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diff --git a/old/65474-0.txt b/old/65474-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8023d67..0000000 --- a/old/65474-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5663 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Mirabilia descripta, by Catalani Jordanus - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Mirabilia descripta - The wonders of the East, by Friar Jordanus - -Author: Catalani Jordanus - -Commentator: Henry Yule - -Release Date: May 31, 2021 [eBook #65474] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Turgut Dincer and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRABILIA DESCRIPTA *** - - - - - - WORKS ISSUED BY - The Hakluyt Society. - - THE WONDERS OF THE EAST, - BY - FRIAR JORDANUS. - - M.DCCC.LXIII. - - - - - MIRABILIA DESCRIPTA. - - THE - WONDERS OF THE EAST, - - BY - FRIAR JORDANUS, - OF THE ORDER OF PREACHERS AND BISHOP OF COLUMBUM - IN INDIA THE GREATER, - (CIRCA 1330). - - TRANSLATED FROM THE LATIN ORIGINAL, - AS PUBLISHED AT PARIS IN 1839, IN THE RECUEIL DE VOYAGES - ET DE MÉMOIRES, OF THE SOCIETY OF GEOGRAPHY, - - WITH THE ADDITION OF A COMMENTARY, - - BY - COLONEL HENRY YULE, C.B., F.R.G.S., - LATE OF THE ROYAL ENGINEERS (BENGAL). - - LONDON: - PRINTED FOR THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY. - - M.DCCC.LXIII. - - LONDON: T. RICHARDS, 37, GREAT QUEEN STREET. - - - - -THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY. - - - SIR RODERICK IMPEY MURCHISON, G.C.St.S., F.R.S., D.C.L., Corr. - Mem. Inst. F., Hon. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. St. Petersburg, etc., - etc., PRESIDENT. - - REAR-ADMIRAL C. R. DRINKWATER BETHUNE, C.B. } - THE RT. HON. SIR DAVID DUNDAS, M.P. } VICE-PRESIDENTS. - J. BARROW, ESQ., F.R.S. - RT. HON. LORD BROUGHTON. - CAPTAIN CRACROFT, R.N. - SIR HENRY ELLIS, K.H., F.R.S. - JOHN FORSTER, ESQ. - R. W. GREY, ESQ., M.P. - T. HODGKIN, ESQ., M.D. - JOHN WINTER JONES, ESQ., F.S.A. - HIS EXCELLENCY THE COUNT DE LAVRADIO. - R. H. MAJOR, ESQ., F.S.A. - SIR CHARLES NICHOLSON, BART. - SIR ERSKINE PERRY. - MAJOR-GENERAL SIR HENRY C. RAWLINSON, K.C.B - WILLIAM STIRLING, ESQ., M.P. - - CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, ESQ., HONORARY SECRETARY. - - - - -DEDICATION. - -TO HIS EXCELLENCY SIR H. B. E. FRERE, K.C.B., GOVERNOR OF BOMBAY. - - -DEAR SIR BARTLE FRERE, - -There is no time to ask your assent to this dedication. But I have trust -enough in your love for old travellers, and in your good-will to the -editor, to venture it without permission. I have some hope too that I -introduce to you a new acquaintance in the Bishop of Columbum, whose book -seems little known. - -Like many other old travellers of more fame, whilst endeavouring to speak -only truth of what he has seen, Jordanus retails fables enough from -hearsay. What he did see in his travels was so marvellous to him, that he -was quite ready to accept what was told him of regions more remote from -Christendom, when it seemed but in reasonable proportion more marvellous. -If there were cats with wings in Malabar, as he had seen,[1] why should -there not be people with dogs’ heads in the Islands of the Ocean?[2] -If black men cut off their own heads before their gods at Columbum,[3] -why should not “white and fat men” be purchased as delectable food in -Java?[4] If there were rats nearly as big as foxes in India Major,[5] -why should there not be rocs that could fly away with elephants in India -Tertia?[6] - -Apart from this credulity, it might be well if the heads of some of -our modern sojourners in India could be endowed with a little more of -that Organ of Wonder which gave these old story-tellers such a thorough -enjoyment of the real marvels of the East, and could by its help see -something worthier there than a howling wilderness, affording no -consolation but that silver fruit, which, like the coco-nut described by -our author, is borne twelve times in the year.[7] - -Were Jordanus to come to life again, he would see many changes no doubt, -but he would still find many landmarks standing after the five and a -half centuries. To say nothing of the “Coquodriles”[8] and the horrible -heat,[9] he would find the Parsis still disposing of their dead in their -strange old fashion,[10] the Nairs still handing down their succession in -oblique descent,[11] the Dóms still feeding on offal and doing the basest -drudgeries,[12] the poor Poliars still dwelling in dens and howling by -the wayside,[13] the ox still “honoured like a father,”[14] and the idols -still “dragged through the land like the Virgin at Rogationtides;”[15] -he might even hear now and then of “living women taking their places -on the fire and dying with their dead.”[16] Much therefore of evil he -would find very persistent. How on the other side? He would indeed also -find the Hindus still “clean in feeding,” but would he still pronounce -them to be “true in speech and eminent in justice?”[17] Is it not to be -feared that he would find not only the wealth of that Columbum, which -in the days of his bishopric was hidden by the masts of all the East -from Yemen to Cathay, as far gone by as the splendours of the kings of -Telinga and Narsinga, but the natural life and genius of the people -degenerate and their inborn arts in decay? He would indeed see vigorous -efforts in action to introduce a new life into the country; instead of -Diabolus roaring in the woods by night[18] he might hear the scream of -the locomotive; and he would meet among those Western conquerors who, in -strange fulfilment of the prophecies of his own day,[19] are now ruling -India, some confident believers in the renovation of the land through the -introduction of the material progress of Europe. - -Will that belief be justified? I am not likely to undervalue the work -in which my best years have been spent; but surely that alone will not -serve. The question that carried Jordanus to the East five hundred and -forty years ago is still the great question for India, however Providence -may solve it. Till India becomes Christian there is no hope of real life -and renovation. Would Jordanus Redivivus discern much progress in this -direction since the days of his episcopate? How like his talk about the -matter is to that of our own missionaries in the nineteenth century![20] -Hindu Christians are still a feeble and scattered folk,[21] and the -advance towards Christian light seems to all who care not, and to many -who do care, almost nothing. But it is encouraging to know that you think -very differently, and few indeed have had at once your capacity and your -opportunity for a just judgment. - - I am ever, dear Sir Bartle, - - Your faithful friend and servant, - - H. YULE. - -Genoa, October 14th, 1863. - - -FOOTNOTES - -[1] See p. 29. - -[2] See p. 44. - -[3] See p. 33. - -[4] See p. 31. - -[5] See p. 29. - -[6] See p. 42. - -[7] See p. 15. - -[8] See p. 19. - -[9] See p. 22. - -[10] See p. 21. - -[11] See p. 32. - -[12] See p. 21. - -[13] See p. 35. - -[14] See p. 25. - -[15] See p. 33. - -[16] See p. 21. - -[17] See p. 22 - -[18] See p. 37. - -[19] See p. 30. - -[20] See p. 55. - -[21] See p. 23. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - PREFACE. - - Source, iii, iv. Particulars known of the author, iv-viii. Another - work ascribed to him, ix. Extract from this, narrating the martyrdom - of four friars in India, x-xii. Identity of Columbum, his see, - with the modern Quilon, xii-xvii. The author’s Latinity, xvii. - Coincidences with other travellers, xvii, xviii. - - CHAPTER I. - - [THE MEDITERRANEAN.] - - § 1. The whirlpool of the Faro. 2. The flux of Euripus. 3. - Earthquakes at Thebes. - - CHAPTER II. - - CONCERNING ARMENIA. - - § 1. Mount Ararat and its legends. The vines of Noah. 2. Martyrdom of - apostles, and their miracles. 3. Other martyrs. 4. Conversion of the - schismatics by the Missionary Friars. 5. Rulers of Armenia. 6. Its - Dead Sea. 7. Its extent. 8, 9. Other particulars of Armenia. - - CHAPTER III. - - CONCERNING THE REALM OF PERSIA. - - § 1. Tabriz; absence of dew and rain; manna. 2. Conversions to - Holy Church; Ur of the Chaldees. 3. Sultania. 4. Onagri. 5. People - and productions of Persia. 6. Its extent, and uncleanly manners of - the people. 7. Springs of pitch. 8. Manna; flowing sands; general - character of those countries. - - CHAPTER IV. - - CONCERNING INDIA THE LESS. - - § 1. Date-palms. 2. Absence of springs, and of rain for nine - months; heavy dews. 3. Marvels. Habits of the people. 4. Variation - of days and nights. 5, 6. Fruits of India; _Chaqui_ and _Bloqui_ - (the jack-fruit). 7, 8, 9. The mango, lemons, vines, etc. 10. The - coco-nut and its products. 11. Other trees giving liquor; the Banyan - described. 12, 13, 14. Wild beasts—the Lynx, the Rhinoceros. 15. - Marvellous serpents. 16. The Crocodile. 17. Birds, and great Bats. - 18. Other birds. 19. Wars in India contemptible. 20, 21. Precious - stones. 22. Widow burning. 23. The Parsis described. 24. The Dóms. - 25. Ginger; Sugar-cane; Cassia fistula. 26. High character of the - people. 27. Heat. 28. Few metals; no spices but ginger. 29. Ravages - of the Saracens. 30. Pagan prophecies. 31. Christians of St. Thomas, - and their ignorance. 32. Conversions to the faith. 33. Tolerant - spirit of the idolaters. 34. Their manner of sacrifice. 35. Their - idols, etc.; their reverence for oxen. 36, 37. Blackness a beauty in - India. - - CHAPTER V. - - CONCERNING INDIA THE GREATER. - - § 1, 2. The Elephant described. 3. Spices. 4. Ginger; Pepper - described; Cinnamon. 5. Islands of India; Ceylon. 6. Pearl fishery. - 7. Birds. 8. Marvels of the islands. 9. Winged cats (flying - squirrels). 10. The Talipat’s great leaves. 11. The king of Ceylon - and his rubies. 12. Island of Naked Folk. 13-16. Great island of Java - (the Archipelago in general); Spices; Pygmies; Cloves; Cannibals. 17. - Dress in India. 18. That of the kings. 19. Inheritance in the female - line only (Nairs). 20. Vows of self-immolation. 21-27. Particulars - of climate and celestial phenomena. 28. Wild Forest Races. 29. - Serpents. 30. Remarkable wasps. 31. White ants. 32, 33. Red kites. - 34. Great bird that wails by night. 35. The Devil speaketh. 36. - Marvellous land. 37. Champa (_India ultra Gangem_), and its abundance - of elephants. 38. Wars of elephants. 39. Ivory. 40. Mode of capturing - elephants. 41. Kings of (Southern) India detailed, etc. - - CHAPTER VI. - - CONCERNING INDIA TERTIA (S. E. AFRICA). - - § 1, 2. Speaks from trustworthy report only. Legend of dragons and - carbuncles. Prester John. 3. The Roc. 4. The true unicorn. 5. - The civet. 6. The terrestrial paradise. 7. Serpents. 8. Negroes - described. 9. Mighty hunters. 10. Ambergris. 11. Zebras. 12, 13. - Islands of Men only and Women only. 14, 15. Other islands. Dog-headed - Folk. - - CHAPTER VII. - - CONCERNING THE GREATER ARABIA. - - § 1. Incense and myrrh. 2. Low civilization. 3. Deserts. 4. Æthiopia - and its monsters. 5. The great power of the Lord thereof. 6, 7, 8. - Other particulars. - - CHAPTER VIII. - - CONCERNING THE GREAT TARTAR. - - § 1. His wealth, power, and liberality. 2. Paper money. 3. Singular - resemblance to Catholic practices. 4, 5. Funeral rites. 6, 7. Great - cities of this empire. 8. High civilization. 9. Rhubarb; musk - described. 10. Porcelain. 11. Burial of the emperor. 12, 13, 14. - Sundry particulars. - - CHAPTER IX. - - CONCERNING CALDEA. - - § 1. Babylon deserted; its terrors. 2, 3, 4. Sundry monstrous - appearances. - - CHAPTER X. - - CONCERNING THE LAND OF ARAN - - There is nothing to be said. - - CHAPTER XI. - - CONCERNING THE LAND OF MOGAN. - - § 1. The Three Kings. 2. Baku, and its pits of naphtha. - - CHAPTER XII. - - CONCERNING THE CASPIAN HILLS. - - Self-styled Christians. Fifteen different nations. - - CHAPTER XIII. - - CONCERNING GEORGIANA. - - ’Tis like Europe. - - CHAPTER XIV. - - CONCERNING THE DISTANCES OF COUNTRIES. - - § 1. Distance to Constantinople. 2. Thence to Tartary. 3. Extent of - the Persian (Tartar) Empire. 4. Of Lesser India. 5. Of Greater India. - 6. The Vessels of the Indies. 7. Extent of Cathay. 8. Population - of Æthiopia (?). 9. Other two Tartar Empires. 10. The Vessels of - Cathay. 11. Græcia (?). 12. Superior advantages of Christendom, - but the Eastern Converts better Christians. 13. What is needed to - convert India. 14. The Author’s own experiences, and sufferings from - the Saracens. Martyrdom of nine brethren. 15. The French King might - subdue the world. - - CHAPTER XV. - - CONCERNING THE ISLAND OF CHIOS. - - Mastick. The deeds of Captain Martin Zachary. - - CHAPTER XVI. - - CONCERNING TURKEY. - - § 1. Andreolo Cathani, a Genoese Captain. His manufacture of alum - described. 2. The VII Churches, and Sepulchre of Saint John. 3, 4. - The country and people characterized. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -The little work here presented was printed in the original Latin at Paris -in 1839, under the editorship of M. Coquebert-Montbret, in the _Recueil -de Voyages et de Mémoires, publié par la Société de Géographie_, vol. iv. - -I cannot find that it has ever been published or translated in England, -or even noticed in any English book, except in the _Ceylon_ of Sir James -Emerson Tennent, where there is an allusion to it. - -The book itself does not add anything to our knowledge; but the -observations of a traveller who resided in India so far back as the -beginning of the fourteenth century must be very dull indeed if -sufficient interest cannot be derived from their date to make them -acceptable. Nor do I think our author is dull, whilst I regret that he -is so brief, and has omitted so much that he might really have laid up -as an addition to our knowledge. The very fact that there were Roman -Catholic missionaries and a bishop in India at that period, just between -the days of Marco Polo and those of Ibn Batuta, may indeed be excavated -from old ecclesiastical chronicles; but it is certainly unfamiliar to -the knowledge of those who do not dig in such mines. - -The translation which follows has been made, and the brief particulars -which I shall give respecting the author have been derived, from the -_Recueil_ above indicated.[22] - -The manuscript from which the French editor transcribed belonged to the -Baron Walckenaer. It is on parchment, of the fourteenth century, and -contains other matter, the work of Jordanus occupying twenty-nine quarto -pages. - -The author is termed a native of Séverac. That he was a Frenchman will -appear from several passages in his book. But there are at least five -places of the name of Séverac in France. Three of these are in the -district of Rouergue, in the department of the Aveyron (near the eastern -boundary of the old province of Guyenne, and some ninety miles N.E. of -Toulouse), and it was probably from one of these that he came. There was -a noble family of this province called De Séverac, of which was Amaulry -de Séverac, Marshal of France in the time of Charles VII. But, as will -afterwards appear, our traveller was called _Catalani_.[23] - -The dates of his birth, his death, or his first going to the East, are -undetermined. But it is ascertained that he was in the East in 1321-1323, -that he returned to Europe, and started again for India, in or soon -after 1330. There appears to be nothing to determine whether this book -of _Mirabilia_ was written on his first, or on a subsequent, return to -Europe. - -The authorities for the dates just given are the following:— - -Two letters from Jordanus are found in a MS. in the national library at -Paris (in 1839,—Bibliothèque du Roi—MS. No. 5,006, p. 182), entitled -_Liber de ætatibus_, etc. The first of these is dated from Caga,[24] -12th October, 1321. It is addressed to members of his own order (the -Dominican) and of that of St. Francis, residing at Tauris, Tongan, and -Marogo,[25] and points out three stations adapted for the establishment -of missions, viz., Supera, Paroco, and Columbum. On the receipt of these -letters, Nicolaus Romanus, who was Vice-Custos of the Dominicans in -Persia, is stated to have started for India.[26] - -In his second letter, dated in January, 1324, Jordanus relates how he -had started from Tabriz to go to Cathay, but embarked first for Columbum -with four Franciscan missionaries, and how they were driven by a storm -to Tana,[27] in India, where they were received by the Nestorians. There -he left his companions, and started for Baroch, where he hoped to preach -with success, as he was better acquainted with the Persian tongue than -the others were. Being detained however at Supera, he there heard that -his four brethren at Tana had been arrested, and returned to aid them, -but found them already put to death. He was enabled to remove the bodies -of these martyrs by the help of a young Genoese whom he found at Tana, -and, having transported them to Supera, he buried them in a church there -as honourably as he could.[28] - -The only remaining date in the biography of Jordanus is derived from a -bull of Pope John XXII., the date of which is equivalent to 5th April -1330, addressed to the Christians of Columbum, and intended to be -delivered to them by Jordanus, who was nominated bishop of that place. -The bull commences as follows:—[29] - - “Nobili viro domino Nascarinorum et universis sub eo - Christianis Nascarinis de Columbo, Venerabilem fratrem nostrum - Jordanum Catalani, episcopum Columbensem, Prædicatorum Ordinis - professorem, quem nuper ad episcopalis dignitatis apicem - auctoritate apostolicâ duximus promovendum⸺” etc. - -The Pope goes on to recommend the missionaries to their good-will, and -ends by inviting the Nascarini (_Nazrání_, Christians, in India) to -abjure their schism, and enter the unity of the Catholic Church. - -The Pope had shortly before nominated John de Core to be Archbishop -of Sultania in Persia. This metropolitan had, at least, three bishops -under him, viz., of Tabriz, of Semiscat, and of Columbum.[30] The two -latter were entrusted by the Pope with the _Pallium_ for the archbishop. -Sultania, between Tabriz and Tehran, was the seat of the Persian kings -previous to the Tartar conquest in the thirteenth century, and was still -a great centre of commerce between the Indies and Europe. The number of -Christians was so great, that they had in this city, it is said, four -hundred churches. (?)[31] - -We may suppose that Jordanus, after fulfilling his commission at -Sultania, proceeded to his see in Malabar by the Persian Gulf, the route -which he had followed on his first visit to India; but whether he ever -reached it, or ever returned from it, seems to be undetermined.[32] M. -Coquebert-Montbret assumes that he did both; but as far as I can gather, -this is based on the other assumption, that his _Mirabilia_ was written -_after_ returning a second time. My impression is that it was written -_before_ he went out as bishop, for it contains no allusion to his having -held that dignity. Nor does it appear to be known whether he had any -successor in his episcopate. - -Another work appears to have been traced with some plausibility to our -author. It is a chronicle composed in the fourteenth century, and quoted -by Muratori from a MS. which in 1740 existed in the Vatican library, with -the No. 1960. It is adorned with fine miniatures, and is entitled - - “Satyrica gestarum rerum, regum et regnorum, atque summorum - pontificum, historia, à creatione mundi usque ad Henricum VII. - Romanum augustum.” - -The chronicle ends with the year 1320, and purports to be written by one -_Jordanus_. The passage which is considered to identify him with our -author is one relating to the martyrdom of four Minor Friars at Tana, and -is so interesting in itself as to be worth quoting at length. It is very -perplexing, that though several of the circumstances appear to identify -his narrative with that which forms the subject of our author’s letter -quoted in a previous page, the dates are irreconcilable. This difficulty -the French editor does not notice, nor can I solve it.[33] - - “MDCCCXIX. Pope John read in the consistory, with great - approval, a letter which he had received, to the effect - following: To wit, that certain brethren of the orders of - Minors and Preachers, who had been sent on a mission to Ormus - to preach the faith to the infidels, when they found that they - could do no good there, thought it well to go over to Columbum - in India. And when they arrived at the island called Dyo,[34] - the brethren of the order of Minors separated from the rest - of the party, both Preachers and secular Christians, and set - out by land to a place called Thana, that they might there - take ship for Columbum. Now there was at that place a certain - Saracen of Alexandria, Ysufus[35] by name, and he summoned them - to the presence of Melich, the governor of the land, to make - inquest how and why they were come. Being thus summoned, he - demands: what manner of men are ye called? They made answer, - that they were Franks, devoted to holy poverty, and anxious - to visit St. Thomas. Then, being questioned concerning their - faith, they replied that they were true Christians, and uttered - many things with holy fervour regarding the faith of Christ. - But when Melich let them go, the aforesaid Yusuf a second and a - third time persuaded him to arrest and detain them. At length - Melich and the Cadi and the people of the place were assembled, - Pagans and idolaters as well as Saracens, and questioned the - brethren: How can Christ, whom ye call the Virgin’s son, be - the son of God, seeing that God hath not a mate? Then set - they forth many instances of divine generation, as from the - sun’s rays, from trees, from germs in the soil; so that the - infidels could not resist the Spirit who spake in them. But - the Saracens kindled a great fire, and said: Ye say that your - law is better than the law of Mahomet; an it be so, go ye into - the fire, and by miracle prove your words. The brethren replied - that, for the honour of Christ, that they would freely do; - and brother Thomas coming forward would first go in, but the - Saracens suffered him not, for that he seemed older than the - others; then came forward the youngest of the brethren, James - of Padua, a young wrestler for Christ, and incontinently went - into the fire, and abode in it until it was well nigh spent, - rejoicing and uttering praise, and without any burning of his - hair even, or of the cloth of his gown. Now they who stood by - shouted with a great cry, Verily these be good and holy men! - - “But the Cadi, willing to deny so glorious a miracle, said: - It is not as ye think, but his raiment came from the land of - Aben ...[36] a great friend of God, who when cast into the - flames in Chaldea, took no hurt; therefore, hath this man abode - scatheless in the fire. - - “Then stripped they the innocent youth, and all naked as he was - born was he cast by four men into the fire. But he bore the - flames without hurt, and went forth from the fire unscathed - and rejoicing. Then Melich set them free to go whither they - would. But the Cadi, and the aforesaid Yusuf, full of malice, - knowing that they had been entertained in the house of a - certain Christian, said to Melich: What dost thou? why slayest - thou not these Christ-worshipers? He replied: That I find no - cause of death in them. But they say: If ye let them go, all - will believe in Christ, and the law of Mahomet will be utterly - destroyed. Melich again says: What will ye that I should do, - seeing that I find no cause of death? But they said: His blood - be upon us. For it is said that if one cannot go pilgrim to - Mecca, let him slay a Christian and he shall obtain a full - remission of sins, as if he had visited Mecca. Wherefore, the - night following, the three men aforesaid, Melich, the Cadi, - and Yusuf, sent officers who despatched the three brethren, - Thomas, James, and Demetrius, to the joys of heaven, bearing - the palm of martyrdom. And after awhile, having made brother - Peter, who was in another place, present himself before them, - when he firmly held to the faith of Christ, for two days they - vexed him with sore afflictions, and on the third day, cutting - off his head, accomplished his martyrdom. But their comrades, - the Preachers and the rest, when they heard this, wrote to the - West, lamenting wofully that they had been parted from the - company of the holy martyrs, and saying that they were devoutly - engaged in recovering the relics of the martyrs.” - -I had desired to add to this preface some notices of the Christians of -Malabar, embracing the latest information; but my work is cut short by -circumstances, and I must content myself with saying something, hurriedly -put together, as to the identity of _Columbum_, the seat of the bishop’s -see. - -It is clear that Columbum is not Colombo in Ceylon, though the French -editor is wrong in supposing that the latter city did not exist in the -time of Jordanus, for it is mentioned by the modern name in Ibn Batuta’s -travels, only a few years later. Jordanus evidently does not speak of -Ceylon as one who had been there, and whilst treating of greater India, -he says distinctly, “_In istâ Indiâ, me existente in Columbo, fuerunt -inventi_,” _etc._ - -The identity of Columbum with Kulam or Quilon, on the coast of Malabar -(now in Travancore), might therefore have been assumed, but for the -doubts which have been raised by some of the editors of Marco Polo as -to the position of the _Kulam_ or _Coilon_ of Marco and other medieval -travellers. - -Mr. Hugh Murray, adopting the view of Count Baldello Boni in his edition -of Marco Polo, considers that the place so-called by those travellers -was on the east coast of the Peninsula. I have not time to seek for -Baldello’s edition, and do not know his arguments; but I conceive that -there is enough evidence to show that he is wrong. - -The argument on which Murray rests is chiefly the position in which -Polo introduces his description of Coilon, after Maabar, and before -Comari; Maabar being with him an extensive region of Coromandel, and -Comari doubtless the country about Cape Comorin. But, omitting detailed -discussion of the value of this argument, which would involve a -consideration of all the other difficulties in reducing to geographical -order Polo’s notices of the kingdoms on the coast of India, his -description of Coilon as a great port for pepper and brazil-wood, is -sufficient to identify it as on the coast of Malabar. The existence -of places called Coulan on the east coast in the maps of D’Anville, -Rennel, and Milburn, is of little moment, for an inspection of the “Atlas -of India” will show scores of places so-called on both sides of Cape -Comorin, the word signifying, in the Tamul tongue, ‘an irrigation tank, -formed by damming up natural hollows.’ Indeed, though I have found no -trace of any well-known port on the east coast so-called, there were at -least four ports of the name on the west coast frequented by foreign -vessels, viz., Cote Colam, north of Cananore; Colam, called Pandarani, -north of Calicut; Cai-Colam, or Kaincolam,[37] between Cochin and the -chief place of the name; Coulam, or Quilon, the Columbum of our author. - -We know that Kulam, on the coast of Malabar, was founded in the ninth -century, and that its foundation formed an era from which dates were -reckoned in Malabar.[38] In that same century we find[39] that the -sailing directions for ships making the China voyage from the Persian -Gulf, were to go straight from Maskát to _Kulam Malé_, a place -evidently, both from name and fact, on the coast of Malabar. Here there -was a custom-house, where ships from China paid their dues. - -The narrative of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela is very hazy. He calls -_Chulan_ only seven days from El-Cathif (which is a port on the west -coast of the Persian Gulf), “and on the confines of the country of -the Sun-worshippers.” However, his description of the pepper-gardens -adjoining the city, the black Jews, etc., identify it with one of the -Kulams on the Malabar coast, and doubtless with Quilon, which was the -chief of them. - -Then comes Polo’s notice of Coilon already alluded to, followed by our -author’s mention of it, and residence there. - -It is probable that the Polumbrum or Polembum of his contemporaries -Odoricus and Mandevill, are corrupt readings of the name of Kulam or -Columbum. The former describes this place as at the head of the pepper -forest towards the south, and as abounding in all sorts of merchandize; -Mandevill adding, “thither go merchants often from Venice to buy pepper -and ginger.” - -Ibn Batuta, only half a century after Polo, is quite clear in his -description of _Kaulam_, as the seat of an infidel king, the last city on -the Malabar coast, and frequented by many Mahomedan merchants. He also -says that Kaulam, Calicut, and Hílí were the only ports entered by the -ships of China. - -So also Conti, early in the fifteenth century, on his return from the -Eastern Archipelago, departing from Champa (Cambodia), doubtless in one -of those same ships of China, after a month’s voyage arrives at _Coloen_, -a noble city, three days from Cochin, and “situated in the province -called Melibaria.” - -Coming down to later times, Barbosa, in the first years of the sixteenth -century, speaks of Coulon still as the great pepper port, the seat of -one of the three (chief) kings of Malabar, and where lived many Moors, -Gentiles, and Christians, who were great merchants, and had many ships -trading to Coromandel, Ceylon, Bengal, Pegu, Malacca, Sumatra, etc. - -Here, however, at last, we find something to justify Marco Polo in regard -to the position in which he introduces the kingdom of Coilon. For, after -speaking of Coulam on the Malabar coast, Barbosa goes forward to Cape -Comorin, where he says the country of Malabar indeed terminates, but the -“aforesaid kingdom of Coulam” still goes on and comes to an end at the -city of Cail, where the King of Coulam made his continual residence. So -also the “Summary of kingdoms,” etc., in Ramusio, describes the kingdom -of Colam as extending on both sides of Cape Comorin. - -It is intelligible, therefore, that Marco, coming upon territory -belonging to the _kingdom_ of Coilon, before reaching Cape Comorin, -should proceed to speak of the city of that name, though it lay upon -the western coast. But there is in this no ground for asserting, as -Mr. Murray does, that “the _place_ of that name described by Marco and -other early Europeans lay to the east of that great promontory.” We -have seen that a regular catena of authorities, from the ninth to the -sixteenth century, concurs in representing Coulam, Kulam, Coloen, Coilon -(_Quilon_), on the coast of Malabar, as the great entrepôt of trade with -east and west, and there can be no reasonable doubt that this is the -Columbum which was the seat of our author’s mission. - -The occasional quotations given in the notes will indicate the quality -of the author’s Latin. The French editor is unwilling to believe that -episcopal Latinity could be so bad, and suggests that his vernacular was -Latinized by some humbler scribe, and probably extracted from a larger -work. In support of this, he adduces the abrupt commencement, and the -“but” with which he plunges in—“Inter Siciliam _autem_ et Calabriam.” But -he gives a fac-simile of the beginning of the MS., and the words seem -to me (all inexpert I confess) almost certainly to be “Inter Siciliam -_atque_ Calabriam,” so that this argument is null. - -One must notice the frequent extraordinary coincidences of statement, -and almost of expression, between this and other travellers of the same -age, especially M. Polo. At first one would think that Jordanus had -Polo’s book. But he certainly had not Ibn Batuta’s, and the coincidences -with him are sometimes almost as striking. Had those ancient worthies, -then, a MURRAY from whom they pilfered experiences, as modern travellers -do? I think they had; but _their_ Murray lay in the traditional yarns -of the Arab sailors with whom they voyaged, some of which seem to have -been handed down steadily from the time of Ptolemy—peradventure of -Herodotus[40]—almost to our own day. - -And so I commend the simple and zealous Jordanus to kindly entertainment. - -London, June 27th, 1863. - - NOTA BENE. The English edition of Marco Polo, so often referred - to in my notes, is Mr. Hugh Murray’s fourth edition; Edinburgh, - Oliver and Boyd, (_no date_; more shame to Oliver and Boyd). - - In my absence on the continent my friend Mr. Badger has - undertaken the correction of the press. The _revise_ sheets - have been sent to me, but in the absence of my manuscript and - references I fear some errors may still inevitably escape - correction. - - The numbers to chapters and paragraphs have been attached by me, - - H. Y. - - - -FOOTNOTES - -[22] I have to regret that unavoidable circumstances have interrupted my -pleasant task, and have compelled me to leave this preface, and some part -of the commentary, in a cruder state than I should have allowed, had time -permitted of the search for further particulars or illustrations of the -author’s life, mission, and descriptions. - -[23] The French editor regards this as his surname. Is it not more -probably only the genitive of his father’s name? - -[24] “Which I suspect to be _Conengue_ or _Khounouk_, a port of Persia, -on the Persian Gulf,” (_French Editor_). Speaking without having seen -the letter, I should rather suspect it to be the island and roadstead of -_Karrack_, called by the Arabs _Khârej_, but also locally, as appears by -the Government charts, _Khárg_. (My friend Mr. Badger thinks it may be -_El-Kât_, an ancient port still much frequented, fifty miles south-west -of the mouth of the Euphrates.) I find from M. D’Avezac in _Rec. de -Voyages_, (iv. 421), that this letter is published in _Quétif & Echard_, -Scriptoris Ordinis Dom., i. p. 549, and that the second letter is given -by _Wadding_, _Annales Minorum_, vi. 359. - -[25] _Tauris_, Tabriz; _Tongan_, which the French editor calls -“Djagorgan” (?), is probably Daumghan in Persia, south of Astrabad, -mentioned by Marco Polo (ii. 17), with an allusion to the Christians -there; and _Marogo_ is Maragha in the plain east of Lake Urumia, formerly -the capital of the Tartar Hulaku. - -[26] Which shows that the places indicated by Jordanus were in India. -Paroco is of course Baroch, and Columbum, Coulam or Quilon. Respecting -the identity of this last we shall, however, have to speak more fully. -Supera, the French editor states, after D’Anville, to be “the port now -called Sefer, the _Sefara el Hind_ of the Arabs.” It is doubtless the -Supara of Ptolomy, which he places on the north of the first great -river south of the Namadus or Nerbudda. Masudi also says that Sefara -was four days’ journey from Cambay. These indications fix Supera on the -Tapti, over against Surat, and probably as the ancient representative of -that port. (See Reinaud’s _Mém. sur la Géog. de l’Inde_, and Vincent’s -_Periplus of the Erythræan Sea_, p. 385.) - -[27] A town on the island of Salsette, about twelve miles from Bombay, -and formerly a port of considerable importance. - -[28] According to the Acta Sanctorum of the Bollandists, this martyrdom -took place, 1st April 1322. There is a letter from Francis of Pisa (I -presume in the MS. above quoted), a comrade and friend of Jordanus, which -gives similar details. They are also found in the _Bibliotheca Hispanica -Vetus_ of _Nicol. Antonio_, p. 268. (_French Editor’s Comment._) See also -below, pp. ix-xii. - -[29] Quoted by the French editor from _Odericus Raynaldus_, _Annal. -Eccles._, No. 55. - -[30] The French editor supposes _Semiscat_ to be, perhaps, a misreading -for Samirkat = _Samarkand_. Mr. Badger suggests judiciously _Someisât_, -the ancient Samosata. There was another see under Sultania, _viz._, -Verna, supposed by D’Avezac to be Orna or Ornas, which he identifies with -Tana, the seat of a Venetian factory at the mouth of the Don, on the site -of ancient Tanais. (_Rec. de Voy._, iv. 510.) - -[31] The editor does not give his authority for this. Sultania was -destroyed by Tamerlane, and never recovered its former importance. It was -still a city of some size in the time of Chardin, but is now apparently -quite deserted. It is not mentioned by M. Polo. - -[32] I conclude, from a passage near the end of the work (ch. xiv.), that -the actual residence of Jordanus at Columbum, previous to his writing, -lasted only a year, or thereabouts. - -[33] I have now no doubt that the date in the next line is wrong. For, -according to M. D’Avezac (in the same volume of the _Rec. de Voyages_, -which contains Jordanus, p. 417), the celebrated traveller Odoricus -of Friuli, who was at Tana in 1322, sent home a letter describing -this martyrdom as having occurred in the preceding year. It is in the -Bib. Royale (now Impériale) at Paris. The narrative, in still greater -detail than here, is indeed to be found in the Itinerary of Odoricus, -as published in Hakluyt, at least in the Latin; the English translation -does not give the details. From this error in date, as well as the better -style of Latin, I should doubt if this chronicle was written by our -Jordanus. - -[34] Diu, on the coast of Guzerat, where the old Portuguese warriors -afterwards made such a gallant defence against the “Moors” in 1547. - -[35] Yusuf. - -[36] _Sic._ I suppose it should be Abraham, according to the well-known -Mussulman tradition; perhaps called, as Mr. Badger kindly suggests, -_Aben_ (or Ibn) _Azer_, the son of Azer, the Mussulman name for Terah. - -[37] In Keith Johnstone’s new and beautiful atlas Quilon is identified -with Kayan or Kain-Kulam. This, I have no doubt, is quite a mistake. The -places, though near, are quite distinct, and in the beginning of the -sixteenth century were under distinct sovereigns. I may here notice what -I venture, with respect, to think is an error in Mr. Major’s edition of -Conti (_India in the Fifteenth Century_). Conti, on his first arrival -in Malabar, lands at “Pudefitania,” and, after describing his visit to -Bengal, and his ascent of the Ganges, returns to Pudefitania. Mr. Major -interprets this in the last place _Burdwan_. But, apart from other -arguments, it is evidently in both passages the same place, _i.e._, -_Pudipatanam_, one of the old forgotten ports on the coast of Malabar, -but mentioned by Barbosa and the Geographer in Ramusio. Other names -mentioned by Conti are in need of examination. _Maarazia_, the great city -on the Ganges which he visits, is certainly not _Muttra_, as the editor -has it, but Benares. The Braminical name, _Baranási_, is near enough to -Conti’s. - -[38] Wilson’s preface to Mackenzie’s Collections, p. xcviii. - -[39] See the relations of Mahomedan voyagers published by Renaudot, and -again by Reinaud. - -[40] See end of note to ch. v. para. 16. - - - - -MARVELS DESCRIBED BY FRIAR JORDANUS, - -OF THE ORDER OF PREACHERS, NATIVE OF SEVERAC, AND BISHOP OF COLUMBUM IN -INDIA THE GREATER. - - - - -I. - - -1. Between Sicily and Calabria there is a marvel in the sea. This is it: -on one side the sea runneth with an upward current, and on the other side -cometh down towards the island with a swifter stream than any river; and -so in the middle is caused a wondrous eddy, sucking down ships that hap -to fall in with it, whatever be their bigness. And ’tis said that in the -bottom of the sea there is a horrid kind of a whirlpool, from which the -water cometh forth so wondrous dark that even the fishes nowhere dare to -come near it.[41] - -2. In Greece I neither saw nor heard of aught worth telling, unless it be -that between the island of Negropont and the mainland the sea ebbeth and -floweth sometimes thrice, sometimes four times, sometimes oftener, like a -rapid river; and that is a marvel to be sure![42] - -3. I was at Thebes, where there be so many earthquakes that nobody could -believe it who had not felt them; for it will happen five, or six, or -seven times in the twenty-four hours, many a time and oft, that the -strongest houses and walls shall be thrown down by earthquakes.[43] - - - - -II. - -HERE FOLLOWETH CONCERNING ARMENIA. - - -1. In Armenia the Greater I saw one great marvel. This is it: a mountain -of excessive height and immense extent, on which Noah’s ark is said to -have rested. This mountain is never without snow, and seldom or never -without clouds, which rarely rise higher than three parts up. The -mountain is inaccessible, and there never has been anybody who could get -farther than the edge of the snow.[44] And (marvellous indeed!) even the -beasts chased by the huntsmen, when they come to the snow, will liefer -turn, will liefer yield them into the huntsmen’s hands, than go farther -up that mountain. This mountain hath a compass of more than three days -journey for a man on horseback going without halt. There be serpents of -a great size, which swallow hares alive and whole, as I heard from a -certain trustworthy gentleman who saw the fact, and shot an arrow at a -serpent with a hare in his mouth, but scathed it not.[45] In a certain -part of the mountain is a dwelling which Noah is said to have built on -leaving the ark; and there, too, is said to be that original vine which -Noah planted, and whereby he got drunk; and it giveth such huge branches -of grapes as you would scarce believe. This I heard from a certain -Catholic archbishop of ours, a great man and a powerful, and trustworthy -to boot, the lord of that land; and, indeed, I believe I have been at the -place myself, but it was in the winter season.[46] - -2. This country of Armenia the Greater is very extensive, and there three -of the apostles suffered martyrdom: Bartholomew, Simon, and Judas. I saw -a prison in which the two latter apostles were kept; and likewise springs -of water which they produced from the living rock, smiting it with a -rod VIII times, or X times, or XVII times (anyhow there be just as many -springs as there were blows struck); and hard by there was a church -built, beauteous and of wonderful bigness.[47] - -3. In this same Armenia the Greater a certain glorious virgin suffered -martyrdom, the daughter of a king, and Scala by name.[48] And there, -too, was cast into a well, with a lion and a dragon, St. Gregory, who -converted Armenia to the Catholic faith, as well as its king Tertal,[49] -in the time of St. Sylvester and the Emperor Constantine.[50] In this -Armenia, too, was slain the blessed martyr Jacobus. - -4. This province is inhabited chiefly by schismatic Armenians, but the -Preaching and Minor friars have converted a good four thousand of them, -and more. For one archbishop, a great man, called the Lord Zachary, was -converted with his whole people; and we trust in the Lord that in a -short time the whole residue shall be converted also, if only the good -friars go on so.[51] - -5. There are many good and great Armenian princes, Christians; but the -Persian emperor hath the paramount sovereignty.[52] - -6. In this Armenia there is a Dead Sea, very bitter to the taste, where -they say there be no fish at all, and which cannot be sailed upon by -reason of the stench; and it has an island where are buried many ancient -emperors and kings of the Persians, with an infinity of treasure; but -nobody is allowed to go there, or, if allowed, they dare not search for -the treasure.[53] - -7. This Armenia extendeth in length from Sebast to the Plain of Mogan and -the Caspian Mountains; and in breadth from the Barcarian Mountains to -Tabriz,[54] which is a good twenty-three days’ journey, the length being -more than forty days.[55] - -8. There is a certain lake, at the foot of the aforesaid great mountain, -where ten thousand martyrs were martyred, and in their martyrdom happened -all the same tokens as in the Passion of Christ, for that they all were -crucified for Christ.[56] And that part of the mountain is called Ararat; -and there was a city there called Semur, exceeding great, which was -destroyed by the Tartars.[57] I have been over all that country,—almost. - -9. But I saw not anything else, in this Armenia the greater, worth -telling as a marvel. - - - - -III. - -HERE FOLLOWETH CONCERNING THE REALM OF PERSIA. - - -1. In Persia, however, I saw a very marvellous thing: to wit, that in -Tabriz, which is a very great city, containing as many as two hundred -thousand houses,[58] dew never falls from heaven; nor doth it rain in -summer as in most parts it doth, but they water artificially everything -that is grown for man’s food.[59] There also, or thereabouts, on a -kind of willows, are found certain little worms, which emit a liquid -which congeals upon the leaves of the tree, and also drops upon the -ground, white like wax; and that excretion is sweeter than honey and the -honeycomb.[60] - -2. There we have a fine-enough church, and about a thousand of the -schismatics converted to our faith, and about as many also in Ur of the -Chaldees, where Abraham was born, which is a very opulent city, distant -about two days from Tabriz.[61] - -3. Likewise also at Sultania we have five hundred, or five hundred and -fifty. This is eight days’ distant from Tabriz, and we have a very fine -church there. - -4. In this country of Persia are certain animals called _onagri_, which -are like little asses, but swifter in speed than our horses.[62] - -5. This Persia is inhabited by Saracens and Saracenized Tartars, and by -schismatic Christians of divers sects, such as Nestorians, Jacobites, -Greeks, Georgians, Armenians, and by a few Jews. Persia hath abundance of -silk, and also of ultramarine,[63] but they wot not how to prepare it. -They have likewise exceeding much gold in the rivers, but they wot not -how to extract it, nor be they worthy to do so. - -6. Persia extendeth about V[64] days’ journey in length, and as much in -breadth. The people of this realm live all too uncleanly, for they sit -upon the ground, and eke eat upon the same, putting mess and meats[65] in -a trencher for three, four, or five persons together. They eat not on a -table-cloth,[66] but on a round sheet of leather, or on a low table of -wood or brass, with three legs. And so six, seven, or eight persons eat -out of one dish, and that with their hands and fingers; big and little, -male and female, all eat after this fashion. And after they have eaten, -or even whilst in the middle of their eating, they lick their fingers -with tongue and lips, and wipe them on their sleeves,[67] and afterwards, -if any grease still remains upon their hands, they wipe them on their -shoes. And thus do the folk over all those countries, including Western -and Eastern Tartary, except the Hindus, who eat decently enough, though -they too eat with their hands.[68] - -7. In Persia are some springs, from which flows a kind of pitch, which is -called _kic_[69] (_pix_, _dico_, _seu Pegua_), with which they smear the -skins in which wine is carried and stored. - -8. Between this country of Persia and India the Less is a certain region -where manna falls in a very great quantity, white as snow, sweeter than -all other sweet things, delicious, and of an admirable and incredible -efficacy. There are also sandhills in great numbers, and very destructive -to men; for when the wind blows, the sand flows down just like water from -a tank.[70] These countries aforesaid, to wit, Persia, Armenia Major, -Chaldeia, as well as Cappadocia and Asia Minor and Greece, abound in good -fruits, meats, and other things, like our own country; but their lands -are not so populous,—no, not a tithe,—except Greece. - - - - -IV. - -CONCERNING INDIA THE LESS.[71] - - -1. In the entrance to India the Less are [date] palms, giving a very -great quantity of the sweetest fruit; but further on in India they are -not found.[72] - -2. In this lesser India are many things worthy to be noted with wonder; -for there are no springs, no rivers, no ponds; nor does it ever rain, -except during three months, viz., between the middle of May and the -middle of August; and (wonderful!) notwithstanding this, the soil is most -kindly and fertile, and during the nine months of the year in which it -does not rain, so much dew is found every day upon the ground that it is -not dried up by the sun’s rays till the middle of the third hour of the -day.[73] - -3. Here be many and boundless marvels; and in this First India beginneth, -as it were, another world; for the men and women be all black, and they -have for covering nothing but a strip of cotton tied round the loins, and -the end of it flung over the naked back. Wheaten bread is there not eaten -by the natives, although wheat they have in plenty; but rice is eaten -with its seasoning,[74] only boiled in water. And they have milk and -butter and oil, which they often eat uncooked. In this India there be no -horses, nor mules, nor camels, nor elephants; but only kine, with which -they do all their doings that they have to do, whether it be riding, or -carrying, or field labour. The asses are few in number and very small, -and not much worth.[75] - -4. The days and nights do not vary there more than by two hours at the -most. - -5. There be always fruits and flowers there, divers trees, and fruits -of divers kinds; for (example) there are some trees which bear very big -fruit, called _Chaqui_; and the fruit is of such size that one is enough -for five persons.[76] - -6. There is another tree which has fruit like that just named, and it is -called _Bloqui_, quite as big and as sweet, but not of the same species. -These fruits never grow upon the twigs, for these are not able to bear -their weight, but only from the main branches, and even from the trunk of -the tree itself, down to the very roots. - -7. There is another tree which has fruit like a plum, but a very big one, -which is called _Aniba_. This is a fruit so sweet and delicious as it is -impossible to utter in words.[77] - -8. There be many other fruit trees of divers kinds, which it would be -tedious to describe in detail. - -9. I will only say this much, that this India, as regards fruit and -other things, is entirely different from Christendom; except, indeed, -that there be lemons there, in some places, as sweet as sugar, whilst -there be other lemons sour like ours.[78] There be also pomegranates, but -very poor and small. There be but few vines, and they make from them no -wine, but eat the fresh grapes; albeit there are a number of other trees -whose sap they collect, and it standeth in place of wine to them. - -10. First of these is a certain tree called _Nargil_;[79] which tree -every month in the year sends out a beautiful frond like [that of] a -[date] palm-tree, which frond or branch produces very large fruit, as -big as a man’s head. There often grow on one such stem thirty of those -fruits as big as I have said. And both flowers and fruits are produced -at the same time, beginning with the first month and going up gradually -to the twelfth; so that there are flowers and fruit in eleven stages of -growth to be seen together. A wonder! and a thing which cannot be well -understood without being witnessed.