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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #65479 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65479)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of An authentick account of the measures and
-precautions used at Venice, by Anonymous
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: An authentick account of the measures and precautions used at
-       Venice
-       By the Magistrate of the Office of Health, for the Preservation
-       of Publick Health
-
-Author: Anonymous
-
-Release Date: May 31, 2021 [eBook #65479]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
-             at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
-             generously made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN AUTHENTICK ACCOUNT OF THE
-MEASURES AND PRECAUTIONS USED AT VENICE ***
-
-
-
-
-
-                              AN AUTHENTICK
-                                 ACCOUNT
-                                 OF THE
-                        Measures and Precautions
-                                 USED AT
-                                _VENICE_,
-                                 BY THE
-                   MAGISTRATE of the Office of HEALTH,
-                                 FOR THE
-                   PRESERVATION of the PUBLICK HEALTH.
-
-                                _LONDON_:
-             Printed by EDWARD OWEN in _Warwick-Lane_. 1752.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-AN AUTHENTICK ACCOUNT OF
-
-The MEASURES and PRECAUTIONS used at _VENICE_, by the MAGISTRATE of the
-Office of HEALTH, for the PRESERVATION of the PUBLICK HEALTH.
-
-
-It is now the Third Century since the following Regulation took its Rise.
-
-The Office of Health is furnished with such ample Power and Authority,
-as makes it at once useful and respectable; it is administered by the
-Subjects of the Republick most eminent for their Prudence, Dignity and
-Talents; it is furnished with Abundance of Officers, a few of whom are
-employed in the Distribution of Orders, and the rest in their Execution.
-In describing occasionally these different Branches, much Light will be
-let in upon the Subject.
-
-Experience has shewn, that in the _Ottoman_ Dominions the Plague is
-never utterly extinct: Hence it is an immutable Law with the Magistrate
-of the Office of Health, to consider the whole Extent of the _Ottoman_
-Dominions, and every State dependent on it, as always to be suspected to
-be in an infected Condition, to such a Degree, as not to receive, in any
-Part of the Dominions of the Republick, either confining to or commercing
-with them, any Persons, Merchandizes, Animals, or any other Thing coming
-from thence, without the necessary Inspection of the Office of Health,
-and the previous Purifications.
-
-To explain myself, I will suppose that a suspected Ship, coming from some
-Scale of the _Levant_, presents itself at the Mouth of these Ports, and,
-by describing the Conduct that is observed towards it, I shall shew the
-Rules that are practised with regard to every Vessel, coming from any
-Part of the World, that is either infected, or suspected to be so.
-
-No Vessel can enter these Ports, unless it touches at _Istria_, and takes
-a Pilot on Board, or unless, on approaching to the Ports, it wait for the
-Towers of the Admiral to tow it up. These Officers do not immediately
-depend upon the Magistrate, but are obliged, however, not to neglect any
-of his Rules, nor to mix with any Vessel, even free or cleared, unless
-by the Magistrate’s Leave; to make use of tarred Cables, or Cables of
-[Transcriber’s Note: an intentional blank space was left here in the
-original] in the towing Vessels in, in order to avoid all Communication,
-and to direct the Captain of every suspected Vessel to hoist up on the
-Mizen Mast a particular Signal; so that, by Means of the Spies, who are
-continually on the High Tower of St. _Mark_ to discover any Vessels that
-approach, such Vessel is immediately known to be a Vessel subject to
-perform Quarantine.
-
-As soon as the Vessel is discovered, the Magistrate has Notice, and all
-the Officers belonging to him; the Chief of whom instantly dispatches the
-_Guardian_ (whose Turn it is) to meet it and go on Board, and guard it
-during the Term of Quarantine.
-
-The Magistrate has Sixty of these Guardians in his Service, whose Duty it
-is, by Turns, either to go a-board any Ship, or to the _Lazarettos_, to
-superintend the Purification of Merchandizes, or the proper Quarantine
-of Persons. Their Duty, in general, is to see that all the Rules are
-observed concerning the Precautions and Purifications: Their Office is
-dangerous and delicate to the last Degree; they have a particular daily
-Appointment, which they have also from those concerned in the Ship or
-Cargo, besides their daily Provisions; and they answer with their Life
-any Contravention to the Rules that they should suffer to take Place, or
-dare to have any Hand in.
-
-The Guardian then being dispatched to meet the Ship, he either meets her
-and goes a-board her out at Sea with the Admiral’s own Boat, when there
-is any Doubt that it may be come from infected Parts; or he waits for
-her in those Waters where the Admiral, or his Towers, bring her to cast
-Anchor; the Places being different according to the different Size of
-the Ships, or the different Inspections under which they fall; as, for
-Vessels that are very heavy, and sink deep in the Water, deeper Canals
-are assigned; for those coming from Places which, their Passes shew, were
-infected, or on Board of which there are any Appearances of the Plague,
-Canals are assigned more remote, even twelve or fourteen Miles distant
-from the City; and in that Case they are guarded by the publick Galleys,
-or Barks armed with Militia in Proportion to the Number of Vessels at one
-Time in that Quarantine, or according to the Quality of the Suspicions
-had of them, in order to prevent any Person from entring into these
-Canals, or any Thing being brought clandestinely out of them.
-
-As soon as the Vessel is at Anchor, and has passed under the Observation
-of the Guardian, an Officer of the Magistrate (called _Fante_) is
-instantly sent on Board to bring the Captain, under the Precautions of
-the Office of Health, to the Abode of the Magistrate on the Shore to be
-examined.
-
-The Magistrate has Seven of these Officers called _Fanti_; the Head of
-them is the _Massaro_; and his Duty is to collect all the Letters coming
-from suspected Countries, and to open and fumigate them; for at the Time
-the Captain of the suspected Vessel is brought to be examined, he must
-deliver all his Letters, and not only all such as were entrusted to
-him, but also all others in Possession of any Passengers or others on
-Board. And in this Point he is obliged to the strictest Vigilance, since,
-besides the particular Care required that Paper be not suffered to pass
-without undergoing the necessary Fumigations, there is Danger that in the
-Letters be contained Samples for Cloaths, or other Things susceptible,
-and consequently subject to Purification.
-
-The Duty of these _Fanti_, is to execute all the Orders issued by the
-Magistrate, as none else can execute them, and to superintend every Thing
-respecting the Duties and Precautions of the Office of Health, with this
-Difference between them and the Guardians, that the latter are always
-looked upon to be in the same Condition as the Ship, Passengers, or
-Merchandizes which they guard; whereas the _Fanti_ keep themselves always
-clear, and serve for an Escort upon all Occasions; without being in the
-least contaminated.
-
-As soon as ever the _Fante_ is arrived along-Side the suspected Vessel in
-his own Boat, the Captain must get into his own Boat with his Sailors,
-and keep behind the _Fante_’s, which precedes always at a due Distance,
-in order to oblige to sheer off all Vessels they may meet by the Way, and
-to take Care that the Ship-Boat itself do not approach any Vessel, or
-put to Land at any Island in their Way to the Parts of the Magistrate’s
-Abode on the Shore, which are so barricadoed, that, though Discourse
-may be held at a Distance between the New-Comers, and those at Land, no
-Communication of any Kind can happen; and as soon as the Captain is on
-Shore, he is introduced, through a guarded Street, to the Spot destined
-for him to be examined at, which is an Inclosure shut up on all Sides;
-where, by the Clerk of the Magistrate, (an Officer particularly appointed
-for that Business) he is, from a Window, examined, at a due Distance.
-
-The Inquiry turns particularly upon, Whence the Vessel comes, and in
-what Length of Time; If from a healthy or suspected Part; What Kind of a
-Voyage she has had; What Places touched at; and Whether in them he had
-been admitted to Communication or not; If he met any Ships at Sea, and
-from whence, and Whether he had any Communication with them. The Number
-is demanded of his Crew and Passengers; If they have been always well
-in the Voyage, or if any of them are missing; What, and how much, is
-the Cargo he brings; If all from one Place, or from many; and lastly,
-Whether, in what regards the Health, he had observed in any Parts any
-_Risings_; and intimating to him, that he must exhibit all the Papers and
-Letters he has.
-
-The first of these to be examined on the Spot, are the Patents or
-Bills of Health, in order to compare with them the Facts delivered in
-the Examination, and particularly the Number of Persons who are on
-Board the Vessel. This is looked upon to be so essentially requisite,
-and of such Consequence, that if any Vessel should arrive without it,
-though it should be come from a Place absolutely free, and even in the
-Neighbourhood, it would either not be admitted at all, or not have any
-Communication granted it, unless after a most rigorous Quarantine.
-
-If by chance the Patents should be defective, and should denote a greater
-or less Number of Persons than are taken down in the Examination, the
-Captain must prove, in the clearest Manner, either the Flight or Death,
-and particularly the Condition of that Person who is wanting; and in the
-same Manner he is to produce particular Patents; and with Evidence upon
-Examination, and by other Proofs of the same Nature, he is to make it
-appear from what Place he took up the Person who happens to be one more
-than the Number set forth in the said Patents; since, in the first Case,
-there may remain a Doubt, that the Deficiency may have been owing to
-Death by Infection, or to Flight to Parts not named; and in the second
-Case, it is to be considered, that it is possible, that the Person,
-exceeding the Number mentioned in the Patent, may have been received from
-some suspected Vessel, or from some infected Place.
-
-Besides these Patents, the Captain is also to give a distinct Account of
-all his Cargo, both of its Quality and Quantity; which is called giving
-a _Manifest_; from whence is discovered, whether any of the Merchandizes
-may have been brought from suspected Countries; in which Case the
-Captain must prove, that in that Place they had undergone the necessary
-Purification. By Means of the Manifest, Lights also are gathered as to
-what Kind of Quarantine may be proper for infectious Ladings of different
-Kinds, and Orders given for taking out such as are of a Nature not to
-give Suspicion.
-
-’Tis here proper to observe, that this Order for Examining and Comparing
-is executed on every Vessel arriving in these Parts, they being all
-treated upon the Foot of Suspicion, (tho’ they be not so) until, that by
-the Concert produced by the aforesaid Enquiries, a Certainty is obtained
-of their Condition: Nor can they before that have any Communication at
-all; and as the very Essence of this momentous Concern depends upon
-Integrity and Fidelity, every Captain is guilty of High Treason for any
-Prevarication in his Depositions upon Examination, or any Falsification
-of his fiduciary Papers; this Point being watched with the utmost
-Attention and Care.
-
-These Researches being over, if the Vessel really comes from a Place that
-is free, it is declared free; if from a suspected one, the Captain is
-reconducted on Board his Ship with the same Precautions used on his being
-brought ashore.
-
-And as the Guardian is already on Board it, he begins now to exercise
-his Functions; _1st_, He forms a distinct List of the Number, Names and
-Sirnames of all the Persons on Board; _2dly_, Another List of all the
-Things belonging to each Person, distinguishing those which are simply
-for their Use from such as may be traded with; it being lawful to keep
-the first in the Ship, when any Person performs his Quarantine aboard
-with the Crew; but they must be exposed to Air, and every Day handled;
-the same not being allowed to Merchandize, which must all be purified at
-the _Lazarettos_. Both these Rolls or Lists are sent to the Magistrate;
-and, the Captain’s Assertions on his Examination being entirely proved,
-Order is given for unlading the Ship, and for transporting the Goods to
-the _Lazaretto_; it never being allowed, either that any Goods remain in
-the Ship for Purification, or that the Time of Quarantine for the Ship
-should begin till the Unlading is finished.
