diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/65471-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/65471-0.txt | 4578 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 4578 deletions
diff --git a/old/65471-0.txt b/old/65471-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a91593d..0000000 --- a/old/65471-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4578 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Report on the Migration of Birds in the -Spring and Autumn of 1881, by J. A. Harvie Brown - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Report on the Migration of Birds in the Spring and Autumn of 1881 - -Author: J. A. Harvie Brown - John Cordeaux - Phillip M. C. Kermode - R. Barrington - A. G. More - -Release Date: May 30, 2021 [eBook #65471] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Tom Cosmas produced from files generously provided on The - Internet Archive. All resultant materials are placed in the - Public Domain. - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT ON THE MIGRATION OF BIRDS -IN THE SPRING AND AUTUMN OF 1881 *** - - - - - - REPORT - ON THE - MIGRATION OF BIRDS - IN THE SPRING AND AUTUMN OF 1881. - - - BY - - Mr. JOHN A. HARVIE BROWN, Mr. JOHN CORDEAUX, - Mr. PHILIP M. C. KERMODE, Mr. R. M. BARRINGTON, - AND - Mr. A. G. MORE. - - - -"It is much to be wished that some of the light-keepers of our -lighthouses would make notes of their observations concerning seals, -whales, birds, fishes, and other animals. Such records would be -valuable; and might not some of them occupy their leisure hours -in the study of Natural History?... Interesting observations -would then certainly be made, and new facts added to our stores of -knowledge."--'Chambers's Journal,' p. 831; Dec. 23, 1876. - - - -LONDON: - -PRINTED BY WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN. - -1882. - - -LONDON: - -PRINTED BY WEST, NEWMAN AND CO. - -HATTON GARDEN, E.C. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -The following Report contains a summary of investigations of a -Committee, appointed by the British Association for the Advancement -of Science, at York, in 1881, to consist of Professor Newton, Mr. J. -A. Harvie Brown, Mr. John Cordeaux, Mr. Philip M. C. Kermode, Mr. -J. Hardy, Mr. R. M. Barrington, and Mr. A. G. More, for the purpose -of obtaining (with the consent of the Master and Elder Brethren of -the Trinity House, the Commissioners of Northern Lights, and the -Commissioners of Irish Lights) observations on the Migration of Birds -at lighthouses and lightships, and of reporting upon the same at -Southampton in 1882. Mr. Cordeaux to be the Secretary. - -An abstract of the Report was read by Mr. Philip M. C. Kermode at the -meeting of the Association, held at Southampton, in August, 1882. - -The returns relating to Scotland have been arranged by Mr. J. A. Harvie -Brown; for the East Coast of England, by Mr. Cordeaux; the West Coast -of England, by Mr. Kermode; and those for the Coasts of Ireland, by Mr. -R. M. Barrington, and Mr. A. G. More. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - PAGE - - East Coast of Scotland 1 - - East Coast of England 16 - - West Coast of Scotland 43 - - West Coast of England 58 - - Irish Coast 78 - - - - - THIRD REPORT: - - ON - - THE MIGRATION OF BIRDS - - IN THE - - SPRING AND AUTUMN OF 1881. - - - - -EAST COAST OF SCOTLAND. - - -Iceland and Faroe.--Schedules, &c., were, as before, forwarded to -Iceland and Faroe. Returns have come from Faroe, the results of which I -prefer to keep under a separate heading, as they usually come in when -the rest of the Report is well advanced. - -Of _Saxicolinæ_ there is one record on May 13th, when one Wheatear was -seen on board the 'Arcturus,' thirty miles east of the Orkney Isles. -Of _Hirundinidæ_, one seen at Thorshavn on May 22nd. Of _Otidæ_, -one Long-eared Owl was seen at Vivalvig, Strómó, on June 27th. Of -_Ardeidæ_, one Night Heron, _Nycticorax griseus_ (Linn.), was killed -at Videreijde on May 4th. In autumn several Turtle Doves, _Columba -Turtur_, were seen, and one shot at Nólsó on Sept. 7th. Of _Rallidæ_, -one Water Rail was killed in the hospital garden, at Thorshavn, on Oct. -31st. Of Laridæ, one Pomatorhine Skua (young), was killed near Kirkebó -on Oct. 26th. Of Rallidæ, one Coot, _Fulica atra_, was shot at Nólsó on -Nov. 8th. - -The winds prevailing at the time of the above records for the most part -southerly and easterly in Faroe, but on May 13th and 22nd southerly and -westerly, and also S.W. on Nov. 8th. - -The usual papers were sent to twenty-six stations, as before. With -Iceland, Faroe and Fair Isle we have on this line thirty stations in -all. - -Twelve stations on the East Coast of Scotland returned filled-in -schedules, against eight last year--1880--out of the twenty-six. Many -of these returns are very light, but those from Isle of May, Bell Rock -and Pentland Skerries are unusually full, showing great highways of -migration, and also that from Sumburgh Head. We shall have more to say -on this in our general remarks at the end of the Report. - -The stations are as follows, commencing in the north. The dates upon -which the various stations have sent in returns are shown in the list -by the positions of the asterisks preceding the consecutive numbers. -The work done compares favourably with that of 1880, but we receive as -yet only twelve returns from twenty-six stations; however short, others -will be acceptable, even if only negative information. - -Those sending no returns have not in all cases given reasons. Attention -to this is earnestly requested (vide 2nd Report, p. 2). - -The numbers are the same as in the 2nd Report, 1880, but another for -Fair Isle has been inserted as "7B." - - - -East Coast of Scotland. - - 1879, '80, '81. - * * 4. North Uist, Shetland 230 ft. Robert Burnett. - * * 5. Whalsey Skerries, Shetland 145 " Neven Kerr. - 6. Bressay, Shetland 105 " - * * * 7. Sumburgh Head, Shetland 300 " John Wilson. - 7B. Fair Isle ? " --Lawrence. - - -Orkney. - - * * * 8. North Ronaldshay 140 " John Tulloch. - 9. Start Point 80 " - * * * 10. Auskerry 110 " John MacDonald. - * 11. Hoy Sound (Low) 55 " Alexander Harp. - 12. Hoy Sound (High) 315 " - 13. Cantick Head 115 " - * * * 14. Pentland Skerries 170 " D. MacDonald. - - -Mainland. - - * * 15. Dunnet Head, Caithness 346 " David Laidlaw. - * 16. Holborn Head, Caithness 75 " David Charleson. - * 17. Noss Head, Caithness 175 " - * * 18. Tarbat Ness, East Ross 175 " W. Davidson. - * 19. Cromarty, East Cromarty 60 " Robt. S. Ritson. - 20. Chanonry Point, Elgin 40 " - 21. Covesea Skerries, Elgin 160 " - 22. Kinnaird Head, Aberdeen 120 " - 23. Buchan Ness, Aberdeen 130 " - * 24. Girdleness, Aberdeen 185 " John McGill. - 25. Montroseness, Aberdeen 124 " - * * * 26. Bell Rock, off Fife Coast 93 " James Jack. - * * * 27. Isle of May, Firth of Forth 240 " J. Agnew. - * * 28. Inch Keith, Firth of Forth 220 " R. Grierson. - 29. St. Abb's Head, Berwick 224 " - -Notes received from other sources will appear, as before, after the -paragraphs on each species, as it is desirable to keep the two sets of -observations distinct. I would also refer here to my "Third Report on -Scottish Ornithology," already referred to in 'Migration Report, 1880,' -p. 4, as having been read, but not yet printed (Feb. 1882). - -Notes have been kept upon about 25 species of waterfowl and about -50 species of land birds by our reporters on the east coast. Spring -migration I have not kept distinct in this Report. Obituary at each -station, inappreciable at Scottish stations, will be noticed where -necessary under General Remarks. - -Owing to Mr. T. Anderson having been almost entirely sailing to and fro -in the Mediterranean, I regret that I can show no returns this year -from Mid-Atlantic, which is to be regretted, as it would be instructive -to learn what are the results of a contrary prevailing wind to that of -1880. Possibly, however, Mr. R. Gray may yet be able to give us some -returns of interest culled from the Mediterranean log, which may raise -other points of interest. - -The following short notes on weather are compiled from the 'Times' -Register for 1881, and checked by my own schedules:--A sudden change -of temperature at the beginning of August, colder by about two degrees -than July. Rainfall excessive over all Scotland, except northern half -where it was less than average; cold and wet all August, about six -degrees colder than corresponding period of 1880. Prevailing wind -W., seldom veering to E., until Aug. 23rd; thereafter in Scotland -prevailing E. and N.E.; on Aug. 31st N. winds prevailed, N.E., and -continued till about Sept. 6th; thereafter W. and N.W. till 16th; then -S. and S.E. till 21st; from 22nd to 24th E.; 24th to 30th S. to W.; -Oct. 1st to 10th S.; 10th to 13th strong W.; 14th gale from E., and -continued E. and S.E. to end of month. S.E. to S. strong winds and -gales, or light from Nov. 1st to 11th; S.W. strong and a gale 15th and -16th; frost on 17th; 22nd S. to S.W. and W., heavy gales in N. and W. -Unsettled, with frequent changes of wind and weather, many W. gales -till end of month, and till Dec. 8th. N. and E. on both coasts from -Dec. 9th to 12th, S. on 13th, and S. and W. on 14th; S. and W. till -20th, when E.; and W.N.W. on 21st. Prevailing W. and S.W. till end of -month. - -_Notes._--Prevailing winds at the time of the rush of _Falconidæ_ were -W., veering from S.W. to N.W. in Aug.; after 23rd E.; on and after -Aug. 31st till Sept. 6th N. At XIV., on Aug. 19th, a Sparrowhawk was -seen sitting on the ground, and almost daily for some time after. The -nearest breeding-place I know of is at Tongue, N. Sutherland; wind at -the time was light S., and weather clear. No doubt it is difficult to -discriminate often between local and general migrations of Hawks by our -data; thus at XIV. also, on Aug. 23rd and 24th, a Sparrowhawk was seen -flying south on the former date, and N.E. on the latter; on the former -date the wind was light S., on the latter N.E.; this would therefore -appear like a local migration. - -The only addition to the list of stations is Fair Isle, No. 7 b. - -In all spring records the numbers of stations begin at the most -southerly, or with the higher numbers. In all autumn records the -numbers of stations begin at the most northerly, or with the lower -numbers. The maximum station, or station sending most returns of the -species, is indicated when thought necessary. - -Turdidæ.--Autumn: Records at Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, -Girdleness, Bell Rock, and Isle of May (maximum). Earliest at Isle of -May, Sept. 22nd; latest at Sumburgh Head, Dec. 8th. Rushes at Isle of -May, Sept. 22nd to 30th (see notes _infra_); also Oct. 20th. Redwings -and female Blackbirds migrating between 14th and 24th. Great S.E. gale -on 14th. At Pentland Skerries, Fieldfares, Thrushes, and Blackbirds, -Nov. 5th and 6th, flying N.E. all day; also smaller rushes at Sumburgh -Head, Dec. 1st to 8th. Time of day: Mostly daytime, but night of 13th -to 14th at Bell Pock. "Storm burst at 10.10 a.m. on 14th." Notes: A -great rush of migrants took place at the date of 22nd to 23rd Sept. -at Isle of May (station 27), but no corresponding rush is recorded -at Bell Rock (station 26). At Isle of May it continued all day. The -weather was thick haze, approaching to fog, with a continuous downpour -of rain; wind S.E. "All the birds seen to-day appeared perfectly -bewildered." The following species occurred on 22nd alone: Thrushes, -Redstarts, one Robin, one Blue-throated Warbler (_C. Wolfi_), Swallows, -Chaffinches, one Nightjar (the first ever captured or seen here, and -sent to me along with the Blue-throated Warbler and others), one Corn -Crake (seldom seen here). Golden Plovers (large flock), Ringed Plovers, -Lapwings, "rush" of Curlews, two Snipe, Sandpipers and Waders, and -Dunlins. This great migration continued more or less all the latter -part of September at this locality, during which time there appeared -Yellow Buntings, Bramblings, Wheatears (or Stonechats), Pipits, and -Wagtails; numbers of Robins on 23rd. N.B. Later in the report under -these species I will refer back to this note. - -Saxicolinæ.--Spring: Bell Rock, and Whalsey Skerries. Wheatears. -Earliest at Bell Rock, April 14th; latest at Bell Rock, May 2nd. -Rush on May 2nd, at Bell Rock. General Notes:--Accompanied by many -other species not recognised; on that day also a large bird struck, -rebounded, and fell into sea.--Autumn: Whalsey Skerries, Sumburgh Head, -Pentland Skerries, Bell Rock, Isle of May, and Inch Keith. Wheatears. -Earliest at Sumburgh Head, Aug. 14th; latest at Pentland Skerries, -Sept. 30th. Rushes scarcely appreciable, Aug. 22nd and 28th, at Whalsey -Skerries, Sumburgh Head, and Pentland Skerries; and Sept. 24th and -30th, at Pentland Skerries, Isle of May, and Inch Keith. Rushes at -Pentland Skerries on several dates. Besides Wheatears, Redstarts. -Earliest at Isle of May, Aug. 22nd; latest at Isle of May, Sept. 22nd. -Whinchats (or Blue Janets), also at Isle of May, Sept. 21st. Prevailing -winds E. and S.E. General Notes (see under Turdidæ). - -Sylviinæ.--Spring: Robins at Cromarty and Montroseness; only two -records. Earlier at Cromarty, March 20th, but left same date; later -at Montroseness, April 14th, flying about rock.--Autumn: Tarbat Ness, -Cromarty, and Isle of May. Robins. Earliest at Cromarty, Sept. 16th, -and were the first seen since March 6th (see Spring); latest seen Dec. -15th. At Tarbat Ness first seen Oct. 10th. Rush Sept. 22nd and 23rd, -at Isle of May (see Notes under Turdidæ); also Oct. 21st, at Isle of -May ("appear to be very small specimens.") Mr. Agnew preserved one for -me in spirits on Dec. 15th, but whether one of these small specimens -I cannot as yet say. N.B. Spanish examples are known to be very much -smaller than British (_vide_ Howard Saunders and H. E. Dresser). - -Phylloscopinæ.--Autumn: Gold Crests at Sumburgh Head, Tarbat Ness, and -Isle of May. Earliest at Tarbat Ness, Sept. 10th (two seen); latest at -Isle of May, Sept. 27th. Rush, a small one, Oct. 24th, 25th, and 27th, -at Isle of May. General Remarks:--Mr. Agnew says, "I expect more," but -no more appeared in his later schedules. A general movement of this -species appreciable also about Sept. 10th to 18th. - -Paridæ.--Spring: Tit. One record at Isle of May, April 23rd. General -Remark:--One alighted on lantern at 11 p.m.--Autumn: Tits at Pentland -Skerries and Inch Keith. Earliest at Inch Keith, Aug. 5th (a number at -night); latest at Pentland Skerries, Oct. 6th (one all day). Another -struck N.W. side of lantern of Inch Keith on night of 5th to 6th. -General Remarks:--Aug. 5th, at Inch Keith (as above), "earlier than -usual." - -Troglodytidæ.--Spring: Common Wren. One record from Isle of May, -March 19th.--Autumn: Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, and Isle of -May. Earliest at Sumburgh Head, Aug. 3rd (left); latest at Pentland -Skerries, Nov. 16th. Others Oct. 6th and 8th. Rush (inappreciable) on -these later dates. - -Motacillidæ.--Spring: Bell Rock and Isle of May (only two). Wagtails. -Earliest at Isle of May, March 12th; latest at Bell Rock, April -13th. General Remarks:--The latter "running over the rocks, but -leaving at high tide, as all birds do that land upon these rocks" (J. -Agnew).--Autumn: Pentland Skerries and Isle of May (three records). -Wagtails. Earliest at Pentland Skerries (three all day), when a -gale from N., Aug. 27th; latest at Isle of May, Sept. 24th, "when a -few new-comers, having more white upon them than the few residents, -appeared." Also occurred at Pentland Skerries, Sept. 10th. Pipits at -Whalsey Skerries, Pentland Skerries, and Isle of May (few records). -Earliest at Whalsey Skerries, Aug. 28th (following Sparrowhawk), but -all left next day; latest at Pentland Skerries, Oct. 25th (six struck -at night). Rush (on small scale) at Isle of May, Sept. 24th, 25th, and -26th. General Notes:--Mr. Agnew speaks of some being always here, but -additions on Sept. 24th. Possibly Mr. Agnew alludes, however, to Rock -Pipits as the residents. The Meadow Pipit is probably the species first -seen as additions on Sept. 24th. N.B. The Rock Pipit is a larger bird -than the Meadow Pipit; please shoot one of the "resident birds" and -then one of the "additions," and if carefully compared, I think Mr. -Agnew will detect the difference. - -Hirundinidæ.--Spring: Cromarty, Auskerry, Sumburgh Head, and Whalsey -Skerries. First arrivals at Auskerry, May 1st (Martins and Swallows -remained three days and then left); latest, at Whalsey Skerries, June -27th (a few flying about). Rush hardly perceptible. General Notes:--At -Sumburgh Head four pairs all summer; all disappeared on night of July -20th. That night one pair slept on the staircase-window.--Autumn: -Whalsey Skerries, Sumburgh Head, Auskerry, Pentland Skerries, Cromarty, -and Isle of May (a number). Earliest (see remarks under Spring -Migration, supra, July 20th); latest at Sumburgh Head, Oct. 1st (one -seen). No great rush appreciable, but flocks of Swallows and Martins -seen at Auskerry Aug. 1st and 4th, and on 1st at Isle of May (one found -dead previous night after heavy gales); (see Notes under Turdidæ, -supra) part of a general rush of migrants. - -Fringillidæ.--Spring: Isle of May, Bell Rock, Sumburgh Head -(considerable movement). Linnets. Earliest at Isle of May, March 4th -(asleep all night on doorway): two green Linnets. Latest at Isle of -May, April 14th (seen). General Notes:--Two days previous "considerable -number of Chaffinches, which are very unusual at this season; also -one Bullfinch." From a remark of Mr. Agnew, that some of the latter -breed on Isle of May, I suspect these "Linnets" will prove to be -Twites or Mountain Linnets, _Linota flavirostris ?_ These Linnets -are also noted at Bell Rock on April 10th, and at Sumburgh Head on -March 7th.--Autumn: Sumburgh Head, Isle of May, and Inch Keith (large -movement). Earliest (Grey Linnets) at Isle of May, Aug. 18th (mostly -young, apparently in broods, in large numbers); latest at Sumburgh -Head, Jan. 14th, 1882 (three seen). Rushes (Chaffinches) at Isle of -May, Sept. 22nd to 26th (see Notes under Turdidæ). Brambling also on -24th (one sent me for identification). Siskin at Inch Keith, Sept. -25th. [General Notes:--A desultory migration, kept up of Linnets and -Siskins (which are rare on the Isle of May), occurred Oct. 4th and -5th. A Redpole on 8th, at Sumburgh Head.] A rush between Oct. 20th -and 27th at Isle of May, during which time Redpoles (20th and 24th), -Chaffinches (22nd), Bramblings (21st), one Siskin (27th), and Grey -Linnets or Twites (24th), at Sumburgh Head; about fifty, along with -ten Larks (see Alaudidæ.). Occasional birds seen at Isle of May:--Nov. -12th, one Siskin; 28th, one hen Linnet; and on Nov. 21st, at Inch -Keith, one Siskin. On Dec. 3rd, at Isle of May, one Redpole, preserved -in spirits (_vide infra_), and one Brambling, same time and place. On -the 4th, Green Linnets at Sumburgh Head, and in Jan., 1882 (latest), -three Green Linnets on 14th. In Shetland prevailing winds during the -winter were from S.W., "and consequently no strange birds visited us." -A flock of Mealy Redpoles arrived at Lerwick, and took up their abode -for a time in Mr. P. T. Garrick's garden, at Prospect House. This -movement doubtless belongs to the Spring Migration of 1882. In August -unusually large flocks of Greenfinches were observed by Mr. Service -near Dumfries; left after two weeks, and reappeared in January, 1882. - -Emberizidæ.--Spring: Isle of May and Bell Rock. Earliest at Bell Rock, -March 17th (one "Snowflake" flying from N.W. to S.E.); latest (and -only other spring record) at Isle of May, April 9th (three "Mountain -Sparrows" identified as Snow Buntings).--Autumn: Whalsey Skerries, -Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, Dunnet Head, Tarbat Ness, Isle of -May, and Inch Keith, Snow Buntings, numerous records, and reported as -unusually plentiful at many stations. Earliest at Isle of May, Sept. -24th, where, Mr. Agnew writes, "they are never plentiful"; latest, Dec. -10th to Jan. 28th, at Isle of May. Rushes at Whalsey Skerries, Sumburgh -Head, Pentland Skerries, and Dunnet Head, Sept. 20th to 25th (note -migration of other species at Isle of May, Sept. 22nd--see notes under -Turdidæ). Rushes spasmodical, at different places, on different dates. -Rush Dec. 3rd to 21st; after, stragglers (_i.e._, flocks of forty or -fifty).--Weather: In October winds S. and N.W., at Sumburgh Head, to -fresh E. and N., cloudy, clear, or showery. In November S. gale on 4th -at Pentland Skerries. Calm or N. on 9th, S.S.W. or S. on 14th, and on -17th S. or N. December variable from light S.W. at Isle of May to fresh -N.E. and S.E., light W. and light S.W. Besides Snow Buntings, a flock -of about 250 Common Buntings are reported from Sumburgh Head on Nov. -6th ("a compact flock"), at 10 a.m. - -Alaudidæ.--Spring: A spring rush is reported at Bell Rock between -Feb. 5th and 25th; or possibly this may only belong to migration of -1880. Great numbers of Larks mixed with Rose Linnets, Starlings, and -other species, from 2 to 5 a.m.; great numbers struck; wind on arrival -light S.W., on departure fresh N.E., fog and rain. Feb. 18th, great -numbers, all Larks, greatly exhausted, seen asleep, and others struck, -but none found dead; wind light E.S.E., haze. On 19th, "small birds, -not recognised, flew about for an hour, and left at dawn"; and on 25th -great numbers, all Larks, much exhausted, at 1.30 a.m.; left after -an hour's rest at dawn, flying N.W.--Autumn: Sumburgh Head, Pentland -Skerries, Bell Rock, and Isle of May (numerous). Earliest at Sumburgh -Head, Sept. 15th (breeds here, but left to-day); latest at Isle of May, -Dec. 1st (two seen). Rushes at Isle of May, Sept. 24th; numbers on 25th -and 26th, increased up to 27th; also at Pentland Skerries (accompanying -Wheatears); also fewer on Sept. 15th, 16th, and 18th. Rush at Pentland -Skerries, striking all night, Oct. 26th; stragglers on 1st and -8th.--Weather: Fresh S. wind Sept. 1st to 8th, to fresh S.E. and clear -on 26th. Nov. 24th, at Sumburgh Head (along with Grey Linnets), fresh -S., cloudy; and Dec. 1st, at Isle of May, two seen, as above recorded. - -Sturninæ.--Autumn: Auskerry, Pentland Skerries, Dunnet Head, and Isle -of May. Unusually few, but all about same time. Earliest at Pentland -Skerries and Isle of May, Oct. 20th and 21st; latest at Dunnet Head, -Jan. 15th, 1882 (date of return of schedule). General Notes:--Resident -all winter at many localities as at Auskerry ("all winter"). The -scarcity of the Starling on migration this autumn is noteworthy (_vide_ -conditions of wind and weather as compared with other years). - -Corvidæ.--Spring: Bell Rock and Isle of May. Earliest at Bell Rock, -March 10th (seen on balcony-rail); latest, "five Rooks," at Bell Rock, -flying about. May 1st. Rush (apparently, April 12th and 13th) at Bell -Rock (Black Crows and a good many "Grey Crows" with them). On 16th, -three Rooks flying N.--Autumn: Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, and -Isle of May. Earliest July 15th, at Pentland Skerries (mixed with -Jackdaws); remained till middle of August, and then disappeared; -latest Nov. 10th, two Ravens at Pentland Skerries, flying W., but no -Rooks after Aug. 15th. Ravens also at Pentland Skerries, July 29th. -Hooded Crows. Earliest Sept. 14th, at Pentland Skerries; latest on Nov. -5th, at Pentland Skerries. Rush on Oct. 2nd, at Isle of May (large -numbers). - -Cypselidæ.--Autumn: Only records at Sumburgh Head. Earliest Sept. 13th, -five seen at 6 p.m., light N.W. airs, clear; next record Sept. 16th, -one seen, light W., clear; latest Sept. 27th, one, light S.W., haze. - -Caprimulgidæ.--Autumn: Only one record at Isle of May, where the first -was observed, Sept. 26th, along with a great Rush of other migrants -(see Notes under Turdidæ, _antea_). - -Strigidæ.--Autumn: Records at Auskerry and Isle of May. Earliest Aug. -25th, when one "Grey Owl" seen at Isle of May, fresh E., heavy rain, -and haze; latest Dec. 19th, one reddish brown Owl, at 1 p.m., S.W., -clear, at same station. Other dates, Oct. 15th to 18th, two Owls stayed -three days, arriving at 4 p.m. on 15th, leaving at 4 p.m. on 18th, at -Auskerry, N.W. gale, showers, and haze. Also Oct. 24th, one "light -brown" Owl at Isle of May, S.S.E., showery; also Nov. 28rd, one seen at -Isle of May, 3 p.m., S.W., clear. - -Falconidæ.--Autumn: Whalsey Skerries, Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, -and Bell Rock (all insular). Earliest July 28th, at Whalsey Skerries, -one Hawk flying N.; latest Dec. 14th, at Isle of May, two "large -Hawks." Rush in August and September, at Bell Rock, from which I have -twenty-two returns in that time; never so many seen here before. -Kestrels, principally at Isle of May, till Aug. 18th; latest Sept. -25th. Sparrowhawk. A rush at Pentland Skerries between Aug. 19th and -28th, or the same birds reappearing: all seen during the daytime, along -with all other Hawks. Merlin, one on Sept. 22nd, at Sumburgh Head; -another on Oct. 11th, feeding, on Snow Buntings, shot; other two seen. -Falcon, one seen flying S.W., at Pentland Skerries, on Oct. 10th. -Buzzards one (by description) flying S. at Isle of May, Sept. 27th. -"Large Brown Hawks," or simply "Hawks," occurring principally at Isle -of May. A rush between Sept. 6th and 19th, with E. winds (see General -Notes on weather). A great rush of Hawks, Eagles, &c., took place all -over the country at the latter end of September. Amongst others the -following are recorded:--Ospreys, Harriers, Common and Honey Buzzards. -Especially Fifeshire is noted (_vide_ 'Field,' Oct. 8th, 1881, p. 514). -Rough-legged Buzzards are recorded from localities in Forfar, Perth, -and Stirlingshire, at similar stations as they usually appear at when -their migration takes place, _i. e._, along almost precisely the same -lines. - -Pelicanidæ.--Autumn: Records from Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, -and Isle of May. Earliest July 1st, Gannets pass Pentland Skerries -daily in flocks of twelve to forty, or singly, and continue till middle -of September, which is the latest record I have. Rush past Pentland -Skerries appears to have been on Aug. 19th, when 2300 were counted -between daylight and dark, flying chiefly E., and very few going W. -On Aug. 4th large numbers at 2 p.m., at Sumburgh Head, fresh breeze, -cloudy. At this station Gannets are noted as very scarce all summer, -owing, it is believed, to scarcity of herrings. - -Ardeidæ.--Spring: Only one Heron recorded at Whalsey Skerries, on -May 29th, 8 p.m., S.E. light airs, clear; fog from N.W. after 11 -p.m.