name='Page_199' href='#Page_199'>199</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_199' href='#Page_199'>199</a></span> </p> <p> @@ -8915,7 +8870,7 @@ female diseases. The genial character of this well-known physician was shown not only by his cordial reception of Dr. Emily as pupil and assistant, but by an amusing incident which occurred whilst his -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_200' name='Page_200' href='#Page_200'>200</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_200' href='#Page_200'>200</a></span> consulting-rooms were filled by a waiting assembly of aristocratic patients. My sister, being a classical scholar, was often employed by the Doctor in making @@ -8959,7 +8914,7 @@ needed in the world on these topics. I feel as if it were peculiarly our duty to meet this want. There is much vain thought given to these matters here. An active set of people are making desperate efforts to spread their -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_201' name='Page_201' href='#Page_201'>201</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_201' href='#Page_201'>201</a></span> detestable doctrines of ‘free love’ under scientific guise, placing agents with the advertisements of their books worded in the most specious and attractive manner at the @@ -9008,7 +8963,7 @@ our losing many opportunities because of our sex, but you must also bear in mind the disadvantages all students labour under, unless in exceptional cases. Crowded together in masses, they only see at a distance the most -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_202' name='Page_202' href='#Page_202'>202</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_202' href='#Page_202'>202</a></span> interesting cases; the complete study is reserved for the physician or his constant attendant. I remember expressing my impatience while in the Maternité at the @@ -9044,7 +8999,7 @@ generalities at the College of France and Jardin des Plantes. I believe that was all in the way of Parisian study. I applied to Davenne, Director-General of the hospitals, for permission to follow the physicians—refused; -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_203' name='Page_203' href='#Page_203'>203</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_203' href='#Page_203'>203</a></span> applied to Dubois and Trousseau to attend lectures at the Ecole de Médecine—refused; Trousseau advising me to disguise. You see I had no introductions, @@ -9080,7 +9035,7 @@ Don’t be in a hurry to leave Dr. S., for I fear you will nowhere else find a good drilling in that department. I shall see how far I can make your notes available from time to time in my own practice. With regard to my -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_204' name='Page_204' href='#Page_204'>204</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_204' href='#Page_204'>204</a></span> own <i>clientèle</i>, I shall have advanced 50 dollars over last year; slow progress, but still satisfactory, as it is reliable practice, not capricious success. Only think, the thermometer @@ -9124,7 +9079,7 @@ be very important. My conviction becomes constantly stronger that you will return, and my plans for the future all involve that fact. A pleasant circumstance occurred to my German, Dr. Zackrzewska. I arranged a Cleveland -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_205' name='Page_205' href='#Page_205'>205</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_205' href='#Page_205'>205</a></span> course for her, and she entered two weeks ago; she met a very friendly reception, and found that Dr. Kirkland is in correspondence with Professor Müller of Berlin, @@ -9169,7 +9124,7 @@ so delicious as their air and freedom? My ride with K. over the Welsh hills stands alone in my memory, and my slide with Howy down Malvern makes my mouth water. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_206' name='Page_206' href='#Page_206'>206</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_206' href='#Page_206'>206</a></span> </p> @@ -9214,7 +9169,7 @@ matter was discussed in full board, Trimble and Collins both advocating, and it was resolved to make the experiment, Drs. Smith, Buck, and Watson, the then attending physicians, being present and consenting, quite concurring -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_207' name='Page_207' href='#Page_207'>207</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_207' href='#Page_207'>207</a></span> in the principle, and only pleading the embarrassment they should themselves occasionally feel. Mr. Trimble assured them they would soon conquer their @@ -9255,7 +9210,7 @@ of my sister, Dr. Emily Blackwell, who became henceforth my partner and able co-worker. Dr. Maria E. Zackrzewska also joined us as soon as she had graduated at Cleveland, and became for some -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_208' name='Page_208' href='#Page_208'>208</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_208' href='#Page_208'>208</a></span> years before her removal to Boston our active and valued assistant in the New York work. </p> @@ -9299,7 +9254,7 @@ Annual Report for 1864:— <p> ‘But to this step (the establishment of a