-
-However, the Magistrate being desirous not to embarrass Commerce more
-than the Publick Safety requires; those Goods are distinguished, which
-are susceptible of Infection, from those which are not: Some of them
-are allowed to be taken from on Board the Ship without passing through
-any Purifications, with the Assistance however of the _Fante_ without,
-as well as of the Guardian within; lest, under Pretence of Things being
-uninfected, any Thing should be delivered out that requires Purification:
-Some other Things may also be taken away, but not from the Ship, but
-from the _Lazarettos_; the first Indulgence is granted to those Things
-which are not liable to Infection; the second, to others that being free
-themselves are wrapp’d in Covers that are not so; as these Covers must be
-carefully taken off by Persons suspected, and are to be on the Footing of
-other suspected Things.
-
-Every Thing else, which may give Suspicion, must be purified according to
-the Rules of the _Lazarettos_.
-
-Precautions are used in changing Things from one Vessel to another,
-and in transporting them; for which Reason, this being only to be done
-by Boats destined for that Use, called _Peate_, they cannot go to the
-Ship’s Side without Leave, and that is not given till the Information
-aforesaid is obtained; and when they are come to the Side of the Ship, no
-one meddles with the Cargo but the Ship’s Crew, the _Fante_ being always
-present out of the Ship, and the Guardian within, who takes an exact
-Note of all that is laden on them, to be transmitted to the Magistrate.
-In their Way to the _Lazaretto_, the Fante escorts them with the due
-Cautions, accompanied by the Clerk of the Ship, or some other of the
-Persons concerned, and consigns them to the Prior of the _Lazaretto_, who
-makes the _Bastazi_ answerable for them, who are appointed to have the
-Handling of them, and the Guardian who is to superintend it, and sends
-the Magistrate a distinct List of every Thing which is received, for a
-fuller Check.
-
-_Bastazi_ is the Name given to those, who open the Bales of Merchandize,
-and handle them, and keep amongst them all the Time prescribed for
-Quarantine. They are chosen by the Merchants concerned, that they may
-be secure of their Regularity. But the Magistrate requires they should
-be knowing Persons, and there is a Guardian appointed them, to take Care
-that the Purifications are exact, and that Interest does not occasion any
-Breach of the Rules. They have their Necessaries and daily Pay from the
-Merchants, and they are the Persons who are most diligently examined;
-for, from the Effects which are discovered on them, may be known what
-there is to fear: ’Tis not however in the Breast of the Merchants to
-appoint a greater or less Number of these; but the Laws have provided,
-that each _Bastazo_ is to serve for so many Bales as he can manage
-carefully in a Day.
-
-The Transporting Goods to the _Lazaretti_ has been mentioned, the same is
-to be understood of Persons, who are there with their Things to perform
-the Quarantine, and prove their being in Health under the Care of another
-Guardian; it being seldom allowed (and that only to some poor Wretch)
-to perform Quarantine in the Ship, for fear the Things worn or wearable
-should not be sufficiently purified. ’Tis to be observed, that every
-Vessel having on Board Goods and Passengers, must have three Guardians;
-one for the Ship, one for the Goods, and one for the Passengers, together
-with the Help of so many other Officers as may seem a heavy Expence: But
-if it be considered that this is borne by the Goods, and that they are
-sold in the Country, it will appear how much Care is taken of the Publick
-Safety, which is preferred to every other Consideration.
-
-But all these Precautions are to be compleated in the _Lazarettos_, so
-called from the original Intention of them for the Recovery of Persons
-sick of the Plague, but worthy now a better Name, as they are the
-Deposits of the Publick Safety, which therein exercises its Precautions.
-These are of a double Use; for the Purification of Persons and
-Merchandize, separately, in Times of Health; and for the Recovery of sick
-infected Persons, and the Purification of dangerous Household Furniture,
-in Times of the Plague; to which Use are also converted other Insular
-Places which are scattered among the Marshes round us.
-
-The first Thing to be considered in these _Lazarettos_ is their
-Situation. They should not be so near the Town as to cause any Danger,
-nor so far distant as not to be under the Eye of the Magistrate, and
-within Reach of all proper Provision and Assistance.
-
-There are two _Lazarettos_ at _Venice_, the Old and the New; the first
-distant two Miles and more, the other a little above Three from the City.
-Each forms a separate Island, which has nothing contiguous to it, and cut
-off from all Communication. Each takes up a large Space of Ground, shut
-in all round by Buildings washed by the Waters, which serve for a Wall
-and Guard: They have no Openings outward for any Thing to go out at, for
-every Thing must go out at the same Gate at which it entred. The Length
-of the Ground the first stands on is one hundred and five Geometrical
-Paces of five Feet each; the Breadth eighty-five; the whole Circumference
-three hundred and eighty. The second is somewhat larger, _viz._ one
-hundred and twelve long, ninety-two broad, and four hundred and
-fourteen in Circumference. The Structure of each is remarkable for its
-Capaciousness, but much more so for the Contrivances of Convenience and
-Security. At the Entrance is the _Prior’s_ House, which is always free,
-disjoined from every Place belonging to the Quarantine, but so contrived,
-as to command the greater Part of them. All the rest of the Ground is
-taken up, either by Buildings to lodge Passengers, or in large Courts
-all surrounded with open Sheds, under which the Merchandizes are exposed
-to the Air, and preserved from the Weather; or else with great Sheds
-all round walled in, but with Holes in the Top to let in the Air; which
-serve for the same Use. What is most to be admired in the Contrivance
-of them is, that they are divided and subdivided into many Offices for
-Quarantines, and of different Kinds, in such a Manner, that each has its
-peculiar Ingress, without giving or receiving any Inconvenience from the
-other, in order to prevent the Danger of any Communications; in which
-the very Essence of the Regulations consists. As to the Places destined
-for the Reception of Persons; in the first Place, they are separated
-from every other, which serves for the Purification of Goods; and with
-great Reason; for if the Proprietor had Leave to visit his Cargo, whilst
-under Purification, his Coming might put a Constraint upon, or interrupt
-the Course of Management, through his Concern for preventing any Injury
-to the Merchandize. _2dly_, They are also separated from each other,
-though there are a greater or less Number of Rooms contiguous, for the
-Convenience of a greater or less Number of Passengers, who may arrive at
-one Time from the same Parts, all having different Ingresses, different
-Stairs, and no Communication. The Sheds, which inclose the Court Yards,
-are so disposed, that you cannot pass from one Court to another, all the
-Gates being kept shut. Each of these Sheds is terminated by a particular
-Building for the Abode of the Guardian and of the _Bastazi_, who have
-the Care of the Merchandize exposed under it. The great Sheds have also
-their Convenience, their Use, and Security.
-
-Ample Room is to be given to the Merchandizes, that they may, without
-being damaged by Weather, be penetrated by the Air; and become at, to be
-handled; and the Persons are also to be lodged, at Large, conveniently,
-without occasioning Mixture in the great Numbers of them, or in the
-Variety of their Quarantines: An Idea of which may perhaps best be had,
-by considering that the old _Lazaretto_, with only Eight Places for
-the Purification of Goods (each of them subdivisible into many more)
-can give Reception to 6730 Bales of Merchandize at once, coming from
-various Parts. And if one confines only to six different Quarantines,
-the Quarters appointed for Persons (each of which is subdivided into 13
-Rooms) above 294 Persons may be easily and commodiously lodged there at
-once.
-
-The New one, is more capacious; takes in an equal Number of Bales, but
-has somewhat under 200 Rooms for Passengers, and has sometimes furnished
-Accommodations for the Quarantine of 4000 Soldiers and 200 Horse, at
-Times when it was not incumbered with Merchandize.
-
-As I need not be more diffuse upon the Description of them, I come now to
-the Forms observed in them.
-
-An Officer called a _Prior_ superintends in each. Great Care is taken
-in Choice of him, always taking Subjects of the Order of Citizens, and
-changing him every Fourth Year; and no one can be ever qualified for
-this Officer, who has either Consanguinity or Connexion with any of
-the Magistrate’s Officers, or that is interested in any Vessel, or has
-any Concern in Trade of any Sort. He has a House within the Inclosure
-of the _Lazaretto_, as has been said, in which he is obliged to reside
-constantly; never being to leave it, except in the sole Case of attending
-the Magistrate’s Orders; then leaving a Subaltern in his Room, called the
-_Sub-Prior_, who is also his Assistant.
-
-They have an annual handsome Allowance to subsist well upon; the Laws
-being rigorous, that, as they are so well provided for, they shall not
-have any Kind of Emolument imaginable, under any Pretence which might
-tempt their Avidity to mitigate, or dispense, with any of the Delicacies
-of the Purifications; and they cannot quit that Employment, which they
-enter into, in Times of no greater Exigency than the common legal
-Precautions, even in Case any Plague should happen in the City.
-
-These are the sole Officers who receive all the Orders of the Magistrate,
-who (when necessary) require them, and then distribute them to the
-inferior Officers, for the Conduct of the _Lazarettos_ that are under
-their Care and Direction.
-
-At the Time of Election they give Security for their good Conduct, and
-another Security of a Thousand Ducats for the Interest of the Merchants
-who trust their Merchandize in their Hands.
-
-Though the utmost Vigilance and Diligence is required of them, that all
-the Regulations be observed; their Hands are tied up in every Respect,
-not having the Privilege to give Employment to any one of their Family
-in the _Lazarettos_; nor are they to suffer Fishing in the neighbouring
-Canals, lest, under that Pretence, little Boats should approach, and some
-dangerous Transportation of any one be attempted; nor can they traffick
-in any Shape, or in any Thing, that is brought into the _Lazarettos_,
-or with any one there; nor must they suffer any Bargains to be driven
-between Persons in Quarantine, nor between them and those Officers that
-visit them; for which Reason no Broker can be admitted, even though he
-should have a particular Order; it being to be considered, that it is an
-unalterable Maxim, that no Person or Goods of any Kind, can be brought
-into the _Lazarettos_, or on Board suspected Vessels, without express
-Orders of the Magistrate: For this Reason, the _Priors_ depend solely on
-the Authority of the Magistrate, insomuch that they are dispensed with
-obeying any other Orders whatsoever; the Publick Faith proceeding with
-such Delicacy on this important Head, that no Execution can be served
-upon any Kind of Goods, &c. brought and deposited in the _Lazarettos_ for
-the Regards of Health; and even in Case a _Banditto_ should clandestinely
-get in there, and be discovered, he is secure from such Time as he has
-taken his Refuge there, no Distinction being made of Persons, where the
-Safety of the State is at Stake.
-
-To say something of the more general Duties to which the _Priors_ are
-obliged: They keep all the Keys, as well of every Gate which gives
-Entrance into the _Lazarettos_, (which is more than one, besides all
-those that are upon the Canal, disposed in the best Manner to receive
-Goods, and pass them to the Place destined for their Purification,
-without passing by Places already occupied by others, lest there should
-be any Mistake) as of every other Gate that secures the Quarantine of
-Persons and Goods; all which are to be shut when Night comes on, and
-opened only after the Sun rising; themselves always assisting, yet with
-such Precautions, that they themselves are always to be kept clear and
-free from Mixture.