--Autumn: Records at Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, and Isle of -May. Earliest Aug. 16th, at Sumburgh Head, flying N., chased by Gulls, -light E. airs; latest Nov. 24th, at Isle of May, one seen, strong S.W., -showers; Rush Sept. 3rd to 6th, at Isle of May, during which time eight -were seen, all flying S., and four on the 5th, came from N., alighted -and remained; wind on 3rd fresh E., and haze; on 5th fresh N.E., clear; -and on 6th light W., and haze (see Note, _infra_). Rush also on Oct. -12th, 13th, and 14th, previous to gale of 14th, but statistics scanty. -All Herons seen at Isle of May almost invariably fly S. Prevailing -winds at Isle of May, W., till gale on 14th from N.N.E. - -Anatidæ.--Wild Geese. Spring: Records at Whalsey Skerries, Auskerry, -and Isle of May. Earliest March 6th, at Whalsey Skerries, eight resting -on island for several days, E. gale, and haze; latest April 21st, at -Isle of May, large flock flying E., accompanied by Curlews.--Autumn: -Records at Whalsey Skerries, Sumburgh Head, Auskerry, Pentland -Skerries, Isle of May, and Inch Keith. Earliest "Wild Geese," Oct. -2nd, at Isle of May, thirteen flying W. in line. Earliest "Barnacle," -only record, Aug. 12th, at Inch Keith, one flying due N.; latest "Wild -Geese," Dec. 23rd, at Isle of May. Immense flock flying N.E., 11.80 -a.m., S.W., haze, approaching to fog; and another flock same day, at -12.30 p.m. Besides the above, one "Brent" Goose (?) is noted on Nov. -25th, flying N., with S.W. gale, and showers. Swans.--Spring: Records -at Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, and Bell Rock. Earliest Feb. 27th, -at Sumburgh Head, two "Wild Swans," apparently much fatigued, flying -S.; latest May 6th, a flock flying N.E. Autumn: Records at Sumburgh -Head. Earliest Nov. 12th, at Sumburgh Head, eight flying S.E.; latest -Dec. 25th, at Sumburgh Head, two resting on a lock near the lighthouse, -where they frequently rest on their way south every year. Note:--If -these are the same birds each year, it is interesting as proving the -undeviating lines of autumn flight of waterfowl. Eider Ducks.--Spring: -Whalsey Skerries only; noted as arriving at breeding haunts on March -9th. Autumn: Records at Whalsey Skerries, Auskerry, Pentland Skerries, -and Isle of May. Earliest July 5th, when Eiders left the island at -Whalsey Skerries. "The Drakes had left previously," light S., haze, and -fog; latest Oct. 20th, at Auskerry, ten Eiders remained all day; they -also remain at Auskerry all winter. Rush, largest number recorded at -Pentland Skerries on Oct. 8th, when a flock of 100, mostly males, were -seen swimming past the island, light S. breeze, and fog; and forty took -shelter on Oct. 12th, at 9 a.m., at Whalsey Skerries, S.W. gale and -rain; and all left next day. Sheldrake.--Autumn: Having remained here -(Auskerry) all summer since end of June, leave in September or October. -Records from Auskerry and Pentland Skerries. Earliest Aug. 27th, -at Pentland Skerries, one found dead; latest Oct. 5th, at Pentland -Skerries, flock flying S.E. Other dates, Aug. 31st, at Pentland -Skerries, flying S.; Sept. 3rd, flying about light, not striking. -Teal.--One on Sept. 21st, at Isle of May, another at Pentland Skerries, -on Oct. 8th. Wild Duck at Isle of May, Sept. 24th, Oct. 4th, and Nov. -21st. Long-tailed Duck at Sumburgh Head, Nov. 12th (about twenty). On -Sept. 12th Tufted Ducks were abundant on Loch Leven,--the most abundant -species there,--and the young were not able to fly, "some being not -larger than a Water Rat." Other species seen were Scaup, Golden-eye, -Pochard, Teal, and Mallard (P. D. Maloch, _in lit._). - -Rallidæ.--Corn Crake. Spring: One arrival noted at Cromarty on May -19th. Autumn: One in. Isle of May, Sept. 22nd (seldom seen here; -_vide_ Notes under Turdidæ); also Oct. 22nd, at Isle of May, and one -at Pentland Skerries; the two dates are both dates of rushes of other -migrants. The Spotted Crake has been recorded at several land stations, -and found to recur at several where it occurred before. Thus one at -Aberuthven Wood this season, and one at the same place three years ago -(P. D. Maloch, _in lit._). - -Charadriadæ.--Golden Plover. Autumn: Whalsey Skerries, Auskerry, -Pentland Skerries, Dunnet Head, and Isle of May. Earliest Aug. 3rd, -at Pentland Skerries; latest Dec. 23rd. Rushes Sept. 21st and 22nd, -at Pentland Skerries and Isle of May; also on Oct. 17th and 18th, at -Sumburgh Head and Auskerry. Oystercatcher.--Spring: Arrived Feb. 24th -at breeding haunts on Whalsey Skerries; two recorded at Isle of May, -on April 12th. Autumn: Records mostly in August, at Whalsey Skerries; -left Whalsey Skerries on Aug. 26th; scattered birds seen at Isle of -May between 8th and 25th; three records. Lapwing.--Spring: Arrivals in -April 1st to 15th, at Whalsey Skerries and Isle of May. Rushes about -1st and 11th, scarcely perceptible. Autumn: Pentland Skerries and Isle -of May. Earliest Aug. 27th, at Isle of May; latest Nov. 22nd. Rush past -Isle of May, Sept. 22nd; "large numbers," by description, flying high -(see Turdidæ). Ringed Plover.--Only date given is Sept. 22nd, at Isle -of May, by description (see Turdidæ). - -Scolopacidæ.--Curlew. Spring: One record at Isle of May, March 4th, -four flying N.E. Autumn: Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, and Isle -of May. Earliest July 20th to 30th, at Isle of May; latest Dec. 31st, -also at Isle of May. Rushes Sept. 22nd, at Isle of May, numbers; and -at Pentland Skerries, a few. Maximum of records at Isle of May, but in -all not many. Woodcock.--Autumn: Sumburgh Head, Pentland Skerries, and -Isle of May. Earliest at Isle of May, Sept. 22nd; latest, beginning of -December. Rush Oct. 20th, and for some days previous; also arrival same -day of many Redwings (see Turdidæ). Snipe.--Autumn: Pentland Skerries -and Isle of May. Earliest Aug. 31st, at Isle of May, one rose off -island and flew away S.; latest Dec. 21st, at Isle of May, one seen. -Rush scarcely appreciable, but appeared also on Sept. 22nd, at Isle -of May. Records mostly of single birds; these two species exceedingly -scarce this autumn; severe winter of 1880-81 killed many, and severe -spring interfered with breeding. "Sandpipers."--Autumn: Pentland -Skerries and Isle of May. Earliest Sept. 22nd, at Isle of May, a number -(see under Turdidæ); latest Dec. 17th, also at Isle of May, large -numbers. Rushes on these dates at Isle of May. Stragglers: species -recognised and named: Dunlins, Redshanks (probably), Common Sandpiper. - -Laridæ.--Terns. Spring: Arrived at Whalsey Skerries, Pentland -Skerries, and Cromarty (Lesser Tern). Earliest May 28th, at Whalsey -Skerries; and at Pentland Skerries, "arrived after hatching!" May -12th, and remained till August; belongs to an autumn movement (?); -also at Cromarty, arrived on June 15th, left Aug. 20th. Terns appear -irregular in hatching and dates of leaving various stations; but most -left all stations in August, and recorded at Isle of May, passing S. -Sept. 12th, 22nd, and 28th. Kittiwakes arrived in spring, at Isle of -May, March 12th; only other record, in autumn, Sept. 22nd, at Isle -of May (see Turdidæ); remained all August there, left end of month. -Other species noted--Great Black-backed Gulls, flying S., Aug. 13th; -large white Gulls, wheeling round Isle of May, Aug. 25th; Skuas (well -described), Sept. 15th; and Oct. 19th and 29th, at Pentland Skerries, -where they are "very rare." Note:--Skuas, Pomatorhine Skuas frequented -the Hebrides most of the summer; I (J. A. H. B.) saw several west of -Lewes, and one near Island of Rum in end of June. Iceland Gull.--A -flight in December. Earliest Dec. 1st, at Sumburgh Head; latest 28th, -at same place; and on 25th, same place, two, accompanying Swans. Storm -Petrels.--At Whalsey Skerries two records, March 29th and June 22nd, -in foggy weather, flying about lights. Autumn: Only one record of -Fork-tailed Petrel at Isle of May, Aug. 15th, which struck, and was -killed and sent to me, of which I now have the skin. Two pairs Common -Petrel bred at Auskerry. - -Alcidæ.--Razorbills. Spring: Whalsey Skerries and Isle of May, along -with Guillemots. First arrivals at Isle of May, Feb. 25th. "Invariably -arrive at Isle of May, remain a day or two, and leave again." Second -visit March 16th, at Isle of May; arrived on third visit to breed, -April 15th, but at Whalsey Skerries not till 30th. N.B. Dates of -arrival, and of preliminary visits from all rock bird stations in -Scotland, much desired by committee. Autumn: All left Sumburgh Head -on Aug. 6th; all left Whalsey Skerries on Aug. 15th. Unusually large -rush, flying S., passed Pentland Skerries on Nov. 12th; at this -station they pass almost daily, but this is date of general stampede. -Hundreds swimming round Isle of May on Dec. 15th, the latest noted -record here this year; and Mr. Agnew considers their numbers at this -late date quite unusual. Besides the 75 identified species, or thereby, -I have innumerable records of species which cannot be recognised by -description; and especially numerous are the records from Isle of -May, Mr. Agnew being very desirous of learning more about them. He -sent me numerous birds for identification; amongst those not sent or -recognised, two birds, "never before seen," resemble a Cuckoo in every -respect, but smaller; others, called "Redtails" (? Redstarts), came in -a flock on June 3rd, and stayed till July 2nd. A great many entries -are simply "small birds" from Aug. 16th and 17th, and Sept. 14th to -30th. On Oct. 25th "a few more pretty birds, with red breasts, forked -tails, and two black stripes on head." On Oct. 27th, one "pure white -down belly and round back, black spot a little above tail, wings on top -side a dun black, head and neck same, red legs, bill like a Starling, -size of a Plover." Again on Nov. 2nd, two, "the general colour that of -a Lark, same size, three dark or black stripes down back, and one white -feather each side of tail." It is worthy of remark that these unknown -species struck most during easterly breezes (J. A. H. B.) I trust -another season to be better prepared to have some of these identified. -I have only mentioned them here to draw attention to the fact that -probably rare things, like the Blue-throated Warbler (C Wolfi), may -turn up. I might easily offer suggestions as to what these unnamed are, -but I do not think any practical use would come by doing so. - - -General Remarks. - -I have embodied all remarks on both coasts at the end of the Report on -the West Coast of Scotland, to which I refer my readers. - - - - -EAST COAST OF ENGLAND. - - -Printed forms of enquiry and letters of instruction were sent to -thirty-four lighthouses and light-vessels on the east coast of England, -and two stations on the Channel Islands, thirty-six altogether against -thirty-seven in 1880, and returns have been received from twenty-five. - -Independent reports have also been sent in from Heligoland, Seaton -Carew and Redcar, Flamborough, Spurn, North-east Lincolnshire, and -Northrepps, making a total of thirty-two reporting stations against -thirty-eight in 1880. - -My best thanks are due to H. Gätke, T. H. Nelson, C. Donald Thompson, -Matthew Bailey, William Eagle Clarke, H. Bendelack Hewetson, M.D., J. -H. Gurney, jun., Colonel Russell, and G. P. Hope, for many interesting -notes sent in, and for general kind co-operation and assistance in the -enquiry. - -Special thanks is also given to the various observers on the -lighthouses and light-vessels whose names are given in the Report; and -it is to be regretted that no less than eleven stations, from causes -unknown to the writer, have failed to make returns, more especially as -some of these were amongst the best returning stations in 1880. It is -much to be hoped that this year the returns will be more numerous and -complete. - -The east coast stations are as follows, those making returns being -marked with a star (*):-- - -† For nature of light, and position and description of station, see -previous Reports. - - Longstone L.H.† - *Inner Farne L.H. Thomas H. Cutting. - *Coquet Island L.H. William Evans. - *No. 5 Buoy, Teesmouth L.V. Henry Harbord. - *Whitby, High, L.H. John Odgers. - *Flamborough Head L.H. Charles Hood. - *Spurn Point L.H. James B. Smith. - Spurn (Newsand) L.V. - *Outer Dowsing L.V. Samuel Sheet. - *Inner Dowsing L.V. William King. - *Dudgeon L.V. Thomas Dale. - *Lynn Well L.V. George Rees. - *Hunstanton L.H. William Westmoreland. - *Cromer L.H. Richard Comben. - *Leman and Ower L.V. Charles Perfrement. - *Hasbrough L.V. John Nicholas. - Hasbrough L.H. - Newarp L.V. - Winterton L.H. - *Cockle L.V. Samuel Pender. - Orfordness L.H. - *Corton L.V. W. T. Cotton. - *Shipwash L.V. Thomas Randule. - *Galloper L.V. John Quested. - Kentish Knock L.V. - *Swin Middle L.V. Thomas Barrett. - *Tongue L.V. Robert Crancher. - *Nore L.V. George Ladd. - North Foreland L.H. - Goodwin L.V. - *Gull L.V. { Francis Harvey and - { Anthony Collins. - *Southsand Head L.V. { J. C. Leggett and - { J. G. Fornman. - *Eastside L.V. Thomas Rees. - South Foreland L.H. - Casquets (Alderney) L.H. - *Hanois (Guernsey) L.H. Charles Williams. - - -SEPARATE REPORT ON EACH SPECIES. - -Song Thrush, _Turdus musicus_, Linn.--Spring migration observed at -one station only on the east coast. May 2nd, some seen at Inner Farne -L.H., with Blackbirds and one King Ouzel, E.N.E., mist and rain. In the -autumn occurred at the majority of stations from Inner Farne L.H. to -Hanois L.H., off Guernsey: earliest date Nov. 2nd, at Flamborough L.H., -several round lanterns during night with Larks and Starlings; latest, -Nov. 30th, Heligoland, passing all day with Fieldfares. Greatest number -occurred between Oct. 18th and 23rd at Inner Farne L.H., Flamborough -Head L.H., and Dudgeon L.V., wind E.S.E., S. Migration extended over -about two months, line of flight generally E. to W. - -Redwing, _Tardus iliacus_, Linn.--First at Cromer L.H. on August 1st, -3 a.m., five killed; last at Inner Farne, Nov. 1st, all day with -Thrushes. Great rush, Oct. 18th to 22nd. Migration extending over three -months. - -Fieldfare, _Turdus pilaris_, Linn.--First, Cromer L.H., Sept. 14th, 1 -p.m., fog and rain, two killed; last, Heligoland, Nov. 30th, great many -passing; also same date at Inner Farne L.H., two flocks to W.N.W. Oct. -19th, at Teesmouth, before daybreak, several were heard "chuckling" -high overhead by fishermen going out to sea, flying S.W. to W., wind -E., strong rain. The Fieldfare has been most exceptionally scarce on -the English coast during the autumn and winter. - -White's Thrush, _Turdus varius_, Pall.--One early in January, 1882, at -Waplington Manor, near Pocklington, Yorkshire. (Zool., 1882, p. 74.) - -Blackbird, _Turdus merula_, Linn.--Spring migration observed at Cromer -on Jan. 29th (1881), 4 a.m., fog, two at lantern; and also, Feb. 5th, -six at midnight, three killed. At Inner Farne L.H. they were seen in -some numbers at 8 a.m., on May 22nd, with Thrushes. No Blackbirds -crossed Heligoland in the autumn. On English east coast they were noted -at several stations from Inner Farne L.H. on Oct. 2nd to the 28th at -Hanois, several striking there at 10 p.m. A great rush at several -stations from Oct. 21st to 25th inclusive, wind E.S.E., strong. During -the first week in November large numbers were observed in North-east -Lincolnshire, direction of flight E. to W. and S.W., and E.S.E. to N.W. - -Ring Ouzel, _Turdus torquatus_, Linn.--Inner Farne L.H., one, May 2nd. -In the autumn, at the same station, Oct. 3rd, one; and at several -stations from Oct. 23rd to 25th, when there was a rush. None are -recorded after this date, except one at Inner Farne on Nov. 30th. -Migrate like the rest of the Turdinæ, both by day and night, and in the -same direction. - -Common Wheatear, _Saxicola œnanthe_ (Linn.).--In spring of 1881, first -at Hunstanton L.H., March 25th, several all day, and four days later at -Inner Farne, 9 a.m., N.N.E. (four), snow, several; many, same station, -first week in May. In the autumn, first at 5th Buoy, Tees L.V., on -Aug. 18th, great many, and subsequently, up to end of first week in -September, large numbers at several stations observed passing along -east coast southward. At Spurn, on Sept. 14th, passed in thousands, -and still far from scarce on 17th. From Heligoland Mr. Gätke reports, -under date Sept. 3rd:--"Numbers of small birds at the lighthouse from -3 a.m., at which hour the weather moderated with a change from N.E. to -E. by S.; all day multitudes of _phœnicurus_, _trochilus_, _luctuosa_, -_E. hortulana_, _A. arboreus_ and _pratensis_, _S. œnanthe_. Night, -from 3rd to 4th, great numbers of above caught at lighthouse: among -forty-nine _œnanthe_, but three old; amongst forty-seven _phœnicurus_, -eleven old."--"Mem. _Trochilus_ turned up after midnight; _phœnicurus_ -and _œnanthe_, multitudes of young males, early in the night (later -also); but the few old birds appeared later after midnight."--Spring -migration, 1882, March 19th, Spurn, several seen. - -Whinchat, _Pratincola rubetra_ (Linn.).--First week in September, many, -with Wheatears in the North-east Lincolnshire marshes. - -Stonechat, _Pratincola rubicola_ (Linn.).--Great numbers at Whitby L.H. -on April 3rd. In the autumn, first on Northumberland and Durham coast, -Sept. 8th and 9th, and Spurn, Sept. 15th; last, at Inner Farne on Oct. -26th, E.S.E. (three), two seen. - -Redstart, _Ruticilla phœnicurus_ (Linn.).--The migration of the -Redstart seems so inseparably connected with that of the Wheatear -that it is difficult to disconnect the two. On May 1st one killed -at Hunstanton L.H., 11 p.m., S.W., o.m. In the autumn, in August, -September and October, at many stations, the main body passing south -in early part of September with the Wheatears. On the 4th they were -observed in great numbers along the line of sandhills, near the -entrance of the Humber, generally young of the year, only four old -males being seen. At Heligoland, in August and first half of September, -a great many passed, and on 17th immense numbers; on 10th with _M. -luctuosa_. At Teesmouth (Redcar) a considerable flight came in on Sept. -22nd, during night or early morning, wind E., gales and very stormy; -all were young birds, males and females; last observed at Inner Farne -on Oct. 23rd, E.S.E. (seven). The latest immigrations were associated -with Redbreasts. - -White-spotted Blue-throat, _Cyanecula leucocyana_ (Brehm.)--On Sept. -3rd an immature bird was shot by Mr. Power at Cley, Norfolk. Another, -also immature, is recorded by Mr. J. A. Harvie Brown, in the Report -from the east coast of Scotland, captured at the Isle of May lighthouse -on the night of Sept. 22nd. - -Redbreast, _Erithacus rubecula_ (Linn.).--March 5th, daybreak, at -Whitby L.H., many Redbreasts. The first occurrence in the autumn, -September 5th, at the 5th Buoy, Tees L.V., when one came on board. -At the Leman and Ower L.V. large numbers passed to W. with Wrens on -Sept. 22nd. Same date, and to the 25th, many at the Inner Farne L.H. -Whitby on 20th. Also occurring at several stations through October in -considerable numbers, as far south as the Inner Dowsing L.V. Very large -numbers at Spurn, from October 2nd to 8th; on the 3rd so worn out with -a N.E. gale they might be caught by hand. Some crossed Heligoland on -Oct. 24th. Migration extending over two months. - -Whitethroat, _Sylvia rufa_ (Bodd.); Lesser Whitethroat, _S. curruca_ -(Linn.); Blackcap, _S. atricapilla_ (Linn.); Garden Warbler, _S. -salicaria_ (Linn.).--One common Whitethroat killed, Cromer L.H., Feb. -21st, 1881, N.E. (4), o.m. Spurn, Sept. 3rd, Warblers of all kinds -abounded. Greater and Lesser Whitethroats, Blackcaps, and Garden -Warblers:--At Teesmouth (Redcar), Sept. 22nd, several, E. gale and -rain. Spurn, one male Blackcap on Oct. 8th. Some Whitethroats passed -Heligoland on Oct. 24th. On the English coast the migration of the -_Sylvianæ_ is carried on during August and September; the main body -passing south with great regularity in the first week in the latter -month. - -Goldcrested Wren, _Regulus cristatus_, Koch.--Spring migration on March -19th. Cromer L.H., two killed against lanterns, 3 a.m., W. (four), -b.c.m.; and at Hunstanton, April 14th, 2 a.m., one, with a Flycatcher, -killed. In the autumn Goldcrests first observed at Hanois L.H., -Sept. 1st, midnight, o.m., along with Whitethroats; several killed. -Subsequently throughout October, both by day and night, at stations -from the Inner Farne L.H. to the Tongue L.V., off the Thames. A great -many Goldcrests crossed Heligoland from Oct. 18th to 24th, E., clear, -fine, but fresh. The arrival of Goldcrests at Spurn as early as Sept. -5th, associated as usual with Woodcocks and Short-eared Owls (three -widely separated species, which are, however, inseparably connected -in their migrations), is remarkable, as being one month in advance of -their average time. On the Suffolk coast, in great numbers from Oct. -12th to 17th. - -Willow Wren, _Phylloscopus trochilus_ (Linn.).--At Spurn, last week -in August, immense numbers of Willow Wrens passed on migration along -sandhills. - -Long-tailed Titmouse, _Acredula caudata_ (Linn.).--Heligoland, Oct. -22nd, S.E. gale, some; _Parus ater_, Linn., a few; _Parus borealis_, De -Selys, Nov. 10th, one seen, but not obtained. - -Great Titmouse, _Parus major_, Linn.--Oct. 7th to 17th, many in N.E. -Lincolnshire. - -Blue Titmouse, Parus cæruleus, Linn.--Inner Farne L.H., Oct. 20th, -E.S.E. (five), many. - -Common Creeper, _Certhia familiaris_, Linn.--Inner Farne, Oct. 5th, -squally, one shot; was running rapidly up a stone wall near lighthouse -at time. - -Common Wren, _Troglodytes parvulus_, Koch.--At Cromer, night, April -9th, one killed against lantern. First at Flamborough in the autumn; -July 17th, several round lantern all night, o.m.; the next notice is -Aug. 12th. Shipwash L.V., from noon to 2 p.m., large numbers with -Redbreasts to W.N.W. Aug, 21st, again at Flamborough, many round -lantern all night. Spurn L.H., 10 p.m., three killed, in company with -other small birds. Flamborough, Sept. 7th, again during the night, many -with Wheatears around lantern. At the Leman and Ower L.V., Sept. 22nd, -large numbers during day, with Redbreasts, to W. Last occurrence was -Inner Farne L.H., Oct. 4th, many. Migration extending over eighty days. - -Wagtails, _Motacillidæ_.--March 8th, at Whitby, many Pied Wagtails, 9 -a.m. Oct. 20th, Hanois L.H., 9 p.m., E.S.E. (six), o.m., many, with -Thrushes, striking glass. - -Meadow Pipit, _Anthus pratensis_ (Linn.).--April 15th, at the Dudgeon -L.V., one, with a common Sparrow, came on board, leaving again for -W. In September large flocks continued to arrive at intervals in -North-east Lincolnshire, and pass on; and again on the 13th, at Spurn, -there was an extraordinary migration going on all day from N. to S. - -Tawny Pipit, _Anthus campestris_ (Linn.).--Considerable numbers at -Heligoland in September, much more than have been seen for years. - -Richard's Pipit, _Anthus richardi_, Vieill.--Up to Oct. 18th, at -Heligoland, several seen, and about half a score of young birds shot; -Oct. 24th, two; 26th, one. E., fresh, cold. - -Great Grey Shrike, _Lanius excubitor_, Linn.--Several, Spurn, in -October; one seen by me there, Oct. 24th, and another with a Redbreast -in its beak. One occurrence, first week in same month, on the -Lincolnshire coast. Six together were noticed by Miss M. M. Smith, -near the lighthouse, at Spurn, on Feb. 17th, probably on the spring -migration to the Continent. - -Waxwing, _Ampelis garrulus_, Linn.--Small flock on Westwood Common, -near Beverley, on Nov. 3rd. Several at Heligoland, from Dec. 12th to -end of month. - -Flycatcher, _Muscicapa ?_--Dudgeon L.V., April 12th, twenty-five -Flycatchers to W., wind S. Hunstanton, April 29th, seven or eight about -lanterns during night; and same station. May 6th, several at night, -wind S., stormy. At the Swin Middle L.V., Aug. 20th to 21st, 9 a.m. -to noon, several to W. At Spurn, on Sept. 4th, two or three females, -or young of _M. atricapilla_, Linn., Pied Flycatcher, and others up -to 10th. Through August and to Sept. 17th immense numbers of _M. -atricapilla_ and Redstarts crossed Heligoland. - -Swallow, _Hirundo rustica_, Linn.--In the spring, first at No. 5 Buoy, -Tees L.V., on April 23rd, going S.E. to N.W.; and after this at several -stations up to May 27th, the most southerly the Leman and Ower L.V., -forty-eight miles N.E., Cromer; general line of flight E. to W., or -S.E. to N.W. In the autumn Swallows were observed goings south, first, -at Inner Farne L.H., on July 15th; the main body passed south, as -noticed at Teesmouth L.V. and Whitby, in immense numbers between Aug. -28th and Sept. 8th. Stragglers seen at Spurn up to Oct. 29th. Were -seen almost daily near Brighton during the first fortnight in November -moving eastward towards Newhaven, from near which place, at Seaford -Head, they cross to the Continent. At the Gull L.V. (Godwin Sands), on -July 29th, 5 to 7 a.m., continuous flocks were observed to N.W., and -subsequently up to Sept. 26th at intervals, all passing westward. - -Martin, _Chelidon urbica_ (Linn.)--First, Whitby, May 10th, passing N. -On August 18th, Tees L.V., vast numbers to S. At Hampton Court Palace -Gardens stragglers noticed as late as Nov. 27th. - -Goldfinch, _Carduelis elegans_, Steph.--On Oct. 19th, Hanois L.H., 10 -a.m., some flocks; blue sky and cloudy. A few at Spurn, Oct. 27th. -Mouth of Deben (Suffolk), Oct. 10th, very great numbers. - -Siskin, _Chrysomitris spinus_ (Linn.).--First at Spurn, Oct. 3rd, -subsequently during the month very numerous; flocks up to twenty; more -generally two or three together clinging to tops of ragwort and _Aster -Tripolium_; a few old males, the bulk females and young of the year. -They crossed Heligoland in considerable numbers: first on Oct. 18th; -last, Nov. 30th. - -Greenfinch, _Ligurinus chloris_ (Linn.).--On Sept. 12th, 10 a.m., -N.N.W. (7), o.m., at Hunstanton L.H., large flocks came in. At Spurn, -Oct. 25, 26th and 27th, small flocks, female and immature. Heligoland, -Oct. 18th, some. Immense numbers congregated in the marsh district -of North-east Lincolnshire, late in October and early in November; -females and young of the year, old males about one in a thousand. The -aggregated flocks, numbering many thousands, frequenting the stubble -fields for some weeks, where they, found an inexhaustible supply of -food in the corn threshed out by the great gale in harvest time, on -Aug. 22nd. - -Sparrow, _Passer domesticus_ (Linn.).