hospital) -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_209' name='Page_209' href='#Page_209'>209</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_209' href='#Page_209'>209</a></span> a host of objections were raised by those whom the early friends of the institution attempted to interest in their effort. They were told that no one would @@ -9337,7 +9292,7 @@ The pecuniary support of this institution, in addition to the medical responsibility involved in its conduct, was no small burden. For many years its annual income rested mainly on our exertions. A -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_210' name='Page_210' href='#Page_210'>210</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_210' href='#Page_210'>210</a></span> bazaar was held in its behalf for seven years in succession; lectures, concerts, and every other available means of collecting funds were resorted to. @@ -9378,7 +9333,7 @@ The necessity, however, of a separate hospital for the general training of women students had by this time been recognised. Experience both at the New York Hospital and at the large Bellevue -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_211' name='Page_211' href='#Page_211'>211</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_211' href='#Page_211'>211</a></span> Hospital, where classes of imperfectly trained women had failed to maintain their ground, proved that a special woman’s centre was needed, not only as @@ -9424,7 +9379,7 @@ translate my thought into the common language of life. I labour at this translation perpetually, and still remain too often incomprehensible. I will not degrade the central thought of this work, but I seek in every way to accommodate -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_212' name='Page_212' href='#Page_212'>212</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_212' href='#Page_212'>212</a></span> it wisely to the practical common-sense feeling of the people. </p> @@ -9445,7 +9400,7 @@ Allow me to remain, with very true affection, <div class="signature"> <div class="left-align"> <p> -<span class="o4">Your friend,</span><br /> +<span class="o4">Your friend,</span><br > <span class="smcap">Elizabeth Blackwell</span>. </p> @@ -9454,7 +9409,7 @@ Allow me to remain, with very true affection, <p> 79 East Fifteenth Street. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_213' name='Page_213' href='#Page_213'>213</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_213' href='#Page_213'>213</a></span> </p> </div><!-- blockquot --> </div><!-- chapter --> @@ -9462,9 +9417,9 @@ Allow me to remain, with very true affection, <div class="chapter"> <h2> CHAPTER VI -<br /> +<br > <span class="subhead"> -ENGLAND REVISITED<br /> +ENGLAND REVISITED<br > 1858 </span> </h2> @@ -9495,7 +9450,7 @@ what was being done in medicine by women in the United States, and the reasons for that work. The first of these addresses was on the value of physiological knowledge to women, the second on -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_214' name='Page_214' href='#Page_214'>214</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_214' href='#Page_214'>214</a></span> the value of medical knowledge, and the third on the practical aspect of the work as established in America and its adaptability to England. Whilst engaged in @@ -9535,7 +9490,7 @@ for two hours. She is seriously interested in the entrance of women into the medical profession, a wish founded in her case on the moral degradation which she has observed amongst her own acquaintance from the -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_215' name='Page_215' href='#Page_215'>215</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_215' href='#Page_215'>215</a></span> practice of being treated by men in female complaints. The fact which most struck her in all I told her was your amputating a breast; in this she actually triumphed. Her @@ -9571,7 +9526,7 @@ thanked me and shook my hand again and again at parting, and said that she should not think of letting this be our last interview, and she should write to Madame de Noailles the very next day. She had asked me previously -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_216' name='Page_216' href='#Page_216'>216</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_216' href='#Page_216'>216</a></span> if I was resolved in any case to go back to America, and I had told her ‘No,’ but described at the same time the excellent beginning we had made there. I feel convinced @@ -9618,7 +9573,7 @@ inmates formed the primary object of the director. <p> The following letters are descriptive of this time. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_217' name='Page_217' href='#Page_217'>217</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_217' href='#Page_217'>217</a></span> </p> @@ -9628,7 +9583,7 @@ The following letters are descriptive of this time. <div class="blockquot"> <p class="letter_head"> -Paris: December 30, 1858.<br /> +Paris: December 30, 1858.