-
-They are responsible for whatever is sent to the _Lazarettos_, under
-Sanction, however, of the Magistrate’s Order, with which they must
-be furnished; and with no other are they to be satisfied, not even
-with that of his Officers that bring them. They inspect the Guardians
-and the _Bastazi_, that they do their Duty each Day, in the Services
-render’d Persons and Goods, not permitting them to serve in more than
-one Quarantine; and that they are assiduous in exposing every Day to
-the Air, upon Ropes, the Passengers Things, taken out of their Trunks,
-_&c._ and in the necessary Management they are to observe of suspected
-Merchandize, with every Form required: For which Reason, and to provide
-for any Necessities of the Passengers, the _Prior_ is every Day to make
-two Visits at least, one in the Morning, and the other in the Afternoon,
-to every Place of Quarantine.
-
-This Care of keeping the Passengers supplied with all Necessaries,
-brings me to describe another Sort of Officers, in the Service of the
-Magistrate, called _Victuallers_.
-
-These furnish the Passengers in the _Lazarettos_, and the Crew performing
-Quarantine on Board, with all Things necessary. There is a fixed Number
-of them, and they twice a Day visit the _Lazarettos_ and Vessels; but
-they keep at due Distance, and always the _Prior_ must be present at the
-first, and the Guardian in the last, (which is an immutable Rule, if
-any Visit is ever made) and all that they present, passes through the
-Hands of those Officers to the Persons, making use of a Basket for that
-Purpose, fastened to a Cane of three or four Fathom long, in which they
-put what they furnish them with, and receive their Money the same Way;
-which before they touch, they pass it through Vinegar or Salt-Water.
-
-They are forbid by Law all Extortion, and all the Profit they have is
-only one Penny more in the Pound than the ordinary _Tariffes_ allow, as
-settled from Time to Time by the Officers of the City.
-
-It is not however prohibited to others, and such as are concerned with
-the Passengers to furnish them Victuals, provided all passes through
-the _Prior_’s Hands, and none of the Rules of Precaution are eluded:
-The _Prior’s_ superintend these Victuallers, to prevent Fraud; and if
-such Exactness is observed, that Passengers suffer no Inconvenience or
-Uneasiness, still a greater Attention is exerted, if by Chance any one
-of them should be sick: For the _Prior_ must forthwith declare the Case;
-and the First Physician of the Magistrate is immediately sent to, and
-the most scrupulous Observation is made of any Disorder, whose Symptoms
-should be doubtful. The same Rule is observed towards any Sick in the
-Ships; the Patient growing worse, nothing is with-held for preparing
-him to die well; there being a Church in the _Lazaretto_, &c. If the
-Sick would dispose of any of their Effects, the Priest that serves for
-Chaplain, acts as a Notary in Default of the _Prior_; but he cannot be
-appointed either Executor, or Heir, no more than any other Officer of
-the _Lazaretto_; and they only can serve as Witnesses: But if the dying
-Person should desire a Publick Notary, it is granted by the Magistrate,
-whenever the Times and Conjunctures will allow of it.
-
-Every Death must be immediately communicated, though it be of a known
-Distemper; nor can the Corpse be moved, until (even after Death) it has
-been visited by the Chief Physician, to see if any Pestilential Marks
-were come out upon it: It is buried in a Church-yard belonging to the
-_Lazaretto_: And in Burying, no Hands are employed, but those in the same
-Quarantine he died in, digging a Hole at least two Fathom deep.
-
-Such Circumspection is used, if the Distemper and the Death proceed
-from natural Causes: But the least Appearance of any Thing infectious,
-makes it much greater; for as soon as ever it is known, the sick Person
-is separated from the others in Quarantine with him, who are obliged to
-begin again a more rigorous Quarantine; dividing them as much as possible
-one from the other; which, in Case of another Accident, is to become a
-Third Quarantine for every one. And the sick Person being assisted with
-the utmost Caution and Care, the Corpse is buried in Lime. Those that
-die in the Ship are buried in the same Manner. Of all that belongs to
-the Deceased, the _Prior_ takes an exact Inventory in Presence of the
-Guardian, and two or three Witnesses; which is adjudged by the Magistrate
-to the lawful Heirs. On Board the Ships, the Guardians do those Parts.
-
-Having succinctly related the Duties of the _Prior_, which principally
-consist in seeing the Rules kept up to, and good Order observed; in
-which is comprehended the Care of keeping the Peace in the _Lazarettos_;
-of taking all Arms from Passengers, and having them separated from what
-they were lapt up in, and kept to be restored them at their going out; in
-forbidding all noisy Sports, and especially such as might occasion any
-Mixture amongst the People in Quarantine; in seeing that the Guardians,
-_Bastazis_, and Victuallers, do their Duty, without using Extortion,
-_&c._ That all Animals, whether Quadrupeds or Fowls, be shut up, which
-might straggle, and occasion Disorder. It remains to say something of the
-Quality of the Purifications used in the _Lazarettos_; that being a Point
-not to be by any Means omitted, and may not be a little tedious, as the
-Detail of them cannot be concise.
-
-Resuming therefore the Idea already mentioned, of deducing the general
-Conduct from a particular one, and returning to where the Merchandize
-was left, when brought out of the suspected Ship, _viz._ to the Gates
-of the _Lazarettos_, with all the Precautions aforesaid; they are by
-the _Fante_, who escorts them, delivered up to the _Prior_ of the
-_Lazaretto_, with the Order that directs him to receive them. He directs
-a Place for their Purification; directs the _Bastazi_, appointed for that
-Work, to take them out of the Boat, and the Guardian to keep them in his
-Custody; then causing the _Peata_ that brings them, to carry them to the
-Shore most convenient for their Landing at the Place where they are to
-be purified; they are unloaded by the _Bastazi_, who, from that Moment,
-together with the Guardian, are looked upon as unclean, and can have no
-Communication of any Sort. As many as are unloaded, a Note is taken of,
-and so successively till the Ship is quite cleared.
-
-It has been said, that generally the Clerk of the Ship, or the
-Super-Cargo, or always one of the Ship, passes with the Merchandize to
-the _Lazaretto_, to make the Delivery of them; and the Reason of it is,
-to take back a Receipt from the _Bastazi_ for all that was delivered to
-them, that the Whole may be restored, out of Regard to the Rules of the
-Health-Office, and for the Sake of Punctuality.
-
-The Ship being entirely unloaded, they proceed to dispose the Goods in
-proper Places, with the necessary Distinctions: The Wool, (which is to
-be purified with the Forms called _à Monte_) in one Place, and what it
-is lapt up in, in another; the Cottons all in one Line; these made with
-Thread (or Linnens) in another; the Skins for Leather in another Part;
-and so every Head of Merchandize, separated from others, of different
-Sorts; and when all is thus disposed, every Thing is opened, and from
-that Day commences the Time of Quarantine; which always consists
-regularly of Forty entire Days, for Merchandizes coming from the
-_Levant_, and so for any others coming from Places much suspected; which
-is increased upon the Death, or Sickness, of any one of the _Bastazis_,
-which should give any Suspicion of Infection; or if any Thing of that
-Kind appeared on the Ship, which had transported them. Thus from the very
-Day that the Unloading of the Ship terminates, the Quarantine of the
-Ship, and of the Crew, commences, and not otherwise.
-
-That of the Passengers being sooner brought to a Conclusion, who, at
-first, pass into the _Lazarettos_ with their own Wearing Apparel, as they
-by so doing gain the Time the Unloading of the Ship requires.
-
-There are the most solid Reasons for this Proceeding; since, that as the
-Office of Health is to be secure, that every Thing liable to Expurgation
-passes through those Tryals which Reason and Experience, for so long a
-Space of Time have established; so this Point is not to be confounded.
-
-The Evil manifests itself more easily in Persons than Things; so that
-they might be subjected to less rigorous Rules than the Goods: Yet as
-there is no Person, but what brings with him some Things that are for
-his own Use; or is at least mixed with those that do; so the Suspicions
-becoming equal on this Head, the Purification required must be equal too.
-
-These different Terms are therefore to be diligently considered: That in
-which the Unloading of the Ships ends; and that in which is compleated
-the Transportation of the Goods to the _Lazaretto_. Since it is not
-sufficient that they are gone through, if it is not manifested that they
-are so.
-
-For this Reason, as soon as the Passengers are brought ashore, the
-Guardian appointed for the Charge of them, causes to be opened all their
-Chests, strong Boxes, Envelops, and whatever they have with them; of all
-which he takes a Note, which is called _making the Roll_. He then orders
-all to be exposed to the Air, if Wearing Apparel, and not Merchandize.
-
-This being done, he gives an Account of it to the _Prior_, who is always
-present; and the first registers in a Book, as well the Persons come
-into Quarantine, as their Things; as also the Names of the Guardians
-appointed to have them in Charge. He then writes to the Magistrate,
-specifying the Day of their Debarkation, the very Moment in which
-they began to open the Chests and expose the Things to the Air; and
-he transmits the Roll or List aforesaid, in which is contained every
-Thing that requires Expurgation. If any Merchandizes are discovered
-in them, the Quarantine of the Passengers cannot commence, till those
-Merchandizes have been transported to another Place; there to go through
-all the Precautions and Tryals proper for them: And if no Merchandize has
-been found, their Quarantine commences from the Time of the Search as
-aforesaid. The same Person sends also another List of all the Merchandize
-received separately for Expurgation, nothing excepted; which denotes
-the Arrival of such Goods; their Quality; the Place they come from; the
-Vessel they were landed out of; the _Fante_ who conducted them; the
-Time when the Unloading was begun and ended; and precisely that of the
-Merchandize being opened; and from thence is calculated the Term for
-Quarantine. In this Roll he is also obliged expresly to add, that he has
-had them lightly singed, or sprinkled, and entirely cleansed; and that
-he has afterwards diligently made the proper Examination about all the
-_Peatas_, which served for the Transportation of the Goods; that no Doubt
-may remain, that any Thing may have been left: And he is obliged to make
-it appear, whether the _Peatas_ arrived towards Night at the _Lazarettos_
-(at which Time it is rigorously forbid, as is before said, to open any
-one of the Gates of them;) and if the Guardian and _Bastazi_ have exerted
-the proper Vigilance about them, as they are obliged by the Laws to do.
-
-Besides, the Roll that the Guardian himself sends, (who remains aboard
-the Ship after the Unloading is compleated) consists of many Articles;
-one is, to discover, if the Captain has deposed, at his Examination, and
-given, in his Manifest, every Thing contained in the Ship. Another is, to
-have certain Knowledge, that every Thing, that was contained in it, has
-passed to the Place of Purification; which appears by its being compared
-with that of the _Prior_.
-
-It besides serves for a Security to the Persons concerned, for the
-rendring them a just Account, as the Merchandizes pass through so many
-Hands. A Fourth, and the most material of all, is the Certainty obtained
-from it, that, in the Ship itself, nothing has remained that should
-undergo Purification: To this End, the said Guardian certifies in that
-Roll, and attests (any Failure in which Point he would answer with
-his Life) that at such a Time the Unloading was begun, and at such a
-Time ended: That he has omitted no Search or Caution, and that nothing
-remained: And that he has exposed to the Air every Thing either belonging
-to the Mariners or to the Ship.
-
-If upon these Authorities the Quarantine has commenced, and there appears
-afterwards any Thing on Board subject to Purification, that had been hid,
-this also is sent to the _Lazaretto_, with such other Merchandizes that
-for that End are condemned by the Rules to recommence their Quarantine;
-when they have not had the Indulgence of performing it separately, but
-collectively; and this, both because it is required by the Office, and
-also for a Punishment for such Roguery having been carried on; which
-does not stop there, but renders subject to Chastisement, whoever was the
-Concealer.