--At the Outer Dowsing L.V., -fifty-three miles S.S.E. of Spurn, on April 15th, ten common Sparrows -on board, travelling from S.E. to W. In the autumn occurred at several -stations from the East Godwin L.V., on Sept. 9th and 10th, to Corton -L.V., Dec. 19th, none occurring at stations north of the Outer Dowsing; -line of flight E. to W., or S.E. to N.W. Sometimes remaining all day on -board the light-vessels, or spending the night there. - -Tree Sparrow, _Passer montanus_ (Linn.).--None north of Spurn, but -south of this at several stations, as far as the Godwin L.V.'s, in -October and early in November. In North-east Lincolnshire large flocks -of both species came in with the Greenfinches, feeding with them in the -same localities. - -Chaffinch, _Fringilla cœlebs_, Linn.--First at Spurn, Oct. 9th, females -and young; last at Gull L.V., Nov. 13th, 8 a.m. to noon; continuous to -W. with Linnets. None recorded north of Spurn. Large numbers crossed -Heligoland, Oct. 3 8th or 24th, with Bramblings. - -Brambling, _Fringilla montifringilla_, Linn.--Spurn, Oct. 3rd, single -old males; 26th, one or two; 27th, flock of about two hundred males: -examples obtained had their stomachs filled with the husked seed of -the common charlock. Bramblings passed Heligoland on the 24th with _F. -cœlebs_ and _L. cannabina_. E., very strong; and again some Nov. 30th. - -Linnet, _Linota cannabina_ (Linn.).--Gull L.V., Nov. 13th, 8 a.m. to -noon, with Chaffinches, continuous to W. - -Mealy Redpole, _Linota linaria_ (Linn.).--Spurn, considerable flight -night of Oct. 24th; subsequently observed in small flocks, twenty to -thirty, more generally three or four together, on stalks of ragwort -or _Aster Tripolium_; a few old males, very light coloured and mealy -looking, having the breast and rump washed with crimson-rose, which -colour some kept in captivity retained throughout the winter. Out of -twenty-four obtained during the last week in October twenty-two were -males, either old or young. Examples shot, from the same flock showed -great disparity both in the length and depth of the bill, indicating -probably an immigration from widely separated districts in Scandinavia. -These Redpoles were feeding on seeds of _Scirpus maritimus_ and _Daucus -Carota_, rejecting the husks. Very large numbers crossed Heligoland in -October, and again on Nov. 30th, and almost daily in December to 20th. -At the Inner Farne L.H., on Oct. 6th, many were noticed. - -Lesser Redpole, _Linota rufescens_ (Vieill.)--Oct. 26th, three at -Inner Farne L.H.; and under date of Oct. 24th, Redcar, Mr. T. H. -Nelson writes, five came and alighted in front of my window, evidently -very tired; they came from seaward, 10 a.m.; two or three were in the -garden, and I saw several on the South Gore; E.S.E., snow and rain. -Oct. 25th a large flock in an adjoining field. As the range of _L. -rufescens_ is confined to the British Isles these occurrences are -probably referable to a closely-allied species, the _Linota exilipes_ -of Coues, the Common European Redpole, which, so far, has not been -recognised as occurring in Great Britain. - -Twite, _Linota flavirostris_ (Linn.)--Spurn, Oct. 25th to 27th, -numerous; examples obtained had the rump rosy pink. - -Common Bunting, _Emberiza miliaria_, Linn.--Spurn, Oct. 25th to 27th, -large arrival. - -Yellow Bunting, _Emberiza citrinella_, Linn.--Whitby L.H., March 8th, -many, 9 a.m. Same station, Oct. 17th, great numbers at same hour. At -Teesmouth (Redcar) some on South Gare on morning of Oct. 25th, with -other immigrants. - -Rustic Bunting, _E. rustica_, Pall.--Spurn, Sept. 17th, one, presumed -to be a female, shot on the beach near Easington by Mr. Townend, -schoolmaster. On the same date a fine young bird was obtained on -Heligoland. Light variable easterly winds over North Sea at time. - -Little Bunting, _E. pusilla_, Pall.--Sept. 17th, Heligoland, seen but -not obtained. Oct. 19th, one. - -Reed Bunting, _E. schœniclus_, Linn.--Teesmouth (Redcar), Sept. 22nd, a -flock in conjunction with Chiffchaffs and Lesser Whitethroats. - -Lapland Bunting, _Plectrophanes lapponicus_ (Linn.).--One shot at -Tetney, near Great Grimsby, Dec. 27th, by Mr. G. E. Power. - -Snow Bunting, _P. nivalis_ (Linn.).--First at Spurn, Sept. 10th, an old -bird on beach; then, at Inner Farne, on Oct. 6th, four; wind E.N.E. -(3). At Heligoland, on Oct. 26th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st, easterly -winds to N.W. and S.W.; 26th, 9 p.m. to midnight, great many passing -overhead; 28th and 29th, rain and hail, both days very great numbers; -30th, great many; 31st, flights of thousands high overhead--one old -to about one hundred young. Enormous and unusual flocks occurred from -the Farne Islands to N.E. Lincolnshire, from Nov. 14th to end of -the year. In the latter district, also near Redcar, many thousands -together remaining for weeks on stubble-land feeding on shaken corn. -At the South Tees L.V. the great rush was on the 23rd, 24th, and 25th -Nov., and again 6th and 10th of Dec, flying S.W. At Inner Farne L.H., -Dec. 4th, 11 a.m. to 3 p.m., immense numbers to W. and W.N.W.; very -few old birds observed. On Nov. 8th and 9th, at Heligoland, thousands -upon thousands passed night and day along with Shore Larks, _Otocorys -alpestris_. In spring of 1882, March 28th, Spurn, a few; 29th, one on -beach. - -Sky Lark, _Alauda arvensis_, Linn.--On the night of July 25th, 1881, -large numbers occurred at the Dudgeon and the Leman and Ower L.V.'s, -round the lanterns, in the former case associated with Starlings and -Snipes; fifty fell on deck, and sixty at Leman and Ower. Again, at -these same light-vessels, on March 6th and 7th, great numbers occurred -during night. In the autumn Sky Larks occurred at all stations from -the Inner Farne to Hanois. Earliest, Sept. 12th, Lynn Well L.V.; -latest, Galloper L.V., July 8th, 1882. Great rush Sept. 20th, and again -Oct. 17th, 18th, 19th, being then continuous all day at many stations -between Flamborough and Nore L.V., less each day to 25th; frequently -associated with Starlings. At the most northerly stations the direction -of flight was south, from Spurn to the English Channel E. to W. or S.E. -to N.W. Many occurred round the lantern of the Galloper L.V. on night -of July 4th and 8th (seventy caught alive on latter night); line of -flight to S.W. - -Shore Lark, _Otocorys alpestris_ (Linn.).--Oct. 17th to 26th, great -many almost daily, and Nov. 8th and 9th (see Snow Bunting). The only -occurrence on the English coast is Oct. 26th, Yarmouth, two on North -Denes. - -Starling, _Sturnus vulgaris_, Linn.--Spring migration in 1881 observed -at Dudgeon L.V. and Cromer L.H. from Feb. 25th to April 14th. In the -autumn at nearly all our mid and south-east stations from August 30th -to Dec. 11th. Heligoland, great rush Oct. 18th and 19th. On the English -coast, during last fortnight in month, both night and day; often -associated with other migrants. Line of migration to W., S.W., N.W., -W.N.W. At Teesmouth (Redcar), on Nov. 4th, an immense flock, estimated -to contain a million, "making a noise like thunder and darkening the -air," came from E. at 7 a.m.; S.W. light, rainy to fair. Mr. John -Odgers (Whitby L.H.) writes:--"We have had immense numbers of Starlings -nesting in the cliffs up to this year; none, however, nested in 1881." - -Daw, _Corvus monedula_, Linn.--Oct. 25th to Nov. 14th, occasionally -with rooks at east-central stations. - -Hooded Crow, _Corvus cornix_, Linn.--In the spring of 1881, at the -Outer Dowsing on March 28th, 11 a.m., about one hundred from W.N.W. -to S.E.; and at the Dudgeon L.V., on April 8th, 7 a.m., about sixty -to east. Twenty were seen at Spurn on June 26th, at 3 p.m., S.S.E., -clear. In the autumn are recorded at nearly all our stations from the -Inner Farne to the Godwin's. First at Teesmouth, Sept. 23rd, fourteen; -Sept. 30th, Suffolk coast, and for some days after. Last at South Sand -Head L.V. (Godwin), Dec. 12th. The great flight crossed Heligoland -on the 17th and 18th of October, E. clear, fine but fresh. Mr. Gätke -remarks this migration "differed very markedly from usual habits in -passing overhead, E. to W., at least twice as high as usual; further, -by continuing _passing on late in the afternoon_, which accounts for -your arrivals 'during night or early morn,' which, however, I do not -think has been later than soon after nightfall. As a general rule -_C. cornix_, coming here later than 2 p.m., do not proceed on their -migration, but remain on cliffs and island all night." There was a -great arrival also on the English coast on the nights or early morning -of Oct. 18th and 19th, at north, middle and south-east stations. There -was again a considerable flight across Heligoland on Nov. 8th and 9th, -and again Dec. 10th and 11th. Thirteen Carrion Crows were observed at -the Inner Farne L.H. on Oct. 26th, and a large Raven at Whitby L.H., 10 -a.m. on Aug. 26th. - -Rook, _Corvus frugilegus_, Linn.--In spring of 1881, at Dudgeon L.V., -March 7th, 10 a.m., flocks to E.S.E. At the Leman and Ower L.V., on -April 12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th, continuous to S.E. In the autumn, at -some mid and south-east stations, first at East Godwin L.V., Sept. 9th, -all day W. to E.; last on Dec. 23rd, Lynn Wells, all day S.E. to N.W. -Great rush Oct. 17th and 18th; also 25th to 27th same month. - -Common Swift, _Cypselus apus_ (Linn.).--May 1st, Hunstanton L.H., one; -many on 7th. Were migrating south in large flocks last week in August -and first in September. Seen last Sept. 22nd, Spurn, 7 p.m., o.m. -flocks round lantern. - -Nightjar, _Caprimulgus europæus_, Linn.--Spurn, May 25th, one; are -scarce in vernal migration at this station, common in the autumn. -This last year from Sept. 3rd to Oct. 3rd. The few that turned up in -Heligoland, Mr. Gätke says, during all this bad weather (Sept.), "were -minus the conspicuous white patches on primaries and remiges." - -Green Woodpecker, _Gecinus viridis_ (Linn.).--Cromer L.H., Sept. 25th, -a bird, answering in every respect to this species, was seen for some -hours near the lighthouse. - -Hoopoe, _Upupa epops_, Linn.--Near Durham, Lincolnshire coast, and -Spurn on Sept. 24th, 26th, and 29th. One, Nov. 10th, seen perched on -telegraph wire near Whittlesea Station, Great Northern Railway. - -Cuckoo, _Cuculus canorus_, Linn.--Cromer L.H., April 29th, noon, -several seen. Many (young birds) passed Spurn last fortnight in -September. - -Barn Owl, _Strix flammea_, Linn.--Oct. 16th, one captured at sea on -board one of the Grimsby fishing-smacks and brought in. See Zool. 1882, -p. 86. - -Long-eared Owl, _Asio otus_ (Linn.).--Spurn, two, last week in August. -Redcar, one, Oct. 2nd, E. - -Short-eared Owl, _Asio accipitrinus_ (Pall).--April 12th and 15th, one -each day, past Dudgeon L.V. to W.S.W. One, Spurn, May 25th. In the -autumn, at several stations from Teesmouth (Redcar) to Hasborough L.V., -from Sept. 5th to Nov. 9th, line of flight from E. to W. or S.E. to -N.W. At Redcar numerous occurrences between Sept. 15th and Oct. 26th, -with E. and N.E. winds. - -Snowy Owl, _Nyctea scandiaca_ (Linn.).--Mr. T. H. Nelson writes:--"A -great White Owl flew up the sands in front of Redcar, 10.30 a.m., Oct. -25th, past a group of fishermen and over the town, going S.W., wind -E.N.E. strong." - -Tengmalm's Owl, _Nyctala tengmalmi_, (Gmel.).--Cromer L.H., Oct. 30th, -2 a.m., one caught against lantern; Nov. 18th, one near Dartford, Kent. -('Field,' Nov. 26th). - -Common Buzzard, _Buteo vulgaris_, Leach.--Heligoland, Sept. 22nd, -an immense flight, thousands passing on, and as many resting on the -cliffs, E. storm (No. 9); 23rd and 24th, still great many. Numerous -from Sept. 24th to Oct. 18th between the Farne Islands and coast of -Norfolk, the bulk coming in during the last week in September. On Sept. -27th, coast of Suffolk, and passing at a great height to the south. - -Sparrowhawk, _Accipiter nisus_ (Linn.).--Heligoland, Sept. 22nd, -Sparrowhawks and Kites. At the Coquet L.H., Outer Dowsing, Corton and -Cockle L.V.'s, the same day. A very considerable arrival was also noted -at Northrepps, near Cromer, between the 13th and 23rd of August. - -Kite, _Milvus ictinus_, Savigny.--Yarmouth, one last week in September. - -Honey Buzzard, _Pernis apivorus_ (Linn.).--Norfolk, Oct. 6th, nineteen -Honey Buzzards, Mr. Gurney writes, up to this date. - -Peregrine Falcon, _Falco peregrinus_, Tunstall.--Heligoland, Sept. -22nd, Peregrines, Hobbies, and Kestrels many. Spurn, some of each in -October. - -Common Kestrel, _Falco tinnunculus_, Linn.--Many observed in coast -districts of N.E. Lincolnshire in July, August, and September. - -Osprey, _Pandion haliaëtus_ (Linn.).--There were no less than ten -occurrences of this noble bird between the Tyne and Thames from the -last week in September through October, namely, Durham, one; Yorkshire, -one; Lincolnshire, three; Norfolk, two; Suffolk, one; and near London, -two; several others being recorded from inland places in various parts -of the kingdom. Of the Lincolnshire examples, two were birds of the -year; the other, shot Oct. 15th near some artificial trout ponds at -Laceby, near Grimsby, was a magnificent adult female. One adult was -obtained near Chester on Nov. 17th. It is very clearly shown in the -returns that the great movement southward of the raptorial birds began -on or about Sept. 21st, and was continued during the next fortnight. - -Cormorant, _Phalacrocorax carbo_ (Linn.).--Coquet L.H., Nov. 26th, 2 -p.m., twelve to north. - -Gannet, _Sula bassana_ (Linn.).--May 2nd and 3rd, Inner Farne L.H., -large flocks all day to N. During September large numbers passed -Flamborough to the south. On Dec. 2nd, at the Gull L.V., twenty were -seen going west into the Channel; and on the 4th ten to the south. A -great many were observed by fishermen at sea during the latter half of -September and early part of October, fishing and "striking" near the -boats amongst the herring shoals. - -Heron, _Ardea cinerea_, Linn.--August 31st, Inner Farne L.H., 6 p.m., -N.N.E., two coming in from sea. At Teesmouth (Redcar) on August 3rd, -nine at 11 a.m. to W., moderate west wind; others in September. - -Little Bittern, _Ardea minuta_ (Linn.).--One, a male, Sept. 23rd, was -shot near Goole, Yorkshire. - -Glossy Ibis, _Plegadis falcinellus_ (Linn.).--Four occurrences in -September, namely, one killed near Lynn, and another seen; one -at Skegness, Lincolnshire, Sept. 9th, and another in Hampshire, -Dogmerfield, Sept. 15th. One also was shot in Hertfordshire, Oct. 10th -('Field,' Nov. 26th), and another on 27th of the same month at Skegness. - -Wild Goose, _Anser ?_--At Flamborough, on July 8th, 7.30 p.m., about -one hundred Grey Geese to N. At the South Sand Head L.V., Aug. 23rd, 6 -to 8 a.m., continuous flocks to S.W., and again on Sept. 23rd, 10 a.m. -to 2 p.m., continuous to S. Grey Geese were also noted in considerable -numbers at several stations from the Tees to the South Foreland L.V., -from the beginning of September to the 8th of December, flying in -various directions. - -Brent Goose, _Bernicla brenta_ (Pall.).--In March, 1881, many were -observed off the 5 Buoy Tees L.V. At Corton L.V., on June 14th, fifty -from W. to N.E., "passed close to vessel; am quite certain they were -black geese." At the South Sand Head, on Sept. 5th, 6 to 8 a.m., flocks -continuous to W. At Coquet L.H., Oct. 15th, one Egyptian Goose, 3 p.m., -to N. - -Swan, _Cygnus ?_--At Heligoland, on Oct. 23rd, S.E. blowing hard and -very cold, Swans with Geese and Ducks passing. On Lynn Wells L.V., on -Dec. 19th, two at noon, E.N.E., to S.W.; and on 21st, at Inner Dowsing -L.V., 3 p.m., fifteen flying low from E. to W. - -Sheldrake, _Tadorna cornuta_ (Gmel.).--At 5 Buoy Tees L.V., Nov. 20th, -twenty off light; and on 29th, forty. - -Mallard, _Anas boschas_, Linn.--5 Buoy Tees L.V., March 26th, 1881, -Mallard with Wigeon and two Teal. In Sept. and Oct., large flocks at -several stations. At the Teesmouth (Redcar), on Aug. 17th, "a rush" -of Ducks occurred between 6 a.m. and noon; also on previous night, -continuous to N.W., with Whimbrel and Curlew; the Ducks were in flocks -of about 100 together. Again on Oct. 14th, the great storm from N.W., -continuous flocks of Ducks passed from 7 a.m. to 9 p.m., going W. At -the Swin Middle L.V., Aug. 22nd to 27th inclusive. Ducks all day to W.; -and again both Ducks and Wild Geese from Sept. 1st to 12th, in large -numbers each day, and all day to N.W. - -Blue-winged Teal, _Querquedula discors_, Steph.--One, a young bird, -shot on Sept. 3rd near Redcar by Mr. W. Chilton. - -Wigeon, _Mareca penelope_ (Linn.).--Large flocks off Teesmouth in -November and December. - -Scaup, _Fuligula marila_ (Linn.).--5 Buoy Tees L.V., Jan. 23rd, 1881, -"Bell Wigeon" [Scaup], great number to W.N.W. - -Long-tailed Duck, _Harelda glacialis_, (Linn.).--Inner Farne L.H., Oct. -20th and 22nd, several off island. - -Eider Duck, _Somateria mollisima_ (Linn.).--On Sept. 24th, at Coquet -Island L.V., twenty Eider Drakes and one female off island; and at -Inner Farne L.V., in Oct., hundreds, both males and females, swimming -under lee of islands. The King Eider, _S. spectabilis_ (Linn.), -was again seen during the latter part of April, and remained in -neighbourhood for two months; last seen on June 19th. - -Common Scoter, _Œdemia nigra_ (Linn.).--At Coquet L.H., 3rd, 9th, -and 17th, all day to N. Corton L.V., Dec. 7th, 12th, and 13th, great -numbers E. to W. during greater part of day. Large numbers seen at -several stations off the coast in November. - -Goosander, _Mergus merganser_, Linn.--On Oct. 22nd, Teesmouth (Redcar), -stormy E.S.E. gale, twelve were seen flying over East Scar, nine going -W. and three E. - -Red-breasted Merganser, _Mergus serrator_, Linn.--During November and -December several seen off the Farne Islands and Teesmouth. - -Ring Dove, _Columba palumbus_, Linn.--One at Spurn L.H., against -lantern, on Sept. 15th, 10 p.m. Immense flocks came into N.E. -Lincolnshire in November. At Lynn Wells L.V., on Oct. 22nd, large -flocks, 10 a.m., S.E. to N.W.; and at Caistor Denes, Yarmouth, on Nov. -26th, very large flocks; they are reported, on 28th, from Beccles -(Norfolk) in such numbers as "to make the sky quite dark." - -Turtle Dove, _Turtur communis_, Selby.--One at Great Cotes, Sept. 15th, -near rifle-butts on Humber Bank. - -Water Rail, _Rallus aquaticus_, Linn.--On Oct. 3rd, Inner Farne L.H.; -and another at Spurn, caught alive in yard of lighthouse on morning of -Oct. 27th. - -Landrail, _Crex pratensis_, Bechst.--At Great Cotes, near Grimsby, -Sept. 1st, N., half-a-gale; and at Heligoland, on 9th, Mr. Gätke -writes, "very reddest I have ever had." At Yarmouth, Oct. 5th. - -Spotted Crake, _Porzana maruetta_ (Leach).--Heligoland, Sept., one -young bird. - -Golden Plover, _Charadrius pluvialis_, Linn.--First week in Sept., -small flights in N.E. Lincolnshire. On the 6th, Mr. Wm. Eagle Clarke, -writing from Spurn, says, "a long waved line extending at least three -or four miles passed over, extending far over the Humber towards -Lincolnshire coast, 5.15 p.m., wind changing from N. to S., direction -of flight N." At the Farne Islands, during the month, hundreds of -Golden Plovers and Lapwings coming off to the islands in morning, and -leaving for the land at night. At the same station, Nov. 5th, great -numbers to W.S.W. - -Grey Plover, _Squatarola helvetica_ (Linn.).--Humber foreshore, June -1st, one old male in summer plumage, and five less advanced; another, -in the same flock, in winter plumage. At Spurn, on June 13th, 4 p.m., -N.E., clear, Grey Plovers were seen passing S. to N. In the autumn, in -the first week in August, three old birds in breeding plumage on Humber -muds; also several old black-breasted birds seen at Spurn on 24th. The -young of the year arrived in large numbers last of August and first -week of September. Seven shot near Spurn, on Sept. 12th, were two males -and four females, and one lost; all were in fine summer plumage; were -very numerous on Humber flats during September and October; with the -above exceptions, birds of the year or old having completed the autumn -moult. - -Kentish Plover, _Ægialitis cantiana_ (Lath.).--One, an immature -example, was shot on the shore at Friskney, near Boston, on Oct. 8th; -subsequently came into the hands of Mr. A. S. Hutchinson, of Derby. - -Ringed Plover, _Ægialitis hiaticula_ (Linn.).--May 27th, a flock -numbering about twenty of the small race, _Ægialitis intermedius_ -(Ménétriés), on Humber muds. - -Dotterel, _Eudromias morinellus_ (Linn.).--May 14th to 21st, some -"trips" in N.E. Lincolnshire marshes, also at localities in Holderness; -twenty seen in one flock, thirty in another. - -Lapwing, _Vanellus vulgaris_, Bechst.--At the north-eastern stations, -noticeably at Inner Farne L.H., Hunstanton L.H., Inner Dowsing L.V., -and Lynn Wells L.V., where very large numbers passed from Oct. 6th -to Nov. 12th, general direction S.E. to N.W. At Teesmouth (Redcar), -Nov. 4th, an immense immigration between 8 a.m. and 3 p.m., passing -westward, flocks numbering from 50 up to 500 birds, a flock coming in -from seaward every ten minutes or thereabouts; S.W., light, fine, and -mild. - -Turnstone, _Strepsilas interpres_ (Linn.).--May 25th, many both mature -and immature on coasts of N.E. Lincolnshire and Holderness. Teesmouth, -in the autumn, not so plentiful as usual; common in other localities. - -Oystercatcher, _Hæmatopus ostralegus_, Linn.--At Teesmouth (Redcar), -Aug. 18th, 6 a.m., three or four hundred, N.N.E., light, dull and -showery. Hunstanton L.H., flocks S.W. at ebb, and E. at flood, -throughout August. - -Red-necked Phalarope, _Phalaropus hyperboreus_ (Linn.).--One near -Grimsby, Sept. 26th; one Spurn and one Withernsea, Oct. 9th; two on -Suffolk coast, same month ('Field,' Oct. 29th, 1881). - -Grey Phalarope, _Phalaropus fulicarias_, Linn.--Teesmouth (Redcar), -Oct. 15th, two, in adult plumage, only a few grey feathers on back, -N.N.W. gale; one seen near Redcar same day. - -Woodcock, _Scolopax rusticula_, Linn.--May 24th, Outer Dowsing -L.V., one, 10.30 a.m., E.S.E. (4), passing from W. by N. to E.S.E. -At numerous stations in the autumn [principally in the north and -mid-east], from Inner Farne L.H. to East Godwin L.V. First at Spurn, on -Sept. 4th; last at Heligoland, Nov. 30th, "a few Woodcocks and Snipe" -(first and only occurrence there in 1881). Greatest flight on English -coast night of Oct. 28th, N.E., snow and sleet. Woodcocks have dropped -in very irregularly throughout the autumn, by two's and three's during -October, and not in those great rushes which usually characterise their -immigration. Migrate generally during the night; frequent exceptions -to this rule. Casualties against the lanterns of lighthouses and -light-vessels from midnight till daybreak. - -Double Snipe, _Gallinago major_ (Gmel.).--One, Sept. 15th, was shot -in a clover field about fifteen miles from Redcar. One, Sept. 4th, at -Spurn, killed against the telegraph-wire; another, same locality, 16th; -one, Seaton Carew, Durham, 27th same month. - -Common Snipe, _Gallinago cælestis_ (Frenzel).--Some few last week in -July, main body last week of October to first week in November, rapidly -passing on. Nov. 23rd, Gull L.V., 10.30 a.m., about 100 to. W. Spring -migration, 1882, second week in March. - -Jack Snipe, _Gallinago gallinula_ (Linn.).--The only occurrences -recorded at Inner Farne L.H., from Sept. 23rd to Nov. 4th. Mouth of -Deben, Suffolk, both this and the former are recorded from Sept. -30th to Oct. 1st, at full moon, with E. wind, in large quantities, -continuing to arrive for some time; remarkable by its entire absence -from its ordinary winter quarters. - -Dunlin, _Tringa alpina_, Linn.--Spurn, May 25th, very large flocks, -composed of birds some in summer plumage, others having no appearance -of changing from ordinary winter garb. Enormous flocks were seen at -some north-eastern stations in October. Great number at Teesmouth -(Redcar), from Sept. 15th to Oct. 12th, all going W.N.W., towards the -Tees. - -Little Stint, _Tringa minuta_, Leisl.--In small flocks on Humber -foreshores, from Sept. 2nd to as late as Oct. 8th. Fresh arrivals -easily recognisable by their extreme tameness. Comparatively plentiful -on coasts of Holderness, Lincolnshire, and Norfolk during the same -period. - -Temminck's Stint, _Tringa Temmincki_, Leisl.--One early in September, -near Yarmouth; a few regularly occur at this season on the east coast, -although rarely obtained, and probably also frequently overlooked. - -Pigmy Curlew, _Tringa subarquata_ (Güld.).--First at Spurn, July 21st, -two in summer plumage. Flocks of young, thirty to fifty, numerous -through September and October in the same districts as the Little Stint. - -Knot, _Tringa canutus_, Linn.--Spurn, June 7th, 6 p.m., "Plover-Knot" -from N. to S. Some, birds of the previous year, and which do not -acquire the summer dress, remain on the east coast during the summer. -The first arrivals of young Knot occurred during the first week in -August; great rush (young birds) first week in September, the old -coming during the last week, in October. Mr. Winson, the captain of -the Spurn life-boat, picked up a Knot on Nov. 7th, which was killed -by flying against the telegraph-wire; this bird was in faded summer -plumage, the upper parts nearly black, with edgings of buff on the -margins of the feathers. - -Ruff and Reeve, _Machetes pugnax_ (Linn.).--On Sept. 3rd, two shot from -a flock of nine on Cowpen Marsh, near Redcar, N.E., stormy. One Ruff -and two Reeves were also obtained at Spurn early in September. - -Sanderling, _Calidris arenaria_ (Linn.).--May 25th, some at Spurn, -young of previous year, and in immature plumage. Aug. 1st, flock of -nine; and henceforward in large numbers during August and September, -many remaining on the coast till end of the year, and into 1882. At -Teesmouth (Redcar) they are reported scarcer this season than they have -been for many years. - -Common Sandpiper, _Totanus hypoleucus_ (Linn.).--May 14th to 20th, -North-east Lincolnshire, flocks passing along the coast northward, -returning first week in September. - -Green Sandpiper, _Totanus ochropus_ (Linn.).--July 30th, returning. - -Wood Sandpiper, _Totanus glareola_ (Linn.).--Aug. 6th, one shot near -Redcar; small flock seen. - -Common Redshank, _Totanus calidris_ (Linn.).--Scarce near Teesmouth in -the autumn. At Spurn, July 31st, many. - -Spotted Redshank, _Totanus fuscus_ (Linn.).--Teesmouth, about Sept. -15th; one, a fully-matured bird, obtained. - -Greenshank, _Totanus canescens_ (Gmel.).--Comparatively numerous in -Humber district in September and October, more than have been seen for -many years. - -Bar-tailed Godwit, _Limosa lapponica_ (Linn.).