[80] From these branches and fruits -is drawn a very sweet water. The kernel [at first] is very tender and -pleasant to eat; afterwards it waxeth harder, and a milk is drawn from -it as good as milk of almonds; and when the kernel waxeth harder still, -an oil is made from it of great medicinal virtue. And if any one careth -not to have fruit, when the fruit-bearing stem is one or two months old -he maketh a cut in it, and bindeth a pot to this incision; and so the -sap, which would have been converted into fruit, drops in; and it is -white like milk, and sweet like must, and maketh drunk like wine, so that -the natives do drink it for wine; and those who wish not to drink it so, -boil it down to one-third of its bulk, and then it becometh thick, like -honey; and ’tis sweet, and fit for making preserves, like honey and the -honeycomb.[81] One branch gives one potful in the day and one in the -night, on the average throughout the year:[82] thus five or six pots may -be found hung upon the same tree at once. With the leaves of this tree -they cover their houses during the rainy season.[83] The fruit is that -which we call _nuts of India_; and from the rind of that fruit is made -the twine with which they stitch their boats together in those parts.[84] - -11. There is another tree of a different species, which like that gives -all the year round a white liquor pleasant to drink, which tree is called -_Tárí_.[85] There is also another, called _Belluri_, giving a liquor -of the same kind, but better.[86] There be also many other trees, and -wonderful ones; among which is one which sendeth forth roots from high -up, which gradually grow down to the ground and enter it, and then wax -into trunks like the main trunk, forming as it were an arch; and by this -kind of multiplication one tree will have at once as many as twenty -or thirty trunks beside one another, and all connected together. ’Tis -marvellous! And truly this which I have seen with mine eyes, ’tis hard to -utter with my tongue. The fruit of this tree is not useful, but poisonous -and deadly.[87] There is [also] a tree harder than all, which the -strongest arrows can scarcely pierce. - -12. The trees in this India, and also in India the Greater, never shed -their leaves till the new ones come.[88] - -13. To write about the other trees would be too long a business, and -tedious beyond measure; seeing that they are many and divers, and beyond -the comprehension of man. - -14. But about wild beasts of the forest I say this: there be lions, -leopards, ounces, and another kind something like a greyhound, having -only the ears black and the whole body perfectly white, which among those -people is called _Siagois_.[89] This animal, whatever it catches, never -lets go, even to death. There is also another animal, which is called -_Rhinoceros_,[90] as big as a horse, having one horn long and twisted; -but it is not the _unicorn_. - -15. There be also venomous animals, such as many serpents, big beyond -bounds, and of divers colours, black, red, white, and green, and -parti-coloured; two-headed also, three-headed, and five-headed. Admirable -marvels![91] - -16. There be also coquodriles, which are vulgarly called _Calcatix_;[92] -some of them be so big that they be bigger than the biggest horse. These -animals be like lizards, and have a tail stretched over all, like unto -a lizard’s; and have a head like unto a swine’s, and rows of teeth so -powerful and horrible that no animal can escape their force, particularly -in the water. This animal has, as it were, a coat of mail; and there is -no sword, nor lance, nor arrow, which can anyhow hurt him, on account of -the hardness of his scales. In the water, in short, there is nothing so -strong, nothing so evil, as this wonderful animal. There be also many -other reptiles, whose names, to speak plainly, I know not. - -17. As for birds, I say plainly that they are of quite different kinds -from what are found on this side of the world; except, indeed, crows and -sparrows;[93] for there be parrots and popinjays in very great numbers, -so that a thousand or more may be seen in a flock. These birds, when -tamed and kept in cages, speak so that you would take them for rational -beings. There be also bats really and truly as big as kites. These birds -fly nowhither by day, but only when the sun sets. Wonderful! By day they -hang themselves up on trees by the feet, with their bodies downwards, and -in the daytime they look just like big fruit on the tree.[94] - -18. There are also other birds, such as peacocks, quails, Indian -fowls,[95] and others, divers in kind; some white as white can be, some -green as green can be, some parti-coloured, of such beauty as is past -telling. - -19. In this India, when men go to the wars, and when they act as guards -to their lords, they go naked, with a round target,—a frail and paltry -affair,—and holding a kind of a spit[96] in their hands; and, truly, -their fighting seems like child’s play. - -20. In this India are many and divers precious stones, among which -are the best diamonds under heaven. These stones never can be dressed -or shaped by any art, except what nature has given. But I omit the -properties of these stones, not to be prolix. - -21. In this India are many other precious stones, endowed with excellent -virtues, which may be gathered by anybody; nor is anyone hindered. - -22. In this India, on the death of a noble, or of any people of -substance, their bodies are burned: and eke their wives follow them -alive to the fire, and, for the sake of worldly glory, and for the love -of their husbands, and for eternal life, burn along with them, with as -much joy as if they were going to be wedded; and those who do this have -the higher repute for virtue and perfection among the rest. Wonderful! -I have sometimes seen, for one dead man who was burnt, five living women -take their places on the fire with him, and die with their dead. - -23. There be also other pagan-folk in this India who worship fire; they -bury not their dead, neither do they burn them, but cast them into -the midst of a certain roofless tower, and there expose them totally -uncovered to the fowls of heaven. These believe in two First Principles, -to wit, of Evil and of Good, of Darkness and of Light, matters which at -present I do not purpose to discuss.[97] - -24. There be also certain others which be called _Dumbri_, who eat -carrion and carcases; who have absolutely no object of worship; and who -have to do the drudgeries of other people, and carry loads.[98] - -25. In this India there is green ginger, and it grows there in great -abundance.[99] - -There be also sugar-canes in quantities; carobs also, of such size and -bigness that it is something stupendous.[100] I could tell very wonderful -things of this India; but I am not able to detail them for lack of time. -Cassia fistula is in some parts of this India extremely abundant.[101] - -26. The people of this India are very clean in their feeding; true in -speech, and eminent in justice, maintaining carefully the privileges -of every man according to his degree, as they have come down from old -times.[102] - -27. The heat there is perfectly horrible, and more intolerable to -strangers than it is possible to say.[103] - -28. In this India there exists not, nor is found, any metal but what -comes from abroad, except gold, iron, and electrum. There is no pepper -there, nor any kind of spice except ginger. - -29. In this India the greater part of the people worship idols, although -a great share of the sovereignty is in the hands of the Turkish Saracens, -who came forth from Multán, and conquered and usurped dominion to -themselves not long since, and destroyed an infinity of idol temples, and -likewise many churches, of which they made mosques for Mahomet, taking -possession of their endowments and property. ’Tis grief to hear, and woe -to see![104] - -30. The Pagans of this India have prophecies of their own that we Latins -are to subjugate the whole world.[105] - -31. In this India there is a scattered people, one here, another there, -who call themselves Christians, but are not so, nor have they baptism, -nor do they know anything else about the faith. Nay, they believe St. -Thomas the Great to be Christ! - -32. There, in the India I speak of, I baptized and brought into the faith -about three hundred souls, of whom many were idolaters and Saracens.[106] - -33. And let me tell you that among the idolaters a man may with safety -expound the Word of the Lord; nor is anyone from among the idolaters -hindered from being baptized throughout all the East, whether they be -Tartars, or Indians, or what not. - -34. These idolaters sacrifice to their gods in this manner; to wit, -there is one man who is priest to the idol, and he wears a long shirt, -down to the ground almost, and above this a white surplice[107] in our -fashion; and he has a clerk with a shirt who goes after him, and carries -a hassock, which he sets before the priest. And upon this the priest -kneels, and so begins to advance from a distance, like one performing his -stations; and he carries upon his bent arms a tray of two cubits [long], -all full of eatables of different sorts, with lighted tapers at top; and -thus praying he comes up to the altar where the idol is, and deposits -the offering before it after their manner; and he pours a libation, and -places part [of the offering] in the hands of the idol, and then divides -the residue, and himself eats a part of it. - -35. They make idols after the likeness of almost all living things -of the idolaters; and they have besides their god according to his -likeness.[108] It is true that over all gods they place One God, the -Almighty Creator of all those.[109] They hold also that the world has -existed now xxviii thousand years.[110] - -The Indians, both of this India and of the other Indies, never kill an -ox, but rather honour him like a father; and some, even perhaps the -majority, worship him. They will more readily spare him who has slain -five men than him who has slain one ox, saying that it is no more lawful -to kill an ox than to kill one’s father. This is because oxen do all -their services, and moreover furnish them with milk and butter, and all -sorts of good things.[111] The great lords among the idolaters, every -morning when they rise, and before they go anywhither, make the fattest -cows come before them, and lay their hands upon them, and then rub their -own faces, believing that after this they can have no ailment. - -36. Let this be enough about Lesser India; for were I to set forth -particulars of everything down to worms and the like, a year would not -suffice for the description. - -37. But [I may say in conclusion] as for the women and men, the blacker -they be, the more beautiful they be [held.][112] - - - - -V. - -HERE FOLLOWETH CONCERNING INDIA THE GREATER. - - -1. Of India the Greater I say this; that it is like unto Lesser India -as regards all the folk being black. The animals also are all similar, -neither more nor less [in number], except elephants, which they have [in -the former] in very great plenty. These animals are marvellous; for they -exceed in size and bulk and strength, and also in understanding, all the -animals of the world. This animal hath a big head; small eyes, smaller -than a horse’s; ears like the wings of owls or bats; a nose reaching -quite to the ground, extending right down from the top of his head; and -two tusks standing out of remarkable magnitude [both in] bulk and length, -which are [in fact] teeth rooted in the upper jaw. This animal doth -everything by word of command; so that his driver hath nothing to do but -say once, “Do this,” and he doeth it; nor doth he seem in other respects -a brute, but rather a rational creature. They have very big feet, with -six hoofs like those of an ox, or rather of a camel.[113] This animal -carrieth easily upon him, with a certain structure of timber, more than -thirty men; and he is a most gentle beast,[114] and trained for war, so -that a single animal counteth by himself equal in war to 1,500 men and -more; for they bind to his tusks blades or maces of iron wherewith he -smiteth. Most horrible are the powers of this beast, and specially in war. - -2. Two things there be which cannot be withstood by arms: one is the -bolt of heaven; the second is a stone from an artillery engine; this is -a third! For there is nothing that either can or dare stand against the -assault of an elephant in any manner. A marvellous thing! He kneeleth, -lieth, sitteth, goeth and cometh, merely at his master’s word. In short, -it is impossible to write in words the peculiarities of this animal. - -3. In this India there are pepper and ginger, cinnamon, brazil,[115] and -all other spices. - -4. Ginger is the root of a plant which hath leaves like a reed. Pepper is -the fruit of a plant something like ivy, which climbs trees, and forms -grape-like fruit like that of the wild vine.[116] This fruit is at first -green, then when it comes to maturity it becomes all black and corrugated -as you see it. ’Tis thus that long pepper is produced, nor are you to -believe that fire is placed under the pepper, nor that it is roasted, as -some will lyingly maintain.[117] Cinnamon is the bark of a large tree -which has fruit and flowers like cloves.[118] - -5. In this India be many islands, and more than 10,000 of them inhabited, -as I have heard; wherein are many world’s wonders.[119] For there is -one called Silem, where are found the best precious stones in the whole -world, and in the greatest quantity and number, and of all kinds.[120] - -6. Between that island and the main are taken pearls or marguerites, -in such quantity as to be quite wonderful. So indeed that there -are sometimes more than 8,000 boats or vessels, for three months -continuously, [engaged in this fishery]. It is astounding, and almost -incredible, to those who have not seen it, how many are taken. - -7. Of birds I say this: that there be many different from those of -Lesser India, and of different colours; for there be some white all over -as snow; some red as scarlet of the grain; some green as grass; some -parti-coloured; in such quantity and delectability as cannot be uttered. -Parrots also, or popinjays, after their kind, of every possible colour -except black, for black ones are never found; but white all over, and -green, and red, and also of mixed colours. The birds of this India seem -really like creatures of Paradise.[121] - -8. There is also told a marvellous thing of the islands aforesaid, to wit -that there is one of them in which there is a water, and a certain tree -in the middle of it. Every metal which is washed with that water becomes -gold; every wound on which are placed the bruised leaves of that tree is -incontinently healed. - -9. In this India, whilst I was at Columbum, were found two cats having -wings like the wings of bats;[122] and in Lesser India there be some rats -as big as foxes, and venomous exceedingly.[123] - -10. In this India are certain trees which have leaves so big that five -or six men can very well stand under the shade of one of them.[124] - -11. In the aforesaid island of Sylen is a very potent king, who hath -precious stones of every kind under heaven, in such quantity as to be -almost incredible. Among these he hath two rubies, of which he weareth -one hung round his neck, and the other on the hand wherewith he wipeth -his lips and his beard; and [each] is of greater length than the breadth -of four fingers, and when held in the hand it standeth out visibly -on either side to the breadth of a finger. I do not believe that the -universal world hath two stones like these, or of so great a price, of -the same species.[125] - -12. There is also another island where all the men and women go -absolutely naked, and have in place of money comminuted gold like fine -sand. They make of the cloth which they buy walls like curtains;[126] nor -do they cover themselves or their shame at any time in the world. - -13. There is also another exceeding great island, which is called -Jaua,[127] which is in circuit more than seven [thousand?] miles as I -have heard,[128] and where are many world’s wonders. Among which, besides -the finest aromatic spices, this is one, to wit, that there be found -pygmy men, of the size of a boy of three or four years old, all shaggy -like a he goat. They dwell in the woods, and few are found.[129] - -14. In this island also are white mice, exceeding beautiful. There also -are trees producing cloves, which, when they are in flower, emit an odour -so pungent that they kill every man who cometh among them, unless he shut -his mouth and nostrils.[130] - -15. There too are produced cubebs, and nutmegs, and mace, and all the -other finest spices except pepper.[131] - -16. In a certain part of that island they delight to eat white and fat -men when they can get them.[132] - -17. In the Greater India, and in the islands, all the people be black, -and go naked from the loins upwards, and from the knee downwards, and -without shoes. - -18. But the kings have this distinction from others, that they wear upon -their arms gold and silver rings, and on the neck a gold collar with a -great abundance of gems.[133] - -19. In this India never do [even] the legitimate sons of great kings, or -princes, or barons, inherit the goods of their parents, but only the sons -of their sisters; for they say that they have no surety that those are -their own sons, because wives and mistresses may conceive and generate by -some one else; but ’tis not so with the sister, for whatever man may be -the father they are certain that the offspring is from the womb of their -sister, and is consequently thus truly of their blood.[134] - -20. In this Greater India many sacrifice themselves to idols in this -way. When they are sick, or involved in any grave mischance, they vow -themselves to the idol if they should happen to be delivered. Then, -when they have recovered, they fatten themselves for one or two years -continually, eating and drinking fat things, etc. And when another -festival comes round, they cover themselves with flowers and perfumes, -and crown themselves with white garlands, and go with singing and playing -before the idol when it is carried through the land (like the image of -the Virgin Mary here among us at the Rogation tides); and those men who -are sacrificing themselves to the idol carry a sword with two handles, -like those [knives] which are used in currying leather; and, after they -have shown off a great deal, they put the sword to the back of the neck, -cutting strongly with a vigorous exertion of both hands, and so cut off -their own heads before the idol.[135] - -21. In this Greater India, in the place where I was, the nights and days -are almost equal, nor does one exceed the other in length at any season -by so much as a full hour. - -22. In this India the sun keeps to the south for six months continuously, -casting the shadows to the north; and for the other six months keeps to -the north, casting the shadow to the south.[136] - -23. In this India the Pole-star is seen very low, insomuch that I was at -one place where it did not show above the earth or the sea more than two -fingers’ breadth.[137] - -24. There the nights, when the weather is fine and there is no moon, are, -if I err not, four times as clear as in our part of the world. - -25. There also, if I err not, between evening and morning, often all the -planets may be seen; there are seen their influences [as it were] eye to -eye, so that ’tis a delightful thing there to look out at night![138] - -26. From the place aforesaid is seen continually between the south and -the east a star of great size and ruddy splendour, which is called -Canopus, and which from these parts of the world is never visible. - -27. There are many marvellous things in the cycle of those [heavenly -bodies] to delight a good astronomer.[139] - -28. In this India, and in India the Less, men who dwell a long way from -the sea, under the ground and in woody tracts, seem altogether infernal; -neither eating, drinking, nor clothing themselves like the others who -dwell by the sea.[140] - -29. There serpents too be numerous, and very big, of all colours in the -world; and it is a great marvel that they be seldom or never found to -hurt anybody unless first attacked. - -30. There is there also a certain kind of wasps, which make it their -business to kill very big spiders whenever they find them, and afterwards -to bury them in the sand, in a deep hole which they make, and so to -cover them up that there is no man in the world who can turn them up, or -find the place.[141] - -31. There is also a kind of very small ants, white as wool, which have -such hard teeth that they gnaw through even timbers and the joints of -stones,[142] and, in short, whatever dry thing they find on the face of -the earth, and mutilate woollen and cotton clothes. And they build out of -the finest sand a crust like a wall, so that the sun cannot reach them, -and so they remain covered. But if that crust happens to get broken, so -that the sun reaches them, they incontinently die.[143] - -32. As regards insects, there be wonders, so many, great, and marvellous, -that they cannot be told. - -33. There is also in this India a certain bird, big like a kite, having a -white head and belly, but all red above, which boldly snatches fish out -of the hands of fishermen and other people, and indeed [these birds] go -on just like dogs.[144] - -34. There is also another big bird, not like a kite, which flies only at -night, and utters a voice in the night season like the voice of a man -wailing from the deep.[145] - -35. What shall I say then? Even the Devil too there speaketh to men, many -a time and oft, in the night season, as I have heard.[146] - -36. Every thing indeed is a marvel in this India! Verily it is quite -another world! - -37. There is also a certain part of that India which is called Champa. -There, in place of horses, mules and asses, and camels, they make use of -elephants for all their work.[147] - -38. ’Tis a wonderful thing about these animals, that when they are in a -wild state they challenge each other to war, and form troops [for the -purpose]; so that there will be sometimes a hundred against a hundred, -more or less; and they put the strongest and biggest and boldest at the -head, and thus attack each other in turn, so that within a short time -there will remain in one place XL or L killed and wounded, more or less. -And ’tis a notable thing that the vanquished, it is said, never again -appear in war or in the field. - -39. These animals, on account of their ivory, are worth as much dead as -alive, nor are they ever taken when little, but only when big and full -grown. - -40. And the mode of taking them is wonderful. Enclosures are made, very -strong, and of four sides, wherein be many gateways, and raised gates, -formed of very big and strong timbers. And there is one trained female -elephant which is taken near the place where the elephants come to feed. -The one which they desire to catch is pointed out to her, and she is told -to manage so as to bring him home. She goeth about him and about him, -and so contriveth by stroking him and licking him, as to induce him to -follow her, and to enter along with her the outer gate, which the keepers -incontinently let fall. Then, when the wild elephant turneth about, -the female entereth the second gate, which is instantly shut like the -first, and so the [wild] elephant remaineth caught between the two gates. -Then cometh a man, clothed in black or red, with his face covered, who -cruelly thrasheth him from above, and crieth out abusively against him -as against a thief; and this goeth on for five or six days, without his -getting anything to eat or drink. Then cometh another fellow, with his -face bare, and clad in another colour, who feigneth to smite the first -man, and to drive and thrust him away; then he cometh to the elephant and -talketh to him, and with a long spear he scratcheth him, and he kisseth -him, and giveth him food; and this goeth on for ten or fifteen days, and -so by degrees he ventureth down beside him, and bindeth him to another -elephant. And thus, after about twenty days, he may be taken out to be -taught and broken in.[148] - -41. In this Greater India are twelve idolatrous kings, and more.[149] -For there is one very powerful king in the country where pepper grows, -and his kingdom is called Molebar. There is also the king of Singuyli -and the king of Columbum, the king of which is called Lingua, but his -kingdom Mohebar. There is also the king of Molephatam, whose kingdom is -called Molepoor, where pearls are taken in infinite quantities. There is -also another king in the island of Sylen, where are found precious stones -and good elephants. There be also three or four kings on the island of -Java, where the good spices grow. There be also other kings, as the king -of Telenc, who is very potent and great. The kingdom of Telenc abounds -in corn, rice, sugar, wax, honey and honeycomb, pulse, eggs, goats, -buffalos, beeves, milk, butter, and in oils of divers kinds, and in many -excellent fruits, more than any other part of the Indies. There is also -the kingdom of Maratha which is very great; and there is the king of -Batigala, but he is of the Saracens. There be also many kings in Chopa. - -42. What shall I say? The greatness of this India is beyond description. -But let this much suffice concerning India the Greater and the Less. - - - - -VI. - -HERE FOLLOWETH CONCERNING INDIA TERTIA.