<br > 160 Rue St. Dominique. </p> @@ -9682,7 +9637,7 @@ has been and is immense. I think I have never known a woman labour as she has done. It is a most remarkable experience; she indeed deserves the name of a worker. Of course we conversed very earnestly about the nursing -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_218' name='Page_218' href='#Page_218'>218</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_218' href='#Page_218'>218</a></span> plan in which she wished to interest me. She says that for six months she shall be utterly unable to give any thought to the fund work, and wants me meanwhile to @@ -9718,7 +9673,7 @@ intelligent young lady whose interest in the study of medicine was then aroused—Miss Elizabeth Garrett—who became the pioneer of the medical movement in England, and who, as Mrs. Garrett -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_219' name='Page_219' href='#Page_219'>219</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_219' href='#Page_219'>219</a></span> Anderson, lives to see the great success of her difficult and brave work. </p> @@ -9766,7 +9721,7 @@ diffusion of hygienic knowledge among women; and have led to a proposition to found a hospital for a class of diseases, the ordinary treatment of which too frequently involves much avoidable moral suffering, to be placed -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_220' name='Page_220' href='#Page_220'>220</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_220' href='#Page_220'>220</a></span> under the direction of competent women physicians, in connection with a Board of consulting physicians and surgeons. @@ -9813,7 +9768,7 @@ Messrs. Bracebridge, the Hon. Russell Gurney, Q.C., and the Hon. W. Cowper accepted the posts of trustees, and sixty-six names of well-known ladies were gradually added to the circular. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_221' name='Page_221' href='#Page_221'>221</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_221' href='#Page_221'>221</a></span> </p> @@ -9863,7 +9818,7 @@ It is very unfortunate that the probable dissolution of Parliament and consequent ferment of re-elections will interfere with our proceedings; all lecturing is out of the question during the excitement of elections. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_222' name='Page_222' href='#Page_222'>222</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_222' href='#Page_222'>222</a></span> </p> <p> @@ -9915,7 +9870,7 @@ The subject was very carefully considered, and after mature deliberation this just and important concession to qualified women was authorised. I had the satisfaction of being enrolled as a recognised physician -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_223' name='Page_223' href='#Page_223'>223</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_223' href='#Page_223'>223</a></span> of my native land in the Medical Register of January 1, 1859. </p> @@ -9969,7 +9924,7 @@ exists in New York, if you will allow me to help in beginning a sanatorium in country air I should be able to realise my idea at once. I think you might obtain some house or farmhouse for the purpose in the -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_224' name='Page_224' href='#Page_224'>224</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_224' href='#Page_224'>224</a></span> course of the autumn or spring. The importance of convalescent hospitals in the country is beginning to be recognised in England; let women be the first to set the @@ -10022,7 +9977,7 @@ everywhere the London experience was repeated—viz. <i>conversion</i>; women thinking themselves hostile, but receiving the idea when they knew what it really meant. But the sympathy is necessarily intellectual only—practical -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_225' name='Page_225' href='#Page_225'>225</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_225' href='#Page_225'>225</a></span> reception and familiarity with the new position of women must necessarily be of slow growth. It must be, in fact, a life work. The children of the present generation @@ -10070,7 +10025,7 @@ years’ time we may hope for permanent institutions there, worthy of their object, but we can during that time efficiently aid earnest young Englishwomen for their work here. Mrs. Bracebridge, who is much interested -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_226' name='Page_226' href='#Page_226'>226</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_226' href='#Page_226'>226</a></span> in this plan, is coming to London in Trinity Week for the special purpose of becoming acquainted with Mrs. Gurney and Mrs. Battin. They will form a committee @@ -10123,7 +10078,7 @@ I have settled to sail by the <i>Persia</i> on the 23rd, but the difficulty of deciding on our future course does not lessen. I am convinced that England is the place where we should work to best advantage. Lady Byron, Mrs. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_227' name='Page_227' href='#Page_227'>227</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_227' href='#Page_227'>227</a></span> Bracebridge, the Peter Taylors, Miss Goldsmid—each the centre of a large and very different set of people—are each of them sure that we should have a large and @@ -10166,7 +10121,7 @@ and dispensary practice, which included the visiting of poor patients at their own homes, we established a sanitary visitor. This post was filled by one of our assistant physicians, whose special duty it was -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_228' name='Page_228' href='#Page_228'>228</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_228' href='#Page_228'>228</a></span> to give simple, practical instruction to poor mothers on the management of infants and the preservation of the health of their families. An intelligent young @@ -10210,7 +10165,7 @@ and at last I determined to begin the study of anatomy, chemistry, and materia medica, working steadily at these and enduring the ignorance of other branches which could not be studied rightly till a foundation of this kind had been -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_229' name='Page_229' href='#Page_229'>229</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_229' href='#Page_229'>229</a></span> laid. In pursuance of this plan, when the three months’ nursing had expired I had an interview with the treasurer of the hospital, and asked permission to visit the wards @@ -10246,7 +10201,7 @@ even if it must be of a private or irregular kind. Perhaps it would be best to call upon Dr. Southwood Smith, Dr. Mayo, and Dr. Jenner, and hear if they can help me into any other medical school. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_230' name='Page_230' href='#Page_230'>230</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_230' href='#Page_230'>230</a></span> </p> @@ -10293,7 +10248,7 @@ the question of examination. I also had private information from several of the lecturers at the Middlesex that if I could matriculate at the London University and enter as a medical student for its examinations, my friends at -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_231' name='Page_231' href='#Page_231'>231</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_231' href='#Page_231'>231</a></span> their school would do all they could to get the adverse decision there altered. I therefore applied to the Apothecaries’ Hall and to the College of Surgeons, asking the @@ -10329,7 +10284,7 @@ examination in arts, and this includes the classics, natural philosophy, and mathematics, besides a modern language and the ordinary school subjects, history and geography, and is altogether an examination which would -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_232' name='Page_232' href='#Page_232'>232</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_232' href='#Page_232'>232</a></span> require a more liberal and careful education (in the case of girls) than is now generally given, even if the candidates never went in for the M.A. or B.A. degree. It was @@ -10368,7 +10323,7 @@ and gave it against us. <p> I am exceedingly sorry, as this would have been fraught with such great benefit to many different classes -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_233' name='Page_233' href='#Page_233'>233</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_233' href='#Page_233'>233</a></span> of women, and would, I think, have been just the encouragement needed by girls when they leave school to keep them interested in their studies and out of the @@ -10407,7 +10362,7 @@ choose to do whatever is most advisable, as I need not be in a hurry to enter upon the profession from pecuniary or any other motives, and I think I cannot aid the cause more soundly than by trying to do everything in the -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_234' name='Page_234' href='#Page_234'>234</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_234' href='#Page_234'>234</a></span> most thorough and exact way. It would be well, I think, to spend a good deal of time and strength on getting the very best diploma or certificate open to @@ -10455,7 +10410,7 @@ The first shot at Fort Sumpter aroused the whole North, and the assassination of Lincoln enlisted the indignant energy of every Northern woman in the tremendous struggle. As the deadly contest proceeded, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_235' name='Page_235' href='#Page_235'>235</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_235' href='#Page_235'>235</a></span> and every town and village sent forth its volunteers to the fearful slaughter of civil war, the concentration of thought and action on the war @@ -10496,7 +10451,7 @@ on this occasion, calling for a public meeting at the Cooper Institute, and a committee of the ladies present was appointed to obtain signatures to this call. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_236' name='Page_236' href='#Page_236'>236</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_236' href='#Page_236'>236</a></span> </p> <p> @@ -10537,7 +10492,7 @@ field of slaughter, wading with men’s boots in the blood and mud, pulling out the still living bodies from the heaps of slain, binding up hideous wounds, giving a draught of water to one, placing a rough -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_237' name='Page_237' href='#Page_237'>237</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_237' href='#Page_237'>237</a></span> pillow under the head of another, in an enthusiasm of beneficence which triumphed equally over thought of self and horror of the hideous slaughter. @@ -10584,7 +10539,7 @@ of the leading physicians of New York interested in the infirmary, who urged that the medical education of women should not be allowed to pass into the hands of the irresponsible persons who were at that -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_238' name='Page_238' href='#Page_238'>238</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_238' href='#Page_238'>238</a></span> time seeking to establish a women’s college in New York. We took this step, however, with hesitation, for our own feeling was adverse to the formation of @@ -10613,13 +10568,13 @@ The use of a spacious lecture-room in the New York University, on Washington Square, was temporarily obtained, until the house adjoining the infirmary could be leased and fitted for college -purposes.