--Passed the Tees in -considerable numbers first week in September. Very common in Humber -district in September and October. At Redcar (Teesmouth), between July -4th and 7th, about thirty passed each morning to W. On Sept. 22nd, a -slight "rush"; several large flocks with Knots, both in morning and -afternoon, going W.; E. gale, stormy, with heavy rain. - -Whimbrel, _Numenius phæopus_ (Linn.).--At Spurn, May 25th, three seen. -Teesmouth (Redcar), July 4th to 7th, each day a few seen in morning, -S.W., fine. Aug. 17th, continuous flocks with Curlews and Godwits from -6 to 9 a.m., and also the preceding night, W., calm; and at intervals -to Sept. 23rd, all flying W. or N.W. Last occurrence Oct. 22nd. 5 Buoy -Tees L.V., at 11 a.m., twenty to S.W. - -Curlew, _Numenius arquata_ (Linn.).--On May 1st and 18th, at Inner -Farne and Flamborough, round lanterns during night. At various -localities in the autumn, from July 17th to end of September. Great -rush, with Whimbrels and Godwits, on Aug. 17th. - -Terns, Sterninæ.--At the Farne Islands, in 1881, the Sandwich Terns -returned on May 6th, the Arctic Terns on the 9th; they left again -in a body, both old and young, on Aug. 21st. From Sept. 2nd to 5th, -hundreds of both species revisited and settled upon their breeding -grounds. After this, from Sept. 16th to the end of the month, two to -three hundred Arctic Terns, both old and young, were observed daily -fishing near island (Inner Farne L.H.), leaving again at night. Three -Arctic Terns, two old and one young, were seen fishing off island on -Oct. 27th, and on 29th a single young bird. A flock of about thirty -Common Terns were to be seen in front of Redcar daily up to Oct. 14th, -when the great storm evidently drove them south. Both at Redcar and -Flamborough, throughout September, great numbers of Terns were noticed -passing south. At Spurn, in May, 1881, small parties of Black Terns -were passing north, a few returning southward by the same route in -August. The Lesser Terns returned to their nesting quarters at Spurn -in the third week in May. At Coquet Island L.H., on the night of Aug. -22nd, fog. Terns with Curlews were all night beating about the lantern. -In 1882, March 29th, Spurn, two Terns [sp. ?] seen passing north. - -Gulls, Larinæ.--The Herring Gulls returned to their breeding stations -at Whitby on Feb. 14th; they left the cliffs with their young on Aug. -26th. Lesser Black-backed Gulls were observed congregating at their -nesting quarters, on the Farne Islands, on April 13th. At Flamborough, -on July 4th, great numbers of Kittiwakes were passing to the south all -day. Unusual numbers of Herring Gulls and Little Gulls (_L. minutus_, -Pall.) were seen off Flamborough in September. At Spurn, on Oct. 26th, -two Little Gulls were seen; and about the 22nd two immature Sabine's -Gull, _Xema Sabinii_, procured on the Norfolk coast, some Little Gulls -being seen at the same time. At Teesmouth (Redcar), on Sept. 22nd, -continuous flocks of Herring and Lesser Black-backed Gulls, young -birds, passed from daylight to dusk, all going N.W., strong E. gale, -rain. On Oct. 23rd, and for several days previous. Great Black-backed -Gulls had been passing to N.W., forty to one hundred in the course of a -day, E.S.E. winds, all mature birds. It is many years since so large a -number of Great Black-backs had been seen passing. At the Cockle L.V., -on Nov. 11th, continuous flocks of Gulls were passing westward all day; -and on Dec. 29th, at Lynn Wells L.V., flocks all day from E. to W. - -Skuas, Stercorariinæ.--On July 12th, a flock of one hundred (probably -_S. crepidatus_) passed at 8.30 p.m. to N.W., high over Redcar, wind -W. On Sept. 16th a great many Skuas were seen on the fishing grounds, -five to six miles out, Richardson's, Pomatorhine, and Buffon's busily -engaged chasing the Gulls and Terns; and again on Sept. 29th, a great -many Richardson's, Pomatorhine, and a few Buffon's Skuas seen from four -to twelve miles at sea by fishermen similarly employed. On Oct. 14th, -during the gale from N.N.W., great numbers of Pomatorhine came down -from north, passing Redcar and going off inland, mostly flying high. -The same day a large mixed flock of Pomatorhine and Buffon's Skua was -seen near the Breakwater, crouching on the ground to get shelter from -the tempest of wind and rain. Great numbers of Skuas passed Flamborough -in September; on Oct. 4th, four Richardson's Skuas were seen off -Yarmouth; and on Nov. 23rd, at Southsand Head L.V., great numbers -("Bonxie's and chasers") with Gannets. - -Petrels, Procellariidæ.--During the gale on Oct. 14th, several Storm -Petrels seen coming past Redcar from the north; they also occurred -from Aug. 10th to Nov. 20th at several stations, not unfrequently -striking the lanterns of lighthouses and light-vessels on clear as -well as on foggy nights. The Fork-tailed Petrel (_P. leucorrhoa_) -occurred at various stations, both on the coast and inland, between -Oct. 24th and Nov. 28th, one at Heligoland, in December, being only the -second obtained during Mr. Gätke's long residence in the island. It is -probable that this, being a west coast species, is driven in the autumn -by heavy gales right across the island on to our east coast--that is, -from N.W. to S.E.; its rarity at Heligoland in the autumn supports this -view of the line taken by stragglers occurring inland, and on our east -coast after heavy N. and S.W. gales. _Puffinus anglorum_ and _P. major_ -passed Flamborough, in September, in considerable numbers. - -Alcidæ.--At Flamborough, on April 28th, great numbers of Guillemots -arrived during the day; and on the 29th the Puffins returned for the -season. At the Farne Islands a white Guillemot was seen in June and -July. The Guillemots and Puffins left their breeding stations between -Aug. 20th and 28th. At Whitby, on Aug. 17th and 21st, very large flocks -of Guillemots were seen passing north. - -Colymbidæ.--From Aug. 13th to Nov. 8th, at intervals, many Great -Northern and Red-throated Divers seen off Redcar. At the Inner Farne -L.H., from Oct. 5th to 17th, both species common; two of the former, -shot Dec. 8th and 10th, off the Inner Farne Island, weighed 12 and -12-1/2 pounds. - -Podicipitidæ.--At the Inner Farne L.H., in February, 1881, an unusual -number of Grebes and small Divers were observed. - - -General Remarks. - -The results of the observations taken along the East Coast of England -in the spring and autumn of 1881 have been satisfactory; it is true -that, as already mentioned, the returns sent in have been less than -in the previous year, yet what has been lost in quantity has more than -been made up in the quality of the work. The observers have become -trained by experience, and have learnt not only how to observe, but -what to observe. - -As in previous years, the main line of migration has been a broad -stream from E. to W. or from S.E. to N.W. this year, covering the whole -of our east coast in comparatively equal proportions; the occurrences -of migrants coming from northerly directions, or from points anything -north of east, are few and far between, and in these cases are -consequent on birds striking the coast in more northern latitudes and -following it to the south. Thus, north of Flamborough, Larks pass up -the coast from north to south; at Spurn and south of Spurn they come -in directly from the sea. The closeness with which both migrants and -immigrants follow the coast line has also been verified in a remarkable -degree,--an observer taking up his position at a short distance -from the coast would see or know nothing of migration, yet within -half-a-mile or less there might be a constant stream of birds, hour by -hour and day by day passing to the south. - -In the spring birds also return on the same lines they travelled in -the autumn, from W. and N.W. to E. and S.E. A reference to the spring -notes in the report on each separate species observed will show this. -Our spring immigrants also arrive from the sea, and are first seen on -or near the coast, gradually moving inland. Migration has been earlier -than in 1880, in many cases birds arriving considerably in advance -of recent years; this has been notably the case with some of the -_Limicolæ_, such as have the widest ranges and where nesting grounds -are circumpolar--that is, confined to lands surrounding the North Pole. -Also in the case of the _Anatidæ_, which arrived fully a month before -their average period. - -It may be said the general features of migration, having reference -to lines of flight, time, height of travelling, favourable winds -or otherwise, circumstances of greatest casualties at lanterns of -lighthouses and light-vessels, are the same as set forth in previous -reports; yet in 1881 we find several important variations from the -normal phenomenon, consequent on the directions of the wind and -general character of the season. From the commencement of August to -the end of October the prevailing winds have been from northerly and -easterly directions, blowing more or less directly on to the coast, -and therefore, as also shown in previous reports, unfavourable passage -winds--for it may be laid down as an axiom that, with southerly or -westerly winds, not amounting to gales, normal migration is the -rule, but with winds in the opposite direction, the results are -very opposite; such winds, more especially if strong, weary out the -immigrants and compel them to drop on the first coast they make, often -completely exhausted by the passage. The consequence has been that, -on our east coast, with the prevailing winds, it has been a most -favourable season for the observer; and generally the number of birds -recorded is considerably in excess of any previous records. - -The winter of 1881-82 has been remarkable for its high temperature, no -such uniformly mild season having occurred for many years in England. -The same has been the case over the whole of Northern Europe north of -latitude 50° N. As might be expected, so exceptional a season has not -been without its effect upon our immigrants. Fieldfares have crossed -in very limited numbers, and have everywhere been remarkably scarce -in localities along our east coast. Large numbers of birds which -regularly arrive in the autumn, as the Greenfinch, Chaffinch, Tree -Sparrow, Snow Bunting, and others, and which remain for a few days only -and then pass on, have this winter continued for many weeks, and even -months, resorting in immense flocks to the stubble-fields near the -coast, where, with no severe weather to drive them away, they found an -inexhaustible supply of food in the large quantity of grain dashed out -in harvest-time by the great gale from S.W. to W. on August 26th. Snow -Buntings have been considerably in excess of anything known for many -years, the proportion of old birds not more than one in a hundred. - -Another consequence of the mildness of the winter is the desultory -fashion in which birds have migrated; there have been less of those -great "rushes," when for days together one species after another -rush helter-skelter on to our coast. Migration has also been greatly -prolonged, and the latest returns received show Rooks, Starlings, and -Larks still crossing the North Sea in February. The last week in August -and first in September Wheatears and Redstarts passed as usual up the -coast from N. to S., the line of migration being confined to the chain -of sandhills. Also during the first week of September, and again about -the 20th, there was an immense migration of the _Sylviinæ_ in the same -direction. Migration appears to have reached its climax on or about -Sept. 22nd, an enormous number of various immigrants coming in from -this time to the end of the month. Not the least remarkable was the -influx of the larger raptorial birds crossing Heligoland on Sept. 22nd -and two following days, and were about the same period seen along the -entire range of our eastern coast. From this date to the end of October -ten Ospreys were procured from localities contiguous to the east coast -of England, between the Tyne and the Thames. Again, the third week -of October there was another large immigration of birds of various -species. On the night of Oct. 24th great numbers of Mealy Redpoles -came in on the Holderness coast; the same flight was also traceable as -far north as the Farne Islands; the Mealy Redpoles appear to have been -accompanied or closely followed by a flight of Siskins. Hooded Crows -came with their usual regularity, almost to a day; this autumn the -great flight crossed Heligoland on the afternoon of Oct. 17th, and on -the 18th. There was a corresponding arrival along the whole of our east -coast on the night of 17th or early morning of 18th, and on the 19th. - -Short-eared Owls, Golden Crested Wrens, and Woodcocks arrive with great -punctuality during the first fortnight in October, and are invariably -associated in their migration--that is, coming at the same time; it -is a curious fact that, in the last autumn, all three arrived in -conjunction five weeks in advance of their average period; this perhaps -may have been a local and coast movement from North Britain, and not -across the North Sea. - -In August and early in September, Knots, Grey Plovers, Sanderlings, -Curlew Sandpipers, and Little Stints--all circumpolar in their -nesting--had returned in large number, being unusually abundant and -early in their movements up the coast. - -The _Anatidæ_ have been remarkably scarce in shore and within our -river estuaries, and it has been an almost blank season for the -wildfowl-shooter; yet we find, in the returns from some light-vessels, -they have occurred in extraordinary numbers out at sea, the weather -having never been sufficiently severe to drive them inland or near the -coast. - -With a dry hot summer in Northern Europe migration is always earlier -than in years of rain and low temperature, birds breeding sooner in -the former, and the nestlings, like all other young things, with dry -weather and sunshine, developing more rapidly. - -Nothing is more remarkable in the phenomenon of migration than the -punctuality with which certain species return in the autumn, one -species regularly taking precedence of another; also in respect to the -date of the arrival year after year. In the _Limicolæ_ and _Anatidæ_ -the date of autumn migration varies--often considerably--from year to -year. In some species, as the Wheatear, Redstart, Fieldfare, Redwing, -Hooded Crow, Goldcrest and Woodcock, and others, we may almost predict -to a day the time of their first appearance. - -The period of the migratory flight in the autumn of any particular -genus or species is most probably referable to two causes: the first -one of temperature, affecting the time of nesting; the second is the -period at which the young arrive at maturity, or rather that period -when they throw off paternal control or are thrown off themselves. -When able to act independently and procure food on their own account, -they flock together and migrate in a body. We know that, with rare -exceptions, the young of the year migrate some weeks in advance of -the parent birds; thus we can readily conceive the whole of the large -raptorial birds nesting about the same time over widely extending -districts in Northern Europe; when the many young arrive at a -self-dependent stage there would be a simultaneous movement, ending in -a universal migratory rush. This period of self-dependence is arrived -at much more quickly in some birds than in others, for species like -the Knot, Grey Plover, Godwit, and Sanderling, nesting in very high -latitudes, leave our shores the last in the spring of any of the -migrants, and their young are amongst the first to return in autumn. -The order of migration, more especially in connection with the shore -birds, is the occurrence very early in autumn--July or August--of a few -_old_ birds in summer plumage, either barren or such perhaps as have -been prevented nesting, then the young in large flocks, and some weeks -subsequently old birds. - -The season of 1881-82 will long be remembered by east coast -ornithologists for the number of rare visitants which have appeared -from time to time, driven to westward of their ordinary migration -lines by the prevailing winds from N. and N.E. to E. and S.E., -generally strong and frequently increasing to a severe gale. The fact -of ten Ospreys having been seen or procured has already been mentioned; -there were two occurrences of Tengmalm's Owl; the Rustic Bunting at -Spurn; Lapp Bunting at Tetney, on Lincolnshire coast; White-spotted -Blue-throat at Cley, in Norfolk; Glossy Ibis, five occurrences; -Sabine's Gull, two on Norfolk coast; Kentish Plover, Lincolnshire; -Blue-winged Teal, Teesmouth; and numerous other occurrences of scarcely -secondary interest. These, as well as the rarer occurrences in -Heligoland, have been separately treated in the notes on each species -observed. - - - - -WEST COAST OF SCOTLAND. - - -Schedules, &c., were sent to thirty-eight stations, the same number as -in 1880. We have received filled-in schedules from twenty-six stations, -being same as last year. - -Generally the returns are light, and the scarcity of birds is accounted -for by the reporters, and borne out by comparison of statistics, by -the prevalence of westerly gales and winds (see General Remarks). The -schedules show the same careful work as in former years. - -The dates upon which the various stations have sent us returns are -shown in the following list of the stations by the positions of the -asterisks preceding the consecutive numbers. Stations added have the -dates preceding the names. As will be seen, the work done will compare -favourably with the East Coast returns, and also with that of previous -seasons. - - West Coast of Scotland. - -Mainland. - - 1879, '80, '81. - * * * 81. Cape Wrath, Sutherland 400 ft. D. Sinclair. - * * * 82. Rhu Stoir, W. Cromarty 195 " W. Wither. - - -Outer Hebrides. - - * * * 83. Butt of Lewis 170 " { G. Edgar and - { Alex Thompson. - * * 84. Stornoway 56 " John Grierson. - * * * 85. Island Glass 130 " W. Innes. - - * * * 86. Monach Island { 150 " } J. Youngclause. - { 62 " } - * * 87. Ushenish 176 " Peter Carrie. - 88. Barra Head 683 " - - -Mainland, Skye, and Inner Hebrides. - - 89. Bona, Skye 222 " - * * 90. Kyleakin, Rosshire 63 " D. MacCulloch. - * * * 91. Isle Ornsay, Skye 58 " J. Loughton. - * * 92. Ardnamurchan, Pt. Argyle 180 ft. - * * * {93. Hynish Signal Tower, Tiree}150 " W. Crow. - {94. Skerryvore, off Tiree } - * * * 95. Dhuheartach, S.W. of - Ross of Mull 145 " J. Ewing. - * * * 96. Sound of Mull 55 " W. Maclellan. - 97. Conan Ferry, Loch Eil 38 " - * * 98. Lismore Island, Oban 103 " Alex. Murray. - * * 99. Fladda, Easdale 42 " - * * * 100. Rhuvaal, Islay 147 " David Spink. - * * 101. Mac Arthur's Head, Islay 128 " W. Maill. - * * * 102. Skervuile, Jura 73 " John Ewing. - * * * 103. Rhinns of Islay 159 " Andrew Lyall. - * * 104. Lochindaul, Islay 50 " - 105. Mull of Kintyre 297 " - 106. Sanda, Kintyre Sound 165 " - 107. Devaar, Kintyre 120 " - 108. Pladda, Arran 130 " - * 109. Lamlash, Arran 46 " David Waters. - * * 110. Turnberry, Ayrshire 96 " Andrew Nisbet. - * * * 111. Corsewall, Wigtown 112 " Robert Laidlaw. - * * * 112. Loch Ryan, Wigtown 46 " Ralph Ewing. - * * * 113. Portpatrick, Wigtown 37 " James Beggs. - * * * 114. Mull of Galloway, Wigtown 325 " N. Morrison. - * 115. Little Ross, Kirkcudbright 175 " W. A. Mackay. - * * * 116. Point of Ayr, I. of Man 106 " James Blythe. - * * 117. Douglas Head, I. of Man 104 " A. Irvine Grant. - 118. Chickens Rock, I. of Man 122 " - * * 119. 1880, Bahama Bank, Isle of - Man (L.V.) Charles Johns. - 120. 1880, Langness do. - -It will be seen upon comparing this last with the previous years of -1879 and 1880 that steady interest in the work is being kept up by our -West Coast reporters. - -Turdidæ.--Song Thrush. Spring: Only one record at Stornoway, where a -pair arrived on March 3rd and stayed till 18th.--Autumn: Records at -Kyleakin, Dhuheartach, Lismore, and Bahama L.V. Earliest Oct. 5th, -at Lismore (a flock all night); latest on Dec. 13th, at Lismore also -(mixed with Blackbirds), and a single bird on Jan. 16th at Bahama L.V. -Participated to a small extent in a rush of migrants generally Sept. -21st to 23rd, which appeared on both coasts of Scotland. Indications -of a small rush Oct. 25th to 27th also. Other records scattered -through September, October, November, and December. Blackbird. No -spring records. Autumn: At Monach, Sound of Mull, Lismore, Skervuile, -Turnberry, Mull of Galloway, Little Ross, Douglas Head. Earliest -Sept. 21st, at Mull of Galloway (date of rush also on East Coast -q.v.); latest Dec. 20th, at Turnberry (one struck). Rushes: None -very apparent, but, taking dates of other species, appear to have -mingled with them on September 21st to 23rd at Sound of Mull and Mull -of Galloway (which is also date of general rush on the east coast). -Also faint indications of rushes at Lismore on Oct. 5th, mingled with -Thrushes; and on Dec. 13th to 19th at several stations, as Lismore, -Skervuile, and Turnberry. A good many scattered records also at other -dates and several stations. Exceptionally numerous were Song Thrushes -and Missel Thrushes near Dumfries in October and November, whilst -Redwings and Fieldfares were very seldom seen. - -Saxicolinæ.--Wheatear. Spring records only from Butt of Lewis, Rhuvaal, -and Skerryvore; March 9th (a flock), April 1st (at Rhuvaal), and May -6th (at Skerryvore). Autumn: At Skerryvore, Dhuheartach, Lamlash, -Turnberry, Corsewall. Earliest Aug. 14th at Skerryvore (two seen); -latest Oct. 27th, when one seen along with Sparrows and Wrens in -garden. Rushes on Aug. 7th at Skerryvore and Dhuheartach (150 at former -and numbers at latter). Another appears also at Skerryvore on Sept. 7th -during the night. Desultory migration going on between these dates and -till Oct. 27th. - -Sylviinæ.--Robin. Only one spring record, April 9th, at Skerryvore. -Autumn: At Rhu Stoir,[1] Kyleakin, Isle Ornsay, Lismore, Skervuile, -Lamlash, Corsewall, Portpatrick, Little Ross. Earliest Aug. 17th, at -Skervuile; next earliest Aug. 21st, when a pair, male and female, -arrived at Little Ross; latest on Dec. 18th, at Kyleakin. Participated -slightly in rush of migrants on Sept. 22nd. No other distinctly -perceptible, but scattered occurrences only recorded. One accompanied -Hedgesparrows and Wrens. One Chat and one Wagtail in Garden of -Lamlash on Oct. 27th. Mr. Service notes the "quick and simultaneous -departure of the _Silviidæ_" towards the end of September in the S.W. -of Scotland. It is curious to find that about the same time that birds -were pouring into Scotland and England others were starting on their -departure. In ordinary seasons the departure of the _Sylviinæ_ is -gradual all through September. - -[Footnote 1: Where one bird comes every winter and becomes so tame as -to eat out of the hand. It arrived this year on Nov. 30th.] - -Phylloscopinæ.--Gold Crest. No Spring records. Autumn: At Skervuile, -Lamlash. Turnberry, Corsewall, Mull of Galloway, Little Ross, and -Douglas Head; in other words, mostly in southwest of Scotland. Earliest -on Aug. 21st, at Douglas Head, the southernmost on this list (see W.C. -of England stations); latest Oct. 27th, at Corsewall. No great rush, -unless at Mull of Galloway on Oct. 24th, when "numbers flew about -lantern all night," and at Little Ross "for a few nights" between Sept. -12th and 14th or 15th. Desultory at other dates between times. Mostly -observed at lanterns in easterly breezes. Exception at Mull of Galloway -on September 21st in S.W. wind, but after twenty-four hours E.S.E. (see -Isle of May, East Coast of Scotland). - -Accentoridæ.--Hedgesparrow. In spring none, but in autumn, at Rhuvaal, -Lamlash, and Point of Ayre, numbers are reported as seen on migration. -Earliest Sept. 5th, when a hundred were seen at Point of Ayre; latest -Oct. 27th, when a number were seen at Lamlash. A still later date is -Jan. 1st, 1882, when one was seen at Rhuvaal. Rushes appear to have -occurred at Point of Ayre on Sept. 5th and 22nd, and a few on Oct. 7th -mingled with Linnets, and at Lamlash on Oct. 27th. - -Paridæ.--"Titmice." One record in spring at Mull of Galloway on April -14th in E.S.E. wind. Autumn: Twice recorded only at Corsewall, and at -Little Ross. Earliest July 29th (three), and latest Aug. 2nd, at Little -Ross and Corsewall respectively, being slight indication perhaps of a -rush on these dates. - -Troglodytidæ.--Common Wren. No spring records. Autumn: Pretty general -at Skerryvore, Dhuheartach, Lismore, Lamlash, Turnberry, and Little -Ross. Earliest Sept. 16th (one, resting); latest Oct. 27th, at Lamlash. -Rushes on Oct. 5th; a large flock "seen along with Blackbirds and -Thrushes all night," and on Oct. 27th a number at Lamlash along with -Hedgesparrows, a Robin, a Wagtail, and a Wheatear. - -Motacillidæ.--Wagtail. In spring, several in March, and two on April -20th at Butt of Lewis. Autumn: At Butt of Lewis, Monach, Kyleakin, -Skerryvore, Dhuheartach, Lamlash, Portpatrick, and Point of Ayre. -Earliest Aug. 16th, at Skerryvore (one seen); latest Oct. 27th, -at Lamlash (see Wren under date and station). Rushes beginning of -September, at Lamlash, and other isolated records; same date at Monach, -&c. Also "a number" on Oct. 7th at Portpatrick. - -Anthidæ.--Pipits. At Dhuheartach and Little Ross in autumn. Single -record on Oct. 28th, at Dhuheartach. A rush of "hundreds" at Little -Ross on Sept. 6th. Remained about two hours. - -Hirundinidæ.--Swallow. Spring: At Butt of Lewis, Monach, Ushenish, -Kyleakin, Skerryvore, Lismore, Rhuvaal, Skervuile, McArthur's Head, -Rhinns of Islay, Loch Ryan, Little Ross, Point of Ayr, Douglas Head. -Earliest April 24th, at Douglas Head (southernmost station in this -list); latest June 15th, at Skerryvore. Bushes May 5th, at McArthur's -Head (great numbers), and on May 2nd fifty seen at Loch Ryan (possibly -the same birds?--J. A. H. B.) A number seen also at Little Ross on May -2nd. At other dates and stations small parties reported, all during -May, and to June 15th often mixed with Martins. Autumn: At Skervuile, -Lamlash, Turnberry, Loch Ryan, Mull of Galloway, Little Ross, Point -of Ayr, Douglas Head, and Bahama Bank. Earliest at Bahama Bank (L.V.) -July 5th; and next at Loch Ryan Aug. 5th and 6th; latest Oct. 6th, -at Little Ross. An almost continuous rush going on from Aug. 15th at -several stations in S.W. of Scotland, and culminating on Sept. 8th in -great rush at Little Ross, and less so at Loch Ryan and Point of Ayr. -No more records after Oct. 6th. Martin. Generally mixed with the last -on migration both in spring and autumn. Stations at Ushenish and Loch -Ryan in spring, on May 8th and 2nd respectively, and in autumn at Mull -of Galloway on Sept. 28th. - -Fringillidæ.