[150] - - -1. Of India Tertia I will say this, that I have not indeed seen its many -marvels, not having been there, but have heard them from trustworthy -persons. For example, there be dragons in the greatest abundance, which -carry on their heads the lustrous stones which be called carbuncles. -These animals have their lying-place upon golden sands,[151] and grow -exceeding big, and cast forth from the mouth a most fetid and infectious -breath, like the thickest smoke rising from fire. These animals come -together at the destined time, develope wings, and begin to raise -themselves in the air, and then, by the judgment of God, being too heavy, -they drop into a certain river which issues from Paradise, and perish -there. - -2. But all the regions round about watch for the time of the dragons, and -when they see that one has fallen, they wait for lxx days, and then go -down and find the bare bones of the dragon, and take the carbuncle which -is rooted in the top of his head, and carry it to the emperor of the -Æthiopians, whom you call Prestre Johan.[152] - -3. In this India Tertia are certain birds, which are called Roc, so big -that they easily carry an elephant up into the air. I have seen a certain -person who said that he had seen one of those birds, one wing only of -which stretched to a length of eighty palms.[153] - -4. In this India are the true unicorns, like a great horse, having only -one horn in the forehead, very thick and sharp, but short, and quite -solid, marrow and all.[154] This creature,[155] it is said, is of such -fierceness that it will kill an elephant, nor can it be captured except -by a virgin girl. All the parts of that creature are of wonderful virtue, -and the whole of them good for medicine. - -5. There are other animals also of very divers species: thus, there is -one like a cat, whose sweat is of such good odour that it surpasses all -the other scents in the world, and that sweat is thus collected. When it -sweats it rubs itself on a certain wood, and there [the sweat] becomes -coagulated; then men come and collect it, and carry it away.[156] - -6. Between this India and Æthiopia is said to be, towards the east, the -terrestrial paradise; for from those parts come down the four rivers of -Paradise, which abound exceedingly in gold and gems. - -7. There be serpents with horns, and some with precious stones.[157] - -8. The men of that land are very black, pot-bellied, fat, but short; -having thick lips and squab nose, overhanging forehead, and hideous -countenances, whilst they go altogether naked. - -9. I have seen many of them. They hunt the most savage beasts, such as -lions, ounces, and leopards, and most dreadful serpents; wild men they -be, wild against wild beasts! - -10. In this India is found embar, which is like wood, and exceeding -fragrant, and is called _gemma marina_, or the Treasure of the Sea.[158] - -11. There also be certain animals like an ass, but with transverse -stripes of black and white, such as that one stripe is black and the next -white. These animals be wonderfully beautiful. - -12. Between this India and India the Greater, are said to be islands of -women only, and of men only, such that the men cannot live long in the -islands of the women, and _vice versa_. - -13. But they can live there for some x or xv days and cohabit; and when -the women produce male children they send them to the men, and when -female children they retain them.[159] - -14. There are many other different islands in which are men having the -heads of dogs, but their women are said to be beautiful.[160] I cease not -to marvel at the great variety of islands that there be. - -15. Let this suffice about India Tertia and the islands for the present. - - - - -VII. - -HERE FOLLOWETH CONCERNING THE GREATER ARABIA. - - -1. I have been in the Greater Arabia, but can tell little, except that -there grow there choice incense and myrrh. - -2. The natives of this Arabia are all black, very crafty and lean, with -voices like that of a little boy. They dwell in caverns and holes on the -ground: they eat fish, herbs, and roots, and nothing else.[161] - -3. This Arabia hath very great deserts, pathless and very dry. - -4. Of Æthiopia, I say that it is a very great land, and a very hot. There -are many monsters there, such as gryphons that guard the golden mountains -which be there. Here, too, be serpents and other venomous beasts, of vast -size and venomous exceedingly. - -5. There, too, are very many pretious stones. The lord of that land I -believe to be more potent than any man in the world, and richer in gold -and silver and in pretious stones. He is said to have under him fifty-two -kings, rich and potent. He ruleth over all his neighbours towards the -south and the west. - -6. In this Æthiopia are two burning mountains, and between them a -mountain of gold. The people of the country are all Christians, but -heretics. I have seen and known many folk from those parts. - -7. To that emperor the Soldan of Babylon giveth every year 500,000 -ducats[162] of tribute as ’tis said. - -8. I can tell nothing more of Æthiopia, not having been there. - - - - -VIII. - -HERE FOLLOWETH CONCERNING THE GREAT TARTAR.[163] - - -1. Of the Great Tartar, I relate what I have heard from trustworthy -persons; to wit, that he is very rich, very just, and very generous. -He hath under him four realms as big as the realm of France, and well -peopled too. In his dominions every person who cannot get a livelihood, -may, an he will, have victual and raiment from that lord, all the days of -his life.[164] - -2. In his dominion is current, in place of money, paper stamped with -black ink, with which can be procured gold, silver, silk, gems, and in -short all that man can desire.[165] - -3. In that empire are idol-temples, and also monasteries of men and -women as with us; and they have a choral service and sermons just like -us; and the great pontiffs of the idols wear red hats and capes like our -cardinals. ’Tis incredible what splendour, what pomp, what festivity is -made in the idol sacrifices.[166] - -4. There they burn not their dead; nor do they bury them sometimes for -ten years. Some defer this because they have not the means to perform the -sacrifices and the obsequies as they would wish. But they keep the body -in the house, and serve it with food as if it were alive. - -5. The great lords, when they die, are buried with a horse, and with one -or two of their best beloved slaves alive.[167] - -6. In that empire are very great cities, as I have heard tell from those -who have seen them; and there is one called Hyemo which it taketh a day’s -journey on horseback to cross, by a direct street through the middle of -it.[168] - -7. I have heard that that emperor hath two hundred cities under him -greater than Toulouse; and I certainly believe them to have more -inhabitants. - -8. The folk of that empire be marvellously well-mannered, clean, -courteous, and liberal withal. - -9. In that empire rhubarb is found, and musk. And musk is the navel of a -certain wild animal like a goat, from which, when it is taken alive, the -skin of the navel is cut in a round form, and the blood which flows from -the wound is gathered and put into the said skin, and dried; and that -makes the best musk in the world. - -10. There are no other things in that empire that I am acquainted with -worthy to be described, except the very beautiful and noble earthenware, -full of good qualities, and [which is called] porcelain.[169] - -11. When the emperor dies, he is carried by certain men with a very great -treasure to a certain place, where they place the body, and run away -as if the devil were after them, and others are ready incontinently to -snatch up the body and bear it in like manner to another place, and so on -to the place of burial; and they thus do that the place may not be found, -and consequently that no one may be able to steal the treasure.[170] - -12. Nor is the death of the emperor made known until another has been -secretly established on the throne by his relations and the chiefs.[171] - -13. That emperor bestows greater alms than any prince or lord in the -world. - -14. The people subject to him are for the most part idolaters. - - - - -IX. - -HERE FOLLOWETH CONCERNING CALDEA. - - -1. Of Caldea I will say not much, but yet what is greatly to be wondered -at; to wit, that in a place of that country stood Babylon, now destroyed -and deserted, where are hairy serpents and monstrous animals. In the same -place also, in the night season, are heard such shoutings, such howlings, -such hissings, that it is called Hell. There no one would dare to pass a -single night, even with a great army, on account of the endless terrors -and spectres.[172] - -2. When I was there, there was seen a tortoise that carried five men on -its back.[173] - -3. Also a two-headed animal, exceeding frightful, which dared to wade -across the Euphrates, and to chase the inhabitants on the other side.[174] - -4. Also there be there serpents of such bulk that it is horrible to hear -tell of; and I believe that that land is the habitation of demons. - - - - -X. - -HERE FOLLOWETH CONCERNING THE LAND OF ARAN. - - -Concerning Aran I say nothing at all, seeing that there is nothing worth -noting.[175] - - - - -XI. - -HERE FOLLOWETH CONCERNING THE LAND OF MOGAN.[176] - - -1. From the land of Mogan came three kings to worship the Lord. - -2. And in a certain place there, which is called Bacu, are pits dug, -whence is extracted and drawn a certain oil, which is called _naft_; -and it is a very warm oil of medicinal virtue, and it burneth passing -well.[177] - - - - -XII. - -HERE FOLLOWETH CONCERNING THE CASPIAN HILLS. - - -Of the Caspian Hills I say that there they sacrifice sheep upon a cross, -and they call themselves Christians, though they are not so, and know -nothing of the faith.[178] Among those mountains are more than fifteen -different nations. - - - - -XIII. - -HERE FOLLOWETH CONCERNING GEORGIANA. - - -Of Georgiana [I have to say] that it is entirely like our country; and -all the people are Christians and warriors.[179] - - - - -XIV. - -HERE FOLLOWETH CONCERNING THE DISTANCES OF COUNTRIES. - - -1. Now I will mention in a brief statement the distances of the -countries. Know ye, then, that from this place to Constantinople ’tis -about three thousand miles or more. - -2. From Constantinople to Tanan[180] or Tartary is a thousand miles, -going always towards the east, and by sea. - -3. The empire of Persia beginneth at Trebizond, which is a city of the -Greeks, situated in the furthest bight of the Moorish Sea. And that -empire[181] extendeth far; for it includeth Lesser Asia, Cilicia,[182] -Media, Cappadocia, Lycia, Greater Armenia, Caldea, Georgiana, part of -the Caspian Hills and Mogan,—whence came those three kings to worship -Christ,[183]—even to the Iron Gates,[184] and all Persia, with some part -of Lesser India; so that the empire extendeth across from the Black Sea -to the Indian Sea, and so great is the distance as to equal lxxxx days of -ordinary journey with cattle, or more. - -4. Then Lesser India extendeth four-square over LX days’ journey, and is -entirely level. - -5. But the Greater India extendeth over more than CLXX days’ journey, -excluding the islands, of which there be more than XII thousand -inhabited, and more than VIII thousand uninhabited, as those say who -navigate that sea. And [this India also] is nearly all a plain. - -6. But the vessels of these Indies be of a marvellous kind. For although -they be very great, they be not put together with iron, but stitched -with a needle, and a thread made of a kind of grass. Nor are the vessels -ever decked over, but open, and they take in water to such an extent that -the men always, or almost always, must stand in a pool to bale out the -water. - -7. Cathay is a very great empire, which extendeth over more than C days’ -journey; and it hath only one lord, whereas the case with the Indies is -the very opposite, for there be therein many kings, many princes, not one -of whom holdeth himself tributary to another. - -8. And the dominion of Æthiopia is great exceedingly; and I believe, and -lie not, that the population thereof is, at the least, three times that -of our Christendom.[185] - -9. But other two empires of the Tartars, as I have heard, to wit, that -which was formerly of Cathay, but now is of Osbet, which is called -Gatzaria, and the empire of Dua and Cayda, formerly of Capac and now of -Elchigaday, extend over more than CC days’ journey.[186] - -10. The vessels which they navigate in Cathay be very big, and have -upon the ship’s hull more than C cabins, and with a fair wind they carry -X sails, and they are very bulky, being made of three thicknesses of -plank, so that the first thickness is as in our great ships, the second -cross-wise, the third again long-wise. In sooth, ’tis a very strong -affair.[187] It is true that they venture not far out to sea; and that -Indian sea is seldom or never boisterous, and when it does rise to such a -degree as they deem awfully perilous, it is such weather as our mariners -here would deem splendid. For one of the men of our country would there -(’tis no lie), be reckoned at sea worth a hundred of theirs and more. - -11. Græcia[188] also is of great extent, but of how many days’ journey I -wot not. - -12. One general remark I will make in conclusion; to wit, that there -is no better land or fairer, no people so honest, no victuals so good -and savoury, dress so handsome, or manners so noble, as here in our own -Christendom; and, above all, we have the true faith, though ill it be -kept. For, as God is my witness, ten times better [Christians], and more -charitable withal, be those who be converted by the Preaching and Minor -friars to our faith, than our own folk here, as experience hath taught me. - -13. And of the conversion of those nations of India, I say this: that if -there were two hundred or three hundred good friars, who would faithfully -and fervently preach the Catholic faith, there is not a year which would -not see more than X thousand persons converted to the Christian faith. - -14. For, whilst I was among those schismatics and unbelievers, I believe -that more than X thousand, or thereabouts, were converted to our faith, -and because we, being few in number, could not occupy, or even visit, -many parts of the land, many souls (wo is me!) have perished, and -exceeding many do yet perish for lack of preachers of the Word of the -Lord. And ’tis grief and pain to hear how, through the preachers of the -perfidious and accursed Saracens, those sects of the heathen be day by -day perverted. For their preachers run about, just as we do, here, there, -and everywhere over the whole Orient, in order to turn all to their own -miscreance.[189] These be they who accuse us, who smite us, who cause us -to be cast into durance, and who stone us; as I indeed have experienced, -having been four times cast into prison by them, I mean the Saracens. But -how many times I have had my hair plucked out, and been scourged, and -been stoned, God himself knoweth and I, who had to bear all this for my -sins, and yet have not attained to end my life as a martyr for the faith, -as did four of my brethren. For what remaineth God’s will be done! Nay, -five Preaching Friars and four Minors were there in my time cruelly slain -for the Catholic faith. - -Wo is me that I was not with them there! - -15. I believe moreover that the king of France might subdue the whole -world to his own dominion and to the Christian faith, without the aid of -any other. - - - - -XV. - -HERE FOLLOWETH CONCERNING THE ISLAND OF CHIOS. - - -I have seen an island called Chios, where groweth mastick in very great -abundance; nor do those trees when planted anywhere else in the whole -world produce mastick. Mastick is the gum of a very noble tree. That -island was held by a very noble Genoese, by name Martin Zachary, a most -worthy sea captain, who slew or took more than ten thousand Turks. -But, alackaday! the rascally emperor of Constantinople, Greek that he -was, got possession of the island by treason, a thing most deeply to be -lamented; and all the more that the captain was taken in person, and made -a prisoner. - - - - -XVI. - -CONCERNING TURKEY.[190] - - -1. I was also in Turkey, in a certain camp on the coast of the main, -held by a noble Genoese, by name Andreolo Cathani, who hath with him -only fifty-two knights[191] and four hundred foot soldiers. He doth much -scathe to the Turks. And there he himself maketh alum, without which -no cloth can be properly dyed; and ’tis made in a marvellous way, nor -do I believe that the art could have been invented by human ingenuity, -but rather by the Holy Spirit.[192] For thus it is: stones be taken -from under the ground, not stones of any kind, but such as be specially -suitable, for few be found of that kind. And these stones be baked like -bricks or pottery, and that in great quantity and for many days, and -with a most potent fire. The stones be afterwards placed on a great -platform, and water is poured upon them, and this two or three times a -day for a month continuously, so that the stones become like [slaked] -lime. Afterwards they be placed in great caldrons with water, and that -which falleth to the bottom is extracted with great iron ladles. Then -four-square tanks of plaster are prepared, numerous and large, and into -these the water from the caldrons is poured, and there gradually taketh -place a precipitation like crystal, and that is choice alum.[193] - -2. In this Turkey be the VII Churches to which wrote the Blessed John -in the Apocalypse, who also ordered a sepulchre to be dug for him in -Ephesus, whereinto he entered and was seen no more. But I will tell one -very marvellous thing concerning that excavation, as I heard it from a -certain devout religious person, who was there and heard it with his own -ears. From time to time is heard there a very loud sound, as of a man -snoring, and yet is the sepulchre void.[194] - -3. This Turkey, which is called Asia Minor, is inhabited by the Turks, -and by a few schismatic Greeks and Armenians. Which Turks be most -rascally Saracens, and capital archers withal, and the most warlike and -perfidious of all mankind. - -4. The country is very fertile, but uncultivated; for the Turks trouble -not themselves.[195] - - -EXPLICIT. - - - - -FOOTNOTES - - -[41] Admiral Smyth says that the currents in the Faro are so numerous and -varied, that it is difficult to ascertain anything precise about them. In -settled seasons a central stream runs north and south, at the rate of two -to five miles an hour. On each shore there is a _refluo_, or counter-set, -often forming eddies to the central current. When the main current runs -to the north it is called _Rema montante_, or flood; when it runs south, -_Rema scendente_, or ebb; and this has obtained, perhaps, even from the -days of Eratosthenes. He considers that the _special_ danger from the -Faro currents is insignificant. There are dangerous _squalls_ from the -ravines or river-beds on the high Calabrian coast. - -He admits some little more of reality in the celebrated vortex of -Charybdis, which must have been formidable to the undecked vessels of the -ancients; for in the present day small craft are sometimes endangered, -and he has seen even a seventy-four whirled round on its surface. The -“Galofaro” appears to be an agitated water of from seventy to ninety -fathoms in depth, circling in quick eddies, but rather an incessant -undulation than a whirlpool, and the cases are only extreme when any -vortiginous ripples threaten danger to laden boats. “It is owing probably -to the meeting of the harbour and lateral currents with the main one, -the latter being forced over in this direction by the opposite point -of Pezzo. This agrees in some measure with the relation of Thucydides, -who calls it a violent reciprocation of the Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas, -and he is the only writer of remote antiquity I remember to have read -who has assigned this danger its true situation, and not exaggerated -its effects.” (_Abridged from_ Smyth’s _Mediterranean_, pp. 180-1). Our -author seems to mix up the two phenomena in his exaggerated account. The -_upward and downward current_ suggest that he had heard the local terms -quoted by Admiral Smyth. - -[42] “The breadth of the Euripus is diminished by a rock in mid-channel, -on which a fort is built, dividing it into two channels: that towards the -main, though rather the broader, is only practicable for small boats, as -there is not more than three feet water at any time. Between the rock and -the walls of Egripos is a distance of 33 feet, and the least depth at the -highest water is 7 feet. It is here that the extraordinary tides take -place for which the Euripus was formerly so noted; at times the water -runs as much as eight miles an hour, with a fall under the bridge of 1½ -foot; but what is most singular is, that vessels lying 150 yards from the -bridge are not the least affected by this rapid. It remains but a short -time in a quiescent state, changing its direction in a few minutes, and -almost immediately resuming its velocity, which is generally from four -to five miles an hour either way, its greatest rapidity being, however, -always to the southward. The results of three months’ observation, in -which the above phenomena were noted, afforded no sufficient data for -reducing them to any regularity.”—_Penny Cyclop._, Article _Eubœa_. See -also _Leake_ (_Tr. in Northern Greece_, ii. p. 257), who quotes Wheler -and Spon. - -[43] Greece generally is subject to earthquakes, but I cannot find -evidence that Thebes is particularly so. - -[44] The first ascent of Ararat is well known to have been made by -Professor Parrot, of Dorpat, 9th October, 1829, whose account of his -journey has been translated by Mr. Cooley. - -“From the summit downwards, for nearly two-thirds of a mile -perpendicular, or nearly three miles in an oblique direction, it is -covered with a crown of eternal snow and ice” (_Parrot’s Journey_, p. -133). As to the clouds, the same author remarks with regard to a drawing -of Ararat: “The belt of clouds about the mountain is characteristic” -(p. 137). And Smith and Dwight (_Researches in Armenia_, p. 266) say -that they were prevented by clouds from seeing it for three weeks. It is -believed in the country that the Ark still exists on the mountain, access -to which has been forbidden by Divine decree since Noah’s time. A holy -monk called Jacob resolved to convince himself by inspection. But in his -ascent of the mountain he three times was overtaken by sleep, and each -time found that he had unconsciously lost the ground that he had gained -when awake. At last an angel came to him when again asleep, and told him -that his zeal was fruitless, but was to be rewarded by a fragment of -the wood of the Ark, a sacred relic still preserved in the Cathedral of -Echmiazin. (_Parrot_, and _Smith and Dwight_); see also the narrative of -_Guillaume de Rubruk_ (Rubruquis), in _Rec. de Voyages_, iv. p. 387. - -[45] Stories of serpents seem to be rife in Armenia. On the Araxes, -south of Nakhcheván (see note below), is a mountain called the Serpent -Mountain, where serpents are said to collect in such numbers at -certain times, that no man or beast dare approach. (See _Haxthausen’s -Transcaucasia_, pp. 144, 181, 353, etc.) - -[46] The name of the province and town of Nakhcheván, east of Ararat, -signifies “first place of descent, or of lodging.” The antiquity of the -tradition is proved by the fact, that Josephus affirms that the Armenians -call the place where the Ark rested “_the place of descent_;” whilst -Ptolemy supplies the name of Naxuana. (_Smith and Dwight_, p. 255.) - -The place alluded to by Jordanus appears to be Arguri, the only village -upon Ararat. Here Noah is said to have built his altar on the exact spot -now occupied by the church, and it is of the vineyards of Arguri that the -Scripture is believed to speak when it is said that “Noah began to be -an husbandman, and planted a vineyard.” The church is of unascertained -but remote date; and the name of the place signifies (_Argh-urri_) “He -planted the vine.” (_Parrot_, p. 122.) At Nakhcheván “the grapes were -almost unequalled in excellence, and seemed to deserve the honour of -growing on the spot.” (_Smith and Dwight_, p. 256.) Arguri was buried -by an earthquake, accompanied by volcanic indications, July 2nd, 1840. -(_Smith’s Dict. of the Bible, Art. Ararat._) - -[47] The Armenian belief is, that Thaddeus, one of the Seventy, was, -after the Ascension, sent by St. Thomas, according to commands given -him by the Lord, to Abgarus of Edessa, who had written the celebrated -letter. Thaddeus, and Bartholomew who followed him, were successively put -to death by Sanatruk, the heathen nephew of Abgarus. Jude also came to -preach in Armenia, and was put to death in Ormi (Urumia). The mission of -Simon I do not find mentioned, but Chardin states that his body was said -to be preserved in one of the churches. (See _Avdall’s_ Tr. of _Chamich’s -Hist. of Armenia_. Calcutta, 1827, pp. 107-111, and _Smith and Dwight_.) - -[48] The virgin must be _Rhipsime_, said to have been of the house of -Claudius Cæsar, who, with Kayane and thirty-seven other holy virgins, -were put to death in the time of Dioclesian. There are churches dedicated -to R. and K. at Echmiazin. (_Smith and Dwight._) - -[49] Tertal is Tiridates, in Armenian Dertad = Theodosius. (_Smith and -Dwight._) - -[50] St. Gregory, called The Illuminator, born A.D. 257, consecrated -Archbishop of Armenia 302. He is said to have revived (probably -_introduced_) Christianity in Armenia, and, after suffering persecution -at the hands of King