-
-For what regards the Quarantine of Passengers, and of the Vessel, when
-they have begun it in this Method, and it continues without any Accident
-intervening; I need not add, that it is regularly brought to an End. But
-if any Sickness happens, I have already given an Account of the Conduct
-that is in that Case observed.
-
-Something must be added about Goods. I have already observed, when I said
-they are disposed differently upon their Receipt into the _Lazarettos_,
-that they are also differently treated.
-
-Therefore ’tis necessary to say somewhat of that. Wooll and Woollen Goods
-are the chief Things, of which two Sorts arrive: One Sort is called _Lane
-Succide_, because they come just as they were taken from the Animals when
-shorn: The others are called _Lane Pelate_, i. e. such as are taken from
-the Hide of the Animal when dead, by the Means of Lime. Both of them
-are put _à Monte_, which is a Form mentioned before. Putting Things _à
-Monte_, is as much as to say, taking them out of the Bags or Cases they
-were in, and laying them in Heaps of about Four Feet high, with some
-Distance between each Heap, that they may the better be come at to be
-handled: And the handling of them, consists in removing them from one
-Place to another every Day; in often stirring them, and heaping them up
-again in the same Manner; so that at the End of the Forty Days, there
-be a Certainty that no Lock of the Wooll has been untouched. All the
-Wooll may be treated in the same Manner; but the first Sort is usually
-examined with the greater Care; for as they consist of the Fleece, that
-is, of the entire Wooll as taken from the Body of the Animal, they
-are most carefully searched, Thread by Thread; and thus, at the same
-Time that they are purified, they are also cleaned. By which Care, the
-Proprietors of them save the Pains and Trouble they must afterwards have
-been at to cleanse them. And this Care is also sufficient, and especially
-as at the Time of putting them again in the Bags, another Tryal is made.
-
-The same Form is observed for all Silks, Linnens, Raw Silks, Ferret,
-Ribond, and such like, emptying them in a scattered Manner in Heaps, and
-then Bale by Bale separately, handling them twice a Day, and every Week
-removing them to another Place.
-
-Other Goods, such as Cottons, Thread, Camels Hair, and Castor, which come
-in Bags, are differently purified; for the Bags are unsowed from one End
-to another in the Middle, and so they are left open for Half the Time
-of Quarantine, that is, for the Space of Twenty Days, being every Day
-handled by the _Bastazi_, who put in their naked Arms in all Parts of
-them, as they are moved daily, so that no Part of them can be unhandled.
-The Twenty Days being expired, in which is not included the Day they were
-opened, the Sacks are turned, and unsowed on the other Side, and they are
-handled in the same Manner, till the Expiration of the Forty Days, in
-which is not reckoned the Day they were turn’d; for which Ceremony, there
-are required a Notice from the _Prior_, and a particular Order from the
-Magistrate; and this being done, they set about sowing them up again, and
-they are accounted clean.
-
-All other Goods, _viz._ Camblets, Mohairs, Cloaths, and every Thing
-else that comes folded in Pieces, are first loosened and undone; that
-Fold by Fold the naked Arms of the _Bastazi_ may rummage them, and then
-they are moved about from Place to Place; and those that are uppermost
-one Day, are the next Day moved to the Bottom: The same Thing is done
-to Woollen Cloaths. But when any of the above Things come from infected
-Parts, over and above the aforesaid Precautions, they are also stretched
-out upon Ropes, in the open Air, turning and handling them every Day.
-The Sorts of Stuff called Felt, Quilts for Beds, Rugs, Thick Coverlids;
-those made of Lambs Wooll, Carpets, Capots, and, in general, every Thing
-made of Wooll and Silk, Books and Flax, Parchment, all Kinds of Paper,
-Hair Sacks, or Linnen Bags, and such Things, remain continually exposed
-to the Air, and are continually handled; and the _Bastazi’s_ are even
-obliged to sleep amongst some of them. Skins, being the most dangerous,
-are purified with a most exact Attention, exposing them to the Air, and
-continually handling them; so also Hair for Wigs, and Pens, or Fans of
-Feathers; which, Bundle by Bundle, are also exposed, and are twice a Day
-handled and rummaged, as being looked upon to be the most difficult to be
-fully purified. Tobacco, _Morocco_ Leather, Damasks, _&c._ and all Sorts
-of dry Skins, which have been properly dressed and cured, are sent all
-_à Monte_, and are all handled: But being thought to be Things rather
-less susceptible, such Kind of Merchandize generally are allowed the
-Indulgence of but Half Quarantine.
-
-There is another Kind of Quarantine for Wax and Spunges, being thrown
-into Running Water, and left to soak there 48 Hours, and then they are
-clear, there being a particular Guardian and Water near the Place
-for that Use: However, Wax and Tallow Candles must go through a full
-Quarantine, because of the Cotton in them. But if it is agreed to have
-them soaked in Water, they are cleared. All Woolly Animals perform the
-full Quarantine of Merchandizes. Those that have short Hair are passed
-through Water, and so purified. Feathered Animals must be sprinkled often
-with Vinegar, so as to be quite wet through, and are then free.
-
-Having now described the Kinds of Goods that by their own Nature are
-subject to very exact Expurgation, there remains to mention another
-Kind, which, though not so of itself, becomes so from Circumstances: Of
-this Sort are salted Buffalo’s Hides, which come from _Constantinople_,
-_Alexandria_, &c. which, when salted, and very moist, may be delivered
-out; but when dry, and ill soaked, they go through the full Quarantine of
-Goods. The Wild Safran, which is in itself looked upon as free, might be
-also delivered out; yet, as it is apt to grow mealy, the Consideration of
-its being lapt up in Cases, subjects it to a Quarantine; and consequently
-every Thing in general incurs Expurgation, which cannot, or must not be
-separated from its Envelop.
-
-It has been said, that there are many Things that may be taken away from
-the Ships, or out of the _Lazarettos_, i. e. all Things of a Nature not
-susceptible, and that come loose, or else come inclosed in such Things
-as are free, being probably purified by the volatile Nature of what they
-contain.
-
-Of the first Kind are all Corn, Vallonia, Salt, Flax-Seed, and other
-Seeds, Marble, Minerals, Wood, Earth for Looking-Glasses, Gold Dust, Rock
-Alum, Vitriol, Elephants Teeth, _&c._ Of the second Kind are, Sugars,
-Cheeses, Fruits green and dry, Kernels of Pine Apples, Salt Fish and
-Flesh, or Fish and Flesh Smoak dried, _&c._ Potargo, Drugs, Colours, and
-every Thing of that Kind, which can be separated from their Envelops.
-Of the third Sort are all Kind of Liquors, Brandies, Oils, Wines, which
-may be taken out; and when it is acknowledged that they are so, they are
-secured with Rosin over the Corks, which serves to certify that they are
-free. Raisins, Ashes, and Rosin or Pitch itself, though they come in
-Envelops or in Vessels, yet in the Hope that the Spirits within destroys
-all Suspicions, or repels any bad Effluvia, or the Effects of Contact, it
-is only required to rip the Bags and Envelops, and to tar the Seams of
-them, and they may be taken out.
-
-Such Things may be taken out, if the Merchant’s Necessity requires it;
-or else every Thing coming in Envelops performs Quarantine; the Envelops
-performing it, though emptied of their Contents; though the most refined
-Precautions are not required, if they are but a little handled, and
-exposed to Air. Yet most of the Deliveries of such Things are performed
-at the _Lazarettos_, that it may be done with the greater Circumspection,
-considering that Things, very free of themselves, may however be put
-up and mixed with something subject to Quarantine: As for Instance,
-Pistacchio-Nuts, and Coffee, amongst which Cotton is frequently found;
-so that when such Things happen, they cannot be cleared.
-
-Such are the Precautions used in the _Lazarettos_, towards all Persons
-and Things which come from suspected Countries; proportioned to the
-greater or less Cause of Suspicion: Since, in the most dangerous Cases,
-the Method is the same, the Term only longer.
-
-The ordinary Term being ended without any Accident of any Sort, the
-_Prior_ concludes his Incumbences with sending separate Testimonials,
-wherein he certifies, That on such a Day commenced the Quarantine of the
-Persons, and such a Day that of the Goods: That the proper Precautions
-have been used in opening them, emptying them out, _&c._ And that the
-Term of Forty Days expires on such a Day, no Accident having happened.
-The Guardian on Ship-board sends a like Testimonial; and on the Day free
-Communication is to be given to the Ship, Persons, or Merchandizes, it
-is granted them: Which Testimonial the Magistrate subscribes, and the
-_Fante_ is Bearer of it; taking Care, that it tallies exactly with all
-the Steps and Rules of the _Lazarettos_, and especially with the Order
-issued to the Clerk of the Office of Health.
-
-In Case any Sickness or Disorders have happened; though they have been
-already communicated from Time to Time, the _Prior_ and the Guardian must
-in that Testimonial repeat the Mention of them; that it may tally with
-the Reports made by the First Physician, who registers all his Visits,
-and makes himself Master of the Cases that have happened, without waiting
-for the Time of the Patient’s being at Liberty, to apply what is proper
-for the Cure of the most grievous Complaints.
-
-Such is the Conduct held in the _Lazarettos_, the Effects of which have
-been found so beneficial; but the good Management of which depends upon
-the Concert being kept up between so many different Precautions. I hope I
-have now discharged what my Orders required, _viz._ To describe, or give
-an Idea of the Functions of the Health Office, taken from the constant
-Practice here.
-
-
-_FINIS._
-
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-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of An authentick account of the measures and precautions used at Venice, by Anonymous</div>
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-    <div style='display:table-cell; padding-right:0.5em'>Title:</div>
-    <div style='display:table-cell; padding-right:0.5em'>An authentick account of the measures and precautions used at Venice</div>
-  </div>
-  <div style='display:table-row;'>
-    <div style='display:table-cell'></div>
-    <div style='display:table-cell'>By the Magistrate of the Office of Health, for the Preservation of Publick Health</div>
-  </div>
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Anonymous</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: May 31, 2021 [eBook #65479]</div>
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-<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div>
-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN AUTHENTICK ACCOUNT OF THE MEASURES AND PRECAUTIONS USED AT VENICE ***</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p>
-
-<p class="titlepage larger"><span class="smaller">AN AUTHENTICK</span><br />
-<span class="larger">ACCOUNT</span><br />
-<span class="smaller">OF THE</span><br />
-Measures and Precautions<br />
-<span class="smaller">USED AT</span><br />
-<span class="gesperrt"><i>VENICE</i></span>,<br />
-<span class="smaller">BY THE</span><br />
-<span class="smcap">Magistrate</span> of the Office of <span class="smcap">Health</span>,<br />
-<span class="smaller">FOR THE</span><br />
-PRESERVATION of the <span class="smcap">Publick Health</span>.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
-<img src="images/tp.jpg" width="300" height="300" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="titlepage"><span class="gesperrt"><i>LONDON</i></span>:<br />
-Printed by <span class="smcap">Edward Owen</span> in <i>Warwick-Lane</i>. 1752.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
-<img src="images/header.jpg" width="700" height="225" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<h1><span class="smaller">AN AUTHENTICK</span><br />
-ACCOUNT<br />
-<span class="smaller">OF<br />
-The <span class="smcap">Measures</span> and <span class="smcap">Precautions</span> used
-at <i>VENICE</i>, by the <span class="smcap">Magistrate</span> of the
-Office of <span class="smcap">Health</span>, for the <span class="smcap">Preservation</span> of the
-<span class="smcap">Publick Health</span>.</span></h1>
-
-<div>
-<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-i.jpg" width="150" height="150" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="dropcap">It is now the Third Century since the following
-Regulation took its Rise.</p>
-
-<p>The Office of Health is furnished with
-such ample Power and Authority, as makes it
-at once useful and respectable; it is administered
-by the Subjects of the Republick most eminent for their
-Prudence, Dignity and Talents; it is furnished with Abundance
-of Officers, a few of whom are employed in the Distribution
-of Orders, and the rest in their Execution. In describing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span>
-occasionally these different Branches, much Light
-will be let in upon the Subject.</p>
-
-<p>Experience has shewn, that in the <i>Ottoman</i> Dominions the
-Plague is never utterly extinct: Hence it is an immutable
-Law with the Magistrate of the Office of Health, to consider
-the whole Extent of the <i>Ottoman</i> Dominions, and every State
-dependent on it, as always to be suspected to be in an infected
-Condition, to such a Degree, as not to receive, in any Part
-of the Dominions of the Republick, either confining to or
-commercing with them, any Persons, Merchandizes, Animals,
-or any other Thing coming from thence, without the necessary
-Inspection of the Office of Health, and the previous Purifications.</p>
-
-<p>To explain myself, I will suppose that a suspected Ship,
-coming from some Scale of the <i>Levant</i>, presents itself at the
-Mouth of these Ports, and, by describing the Conduct that is
-observed towards it, I shall shew the Rules that are practised
-with regard to every Vessel, coming from any Part of the
-World, that is either infected, or suspected to be so.</p>
-
-<p>No Vessel can enter these Ports, unless it touches at <i>Istria</i>,
-and takes a Pilot on Board, or unless, on approaching to the
-Ports, it wait for the Towers of the Admiral to tow it up.