--"Linnets," One on May 2nd at Skerryvore. Autumn: At -Rhu Stoir, Monach, Skerryvore, Sound of Mull, Lismore, Point of Ayr. -Earliest Aug. 23rd (a flock) at Lismore; latest Dec. 22nd. Other dates, -Oct. 26th (a flock), at" Lismore. Bushes on Sept. 14th at Little Ross, -and a smaller number on 19th at Sound of Mull. It is difficult to say -if "Linnets" are always real Grey Linnets, or Twites, or Mountain -Linnets, our reporters not distinguishing them. House Sparrows. About -two hundred, "supposed to be of this species," rested all night at -Point of Ayr on Sept. 16th. Bramblings are reported in considerable -numbers from land stations in S.W. of Scotland in beginning of November. - -Emberizidæ.--Snow Bunting. Autumn: At Rhu Stoir, Monach; also Kyleakin, -Dhuheartach, and Point of Ayr. Earliest at Rhu Stoir, on Oct. 1st, -"arrive and stay all winter"; latest on Nov. 15th, at Monach (a few). -No rush perceptible. Yellow Bunting. Autumn: One record at Rhu Stoir on -Nov. 30th. Snow Buntings reported abundant by middle of October in S.W. -of Scotland. - -Alaudidæ.--Lark. Autumn at Skerryvore, Dhuheartach, Lismore, Rhuvaal, -Skervuile, Turnberry, Little Ross. Earliest on Aug. 23rd (a few with -Linnets) on Lismore; latest on Feb. 16th, 1882, on Skervuile. Rushes: -Sept. 6th, five hundred at Dhuheartach.[2] A straggling migration -during October, sometimes with Thrushes, Blackbirds, as on 26th at -Skervuile, or Starlings, as at same place and at Lismore. Few in -December, January, and February, except "a large flock" on Jan. 16th at -Lismore. - -[Footnote 2: Called in schedules "Shore Larks"? In what respect do -"Shore Larks" differ from common Larks? (Query to Mr. James Ewing at -Dhuheartach).] - -Sturninæ.--Starling. Two records in spring at Rhu Stoir and Stornoway, -one March 3rd, and the other May 10th. Autumn: At Rhu Stoir, Stornoway, -Ushenish, Kyleakin, Dhuheartach, Lismore, Rhuvaal, Skervuile, Lamlash, -Corsewall, Portpatrick. Earliest Aug. 23rd, at Corsewall; latest on -Jan. 6th, 1882. Rushes inappreciable, but records numerous; if any, -perhaps one on Nov. 10th at Mull of Galloway. Occasionally mixing with -Blackbirds and Larks (as on Oct. 2nd at Lismore); also with Thrushes. - -Corvidæ.--Rook. Spring migration: Uncertain records applied to "Crows," -"All kinds," &c., which notes are not exact enough. Autumn: At Rhu -Stoir, Dhuheartach, Skervuile, and Portpatrick. Earliest Sept. 9th; -latest Nov. 25th, at Skervuile. Flocks seen, but no perceptible rush. - -Hooded Crow. Spring: March 4th, at Rhuvaal; Dhuheartach, June 7th. -Autumn: Sept. 12th, at Rhu Stoir (two males and two females). Latest -Dec. 22nd, at Monach. A rush of "Black Crows" (which may be Carrion -or only Rooks) at Lamlash on Oct. 26th and 27th. Raven. One record at -Monach, flying N.W. on Sept. 13th. - -Cuculidæ.--Cuckoo. Spring: General at stations. At Loch Ryan, May 3rd -(two heard); Rhinns of Islay, 15th; Skervuile, 4th; McArthur's Head, -23rd; Lismore, 10th; Isle Ornsay, Skye, 8th: Kyleakin, 3rd; Island -Glass, 24th (seen); Stornoway, 9th. In autumn, heard in July often at -Stornoway; left about Aug. 1st at Isle Ornsay. - -Strigidæ.--"Owl." Only one autumn record at Kyleakin, when one was seen -flying south on Nov. 4th, wind S.E. clear. - -Falconidæ.--"Hawks." At Skerryvore, and Rhuvaal two "large Hawks" on -Feb. 8th (this may belong to latest autumn record). One at Skerryvore -on May 15th. Autumn: At Monach, Skerryvore, Dhuheartach, and Little -Ross.[3] Earliest Sept. 17th ("Hawk"), at Dhuheartach; latest Oct. -29th, at Skerryvore ("Small Brown Hawk"). Rush daily about Sept. 17th -at Dhuheartach, but likely the same birds. "Daily call" at Dhuheartach -about Oct. 5th. No really appreciable rush as on the east coast. - -[Footnote 3: The names given are "Hawk," "Game Hawk" at Little Ross, -Aug. 21st; "Merlin" at Monach, Oct. 3rd; "Small Hawk" at Skerryvore, -Aug. 5th; "Small Brown Hawk" at Skerryvore on Oct. 29th. I include them -all here.] - -Pelicanidæ.--Gannet. N.B. As we have indications of directions of -flight in most cases, and as records occur in every month, except -October, November, and December, I take spring and autumn together, and -trace out the movements of Gannets with extra care. Stations reported -from: Cape Wrath, Rhu Stoir, Butt of Lewis, Island Glass, Monach, -Skerryvore, Lismore, Rhuvaal, Skervuile, Portpatrick, Mull of Galloway, -Little Ross, Douglas Head. Earliest, Jan. 2nd; flying south (autumn ?), -at Skervuile; one same day, flying north (?); latest, October; leave -Cape Wrath in first week. Last minute record, Sept. 30th, at Lismore, -flying south. The greatest movements or rushes as follows:--The first -week in March they arrive in all weathers, all day, flying west till -midday at Cape Wrath, and return after that till dusk. They are not -seen after first week in October. "Great numbers" on April 12th at Mull -of Galloway. Intermittent in May, except 5th, at Island Glass, when -they were seen all day--about thirty-five in all--wind S.S.E. Between -20th and 30th, at Skervuile, flying in all directions, along with Gulls -and sea-birds. In July flocks flying north, on 26th, at Cape Wrath, -and continued to do so till end of August. Daily average about forty. -Flying past all August; flying north on 13th at Portpatrick all day. -Great rush flying north in thousands on 3rd, 4th, and 5th at Rhu Stoir. -Small parties or flocks flying south on 5th at Skerryvore, and S.W. at -Douglas on Aug. 26th. "Numbers" and "flocks" in September, flying south -at Lismore, Skervuile, and Douglas. N.B.--I have been particular here -in noting records, as I believe interest attaches especially in the -connection of the migration of birds with that of fish.--J. A. H. B.[4] - -[Footnote 4: For an essay on which subject I offered a prize at the -late International Fisheries Exhibition in Edinburgh, which was not -competed for.] - -Ardeidæ.--Heron. Note.--"Large Black Cranes" are recorded as passing -Rhuvaal on Feb. 12th and 16th, wind N. to S. clear; and mod. S.E. -clear. I cannot learn what these are.--Autumn: At Monach, Rhuvaal, -Douglas. Earliest Aug. 24th, at Rhuvaal; latest Nov. 18th, at Monach, -when eighteen were seen--a rush? - -Anatidæ.--Bernicle Goose (sp. ?). Spring: Large flock at Monach April -28th, flying N.W. Ditto ? at Stornoway, Ushenish, Lismore (three struck -at latter station, two killed, one wounded), flying south. Latest May -3rd, at Ushenish (ten flying north). Autumn: Bernicle Goose (only -record here) at Monach, Oct. 20th. "Wild Geese" at Cape Wrath, Rhu -Stoir, Butt of Lewis, Ushenish, Kyleakin, Lamlash, Corsewall. Earliest -Oct. 6th, at Rhu Stoir (seven ad. and one juv.); latest Dec. 4th, at -Kyleakin (four flying east). Rushes inappreciable, equally distributed -in small flocks during October (especially latter half) and November. -Eider Duck. Spring: Butt of Lewis and Rhu Stoir on April 28th and June -23rd respectively. Autumn: At Butt of Lewis, Skerryvore, Dhuheartach. -Earliest Sept. 11th, at Skerryvore; latest Nov. 12th, at Dhuheartach. -Others on Oct. 10th at Butt of Lewis, &c. No rush apparent. Wild Duck. -Spring: Lismore (in pairs), May 20th. Autumn: "Ducks" Nov. 2nd, at -Rhuvaal (three dozen), and at Rhuvaal Dec. 7th (probably the same -lot as on Nov. 2nd, q.v.) Sheldrake. Autumn: Only records at Douglas -Head in August, flying S. on 21st, and flying S. on 27th. Wigeon. -Autumn: At Monach only on Oct. 30th; remained till Nov. 7th, during -which time unusual numbers occurred. Date of Nov. 7th strong S.S.E. to -W.S.W. winds, gales, and heavy rain. Wild Swans. At Skervuile one Swan -remained three days, arriving Feb. 6th, 1881. - -Columbidæ.--Rock Dove. Only record: One sighted at Monach, and flew -away again about midnight. Fresh east breeze and rain. - -Rallidæ.--Corn Crake. Occurred first as follows:--Mull of Galloway, May -5th; Loch Ryan, 4th; Skervuile, 22nd; Kyleakin, 24th; Butt of Lewis, -28th; Rhu Stoir, June 20th. - -Charadriadæ.--Golden Plover. Spring (or autumn ?), June 20th, at Rhu -Stoir. Autumn: At Butt of Lewis, Rhuvaal, Rhinns of Islay, Turnberry, -Corsewall. Earliest Aug. 16th; latest Dec. 30th, at Rhinns of Islay. -Rush: Generally large migration at Corsewall on Sept. 17th. Green -Plover. Spring: Only record May 10th (two seen) at Rhu Stoir. Autumn: -At Butt of Lewis, Dhuheartach, Rhinns of Islay, Corsewall, and -Portpatrick. Earliest Aug. 24th, at Dhuheartach; latest at Portpatrick -on Dec. 4th (a flock flying N.W.). No appreciable rush. - -Scolopacidæ.--Curlew. Spring: At Rhu Stoir, Stornoway, Island Glass, -Rhuvaal, Little Ross. Earliest Feb. 5th, at Rhuvaal; latest June 19th, -at Rhu Stoir and Little Ross (widely separated). No rush appreciable. -Autumn: At Monach, Ushenish. Isle Ornsay, Sound of Mull, Lismore, -McArthur's Head, Turnberry, Portpatrick, and Point of Ayr. Earliest at -Portpatrick, Aug. 2nd: latest on Dec. 16th, at Point of Ayr. Pushes -inappreciable, unless at Sound of Mull, sixteen flying S.E. (but -hardly a rush). Snipe. Spring: May 18th, three seen at Island Glass. -Autumn: At Island Glass and Loch Ryan. Earliest at Loch Ryan, Aug. -3rd; latest at Island Glass on Oct. 10th. Woodcock. Autumn: (Scarce); -at Butt of Lewis, Skerryvore, Lismore. Earliest Oct. 28th, at Butt of -Lewis. Whimbrel? At Skerryvore six "small Curlew" resting on rock. -Note.--Whimbrels unusually scarce this year at Monach. Redshank. -Spring: At Butt of Lewis, Skerryvore, and Rhuvaal. Earliest Feb. 5th -(in a flock, so perhaps belong to autumn); March 6th, at Butt of Lewis. -Autumn: At Rhuvaal, Sept. 12th and 17th. Sandpiper. Spring: June -27th, at Skerryvore. Autumn: At Skerryvore, Lismore, and Little Ross. -Earliest Sept. 10th, at Skerryvore; latest Dec. 26th, at Little Ross. -(This can hardly be Common Sandpiper so late.--J. A. H. B.). - -Sterninæ.--Common and Arctic Terns. Spring: At Rhu Stoir, Stornoway, -Monach, McArthur's Head, Skervuile, Rhinns of Islay, Little Ross. -Earliest May 10th, at Rhinns of Islay; latest at Stornoway, June 8th -(hereafter breeds). Autumn: At Monach (unusual numbers this year), -Skervuile, Little Ross, and Douglas Head. Earliest July 8th, at -Skervuile; latest at Little Ross on Sept. 2nd. - -Larinæ.--Gulls: Black-backed, Herring, and Kittiwake. Spring: At -numerous stations, Stornoway, Island Glass, Skervuile. Earliest May -24th, at Skervuile; latest at Stornoway, June 8th. N.B.--The movements -of Gulls are most erratic and difficult to tabulate, and I prefer to -hold them over at present. Skua. Occurred all summer on west coast -of Lewis, as seen by reporter himself in June, frequented harbour of -Carloway[5] in Lewis, and was seen inside of Rum. Uncommonly abundant -at Island Glass, eight being seen in sight one day. Autumn: August, -October; at Skervuile, Aug. 12th, 13th, and 14th; and at Sound of Mull -on Oct. 12th and 13th, when some forty were seen; N.W. gale. Iceland -Gull. Autumn: At Kyleakin on Nov. 29th and Dec. 20th, both flying S.W. - -[Footnote 5: (i.e., Cairlobhaidh.)] - -Procellariidæ.--Petrel. Autumn: Only at Lismore, Sept. 17th, S.S.E., -haze and rain. Noted as rare at Lismore by Mr. Murray; indeed the first -he has seen here in several years. - -Pelecanidæ.--Scarts; Cormorants. Spring: Arrived at Cape Wrath to -breed in March. Autumn: Flying N.W. on Oct. 18th past Stornoway; at -Dhuheartach Nov. 10th; and Skervuile on Nov. 14th. - -Alcidæ.--Records in every month, except February and December. Spring: -Great numbers. Razorbills flying north on Jan. 7th, at Skervuile. -Puffins seen at Butt of Lewis March 3rd. "Rock Birds" in April, all -day, flying south at Ushenish, and arrive last week in April; breed -first week in May. Hundreds of Puffins flying south on May 10th and -11th at Ushenish. "Auks" flying south at Skervuile. "Puffins" at -Dhuheartach on 2nd and on 20th. Auks, Puffins, &c., at Ushenish, -Skervuile. Earliest July 31st; latest Oct. 18th, 19th, and 20th, -at Ushenish. Rush: Thousands at Ushenish, along with Gannets and -Kittiwakes, feeding and flying south all day. - -Great Northern Divers.--Spring: At Skerryvore, two seen in June. -Autumn: At Sound of Mull two seen feeding, male and feeding; at same -place, two on 10th. - - -General Remarks. - -In 1879 there was scarcity of birds at many important stations, such as -Butt of Lewis and Monach Island, Skerryvore and Dhuheartach. In that -year westerly and N.W. winds prevailed. In 1880 larger numbers were -noted. In that year easterly gales and winds prevailed all through the -migratory season. In 1879 migrants were scarce at the more northerly -stations, being compressed by the westerly winds more towards the -south, but in 1880 they reached much further north, being expanded by -the following easterly gales and winds, as we have seen in treating of -the east coast of Scotland this year. - -The stations visited by the largest numbers of birds are the Bell -Rock and Isle of May, both being stations pretty far southward, and -Pentland Skerries, a more northern station. We now find also that on -the west coast the stations sending fullest numerical returns are also -southerly stations, and for the most part are situated south of the -Firth of Clyde. Both on east and west coasts all returns coming in from -north of Firth of Clyde in west, and north of Firth of Tay in east, -except Pentland Skerries, report scarcity of birds as compared with -last season (1880), and after November birds were unusually scarce. -Writing from North Ronaldshay Mr. Tulloch tells us that birds seldom -come so far north during migration, but usually trend more towards the -mainland. On the west coast, at Rhu Stoir, very few birds are reported -after November in most seasons, and similar reports come from Island -Glass and others of the more northerly stations. The great gales from -W. and S.W. during November and December made all birds scarce at -Monach Island, even Eider Ducks being unusually scarce. At Skerryvore -birds never struck lanterns in flocks this year, but only in scattered -instances. It will thus be seen that the migratory seasons of 1879 and -1881 most closely resemble each other, as regards our Scottish coasts, -whilst that of 1880 was more abnormal, owing to the easterly winds -prevailing. - -It would almost appear that the great rush of migrants in September on -the Bell Rock, and more noticeably on Isle of May, would also account -for the collection of birds at stations on the west coast south of the -Firth of Clyde, as the dates tally with each other on both coasts, to -see which it is only necessary to compare between them under several -of the species. I have also independent reports upon the large crowds -of birds seen passing south over the Solway Firth at these dates, few -of which appear to have been seen north of the Firth of Clyde.[6] -Rushes have not been so large, yet they are indicated with tolerable -precision by the returns. The extremely regular and open winter has no -doubt much to do with this, the temperature in Great Britain having -been higher than for many years previous. But these throbs or rushes -being distinctly traceable is owing, on the other hand, I believe, to -the prevailing wind fully as much as to the severity or non-severity of -the weather. Rushes are normal phenomena in the West of Europe, because -westerly or north-westerly or southwesterly winds usually prevail -there. Regular or more dispersed movements of birds in the West of -Europe are abnormal, because easterly winds are abnormal there. In 1880 -we had a _spread-fan_ of migration, if I may so express it. In 1879 -and 1881, in Scotland, we had a _closed-fan_ of migration. The natural -result of the wide-spread fan is continuous streams of migration and -no rushes; that of the closed-fan great throbs and rushes, for birds -prefer to travel with a beam wind and wait for favourable winds, and -do not often voluntarily start on their flight with a following wind. -The occurrence of the white-spotted form of Blue-throated Warbler after -a succession of tremendous S.E. gales, culminating in the dreadful -hurricane of Oct. 14th, clearly shows, I think, that acts of voluntary -migration do not take place in following winds. This Bluethroat was -caught up and borne away, _nolens volens_, and our Mid-Atlantic notes -in 1880 show similar abnormal results from prevalence of easterly -gales. It is to be regretted that we have no returns this season from -Mid-Atlantic, owing to Mr. Anderson's engagements in the Mediterranean. -Even total absence or perfectly negative evidence of birds in -Mid-Atlantic would have given us a valuable standpoint as compared with -the great mortality of 1880.[7] - -[Footnote 6: Mr. R. Service contributes the following:--"The severe -gales retarded the migration of the shore birds during October to a -great extent, causing them to "accumulate" in our district for several -weeks. On October 12th I saw a twenty-acre field completely covered -with Lapwings. At the same time, and for about a fortnight afterwards, -the number of birds on the Solway banks was most extraordinary. The -great majority of these were Bar-tailed Godwits, Oystercatchers, -and Knots. Just outside the line of breakers opposite the rocks at -Southerness Point, Scaups and Scoters were especially numerous, diving -above the mussel beds. As they rose and fell on the crests of the -heaving waves these birds formed many an interesting and beautiful -group."] - -[Footnote 7: I may mention here that I have made an endeavour to enlist -the whaling captains of Dundee in our service, but have not yet learned -whether it has been successful or not. I had copies of the British -Association Abstract reprinted in a cheap form, and I sent a bundle to -Dundee for distribution amongst the captains. Should Mr. Anderson yet -give us any Mediterranean statistics, they can appear as an Appendix to -our Report for 1882.] - -The lines of migration indicated in my Report of Scotland for 1879 and -1880, and conclusions drawn from statistics of these two years, appear -to me to be borne out by those of 1881, as regards the semicircular -form of the migration, an account of which I have already given in our -last report (_op. cit._, pp. 18, 19). - -The subject of heights of lanterns and their colours as attractions -for birds has not developed as yet any fresh facts, but, with the -conviction that they will yet do so, I still retain the table of -heights given. Actual experiment, however, would very likely very soon -set this part of the subject at rest (vide General Remarks, East Coast -of Scotland Report, 1880, pp. 19, 20). A light-vessel or two placed in -an equally favourable position with, let us say, the Isle of May or the -Bell Rock on the east coast, or at some point north of Tweed, would, -I believe, soon show us whether the preponderance of records south -of the Tweed is entirely due to old-established lines of migration, -or to the number of light-vessels on the English coast, or partly to -both. It would, I think, assist in proving or disproving theories of -land-communications which have been advanced and disputed by previous -writers. At present we cannot positively state from our present data -whether an actual or only an apparent preponderance of birds pass south -of the Tweed in autumn. It appears a little curious to find, however, -a highway of migration by the Pentland Firth so much further north -than the stations mentioned. Writing from North Ronaldshay Mr. Tulloch -remarks upon the usual scarcity of birds there, and says "they keep -more direct for the mainland"; and he remarks also upon the abundance -of birds seen in September and November at Pentland Skerries, where -he was lighthouse-keeper for four years. He remarks on the abundance -of Mountain Thrushes, Blackbirds, Owls, Woodcocks, Wrens, Robins, and -Titmice which occur there when the wind is from the east, and from -which station I have a large numerical return this year. This at first -sight appears to be a contradiction of what I have said about the -bulk of the birds passing south of Bell Rock, but, be it noted, the -prevailing winds at Pentland Skerries from August 23rd to September -12th were from points between north and south by east, but never by -west, and thereafter, between September 14th and October 10th, they -were prevailing south to south-west, but never west or north-west. -From October 14th they backed to north-east, and easterly winds again -prevailed here on till late in November. The isolated position of the -lights at Pentland Skerries, combined with the local prevalence of -easterly winds, is perhaps sufficient to account for the large mass of -the records. At all events I think the Pentland Skerries returns are -deserving, both now and in future, of special attention and study, and -I look upon it as a particularly interesting station. - -Isle of May stands this year at the head of the list for numerical -returns, I having received seven full schedules from Mr. Agnew, -principally referring to autumn migration. Next comes Bell Rock, but -two out of three schedules refer to spring migration, of which more -anon. Then Sumburgh Head and Pentland Skerries, about equal, but -the latter rather the larger, both returning three filled schedules, -principally autumn migration.[8] - -[Footnote 8: Besides several more relating to 1882.] - -Regarding the spring migration, the Bell Rock and the Isle of May -have hitherto held their place as yielding the largest returns, and -very considerable numerical returns are given for 1881. Now, Sandwich -Terns pass every spring up north along the coast of Forfarshire, but -shoot off from the land again, and do not breed upon much of the -suitable lands they pass over. An occasional pair of birds do remain -and breed, as is shown by the nesting of this species on Inch Mickery, -in the Firth of Forth, this past season, and on a previous occasion -at the same place. In the same way we know that Grey Plover, Knot, -and Bar-tailed Godwit shoot off the land at Spurn Point, as they are -obtained there in full breeding dress, but nowhere to the north of it -in breeding plumage, except in isolated cases. The routes of spring -migrants, while they are usually more direct than those of autumn -migrants, are perhaps more difficult to trace, and our statistics as -yet are far from perfect. Since the above remarks were penned I have a -well-filled schedule from Isle of May relating to the spring migration -of 1882, which, however, will be included in our next Report. - -The extraordinarily large migration of raptorial birds is worth a -remark here, and it is interesting to find with what regularity and -precision such foreign species as the Rough-legged Buzzard recur -year after year along certain very clearly defined lines, records of -captures constantly indicating this. - -It will be seen that the results of our statistics on the Scottish -coasts show a "closed-fan" of migration, owing to prevalence of -westerly winds, except at Pentland Skerries, where local easterly -winds blew at the times of migration in September and November, and on -the Scottish coast, from Bell Rock and southward, we had the greatest -rushes, whilst further south, on the English coasts, there was an -"open-fan" of migration, owing to a prevalence of east winds. - - - - -WEST COAST OF ENGLAND. - - -Schedules, &c., were forwarded to forty lighthouses and light-vessels -on the west coast of England; from twenty-four returns have been -received. The absence of returns is in some cases due to accident, -_e. g._, at Caernarvon L.V., Mr. Bowen, the keeper, had been disabled -with a broken rib, the result of a fall on board in a gale of wind, -and there had been several changes of mates within a short period. -In part, absence of reports is accounted for by the situation of the -station--_e. g._, at Nash are two lighthouses, and from the western -one, Mr. Richards, who last year supplied us with a well-filled -schedule, having retired from the service, his successor objected to -continue the work on the ground that it is so near to Nash E. On Lundy -Island also are two stations close to each other, and last year the two -reports therefrom were almost identical in every particular instance. -Menai is reported as being out of the track of birds migrating, as also -St. Bees. Still we should be glad to hear from these and the other -stations that have not reported, and hope that next year all will send -in returns, however slight, as "every little helps." Special thanks are -due to those who have reported; they have given themselves considerable -trouble, which will, however, not be thrown away; and the novelty and -interesting nature of the work may in some degree perhaps compensate -them for their pains. Mr. Baker writes, from Milford, "It would be a -great help if a book could be supplied to different reporters, with a -print of the different birds in it." If funds can be raised, we hope in -time to & able to supply this want. - -To Mr. Thompson we are indebted for a report from a new station, -Allonby, on Solway Firth, which promises to be a good one, and -which--being the northernmost on this coast--now heads our list. - -The numbers of the stations differ from those of last year's report, -beginning at 121 instead of 110 (the last included in Report of West -Coast of Scotland being 120). The following is the list, those from -which returns have been received being marked with an asterisk (*):-- - - 121. *Allonby, L.H. C. Donald Thompson. - 122. *St. Bees, L.H.; the tower 55 feet high, on cliffs estimated at - 300 to 350 feet. R. E. Pizey. - 123. *Morecambe Bay, L.V.; centre of light above sea-level, 36 feet. - Henry Clavell, P. K.; Dl. Kneale, mate. - 124. *Air, L.H. C. H. Aveston. - 125. *Menai, L.H. Joseph Steer, P. K. - 126. *Skerries, L.H. J. Garrett, P. K.; H. Knott. - 127. *Holyhead Breakwater, L.H. R. Prichard. - 128. North Stack, Fog Horn Station. John Harvey, gunner. - 129. *South Stack, L.H. W. E. Burgess. - 130. Caernarvon Bay, L.V.; centre of light above sea-level, 37 feet. - W. Bowen. - 131. *St. Tudwal's, L.H. W. Davies. - 132. *Bardsey, L.H. Thomas Bowen. - 133. Cardigan Bay, L.V. - 134. *Bull Point, L.H.; centre of light above high water level, 154 - feet. George Knott. - 135. South Bishop, L.H. John White. - 136. Smalls, L.H. W. Boulton. - 137. *Great Castle Head, L.H. W. S. Spicer. - 138. *Milford (Low), L.H. Fixed, white; centre of light from ground, - 26 feet; Headland 150 feet from sea-level. (Syren fog horn - 5 seconds every 3 minutes during fog, snow, or thick - weather, about equidistant from each light). G. Baker. - 139. Milford (High), L.H. Fixed, white, showing red at entrance to - harbour. G. Baker. - (These two are looked upon as one station). - 140. Caldy, L.H. Centre of light above sea-level, about 250 feet. - W. Ebben, P. K. - 141. Helwick, L.V. Thomas Cornell, mate. - 142. Scarweather, L.V. Henry Jenkins. - 143. Nash (Low or W.), L.H.