Tiridates, converted him and his whole people. The -place alluded to by Jordanus is at the convent of Khor-virab (“Deep -pit”), on the Araxes, under Ararat. Here Gregory is believed to have -been confined in a cave with serpents, and in the endurance of manifold -torments, for fourteen years. (_Smith and Dwight_, p. 273. See also -_Chardin_, p. 251. _Curzon’s Armenia_ has a concise account of the -Armenian church.) - -[51] “The ancient and extensive Dominican mission, which once had its -seat in this province, (Nakhcheván) is now no more. It was commenced -about 1320 by an Italian papal monk of the Dominican order. Such success -attended it that soon nearly thirty Armenian villages embraced the faith -of Rome, and acknowledged subjection to a papal bishop, who after being -consecrated at Rome resided in the village of Aburan, with the title of -Archbishop of Nakhcheván.” (_Smith and Dwight_, p. 257.) - -[52] At this time a Tartar successor of Hulaku. - -[53] This Dead Sea is doubtless the Lake of Urumia, the waters of which -are salter than sea water. It appears to be about ninety miles in length -from north to south. There are no fish in it. It contains several -islands, or peninsulas which are occasionally islands, two of which have -been used as fortresses. In one of these Hulaku the Tartar conqueror of -Baghdad was said to have stored his treasures. Another is said to be “as -old as the days of Zoroaster,” who is believed to have been born in the -vicinity. I do not find tombs mentioned. (_Penny Cyc._ in v. _Azerbijan_, -also _Monteith_ in _Jour. Geog. Soc._ iii. 55, and _Smith and Dwight_, -348.) - -[54] “_Thaurisium._” - -[55] Sebast is doubtless Sivas, called by Marco Polo Sebastos, anciently -Sebasteia (_Smith’s Dict. of Gr. and Rom. Geo._) south of Tokat, and -giving name to a pachalik. The Barcarian mountains appear as _Barchal -Dagh_ running parallel to the Black Sea between Trebizond and Kars. -(_Stieler’s Hand-Atlas_, 43a.) Mogan is _Orogan_ in the original, but, -as we shall see below, this is an error of transcription. The _Plain_ -of Mogan is the great plain extending from the eastern foot of Caucasus -along the Caspian, and stretching to the south of the Cyrus and Araxes. -Here Pompey’s career eastward is said to have been arrested by the -venomous serpents with which the long grass of the plain is infested. The -dread of these serpents still exists. “Their hissing is heard from afar, -and they seem to rise from the grass like fish from the sea”, Kinneir was -told. Here the camp of Heraclius was pitched, as was that of the Tartar -hosts for many months during their invasion of Armenia in the thirteenth -century, and that of Nadir Shah when he placed the crown upon his head. -(_Macd. Kinneir’s Mem. of Persia_, 153; _Avdall’s Hist. of Armenia._) - -[56] The Lake appears to be Gokchai or Sevan, north-east of Erivan. There -is a small island with a monastery upon it. There are many traditions -attached to the monasteries in this vicinity, but I cannot find this one. - -[57] Perhaps Erivan, but I cannot trace the name. - -[58] Sir John Chardin (356) says he may “truly reck’n” the population of -Tauris to be 550,000 persons, and that several in the city would have it -to be double that number! yet he had said just before that it contained -15,000 houses and 15,000 shops, so that 150,000 souls would be a liberal -estimate. It appears now to contain from 30,000 to 50,000. Kinneir -calls it one of the most wretched cities in Persia. Such estimates of -city population are common enough still. Many books and many gentlemen -in India will still tell us that Benares contains half a million, and -that Lucknow before 1857 contained 700,000; the fact being, as regards -Benares, that by _census_ and including its suburbs it contains 171,668; -whilst the estimate for Lucknow was probably five or six times the truth. -I suspect the usual estimate of 900,000 in the city of Madras to be of -equal value. - -[59] At Tabriz “dew is entirely unknown, and not more than two or three -showers fall between March and December. The plain around is very fertile -where irrigated.” (_Penny Cyc._) - -[60] The only manna I have known in India was exuded by a tamarisk; but -it appears to be produced on various shrubs in Persia and the adjoining -countries, camelthorns, tamarisks, and others. And one kind called -_Bed-kisht_ is produced on a species of willow. (_Bed_ signifies a -_willow_.) Some kinds of manna are used as sugar. (See _Pen. Cyc._ in v. -_Manna_.) This authority does not seem to recognize the agency of any -insect in its production. But Macdonald Kinneir (in his _Memoir of the -Persian Empire_, p. 329) has the following note. “Manna is exported from -Moosh, on the Euphrates [west of Lake Van] in considerable quantities. -It is termed _guz_ by the Persians, and found in great quantities in -Louristan, and in the district of Khonsar in Irak. It is taken from a -small shrub, in appearance not unlike a funnel, about four feet in height -and three in diameter at the top. The _guz_ is said to be produced by -small insects, which are seen to move in vast numbers under the small and -narrow leaves of the shrub.—These were always in motion, and continued -to crawl between the bark and the leaves. The _guz_ is collected during -the months of August and September in the following manner. A vessel of -an oval form being placed under the bush as a receptacle, the leaves are -beat every third day with a crooked stick covered with leather. The manna -when first gathered has the tenacity and appearance of gum, but, when -exposed to the heat of 90° of Fahrenheit’s thermometer, it dissolves into -a liquid resembling honey. When mixed with sweetmeat its tenacity resists -the application of the knife, but when suddenly struck it shivers into -pieces.” - -[61] There is a town called in the maps _Ahar_, about fifty miles -north-east of Tabriz, but I cannot find that this was ever considered to -be Ur of the Chaldees. Urfa, which is generally supposed to be Ur, is in -quite another region, more than four hundred miles from Tabriz. - -[62] Wild asses are found in the dry regions from the frontiers of Syria -to the Runn of Cutch, and north to 48° lat. Ferrier mentions herds of -hundreds between Mushid and Herat, and on the banks of the Khashrood, -south of Herat. “They are fleet as deer,” he says. Their flesh is more -delicate than Persian beef, and the Afghans consider it a great delicacy, -as did the old Roman epicures. This species, as I learn from a note -with which Mr. Moore, of the India Museum, has kindly favoured me, is -_Asinus Onager_, the _Kulan_ or _Ghor-khar_ of the Persians. That of -Syria and Northern Arabia is the _Asinus Hemippus_, the Hemionus of -the ancients; whilst the _Kyang_ or _Jiggetai_ (_Equus Hemionus_ of -Pallas, _E. Polyodon_ of Hodgson) inhabits Tibet and thence northward -to southern Siberia; and the true wild ass (_E. asinus_) is indigenous -to north-eastern Africa, and perhaps to south Arabia and the island of -Socotra. - -[63] “_Lapis azurii_,” hod. _lapis lazuli_. Quantities of this are found -in Badakshan. (_Burnes_, _Bokhara_, ii. 205. 8vo ed.) - -[64] _Sic._ Probably L, or LV is intended. - -[65] “_Ferculum et carnem._” - -[66] “_Tobalia._” - -[67] The Afghans exceed the practices here graphically described; for -they, I believe, often expectorate in the hairy sleeve of the _postin_, -which in winter they wear after the fashion of Brian O’Linn, “with the -leather side out and the woolly side in.” Scott Waring (_Tour to Shiraz_, -p. 103) notices the dirty table habits of the Persians. - -[68] The friar’s remarks seem to shew that forks were common in Europe -earlier than is generally represented to be the case. - -[69] No doubt it should be _kīr_, which is bituminous pitch in Persian. -What the parenthesis means I cannot make out. _Pegua_ can scarcely be a -reference to the petroleum of Pegu at this early date? - -[70] Burnes describes the vast fields of soft sand, formed into ridges, -between Bokhara and the Oxus. Their uniformity is remarkable, all -having the shape of a horse-shoe, convex towards the north, from which -the prevailing wind blows. On this side they slope, inside they are -precipitous. The height is from fifteen to twenty feet. “The particles of -sand, moving from one mound to another, wheeling in the eddy or interior -of the semicircle, and having now and then, particularly under the rays -of the sun, much the look of water, an appearance, I imagine, which has -given rise to the opinion of moving sands in the desert.” (_Bokhara_, ii. -pp. 1, 2.) - -Our author may possibly have heard of the _Reg-rawán_, or “flowing sand,” -of the Koh Daman, near Istalif. (See _Wood’s Oxus_, p. 181.) - -[71] It may be gathered from what follows, that Lesser India embraces -Sindh, and probably Mekrán, and India along the coast as far as some -point immediately north of Malabar. Greater India extends from Malabar -very indefinitely to the eastward, for he makes it include Champa -(Cambodia). India Tertia is the east of Africa. - -According to the old Portuguese geographer, whose “Summary of Kingdoms,” -etc., is given by Ramusio, _First India_ (see text, next page), ends at -Mangalore, _Second India_ at the Ganges. - -Marco Polo reverses the titles given by our author. He makes Greater -India extend from Maabar (south part of the Coromandel coast) to -Kesmacoran (Kidj-mekrán or Mekrán), whilst Lesser India stretches from -the Coromandel to Champa. Abyssinia, Marco calls _Middle India_. (See -_Murray’s Polo_, pt. ii. ch. xxxvi.) Benjamin of Tudela speaks of “Middle -India which is called Aden.” Conti says all India is divided into three -parts, the first extending from Persia (Ormus?) to the Indus, the second -from the Indus to the Ganges, the third all beyond. - -It is worth noting that Pliny says it was disputed whether Gedrosia -(Mekrán), etc., belonged to India or to Ariana. (vi. p. 23.) - -[72] I believe this is substantially correct. Sindh is the only province -in India that produces edible dates. A date-palm is found all over India, -but the fruit is worthless. - -[73] Till half-past nine o’clock. “_Quod usque ad mediam tertiam per -solis radios ullâtenus possit desiccari._” “The dews” in Lower Sindh, -says Burnes, “are very heavy and dangerous.” (iii. p. 254.) The fertility -of the country is, however, confined to the tracts inundated or irrigated -from the Indus and its branches. As to the absence of rain, Dr. Lord -says, that “the rainfall registered by Lt. Wood during one year at -Hyderabad was only 2·55 inches, whilst at Larkhana, further north, -a shower of rain which fell after the arrival of Burnes’s party was -universally ascribed to the good fortune of the Firingis, as for three -years, the natives said, rain had scarcely been known.” (_Reports and -Papers on Sindh_, etc.—Calcutta, 1839, p. 61.) - -[74] “_Risis autem comeditur atque sagina in aquâ tantummodo cocta._” - -[75] He is wrong about the non-existence of horses and camels in what he -calls India the Less. - -[76] Five persons to _eat_, that is. But an English gentleman, who is a -coffee planter in the middle of Java, told me that he once cut a jack -(the fruit intended by the bishop), which it took _three_ men to _carry_. -That they grow in Ceylon to 50 lbs. weight at least is testified by -Cordiner and Sir Emerson Tennent. The former says they grow there to two -feet in length, and to the same circumference, which is bigger than I -ever saw them in Bengal. The manner of growing is accurately described in -the next paragraph of the text. - -The jack is, no doubt, the Indian fruit described by Pliny, Book xii. ch. -12, as putting forth its fruit from the bark, and as being remarkable for -the sweetness of its juice, a single one containing enough to satisfy -four persons. The name of the tree, he says, is _pala_, and of the fruit -_Ariena_. The former is possibly the Tamul name, _Pila_, which is also -one of the Malabar names. If, however, Pliny derived the whole of his -information on this fruit, as he appears to derive part of it, from -the historians of the Alexandrian invasion, the name may be merely the -Sanskrit _phala_, a fruit, and it would be a comical illustration of the -persistency of Indian habits of mind. For a stranger in India asking the -question, “What is that?” would almost certainly at this day receive for -reply, “_P’hal hai, khudáwand!_” “It is a _fruit_, my lord!” - -The name _jack_, which we give to the tree and its fruits, is one of -that large class of words which are neither English nor Hindustani, but -_Anglo-Indian_, and the origin of which is often very difficult to trace. -Drury gives _Pilavoo_ as the Malayalim name, but I find that Rheede -(_Hortus Malabaricus_, vol. iii.) gives also _Tsjaka_; and Linschoten, -too, says that the jack is in Malabar called Iaca: so here we have -doubtless the original. - -I was long puzzled by the two species of our author, _Chaqui_ and -_Bloqui_. There are, indeed, two well-known species of artocarpus giving -fruits which are both edible, and have a strong external resemblance, -the jack and the breadfruit. But the breadfruit is _not_ as big, _not_ -as sweet, and does _not_ bear its fruit from the trunk and roots, but -from twigs. Nor is it grown in Malabar, though sometimes, Ainslie says -(_Materia Medica_), imported from Ceylon for sale. No _modern_ authors -that I can find make a clear distinction of kinds of jack. But, on -referring back, we find that all the old authors, who really seem to -have gone into these practical matters with more freshness and sympathy -in native tastes, do so. Thus Linschoten says, “There are two sorts of -them: the best are called _Girasal_, and the common or least esteemed -_Chambasal_, though in fashion and trees there is no difference, save -that the Girasals have a sweeter taste;” and his old commentator, “the -learned Doctor Paludanus, of Enckhuysen,” says, also, there are “two -sorts, and the best is called _Barca_, the other _Papa_, which is not -so good, and yet in handling is soft like the other.” Nearly three -hundred years earlier Ibn Batuta had said, that of the fruits of India -“are those termed _Shaki_ and _Barki_, ... the fruit grows out from the -bottom of the tree, and that which grows nearest to the earth is called -the Barki; it is extremely sweet and well-flavoured in taste; what grows -above this is called the Shaki,” etc. Lastly, we have Rheede, speaking -with authority, “Ceterum arboris hujus ultra triginta numerantur species -ratione fructuum distinctæ, _quæ tamen omnes ad duo referentur genera_; -quorum alterius fructus qui carne succulentâ, gratissimi, mellinique -saporis turgent, _varaka_; at alterius, qui carne flaccidâ, molliori -et minus sapidâ referti sunt, _Tsjakapa_ nuncupantur.” (iii. p. 19.) -Drury, indeed, says, “There are several varieties, but what is called the -Honeyjack is by far the sweetest and best.” - -To conclude this long discourse on a short text, it seems certain that -the _Bloqui_ of our author is the _Barki_ of Ibn Batuta, the _Barka_ of -Paludanus, the _Varaka_ “mellini saporis” of Rheede, and the Honeyjack -of Drury. “He that desireth to see more hereof let him reade _Lodouicus -Romanus_, in his fifth Booke and fifteene Chapter of his Nauigatiouns, -and _Christopherus a Costa_ in his Cap. of _Iaca_, and _Gracia ab Horto_, -in the second Booke and fourth Chapter,” saith the learned Paludanus,—and -so say I, by all means! - -[77] _Amba_ (Pers.), the Mango. Ibn Batuta writes it _’anbâ_ with an -_’ain_, as appears from Lee’s note (p. 104), and the latter translates -it “grape,” which is the meaning of that word I believe in _Arabic_. Our -author’s just description of the flavour of the mango is applicable, -however, only to the finer stocks, and seems to show that the “Bombay -mango” already existed in the thirteenth century. The mango is commonly -believed in Anglo-India to produce boils, which I see was also the belief -in Linschoten’s day. But I agree with his commentator, that, at the time -when the fruit is ripe, “by reason of the great heate and season of the -yeare—many doe fall into the forenamed diseases, although they eate none -of this fruite.” - -[78] This would seem to imply that the orange was not known in Southern -Europe in the author’s time; though there are such things as sweet lemons. - -[79] The Persian name for the coco-nut, and coco-palm. - -[80] So Ibn Batuta—“Of this sort of trees the palm will produce fruit -twelve times in the year, each month supplying a fresh crop: so that you -will see upon the trees the fruit of some large, of others small, of -others dry, and of others green. And this is the case always.” (See p. -176.) - -The account of the coco-palm, though slightly mythicized, is -substantially correct. In the third year of the palm’s growth the fronds -begin to fall, a new frond appearing at the end of every month. Of these -there are twenty-eight, more or less, on a full-grown tree. On a single -tree there are about twelve branches, or spadices, of nuts. Most of the -young fruit falls off, only a few coming to perfection; but as from ten -to fifteen nuts _on an average_ are produced on one branch, a single -tree may produce eighty to one hundred nuts every year. (_Drury’s Useful -Plants of India._) - -[81] This is the _jaggeri_, or palm-sugar, used extensively in southern -India. It is made by boiling down the fresh toddy over a slow fire. -The description of the extraction of the toddy, etc., is substantially -correct. - -[82] “_Omni tempore mundi, et hoc sicut venit._” - -[83] “The leaves are employed for thatching houses, especially in -Malabar.” (_Drury_, p. 152.) - -[84] The well known _coir_. The native practice is to steep the husk -in salt water for eighteen months or two years before beating out the -_coir_; but this has been proved to be injurious. The virtues of _coir_ -are strength, lightness, elasticity, durability, power of standing -sea-water. It is now largely used in England for brushes, mats, carpets, -etc. (_Drury._) - -[85] Persian _Tár_. _Tádí_ is the Teloogoo name, according to -Drury; in Hindustani, _tár_ and _tál_. It is the palmyra (_Borassus -flabelliformis_), a tree found from Malabar along the coast to Bengal, -and thence down the transgangetic coast through Burma and the great -islands, and also up the Ganges to Cawnpore, a little above which it -ceases. The fruit is of no value. The wood is much used for rafters, -etc., and it is better than that of any other Indian palm; but the tree -is chiefly used for the derivation of the liquor to which, as taken from -this and other palms, we give the slightly corrupted name of _toddy_, a -name which in Scotland has received a new application. It is the tree -from which palm-sugar is most generally made. The leaves are used for -making fans (the typical fan being evidently a copy of this leaf), for -writing on, and in some places for thatching, etc. - -[86] _Belluri_ I conceive to be the _Caryota urens_, which, according -to Rheede (_Hortus Malabar._, i.), is called by the Brahmans in Malabar -_birala_. Most of our author’s names seem to be Persian in form; but -there is probably no Persian name for this palm. Richardson, however, has -“_barhal_, name of a tree and its fruit.” This tree yields more toddy -than any other palm, as much as a hundred pints in twenty-four hours. -Much sugar is made from it, especially in Ceylon. It also affords a -sago, and a fibre for fishing lines, known in England as “Indian gut.” A -woolly stuff found at the springing of the fronds, is said by Drury to -be used for caulking. I may add that it makes an excellent _amadou_ for -smokers; but the specific name does not come from this fact, as I have -heard suggested, but from the burning acridity of the fruit when applied -to the tongue. The _caryota_, with its enormous jagged fronds, and huge -pendulous bunches of little bead-like berries, is a very beautiful -object. The fruit is actually used for beads by the Mahomedans. Buchanan -(_Mysore_, etc., ii, 454) says its leaves are the favourite food of the -elephant, and that its sugar is superior to that of the palmyra, but -inferior to that of the cocoa nut. - -[87] The banyan: - - “Such as at this day, to Indians known - In Malabar or Decan, spreads her arms - Branching so broad and long, that in the ground - The bended twigs take root, and daughters grow - About the mother-tree, a pillared shade - High over-arched, and echoing walks between: - There oft the Indian herdsman, shunning heat, - Shelters in cool, and tends his pasturing herds - At loopholes cut through thicket shade.” - - (_Paradise Lost_, b. ix.) - -Which noble lines are almost an exact versification of Pliny’s -description (xii, 11). Drury quotes Roxburgh as mentioning banyans, the -vertical shadow of which had a circumference of five hundred yards. Just -about half this size is the largest I have seen, near Hushyárpúr in the -Northern Punjab. It is remarkable in some of the largest of these trees, -that you cannot tell which has been the original and “mother-tree,” -that having probably decayed and disappeared. The age of these trees -is sometimes by no means so great as first impressions suggest. There -is a very fine one in the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, (its exact size -I do not remember, but the shade is not less than a hundred and eighty -to two hundred feet across), whereof the garden tradition runs, that it -originated in Roxburgh’s time, _i.e._, eighty or ninety years ago. It -has, however, been carefully tended and _ex_tended, the vertical fibres -being protected by bamboo tubes when young. It is said to have grown -originally in the crown of a date tree, as often happens. - -[88] True in a general way, but with exceptions, specific and local. - -[89] _Siya-gosh_ (black-ear), the Persian name of the lynx. I have not -been able to hear of a _white_ lynx. The lynx of the Dekkan, which is -probably meant (_felis caracal_), has only the under part white, the back -being a pale reddish brown. Its tenacity is a noted feature. - -[90] “_Quod vocatur rinocerunta_”! The rhinoceros is not now, I believe, -found in any part of India south (or west) of the Ganges; but it has -become extinct in my own time in the forests of Rajmahl, on the right -bank of that river; and very possibly extended at one time much further -west, though our author’s statement is too vague to build upon, and -scarcely indicates personal knowledge of the animal. - -[91] Two-headed and even three-headed serpents might be suggested by -the portentous appearance of a cobra with dilated hood and spectacles, -especially if the spectator were (as probably would be the case) in a -great fright. But for _five_ heads I can make no apology. - -[92] This has puzzled me sorely, and I sought it vainly among Tamul and -Malayalim synonyms. At the last moment the light breaks in upon me. It -is, Fr., _cocatrix_; Ital., _calcatrice_; Anglicè, a _cockatrice_! - -[93] Polo says: “Here and throughout all India the birds and beasts are -different from ours, except one bird, which is the quail.” (iii, 20.) - -[94] A literally accurate description of the great Indian bat, or flying -fox. They generally cluster on some great banyan tree. These, I presume, -are what Marco Polo quaintly calls “bald owls which fly in the night: -they have neither wings (?) nor feathers, and are as large as an eagle.” -(iii, 20.) There is a good account of the flying fox, and an excellent -cut, in Tennent’s _Nat. History of Ceylon_. On the Indiarubber trees at -the Botanic Gardens near Kandy, they “hang in such prodigious numbers -that frequently large branches give way beneath their accumulated -weight.” (p. 16.) Shall I be thought to be rivalling my author in the -recital of marvels, if I say that in 1845 I saw, near Delhi, large -branches which had been broken off by the accumulated weight—of _locusts_ -a few days before? So all the peasantry testified. - -[95] Probably some kind of jungle-fowl, such as _Gallus Sonneratii_. -Pheasants are not found in southern India. - -[96] _Spatham_, a straight sword (?); but a contemptuous expression is -evidently intended. Polo says: “The people go to battle with lance and -shield, entirely naked; yet are they not valiant and courageous, but mean -and cowardly.” - -[97] Is not this short and accurate statement the first account of the -Parsis in India, and of their strange disposal of the dead? - -[98] The _Domra_ or _Dóm_, one of the lowest Indian castes, and supposed -to represent one of the aboriginal races. They are to this day, in Upper -India, the persons generally employed to remove carcases, and to do the -like jobs; sometimes also as hangmen. In the Dekkan they seem, according -to Dubois (p. 468), who calls them _Dumbars_, to be often tumblers, -conjurors, and the like. - -[99] Ginger is cultivated in all parts of India. That of Malabar is best. -(_Drury._) - -[100] _Carrobiæ_,—referring, I presume, to the carob of the Mediterranean -(_Ceratonia siliqua_). I do not know what he means unless it be -tamarinds, which are leguminous pods with some analogy to the carobs -of the Mediterranean. The _trees_ may often be called stupendous; but -this seems scarcely to be his meaning. The European name is Arabic, -_támar-ul-Hind_ (date of India), as Linschoten long ago pointed out. - -[101] _Cassia fistula_ of Linnæus, if that be what is meant, is found -in the Travancore forests, and probably all over India. Its beautiful, -pendulous racemes of yellow flowers, shewing something like a Brobdignag -laburnum, make it a favourite in the gardens of Upper India. It affords a -laxative medicine, and is given by Milburn