-These Officers do not immediately depend upon the Magistrate,
-but are obliged, however, not to neglect any of his Rules,
-nor to mix with any Vessel, even free or cleared, unless by the
-Magistrate’s Leave; to make use of tarred Cables, or Cables
-of <span class="spacer" title="[Transcriber’s Note: an intentional blank space was left here
-in the original]">in</span> the towing Vessels in, in order to avoid all
-Communication, and to direct the Captain of every suspected<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span>
-Vessel to hoist up on the Mizen Mast a particular Signal; so
-that, by Means of the Spies, who are continually on the High
-Tower of St. <i>Mark</i> to discover any Vessels that approach, such
-Vessel is immediately known to be a Vessel subject to perform
-Quarantine.</p>
-
-<p>As soon as the Vessel is discovered, the Magistrate has Notice,
-and all the Officers belonging to him; the Chief of whom
-instantly dispatches the <i>Guardian</i> (whose Turn it is) to meet
-it and go on Board, and guard it during the Term of Quarantine.</p>
-
-<p>The Magistrate has Sixty of these Guardians in his Service,
-whose Duty it is, by Turns, either to go a-board any Ship, or
-to the <i>Lazarettos</i>, to superintend the Purification of Merchandizes,
-or the proper Quarantine of Persons. Their Duty,
-in general, is to see that all the Rules are observed concerning
-the Precautions and Purifications: Their Office is dangerous and
-delicate to the last Degree; they have a particular daily Appointment,
-which they have also from those concerned in the
-Ship or Cargo, besides their daily Provisions; and they answer
-with their Life any Contravention to the Rules that they should
-suffer to take Place, or dare to have any Hand in.</p>
-
-<p>The Guardian then being dispatched to meet the Ship, he
-either meets her and goes a-board her out at Sea with the Admiral’s
-own Boat, when there is any Doubt that it may be
-come from infected Parts; or he waits for her in those Waters
-where the Admiral, or his Towers, bring her to cast Anchor;
-the Places being different according to the different Size of the
-Ships, or the different Inspections under which they fall; as,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span>
-for Vessels that are very heavy, and sink deep in the Water,
-deeper Canals are assigned; for those coming from Places which,
-their Passes shew, were infected, or on Board of which there
-are any Appearances of the Plague, Canals are assigned more remote,
-even twelve or fourteen Miles distant from the City;
-and in that Case they are guarded by the publick Galleys, or
-Barks armed with Militia in Proportion to the Number of
-Vessels at one Time in that Quarantine, or according to the
-Quality of the Suspicions had of them, in order to prevent any
-Person from entring into these Canals, or any Thing being
-brought clandestinely out of them.</p>
-
-<p>As soon as the Vessel is at Anchor, and has passed under
-the Observation of the Guardian, an Officer of the Magistrate
-(called <i>Fante</i>) is instantly sent on Board to bring the Captain,
-under the Precautions of the Office of Health, to the Abode
-of the Magistrate on the Shore to be examined.</p>
-
-<p>The Magistrate has Seven of these Officers called <i>Fanti</i>;
-the Head of them is the <i>Massaro</i>; and his Duty is to collect
-all the Letters coming from suspected Countries, and to open
-and fumigate them; for at the Time the Captain of the
-suspected Vessel is brought to be examined, he must deliver all
-his Letters, and not only all such as were entrusted to him,
-but also all others in Possession of any Passengers or others on
-Board. And in this Point he is obliged to the strictest Vigilance,
-since, besides the particular Care required that Paper be
-not suffered to pass without undergoing the necessary Fumigations,
-there is Danger that in the Letters be contained Samples
-for Cloaths, or other Things susceptible, and consequently subject
-to Purification.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span></p>
-
-<p>The Duty of these <i>Fanti</i>, is to execute all the Orders issued
-by the Magistrate, as none else can execute them, and to
-superintend every Thing respecting the Duties and Precautions
-of the Office of Health, with this Difference between them
-and the Guardians, that the latter are always looked upon to
-be in the same Condition as the Ship, Passengers, or Merchandizes
-which they guard; whereas the <i>Fanti</i> keep themselves
-always clear, and serve for an Escort upon all Occasions; without
-being in the least contaminated.</p>
-
-<p>As soon as ever the <i>Fante</i> is arrived along-Side the suspected
-Vessel in his own Boat, the Captain must get into his own
-Boat with his Sailors, and keep behind the <i>Fante</i>’s, which
-precedes always at a due Distance, in order to oblige to sheer
-off all Vessels they may meet by the Way, and to take Care
-that the Ship-Boat itself do not approach any Vessel, or put to
-Land at any Island in their Way to the Parts of the Magistrate’s
-Abode on the Shore, which are so barricadoed,
-that, though Discourse may be held at a Distance between the
-New-Comers, and those at Land, no Communication of any
-Kind can happen; and as soon as the Captain is on Shore, he
-is introduced, through a guarded Street, to the Spot destined
-for him to be examined at, which is an Inclosure shut up on all
-Sides; where, by the Clerk of the Magistrate, (an Officer particularly
-appointed for that Business) he is, from a Window,
-examined, at a due Distance.</p>
-
-<p>The Inquiry turns particularly upon, Whence the Vessel
-comes, and in what Length of Time; If from a healthy or
-suspected Part; What Kind of a Voyage she has had; What
-Places touched at; and Whether in them he had been admitted<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span>
-to Communication or not; If he met any Ships at Sea, and
-from whence, and Whether he had any Communication with
-them. The Number is demanded of his Crew and Passengers;
-If they have been always well in the Voyage, or if any of them
-are missing; What, and how much, is the Cargo he brings;
-If all from one Place, or from many; and lastly, Whether, in
-what regards the Health, he had observed in any Parts any
-<i>Risings</i>; and intimating to him, that he must exhibit all the
-Papers and Letters he has.</p>
-
-<p>The first of these to be examined on the Spot, are the Patents
-or Bills of Health, in order to compare with them the
-Facts delivered in the Examination, and particularly the Number
-of Persons who are on Board the Vessel. This is looked
-upon to be so essentially requisite, and of such Consequence,
-that if any Vessel should arrive without it, though it should
-be come from a Place absolutely free, and even in the Neighbourhood,
-it would either not be admitted at all, or not have
-any Communication granted it, unless after a most rigorous
-Quarantine.</p>
-
-<p>If by chance the Patents should be defective, and should
-denote a greater or less Number of Persons than are taken
-down in the Examination, the Captain must prove, in the
-clearest Manner, either the Flight or Death, and particularly
-the Condition of that Person who is wanting; and in the same
-Manner he is to produce particular Patents; and with Evidence
-upon Examination, and by other Proofs of the same Nature,
-he is to make it appear from what Place he took up the
-Person who happens to be one more than the Number set forth
-in the said Patents; since, in the first Case, there may remain<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span>
-a Doubt, that the Deficiency may have been owing to Death
-by Infection, or to Flight to Parts not named; and in the second
-Case, it is to be considered, that it is possible, that the
-Person, exceeding the Number mentioned in the Patent, may
-have been received from some suspected Vessel, or from some infected
-Place.</p>
-
-<p>Besides these Patents, the Captain is also to give a distinct
-Account of all his Cargo, both of its Quality and Quantity;
-which is called giving a <i>Manifest</i>; from whence is discovered,
-whether any of the Merchandizes may have been brought
-from suspected Countries; in which Case the Captain must
-prove, that in that Place they had undergone the necessary Purification.
-By Means of the Manifest, Lights also are gathered
-as to what Kind of Quarantine may be proper for infectious
-Ladings of different Kinds, and Orders given for taking out
-such as are of a Nature not to give Suspicion.</p>
-
-<p>’Tis here proper to observe, that this Order for Examining
-and Comparing is executed on every Vessel arriving in these
-Parts, they being all treated upon the Foot of Suspicion, (tho’
-they be not so) until, that by the Concert produced by the
-aforesaid Enquiries, a Certainty is obtained of their Condition:
-Nor can they before that have any Communication at all; and
-as the very Essence of this momentous Concern depends upon
-Integrity and Fidelity, every Captain is guilty of High Treason
-for any Prevarication in his Depositions upon Examination, or
-any Falsification of his fiduciary Papers; this Point being watched
-with the utmost Attention and Care.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span></p>
-
-<p>These Researches being over, if the Vessel really comes from
-a Place that is free, it is declared free; if from a suspected one,
-the Captain is reconducted on Board his Ship with the same
-Precautions used on his being brought ashore.</p>
-
-<p>And as the Guardian is already on Board it, he begins now
-to exercise his Functions; <i>1st</i>, He forms a distinct List of the
-Number, Names and Sirnames of all the Persons on Board;
-<i>2dly</i>, Another List of all the Things belonging to each Person,
-distinguishing those which are simply for their Use from such
-as may be traded with; it being lawful to keep the first in the
-Ship, when any Person performs his Quarantine aboard with
-the Crew; but they must be exposed to Air, and every Day
-handled; the same not being allowed to Merchandize, which
-must all be purified at the <i>Lazarettos</i>. Both these Rolls or
-Lists are sent to the Magistrate; and, the Captain’s Assertions
-on his Examination being entirely proved, Order is given for
-unlading the Ship, and for transporting the Goods to the <i>Lazaretto</i>;
-it never being allowed, either that any Goods remain
-in the Ship for Purification, or that the Time of Quarantine
-for the Ship should begin till the Unlading is finished.</p>
-
-<p>However, the Magistrate being desirous not to embarrass
-Commerce more than the Publick Safety requires; those Goods
-are distinguished, which are susceptible of Infection, from those
-which are not: Some of them are allowed to be taken from
-on Board the Ship without passing through any Purifications,
-with the Assistance however of the <i>Fante</i> without, as well as
-of the Guardian within; lest, under Pretence of Things being
-uninfected, any Thing should be delivered out that requires
-Purification: Some other Things may also be taken away, but<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span>
-not from the Ship, but from the <i>Lazarettos</i>; the first Indulgence
-is granted to those Things which are not liable to Infection;
-the second, to others that being free themselves are
-wrapp’d in Covers that are not so; as these Covers must be
-carefully taken off by Persons suspected, and are to be on the
-Footing of other suspected Things.</p>
-
-<p>Every Thing else, which may give Suspicion, must be purified
-according to the Rules of the <i>Lazarettos</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Precautions are used in changing Things from one Vessel to
-another, and in transporting them; for which Reason, this being
-only to be done by Boats destined for that Use, called <i>Peate</i>,
-they cannot go to the Ship’s Side without Leave, and that is
-not given till the Information aforesaid is obtained; and when
-they are come to the Side of the Ship, no one meddles with
-the Cargo but the Ship’s Crew, the <i>Fante</i> being always present
-out of the Ship, and the Guardian within, who takes an exact
-Note of all that is laden on them, to be transmitted to the
-Magistrate. In their Way to the <i>Lazaretto</i>, the Fante escorts
-them with the due Cautions, accompanied by the Clerk of the
-Ship, or some other of the Persons concerned, and consigns
-them to the Prior of the <i>Lazaretto</i>, who makes the <i>Bastazi</i>
-answerable for them, who are appointed to have the Handling
-of them, and the Guardian who is to superintend it, and sends
-the Magistrate a distinct List of every Thing which is received,
-for a fuller Check.</p>
-
-<p><i>Bastazi</i> is the Name given to those, who open the Bales of
-Merchandize, and handle them, and keep amongst them all
-the Time prescribed for Quarantine. They are chosen by the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span>
-Merchants concerned, that they may be secure of their Regularity.