--Wilson. - 144. *Nash (High or E.), L.H. Three lights: 1, upper, white, fixed, - visible 19 miles; 2, fixed, red, shown from a window - below lantern, shown N. of N.W. 1/4 W., which bearing - will lead 1/4 mile S. of Breaksea Buoy; 3, a ray of red - shown from a window below Breaksea light, extending - over an arc between S.S.E. 3/4 E. and S.E. 3/4 S., about - 2-1/2 cables southward of Tuskar Buoy. H. T. Nicholas. - 145. Breaksea, L.V. - 146. *Flatholm, L.H. W. Dale, P. K. - 147. *Usk, L.H. Centre of light above sea-level, about 50 feet. Amos - Russell. - 148. Avon, L.H. William Taylor. - 149. *Burnham, L.H. About 100 feet above sea-level. William Lewis. - 150. *Bideford, L.H. Low light, white, centre above sea-level 48 feet; - Upper light white, centre above sea-level 96 feet. Edwd. - Roberts. - 151. Lundy Fog Gun Station. John Morgan. - 152. *Lundy, L.H. Upper light revolving, powerful white, about 540 - feet above sea-level. James Parsons. - 153. *Hartland Point, L.H. John Griffiths. - 154. Trevose Head, L.H. Fixed, white; upper 180 feet and lower - 120 feet above sea-level. W. Bowen. - 155. *Godrevy, L.H. Richard Trahair. - 156. *Longships, L.H. Red towards shore; lantern 110 feet above - high-water mark. William Jones, P. K. - 157. Sevenstones, L.V. Daniel Norton. - 158. Wolfrock, L.H. W. D. Crask. - 159. *Scilly, L.H. White, 150 feet above sea-level. E. L. Davis. - 160. Bishop Rock, L.H. - -In the above list particulars of colour and height of lights, &c., are -given where omitted from list of last year or where there have been -alterations. Notes on the spring migration, being but few, have not -been drawn up in a distinct report. Next year it is hoped that these -may be much fuller and more general. - -Altogether about sixty-two species have been noticed on this -coast-line, including about fourteen species of Gulls and Water-birds. - - -To the various observers, and to the Trinity Superintendents, Mr. -Davison, Mr. Evans, and Mr. Tregarthen, our thanks are given for their -continued interest and kind assistance. - - - -SEPARATE REPORT ON EACH SPECIES. - -Song Thrush, _Tardus musicus_, Linn.; Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris, -Linn.--Spring: At Scilly, from Jan. 13th to 25th, large flocks of -Thrushes, Fieldfares, Larks, and Starlings remained during the snow. At -Godrevy, on 14th, a great number of Thrushes, Starlings, and Lapwings -from noon to 4 p.m., fresh E.S.E. breeze, frost and snow. At Air (River -Dee), on March 30th, a Common Thrush was seen, at 9 a.m., light -N.W. breeze, mist.--Autumn: Earliest date recorded Oct. 24th, when -one killed at Godrevy, 1.30 a.m., mod. S.S.E. breeze, mist and rain; -latest notice Dec. 24th, at Skerries, one killed, 3 a.m., strong S.S.W. -breeze, misty. - -Redwing, _Turdus iliacus_, Linn.--Separately noticed at Godrevy only, -namely, Nov. 4th, at 3.30 a.m., one killed, fresh S.W. by S. breeze, -mist and rain. On Nov. 13th, one killed, 6.10 p.m., fresh S.S.W. -breeze, fog. On 22nd, at 2 p.m., one struck, fresh W.S.W. gale, squally -and misty. - -Blackbird, _Turdus merula_, Linn.--Autumn: First notice Sept. 28th, at -Morecambe Bay, "one cock Blackbird in the vicinity." Through October -the notices are more frequent and general. At Skerries, South Stack, -and at Bull Point, on 25th and 26th, several struck and some were -killed. At Bull Point, Oct. 31st, "a female" struck against the W. side -of the lantern, 1.40 a.m., light S.E. breeze, cloudy, misty. The only -stations reporting occurrences in November are Allonby, where through -the month "a good many were about the hedgerows"; and one instance at -Morecambe Bay (where none were seen in October), _viz._ on 4th, "a -young female in vicinity." The next and last notice is Godrevy, where -on Dec. 25th, at 6 a.m., one struck, gentle S.W. breeze, clear. - -Wheatear, _Saxicola œnanthe_, Linn.--On Sept. 23rd, at South Stack, -between 12 and 2 a.m., several struck and one was killed, light S.E. -gloomy, misty. This is the only instance given. - -Redbreast, _Erithacus rubecula_, Linn.--Spring: At Great Castle Head, -on Jan. 20th, also on Feb. 1st, 4th, and 24th, "two or three Robins and -Sparrows" were noticed about 7 a.m., mod. S.S.E., E.S.E., S.W., and -N. breezes respectively. On March 1st, at 9 a.m., two Robins and two -Magpies, fresh N.W. breeze, gloomy and showery, with snow. Autumn: On -Oct. 28th, at Morecambe Bay, "a female Redbreast" in vicinity, 10 a.m., -mod. N.N.E. breeze. - -Nightingale, _Daulias luscinia_, Linn.--Spring: On April 22nd, at -Burnham, "heard at 5 a.m. for first time, being one day later than last -year, and in the very same spot."--W. Lewis, P. K. - -Goldcrest, _Regulus cristatus_, Koch; Chiffchaff, _Phylloscopus -collybita_, Vieill.--Spring: On May 2nd, at Nash E., 200 Chiffchaffs -were counted from 1 a.m. to sunrise, light E. air, haze; 196 were -killed. Autumn: On Oct. 26th, at South Stack, a few Goldcrests from 12 -to 4 a.m., one killed, gentle E. breeze. The same day, at Morecambe -Bay, one (cock) Goldcrest flew on board, struck the deck-house and -fell on deck, but was not killed; and at Nash, the same day, 12 to 18 -Chiffchaffs passed at 4 a.m., and 6 were killed, light E.N.E. breeze, -rain. On Dec. 31st, at 3 a.m., one Goldcrest struck at South Stack, -light S.W. breeze, cloudy. From Flatholm, Mr. Dale reports "Gold -crested Wrens and Chiffchaffs not so numerous as usual in the autumn." -Taking the whole family of the Turdidæ, the chief movement as observed -on the west coast occurred the latter end of October: this, we find, -agrees with a general movement of the family noticed on both coasts -of Scotland, and also a rush from E. to W. observed on the English -east coast. On Oct. 14th was "a whole gale" from the E., after which -the winds continued E. and S.E. to the end of the month--the force -when noted ranging from 2 to 7. With the exception of the Redwing, -and excepting the note of Blackbirds and of Robins seen at Allonby, -there has scarcely been an instance recorded of any of the family -seen throughout November. There is an absolute absence of Fieldfares, -and the scarcity of the family generally is remarked on from many -stations. Thus, from Allonby, Mr. Thompson writes (Nov., 1881), "No -Fieldfares seen in this part, which is very unusual." At Skerries, of -Blackbirds, Thrushes, Fieldfares, &c., "very few are now seen." At -Lundy, "till January," Mr. Parsons writes, "we had no birds on the -islands, only now and then a Blackbird or Thrush." At Usk, Blackbird -and Thrush seen occasionally. And from Nash E., Mr. Nicholas, P.K., -writes in October, "Blackbirds and Thrushes have been very scarce since -the gale and snowstorm of Jan. 18th last," and "not one Thrush has -been seen here since January." Note:--At Bardsey, however, Mr. Bowen -says of Blackbirds, Grey-birds (?), Jackdaws, House and _Common (?)_ -Sparrows, and Starlings, that they are resident. Does this mean that -they are seen all the year round; even so, is there no increase and -decrease in the number noticeable, and if so, when? Are _Grey_-birds -the Grey-backed Crows? What is the difference between "House" and -"Common" Sparrow? Does the latter mean the Hedgesparrow, or is one the -Tree Sparrow? If there be any doubt, a specimen, or the skin, head, or -wings sent through the post would serve to identify the species. - -Wren, _Troglodytes parvulus_, Koch.--Autumn: First notice Sept. 4th, -at Skerries, at 2 a.m., several struck the glass and remained till -daybreak, light S.S.W. breeze, hazy. On 24th, at South Stack, a few -struck between 9 and 10 p.m., W.N.W., fog. And on Sept. 30th, at Bull -Point, one struck N.E. side of the lantern, with a mod. S.S.E. breeze, -hazy (not a following wind). On Oct. 23rd, at Skerries, Wrens with -Linnets were flying about all day; and--the latest notice--on 26th, one -passed Morecambe Bay L.V. at sunrise, flying N. - -Wagtail, _Motacilla (?)_.--Spring: On Feb. 10th, at Great Castle -Head, four Dishwashers at 5 a.m., strong S.S.W. breeze, showery and -foggy.--Autumn: The first notice at Nash E., on Aug. 21st, "thirty to -forty Wagtails passed S.W.," 6 a.m., mod. S.S.E. breeze, very clear. -They are not again noticed till Sept. 8th, at Bull Point, when about -two dozen "Dishwashers and Linnets" passed inland, 6 a.m., S.S.W., -calm, clear. On the 19th, at Morecambe Bay, three Wagtails flying S.W., -7.30 a.m., gentle N.W. breeze; and on the 25th, "one" flying about the -ship in the forenoon. On Oct. 5th, one flying S. by E., mod. N.E. by N. -breeze; and on 7th, one flying N.W., light S.S.W. breeze. This is the -last recorded, except at Allonby, where, Mr. Thompson writes on 20th, -"Wagtails are common in these parts." - -Meadow Pipit, _Anthus pratensis_, Linn.--Autumn: First notice Aug. -25th, at Nash, "eight Titlarks passed S.," strong S.W. breeze, rain. -At Morecambe Bay, Sept. 25th, light N.W. breeze, some passed S.S.E. -On 27th, "one or two at a time going N.N.W., W., and S.W.," a gentle -N.W. by N. breeze; and on 28th, going S.W., light S. by E. breeze. Till -Oct. 25th are constant notices of small flocks passing, their general -direction being S.W. and S.: wind ranging from calm to mod. gale, but -generally (when instances noted) not strong; till 8th easterly, then -till 16th W. prevailing; after which E., with more or less of N. Time -of records for the most part, the forenoon. At Longships, on Oct. 28th, -one fluttered about the lantern at midnight, fresh N. to N.W. breeze, -drizzly. This is the last notice till Nov. 29th, when at Morecambe Bay -L.V. Titlarks were seen at 7.40 a.m., flying N.E., mod. N.W. by W. -breeze. - -Rock Pipit, _Anthus obscurus_, Lath.--At St. Tudwal's, in Jan., 1882, -"two pairs of Sea Larks" are reported, with the note, "they remain here -for the winter" (Is the Rock Pipit meant by Sea Lark? If a specimen -were procured and sent by post it might easily be identified; or is it -the Ringed Dotterel?). - -Swallow, _Hirundo rustica_, Linn.--Autumn: First notice at Skerries, -Aug. 14th, "two land-swallows flying about the island this morning." -Next notice Sept. 3rd and 4th, at Milford, "a considerable quantity"; -and on 10th Sept., at Bideford, "hundreds flying round and lighting on -lantern," 5 p.m., calm E., fine, misty. On 18th and 25th several were -seen from Skerries and from Morecambe Bay, flying S. and S.S.E: and on -Oct. 2nd and 3rd some passed Morecambe Bay, flying S.E. by S., and S. -On 7th, five were seen at Godrevy, 12.15 p.m.; and on 19th, at Bull -Point, "a large flock passed, flying E.," strong E.S.E. breeze, this -being the latest instance recorded. - -Martin, _Chelidon urbica_, Linn.--Autumn: Sept. 24th, at Skerries, -several were seen flying about the island with Swallows during the -afternoon. From Flatholm Mr. Dale writes, "about the middle of -September there was an unusually large quantity of Martins for a few -days." - -Greenfinch, _Ligurinus chloris_, Linn.; Yellowhammer, _Emberiza -citrinella_, Linn.--Noticed only at Allonby, where, Oct. 20th, Green -Linnets and Yellowhammers were seen in mixed flocks. - -Sparrow, _Passer domesticus_, Linn.; _P. montanus_, Linn.--Spring: On -Jan. 12th, at North Stack, "a flock of Mountain Sparrows" flying S.W., -strong N.E. breeze, snow. At Great Castle Head, on 30th, "Sparrows -with Robins"; and the notices are continuous throughout February (on -14th with "Ravens"). In March, 4th and 10th, "Sparrows with Robins." -On 31st, "a flight of Sparrows." The time of the observations mostly -between 6 and 8 a.m.; the weather invariably gloomy or foggy; breeze -gentle to strong, and southerly, except on 24th N., and on 31st E.N.E.; -the direction of flight not noted. Autumn: Sept. 11th, at Nash, "large -flocks of Common Sparrows passed S.W.," light N.E. breeze. On 12th, -"twenty" in same direction, light N., misty. At Bardsey, House and -Common Sparrow (?) reported "resident all the year round." - -Chaffinch, _Fringilla cœlebs_, Linn.--Autumn: Sept. 6th, at Nash, -"fifteen to twenty Chaffinches struck at midnight, four killed," mod. -E. breeze, rain. On Oct. 17th, at Morecambe Bay, one, flying W.N.W., -mod. S. breeze; and on 19th, one, flying S.E., mod. S.E. gale. - -Linnet, _Linota cannabina_, Linn.--Autumn: First notice at Nash, Sept. -7th, "a large flock of Linnets passed W. at 9 p.m.," fresh E.S.E. -breeze, mist. On 8th, at Bull Point, "about two dozen Linnets and -Dishwashers," 6 a.m., passing inland, S.S.W., calm, clear. On 25th, -at Skerries, "many Linnets and Wrens all night striking the light," -only a few killed, mod. W.S.W. breeze, misty. On 27th, at South Stack, -"about fifty Linnets" passed W.N.W. at 7 a.m., gentle N.N.W. breeze, -fine and clear. From this station flocks were observed till Oct. 16th -passing N.W. or W.N.W., with light S.E. wind. At Skerries they were -again noticed between Oct. 17th and 27th, generally with Larks, once -with Blackbirds also, and once "Linnets and Wrens"; wind on every -occasion S.E. or E.S.E., light breeze to fresh gale. On 24th and 25th, -fresh E.S.E. gale, "Linnets, Larks, and Blackbirds passed all night, -many striking, and a few being killed." On Oct. 16th, at Milford, -"a considerable number passed." At Godrevy, Nov. 7th, one struck, -light S.S.W. breeze, clear. The latest is reported from Milford, Nov. -23rd, "a considerable number with Larks have been about the land here -the last few days," fresh breeze to mod. gale S.S.W. to W., "which -prevented their going farther." - -Bullfinch, _Pyrrhula europæ_ (Vieill.).--Oct. 28th at Morecambe Bay, a -female noticed at 2 p.m., mod. N.N.E. breeze. - -Sky Lark, _Alauda arvensis_, Linn.--Spring: From Jan. 13th to 25th, -"Sky Larks seen at Lundy and at Scilly." On 11th, "a quantity" arrived -with Plovers and Starlings at Milford, and remained all day. On 12th -and 13th, at South Stack, "continuous flocks of Larks and Starlings -passed," fresh N.E. breeze, snow. Autumn: Sept. 24th, "a flock of -Sky Larks" passed S.E., 3 p.m., mod. S.E. breeze, mist. On 25th, at -Morecambe Bay, "three," and on 27th, at same hour, 10 a.m., "two -passed" N.E., gentle N.W. by N. breeze. On 29th, at Nash, "a few -Larks with Starlings" passed at noon, gentle E.N.E. breeze, mist. At -Morecambe, Oct. 5th, one passed S., mod. E. by S. breeze. On 16th, -three passed W.S.W., light N.N.E. breeze. At Skerries, throughout -October, notices of passing chiefly at night, striking, and some -killed; wind mod. S.E. to E.S.E. On 16th, at South Stack, "a flock of -Larks accompanying a flock of Linnets" passed W.N.W., light S.E. air. -On 21st, at Milford, a flight passed inland, 1 p.m., E.S.E. clear (the -following night there was a fresh gale). In November, at Morecambe, -on 4th, "a female"; and at Milford, 23rd, "a considerable number with -Linnets been about the last few days," S.S.W. to W. fresh breeze to -mod. gale. On Dec. 2nd, at Morecambe, "a male Sky Lark came on board -and was caught," 7.45 a.m., mod. S.W. breeze, gloomy, misty. At -Skerries, on 22nd, "a few Larks" struck from 10 to 11 p.m., one being -killed, gentle E.N.E. breeze. - -Starling, _Sturnus vulgaris_, Linn.--Spring: At South Stack, Jan. 12th -and 13th, Starlings and Larks. On 14th, at Godrevy, "a great number -with Thrushes and Lapwings" from noon to 4 p.m., fresh E.S.E. breeze, -frost and snow. At Scilly, 13th to 25th, "large flocks with Larks and -Fieldfares." On 7th several at Nash, and on 16th "flocks" passing -N.W., light air, misty. On Feb. 16th, at Great Castle Head, "six were -seen with Ravens," 4 p.m., mod. S.S.E. breeze, rain; and at Scilly, -on 22nd, with Lapwings, Plovers, and Curlews, 9 a.m., strong E.N.E. -breeze. Autumn: First notice at Nash, Aug. 13th, "a small flock" passed -S.W., 9 a.m., gentle W. breeze, fog; so also on 19th, mod. E. breeze, -mist. On Sept. 24th "a small flock" passed S.E., mod. S.E. breeze, -mist, rain. On 29th, "twenty-four Starlings and a few Larks" passed -S.W. at noon, gentle E.N.E. breeze, mist. At Morecambe, Sept. 27th, -at 11.50 p.m., "two going W. and chirping loud," light W. air. On -Oct. 1st, at Scilly, "flocks flying about in the morning," mod. S.E. -breeze. On 13th, at South Stack, 7.30 a.m., "a very large flock rushed -on the island," fresh N.N.W. breeze; they passed to E.; on 17th a few -passed, two struck, but were not killed. On 19th, at Morecambe, one -going S.S.E. at 8 a.m., and at 3.23 p.m. three going S.E., mod. S.E. -gale. On 25th, one going E., mod. E. breeze. At Nash, on 21st, fifty -to sixty passed, 4 a.m., fresh E.S.E. breeze, mist, rain (11 killed); -and on 27th, at about the same hour, 100 to 150 passed to S.W., 10 -to 20 struck, 4 killed, mod. E.N.E. breeze. At Bideford, throughout -October, hundreds seen often in the morning, flying past from N.W. -to E., to feed on Branston Burrows. In November, at South Stack, on -12th, flocks passed S., about fifty rested on the island, 8 a.m., mod. -S.W. breeze, fine, clear. On 15th, at Morecambe, a flock at 10.55 a.m. -passed, flying E.S.E., fresh S. breeze, mist, rain. At Nash, the same -day and hour, 200 to 300 passed S.W., fresh S. breeze, mist (one white -Starling among them); on 24th, twelve to eighteen passed at 8 a.m., -strong S.W. breeze, clear. On Dec. 14th, 300 passed S.W. at noon, mod. -S.W. breeze, mist, rain; and constant occurrences are noted at this -station up to Feb. 7th, 1882. On Dec. 23rd a large flock passed to E., -8.30 a.m., calm; and on 31st, at same hour, a large flock passed to -S.E., gentle S.S.E. breeze, fine and clear. On Jan. 16th, 1882, at 7.50 -p.m., some struck the lantern, strong S. breeze, misty. At Skerries, -on 17th, a great many passed all night, fifteen killed, strong S.W. -breeze, mist; and at sunrise large flocks flying towards the land. On -20th, at Hartland Point, one struck, 9 p.m., calm. From Flatholm they -are reported to have been very scarce. - -Magpie, _Pica rustica_, Scop.--On March 1st, Great Castle Head, two -Magpies and three Robins seen, 9 a.m., mod. N.W. breeze, gloomy, -showery. - -Jackdaw, _Corvus monedula_, Linn.--Autumn: In October it is reported -from Allonby that a number of Jackdaws frequent these parts. On Oct. -25th, at Morecambe L.V., one seen at noon going S. by W., lighted on -mizen-mast a moment, and then flew away very tired, strong E. breeze, -clear. - -Crow, _Corvus cornix_, Linn.; Chough, _Pyrrhocorax graculus_, -Linn.--Spring: Feb. 18th, at Great Castle Head, "four Muscle Crows," -5 a.m., mod. to fresh E. breeze. On 22nd, at 7 a.m., six, E.N.E. On -March 22nd, at 8 a.m., four Crows with two Ravens, strong breeze W.S.W. -to mod. gale; and on 26th, four Crows. Autumn: Sept. 13th, at Nash, a -small flock of Choughs passed S.W. at 3 p.m., gentle N.N.W. breeze, -clear. At Morecambe, Sept. 28th, one Crow in vicinity, 11.20 a.m., -gentle S. breeze, slight fog. On Oct. 13th, at Nash, a very large flock -of Crows and Gulls seen inland from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., mod. W. breeze, -very clear; and on Dec. 14th, 40 Crows (with 300 Starlings) at noon, -mod. S.W. breeze. On Jan. 20th, 100 with Gulls passed S.W., 11 a.m. -(Would some of these notices refer to Rooks?) - -Rook, _Corvus frugilegus_, Linn.--Nov. 6th, at Allonby, a great many -Rooks coming from N., flying S., strong S.W. breeze. - -Raven, _Corvus corax_, Linn.--Spring: At Great Castle Head, Feb. 14th, -two with Sparrows, 4 p.m., strong S. breeze, showers. On 15th, two with -Starlings at same hour, mod. S.S.E. breeze. On March 22nd, two, and -four Crows, 8 a.m., strong W.S.W. breeze, showers. - -Cuckoo, _Cuculus canorus_, Linn.--Spring: At Air (River Dee), on April -10th, a male and female seen, 4.30 p.m., mod. S.S.E. breeze, clear. On -19th, at Burnham, Cuckoo heard, weather very cold. At Nash, on 15th, -eleven Cuckoos passed N.W. from 1 to 3 p.m., calm, mist. On 16th, five -passed N.W. from 8 to 9 a.m., light E.S.E. air, mist. On May 4th, four -passed S.W. at 9 a.m., gentle E.S.E. breeze, mist, rain. - -Falcon, _Falco peregrinus_ (Tunstall).--At Morecambe L.V., Nov. 21st, -3.30 p.m., a Falcon Hawk fell in the water close to the L.V., very -tired, was drowned. At Hartland Point, Jan. 24th, 1882, a very large -Hawk seen at a distance, 3.30 p.m., calm and clear. - -Cormorant, _Phalacrocorax carbo_, Linn.--At Skerries, from May to -September, Cormorants and Curlews seen occasionally. At Bideford, in -September, a few Shags. At Morecambe, Oct. 9th, one Cormorant going W., -2.15 p.m., strong N.W. breeze, about through the day. - -Gannet, _Sula bassana_, Linn.--Spring: At Holyhead, April 29th, four -crossed, 1 p.m., flying from E. to W., mod. S.W. gale. Autumn: At -Skerries, Sept. 11th, several at sunrise flying W. at a great height, -mod. N.E., clear. At Morecambe, Oct. 7th, 7 a.m., one going S.; and on -8th, one going E. On 9th a good many, and on 10th a few were seen. At -Hartland Point, Nov. 20th, several flying to and fro (and during the -whole of the month). - -Heron, _Ardea cinerea_, Linn.--At Skerries, Sept. 8th, one alighted -close to the lighthouse, 6 p.m., calm and fine. At Allonby, Oct. 20th, -several observed at 11 a.m. coming from the north, flying S., fresh -N.E. breeze, clear. - -Goose, _Anser (?)_--Spring: At Nash E., passing W. in January. At -Sevenstones, on 11th, several flocks passed, flying W.; and at Scilly -on 25th, three were seen. On Dec. 13th, at Hartland Point, Geese in -flights going E., and on 23rd several birds going in same direction. -On Jan. 17th, 1882, several (single birds, not in flights) during the -morning flying W. These are all the instances noted. - -Sheldrake, _Tadorna cornuta_, Gmel.--March 29th, at Air (River Dee), -forty-one pairs at sunrise, gentle W.N.W. breeze. Oct. 17th, at -Allonby, two flying S., 8 p.m., mod. S.E. breeze. - -Duck, _Anas boschas_, Linn.; _Mareca penelope_, L.; _Œdemia(?)_; -_Querquedula crecca_, Linn.--Spring: At Godrevy, on Jan. 6th, a flock -of Ducks and a Mallard flying W. On 13th and 14th, at Nash, flocks of -Wild Ducks flying W. On 26th, at St. Tudwal's, "Ducks." On March 18th, -Bardsey, three Ducks and one Drake Wigeon, at 1.30 a.m., mod. S.S.W. -breeze, sleet. Autumn: First notice Sept. 1st, at Holyhead, large -flocks of Wild Ducks in bay, 11.30 a.m., fresh N.E. breeze, clear. At -Godrevy, on 15th, four "Black Ducks" (? Scoters), 1.30 p.m., mod. N. by -E. breeze, clear. At Morecambe, on 14th and 15th, at 7 a.m., Wild Ducks -flying S.S.W., light W. breeze, clear. During the first two weeks of -October Wild Ducks are reported as passing towards the S.W., S.E., and -S., the greatest number on the 9th; and on 19th and 24th, Black Ducks -going S.E. or S.S.W. At Scilly, on 18th, three Wild Ducks, strong S.E. -breeze. At Nash, on 21st, four Wild Ducks (Black Ducks) at 3.30 a.m. -struck, one killed, strong E.S.E. breeze. On 26th, at Allonby, five -Grey Ducks at 1.30 p.m., strong E. breeze, clear. In November Black -Ducks and Wild Ducks were noticed from Morecambe Bay, Godrevy, and Air, -passing to S. or E. At Godrevy, Dec. 14th, at 8.30 p.m., one Wild Duck -was killed, fresh N. breeze, clear; and at Air, to Dec. 9th, flocks -of Wild Ducks passed inland about sunset. At Morecambe, on Dec. 2nd, -some were seen flying S.W.; and from Dec. 2nd to 11th Wild Ducks in -numbers--from one and two to thirteen--passed, flying N.W., N.N.W. (and -once W.N.W., with strong W.N.W. breeze), wind S.S.W. or mod. S.S.E., -generally mist or rain. Time of observation varying from 8.30 a.m. to -3.30 p.m. On 27th one passed, flying S., gentle N.W. breeze. At Nash, -on 20th, fifteen Ducks passed at midnight, two struck (not killed). On -29th, forty to fifty passed S. at 3.20 p.m., light S.W. breeze, fog; on -same day, at 3.30 a.m., 100 to 150 Teal passed S.W. On 31st, four Ducks -passed S.W. at 4 a.m., strong S.W. breeze, clear. On Jan. 24th about -200 seen close to the cliffs all day. - -Wood Pigeon, _Columba palumbus_, Linn.--On June 22nd, at Nash, two Wood -Pigeons struck (one killed), 2 a.m., mod. W. breeze. At Skerries, Aug. ---, two Pigeons seen in the afternoon, remained some time. On Oct. -21st, at Nash, at 4 p.m., one killed, fresh E.S.E. breeze. On Nov. -30th, at Allonby, flocks of Wood Pigeons coming from E., flying W., -strong S.W. breeze, cloudy. - -Landrail, _Crex pratensis_, Bechst.--At Nash, June 19th, one killed at -1 a.m., light N. air, fog; again on Oct. 29th, one killed, 3.50 a.m., -light E.N.E. breeze, mist. - -Golden Plover, _Charadrius pluvialis_, Linn.--Spring: At Nash, between -Jan. 3rd and 11th, flocks of Plovers, Peewits, and Starlings passed W. -or N.W. At Bardsey, Feb. 11th, flocks of four and five Golden Plovers -were flying about the island in the daytime, mod. N.E. gale, sleet. -Autumn: Sept. 19th, at Skerries, two remained till evening. At Allonby, -Oct. 20th, Golden Plovers in flocks. At Nash, Dec. 10th, fifty to sixty -Plovers passed W. at 2 p.m., light N.E. breeze, mist. In January, 1882, -at St. Tudwal's, two alighted on the island to rest, one flew away with -difficulty to W., mod. W. gale. On 7th, at Nash, three Plovers killed, -4 a.m., strong N. breeze, showers of hail. - -Grey Plover, _Squatarola helvetica_, Linn.--At Allonby, Nov. 7th, three -Grey Plovers seen, one shot, strong S.W. breeze. - -Ring Plover, _Ægialitis hiaticula_, Linn.--At Air, March 29th, forty -Ring Plovers at noon, gentle W.N.W. breeze, clear. - -Dotterel.--At Bideford, in September, hundreds. (Would this be the -Ringed Dotterel?). - -Lapwing, _Vanellus vulgaris_, Bechst.--Spring: At Nash, Jan. 3rd, large -flocks passed W., and on 6th N.W., mod. E. breeze. On 10th, Plovers -and Peewits passed S.W., gentle N.E. breeze; and on 11th, flocks (with -Starlings) passed N.W., light breeze, mist. At Scilly, Jan. 10th, 13th, -and 25th, large flocks of Lapwings and Plovers, mod. E. and N.N.E. -breezes. At Sevenstones, on 11th, large flocks flying W., gentle W.N.W. -breeze, hazy. At Godrevy, on 14th, Lapwings, Starlings, and Thrushes -at 4 p.m., fresh E.S.E. breeze, clear. On 15th, at Skerries, several -were seen flying round the lantern at midnight, strong S.S.W. breeze, -gloomy. At Scilly, Feb. 22nd, 9 a.m., Lapwings with Plovers, Starlings, -and Curlews, strong E.N.E. breeze, mist. Autumn: Aug. 30th, at Air, a -flock hovering about in the morning. This is the only notice from any -station till Oct. 1st, when, at Allonby, large flocks. On 16th, at -Nash, two Peewits and a few Starlings passed S.W., gentle E. breeze, -mist. At Allonby, Nov. 14th, several flocks coming from the north, -flying S., strong S.W. breeze, rain. So on 18th, with gentle E. breeze, -frost. At Morecambe, on Nov. 10th, at 11.30, a flock passed, flying -S.E., fresh W. breeze. On Dec. 12th, at Milford, a considerable number -(probably over 200) seen near, evidently on flight, were following a -leader from the way they flew, light N. breeze, fine sharp frost. On -Dec. 16th, at Nash, 1000 or more Lapwings passed W. at 1 p.m., light -N.E. breeze, mist. At Menai, Peewits all the year round (but is no -increase and decrease of their numbers observable?). - -Turnstone, _Strepsilas interpres_, Linn.