among the exports of western -India. The long, cylindrical pods, sometimes two feet long, probably give -the specific name. It is possible, however, that the bishop did not mean -_C. fistula_, but _cassia lignea_, an inferior cinnamon, which grows in -Malabar forests, and was at one time largely exported from Calicut and -the other ports. Barbosa mentions it as _canella selvatica_. Linschoten -says that it was worth only about one-fifth of the Ceylon cinnamon. It is -perhaps the cassia of Pliny. It is remarkable however that he says the -choice cassia was called by the barbarians by the name of _lada_; and -_lada_ is the generic name which the Malays give to all the species of -pepper, the word signifying _pungent_. (See _Drury_; _Crawfurd’s Malay -Dict._; and _Bohn’s Pliny_, xii, 43.) - -[102] This is a remarkable testimony to the character of the Hindus -when yet uninjured by foreign domination or much foreign intercourse. -M. Polo says the Abraiamain (Brahmans) “are the best and most honest of -all merchants, and would not on any account tell a lie” (p. 304). Rabbi -Benjamin says also, “This nation is very trustworthy in matters of trade, -and whenever foreign merchants enter their port, three secretaries of the -king immediately repair on board their vessels, write down their names, -and report them to him. The king thereupon grants them security for their -property, which they may even leave in the open fields without any guard” -(_Asher’s Itinerary_ of R. Benj. of Tud., p. 138 _et seq._). There are -many other passages, both in ancient and mediæval writers, giving an -extravagantly high character for integrity and veracity to the Hindus, a -character not very often deserved by them, and never ascribed to them, -now-a-days. See some remarks on this subject in _Elphinstone’s History_, -book iii. ch. xi. - -It is curious, however, that, with reference to the very district of -Travancore, which now includes Quilon, where the bishop’s experience must -have chiefly lain, two English Residents have borne testimony lamentably -opposed to his account of the character of the people in former times. -One of these declares that “he never knew a people so destitute of truth -and honesty, or so abandoned to vice and corruption”; the other asserts -that “in no part of the world are men to be found to whose habits and -affections the practice of vice is so familiar” (_Hamilton’s Desc. -Hindost._, ii. 315). - -[103] Says Marco, “The heat of the sun can scarcely be endured; if you -put an egg into any river, it will be boiled before you have gone any -great distance.” (iii. 25.) - -[104] The reason of the reference to Multán is obscure. The allusion -would seem to be to the conquest of the Carnatic and Malabar by the -generals of the Khilji sovereigns of Delhi, Alá-ud-din and Mubárik (A.D. -1310-1319). The Khiljis were Turks by descent. Mooltan was at this time -subject to Delhi (_Elphinstone’s History_, pp. 343, 348, and _Briggs’s -Ferishta_). But, perhaps, the “not long since” has a wider import, and -refers to the conquests and iconoclasms of the great Mahmúd of Ghazni, -300 years before. Indeed, he is here speaking of the Lesser India, _i.e._ -of Sindh, Gujerat, and the Konkan, the scene of some of Mahmúd’s most -memorable expeditions. Mahmúd coming from Ghazni would come _through_ -Multán, and indeed he took that city several times. - -[105] Perhaps a reference to the notions of Mahomedans about the latter -days. But I think I have read of indications of this belief among Hindus, -though I cannot quote them. This one is remarkable at so early a date. - -[106] I need scarcely say that by Saracens he means Mahomedans, just as -these were called _Moors_ by our people in India in the last century, -and by some classes of Europeans perhaps to our own day. So also the -Prayer-book, in the collect for Good Friday, speaks of “Jews, TURKS, -infidels, and heretics.” - -[107] “_Planeta._” - -[108] Somewhat obscure. “_Isti faciunt idola ferè ad similitudinem omnium -rerum idolotrarum animantium; habent desuper deum suum, ad similitudinem -suam._” - -[109] Apart from the Brahminical theosophies, the expressions of Hindus -generally, when _religious_ (not superstitious) feeling or expression is -drawn out, by sorrow or the like, are often purely Theistic. _Parmeswar_ -or _Bhagwán_ in such cases is evidently meant to express the One -Almighty, and no fabled divinity. But the old geographer in Ramusio makes -the singular assertion that “all the country of Malabar believes in the -Trinity, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, and this beginning at Cambay and -ending at Bengal”. Conti says the same at Ava, but _he_ was doubtless -misled by the Buddhist triad, _Buddha_, _Dharma_, _Sangha_—the Divine -person, the Law, and the Congregation. - -[110] This does not agree in any way with any version of the Hindu -mythical chronology that I know of. - -[111] It would go hard with a man yet in a Hindu state who should kill an -ox. It was capital under the Sikhs. - -[112] “Whoever is most deeply tinted is honoured in proportion” (_M. -Polo_, p. 304). So, among the flat-nosed Mongols, Rubruquis says, “_et -quæ minus habet de naso, illa pulchrior reputatur!_” - -[113] Than the bishop’s description thus far I doubt if a better is -to be found till long after his time. The numbers of men represented -to be carried on the _hauda_ seem not very credible to us and must be -exaggerated, but all ancient accounts do speak of much larger numbers -than we now-a-days are accustomed to put upon elephants under any -circumstances. - -[114] “A very pious animal,” as a German friend in India said to me, -misled by the double sense of his vernacular _fromm_. - -[115] _Brazil._ This is the sappan-wood, affording a red dye, from a -species of _cæsalpina_ found in nearly all tropical Asia, from Malabar -eastward. The name of brazil wood is now appropriated to that (derived -from another species of caesalpina) which comes from Brazil, and which, -according to Macculloch, gives twice as much dye from the same weight of -wood. The history of the names here is worthy of note. First, _brazil_ is -the name of the Indian wood in commerce. Then the great country is called -_Brazil_, because a somewhat similar wood is found abundantly there. And -now the Indian wood is robbed of its name, which is appropriated to that -found in a country of the New World, and is supposed popularly to be -derived from the name of that country. I do not know the origin of the -word _brazil_. Sappan is from the Malay name (_sapang_). - -[116] “_Lambruscæ._” - -[117] The black pepper vine is indigenous in the forests of Malabar and -Travancore (the districts which the Bishop has in his eye); and the -Malabar pepper is acknowledged to be the best that is produced. The -vines are planted at the base of trees with rough bark, the mango and -others, and will climb twenty or thirty feet if allowed. After being -gathered, the berries are dried on mats in the sun, turning from red to -black. Pepper was for ages _the_ staple article of export to Europe from -India, and it was with it that Vasco de Gama loaded his ships on his -first voyage. A very interesting article on pepper will be found in that -treasury of knowledge, Crawfurd’s _Dictionary of the Archipelago_. - -The Bishop’s mention of “long pepper” shews confusion, probably in his -amanuensis or copyist; for long pepper is the produce of a different -genus (_Chavica_), which is _not_ a vine, but a shrub, whose stems are -annual. The chemical composition and properties are nearly the same as -those of black pepper. Crawfurd draws attention to the fact that, by -Pliny’s account, _piper longum_ bore between three and four times the -price of black pepper in the Roman market. (_Drury_ in voc.—_Crawfurd’s -Dict._) Though long pepper is now cultivated in Malabar, it was not so, -or at least not _exported_, in the sixteenth century. Linschoten says -expressly that the “long pepper groweth onely in Bengala and Java.” -(p. 111.) Its price at Rome was probably therefore a fancy one, due to -its rarity. It is curious that Pliny supposed pepper to grow in pods, -and that the long pepper was the immature pod picked and prepared for -the market. He corrects a popular error that ginger was the root of -the pepper tree (bk. xii). Ibn Batuta, like our Bishop, contradicts -what “some have said, that they boil it in order to dry it,” as without -foundation. But their predecessor, R. Benjamin, says—“the pepper is -originally white, but when they collect it, they put it in basins and -pour hot water upon it; it is then exposed to the heat of the sun,” etc. - -[118] The cinnamon must have been the wild cinnamon or cassia. There -is an article in Indian commerce called “cassia buds,” bearing some -resemblance to cloves, and having the flavour of cinnamon. It is said by -some to be the unexpanded flower of the Laurus cassia, but, strange to -say, this seems still undetermined. (See _Penny Cyc._) - -[119] Polo says the islands of India are estimated at 12,700 inhabited -and uninhabited (iii, 37), and those of the China Sea at 7,448 (iii, 5). -The Lakkadives are supposed to derive their name from Laksha or Lakh = -100,000. - -[120] Ceylon, called by Polo Seilan, and the same by Ibn Batuta. - -[121] The gorgeous lories of the Archipelago must have been imported to -Quilon, and have been here in the Bishop’s remembrance. - -[122] No doubt the large flying squirrel, which is found in Malabar and -Ceylon as well as in Eastern India. - -[123] The bandicoot; _Mus Malabaricus_, or _Mus giganticus_. The name -is said by Sir E. Tennent (_Nat. Hist. of Ceylon_, p. 44) to be from -the Teloogoo _Pandi-koku_, “Pig-rat.” “This rat is found in many places -on the coast of Coromandel, in Mysore, and in several parts of Bengal -between Calcutta and Hurdwar. It is a most mischievous animal, burrows -to a great depth, and will pass under the foundations of granaries and -store-houses if not carefully laid.” (_General Hardwicke_ in _Linnæan -Trans._, vii., quoted in _Pen. Cyc._, article _Muridæ_.) The animal -figured by Hardwicke was a female; its total length was 26¼ inches, of -which the tail was 13 inches; and the weight was 2 pounds 11½ ounces. -This is not quite so big as a fox, though the foxes in India _are_ -very small. As an exaggeration, it is far from a parallel to that of -Herodotus, who speaks (bk. iii.) of _ants_ in India as big as foxes. -A story which reminds one of the question of a young Scotch lady just -arrived in the Hoogly, when she saw an elephant for the first time, “Wull -yon be what’s called a _musqueetae_?” - -[124] The Talipat (_Corypha umbraculifera_), or great fan-palm, abundant -in Ceylon, and found in the southern part of the peninsula, in Burma, and -in the Malay islands, but scarcely known in Bengal. The leaves, according -to Sir J. E. Tennent, have sometimes an area of two hundred square feet. - -[125] “The King [of Ceylon] has the most beautiful ruby that ever was -or can be in the whole world. It is the most splendid object on earth, -and seems to glow like fire; it is of such value as money could scarcely -purchase.” (_Polo_, iii. 17). - -“I also saw in the possession of the King [of Ceylon] a saucer made of -ruby, as large as the palm of the hand, in which he kept oil of aloes. I -was much surprised at it, when the king said to me, ‘We have much larger -than this.’” (_Ibn Batuta_, p. 187). - -[126] “_De pannis quos emunt faciunt ad modum cortinarum parietes._” - -[127] “_Jana_,” by mistranscription doubtless. - -[128] His Java vaguely represents the Archipelago generally, with some -special reference to Sumatra. - -[129] Polo, in one chapter on Sumatra, tells how stuffed pygmies were -manufactured for the western markets by shaving monkeys, “for neither -in India, nor in any other country however savage, are there men so -small as these pretended ones.” Yet, in another chapter, his incredulity -gives way, and he tells of hairy men with tails, who remain in the -mountains, never visiting the towns. No doubt the orang-utang, which -exists in Sumatra, is at the bottom of these pygmy stories. The pygmies -and cannibals together identify Sumatra as the scene of one of Sindbad’s -adventures; not the Andamans, as a reviewer in the _Athenæum_ lately said. - -[130] This seems to be a jumble of the myths about the spice-groves and -the upas tree. - -[131] The cubeb (_Piper cubeba_ and _P. caricum_) is the only one of the -spices named which grows in Java proper. In those days it was probably -exported as a condiment chiefly. This statement that pepper was not -produced in the islands confirms the inference of the sagacious Crawfurd, -that it is exotic in Sumatra. (See his _Dict. of the Archip._, article -_Pepper_.) - -[132] In Sumatra, we read, “Man’s flesh, if it be fat, is eaten as -ordinarily there as beefe in our country. Marchants comming vnto this -region for traffique do vsually bring to them fat men, selling them vnto -the inhabitants as we sel hogs, who immediately kil and eate them.” -(_Odoricus_, in Hakluyt, vol. ii.) - -“In one part of the island, called _Batech_, the inhabitants eat human -flesh,” etc. (_Conti_ in _India in the Fifteenth Century_, p. 9.) The -cannibalism of certain tribes in Sumatra is noticed with more or less -exaggeration by several other old travellers, and has been confirmed -in the present century. The tribe is that of the Battas or Battaks, as -correctly named by Conti, a race presenting the singular anomaly of -Anthropophagi with a literature. Some have supposed that they may be the -cannibal _Paddaei_ of Herodotus (iii. 99). It is not impossible, for the -more we learn the further goes back the history of Eastern navigation. - -[133] “Now, in all this province of Maabar, there is not a tailor, for -the people go naked at every season. The air is always so temperate, that -they wear only a piece of cloth round the middle. The king is dressed -just like the others, except that his cloth is finer, and he wears a -necklace full set with rubies, etc. He wears also round three parts -both of his arms and legs, bracelets of gold, full of goodly stones and -pearls.” (_Polo_, iii. 20.) - -[134] For the continued existence of this remarkable custom of -inheritance among the Nairs of Malabar, and for a description of -the singular relations of the sexes out of which it springs, see a -statement in Mr. Markham’s late _Travels in Peru and India_, p. 345. I -am collecting, for another paper, the various examples of this law of -inheritance in detail, and will only here mention that it exists, or -has existed, also in Canara, (but there derived from the Nairs); among -the aborigines of Hispaniola, and tribes of New Granada and Bogota; -among negro tribes of the Niger; among certain sections of the Malays -of Sumatra; in the royal family of Tipura, and among the Kasias of the -Sylhet mountains (both east of Bengal); in a district of Ceylon adjoining -Bintenne; in Madagascar; in the Fiji islands; and among the Hurons and -Natchez of North America. - -[135] Barbosa says that the King of Quilacare (Coilacaud), a city near -Cape Comorin, after reigning twelve years, always sacrificed himself to -an idol. See also _Odoricus_, in Hakluyt, ii. 161. The singular narrative -in the text reminds us of Sir Jonah Barrington’s story of the Irish -mower, who, making a dig at a salmon in a pool with the butt end of his -scythe, which was over his shoulder, dropt his own head into the water. -There is a remarkably parallel story in _Ibn Batuta_. When he was at the -court of the pagan king of Mul-Java (which is certainly not Java, as the -editors make it, but, as I hope to show elsewhere, Cambodia, or some -country on the main in that quarter), he says, “I one day saw, in the -assembly of this prince, a man with a long knife in his hand, which he -placed upon his own neck; he then made a long speech, not a word of which -I could understand; he then firmly grasped the knife, and its sharpness, -and the force with which he urged it, were such that he severed his -head from his body, and it fell on the ground. I was wondering much at -the circumstance, when the king said to me: ‘Does any one among you do -such a thing as this?’ I answered, ‘I never saw one do so.’ He smiled, -and said: ‘These, our servants, do so out of their love to us.’ One who -had been present at the assembly, told me that the speech he made was -a declaration of his love to the sultan, and that on this account he -had killed himself, just as his father had done for the father of the -present king, and his grandfather for the king’s grandfather.” (_Lee’s -Ibn Batuta_, p. 205.) Also we are told by Abu Zaid al Hasan, in Reinaud’s -_Relation des Voyages faits par les Arabes_, etc. (Paris, 1845), how a -young man of India, tying his hair to a great elastic bamboo stem, which -was pulled down to the ground, cut his own head off, telling his friends -to watch that they might see and hear how the head would _laugh_, as it -sprung aloft with the resilient bamboo (i. 124). I wish I could relate, -with the interesting detail with which it was told to me, a narrative -which I heard from my friend Lieut.-Colonel Keatinge, V.C., of the Bombay -Artillery. When encamped near a certain sacred rock on the Nerbudda, in -the province of Nimar which was under his charge, a stalwart young man -was brought to him, who had come thither from a distance, for the purpose -of sacrificing himself by casting himself from the cliff, in fulfilment -of a vow made by his own mother before his birth, in case she should, -after long sterility, have a living son. After long remonstrance Colonel -Keatinge at last succeeded in convincing him that it would be quite -lawful to sacrifice a goat instead, and this having been done he departed -with a relieved mind. - -[136] As Quilon is between 8° and 9° of north latitude this is somewhat -overstated. - -[137] So Polo says that at Guzerat “the north star rose to the apparent -height of six cubits”. This way of estimating celestial declinations -appears to convey some distinct meaning to simple people, and even to -some by no means illiterate Europeans. I remember once in India, when -looking out for Venus, which was visible about two p.m., a native servant -directed me to look “about one bamboo length from the moon;” and a young -Englishman afterwards told me that he had seen it “about five feet from -the moon.” - -[138] “_Ibi videntur influentiæ oculo ad oculum, ita quod de nocte -respicere est gaudiosum._” - -[139] “_Astrologo._” - -[140] Perhaps the good bishop by _infernales_ does not mean _infernal_, -but only _inferior_. Yet the expression reminds us of the constant strain -of oriental tradition, which represents the aborigines under the aspect -of _Rakshasas_ or Demons. The reference is to the various forest tribes -of the Peninsula, who represent either the Dravidian races unmodified -by civilization, (whether Hindu or pre-Hindu), or some yet antecedent -races. Dubois, speaking generally of the wild forest tribes of the south, -says, “In the rainy season they shelter themselves in caverns, hollow -trees, and clefts of the rocks; and in fine weather they keep the open -field. They are almost entirely naked. The women wear nothing to conceal -their nakedness but some leaves of trees stitched together, and bound -round their waists,” etc. (473.) And Mr. Markham describes the Poliars, -a race of wild and timid men of the woods in the Pulney Hills, east of -Cochin, who are possibly the very people whom Jordanus had in his eye, -as being said to have no habitations, but to run through the jungle from -place to place, to sleep under rocks, and live on wild honey and roots. -They occasionally trade with the peasantry, who place cotton and grain -on some stone, and the wild creatures, as soon as the strangers are out -of sight, take these and put honey in their place. But they will let no -one come near them. (_Peru and India_, p. 404.) These wild races were no -doubt in the mind’s eye of a little Hindu, who, during the examination -of a native school by a late governor of Madras (now again occupying an -eminent position in India), on being asked what became of the original -inhabitants of Britain at the Saxon conquest? replied, “They fled into -Wales and Cornwall, and other remote parts, where they exist as a wild -and barbarous people to this day!” The little Hindu was not aware that— - - “By Pol, _Tre_, and Pen - You may know the Cornish men.” - -[141] This is the practice of certain solitary wasps and kindred species, -both in Europe and India (see _Kirby and Spence_, Letter xi., etc.). The -spiders, etc., form a store of food for the use of the larvæ when hatched. - -[142] “_Venas lapidum._” - -[143] The most remarkable operation of white ants that I have heard of -was told me by a scientific man, and I believe may be depended on. Having -a case of new English harness, which he was anxious to secure from the -white ants, he moved it about six inches from the wall, and placed it on -stone vessels filled with water (as is often done), so that he considered -it quite isolated and safe. On opening the case some time after he found -the harness ruined, and on looking behind he saw that the white ants had -actually projected their “crust” across the gap from the wall, so as to -reach their prey by a tubular bridge. Here is engineering design as well -as execution! The ants have apparently a great objection to working under -the light of day, but that they “incontinently die” is a mistake. - -[144]? “_Et sic se ingerunt sicut canes._” This appears to refer to the -common rufous kite, abundant all over India. Of this, or a kindred kite, -Sir J. E. Tennent says, “The ignoble birds of prey, the kites, keep close -by the shore, and hover round the returning boats of the fishermen, to -feast on the fry rejected from the nets” (_Nat. Hist. of C._, p. 246). -The action described in the text is quite that of the Indian kite. -I recollect seeing one swoop down upon a plate, which a servant was -removing from the breakfast table in camp, and carry off the top of a -silver muffineer, which however it speedily dropped. - -[145] This may be the bird spoken of in the latter part of the next note, -but I think it is probably the _Kulang_ (of Bengal), or great crane -(_Grus cinerea_), which does travel at night, with a wailing cry during -its flight. - -[146] “_Ut ego audivi._” Ambiguum est, an ipse episcopus D⸺m loquentem -audivisset? Not many years ago, an eccentric gentleman wrote from Sikkim -to the secretary of the Asiatic Society in Calcutta, stating that, on the -snows of the mountains there, were found certain mysterious footsteps, -_more than thirty or forty paces asunder_, which the natives alleged to -be _Shaitan’s_. The writer at the same time offered, if Government would -give him leave of absence for a certain period, etc., to go and trace -the author of these mysterious vestiges, and thus this strange creature -would be discovered _without any expense to Government_. The notion of -catching Shaitan without any expense to Government was a sublime piece -of Anglo-Indian tact, but the offer was not accepted. Our author had, -however, in view probably the strange cry of the Devil-bird, as it is -called in Ceylon. “The Singhalese regard it literally with horror, and -its scream by night in the vicinity of a village is bewailed as the -harbinger of impending calamity.” “Its ordinary note is a magnificent -clear shout, like that of a human being, and which can be heard at a -great distance, and has a fine effect in the silence of the closing -night. It has another cry like that of a hen just caught; but the sounds -which have earned for it its bad name, and which I have heard but once to -perfection, are indescribable, the most appalling that can be imagined, -and scarcely to be heard without shuddering; I can only compare it to -a boy in torture, whose screams are stopped by being strangled.” Mr. -Mitford, from whom Sir E. Tennent quotes the last passage, considers it -to be a _Podargus_ or night-hawk, rather than the brown owl as others -have supposed. (_Tennent’s Nat. Hist. of Ceylon_, 246-8.) - -[147] Champa is the Malay name of the coast of Cambodia, and appears in -some form in our maps. Jordanus may have derived his information about -those countries from his brother friar, Odoricus, who visited Champa, and -mentions the king’s having 10,004 elephants. Late travellers in Cambodia -use almost the expression in the text in speaking of the habitual -employment of elephants in that country (_e.g._, see Mr. King, in _Jour. -Geog. Soc._ for 1860, p. 178). - -[148] This is evidently drawn from the life. Compare the account of -elephant taming in Burma in the _Mission to Ava in 1855_, pp. 103-5, and -the authors there quoted. - -[149] The number _twelve_ is only general and conventional. Ibn Batuta -says there were twelve kings in Malabar alone, and even a greater number -are alluded to by some of the old travellers. It is extremely difficult -to trace these kingdoms, both from the looseness of the statements and -want of accessible histories of the states of Southern India, and from -that absence of any distinction between really substantial monarchies and -mere principalities of small account, which may be noticed in Polo and -the other travellers of the time as well as in our author. - -Telenc, however, he speaks of as a potent and great kingdom. This must -have been the kingdom of interior Telingana, called _Andra_, the capital -of which was Warangól, eighty miles north-east of Hyderabad, and which -was powerful and extensive at the end of the thirteenth century. It -was shortly