<a name='FA_7' id='FA_7' href='#FN_7' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a> +purposes.<a id='FA_7' href='#FN_7' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a> </p> <p> A full course of college instruction was gradually organised, with the important improvement of establishing -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_239' name='Page_239' href='#Page_239'>239</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_239' href='#Page_239'>239</a></span> the subject of hygiene as one of the principal professorial chairs, thus making it an equal as well as obligatory study. Another important improvement @@ -10657,7 +10612,7 @@ a hygienic physician thoroughly believing in the beneficence of Nature’s laws, to have caused the death of a child by such means was a tremendous blow! -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_240' name='Page_240' href='#Page_240'>240</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_240' href='#Page_240'>240</a></span> </p> <p> @@ -10671,17 +10626,17 @@ always continued to vaccinate when desired, I am strongly opposed to every form of inoculation of attenuated virus, as an unfortunate though well-meaning fallacy of medical prejudice. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_241' name='Page_241' href='#Page_241'>241</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_241' href='#Page_241'>241</a></span> </p> </div><!-- chapter --> <div class="chapter"> <h2> CHAPTER VII -<br /> +<br > <span class="subhead"> RETURN TO ENGLAND -<br /> +<br > 1869</span> </h2> @@ -10714,7 +10669,7 @@ Edinburgh. <p> I soon found that social questions of vital importance -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_242' name='Page_242' href='#Page_242'>242</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_242' href='#Page_242'>242</a></span> to human progress were taking root in the prepared soil of the older civilisation—questions which were of absorbing interest. During the @@ -10755,7 +10710,7 @@ notice by Miss Carpenter was a revelation to me. Perhaps happily for me, during my past life and medical experiences I had never fully realised the wide bearing of this subject and the inevitable -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_243' name='Page_243' href='#Page_243'>243</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_243' href='#Page_243'>243</a></span> social degradation produced by a double standard of morality. My eyes were now suddenly opened, never to be closed again, to that direful purchase of @@ -10799,7 +10754,7 @@ evening party, Mr. Kingsley overwhelmed me by his enthusiastic greeting. ‘You are one of my heroes,’ he said—a speech which I really could not then understand; it seemed to stun me, in my quiet -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_244' name='Page_244' href='#Page_244'>244</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_244' href='#Page_244'>244</a></span> life. Later, as I learned to know his enthusiastic character and profound social insight, I knew his meaning. A sincere personal friendship was then @@ -10834,7 +10789,7 @@ and one of the first things the very deaf gentleman on my right hand said to me was: ‘What an extraordinary, odd notion that of a soul is! I wonder how it could have arisen.’ But the most interesting -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_245' name='Page_245' href='#Page_245'>245</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_245' href='#Page_245'>245</a></span> remark by far was made by Holyoake, who, returning from a secularist meeting of Bristol working men, was at once accosted by our host: ‘Now, @@ -10878,7 +10833,7 @@ meet. <p> At this time I had engaged medical consultation-rooms -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_246' name='Page_246' href='#Page_246'>246</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_246' href='#Page_246'>246</a></span> in an apparently respectable house in York Place, on the front door of which the house agent allowed me to place my name. I soon found, however, @@ -10919,7 +10874,7 @@ which are only suitable for the confidential counsel of the physician’s consulting-room, where alone advice adapted to each individual case can be judiciously given. I mentioned this experience of -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_247' name='Page_247' href='#Page_247'>247</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_247' href='#Page_247'>247</a></span> the newspaper attack and the subsequent correspondence to my friend Mr. Kingsley. He exclaimed: ‘Oh, you did not answer those letters, I trust?’ I assured @@ -10954,7 +10909,7 @@ Berners Street under the intelligent secretaryship of Miss Toulmin Smith, continues its enlarging sphere of usefulness under the able management of Miss Fay Lankester. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_248' name='Page_248' href='#Page_248'>248</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_248' href='#Page_248'>248</a></span> </p> <p> @@ -10984,7 +10939,7 @@ an interesting account of the Ralahine land experiment in Ireland, which proved so successful under the management of Mr. E. T. Craig, drew my attention to the important co-operative movement steadily growing -in England.<a name='FA_8' id='FA_8' href='#FN_8' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a> The abortive attempts at co-operative +in England.<a id='FA_8' href='#FN_8' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a> The abortive attempts at co-operative society which I had watched in the United States, at Brook Farm, Red Bank, Eagleswood, and other places, in no way shook the faith that through failure @@ -10992,7 +10947,7 @@ and renewed effort the true principles of a wise organisation of human relations would gradually be evolved. The English co-operative movement was characteristic of the common-sense, unambitious way -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_249' name='Page_249' href='#Page_249'>249</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_249' href='#Page_249'>249</a></span> in which reforms grow in England. The religious element introduced by such a noble band of Christian Socialists as Maurice, Kingsley, Hughes, and Ludlow @@ -11037,7 +10992,7 @@ remunerative occupation of the little community. <p> I attended the prize-giving at the schools, saw -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_250' name='Page_250' href='#Page_250'>250</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_250' href='#Page_250'>250</a></span> the theatre, workmen’s club and choral society, witnessed a ball, and visited the manufactory. The organisation was a great object-lesson both in its @@ -11078,7 +11033,7 @@ course of lectures with extreme difficulty, and came to the conclusion, with bitter disappointment, that any future residence in London under my circumstances must be given up. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_251' name='Page_251' href='#Page_251'>251</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_251' href='#Page_251'>251</a></span> </p> <p> @@ -11122,7 +11077,7 @@ myself, which a bookseller consented to keep on sale. A copy of this little book fell under the notice of Miss Ellice Hopkins, who, considering that it would be useful in the special work in which she was engaged, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_252' name='Page_252' href='#Page_252'>252</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_252' href='#Page_252'>252</a></span> induced Mr. Hudson, the then acting member of the firm of Hatchard & Co., to reconsider the matter and publish the book for her use. The arrangement was @@ -11163,7 +11118,7 @@ has not yet fully realised the special and weighty responsibility which rests upon it to watch over the cradle of the race; to see that human beings are well born, well nourished, and well educated. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_253' name='Page_253' href='#Page_253'>253</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_253' href='#Page_253'>253</a></span> The onward impulse to this great work would seem to be especially incumbent upon women physicians, who for the first time are beginning to realise the @@ -11207,7 +11162,7 @@ high ideal is a hopeless chimera. The study of human nature by women as well as men commences that new and hopeful era of the intelligent co-operation of the sexes through -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_254' name='Page_254' href='#Page_254'>254</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_254' href='#Page_254'>254</a></span> which alone real progress can be attained and secured. We may look forward with hope to the future influence of Christian women physicians, @@ -11215,7 +11170,7 @@ when with sympathy and reverence guiding intellectual activity they learn to apply the vital principles of their Great Master to every method and practice of the healing art. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_255' name='Page_255' href='#Page_255'>255</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_255' href='#Page_255'>255</a></span> </p></div><!-- chapter --> <div class="chapter"> @@ -11223,10 +11178,10 @@ practice of the healing art. APPENDIX </h2> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <h3> -I<a name="App1"></a> +I<a id="App1"></a> </h3> <p> @@ -11263,7 +11218,7 @@ towns. They were rude, boisterous, and riotous beyond comparison. On several occasions the residents of the neighbourhood sent written protests to the faculty, threatening to have the college indicted as a nuisance if -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_256' name='Page_256' href='#Page_256'>256</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_256' href='#Page_256'>256</a></span> the disturbance did not cease. During lectures it was often almost impossible to hear the professors, owing to the confusion. @@ -11305,7 +11260,7 @@ extravagant speeches, which were enthusiastically cheered. The vote was finally taken, with what seemed to be one unanimous yell, ‘Yea!’ When the negative vote was called, a single voice was heard uttering a timid ‘No.’ -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_257' name='Page_257' href='#Page_257'>257</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_257' href='#Page_257'>257</a></span> The scene that followed passes description. A general rush was made for the corner of the room which emitted the voice, and the recalcitrant member was only too glad @@ -11344,7 +11299,7 @@ his lectures with witty remarks and funny anecdotes. Nor did he study to have his language chaste, or the moral of his stories pure and elevating. In fact, vulgarity and profanity formed a large part of his ordinary -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_258' name='Page_258' href='#Page_258'>258</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_258' href='#Page_258'>258</a></span> lectures; and especially was this true of the lectures on the branch of anatomy above mentioned. On this account, chiefly, he was exceedingly popular with his @@ -11383,7 +11338,7 @@ on the upper tier; and she trusted that his interest in his subject would lead him to entirely forget the presence of student No. 130—her registered number. At the close of the letter the professor acknowledged the justice of the -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_259' name='Page_259' href='#Page_259'>259</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_259' href='#Page_259'>259</a></span> rebuke which he had received, and declared that a lady who was animated by such elevated views of her profession was entitled to every possible encouragement which @@ -11416,11 +11371,11 @@ appears the name, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell. New York, 1892. </p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > -<h3><a name="App2"></a> +<h3><a id="App2"></a> II -<br /> +<br > <i>An M.D. in a Gown</i> </h3> @@ -11433,7 +11388,7 @@ Miss Blackwell had duly attended lectures at the college, and received a formal diploma, under the title of ‘Domina,’ which was the only feminine that the Senate could find for Doctor. ‘Punch’ really thinks this is a case for a copy -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_260' name='Page_260' href='#Page_260'>260</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_260' href='#Page_260'>260</a></span> of verses, which he accordingly subjoins, in honour of the fair M.D.] </p> @@ -11486,7 +11441,7 @@ fair M.D.] <p class="i1">In youth’s unthinking hey-day,</p> <p>Who look upon a furnish’d head</p> <p class="i1">As horrid for a lady, -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_261' name='Page_261' href='#Page_261'>261</a></span></p> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_261' href='#Page_261'>261</a></span></p> <p>Who’d call a female doctor ‘blue;’</p> <p class="i1">You’d spare your sneers, I rather</p> <p>Think, my young fellows, if you knew</p> @@ -11519,11 +11474,11 @@ fair M.D.] 1849. </p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <h3> III -<br /> +<br > <i>First Annual Report of the New York Dispensary for @@ -11542,7 +11497,7 @@ women the medical aid which they could not obtain elsewhere. <p> The following gentlemen cordially consented to act as -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_262' name='Page_262' href='#Page_262'>262</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_262' href='#Page_262'>262</a></span> trustees of the proposed institution: Messrs. Butler, White, Haydock, Sedgwick, Collins, Field, Draper, Greeley, West, Harris, Foster, Raymond, Flanders, Dana, @@ -11590,7 +11545,7 @@ aid sometimes rendered. <p> Since the double distress of commercial pressure and -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_263' name='Page_263' href='#Page_263'>263</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_263' href='#Page_263'>263</a></span> severe weather have weighed so heavily on the poor, many cases of extreme destitution have come to the dispensary. These have been chiefly emigrants, mostly @@ -11638,7 +11593,7 @@ contributions: <li class="nospace">Elizabeth Blackwell, 79 East Fifteenth Street.</li> </ul> <p> -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_264' name='Page_264' href='#Page_264'>264</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_264' href='#Page_264'>264</a></span> </p> <p> @@ -11656,7 +11611,7 @@ physician. <p> New York: February 8, 1855. -<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_265' name='Page_265' href='#Page_265'>265</a></span> +<span class='pagenum'><a id='Page_265' href='#Page_265'>265</a></span> </p></div><!-- chapter --> <div class="chapter"> @@ -11767,8 +11722,8 @@ Graduates of the London School of Medicine for Women. <p class="center p4 s08"> -PRINTED BY<br /> -SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE<br /> +PRINTED BY<br > +SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE<br > LONDON </p></div><!-- chapter --> @@ -11851,3 +11806,4 @@ reformers.</p> <div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 65496 ***</div> </body> </html> + |