--At Allonby, Nov. 28th, small -flocks of about a dozen Turnstones noticed on the shore, gentle S.W. -breeze, clear. - -Oystercatcher, _Hæmatopus ostralegus_, Linn.--On June 7th and 8th, at -Nash, twenty Curlews and Sea-pies passed N., mod. N. to N.W. breeze. At -Bideford, Sept. 17th, hundreds of Sea-pies visit the mussel-beds all -the year with Curlews, Gulls, and Stints. On Oct. 6th, at Air, several -flocks passed E. at different times of the day, mod. N.N.E. breeze. On -20th, at Allonby, flocks. At Skerries they are said to remain all the -year. (But do all remain all the year? What about the young? Is there -no movement noticeable at any time of the year?) - -Woodcock, _Scolopax rusticula_, Linn.; Snipe, _Gallinago cælestis_, -Frenzel.--At Bardsey, Jan. 14th, two passed W. at noon, fresh E. -breeze, mist; on 20th one struck the lantern. At Nash, Jan. 5th, four -Snipe passed S.W. at 3 p.m., fresh E.N.E. breeze, mist. On Oct. 27th, -at Skerries, a Woodcock killed soon after midnight, fresh S.S.E. -breeze. At Nash, Nov. 2nd, two Snipe passed E., mod. E. breeze, rain. -On Dec. 21st, at Skerries, a Woodcock killed at midnight, mod. W.N.W. -gale; and on Dec. 29th, at Nash, four Snipe passed S.W., light S.W. -breeze, mist. - -Stint, _Tringa (?)_; Godwit, _Limosa (?)_.--Sept. 17th, at Bideford, -hundreds of Stints with Sea-pies, &c., between half-ebb and half-flood. -At Allonby, Nov. 8th, a large flock of Stints and Godwits wheeling -about. - -Sanderling, _Calidris arenaria_, Linn.--At Godrevy, Dec. 20th, and -21st, about 11 a.m., mod. S. and W. by S. breezes, a flock passed W.; -and on 25th, at 12.30 a.m., two Sanderlings struck and one was killed, -fresh S.W. breeze, mist. - -Curlew, _Numenius arquata_, Linn.--Spring: At Scilly, from Jan. 13th -to 25th, large flocks, with Lapwings, &c. On 16th, at Skerries, an -unusual number seen all day, mod. breeze, mist. On 22nd Feb. at Scilly, -Starlings and Curlews, E.N.E., strong breeze; and from May to September -they are reported as occasionally seen. At Nash, June 7th and 8th, -twenty Curlews and Seapies passed N. from 6 a.m. to 3 p.m., mod. N. -and N.W. breeze, rain. On 24th to 28th large numbers of Curlews and -Seapies passed S.W. from sunrise to 1 p.m., mod. N.W. to S. breeze, -rain. On July 11th twelve to fifteen Curlews passed S. 9 a.m., fresh W. -breeze, fine. At Air, July 18th, 9.15 p.m., large quantities passed E., -light W.N.W. breeze, rain. Autumn: At Morecambe, first instance, Sept. -18th, one flying about the ship, followed by a Skua; and on 25th, two -flying S.S.E., gentle N.W. breeze. At Menai they are mentioned as being -more plentiful in August and September; and at Bideford, in September, -hundreds at the mussel-beds with Oystercatchers, &c. At Nash, Oct. -6th, eight passed N.W. at 1.30 p.m., light E. breeze. At Morecambe, on -19th, three passed S.W., strong S.E. gale. And at Skerries, on 18th, -Curlews flying about the island all day, mod. S.E. breeze; on 23rd they -were seen all day, light E.S.E. breeze, clear. At Usk, throughout the -winter, large flocks seen on the sands when tide in, and these remained -about till March, 3882. - -Arctic Tern, _Sterna macrura_, Naum.; Lesser Tern, _S. minuta_, -Linn.--At Nash, June 24th to 28th, a large number of Sea Swallows (with -Curlews) passed S.W. from sunrise to 1 p.m., mod. N.W. to S. breeze, -rain. At Skerries, May 1st to September, innumerable quantities of -Arctic Terns or Sea Swallows (come to breed, leaving when young able -to fly). At Bideford, Sept. 17th, a Sea Swallow, 10 p.m., struck the -lantern, and was taken alive, fresh S. breeze, mist. On Sept. 27th, at -Morecambe, three Lesser Terns passed with two Titlarks, flying N.N.W., -gentle N.W. by N. breeze. - -Gull, _Larus_.--Spring: At Great Castle Head, in January up to 20th, -Gulls flew by. At Bull Point, from 11th to 26th, Sea Gulls (grey), -flying rather high, S.W., with mod. breeze from N.W. At Nash, on 9th, -a small flock of Gulls passed N., 11 a.m., light E.N.E. breeze. At -Great Castle Head, March 14th and 18th, four and six Gulls flying -S.S.E. and S.W. Autumn: At Nash, on Aug. 30th, a large flock of Gulls -passed N.W. at 7 a.m., gentle E.N.E. breeze. At South Stack Gulls are -reported as remaining till Aug. 29th. At Bideford hundreds of Common -Gulls seen in September. At Bull Point, on Sept. 16th, a Black-backed -Gull passed W.S.W., 10.15 a.m.; on 17th, at Morecambe, continuous -flocks of Gulls, Black-headed, Grey, and different species. Thence to -Oct. 19th. Flocks of Common Gulls and different species are constantly -recorded; winds from N.N.E. to S.E. by S. (never directly E. or N., -nor indeed N. of E.); greatest number Sept. 19th to 22nd inclusive. At -Nash, Oct. 13th, a very large flock of Gulls and Crows seen inland from -8 a.m. to 4 p.m., mod. W. breeze, very clear. The same on 27th, gentle -E.N.E. breeze, mist. A great number passsed up and down the Channel -from August to October, about sunrise flying N. and at sunset S. At -Allonby, Nov. 14th, it is "noted for some time past a great quantity of -Kittiwakes been on the coast." At Skerries also an unusual number of -Kittiwakes this year; a few Gulls all the year. At Usk large flocks of -Gulls seen occasionally through the window. At Bardsey Gulls resident; -and at Menai always seen. - -Skua, _Stercorarius catarrhactes_, Linn.--The only records from -Morecambe on Sept. 18th, one following a flock of Gulls, and again on -19th and 20th; several on 22nd, in vicinity all day; 23rd, a dozen -going W., 1.30 p.m., gloomy and misty; on 25th, 29th, and 30th a -good many seen. In October, one seen on 23rd chasing Gulls; on 8th, -one going S., gentle E.N.E. breeze; the latest notice on 11th, a few -chasing Gulls. - -Petrel, _Procellaria pelagica_, Linn.--On Sept. 23rd, at Godrevy, -one struck, 9.30 p.m. (not killed), mod. S.S.E. breeze, clear. At -Morecambe, Nov. 22nd, a Stormy Petrel flying W., 2.30 p.m., mod. W. -gale. At St. Tudwal's, Jan. 8th, 1882, four Stormy Petrels rested under -lee of rocks, 3.30 p.m., mod. W. gale. - -Razorbill, _Alca torda_, Linn.--From South Stack we hear Razorbills -left after breeding in the beginning of August, At St. Bees the -beginning of this year (1882), a bird was picked up dead on the shore, -which, from the description and a sketch made by Mr. Pizey, P.K., I -identified as a Razorbill. - -Guillemot, _Lomvia troile_, Linn.--At South Stack they are mentioned in -same note as Razorbills as leaving in beginning of August. At Holyhead, -Sept. 1st, large flocks of Guillemots and Puffins, fresh N.E. breeze, -clear. At Milford, on same date, it is noted that "several during the -past week struck the lantern windows at night; they annually do so at -this time and no other." At Morecambe, Sept. 20th, a great number of -Divers (? Guillemots), with Gulls and Skuas, and so to 26th, when a few -Divers throughout the day. At Hartland Point diving birds were observed -near the shore in January, 1882. At Skerries Guillemots and Puffins are -reported as remaining nearly the year round. (But if not all the year, -when do they leave and when return? Could this be noticed for next -year's report?) - -Puffin, _Fratercula arctica_, Linn.--At Holyhead, Sept. 1st, large -flocks with Guillemots. At Morecambe, Sept. 28th, small flocks of Gulls -and Puffins continuous, and, on Oct. 1st to 28rd, flocks with Gulls -seen in vicinity. - -Birds unknown.--At Hartland Point, Oct. 27th, grey bird at midnight -struck the lantern, fresh E. breeze. At Bardsey Mr. Bowen says grey -birds, &c., are resident. Are Grey Crows meant? At Air, Oct. 29th, -flocks of birds unknown passed before daylight, mod. N.E. breeze. -At Scilly, Oct. 18th, a few migrants later part of the month. At -Morecambe, Oct. 20th, small flocks of small birds going E.S.E., 8.30 -a.m., strong S.E. by E. breeze, clear, a little misty. - - -Additional Remarks. - -Holyhead, Menai, and St. Bees are reported as unfavourable stations -for observation. From Bull Point Mr. Knott writes:--"Very few birds to -be seen. It is a north aspect; more to be seen with a south aspect." -And from Great Castle Head Mr. Spicer writes:--"This being an inland -lighthouse there is scarcely a bird to be seen for days, and then by -chance you might see some away in the fields." - -Most of the stations report scarcity in comparison with other years, -as South Stack, Lundy, Caldy, Usk, Burnham, and Trevose Head; the -decrease appears to be ascribed to the mildness of the season. Whether -this be the real or the main cause of a like scarcity or not from the -following stations may be an open question; but I give the opinion -of the observers, and they do not speak of it as the record of this -year's observations alone, _viz._, Longships, from which Mr. Jones -writes:--"Very few cases of birds coming against our lantern since -(of late years) the light is red towards the shore." From Burnham -it is reported "Birds very rarely strike, the lantern glass being -only eight feet by four feet." And from Skerries report I extract -the following:--"There is a small quantity of birds in comparison -with years prior to introduction of fog-horn (see also Rep. 1880, p. -119). In thick and foggy weather during November and February great -quantities were always seen, chiefly Starlings, with Blackbirds, -Thrushes, Wheatears, Larks, &c. On one occasion I saw our lantern -gallery full, and at the base of the tower the quantity killed -necessitated the use next morning of the wheelbarrow to remove them to -the garden for manure. On one occasion a monster pie, made by workmen -employed here, contained two hundred Larks, besides other smaller -birds. But since the fog-horn has been sounded in thick weather birds -coming to the light have been few, though many seen and heard in the -air."--H. Knott. - -From the same station Mr. Garret, P.K., writes:--"These birds (Sea -Swallows, which breed on the island) seem to take no notice of the -fog-horn, while others, such as Starlings, Blackbirds, Thrushes, Larks, -&c., keep off while the horn is sounding, so that very few are seen -round the lantern now, while formerly, in thick or misty weather during -February and November, the lantern-gallery would be full of birds; each -on striking would drop into the gallery and remain till daylight, when, -if not too much injured, they would fly; but with strong winds a great -number, chiefly Starlings, would be killed." - -It is easy to believe that the hideous sound of a fog-horn, till -the birds get used to it, will keep them at a distance. That birds -recognise landmarks cannot, I think, be doubted, and possibly a -complete change in colour of a light they have grown accustomed to -may for a time make them suspicious of it. I think that if a light be -placed in a new, and not altogether unfavourable, situation, birds will -be attracted to it, because, though not yet accustomed to see it in -that spot, they will recognise it as a resting-place and sign of land. -From some light-keepers I have heard that years ago (the lighthouse -then not long erected) the slaughter among birds was much greater than -now. Of course the nature of the season would partly account for this, -but I think also that the unaccustomed light might attract many a weary -wanderer to an untimely death. That birds profit by experience cannot, -I think, be doubted, and I expect that the unrestrained destruction of -them along a particular route will gradually effect a change in their -ways. I believe that the scarcity now for some years generally noticed -may be due in a measure to the ruthless destruction met with at certain -points on the Continent in their line of annual flight. - -Fresh instances are constantly occurring which show the relation -between the movements of birds and the state of the weather. In -connection with this point I quote the words of Mr. Nicholas, keeper at -Nash E., who writes:--"I've noticed whenever there is a lot of Gulls -and Crows inland, it indicates a gale. I first noticed this Oct. 13th; -on 14th there was a whole gale. I have since that date observed the -same thing before every gale." - -The prevailing winds on this coast were:--From August to Sept. 17th, -easterly; thence, to Sept. 29th, gentle to mod. W.; thence, to Oct. -8th, E., _viz._, mod. S.E. and E. to 5th, then with more or less of N. -On and after 9th, W. till 14th, with touch of N. and strong; on 16th a -whole gale, E., thence, to 24th, S.E., strong breezes; after which, to -the end of the month, E. and N.E. - -Birds have not been noticed in such large flocks as last year, and -there have been but faint traces of rushes. No rare birds are reported. - -The most decided and general movement took place between Oct. 16th and -27th; after October, except among the Anatidæ, the occurrences being -very scarce. The chief occurrences in September were Wrens, Wagtails, -Swallows, and Finches; and in October Starlings, Sky Larks, and the -_Turdidæ_. - -In the autumnal migration the difference in date of arrival, as -compared with last year, may be worth marking. So far as our records -show the Redwing was first noticed a month later, the Blackbird six -weeks, and Thrush three weeks, the Sky Lark a month, Goldcrest twelve -days, Wheatear and Greenfinch five days, the Golden Plover fourteen -days. The following are recorded earlier: the Meadow Pipit by two -weeks. Swallow seventeen days, Starling nineteen days, Wagtail, -Chaffinch, and Linnet a few days. Of the Anatidæ, Ducks are noticed a -few days earlier, Geese considerably later. - -It is difficult to say anything positive as to direction of flight, -which is too seldom noted; in case of the Turdidæ scarcely at all. -This in part is owing to many of the instances occurring at night in -the dark. So far as I can make out all birds here follow the coast -line very clearly. The main direction, to judge from the scant records -in September, was southerly; in October one or two directly E.; the -rest E., with more or less of N. With a few marked exceptions the -movement has in almost every species been noticed at the southerly -stations first, and appears gradually to have extended N. Whether this -be accidental or a rule can only be decided by continued and careful -observations from all the stations. Of the _Anatidæ_ and water-birds -the most frequent records are in October, and the direction S.W. and -S., sometimes S.E.; but between Dec. 2nd to 11th, at Morecambe Bay, -they passed N.W. After 11th to end of December S.W. - -The best filled returns have this year been received from Morecambe -Bay, Skerries, and Nash E. These observers have also given the fullest -information; Nash especially in showing the direction of flight, a -matter concerning which information is very desirable. - -As to the circumstances under which the movement takes place, as -affecting the flight or the striking of birds, &c., the reports bear -out the conclusions previously expressed. Last year Mr. Bowen (Bardsey) -referred to flight of birds before the wind (Rep., p. 119); Mr. Knott -now writes from Skerries, "Many birds are killed in strong winds, as -they then fly with greater force, and almost invariably in the same -direction as the wind." Still the evidence shows that birds, as a rule, -migrate with the wind on the shoulder, and not strong. When they do fly -with the wind, and the wind strong, it is probably because they have -been taken by surprise, and are unable to save themselves. - - - - -IRISH COAST: AUTUMN. - - -Printed schedules were forwarded to forty light stations around the -coast. Thirty stations replied by returning the schedules wholly or -partially filled with daily entries, or by sending letters remarking on -the absence of migratory birds or on their general movements. - -To the Commissioners of Irish Lights we are indebted for the facilities -afforded us in conducting this enquiry. We have to thank Captain Boxer, -R.N., Inspector of Irish Lights, for his friendly co-operation--his -knowledge of the coast and intimate acquaintance with the light -stations rendered his advice and assistance especially valuable. - -On the whole the returns have been as satisfactory as was anticipated; -some of the schedules have been carefully filled, and although others -contain very few entries, this is to be accounted for rather by the -absence of migratory birds than by any unwillingness on the part of the -light-keepers to assist us. When we remember their many and various -duties, and that the observations are entirely voluntary, there is -reason to be well contented with the first attempt of this kind to -collect information on the Irish coast; and we return our sincere -thanks to all the lighthouse-keepers who have given their time and -attention to the subject. - -The entries in all the schedules have been collected under each day of -the month as they occur; this method of arrangement shows the movements -of all birds as entered on each day, and the number of observations on -that day. The effect of the weather on the migratory movement can thus -be studied, and the general direction of flight of the various species -compared. - -The daily weather-charts show last winter to have been exceptional -in the number and violence of the cyclonic disturbances, which moved -generally in a north-easterly direction along our west coasts; but -the entries in the schedules are too few to generalise or draw any -conclusions regarding the influence of the successive storms on the -migratory movement. - -A table showing the days on which entries were made in the schedules -has been drawn up in, the hope that, if the extent of the migratory -movement on any particular day varied with the number of entries, some -inference could be drawn; but here also generalisation is premature. - -In a few returns names are given to birds from which it is not easy -to identify the species, and occasionally there is reason to fear one -species has been mistaken for another. In all cases, however, the name -entered in the schedule has been allowed to stand without comment. - -The general remarks of the light-keepers are given consecutively, -and as contributions to the Ornithology of the lighthouses they are -interesting. - -A table showing the number of birds striking each lantern, the number -of daily entries in each return, the number of species of birds -mentioned in each schedule in the daily entries, the height of each -lantern above high-water mark, and its approximate distance from the -mainland is given. - -Whatever results are obtained from this investigation, they will only -be arrived at by patiently collecting observations for some years. -If the light-keepers continue to assist us, this can readily be -done--without their co-operation annually we are helpless. - - Alexander G. More. - Richard M. Barrington. - - - Names of Stations to which Schedules were sent in the Autumn of 1881. - - No. of Height of - Birds No. of species lantern Miles - No. and name of light-station, striking daily in above from - and situation on coast. lantern. entries. entries. sea-level. shore. - - 1. Fastnet, Co. Cork 9 10 5 148 ft. 8 - 2. Galley Head, do. -- 6 4 174 -- - 3. Old Head, Kinsale, do. 5 2 2 236 -- - 4. Mine Head, Waterford -- 3 4 285 -- - 5. Coningbeg Lt.-ship, Wexford 2 3 2 38 10 - 6. Barrels Rock, do. 1 26 11 ? 4 - 7. Tuskar, do. large - numbers 12 18 101 7 - 8. Arklow S. Lt.-ship, Wicklow -- 17 4 39 7 - 9. Wicklow Head, do No reply. - 10. Kish Bank Lt.-ship, Dublin -- 18 5 36 7 - 11. Howth Baily, do. -- 12 6 134 -- - 12. Rockabill, do. 13 8 10 148 5 - 13. Copeland Island, Down -- 18 24 131 3 - 14. Maidens, Antrim No reply. - 15. Rathlin, do. -- 35 11 243 6 - 16. Innishtrahull, Donegal 3 7 12 181 6 - 17. Dunree Head, do. -- -- -- 150 1 - 18. Lough Swilly, do. No reply. - 19. Tory Island, do. -- 1 1 130 9 - 20. Arranmore, do. -- 16 2 233 5 - 21. Rathlin O'Birne, do. 1 17 6 116 2 - 22. Killybegs, do. No reply. - 23. Oyster Island, N., Sligo -- 15 5 40 1 - 24. Broadhaven, Mayo -- 18 3 87 -- - 25. Eagle Island E., do. -- -- -- 220 2 - 26. Eagle Island W., do. -- -- -- 220 2 - 27. Blackrock, do. Numbers -- -- 283 9 - 28. Blacksod Point, do. No reply. - 29. Clare Island, do. -- 17 7 341 4 - 30. Slyne Head N., Galway 12 12 9 115 8 - 31. Slyne Head S., do. 4 5 5 104 3 - 32. Arran Island N., do. -- 17 4 115 9 - 33. Straw Island, do. No reply. - 34. Arran Island S., do. 6 7 6 110 6 - 35. Loop Head, Clare No reply. - 36. Samphire Island, Kerry Do. - 37. Tearaght, do. Do. - 38. Valentia, do. -- -- -- 54 -- - 39. Skelligs, do. -- -- -- 175 9 - 40. Calf Rock, Cork Destroyed in storm, Nov. 1881. - - -Table showing Date on which Entries were made in Schedules, with No. of -Station making same. - - Nos. and Names of Stations. - - 1. Fastnet - 2. Galley Head - 3. Old Head, Kinsale - 4. Mine Head - 5. Coningbeg Lt.-ship - 6. Barrels Rock, do. - 7. Tuskar - 8. Arklow S. Lt.-ship. - 10. Kirk Bank, do. - 11. Howth Baily - 12. Rockabill - 13. Copeland Island - 15. Rathlin - 16. Innishtrahull - 17. Dunree Head - 19. Tory Island - 20. Arranmore - 21. Rathlin O'Birne - 23. Oyster Island N. - 24. Broadhaven - 25. Eagle Island E. - 26. Eagle Island W. - 27. Black Rock (Mayo) - 29. Clare Island - 30. Slyne Head N. - 31. Slyne Head S. - 32. Arran Island N. - 34. Arran Island S. - 38. Valentia - 39. Skelligs - - Day of - Month. September. October. November. - - 1st 15 6, 8 12, 21 - 2nd 15, 31, 32 1, 10, 11, 13, 15, 23, 32 12, 15, 24, 34 - 3rd 2, 8, 15, 29, 82 8, 10 - 4th 8, 15 12, 15, 23, 24 - 5th 29, 30 6, 8, 15, 31 7, 10 - 6th 1, 29 6, 10, 24 - 7th 8, 11, 15, 32 30 6, 15, 32 - 8th 6, 8, 32 6, 13, 23 10, 16 - 9th 6, 8 6 11 - 10th 10, 13, 15, 29, 34 11, 12, 13, 15, 19, 23 15, 29, 30 - 11th 6, 10 1, 16 23 - 12th 7, 29, 30, 32 6, 10, 11, 16, 21, 23, 32 15, 30 - 13th 8, 32 6, 32 10 - 14th 2, 8, 3 21, 32 - 15th 8, 11, 13, 21 20, 24 13, 29 - 16th 6, 8, 13 15, 21, 32 11, 15 - 17th 13, 23 15 15 - 18th 6, 7, 16, 8 6, 12, 20 5, 10, 13, 23 - 19th 7, 8 6, 31, 32 21 - 20th 23, 29, 30 6, 11, 15, 29, 82 2, 5, 17, 30 - 21st 6, 7, 13, 21 6, 13, 21, 34 5 - 22nd 8, 13, 31 31 34 - 23rd 8, 11, 21 7, 16, 23 6, 15 - 24th 21 3, 6, 7, 21 - 25th 1, 8 6, 7, 23, 29, 30, 32, 34 7, 29 - 26th 6, 29, 34 1, 7, 15, 21, 29 6, 16 - 27th 8 6, 7, 12, 15, 32 15, 16, 29 - 28th 8, 13 6, 7, 10, 12, 32 21, 23 - 29th 1, 15 2 - 30th 7, 11, 18 11, 30 30 - 31st 34 - - Day of - Month. December. January. - - 1st 15, 21, 24, 80 10 - 2nd 24 - 3rd 2, 4 1, 13, 24 - 4th 6, 21, 29 - 5th 1 - 6th 21 21 - 7th 15 1 - 8th 24 1, 10, 24 - 9th 24 - 10th 10, 15, 24, 29, 31 - 11th 4, 28, 30 - 12th 3, 4, 15, 24 21, 24 - 13th 23 - 14th 11 - 15th 15 - 16th 7 - 17th 2, 13 - 18th 15, 24 - 19th - 20th - 21st 15 - 22nd - 23rd - 24th 13, 15, 24 - 25th 24 - 26th - 27th 10, 29 - 28th 13, 15 - 29th 24 - 30th 24 - 31st - - -General Remarks of Light-Keepers. - -1. _Fastnet._--"Very few birds came on or passed the rock this winter. -It must be in consequence of bad weather on this coast. No sea birds -build nests near this station."--John Tottenham. - -2. _Galley Head._--"This is one of the worst stations I have been at -for birds; in fact we think it rare to see any only those that are -natives of the place. This year they are very scarce. The Starling has -not come down to us from the mountains yet."--John Whelan. - -3. _Old Head, Kinsale._--"No birds, only the above (_i. e._, five -Golden-crested Wrens on Oct. 24th, and several flocks of Lapwings -on Dec. 12th) have appeared in the vicinity this season. The Gannet -usually proceeds to the eastward in August and September, and flies -westward from January to March. The Guillemots, Razorbills, Cormorants, -Kittiwake, and Herring Gulls all arrive here to breed in March, and -depart in August and September."--John Dunleary. - -4. _Mine Head._--"Birds of all descriptions were not so scarce at this -station for the last seven years as during the year 1881."--Joseph -Hammond. - -5. _Coningbeg Light-ship._--"There were no birds about the station in -the month of December, or up to the 20th of January, with the exception -of a few Sea Gulls each day."--Patrick Cullen. - -6. _Barrels Rock Light-ship._--General remarks none, but a full -schedule of daily entries.--Joseph Oxford. - -7. _Tuskar._--General remarks, none. A full schedule.--Richard Hamilton. - -8. _Arklow, South, Light-ship._--General remarks, none. A full -schedule.--William Shea. - -9. _Wicklow Head._--No reply. - -10. _Kish Bank Light-ship._--"Less birds passed the station this winter -than ever. No birds have been killed by striking our lantern for some -years."--William Daly. - -11. _Howth Baily._--General remarks, none.--Joseph Brownell. - -12. _Rockabill._--"Sept. 1st. Received schedule; a great number of -different species of Gulls in vicinity of Rock, and on smaller rock -called the Bill, from about the second week in August to the third -week in September, when they almost entirely disappeared. Cannot name -the species; there were also Puffins, and occasionally two or three -Gannets. This is an annual occurrence, but not always at the same time. -Birds have been unusually scarce this season. Since stormy weather set -in early in November no birds have been about the Rock, except a few -Sand Larks, and a few Gulls, Puffins, and Cormorants flying about this -and the smaller rock during a storm."--William Dunne. - -13. _Copeland Island._--"There were no birds struck the light this -winter owing to the strong gales which prevailed."--Henry Williams. - -14. _The Maidens._--No reply. - -15. _Rathlin Island._--A second schedule partly filled. Remark:--"The -Sea Parrot begins to arrive for the purpose of cleaning out its nest -on March 17th, and then goes away until the 1st of April, when the -different species of sea birds commence to arrive for the season. They -begin to go away about 1st of August, and finally disappear by the end -of the month."--John A. Murray. - -16. _Innishtrahull._--"September, Gannet daily, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Curlew -daily. The 'Grey' Gull, 'Little' Gull, Black-backed or Royal Gull, -Common Gull, and Grey Crow remain on the island all the year. Gulls -nidify on the rock called Torr near the island; Grey Crows nidify on -the island. In November flocks of twelve to twenty Starlings daily. -Owing to this winter being very stormy little birds of any sort visited -the island. During the months of January and February, 1881, a great -number of Woodcock and Snipe were killed here."