afterwards invaded by the armies of the king of Delhi; the -capital was taken in 1332, and the sovereignty at a later date merged in -the Mussulman kingdom of Golkonda. - -There does not seem to have been any very great kingdom in the MAHRATTA -country at this time, and perhaps this is the reason why he there speaks -of the kingdom, not of the king. The most powerful princes were the rajas -of Deogiri (afterwards Daulutabad), of the Yadu family. Their dynasty was -subverted by the Mahommedans in 1317. I believe there is no mention of -the Mahrattas by the Mussulman historians till just about our author’s -time. - -COLUMBUM, or Kulam, we have disposed of in the preface. We see here that -the kingdom included (part at least of) MOHEBAR, the Maabar of Marco -Polo and of Ibn Batuta, _i.e._, the southern regions of the Coromandel -coast; (see Preface, p. xvi). The name is apparently Arabic (_Ma’abar_—a -ferry), in reference to the passage or ferry to Ceylon. The king, whose -name was _Lingua_, may probably have been connected with the sect of -the _Lingáyets_ still existing in Southern India, whose members wear a -representation of the Lingam or Sivaite emblem round their necks, and -have many peculiar practices. He was certainly a Nair, as appears from -what Jordanus has said of the law of succession. And among the rajas of -Coorg, who were both Nairs and Lingáyets, we find the name Linga borne -by several during the last century. (Compare _Markham’s Peru and India_; -_Hamilton’s Hindostan_, ii. 288, etc.) - -I cannot trace any particulars of a king of Molepoor or Molepatam. But -the only pearl fishery on the Indian main is at _Tuticorin_, about ninety -miles north-east of Cape Comorin, and near this there is a place given -by Hamilton, called Mooloopetta (= Mooloopatam), which may probably be -the seat of the king alluded to. He was most likely the same as the -king of Cail, spoken of by Marco Polo; that place being apparently -now represented by Coilpatam, a small seaport of Tinnevelly, in this -immediate vicinity. This appears from Barbosa, who, at the beginning -of the sixteenth century, states precisely that Cail was ninety miles -from Cape Comorin, and that it was the seat of a great pearl market and -fishery. - -BATIGALA, or Batikala, which, he says, had a Saracen king, is a port of -Canara, fifty-five miles north of Mangalore; it is called Batcul, or -Batcole, in English maps. It is not mentioned by Ibn Batuta, the nearest -authority in time; but he does state that at Hinaur (Hunáwur or Onore), -a port a little to the north of Baticala, the people were Moslem, and -their king “one of the best of princes,” one _Jamál ad-Dín Mahommed Ibn -Hasan_, to whom Malabar generally paid tribute, dreading his bravery by -sea, (which means, I suppose, that this excellent prince was a pirate). -Very probably this was the king of Batigala to whom Jordanus refers. He -was, however, himself “subject to an infidel king, whose name was Horaib” -(_Lee’s Ibn Batuta_, p. 166), doubtless the king of Narsinga or Bisnagur, -whom Jordanus omits to mention. Two centuries later Barbosa describes -Batticala as a great place, where many merchants trafficked, and where -were many _Moors_ and Gentiles, great merchants. And the “_Summary of -Kingdoms_,” in _Ramusio_, says the king of Baticula was then a Gentile -Canarese, “greater than him of Honor;” the governor, however, being a -Moorish eunuch, named Caipha. Later in the sixteenth century, Vincent Le -Blanc describes it as still a fine place, and one of great trade. - -The great king of Molebar, or MALABAR, is, I suppose, the Samudra Raja, -or Zamorin of the Portuguese, whose capital was at Calicut. - -_Singuyli_ is a nut hard to crack. Our friar’s contemporary, Odoricus, -calls the two chief ports of the pepper country in his day _Flandrina_ -and _Cyncilim_. The former is no doubt the _Fandaraina_ of Ibn Batuta, “a -large and beautiful place,” the Colam Pandarani of Ramusio’s Geographer, -lying a little north of Calicut, but not marked in our modern maps. (The -lying Mandevill says it was called Flandrina after Flanders by Ogero the -Dane, who conquered those parts!) Cyncilim I suspect to be _Kain Kulam_ -or _Cai Colam_, one of the old ports a few miles north of Quilon, and -formerly a little kingdom. Singuyli is not very like Kain Kulam, but -Cyncilim is somewhat like both; and the position in which he mentions it, -between Calicut and Quilon, would suit. - -As for _Chopa_, I suspect it to be a misreading (Chãpa, read as Chopa), -for CHAMPA, whereby he seems to mean hazily India ultra Gangem in -general, though the name belongs to Cambodia. - -[150] India Tertia is apparently Eastern Africa, south of Abyssinia. - -[151] So far we have the old Herodotean myth (_Her._, iii. 116), which -Milton has rendered into stately verse— - - “As when a gryphon in the wilderness - With winged course, o’er hill or moory dale, - Pursues the Arimaspian, who by stealth - Had from his wakeful custody purloined - The guarded gold”⸺ - -But the scene has been transferred from the north of Europe to Æthiopia. -The rest of the fable I cannot trace. - -[152] A dissertation on Prester John, and the confusions which -transferred a Christian prince of Central Asia to Central Africa, will be -found in M. D’Avezac’s preface to _Carpini_, in the volume from which we -are translating. - -[153] For the Roc see _Marco_, iii. 35; _Ibn Batuta_ (in _Lee_), p. 222; -Sindbad the Sailor, and Aladdin! See also Mr. Major’s preface to _India -in the Fifteenth Century_. - -[154] “_Etiam et medullâ._” - -[155] “_Istud ales_”! - -[156] _Viverra Indica_, the civet cat, seems to be found over a great -part of Asia and Africa. The perfume is secreted from very peculiar -glands, existing in both sexes; and in North Africa, where the animals -are kept for the purpose, the secretion is scraped from the pouch with -an iron spatula, about twice a week (_Penny Cyclop._). But the text is -confirmed by Sir E. Tennent, who says that the Tamils in Northern Ceylon, -who also keep the animal for its musk, collect this from the wooden bars -of the cage, on which it rubs itself (_Nat. Hist. Ceylon_, p. 32). - -[157] It is a Ceylonese story, according to Tennent, that the cobra’s -stomach sometimes contains a stone of inestimable price. The cerastes or -horned adder is now well known. - -[158] _Ambergris_, a substance found chiefly in warm climates, floating -on the surface of the sea or thrown on the coasts. It was formerly -believed to be the exudation of a tree, but is now considered to be a -morbid animal concretion, having been found in the intestinal canal of -the sperm whale. It is found usually in small pieces, but some times -in lumps of fifty to one hundred pounds weight. The best comes from -Madagascar, Surinam, and Java. It is opaque, of a bright grey colour, -softish, and when rubbed or heated exhales an agreeable odour. It is -inflammable; and is used as a perfume. (_Penny Cyclop._ and _Macculloch’s -Commercial Dictionary_.) - -[159] This strange myth is in _Marco Polo_ (Part iii. c. 23). He -represents the islands to be “full five hundred miles out at sea,” south -of Mekrán. The people of Sumatra believe that the inhabitants of Engano, -a small island south of Bencoolen, are all females, and, like the mares -of ancient story, are impregnated by the wind. (_Marsden’s Sumatra._) - -[160] This is probably a legendary notice of the Andaman islanders, -whom Polo represents as “having a head, teeth, and jaws like those of -a mastiff dog” (iii. c. 16). And Ibn Batuta, describing the people of -“Barahnakár” (under which name he seems to have mixed up the stories of -the Andamans which he had heard, with his experience of some port on the -main at which he had touched on his way from Bengal to Sumatra), says, -“Their men are of the same form with ourselves, except that their mouths -are like those of dogs; _but the women have mouths like other folks_” -(_Lee’s Trans._, p. 198). The stories of the Andaman islanders are as -old as Ptolemy, whose _Agmatæ_ (compare Polo’s _Angaman_) and adjacent -islands, they doubtless are. Till Dr. Mouat’s account, just published, we -had little more knowledge of them than these 1800-year-old legends gave -us, and even now we do not know much, near as they are to Calcutta. - -[161] He had probably, during his voyages in the Persian Gulph, touched -at some point of the north-east of Arabia, where Wellsted notices the -peculiar wildness and low civilization of the people, “of a darker hue -than the common race of Arabs;” “the greater number residing in caves and -hollows;” “their principal food dates and salt fish, rice being nearly -unknown to them;” whilst they testified as much surprise at the sight -of looking-glasses, watches, etc., as could have been exhibited by the -veriest savage of New Holland. (_Wellsted’s Travels in Arabia_, i. 241-2.) - -[162] “_Duplarum._” - -[163] As we say in later times, “The Great Mogul”. - -[164] See the same statement in _Marco Polo_, i. 29. - -[165] As M. Polo says, with a facetiousness unusual in him, “With regard -to the money of Kambalu, the great Khan is a perfect alchymist, for he -makes it himself” (i. 26). - -[166] From Rubruquis to Père Huc all travellers in Buddhistic Tartary -and Thibet have been struck by the extraordinary resemblance of many -features of the ecclesiastical system and ritual to those of the Roman -Church. Father Grueber, in 1661, speaking of the veneration paid to -the Lama, ascribes it to “the manifest deceits of the devil, who has -transferred the veneration due to the sole Vicar of Christ to the -superstitious worship of barbarous nations, as he has also, in his -innate malignity, parodied the other mysteries of the Christian faith.” -(In Kircher’s _China Illustrata_.) Huc and Gabet say, “The crosier, the -mitre, the dalmatica, the cope or pluvial (which the Grand Lamas wear in -travelling), the double-choired liturgy, the psalmody, the exorcisms, the -censer ... the benedictions ... the rosary, the ecclesiastical celibate, -the spiritual retreats, the worship of saints; fasts, processions, holy -water; in all these numerous particulars do the Buddhists coincide with -us.” The cardinal’s red hat among the Lamas is a modern fact. (Abridged -from a paper by the present writer in _Blackwood_ for March 1852.) - -[167] Ibn Batuta describes how at the funeral of the Great Khan four -female slaves and six favourite Mamluks were buried alive with him, and -four horses were impaled alive upon the tumulus; the same being done in -burying his relatives, according to their degree (_Lee_, p. 220). - -[168] This is perhaps the Tartar city of Iymyl, called by the Chinese -Yemi-li, built by Okkodai, the son of Chengiz Khan, somewhere to the east -of Lake Balkash. (See _D’Avezac’s Notice of Travels in Tartary_, _Recueil -de Voyages_, iv. p. 516). But the description rather suggests one of the -vast cities of China, such as Marco Polo describes Kinsai (Hang-choo-foo). - -[169] “_Vasa pulcherrima et nobilissima atque virtuosa et porseleta._” -Perhaps “full of good qualities, and of fine enamelled surface”? - -[170] Carpini says that there was a certain cemetery for the emperors -and chiefs, to which their bodies were carried whenever they died, and -that much treasure was buried with them. No one was allowed to come -near this cemetery except the keepers (_Recueil de Voyages_, iv. 631). -Marco Polo says that if the chief lord died a hundred days journey -from this cemetery, which was in the Altai mountains, his body must be -carried thither. Also “when the bodies of the Khans are carried to these -mountains, the conductors put to the sword all the men whom they meet on -the road, saying, ‘Go and serve the great lord in the other world;’ and -they do the same to the horses, killing also for that purpose the best he -has” (ii. 45). - -[171] This seems from Alcock to be the Japanese practice. _Le Roi est -mort, vive le Roi!_ - -[172] Doubtless our friar had in his mind the words of Isaiah, “Wild -beasts of the desert shall lie there; and their houses shall be full of -doleful creatures: and owls shall dwell there, and satyrs shall dance -there. And the wild beasts of the island shall cry in their desolate -houses, and dragons in their pleasant palaces” (xiii. 21-22). - -[173] Probably a _kirbah_, or water skin, or perhaps several tied -together, frequently used by the _fellahs_ to cross the Tigris and -Euphrates. There are no large tortoises in either of those rivers. (B.) - -[174] A couple of buffalos, perhaps, which may frequently be seen -swimming across the stream with only their muzzles and horns above water. -(B.) - -[175] Referring probably to Harrán, the Haran of Scripture. The country -generally being desert, there was little to say about it. (B). - -This chapter is a worthy parallel to that one in _Horrebow’s History of -Iceland_, “Concerning Owls and Snakes,” which Sir Walter Scott quotes -more than once with such zest. - -[176] See ch. ii. parag. 7, _ante_. - -[177] One of the best accounts of Baku is in the _Travels_ of George -Forster, of the Bengal Civil Service, who came overland from India by the -Caspian in 1784. There were at that time a considerable number of Multán -Hindus at Baku, where they had long been established, and were the chief -merchants of Shirwán. The _Átish-gáh_, or Place of Fire, was a square -of about thirty yards, surrounded by a low wall, and containing many -apartments, in each of which was a small jet of sulphureous fire issuing -through a furnace or funnel, “constructed in the form of a Hindu altar.” -The fire was used for worship, cookery, and warmth. On closing the funnel -the fire was extinguished, when a hollow sound was heard, accompanied by -a strong and cold current of air. Exclusive of these there was a large -jet from a natural cleft, and many small jets outside the wall, one of -which was used by the Hindus for burning the dead. - -The whole country round Baku has at times, according to Kinneir, the -appearance of being enveloped in flame, and during moonlight nights in -November and December a bright blue light is observed to cover the whole -western range. My friend Colonel Patrick Stewart, who was lately for -some days at Baku, tells me that it is often possible to “set the sea on -fire”, _i.e._, the gaseous exhalations on the surface. He says the Hindus -are now only two or three, one of whom, a very old man, had lost the -power of speaking his native tongue. - -The quantity of naphtha procured in the plain near the city is enormous. -Some of the wells are computed to give from 1000 to 1500 pounds a day. -It is discriminated as _black_ and _white_. The white naphtha appears to -be used chiefly as a remedy for allaying pains and inflammations. The -flat roofs of Baku are covered with the black naphtha, and it is made -into balls with sand as a fuel. (See _Forster’s Journey from Bengal to -England_, London, 1798; and _Macdonald Kinneir’s Geog. Memoir of the -Persian Empire_, p. 359.) - -From Haxthausen we learn that the Átish-gáh or Átish-jáh has been altered -since Forster’s time. The flame now issues from a central opening, -and from four circumjacent hollow pillars within the temple, which is -a building of a triangular form, and of about one hundred and ninety -paces to the side, erected by a Hindu merchant in the present century. -The flame is described as being about four feet high, bright, and -“waving heavily to and fro against the dark sky, a truly marvellous and -spectral sight.” The Átish-gáh of Baku appears to be the “Castle of the -Fire-worshippers” spoken of by Polo (ii. 9). He says they revere the -fire “as a god, and use it for burning all their sacrifices; and when at -any time it goes out, they repair to that well, where the fire is never -extinguished, and from it bring a fresh supply.” - -[178] Some trace of the practice here alluded to is to be found among the -Nestorians. “Once a year there is a kind of _Agapæ_ to commemorate the -departed, in all the mountain villages. For days previous such families -as intend to contribute to the feast are busily engaged in preparing -their offerings. These consist of lambs and bread, which are brought -into the church-yard; and after the people have communicated of the -holy Eucharist, the priest goes forth, cuts several locks of wool off -the fleeces, and throws them into a censer. Whilst a deacon swings this -to and fro in presence of the assembled guests, the priest recites the -following anthem: - -“‘THE FOLLOWING IS TO BE SAID OVER THE LAMBS THAT ARE SLAIN IN SACRIFICE -FOR THE DEAD:— - -... - -“‘When ye present oblations and offer pure sacrifices, and bring lambs to -be slain, ye should first call the priests, who shall sign them with the -sign of the cross before they are slain, and say over them these words: -He was brought as a lamb to the slaughter,’” etc. - -... “‘O Lord, let the oblation which thy servants have offered before -thee this day be acceptable, as was that of faithful Abraham the -righteous, who vowed his son as an oblation, and stretched out the -knife upon his throat, _whereupon he saw a lamb hung on a tree like -his life-giving Lord who was crucified_,’” etc. (_Rev. G. P. Badger’s -Nestorians_, i. 229.) - -See also Dr. Stanley’s account of the cruciform spit used by the -Samaritans in roasting the Paschal lamb, in the notes to his _Sermons -before the Prince of Wales_. - -The Yezidís also have some mixture of Christian names in their -superstitions, and sacrifice to Christ. Of the Ossetes of the Caucasus -also we are told that the majority are nominally Christians, but in fact -semi-pagans, and rarely baptized. They offer sacrifices of bread and -flesh in sacred groves, and observe the Christian festivals with various -sacrifices, _e.g._, a _lamb at Easter_, a pig on New Year’s Day, an ox at -Michaelmas, a goat at Christmas. Both Georgians and Armenians are said -still to be addicted to the practice of sacrifice in their churches. -(_Haxthausen’s Transcaucasia_, p. 397.) - -[179] “The Georgians are the Christian, the Circassians the Mohammedan, -cavaliers of the Caucasian countries; they stand in the same relative -position as the Goths and Moors of Spain.” “The bases and principles -of the organization and general condition of the Georgian people bore -great resemblance to those of the Germanic race, comprising a feudal -constitution, perfectly analogous to the Romano-Germanic. In this -_warlike country_ the Christian hierarchy was constituted in a perfectly -analogous manner to the temporal feudal state,” etc. (_Haxthausen_, pp. -113, 117.) - -[180] _Tana_ was the name of a place at the mouth of the Don or Tanais, -the site of an early Venetian factory. - -[181] See note (2) page 54. - -[182] “_Cicilia_,” in orig. - -[183] Marco Polo also places the country of the three Magi, Balthazar, -Gaspar, and Melchior, in this region (ii. 9), as appears from his -connecting them with the worshipped fire at Baku. Their tombs, according -to him, were in a city called Sava. - -[184] The Iron Gates, at the place called by the Persians Der-bend -(Dăr-bănd), or the Closed Gate, the capital of Daghestan, and lying in a -defile between the Caucasus and the Caspian. The city is traditionally -said to have been founded by Alexander, and part of the celebrated -wall of Gog and Magog, said to have extended from the Black Sea to the -Caspian, is to be seen here, running over high and almost inaccessible -mountains. (_Kinneir’s Pers. Empire_, p. 355.) - -[185] One suspects some mistake here. He would seem still to be speaking -of Cathay, in which case his estimate would have some propriety. - -[186] I cannot explain all these names. But the author’s reference is to -the several empires into which the vast conquests of Chengiz Khan were -partitioned among his descendants. 1. _Cathay_, or all the eastern part -of the empire, including China, with a paramount authority over all, fell -to Okkodai and his successors, the “Great Khans” or “Great Tartars” of -our author. 2. _Kipchak_, or Comania, all the country westward of the -Ural river, through the south of Russia, fell eventually to Batu, the -grandson of Chengiz, whose invasion, penetrating to Silesia and Hungary, -struck terror into Europe. This is the Gatzaria of the text; Khazaria -being properly the country adjoining the Sea of Azoph, and including the -Crimea. The expression “now of Osbet” appears to refer to Uzbeg, who -was Khan of Kipchak from 1313 to 1340. 3. _Jagatai_ (Elchigaday = El -Jagatai, I suppose) was Transoxiana, lying between the first and second -empires. It was so called from Jagatai, the son of Chengiz, to whom it -fell. _Kaidu_, the grandson of Jagatai, according to Marco Polo, was -the ruler of this country in the time of that traveller. Dua and Capac -I cannot explain. 4. _Persia._ The second and third are of course the -“other two empires of the Tartars” mentioned in the text. (See D’Avezac’s -“Notice of Old Travels in Tartary” in _Recueil de Voyages_, vol. iv.; and -Introduction to _Erskine’s Translation of Baber’s Memoirs_, etc.) - -[187] See in _Ibn Batuta_, p. 172, a description of the great Chinese -junks, trading at that time to Malabar. It is remarkable that the Arabian -traveller uses literally the word _junk_, showing that we got it through -the Arab mariners, though ultimately from the Malay _ajong_, a ship. - -[188] _Sic in orig._ Qu. _Arabia_? - -[189] It was just about this time that a great proselytizing energy was -developed by Islám in the far east, extending to Sumatra and Java. - -[190] _Asiatic_ Turkey, of course, at this date. - -[191] Or horsemen. - -[192] The good friar was doubtless thinking of _Exodus_ xxxv. 30-31. - -[193] According to Beckman, the ancients were not acquainted with real -alum. He says it was discovered by the orientals, who established works -in the thirteenth century in Syria (apparently at Rukka or Rochha, east -of Aleppo, whence the name of _Roch-alum_, still in use). The best now -comes from the neighbourhood of Civita Vecchia. The method of manufacture -in England and Scotland is to mix broken alum slate with fuel, and to set -it on fire. When combustion is over the residual mixture is lixiviated -with water; a solution of the earthy salt being obtained, potash salts -are added, and crystals of alum are the result. (_Penny Cyclop._ and -_Macculloch’s Comm. Dict._) - -[194] A curious instance of the persistence of legend in the face of -Scripture. See _John_, xxi, 23. - -[195] “_Quia Turci non multum curant._” Some time ago a foreign -ambassador at the Sublime Porte told the Grand Vizier that there were -three enemies who would eventually destroy the Turkish empire, viz: -_Bakalum_, (We shall see;) _In-shäa-Alláh_, (If it please God;) and -_Yarun sabáh_ (to-morrow morning). (B.) - -For this and several other very apt notes which I have marked with the -letter B, I have to thank Mr. Badger’s kindness. - - - - -INDEX TO THE _MIRABILIA_ OF JORDANUS AND THE COMMENTARY THEREON. - - - Abgarus of Edessa, 5 - - Aboriginal races of India, 35 - - Abraham; - Mussul. legend of, xi; - birthplace of, 9 - - Abu-Zaid-al-Hasan, see _Reinaud_. - - Abyssinia, the Middle India of Polo, 11 - See _Æthiopia_. - - Adder, horned, 43 - - Æthiopia, 42, 43, 45; - Population of, 54 - - Afghan manners, 10 - - Africa, South-Eastern (India Tertia), 41 - - Agmatæ of Ptolemy, 44 - - Ahar, city of Armenia, 9 - - Ainslie’s Materia Medica, 13 - - Aladdin, 42 - - Alcock’s Japan, 48 - - Alms of Great Khan, 48 - - Altai mountains, 48 - - Alum, manufacture of, 57 - - Amadou, 17 - - Ambergris, 43 - - Andaman islanders, 31, 44 - - Andra (Telingana), 39 - - Andreolo Cathani, 57 - - Angaman, 44 - - Aniba, Amba (the Mango), 14 - - Animals of India, 12, 18, 26, 35, 36, 38 - - ⸺ of India Tertia (S. E. Africa), 42, 43, 44 - - Anthropophagi, 31 - - Ants, Indian, of Herodotus, 29; - white, 36 - - Arab sailors’ yarns, xvii - - Arabes, Voyages des, see _Reinaud_. - - Arabia, the Greater, 45, 55 - - Aran, concerning, 50 - - Ararat, 3, 5 - - Araxes, 4, 5, 7 - - Archipelago, Indian, 30 - - ⸺ Crawfurd’s Dictionary of the, 27, 28, 31 - - Arguri (village on Ararat), 4 - - Ariana, 11 - - Ariena (Pliny’s name for jack-fruit), 13 - - Arimaspian, 42 - - Ark, legends of the, 3, 4 - - Armenia the Greater, 3 _et seq._, 11, 53 - - Armenians, Schismatic, 5, 58; - their sacrifices, 52 - - Artocarpus, see _Jack_. - - Asher’s Benjamin of Tudela, 22 - - Asia Minor, 11, 53, 58 - - Asses; - wild, 9; - in India, 12 - - Athenæum referred to, 31 - - Átish-gáh of Baku, 50, 51 - - Atlas, of India, xiii; - Keith Johnstone’s, xiv; - Steiler’s, 6 - - Ava, Mission to, 39 - - Avdall’s Trans. of Chamich’s Hist. of Armenia, 5, 7 - - Azerbijan, 6 - - - Baber, Erskine’s, 54 - - Babylon, deserted, 49; - Sultan of (Egyptian), 46 - - Bacu (Baku), 50, 51, 53 - - Badakshan, 9 - - Badger, Rev. G. P., v, viii, xi, xviii, 58; - his _Nestorians_, 51 - - Baldello Boni’s ed. of Polo, xiii - - Balkash, Lake, 47 - - Banyan trees, 17, 18, 19 - - Baptism of converts, 23, 24 - - Barahnakár, 44 - - Barbosa, Odoardo, xiv, xvi, 22, 33, 40 - - Barca and Papa (names of Jack-fruit), 13, 14 - - Barcarian mountains (Barchal Dagh), 6 - - Baroch, vi - - Barrington, Sir Jonah, 33 - - Bartholomew, Apostle, in Armenia, 4, 5 - - Batigala (Batcole), 40, 41 - - Battas, Battaks, their cannibalism, 31 - - Bats, 19, 29 - - Batu Khan, 54 - - Beasts, wild, see _Animals_. - - Beckman’s Hist. of Inventions, 57 - - Bed-kisht (sp. of manna), 8 - - Belluri (sp. of palm), 17 - - Benares visited by Conti, xiv; - population of, 8 - - Benjamin of Tudela, xv, 11, 22, 28 - - Bhagwán, 24 - - Biblioth. Hist. Vetus, vii - - Birala, see _Belluri_. - - Bird, wailing, 37; - devil, _ib._; - like