-But the Magistrate requires they should be knowing
-Persons, and there is a Guardian appointed them, to take Care
-that the Purifications are exact, and that Interest does not occasion
-any Breach of the Rules. They have their Necessaries
-and daily Pay from the Merchants, and they are the Persons
-who are most diligently examined; for, from the Effects which
-are discovered on them, may be known what there is to fear:
-’Tis not however in the Breast of the Merchants to appoint a
-greater or less Number of these; but the Laws have provided,
-that each <i>Bastazo</i> is to serve for so many Bales as he can manage
-carefully in a Day.</p>
-
-<p>The Transporting Goods to the <i>Lazaretti</i> has been mentioned,
-the same is to be understood of Persons, who are there
-with their Things to perform the Quarantine, and prove their being
-in Health under the Care of another Guardian; it being seldom
-allowed (and that only to some poor Wretch) to perform
-Quarantine in the Ship, for fear the Things worn or wearable
-should not be sufficiently purified. ’Tis to be observed, that
-every Vessel having on Board Goods and Passengers, must have
-three Guardians; one for the Ship, one for the Goods, and one
-for the Passengers, together with the Help of so many other
-Officers as may seem a heavy Expence: But if it be considered
-that this is borne by the Goods, and that they are sold in the
-Country, it will appear how much Care is taken of the Publick
-Safety, which is preferred to every other Consideration.</p>
-
-<p>But all these Precautions are to be compleated in the <i>Lazarettos</i>,
-so called from the original Intention of them for the
-Recovery of Persons sick of the Plague, but worthy now a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span>
-better Name, as they are the Deposits of the Publick Safety,
-which therein exercises its Precautions. These are of a double
-Use; for the Purification of Persons and Merchandize, separately,
-in Times of Health; and for the Recovery of sick
-infected Persons, and the Purification of dangerous Household
-Furniture, in Times of the Plague; to which Use are also
-converted other Insular Places which are scattered among the
-Marshes round us.</p>
-
-<p>The first Thing to be considered in these <i>Lazarettos</i> is their
-Situation. They should not be so near the Town as to cause
-any Danger, nor so far distant as not to be under the Eye of
-the Magistrate, and within Reach of all proper Provision and
-Assistance.</p>
-
-<p>There are two <i>Lazarettos</i> at <i>Venice</i>, the Old and the New;
-the first distant two Miles and more, the other a little above
-Three from the City. Each forms a separate Island, which has
-nothing contiguous to it, and cut off from all Communication.
-Each takes up a large Space of Ground, shut in all round by
-Buildings washed by the Waters, which serve for a Wall and
-Guard: They have no Openings outward for any Thing to go
-out at, for every Thing must go out at the same Gate at
-which it entred. The Length of the Ground the first stands
-on is one hundred and five Geometrical Paces of five Feet each;
-the Breadth eighty-five; the whole Circumference three hundred
-and eighty. The second is somewhat larger, <i>viz.</i> one
-hundred and twelve long, ninety-two broad, and four hundred
-and fourteen in Circumference. The Structure of each is remarkable
-for its Capaciousness, but much more so for the Contrivances
-of Convenience and Security. At the Entrance is the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span>
-<i>Prior’s</i> House, which is always free, disjoined from every Place
-belonging to the Quarantine, but so contrived, as to command
-the greater Part of them. All the rest of the Ground is taken
-up, either by Buildings to lodge Passengers, or in large Courts
-all surrounded with open Sheds, under which the Merchandizes
-are exposed to the Air, and preserved from the Weather; or
-else with great Sheds all round walled in, but with Holes in the
-Top to let in the Air; which serve for the same Use. What
-is most to be admired in the Contrivance of them is, that they
-are divided and subdivided into many Offices for Quarantines,
-and of different Kinds, in such a Manner, that each has its
-peculiar Ingress, without giving or receiving any Inconvenience
-from the other, in order to prevent the Danger of any Communications;
-in which the very Essence of the Regulations
-consists. As to the Places destined for the Reception of Persons;
-in the first Place, they are separated from every other,
-which serves for the Purification of Goods; and with great
-Reason; for if the Proprietor had Leave to visit his Cargo,
-whilst under Purification, his Coming might put a Constraint
-upon, or interrupt the Course of Management, through his Concern
-for preventing any Injury to the Merchandize. <i>2dly</i>, They
-are also separated from each other, though there are a greater
-or less Number of Rooms contiguous, for the Convenience of a
-greater or less Number of Passengers, who may arrive at one
-Time from the same Parts, all having different Ingresses, different
-Stairs, and no Communication. The Sheds, which inclose
-the Court Yards, are so disposed, that you cannot pass
-from one Court to another, all the Gates being kept shut. Each
-of these Sheds is terminated by a particular Building for the
-Abode of the Guardian and of the <i>Bastazi</i>, who have the Care<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span>
-of the Merchandize exposed under it. The great Sheds have
-also their Convenience, their Use, and Security.</p>
-
-<p>Ample Room is to be given to the Merchandizes, that they
-may, without being damaged by Weather, be penetrated by
-the Air; and become at, to be handled; and the Persons are
-also to be lodged, at Large, conveniently, without occasioning
-Mixture in the great Numbers of them, or in the Variety of their
-Quarantines: An Idea of which may perhaps best be had, by
-considering that the old <i>Lazaretto</i>, with only Eight Places for
-the Purification of Goods (each of them subdivisible into
-many more) can give Reception to 6730 Bales of Merchandize
-at once, coming from various Parts. And if one confines only
-to six different Quarantines, the Quarters appointed for Persons
-(each of which is subdivided into 13 Rooms) above 294
-Persons may be easily and commodiously lodged there at
-once.</p>
-
-<p>The New one, is more capacious; takes in an equal Number
-of Bales, but has somewhat under 200 Rooms for Passengers,
-and has sometimes furnished Accommodations for the
-Quarantine of 4000 Soldiers and 200 Horse, at Times when
-it was not incumbered with Merchandize.</p>
-
-<p>As I need not be more diffuse upon the Description of
-them, I come now to the Forms observed in them.</p>
-
-<p>An Officer called a <i>Prior</i> superintends in each. Great Care
-is taken in Choice of him, always taking Subjects of the
-Order of Citizens, and changing him every Fourth Year; and
-no one can be ever qualified for this Officer, who has either<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span>
-Consanguinity or Connexion with any of the Magistrate’s
-Officers, or that is interested in any Vessel, or has any Concern
-in Trade of any Sort. He has a House within the Inclosure
-of the <i>Lazaretto</i>, as has been said, in which he is obliged
-to reside constantly; never being to leave it, except in the sole
-Case of attending the Magistrate’s Orders; then leaving a Subaltern
-in his Room, called the <i>Sub-Prior</i>, who is also his
-Assistant.</p>
-
-<p>They have an annual handsome Allowance to subsist well
-upon; the Laws being rigorous, that, as they are so well provided
-for, they shall not have any Kind of Emolument imaginable, under
-any Pretence which might tempt their Avidity to mitigate, or
-dispense, with any of the Delicacies of the Purifications; and
-they cannot quit that Employment, which they enter into, in
-Times of no greater Exigency than the common legal Precautions,
-even in Case any Plague should happen in the City.</p>
-
-<p>These are the sole Officers who receive all the Orders of the
-Magistrate, who (when necessary) require them, and then distribute
-them to the inferior Officers, for the Conduct of the
-<i>Lazarettos</i> that are under their Care and Direction.</p>
-
-<p>At the Time of Election they give Security for their good
-Conduct, and another Security of a Thousand Ducats for the
-Interest of the Merchants who trust their Merchandize in their
-Hands.</p>
-
-<p>Though the utmost Vigilance and Diligence is required of
-them, that all the Regulations be observed; their Hands are
-tied up in every Respect, not having the Privilege to give Employment<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span>
-to any one of their Family in the <i>Lazarettos</i>; nor
-are they to suffer Fishing in the neighbouring Canals, lest, under
-that Pretence, little Boats should approach, and some dangerous
-Transportation of any one be attempted; nor can they traffick
-in any Shape, or in any Thing, that is brought into the <i>Lazarettos</i>,
-or with any one there; nor must they suffer any Bargains
-to be driven between Persons in Quarantine, nor between
-them and those Officers that visit them; for which Reason no
-Broker can be admitted, even though he should have a particular
-Order; it being to be considered, that it is an unalterable
-Maxim, that no Person or Goods of any Kind, can be
-brought into the <i>Lazarettos</i>, or on Board suspected Vessels,
-without express Orders of the Magistrate: For this Reason, the
-<i>Priors</i> depend solely on the Authority of the Magistrate,
-insomuch that they are dispensed with obeying any other Orders
-whatsoever; the Publick Faith proceeding with such Delicacy
-on this important Head, that no Execution can be served
-upon any Kind of Goods, &amp;c. brought and deposited in the <i>Lazarettos</i>
-for the Regards of Health; and even in Case a <i>Banditto</i>
-should clandestinely get in there, and be discovered, he is
-secure from such Time as he has taken his Refuge there, no
-Distinction being made of Persons, where the Safety of the
-State is at Stake.</p>
-
-<p>To say something of the more general Duties to which the
-<i>Priors</i> are obliged: They keep all the Keys, as well of every
-Gate which gives Entrance into the <i>Lazarettos</i>, (which is more
-than one, besides all those that are upon the Canal, disposed in
-the best Manner to receive Goods, and pass them to the Place
-destined for their Purification, without passing by Places already
-occupied by others, lest there should be any Mistake) as of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span>
-every other Gate that secures the Quarantine of Persons and
-Goods; all which are to be shut when Night comes on, and
-opened only after the Sun rising; themselves always assisting,
-yet with such Precautions, that they themselves are always to
-be kept clear and free from Mixture.</p>
-
-<p>They are responsible for whatever is sent to the <i>Lazarettos</i>,
-under Sanction, however, of the Magistrate’s Order, with which
-they must be furnished; and with no other are they to be satisfied,
-not even with that of his Officers that bring them.