a kite, 36; - enormous, 42 - - Birds of India, 19, 28 - - Bisnagur, king of, 40 - - Black Sea, 53 - - Blackness of Indians, 12, 25, 26; - of Africans, 43 - - Blackwood’s Mag., 47 - - Bloqui, an Indian fruit (Jack), 13, 14 - - Boats stitched, 16, 53 - - Bodies kept long, 47 - - Boils, 14 - - Bokhara, 10 - - Bollandists, vii - - Borassus flabelliformis, 16 - - Botanic Garden, Calcutta, 18; - Kandy, 20 - - Brahmans, 22 - - Brazil-wood, xiii; - history of the name, 27 - - Breadfruit, 13 - - Briggs’s Ferishta, 23 - - Buchanan, Dr. F., his Mysore, 17 - - Buddhist Triad, 25; - rites, 46 - - Buds, Cassia, 28 - - Buffaloes, 49 - - Burial-place of St. John, 58 - - Burma, 39 - - Burnes, Sir Alex., quoted, 9, 10, 12 - - Burning; - of the dead, 20, 47; - of widows, 20 - - ⸺ mountains, 45 - - - Cæsalpina, 27 - - Caga, a port of Persia, v - - Cai-Colam or Kain-Kulam, xiv, 40 - - Cail, a city near C. Comorin, xvi, 40 - - Calabria, 1, 2 - - Calcatix (crocodile), 19 - - Calcutta Botanic Garden, 18 - - Caldea, 11, 49, 43 - - Calicut, xiv, xv, 40 - - Cambay, 6 - - Cambodia, xvi, 11, 33, 37, 38, 41 - - Camels, 12 - - Cananore, xiv - - Canara, 32, 40 - - Canella selvatica, 22 - - Cannibals, 31 - - Canopus, 34 - - Capac, 54 - - Cappadocia, 11, 53 - - Carbuncles and dragons, 42 - - Cardinal’s hats used by idol pontiffs, 46, 47 - - Carelessness, Turkish, 58 - - Carnatic, Mahom. conquest of, 23 - - Carobs, 21 - - Carpini quoted, 48 - - Caryota Urens, 17 - - Caspian Sea, 7; - Hills, 6, - (and tribes) 51, 52 - - Cassia Fistula, 21, 22 - - ⸺ Lignea, 22, 28 - - ⸺ Laurus, 28 - - ⸺ buds, _ib._ - - Cathay, vi, 54 - See _China_ and _Tartar_. - - Catholic rites, Pagan semblances of, 46, 47 - - Cats; - winged, 29; - civet, 43 - - Caucasus, 7; - see also _Caspian_. - - Cayda, 54 - - Cemetery of Great Khans, 48 - - Cerastes, 43 - - Ceratonia Siliqua, 21 - - Ceylon, xii, 37; - mentioned by Jordanus, 28, 30, 41 - - ⸺ Sir J. E. Tennent’s, iii, 13, 30 - - ⸺ ⸺ ⸺ Natural History of, 20, 29, 36, 37, 43 - - Chaldees, Ur of the, 9 - - Chaldeia (Chaldæa), see _Caldea_. - - Chamich’s History of Armenia, see _Avdall_. - - Champa, see _Cambodia_. - - Chaqui, a fruit of India (the Jack), 13 - - Character ascribed to the Hindus, 22 - - Chardin quoted, viii, 5, 7 - - Chengiz Khan, 47, 54 - - China, ships of, xiv, xv, 54; - cities of, 47; - porcelain, 48 - See also _Tartar_ and _Cathay_. - - _China Illustrata_, Kircher’s, 47 - - Chios, Island of, 56 - - Chopa, 41 - - Choral Service of Buddhists, 46 - - Christendom, advantages of, enumerated by Jord., 55 - - Christians; - in India, vi, vii, xi, xii, 23, 55; - in Persia, viii, 8, 9; - in Armenia, 5, 6; - in Æthiopia, 46; - selfstyled in Caspian Hills, 51 - - Christian mysteries, Pagan semblances of, 47 - - Christopherus A’Costa, 14 - - Chronicle ascribed to Jordanus, ix - - Chronology, Hindu Mythical, 25 - - Chulan, xv - - Churches; - in India, vii, 23; - in Persia, viii, 8, 9; - in Armenia, 4, 5 - - ⸺ The, vii, 58 - - Cilicia, 53 - - Cinnamon, 22, 27, 28 - - Circassians, 52 - - Cities of the Great Tartar, 47 - - Civet cat, 43 - - Clove trees, 31 - - Cobra, 19, 43 - - Cochin, xiv, 35 - - Coco-nut-palm described, 15, 16 - - Cockatrice, 19 - - Coilpatam, 40 - - Coir, 16 - - Coilon, xv, xvi, see _Columbum_ and _Quilon_. - - Coincidences between mediæval travellers, xvii - - Colam, Coulam, see _Columbum_. - - ⸺ meaning of, xiii; - sundry places named, xiv - - ⸺ Pandarani, xiv, 40 - - Coloen, xvi, see _Columbum_. - - Columbo in Ceylon, xii - - Columbum, the see of Jordanus (Quilon), v, vi; - the Christians of, vii, viii, x; - identification of, xii-xvii; - foundation of, xiv, 29; - king of, 39, 40 - - Comania, 54 - - Comari (Comorin), xiii - - Comorin, Cape, xiii, xvi, 33, 40 - - Conengue, v - - Constantine, 5 - - Constantinople, 53, 57 - - Conti, Nicolo de’, xiv, xv, xvi, 25, 31; - division of India according to, 11 - - Conversion; - of Pagans and Saracens, 23, 24, 55; - of schismatics, 5, 6, 8, 9, 55 - - Cooley, W. D., Trans. of Panot’s Ararat, 3 - - Coorg, Rajas of, 40 - - Coquebert-Montbret (French editor), iii, iv, v, vi, vii, viii, xii, - xvii - - Cordiner’s Ceylon, 13 - - Coromandel, xiii - - Corypha umbraculifera, 30 - - Cote-coulam, xiv - - Cows, see _Oxen_. - - Crawfurd, John, Dictionary of the Indian Archipelago, 27, 28, 31 - - ⸺ Malay Dictionary, 22 - - Crimea, 54 - - Crocodile described, 19 - - Cross, Sheep sacrificed on a, 51 - - Crows, 19 - - Cubebs, 31 - - Curzon’s Armenia, 5 - - Cyncilim, 40 - - Cyrus (Kur) river, 7 - - - Daghestan, 53 - - D’Anville, vi, xiii - - Date-palms in India, 11 - - Daulutabad, 39 - - Daumghan, v - - D’Avezac, M., quoted, v, viii, ix, 42, 47, 54 - - Day and Night, length of, 12, 34 - - Dead, disposal of, 20, 21, 47 - - ⸺ Sea in Armenia (Urumia), 6 - - Declinations, quaint estimate of, 34 - - Dekkan, Mahom. conquest of, 39 - - Delhi, 20 - - Demetrius, a Franciscan martyr in India, xii - - Demons in Chaldæa, 49 - - Deogiri, rajas of, 39 - - Der-bend, 53 - - Devil speaketh in India, 37; - bird, _ib._ - - Dew absent, 8; - heavy, 12 - - Diamonds, 20 - - Dictionary, Macculloch’s Commercial, 27, 44, 57; - Crawfurd’s Malay, 22; - Crawfurd’s, of the Indian Archipelago, 27, 28, 31; - Smith’s, of the Bible, 4; - Smith’s, of Greek and Roman Geography, 6; - Richardson’s Persian, 17 - - Dioclesian’s Persecution, 5 - - Distances of eastern countries, 52 - - Dog-headed folk, 44 - - Dominicans, or Preaching Friars, v, vi, x, xii, 5, 6, 55 - - Dóms, Domra, a low caste, 21 - - Dragons, 5, 41 - - Dravidian races, 35 - - Dress of Hindus, 32 - - Drury, Capt. H., Useful Plants of India, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 28 - - Dua, 54 - - Dubois, Abbé, quoted, 21, 35 - - Dumbri, see _Dóm_. - - Dyo or Diu, x - - - Earthquakes, in Greece, 2; - at Ararat, 4 - - Eating, Asiatic habits of, 10 - - Echmiazin, 3, 5 - - Egripos, 2 - - Elchigaday, 54 - - El-Cathif, xv - - Electrum, 23 - - Elephant, not found in Lesser India, 12; - described, 26; - story of, 29; - extensive use of in Champa, 37; - their wars, 38; - mode of capture, 38, 39; - of Ceylon, 41; - carried by the Roc, 42 - - El-Kât, Port of the P. Gulph, v - - Elphinstone’s Hist. of India, 22, 23 - - Embar (Ambergris), 43 - - Emperor, Persian (Tartar), 6; - of Æthiopia, 42, 45, 46; - of Cathay, 46, 47, 48; - of Constantinople, 53 - - Empire, Persian (Tartar), 6, 52, 54; - Great Tartar (Cathay), 46, 47, 48, 53; - several Tartar, 54 - - Engano, legend of, 44 - - Ephesus, 58 - - Erivan, 7 - - Erskine’s Baber, 54 - - Euphrates, v, 49 - - Euripus, flux and reflux, 2 - - Exodus quoted, 57 - - - Facetiousness of M. Polo, exceptional, 46 - - Fandaraina, 40 - - Fans, 17 - - Faro of Messina, 1 - - Female line, inheritance in, 32 - - Ferrier’s travels, 9 - - Fertility of Lesser India, 12; - of Turkey, 58 - - Fighting in India, 20 - - Fiji Islands, 32 - - Fire at Baku, 50, 51, 53 - - ⸺ worshippers, 21; - castle of the, 51 - - Flandrina, 40 - - Flying foxes, 19 - - ⸺ squirrels, 29 - - Food of Lesser India, 12 - - Footsteps, mysterious, 37 - - Forest tribes, see _Wild_. - - Forks, no new invention, 10 - - Forster’s, George, travels, 50 - - Fowls, Indian, 20 - - Foxes in India, 29; - flying, 19 - - France, king of, might subdue the world, 56 - - Francis of Pisa, vii - - Franciscan or Minor friars, v, vi, ix, x, 5, 55 - - Friars, see _Franciscan_ and _Dominican_. - - Fruits of India, 13-17 - - Funeral rites, Tartar, 47, 48 - - - Gabet, Père, 47 - - Gallus Sonneratii, 20 - - Galofaro (Charybdis), 2 - - Gatzaria, 54 - - Gedrosia, 11 - - Geographer in Ramusio, see _Sommario_, 24 - - Gemma Marina, 43 - - Genoese, vi, 56, 57 - - Georgiana, 52, 53 - - Georgian schismatics, 9 - - Ginger, xv, 21, 27 - - Girasal and Chambasal, 13 - - God, the one recognized by Hindus, 24 - - Gog and Magog, wall of, 53 - - Gokchai, Lake, 7 - - Gold, in Persia, 9; - in India, 23; - Water making, 29; - dust for money, 30 - - Golden mountains, 45, 46 - - ⸺ sands, 42 - - Golkonda, Kingdom of, 39 - - Gracia ab Horto, 14 - - Grapes, 4, 15 - - Greece, 2, 11, 55 - - Greeks, 9, 56, 58 - - Gregory, St., Ap. of Armenia, 5 - - Grueber, Father, 47 - - Grus Cinerea, 37 - - Gryphons, 42, 45 - - Guz (manna), 8 - - - Hakluyt, ix, 31, 33 - - Hamilton’s (W.) Desc. of Hindostan, 22, 40 - - Hardwicke, General, 29 - - Harrán or Haran, 50 - - Hauda, 26 - - Haxthausen’s Transcaucasia, 4, 50, 52 - - Heavenly bodies, 35 - - Hell, Babylon called, 49 - - Heraclius, 7 - - Heretics, 46 - - Herodotus, xviii, 29, 31, 42 - - Hílí, a port of Malabar, xv - - Hindus; - decent eating, 10; - blackness, 12, 25, 26; - high character of, 22; - their toleration, 24; - sacrifices, 24; - idols, _ib._; - reverence for oxen, 25; - dress, 31; - inheritance, 32; - self-immolation, 32; - wars, 20; - at Baku, 50, 51 - - Hispaniola, 32 - - Honeyjack, 14 - - Horrebow’s Iceland, 50 - - Horses not used in Lesser India acc. to Jordanus, 12; - sacrifice of, 47 - - Hortus Malabaricus, see _Rheede_. - - Huc, Père, 46, 47 - - Hulaku, vi, 6 - - Hunáwur, 40 - - Hunters, Negro, 43 - - Hurons, 32 - - Hushyárpúr, banyan at, 18 - - Hyemo, city of, 47 - - - Iaca (jack-fruit), 13, 14 - - Ibn Batuta, travels of, iii; - mentions Columbo, xii; - Kaulam, xv; - coincidences with Jordanus, xvii; - his desc. of jack-fruit, 14; - mango, 14; - coco-palm, 15; - pepper, 28; - his name of Ceylon, 28; - mentions great ruby, 30; - his singular story of self-immolation, 33; - his mention of Maabar, 39; - of Hunáwur; of Fandaraina, 40; - of the Roc, 42; - of the Andaman stories, 44; - of the Great Khan’s funeral rites, 47; - of Chinese junks in India, 54 - - Ichthyophagi Troglodytes of Arabia, 45 - - Idols, Indian, 24, 32, 33; - processions of, 33; - sacrifices to, 24, 32; - temples of, destroyed by Saracens, 23; - temples of, in Tartary, 46 - - India, mediæval divisions of, 11 - - ⸺ the Lesser, 10; - described, 11 and seq., 53 - - ⸺ the Greater, 26 and seq., 53 - - ⸺ First and Second, 11, 12 - - ⸺ Middle, 11 - - ⸺ Tertia, 11; - described, 41 & seq. - - ⸺ Ultra Gangem, 41 - - ⸺ wild races of, 35 - - ⸺ kings in, 39 - - ⸺ islands of, 28, 30, 31, 44, 53 - - ⸺ vessels of, 16, 53 - - India in the fifteenth century, Major’s, xiv, 42 - See also _Conti_. - - India rubber trees, 20 - - Infernal, Tribes characterized as, 35 - - Inheritance, singular custom of, 32 - - Insects, 36 - - Iron in India, 23 - - Iron-gates, the, 53 - - Irrigation at Tabriz, 8 - - Isaiah’s prophecy of Babylon, 49 - - Islands of India, their number, 28, 53; - Ceylon, 28, 30; - island having marvellous water and tree, 29; - of naked people, 30; - of Java, 30, 41; - of women only and men only, 44; - of dog-headed folk, 44 - - Ivory, 38 - - Iymyl, a Tartar city, see _Hyemo_. - - - Jack-fruit, 13, 14 - - Jacobites, 9 - - Jacobus, Armenian martyr, 5 - - Jagatai Khan, 54 - - Jaggeri (palm-sugar), 16 - - James of Padua, a Franciscan martyr, xi - - Java (the Archipelago), its wonders, 30, 31, 33; - kings in, 41, 55 - - Jews, black, xv; - in Persia, 9 - - John, St., legend of, 58 - - ⸺ Prester, 42, 45 - - ⸺ XXII, Pope, vii, x - - ⸺ de Core, archbishop of Sultania, vii - - Jordanus, his birthplace, iv; - dates in his life, v, vii; - letters, v, vi; - first goes to India, vi; - named bishop of Columbum, vii; - time of writing this book, viii; - Chronicle ascribed to him, ix; - his Latinity, xvii; - his coincidences with other travellers, xvii - - Josephus, 4 - - Jude the Apostle, in Armenia, 4, 5 - - Jungle fowl, 20 - - Junks, Chinese, xv, 55; - origin of the name, 55 - - - Kaidu Khan, 54 - - Kain-Kulam, xiv, 40, 41 - - Kambalu, 46 - - Karrack, v - - Kars, 6 - - Kasias, 32 - - Kaulam, xv, (see _Columbum_). - - Kayane, virgin martyr, 5 - - Keatinge, Col. R. H., 33 - - Kesmacoran of Polo, 11 - - Khan, Great, see _Tartar_. - - Khârej or Khárg, see _Karrack_. - - Khazaria, 54 - - Khor-virab, convent of, 5 - - Khounouk, v - - Khilji sovereigns of Delhi, 23 - - Kic (for _Kīr_, bitumen), 10 - - Killing Oxen capital, 25 - - Kine alone used in Lesser India, 12 - - Kings in India; - their dress, 32; - some of them detailed, 39 - - ⸺ 52 under Prester John, 45 - - ⸺ The Three, 53 - - King, Account of Cambodia by, 38 - - Kinneir, Macdonald, quoted, 7, 8, 50, 53 - - Kipchak, 54 - - Kirbah (Waterskin), 49 - - Kirby and Spence, quoted, 36 - - Kircher’s _China Illustrata_, 47 - - Kite, Rufous, 36 - - Kulang (sp. of crane), 37 - - Kulam. See _Columbum_, etc. - - ⸺ Malé, xiv - - - Lada, 22 - - Lake Urumia, 6 - - ⸺ Sevan, 7 - - Lakkadives, 28 - - Lamas, 47 - - Lambs, Nestorian Sacrifice of, 51 - - Lapis Lazuli, 9 - - Latinity of Jordanus, xvii - - Latter Days, Mahom. notions respecting, 23 - - Leake’s Travels in Greece, 2 - - Leaves; - perennial, 18; - gigantic, 29, 30 - - Le Blanc, Vincent, 40 - - Lee, Dr. S., 14. See _Ibn Batuta_. - - Lemons, sweet and sour, 15 - - Leopards, 18, 43 - - Liber de Ætatibus, v - - Liberality of Great Tartar, 46 - - Linga, Lingam, 40, 41 - - Lingáyet sect, 39, 40 - - Lingua, King of Mohebar and of Columbum, 39, 41 - - Linschoten’s Voyages, 13, 14, 21, 22, 28 - - Lions, 18, 43 - - Locusts, 20 - - Lodovicus Romanus, 14 - - Lord, Dr. P., quoted, 12 - - Lories, 29 - - Lucknow, population of, 8 - - Lycia, 53 - - Lynx, 18 - - - Maabar, a region of the Coromandel coast, xiii, 32, 39, 41 - - Maarazia, a city of India (Benares), xiv - - Macculloch’s Commercial Dictionary, 27, 44, 58 - - Mace, 31 - - Mackenzie Collections, xiv - - Madagascar, 32 - - Madras, population of referred to, 8 - - Magi, 53 - - Mahmúd of Ghazni, 23 - - Mahratta, 39, 41 - - Major’s India in the 15th century, xiv, 42 - See _Conti_. - - Malabar; - Ports of, xiv-xvi; - Chinese Trade with, xv, 54; - Kings in, 39; - Mahom. Conquest of, 23 - - Malayalim names of Jack-fruit, 13, 14 - - Mandevill, Sir John, xv; - his lies, 40 - - Mangalore, 11, 40 - - Mango, 14 - - Manna, 8, 10 - - Manners; - of Persians, 9, 10; - of Hindus, 10, 12, 20, 22; - of Tartar Empire, 47 - - Maragha, vi - - Marogo (Maragha), v, vi - - Marsden’s Sumatra, 44 - - Martin Zachary, Captain, 56 - - Martyrdoms; - of Missionaries, vi, ix, xi, 56; - Sundry in Armenia, 4, 5, 7 - - Mastick, 56 - - Masudi, vi - - Media, 53 - - Mediterranean, Adm. Smyth’s, 2 - - Mekrán, 11 - - Melibaria of Conti (Malabar), xvi - - Men only and women only, and Islands of, 44 - - Metals in India, 23 - - Mice, white, 31 - - Milburn’s Oriental Commerce, xiii, 22 - - Milk, Coco-nut, 15 - - Milton quoted, 17, 42 - - Minor Friars. See _Franciscan_. - - Missionaries Martyred. See _Martyrdoms_. - - Missions, Views of Jordanus on Indian, 55, 56 - - ⸺ Papal, in Armenia, 5, 6 - - Mitford, 37 - - Mogan, Plain of, 6, 50, 53 - - Mohebar, 39, 41 - See _Maabar_. - - Molebar (Malabar), 40 - - Molephatam, 40, 41 - - Molepoor, 40, 41 - - Monarchies of South India, 39, 40, 41 - - Monasteries in Tartary, 46 - - Money, Paper, 46 - - Monsters at Babylon, 49 - - Monteith, General, quoted, 6 - - Mooloopetta, 40 - - Moorish Sea (Mediterranean), 53 - - Moors (for Mahomedans), 24, 40 - - Moosh, 8 - - Moslem Kings in India, 40 - - Mosques made out of Temples and Churches, 23 - - Mouat’s Andamans, Dr., 44 - - Mules not used in Lesser India, 12 - - Mul-Java, 33 - - Multán, 23 - - Muratori, ix - - Murray, Hugh, his Polo, xiii, xvi, xviii - - Murray’s Guide, The Medieval, xvii - - Musk, 47 - - Mus Malabaricus, 29 - - Mysore, Buchanan’s, 17 - - - Nadir Shah, 7 - - Naft (Naphtha), 50 - See also 10 - - Nairs of Malabar, their law of inheritance, 32, 40 - - Naked Tribes, 30, 43 - - Nakhcheván, 4, 6 - - Namadus, vi - - Nargil (Coco-nut), 15 - - Narsinga, King of, 40 - - Nascarini (Nazrání or Indian Christians), vii - - Natchez, 32 - - Naxuana of Ptolemy, 4 - - Negroes described, 43 - - Negropont, 2 - - Nerbudda, vi, 33 - - Nestorians, vi, 9, 51 - - ⸺ The, by the Rev. G. P. Badger, 51 - - Nicolaus Romanus, vi - - Niger, Tribes on, 32 - - Night and Day, variation of, 34 - - ⸺ Brightness and glory of, in India, 34 - - Noah, Armenian Traditions of, 3, 4 - - Nose, flat, a beauty among Mongols, 25 - - Nutmegs, 31 - - Nuts of India, 16 - - - Odericus Raynaldus, vii - - Odoricus of Friuli, Traveller and Saint, ix, 31, 33, 38, 40 - - Ogero the Dane, 40 - - Oil, Coco-nut, 15 - - Okkodai, Khan of the Tartars, 47 - - Onagri, 9 - - Orang-utang, 31 - - Oranges, 15 - - Ormi (Urumia), 5 - - Ormus, x, 11 - - Ornas. See _Verna_. - - Orogan (error for Mogan), 6 - - Osbet, 54 - - Ossetes, 51 - - Ounces, 18, 43 - - Oxen, Hindu reverence for, 25 - - Oxus, 10 - - ⸺ Wood’s, 11 - - - Pagan Prophecies of Latin domination, 23 - - Pala, name of Jack-tree in Pliny, 13 - - Palmyra, 16 - - Paludanus, 13, 14 - - Pandarani, xiv, 40 - - Paper Money in Tartary, 46 - - Paradise, Terrestrial, 42, 43 - - Parmeswar, 24 - - Paroco, a city of India (Baroch), v, vi - - Parody of Catholic rites, 47 - - Parrot’s Ascent of Ararat, 3, 4 - - Parrots, 19, 29 - - Parsis described, 21 - - Peacocks, 20 - - Pearl Fishery, 28, 40, 41 - - _Pegua_ (?), 10 - - Penny Cyclopædia, quoted, 2, 6, 8, 28, 29, 43, 44, 58 - - Pepper, xiii; - gardens, xv; - forest, xv; - described, 27 - - ⸺ Long, 27, 28; - not indigenous in the I. Archipelago, 31 - - Persecution; - of Dioclesian, 5; - of preachers lay the Saracens, x, 55, 56 - - Persia; - Notices of, 7 _et seq._, 52 - See _Emperor_ and _Empire_. - See also _Kinneir_. - - Peter, a Franciscan Martyr, xii - - Pheasants, 20 - - Pitch, Mineral, 10 - - Pila, Tamul name of Jack-fruit, 13 - - Pirates in Malabar, 40 - - Planets as seen in India, 34 - - Pliny; - western limit of India according to, 11; - his account of Jack-fruit, 13; - of the Banyan, 17; - of Cassia, 22; - of Pepper, 28 - - Podargus, 37 - - Pole-star, height of, 34 - - Poliars, a forest race, 35 - - Polo, Marco, iii, v, viii; - his Coilon, xiii, xv, xvi; - his coincidences with Jordanus, xvii; - his division of the Indies, 11; - quoted with reference to birds and beasts of India, 19; - big bats, 19; - armament of Indian troops, 20; - honesty of Brahmans, 22; - horrid heat, 22; - admiration of black skins, 25; - Indian Islands, 28; - Ceylon, 28; - great ruby, 30; - pygmies, 31; - dress of Indian kings, 32; - Maabar, 39; - king of Cail, 40; - Male and Female Islands, 44; - Andamans, 44; - bounty of the G. Khan, 46; - Paper-money, 46; - City of Kinsai, 47; - burial of G. Khan, 48; - fire of Baku, 51, 53; - division of Tartar conquests, 54 - - ⸺ Murray’s edition of, xiii, xviii; - Baldello Boni’s, xiii - - Polumbrum or Polembum, xv - - Pomegranates, 15 - - Population; - of Tabriz, 7; - fallacious estimates of, 8; - of Eastern Countries, 11; - of Cathay, 47, 54; - of Æthiopia (?), 54 - - Porcelain, China, 48 - - Preachers wanted for India, 55 - - ⸺ Saracen, 55 - - Preaching among idolaters of India, 24 - - ⸺ Friars. See _Dominicans_. - - Prester John, 42, 45 - - Priests, idolatrous, 24 - - Prophecies of Latin domination, 23 - - Ptolemy; - his Supara, vi; - stories received from Arab Sailors, xviii; - his Naxuana, 4; - his Agmatæ, 44 - - Pudefitania of Conti (Pudipatanam), xiv - - Pulney Hills, 35 - - - Quails, 19, 20 - - Quétif and Echard, v - - Quilacare (Coilacaud) King of, 33 - - Quilon, the Columbum of Jordanus, vi, xii-xvii, 34, 39, 41 - (See _Columbum_, _Coulam_, etc.) - - - Races, wild, 35 - - Rain, absence of, 8; - scarcity of, 12 - - Rainy season, 12 - - Rajmahl Forests, 18 - - Rakshasas, 35 - - Ramusio, xiv, xvi, 11, 24, 40 - - Rats, gigantic, 29 - - Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires, i, iii, iv, ix, 3, 42, 47, 48, 54 - - Reg-rawán, 11 - - Reinaud—Relation des Voyages faits par les Arabes, etc., vi, xiv, 33 - - Renaudot, xiv - - Rennel, xiii - - Reptiles, 18, 19 - - Resemblances to R. Cath. rites, 24, 33, 46 - - Rheede’s Hortus Malabaricus, 13, 14, 17 - - Rhinoceros, 18 - - Rhipsime, Virgin Martyr, 5 - - Rhubarb, 47 - - Richardson’s Persian Diction., 17 - - Rice, 12 - - Rivers of Paradise, 42, 43 - - Roc, The, 42 - - Roch-Alum, 58 - - Roxburgh, quoted, 17 - - Rubies, great, 30 - - Rubruquis, William, 3, 25, 46 - - Rukka, 58 - - Russia, 54 - - - Sacrifices; - Idol, in India, 24; - in Tartary, 46; - of sheep on a cross, 51; - suicidal, 32 - - Samarkand, viii - - Samosata, viii - - Samudra Raja, 40 - - Sandhills, Flowing, 10 - - Sap of trees for liquor, 15, 16 - - Sappan-wood, 27 - - Saracens; - _i.e._, Mahomedans, x, 9, 23, 41, 58; - their preachers and persecution of Christians, 55; - ravage India, 23 - - Saracenized Tartars, 9 - - Sati, 20 - - Sava, 53 - - Scala, 5 - - Schismatic Christians, vii, 5, 6, 8, 9, 55, 58 - - Scotch lady’s musquito, 29 - - Scott, Walter, 50 - - Scott-Waring, 10 - - Seamanship, eastern and western, 55 - - Sebast, Sebasteia, 6 - - Sefara, see _Supera_. - - Self-immolation, stories of, 33 - - Semiscat, a see under Sultania, vii - - Semur (?), a city of Armenia, 7 - - Serpents; - in India, 18, 35; - two-, three-, and five-headed, 19; - in Armenia, 4, 5, 7; - horned, and with gems, 43; - vast, in Æthiopia, 45; - in Chaldæa, 49 - - Sevan, Lake, 7 - - Séverac, birthplace of Jordanus, iv - - Shaki and Barki—Arabic names for Jack-fruit, 14 - - Shadows, direction of, 34 - - Sheep sacrificed on cross, 51 - - Siagois (_Siya-gosh_, the lynx), 18 - - Sicily, whirlpools, etc., 1 - - Silk in Persia, 9 - - Silem, see _Sylen_ and _Ceylon_. - - Simon, Apostle, in Armenia, 4, 5 - - Sindbad the sailor, 31, 42 - - Sindh, 11, 12; - Reports on, 12 - - Singuyli, King of, 40, 41 - - Sister’s son inherits, 32 - - Sivas, 6 - - Slaves, funeral sacrifice of, 47 - - Smith and Dwight, Researches in Armenia, 3, 4, 5, 6 - - Smith’s Dict. of the Bible, 4 - - ⸺ Dict. of Greek and Roman geography, 6 - - Smyth, Admiral, the Mediterranean, 1, 2 - - Soldan of Babylon (in Egypt), 46 - - Soldiers in India, 20 - - _Sommario dei Regni_, etc., in Ramusio, xiv, xv, 24, 40 - - Sparrows, 19 - - Sperm-whale, 44 - - Spices, 23, 27, 30, 31 - - Spiders, Wasps that kill, 35 - - Springs, miraculous, 4; - of pitch, 10 - - Squirrels, flying, 29 - - Stanley, Dr. Arthur P., quoted, 51 - - Stewart, Lt.-Col. Patrick, R.E., 50 - - Steiler’s Hand Atlas, 6 - - Stitched Vessels, 53 - - Stones, Pretious, 20; - in Ceylon, 30, 41; - in serpents, 43; - in the heads of dragons, 42; - in Æthiopia, 45 - - Sugar, Palm, 16, 17 - - Sultania, viii, 9 - - Sugar-cane, 21 - - Sumatra, 30, 31, 32, 44, 55 - - Supera, a port of India supposed near Surat, v, vi - - Surat, vi - - Surplice, 24 - - Sylen (Ceylon), or Silem, 28, 30, 41 (see _Ceylon_). - - Sylvester, St., 5 - - - Tabriz, v, vi, viii, 6, 7, 8, 9 - - Talipat-tree, 30 - - Tamarinds, and meaning of the word, 21 - - Tamerlane, viii - - Tamul words, xiii, 13, 19 - - Tamils in Ceylon, 43 - - Tana, an Indian port near Bombay, vi, vii, ix - - Tana, Tanan (Tanais), an ancient factory on the Sea of Azoph, viii, 53 - - Tapti river, vi - - Tárí, Tádí, 16 - - Tartar, The Great, 46, 47, 48, 54 - - Tartars; - in Armenia, 7, 24; - different empires of, 54 - - Tartary, 10, 46, 53 - - Tauris (see _Tabriz_). - - Telenc (Telingana), an Indian kingdom, 39, 41 - - Teloogoo, 29 - - Tennent, Sir J. E., see _Ceylon_. - - Terrors of Babylon, 49 - - Thaddeus, the Apostle, 5 - - Thaurisium, 6 (see _Tabriz_). - - Thebes (Greece), 2 - - Theistic feeling among Hindus, 24 - - Thibet, 47 - - Thomas the Apostle, Saint, x, 5, 23 - - ⸺ a Franciscan martyr, xi - - Thucydides, 2 - - Tigris, 49 - - Tipura, 32 - - Tiridates, K. of Armenia, 5 - - Toddy, process of drawing, 16, 17 - - Tokat, 6 - - Tongan (Daumghan), v - - Tortoise, monster, 49 - - Toulouse, 47 - - Transoxiana, 54 - - Travancore, people of, 22 - - Treasure of the sea, 43 - - Trebizond, 6, 53 - - Triad, the Buddhist, 25 - - Trinity, alleged belief in the Holy, in India, 24; - in Ava, 25 - - Troglodytes Ichthyophagi, 45 - - Tsjaka (Malayalim name of Jack-fruit), 13 - - Turks, 56, 57, 58; - for Mahomedans, 24; - their pococurantism, 58 - - Turkish Saracens, 23 - - Turkey (in Asia), 57 - - Tuticorin, 40 - - Two-headed monsters, 49; - also see _serpents_. - - - Ultramarine, 9 - - Unicorn, 18, 42 - - Upas tree, 31 - - Ur of the Chaldees, 9 - - Ural River, 54 - - Urfa, 9 - - Urumia, Lake, 6; - city, 5 - - Uzbeg, 54 - - - Variation of day and night in India, 12, 34 - - Vasco de Gama, 27 - - Venice, merchants of, in Malabar, xv - - Venus seen in broad day, 34 - - Verna, an Eastern see, viii - - Vessels of India, 16, 53; - of Cathay, xv, 54 - - Vincent’s Periplus of the Erythræan Sea, vi - - Vines; - of Noah, 4; - in India, 15 - - Virgin martyrs, 5 - - ⸺ only can take a unicorn, 43 - - Viverra Civetta, 43 - - Vows of self-immolation, 32 - - - Wadding, Annales Minorum, v - - Walckenaer, Baron, iv - - War, elephants used in, 26 - - ⸺ of elephants among themselves, 38 - - Warangól, 39 - - Wasps, remarkable, 35 - - Water, marvellous, 29 - - Wellsted’s Travels in Arabia, 45 - - Wheat in India, 12 - - Widow-burning, 20 - - Wild; - tribes in India, 35; - men, 43 - - Willows exuding manna, 8 - - Wilson, H. H., quoted, xiv - - Wine; - not made in India, 15; - substitutes for, 15, 16 - - Wood’s Oxus, quoted, 11 - - World’s duration according to Hindus, 25 - - - Yadu family, 39 - - Yemi-li (see _Hyemo_). - - Yezidís, 51 - - - Zachary, an Armen. Archbishop, 5 - - ⸺ a Genoese Captain, 56 - - Zamorin of Calicut, 40 - - Zebra, 44 - - Zoroaster, 6 - - - - - -_CORRIGENDA._ - - -P. viii. _Dele_ note 2, which is based on an oversight. - -P. 2. Last line of note on Charybdis, insert “_which are_” after “local -terms.” - -P. 5. Note 2, last word of second line, for “_were_” read “_was_.” - -P. 12. Note 1, first line, for “_half-past nine_” read “_half-past -eight_.” - -P. 14. Note 1, first line, for “_Amba_” read “_Anba_.” - -P. 36, § 33, first line, read “_a certain big bird like a kite_.” - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRABILIA DESCRIPTA *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. 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