-They inspect the Guardians and the <i>Bastazi</i>, that they do
-their Duty each Day, in the Services render’d Persons and
-Goods, not permitting them to serve in more than one Quarantine;
-and that they are assiduous in exposing every Day to
-the Air, upon Ropes, the Passengers Things, taken out of their
-Trunks, <i>&amp;c.</i> and in the necessary Management they are to observe
-of suspected Merchandize, with every Form required:
-For which Reason, and to provide for any Necessities of the
-Passengers, the <i>Prior</i> is every Day to make two Visits at least,
-one in the Morning, and the other in the Afternoon, to every
-Place of Quarantine.</p>
-
-<p>This Care of keeping the Passengers supplied with all Necessaries,
-brings me to describe another Sort of Officers, in the
-Service of the Magistrate, called <i>Victuallers</i>.</p>
-
-<p>These furnish the Passengers in the <i>Lazarettos</i>, and the Crew
-performing Quarantine on Board, with all Things necessary.
-There is a fixed Number of them, and they twice a Day visit
-the <i>Lazarettos</i> and Vessels; but they keep at due Distance, and
-always the <i>Prior</i> must be present at the first, and the Guardian<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span>
-in the last, (which is an immutable Rule, if any Visit is ever
-made) and all that they present, passes through the Hands of
-those Officers to the Persons, making use of a Basket for that
-Purpose, fastened to a Cane of three or four Fathom long, in
-which they put what they furnish them with, and receive their
-Money the same Way; which before they touch, they pass it
-through Vinegar or Salt-Water.</p>
-
-<p>They are forbid by Law all Extortion, and all the Profit
-they have is only one Penny more in the Pound than the ordinary
-<i>Tariffes</i> allow, as settled from Time to Time by the Officers
-of the City.</p>
-
-<p>It is not however prohibited to others, and such as are concerned
-with the Passengers to furnish them Victuals, provided
-all passes through the <i>Prior</i>’s Hands, and none of the Rules
-of Precaution are eluded: The <i>Prior’s</i> superintend these Victuallers,
-to prevent Fraud; and if such Exactness is observed,
-that Passengers suffer no Inconvenience or Uneasiness, still a
-greater Attention is exerted, if by Chance any one of them
-should be sick: For the <i>Prior</i> must forthwith declare the Case;
-and the First Physician of the Magistrate is immediately sent to,
-and the most scrupulous Observation is made of any Disorder,
-whose Symptoms should be doubtful. The same Rule is observed
-towards any Sick in the Ships; the Patient growing
-worse, nothing is with-held for preparing him to die well;
-there being a Church in the <i>Lazaretto</i>, &amp;c. If the Sick would
-dispose of any of their Effects, the Priest that serves for Chaplain,
-acts as a Notary in Default of the <i>Prior</i>; but he cannot
-be appointed either Executor, or Heir, no more than any other
-Officer of the <i>Lazaretto</i>; and they only can serve as Witnesses:<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span>
-But if the dying Person should desire a Publick Notary, it is
-granted by the Magistrate, whenever the Times and Conjunctures
-will allow of it.</p>
-
-<p>Every Death must be immediately communicated, though it
-be of a known Distemper; nor can the Corpse be moved, until
-(even after Death) it has been visited by the Chief Physician,
-to see if any Pestilential Marks were come out upon it: It is
-buried in a Church-yard belonging to the <i>Lazaretto</i>: And in
-Burying, no Hands are employed, but those in the same Quarantine
-he died in, digging a Hole at least two Fathom
-deep.</p>
-
-<p>Such Circumspection is used, if the Distemper and the
-Death proceed from natural Causes: But the least Appearance
-of any Thing infectious, makes it much greater; for as soon as
-ever it is known, the sick Person is separated from the others
-in Quarantine with him, who are obliged to begin again a more
-rigorous Quarantine; dividing them as much as possible one
-from the other; which, in Case of another Accident, is to become
-a Third Quarantine for every one. And the sick Person
-being assisted with the utmost Caution and Care, the Corpse is
-buried in Lime. Those that die in the Ship are buried in the
-same Manner. Of all that belongs to the Deceased, the <i>Prior</i>
-takes an exact Inventory in Presence of the Guardian, and two
-or three Witnesses; which is adjudged by the Magistrate to
-the lawful Heirs. On Board the Ships, the Guardians do those
-Parts.</p>
-
-<p>Having succinctly related the Duties of the <i>Prior</i>, which
-principally consist in seeing the Rules kept up to, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span>
-good Order observed; in which is comprehended the Care of
-keeping the Peace in the <i>Lazarettos</i>; of taking all Arms
-from Passengers, and having them separated from what they
-were lapt up in, and kept to be restored them at their going
-out; in forbidding all noisy Sports, and especially such as might
-occasion any Mixture amongst the People in Quarantine; in
-seeing that the Guardians, <i>Bastazis</i>, and Victuallers, do their
-Duty, without using Extortion, <i>&amp;c.</i> That all Animals, whether
-Quadrupeds or Fowls, be shut up, which might straggle, and
-occasion Disorder. It remains to say something of the Quality
-of the Purifications used in the <i>Lazarettos</i>; that being a Point
-not to be by any Means omitted, and may not be a little tedious,
-as the Detail of them cannot be concise.</p>
-
-<p>Resuming therefore the Idea already mentioned, of deducing
-the general Conduct from a particular one, and returning to
-where the Merchandize was left, when brought out of the suspected
-Ship, <i>viz.</i> to the Gates of the <i>Lazarettos</i>, with all the
-Precautions aforesaid; they are by the <i>Fante</i>, who escorts them,
-delivered up to the <i>Prior</i> of the <i>Lazaretto</i>, with the Order that
-directs him to receive them. He directs a Place for their Purification;
-directs the <i>Bastazi</i>, appointed for that Work, to
-take them out of the Boat, and the Guardian to keep them in
-his Custody; then causing the <i>Peata</i> that brings them, to carry
-them to the Shore most convenient for their Landing at the
-Place where they are to be purified; they are unloaded by the
-<i>Bastazi</i>, who, from that Moment, together with the Guardian,
-are looked upon as unclean, and can have no Communication
-of any Sort. As many as are unloaded, a Note is taken of,
-and so successively till the Ship is quite cleared.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span></p>
-
-<p>It has been said, that generally the Clerk of the Ship, or
-the Super-Cargo, or always one of the Ship, passes with the
-Merchandize to the <i>Lazaretto</i>, to make the Delivery of them;
-and the Reason of it is, to take back a Receipt from the
-<i>Bastazi</i> for all that was delivered to them, that the Whole
-may be restored, out of Regard to the Rules of the Health-Office,
-and for the Sake of Punctuality.</p>
-
-<p>The Ship being entirely unloaded, they proceed to dispose
-the Goods in proper Places, with the necessary Distinctions:
-The Wool, (which is to be purified with the Forms called
-<i>à Monte</i>) in one Place, and what it is lapt up in, in another;
-the Cottons all in one Line; these made with Thread (or
-Linnens) in another; the Skins for Leather in another Part; and
-so every Head of Merchandize, separated from others, of different
-Sorts; and when all is thus disposed, every Thing is
-opened, and from that Day commences the Time of Quarantine;
-which always consists regularly of Forty entire Days,
-for Merchandizes coming from the <i>Levant</i>, and so for any
-others coming from Places much suspected; which is increased
-upon the Death, or Sickness, of any one of the <i>Bastazis</i>, which
-should give any Suspicion of Infection; or if any Thing of
-that Kind appeared on the Ship, which had transported them.
-Thus from the very Day that the Unloading of the Ship terminates,
-the Quarantine of the Ship, and of the Crew, commences,
-and not otherwise.</p>
-
-<p>That of the Passengers being sooner brought to a Conclusion,
-who, at first, pass into the <i>Lazarettos</i> with their own Wearing
-Apparel, as they by so doing gain the Time the Unloading of
-the Ship requires.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span></p>
-
-<p>There are the most solid Reasons for this Proceeding; since,
-that as the Office of Health is to be secure, that every Thing
-liable to Expurgation passes through those Tryals which Reason
-and Experience, for so long a Space of Time have established;
-so this Point is not to be confounded.</p>
-
-<p>The Evil manifests itself more easily in Persons than Things;
-so that they might be subjected to less rigorous Rules than
-the Goods: Yet as there is no Person, but what brings with
-him some Things that are for his own Use; or is at least
-mixed with those that do; so the Suspicions becoming equal
-on this Head, the Purification required must be equal
-too.</p>
-
-<p>These different Terms are therefore to be diligently considered:
-That in which the Unloading of the Ships ends; and
-that in which is compleated the Transportation of the Goods
-to the <i>Lazaretto</i>. Since it is not sufficient that they are gone
-through, if it is not manifested that they are so.</p>
-
-<p>For this Reason, as soon as the Passengers are brought ashore,
-the Guardian appointed for the Charge of them, causes to be
-opened all their Chests, strong Boxes, Envelops, and whatever
-they have with them; of all which he takes a Note, which
-is called <i>making the Roll</i>. He then orders all to be exposed to
-the Air, if Wearing Apparel, and not Merchandize.</p>
-
-<p>This being done, he gives an Account of it to the <i>Prior</i>,
-who is always present; and the first registers in a Book, as
-well the Persons come into Quarantine, as their Things; as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span>
-also the Names of the Guardians appointed to have them in
-Charge. He then writes to the Magistrate, specifying the
-Day of their Debarkation, the very Moment in which they
-began to open the Chests and expose the Things to the Air;
-and he transmits the Roll or List aforesaid, in which is contained
-every Thing that requires Expurgation. If any Merchandizes
-are discovered in them, the Quarantine of the Passengers
-cannot commence, till those Merchandizes have been
-transported to another Place; there to go through all the Precautions
-and Tryals proper for them: And if no Merchandize
-has been found, their Quarantine commences from the
-Time of the Search as aforesaid. The same Person sends also
-another List of all the Merchandize received separately for Expurgation,
-nothing excepted; which denotes the Arrival of
-such Goods; their Quality; the Place they come from; the
-Vessel they were landed out of; the <i>Fante</i> who conducted
-them; the Time when the Unloading was begun and ended;
-and precisely that of the Merchandize being opened; and
-from thence is calculated the Term for Quarantine. In this
-Roll he is also obliged expresly to add, that he has had them
-lightly singed, or sprinkled, and entirely cleansed; and that he
-has afterwards diligently made the proper Examination about
-all the <i>Peatas</i>, which served for the Transportation of the
-Goods; that no Doubt may remain, that any Thing may have
-been left: And he is obliged to make it appear, whether the
-<i>Peatas</i> arrived towards Night at the <i>Lazarettos</i> (at which Time
-it is rigorously forbid, as is before said, to open any one of the
-Gates of them;) and if the Guardian and <i>Bastazi</i> have exerted
-the proper Vigilance about them, as they are obliged by the
-Laws to do.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span></p>
-
-<p>Besides, the Roll that the Guardian himself sends, (who remains
-aboard the Ship after the Unloading is compleated) consists
-of many Articles; one is, to discover, if the Captain has deposed,
-at his Examination, and given, in his Manifest, every
-Thing contained in the Ship. Another is, to have certain
-Knowledge, that every Thing, that was contained in it, has
-passed to the Place of Purification; which appears by its being
-compared with that of the <i>Prior</i>.</p>
-
-<p>It besides serves for a Security to the Persons concerned,
-for the rendring them a just Account, as the Merchandizes pass
-through so many Hands. A Fourth, and the most material
-of all, is the Certainty obtained from it, that, in the Ship itself,
-nothing has remained that should undergo Purification:
-To this End, the said Guardian certifies in that Roll, and attests
-(any Failure in which Point he would answer with his
-Life) that at such a Time the Unloading was begun, and at
-such a Time ended: That he has omitted no Search or Caution,
-and that nothing remained: And that he has exposed
-to the Air every Thing either belonging to the Mariners or
-to the Ship.</p>
-
-<p>If upon these Authorities the Quarantine has commenced,
-and there appears afterwards any Thing on Board subject to
-Purification, that had been hid, this also is sent to the <i>Lazaretto</i>,
-with such other Merchandizes that for that End are condemned
-by the Rules to recommence their Quarantine; when
-they have not had the Indulgence of performing it separately,
-but collectively; and this, both because it is required by the
-Office, and also for a Punishment for such Roguery having<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span>
-been carried on; which does not stop there, but renders subject
-to Chastisement, whoever was the Concealer.</p>
-
-<p>For what regards the Quarantine of Passengers, and of the
-Vessel, when they have begun it in this Method, and it continues
-without any Accident intervening; I need not add, that
-it is regularly brought to an End. But if any Sickness happens,
-I have already given an Account of the Conduct that is in that
-Case observed.</p>
-
-<p>Something must be added about Goods. I have already
-observed, when I said they are disposed differently upon their
-Receipt into the <i>Lazarettos</i>, that they are also differently
-treated.</p>
-
-<p>Therefore ’tis necessary to say somewhat of that. Wooll
-and Woollen Goods are the chief Things, of which two Sorts
-arrive: One Sort is called <i>Lane Succide</i>, because they come just
-as they were taken from the Animals when shorn: The others
-are called <i>Lane Pelate</i>, i. e. such as are taken from the Hide of
-the Animal when dead, by the Means of Lime. Both of them
-are put <i>à Monte</i>, which is a Form mentioned before. Putting
-Things <i>à Monte</i>, is as much as to say, taking them out of the
-Bags or Cases they were in, and laying them in Heaps of about
-Four Feet high, with some Distance between each Heap, that
-they may the better be come at to be handled: And the handling
-of them, consists in removing them from one Place to
-another every Day; in often stirring them, and heaping them
-up again in the same Manner; so that at the End of the Forty
-Days, there be a Certainty that no Lock of the Wooll has
-been untouched. All the Wooll may be treated in the same<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span>
-Manner; but the first Sort is usually examined with the greater
-Care; for as they consist of the Fleece, that is, of the entire
-Wooll as taken from the Body of the Animal, they are most
-carefully searched, Thread by Thread; and thus, at the same
-Time that they are purified, they are also cleaned. By which
-Care, the Proprietors of them save the Pains and Trouble they
-must afterwards have been at to cleanse them. And this Care
-is also sufficient, and especially as at the Time of putting them
-again in the Bags, another Tryal is made.</p>
-
-<p>The same Form is observed for all Silks, Linnens, Raw
-Silks, Ferret, Ribond, and such like, emptying them in a scattered
-Manner in Heaps, and then Bale by Bale separately, handling
-them twice a Day, and every Week removing them to
-another Place.</p>
-
-<p>Other Goods, such as Cottons, Thread, Camels Hair, and
-Castor, which come in Bags, are differently purified; for the
-Bags are unsowed from one End to another in the Middle, and
-so they are left open for Half the Time of Quarantine, that is,
-for the Space of Twenty Days, being every Day handled by
-the <i>Bastazi</i>, who put in their naked Arms in all Parts of them,
-as they are moved daily, so that no Part of them can be unhandled.
-The Twenty Days being expired, in which is not
-included the Day they were opened, the Sacks are turned, and
-unsowed on the other Side, and they are handled in the same
-Manner, till the Expiration of the Forty Days, in which is not
-reckoned the Day they were turn’d; for which Ceremony, there
-are required a Notice from the <i>Prior</i>, and a particular Order
-from the Magistrate; and this being done, they set about sowing
-them up again, and they are accounted clean.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span></p>
-
-<p>All other Goods, <i>viz.</i> Camblets, Mohairs, Cloaths, and every
-Thing else that comes folded in Pieces, are first loosened and
-undone; that Fold by Fold the naked Arms of the <i>Bastazi</i>
-may rummage them, and then they are moved about from
-Place to Place; and those that are uppermost one Day, are the
-next Day moved to the Bottom: The same Thing is done to
-Woollen Cloaths. But when any of the above Things come
-from infected Parts, over and above the aforesaid Precautions,
-they are also stretched out upon Ropes, in the open Air, turning
-and handling them every Day. The Sorts of Stuff called
-Felt, Quilts for Beds, Rugs, Thick Coverlids; those made of
-Lambs Wooll, Carpets, Capots, and, in general, every Thing
-made of Wooll and Silk, Books and Flax, Parchment, all Kinds
-of Paper, Hair Sacks, or Linnen Bags, and such Things, remain
-continually exposed to the Air, and are continually handled;
-and the <i>Bastazi’s</i> are even obliged to sleep amongst some of
-them. Skins, being the most dangerous, are purified with a
-most exact Attention, exposing them to the Air, and continually
-handling them; so also Hair for Wigs, and Pens, or Fans
-of Feathers; which, Bundle by Bundle, are also exposed, and
-are twice a Day handled and rummaged, as being looked upon
-to be the most difficult to be fully purified. Tobacco, <i>Morocco</i>
-Leather, Damasks, <i>&amp;c.</i> and all Sorts of dry Skins, which have
-been properly dressed and cured, are sent all <i>à Monte</i>, and are
-all handled: But being thought to be Things rather less susceptible,
-such Kind of Merchandize generally are allowed the Indulgence
-of but Half Quarantine.</p>
-
-<p>There is another Kind of Quarantine for Wax and Spunges,
-being thrown into Running Water, and left to soak there 48
-Hours, and then they are clear, there being a particular Guardian<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span>
-and Water near the Place for that Use: However, Wax
-and Tallow Candles must go through a full Quarantine, because
-of the Cotton in them. But if it is agreed to have them soaked
-in Water, they are cleared. All Woolly Animals perform the
-full Quarantine of Merchandizes. Those that have short Hair
-are passed through Water, and so purified. Feathered Animals
-must be sprinkled often with Vinegar, so as to be quite wet
-through, and are then free.</p>
-
-<p>Having now described the Kinds of Goods that by their own
-Nature are subject to very exact Expurgation, there remains to
-mention another Kind, which, though not so of itself, becomes
-so from Circumstances: Of this Sort are salted Buffalo’s Hides,
-which come from <i>Constantinople</i>, <i>Alexandria</i>, &amp;c. which, when
-salted, and very moist, may be delivered out; but when dry,
-and ill soaked, they go through the full Quarantine of Goods.
-The Wild Safran, which is in itself looked upon as free, might
-be also delivered out; yet, as it is apt to grow mealy, the Consideration
-of its being lapt up in Cases, subjects it to a Quarantine;
-and consequently every Thing in general incurs Expurgation,
-which cannot, or must not be separated from its Envelop.</p>
-
-<p>It has been said, that there are many Things that may be taken
-away from the Ships, or out of the <i>Lazarettos</i>, i. e. all Things
-of a Nature not susceptible, and that come loose, or else come
-inclosed in such Things as are free, being probably purified by
-the volatile Nature of what they contain.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span></p>
-
-<p>Of the first Kind are all Corn, Vallonia, Salt, Flax-Seed, and
-other Seeds, Marble, Minerals, Wood, Earth for Looking-Glasses,
-Gold Dust, Rock Alum, Vitriol, Elephants Teeth, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-Of the second Kind are, Sugars, Cheeses, Fruits green and dry,
-Kernels of Pine Apples, Salt Fish and Flesh, or Fish and Flesh
-Smoak dried, <i>&amp;c.</i> Potargo, Drugs, Colours, and every Thing
-of that Kind, which can be separated from their Envelops.
-Of the third Sort are all Kind of Liquors, Brandies, Oils,
-Wines, which may be taken out; and when it is acknowledged
-that they are so, they are secured with Rosin over the
-Corks, which serves to certify that they are free. Raisins,
-Ashes, and Rosin or Pitch itself, though they come in Envelops
-or in Vessels, yet in the Hope that the Spirits within destroys
-all Suspicions, or repels any bad Effluvia, or the Effects
-of Contact, it is only required to rip the Bags and Envelops,
-and to tar the Seams of them, and they may be taken
-out.</p>
-
-<p>Such Things may be taken out, if the Merchant’s Necessity
-requires it; or else every Thing coming in Envelops performs
-Quarantine; the Envelops performing it, though emptied of their
-Contents; though the most refined Precautions are not required,
-if they are but a little handled, and exposed to Air. Yet most
-of the Deliveries of such Things are performed at the <i>Lazarettos</i>,
-that it may be done with the greater Circumspection, considering
-that Things, very free of themselves, may however be put up
-and mixed with something subject to Quarantine: As for Instance,
-Pistacchio-Nuts, and Coffee, amongst which Cotton is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span>
-frequently found; so that when such Things happen, they cannot
-be cleared.</p>
-
-<p>Such are the Precautions used in the <i>Lazarettos</i>, towards all
-Persons and Things which come from suspected Countries; proportioned
-to the greater or less Cause of Suspicion: Since, in the
-most dangerous Cases, the Method is the same, the Term only
-longer.</p>
-
-<p>The ordinary Term being ended without any Accident of any
-Sort, the <i>Prior</i> concludes his Incumbences with sending separate
-Testimonials, wherein he certifies, That on such a Day commenced
-the Quarantine of the Persons, and such a Day that of the
-Goods: That the proper Precautions have been used in opening
-them, emptying them out, <i>&amp;c.</i> And that the Term of Forty
-Days expires on such a Day, no Accident having happened.
-The Guardian on Ship-board sends a like Testimonial; and on
-the Day free Communication is to be given to the Ship, Persons,
-or Merchandizes, it is granted them: Which Testimonial
-the Magistrate subscribes, and the <i>Fante</i> is Bearer of it; taking
-Care, that it tallies exactly with all the Steps and Rules of the
-<i>Lazarettos</i>, and especially with the Order issued to the Clerk
-of the Office of Health.</p>
-
-<p>In Case any Sickness or Disorders have happened; though
-they have been already communicated from Time to Time, the
-<i>Prior</i> and the Guardian must in that Testimonial repeat the Mention
-of them; that it may tally with the Reports made by the
-First Physician, who registers all his Visits, and makes himself
-Master of the Cases that have happened, without waiting for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span>
-the Time of the Patient’s being at Liberty, to apply what is
-proper for the Cure of the most grievous Complaints.</p>
-
-<p>Such is the Conduct held in the <i>Lazarettos</i>, the Effects of
-which have been found so beneficial; but the good Management
-of which depends upon the Concert being kept up between so
-many different Precautions. I hope I have now discharged
-what my Orders required, <i>viz.</i> To describe, or give an Idea of
-the Functions of the Health Office, taken from the constant
-Practice here.</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage"><i>FINIS.</i></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
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