--W. H. James. - -17. _Dunree Head._--Daily entry, none. Remark:--"I beg to state -there are no migrations of birds to be seen at this station, except -Cormorants; they remain the year, round, also a small number of Sea -Gulls. No other birds resort or pass this station."--John Stapleton. - -18. _Lough Swilly._--No reply. - -19. _Tory Island._--"The Petrel, Raven, Common Sandpiper, Common -Guillemot, Black Guillemot, Razorbill, Diver, Puffin, Cormorant, -Kittiwake, Common Gull, Herring Gull breed on the east end of the -island, and are annually decreasing. Breed in larger numbers on Horn -Head. Have not observed birds migrating. No birds struck the lantern -this winter. Have not observed the Gannet or other sea birds taking a -continuous flight."--Thomas Sweeney. - -20. _Arranmore._--"Barnacle Geese generally commence to come from -the north on the 15th or 16th of October in flocks averaging four -to eighty, that being the most counted in one flock. They pass at -intervals of from two to twelve hours both day and night until the end -of the month, when they cease. They commence to appear again on the -10th or 12th of April, coming from south, but in larger flocks and -shorter intervals. No other species but Gannet and Barnacle resort this -locality."--John Walsh. - -21. _Rathlin O'Birne._--"Sky Larks, Titlarks, and Stonechats continued -arriving in numbers of two, four, and six until about the 10th of May. -At that time there were about twenty of each species on the island. -They nidificated on the island. By the 10th of September the Sky -Larks had departed; by the 20th of October the Titlarks had departed; -by the 16th of November the Stonechats had departed. None of these -species were observed after that date until Dec. 22nd, when five or -six Titlarks returned, and are here still. On June the 3rd twelve to -fourteen Common Terns alighted on a small island outside lighthouse, -nidificated, and left about Aug. 1st. Sea Gulls nidificated on small -island above referred to, and one pair of 'sepoys' on this island. In -July several pairs of Skua Gulls passed, and some remained in vicinity. -Curlew frequent this island from 1st of May until 1st of October. They -come at night time, and leave the following day generally. Unless with -frosty and snowy weather, Starlings, Snipes, Woodcocks, Blackbirds, -or Thrushes do not visit. Sandpipers and Jack Curlew are about the -shores all the year round. No Gannets seen since Nov. 8th. Sea Gulls -in vicinity all the year. Barnacle continue coming and departing -until about Feb. 15th. No Starling or Snipe visited since last -winter."--Joseph Hill. - -22. _Killybegs._--No reply. - -23. _Oyster Island, North._--"From the middle of October to the last -week in November several large flocks of Gulls were to be seen in the -bay after herrings, principally of the Kittiwake species, with a few -large Grey Gulls and an occasional Royal or Black-backed Gull; also -large flocks of Puffins, which all left when the herrings disappeared. -Large flocks of Barnacle and Wigeon arrive in this locality early in -October, and remain until latter end of March, passing to and fro -to feeding-ground according to tide, besides those going further -south."--John Young. - -24. _Broadhaven._--"The above (_i.e._, Barnacle, Wild Geese, Wild -Duck, and Solan Geese) are the only description of birds seen in the -locality; they are generally passing inland, and at times alight near -the lighthouse to feed on the swampy land. No Sea Gulls build near this -station, but a few come into the harbour in the summer months after the -fry of fish."--Joseph Williams. - -25. _Eagle Island, East._--No entry in schedule. Remark:--"Up to the -present no birds are visible, only on occasions when fish are seen on -the surface of the water, and these are Gannets and large-sized Gulls. -I have not noticed any kind of birds pass or rest at this station in -their flight of migration."--Robert Redmond. - -26. _Eagle Island, West._--No entry in schedule. Remark:--"This island -is very small, and the adjacent shores being all bog for miles inland -very few birds alight on island. The Stonechatter is to be seen here -all the year round. In May the sea-fowl come round the island in great -numbers; as a rule they go gradually to the south, following shoals -of fish, and very few are to be seen during the winter months. To-day -(Jan. 15th, 1882) I have seen a few Gannets and Sea Gulls flying about. -No birds have struck the lantern since my arrival at this station -eighteen months since."--Mathew Healy. - -27. _Black Rock (Mayo)._--No daily entry, but schedule filled by -following general remarks:--"Gannets seen passing south all the year -round, most seen in calm weather, ten to twenty in each flight. Puffins -from April 15th to Aug. 15th; build on the Rock. Cormorants here all -the year round; build on the Rock. Kittiwake Gulls build on an island -three miles away; also Royal Gulls. Small Gulls, commonly called -'Wheelons,' build on the Rock. Barnacles here from October to March. -Two 'Falcon Hawks' build on an island three miles away; here all the -year round. Two 'Sparrowhawks' seen in the mornings. Rooks, in flocks -of 100 to 500, mostly seen in snow and frosty weather. Starlings from -September to March, morning and evening, 1000 to 5000 in a flock, seen -with all winds, mostly in frosty weather; hundreds killed against -lantern. 'Missel Thrushes' from November to March, 50 to 100 in each -flock, most in frosty weather; seen at all hours; a large number -killed. Snipe from November to March in flocks of two to four, in frost -and snow; some killed. Woodcocks from November to March in frost and -snow; some killed. Curlews, twenty to thirty in a flock, from daylight -till dark; seen all the year round. Wrens seen very seldom in the -spring. Blackbirds only seen in frosty weather; some killed by striking -lantern. 'Titmouses' seen in all weathers; build on the Rock. Stormy -Petrels from March to September, at all hours of the night; build on -the Rock. Larks in flocks of 100 to 300, only seen in frosty weather; a -large number killed by striking glass. I have seen some strange birds -rest here on their passage to the mainland, but do not know their -names. I have seen a Hoopoe on one occasion rest here. There has been -a species of Sea Gull of a deep cream-colour on the coast last August, -supposed to be a North American bird. I have seen large flights of -Rooks rest here after coming in from the sea in a S.W. direction, which -seemed so much fatigued that they would fall over after resting, and -remain to be caught."--Martin Kennedy. - -28. _Blacksod Point._--No reply. - -29. _Clare Island._--"The following varieties of birds build their -nests round the cliffs here; they come on the 1st of April and -leave about the 20th of August:--Guillemots, Razorbills, Puffins, -Kittiwakes."--James Reilly. - -30. _Slyne Head (North)._--"The 'Purr' is the only sea-bird that -breeds near this station. They arrive in April and depart in August. -The arrival of birds to this island during the past autumn and winter -was very few in comparison with other years, and the only reason I can -assign for it is that we had very little snow. During the snow of 1880 -we had large flocks of Starlings, Thrushes, and Blackbirds arriving -daily from the east."--John Gillan. - -31. _Slyne Head (South)._--No general remarks. Schedule partly -filled.--William Callaghan. - -32. _Arran Island, North._--"The only birds seen in the vicinity of -this station since July are the Gannet, the Royal or Black-backed Gull, -and the Common Gull. They do not breed on this island, as it is low and -flat. The Gulls breed on the cliffs of the large island of Arran and -cliffs of the Co. Clare. Do not know dates of arrival or departure. -The Gannets and Gulls that visit this station come from the direction -of the Co. Clare, remain during the day, and return in the evening. No -flocks seen after Nov. 7th."--John Kelly. - -33. _Straw Island._--No reply. - -34. _Arran Island, South._--"Have never known less birds strike the -lantern."--Francis Ryan. - -35. _Loop Head._--No reply. - -36. _Samphire Island._--No reply. - -37. _Tearaght._--No reply. - -38. _Valentia._--"I have been at this station 4-1/2 years, and have -never seen any birds migrating or resorting this locality except -sea-birds, such as Gannet, Puffin, Cormorants, &c. They are not very -numerous, and seldom visit except from August to the end of October. -Very few land-birds visit here, except in severe frosts and snow in -winter; then the Starling, Thrush, Blackbird, Lark, &c., come down -from the mountains. Hundreds of Starlings, Thrushes, and Curlews died -last January in this locality by severe frost and snow. There are not -any birds strike this lantern. Very few strike land-lights, but on the -South Maiden lighthouse I have seen hundreds of Starlings, Thrushes, -and Blackbirds strike and kill themselves in one night, and frequently -Snipe and Woodcock. On the Tuskar Rock lighthouse I have counted twelve -hundred killed in one night, and hundreds more fell into the sea that -we did not get. At Rockabill lighthouse also I have got great numbers -killed, and frequently four and six Teal or small duck, and Snipe and -Woodcock. I have not seen since I came to this station one Wild Duck or -Goose, nor any flock of migrating birds. I have kept a good look-out -for the last two months, and have not seen any birds except a few -Gannets and Sea Gulls."--Thomas McKenna. - -39. _Skelligs._--No entry in schedule. Remark:--"The only birds -observed at present in this locality are a few Gannets and Sea Gulls -occasionally."--Henry Gardiner. - -40. _Calf Rock._ No reply. Destroyed by storm in Nov., 1881. - - - - -Daily Entries in Schedules, Sept., 1881, to Jan., 1882. - - -SEPTEMBER. - -1_st._--Rathlin Island, eighty Swallows, 10 a.m., wind light S.E., -clear; hovered about. Twenty-six Gannets, 11.30 a.m., going E. - -2_nd._--Rathlin Island, eight Gannets, 5.30 a.m., wind light E., clear, -going E. Slyne Head South, continuous flocks of Gannets, 5 a.m. to -6 p.m., wind light S.E., clear, came from S.W.; remained for three -months. Arran Island North, about 200 Gulls, 5 a.m. to 6 p.m., wind -N.E., calm, clear. - -3_rd._--Galley Head, Teal Duck, number not known, 1 a.m., flying N.E., -wind N.E. fresh breeze, clear. Arklow South Lt.-ship, nine Gannets, -8.15 a.m., wind light E.N.E., gloomy, passing N.E. Rathlin Island, 200 -Starlings, 10.25 a.m., wind light S.E., cloudy, old birds remained on -island. Clare Island, large flock of Grey Linnets, 6 a.m., wind light -E., clear, going S.E. Arran Island North, 200 Gulls different species -all day, wind light S.E. - -4_th._--Arklow South Lt.-ship, two Gannets, 1.10 p.m., wind light -E.N.E., cloudy, passing N.E. Rathlin Island, seven Gannets, 12 noon, -wind strong N.E., misty, going E. - -5_th._--Clare Island, large flock of Grey Linnets, 7 a.m., wind fresh -E.N.E., blue sky, going S. Slyne Head North, fifty Starlings, 10 p.m., -wind fresh E., misty, three killed. - -6_th._--No entry. - -7_th._--Arklow South Lt.-ship, four Starlings, 10.15 a.m., wind light -W., cloudy, passing inland N.W. Howth Daily, six Cormorants flying N., -11 a.m., wind light W., clear. Rathlin Island, forty Linnets, 11 a.m., -wind light N.E., cloudy, going N. Arran Island North, twenty to thirty -Gannets, 5 p.m., wind light N.W. - -8_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, five Gannets, 5.10 a.m., wind light -N.N.W., clear, going W.; four Gannets at 3 p.m., going W. Arklow South -Lt.-ship, four Gannets, 7 a.m., wind very light N.W., clear, passing -N.E.; three Gannets, 9.50 a.m., going same direction. Arran Island -North, thirty to forty Gannets all day, wind light N.W. - -9_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, flocks of Linnets and Gulls, 12.50 p.m. -to 3.50 p.m., wind light N.N.E., showery; Linnets going N.E., Gulls -W. Arklow South Lt.-ship, five Gannets, 5.15 a.m., wind fresh N.N.E., -cloudy, going N.; four Gannets, 11.45 a.m., going N.E. - -10_th._--Kish Bank Lt.-ship, two Chaffinches, 7 a.m., wind mod. N.E., -gloomy. Copeland Island, four Herons, 10 a.m., wind N.E., clear, coming -S.; Starlings all day, breed here; Terns breed on Mew Island, come in -May. Rathlin Island, one Curlew, 9.30 a.m., wind light S.E., rain. -Clare Island, small flocks of Rooks, 2 p.m., wind light N., fine, going -N.W. Arran Island South, thirty Starlings, 3.30 p.m., wind light N.E., -clear, old birds going E. - -11_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, flock of "grey" Gulls, 5.25 a.m., -wind light E.N.E., clear, going E. Kish Bank Lt.-ship, one Chaffinch -alighted on ship, 11.15 a.m., wind light N., hazy. - -12_th._--Tuskar, thirty Wrens, Titmice, and Goldcrests, 6 a.m., wind -light N.E., overcast, gloomy. Clare Island, flock of Grey Linnets, 7 -a.m., wind fresh E., cloudy, going S.E. Slyne Head North, ten Swallows, -9 a.m., wind light N., clear; a large number of Gannets, 1 p.m. Arran -Island North, large flocks of Gulls, wind fresh N.E., clear; also on -Sept. 13th. - -13_th._--Arklow South Lt.-ship, four Gannets, 7.45 a.m., wind very -light N.W., gloomy, going N.E. - -14_th._--Galley Head, Duck, number not known, 3 a.m., wind W. strong -breeze, clear, flying W. Arklow South Lt.-ship, two Gannets, 6 a.m., -wind light N.E., cloudy, going N.E.; five Gannets, 8.25 a.m., going in -same direction; three Titlarks, 8.40 a.m., passing inland N.W. Copeland -Island, thirteen Herring Gulls, 4 p.m., wind light N., clear; also six -Gannets; both after fry and fish. - -15_th._--Arklow South Lt.-ship, one flock of Titlarks, 7.40 a.m., wind -light N.N.E., clear, passing N.W.; five Gannets, 8 a.m., passing N.E. -Howth Baily, continuous flocks of Gulls and Puffins flying N. and S., -8 a.m. to 6 p.m., wind light N.W., clear. Copeland Island, fifteen -Lapwings, remained all day between Mew and Copeland Islands. Rathlin -Island, forty Black Crows, 2 p.m., wind very strong S.W., cloudy, going -S. - -16_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, about thirty Swallows, 11 a.m., wind -very light E.N.E., clear, going N.E. Arklow South Lt.-ship, six -Gannets, 7.30 a.m., wind light N.E., cloudy, passing N.E. Copeland -Island, twenty-three Gannets, 4 p.m., wind light S.E., clear, coming -from Ailsa Craig. - -17_th._--Copeland Island, fourteen Grey Linnets, 3 p.m., wind light -S.S.W., rain, remained some time. Oyster Island North, twenty Wigeon -going S.E., 11 a.m., wind mod. S.E., clear. - -18_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, flock of Grey Gulls, 5.10 p.m., wind -very light N.N.E., clear, going W. Tuskar, one Owl, 8 a.m., wind light -N., cloudy. Arklow South Lt.-ship, one flock of Swallows, 6.20 a.m., -wind fresh N.E., gloomy, passing N.N.W. Innishtrahull, four Lapwings, -12 noon, wind light N., clear. - -19_th._--Tuskar, about 1000 Gulls alighted 6 a.m., left 7 a.m., wind -light S.W., cloudy, gloomy, appeared young; 12.30 p.m., a large flock -of Gulls going S. Arklow South Lt.-ship, five Gannets, 8 a.m., wind -light W.S.W., cloudy, passing N.E.; four Swallows, 9.20 a.m., passing -N.W. - -20_th._--Oyster Island North, about 100 Barnacles, 9.30 a.m., wind -strong S., clear, going S. Clare Island, large flock of Wild Ducks, 2 -p.m., wind strong W., overcast, rain, going E. Slyne Head North, one -Snipe, 3 a.m., wind fresh S., showers, killed. - -21_st._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, flock of "grey" Gulls, 9.30 a.m., wind -light W.N.W., showery, going N. Tuskar, a large flock of Skua Gulls -alighted 5 a.m., wind light N., overcast, rain, appeared old birds. -Copeland Island, one young Corn Crake, wind strong E.S.E., "reared on -Copeland Island." Rathlin O'Birne, about fifteen Gannets, 10 a.m., wind -strong N., rain, remained in vicinity until Oct. 14th. - -22_nd._--Arklow South Lt.-ship, one flock of Swallows, 7.15 a.m., wind -very light N.W., clear, passing S.W. Copeland Island, Sept. 22nd to -26th, between these dates Terns which come to breed on Mew Island all -left. Slyne Head South, nine Curlews flew to N.E., wind fresh W.S.W., -gloomy. - -23_rd._--Arklow South Lt.-ship, one flock of Swallows, 6 a.m., wind -very light E., gloomy, passing N.W. Howth Baily, eight Gannets flying -S., 12.30 p.m., wind fresh S., clear. Rathlin O'Birne, continuous -flocks of Puffins, 10 a.m., wind light S.E., overcast, went southwards, -continued passing until Oct. 1st. - -24_th._--Rathlin O'Birne, continuous flocks of Sea Gulls arrived 10 -a.m., wind light S.E., overcast, came from N., remained in vicinity. - -25_th._--Fastnet, small flocks of Starlings flying N.E. to land, 2 -p.m., wind light W., passing showers, two young ones struck lantern. -Arklow South Lt.-ship, nine Gannets, 7 to 7.30 a.m., wind light W., -clear, passing N.E.; six Swallows, 9.15 a.m., passing N.W. - -26_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, flocks of Grey Gulls, 3.10 p.m., wind -light W.N.W., clear, going S. Clare Island, large flock of Puffins, 3 -p.m., wind fresh S.S.W., cloudy, going W. Arran Island South, fifty -Starlings, 8.15 a.m., wind fresh W.N.W., clear. - -27_th._--Arklow South Lt.-ship, four Gannets, 8 a.m., wind light -W.S.W., cloudy, passing S.W. - -28_th._--Arklow South Lt.-ship, ten Gannets, 6.45 a.m., wind very light -S.W., cloudy, passing N.E. Copeland Island, thirteen Black Crows, 10 -a.m., wind light S.W., fine, going W. - -29_th._--Fastnet, two "Stone Chatters," 4 p.m., wind light S., misty, -on rock all night, left in morning. Rathlin Island, thirty Gannets, 3 -p.m., wind light S.E., clear, going N. - -30_th._--Tuskar, four Blackbirds, 10 a.m., wind fresh S., misty. Howth -Baily, ten Cormorants flying W., 1.20 p.m., wind fresh S.W., gloomy. -Oyster Island North, about eighty Barnacles, 4.30 p.m., wind mod. -E.S.E., clear, going S. - -OCTOBER. - -1_st._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, flock of twenty-six Swallows, 9.15 a.m., -wind light S.S.W., clear, going S. Arklow South Lt.-ship, six Gannets, -7.20 a.m., wind light S., gloomy, passing S.W. - -2_nd._--Fastnet, one "Stone Chatter," 3 p.m., wind light S. Kish Bank -Lt.-ship, three Gannets, 10 a.m., wind mod. S., clear. Howth Baily, -continuous flocks of Gulls and Puffins flying S., 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., -wind light S.W., clear. Copeland Island, twenty-nine Ducks on Mew -Island all day, remained all the winter. Rathlin Island, sixty Black -Crows, 5 p.m., wind strong S.E., misty, coming from N., seemed tired. -Oyster Island North, about 150 Barnacles, 2 p.m., wind fresh S.E., -clear, going S. Arran Island North, large flocks of Gannets and Gulls -all day, wind fresh S.S.E., clear. - -3_rd._--Arklow South Lt.-ship, nineteen Gannets, 4.30 p.m., wind very -light S.S.E., cloudy, passing S.W. Kish Bank Lt.-ship, five Wild Ducks, -10.30 a.m., flying W., clear. - -4_th._--No entry. - -5_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, flock of White Gulls, 5 p.m., wind -light W.N.W., clear, going S.E. Arklow South Lt.-ship, three Gannets, -10.15 a.m., wind light E., cloudy, passing S.W. Rathlin Island, forty -Gannets, 3 p.m., wind light S.E., clear, going E. Slyne Head South, -many flocks of Gannets from sunrise to sunset, wind very strong S.E., -gloomy. - -6_th._--Fastnet, one "Stone Chatter," 3.30 p.m., wind light S.E., -gloomy. Clare Island, small flock of Pigeons, 1 p.m., wind fresh W., -cloudy, going N. - -7_th._--Slyne Head North, a large number of Gulls going S., 4 p.m., -wind light W., misty. - -8_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, flock of nine Gannets, 8 a.m., wind -light N.N.W., clear, going W.; flock of about seventeen Swallows, 2.30 -p.m., wind light E., rain, going S. Copeland Island, five Black-backed -Gulls all day, remained during winter. Oyster Island North, seventy -Barnacles, 11 a.m., wind strong N.W., overcast, showery, going S.; -fifty Rooks, 2 p.m., wind same, going S.E. - -9_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, eight Gannets, 3.30 p.m., wind fresh -N.N.W., showery, going E. - -10_th._--Howth Baily, ten Grey Crows flying inland, 11.15 a.m., wind -strong W., clear. Rockabill, one Blackbird, 9 a.m., wind fresh S.W., -clear, showery, male seen on the rock. Copeland Island, one Swallow, -10.30 a.m., wind light S.E., fog; twelve Greenfinches, 11 a.m., -remained until fog cleared. Rathlin Island, sixty Linnets, 11 a.m., -wind strong N.W., misty, going N. Tory Island, Barnacle, 10 a.m., wind -mod. S.W., cloudy, coming from the east, flew round the island; they -frequent other islands near, but seldom alight on this island. Oyster -Island North, several flocks of Barnacles, 9 a.m. to 2 p.m., wind -strong N.W. to W., showery, going S. - -11_th._--Fastnet, small flocks of land-birds, 8 a.m., wind fresh N.W., -showers; two Titmice killed, flying S. on rock; four Chaffinches, 11 -a.m., two killed, male birds. Innishtrahull, flocks of Barnacles, 8 -a.m. to 6 p.m., wind strong N.W., hail-showers. - - -12_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, two Stormy Petrels, 12.30 p.m., wind -strong W.N.W., cloudy; seldom seen at this station; remained about the -ship all evening. Kish Bank Lt.-ship, two flocks of Ducks, 10.30 a.m., -strong S.W. breeze, clear. Howth Baily, three Gannets flying N.E., -10.45 a.m., wind fresh W., clear. Innishtrahull, one Teal, 9 p.m., wind -N.W., a hurricane, struck lantern. Rathlin O'Birne, four Barnacles, -11 p.m., wind very strong N.W., showery. Oyster Island North, 100 -Barnacles, 2.30 p.m., wind N.W., wild and showery. Arran Island North, -large flocks of Gannets and Gulls all day, wind very strong N.W., rain. - -13_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, two Sparrowhawks, 9.30 a.m., wind light -N.N.E., clear, going N.; seldom seen at this station. Arran Island -North, large flocks of Gulls all day, wind very strong N.N.W., rain. - -14_th._--Rathlin O'Birne, one Martin killed against lantern, wind -very strong N. Arran Island North, large flocks of different species -of Gulls all day, wind very strong N.W., rain; flock of Wild Geese, 8 -p.m., came from S.W., going N. - -15_th._--Arranmore, continuous flocks of Barnacles, 6 a.m. to 6 p.m., -each flock numbering four to eighty, commenced to come from the north -on this date, wind strong N. Broadhaven, ten Wild Ducks, 8.30 a.m., -wind strong S.W., rain. - -16_th._--Rathlin Island, sixty Gannets, 3 p.m., wind fresh N.W., -cloudy, going W. Rathlin O'Birne, twenty Barnacles, 3 p.m., wind strong -S., overcast. Arran Island North, flock of Gannets and Gulls, 4 p.m., -wind fresh S., clear. - -17_th._--Rathlin Island, 100 Skua Gulls, 2 p.m., wind fresh S.W., -cloudy. - -18_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, large numbers of Gulls, 10 a.m. to 5 -p.m., wind strong S.S.E., clear, apparently feeding about the ship. -Rockabill, Oct. 18th to 26th, twelve Redbreasts, seven Common Wrens, -and about fifteen young Starlings seen on the rock. Arranmore, flocks -of Gannets from two to twenty began to come from the south, going -north, on this date, and continue to the end of the month at intervals -of fifteen to twenty minutes during daytime; cannot be seen or heard -during night. - -19_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, small flocks of Starlings, 9.30 a.m. -to noon, wind high S.E., cloudy, trying to get to S.E., driven towards -shore by the force of the wind; two Stormy Petrels, 11 a.m. to dusk, -wind high S.E., remained at ship all day. Slyne Head South, one Snipe, -3 a.m., very stormy, showery, killed. Arran Island North, large flock -of Gulls all day, very stormy wind S.E. - -20_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, large flocks of Larks, 10 a.m., wind -very strong E.S.E., clear, going N. Howth Baily, flocks of Gulls flying -in all directions during the day, wind strong S.E., gloomy. Rathlin -Island, fifty Plovers, 1 p.m., wind high, stormy, remained on island; -forty White-backed Crows, always on island. Clare Island, large flock -of Gannets, 9 a.m., wind strong E., going N.W. Arran Island North, -large flock of Gulls all day, wind very strong S.E., gloomy. - -21_st._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, continuous flocks of Larks and Linnets, -10 to 11.30 a.m., wind strong E.S.E., overcast, going to E.N.E. -Copeland Island, flock of Teal on Mew Island, 11 a.m., wind E., stormy, -rain; stay here for winter. Rathlin O'Birne, four Barnacles, 3.30 p.m., -wind strong E.S.E., overcast; thirty Gannets, 8.30 a.m. Arran Island -South, six Golden-crested Wrens struck lantern, wind E., hazy, not -killed; flew away at daylight. - -22_nd._--Slyne Head South, one Woodcock, 1 a.m., wind very stormy -S.S.E., killed, the only one got for three years; two Thrushes also -killed. - -23_rd._--Tuskar, one flock of Starlings, 5 p.m., wind strong E.S.E., -cloudy; another 11 p.m., very stormy E.S.E. wind, overcast, striking -about one hour, forty killed. Innishtrahull, one Blackbird, 10 p.m., -wind S.E., a hurricane, struck lantern; one Thrush, 10.30 p.m., struck -lantern. Oyster Island North, several flocks of Barnacles, 10 a.m. to 1 -p.m., wind fresh E.S.E., cloudy, twenty to fifty in each flock. - -24_th._--Old Head, Kinsale, five Golden-crested Wrens, 9.30 p.m., wind -light S.W., hazy, struck lantern, none killed; the only ones seen this -season. Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, flock of Linnets, 5 p.m., wind strong -S.E., cloudy, going N.E. Tuskar, Blackbirds, Thrushes, and Larks, 10.30 -p.m., wind E., stormy, overcast, striking until 3 a.m., many of each -killed. Rathlin O'Birne, seven Barnacles, 4 p.m., wind strong E. - -25_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, continuous flocks of Starlings, 9.30 -to 11.30 p.m., wind fresh S.E., one killed (young bird); too dark to -notice direction of flight. Tuskar, Starlings and Larks, 11 p.m., wind -strong E.N.E., overcast, striking for one hour, fifteen Larks and -twelve Starlings killed. Oyster Island North, thirty Rooks, 2 p.m., -wind mod. E., cloudy. Clare Island, large flock of Rooks, 10 a.m., wind -fresh E., fine, going N.E. Slyne Head North, two Thrushes, 2 a.m., wind -mod. E., gloomy, killed. Arran Island North, large flock of Gulls all -day, wind fresh E.S.E., gloomy. Arran Island South, two Ducks, 3.15 -p.m., wind fresh E., clear, going E. - -26_th._--Fastnet, small flocks land-birds, 8 a.m., wind fresh E., -gloomy; three Titmice killed, flying S. Tuskar, Starlings, 8 p.m., wind -strong E.N.E., overcast, twelve struck, four killed (young birds); -Thrushes at midnight, wind same, five struck, one killed (young bird). -Rathlin Island, continuous flocks of Gannets, 6 a.m. to 5 p.m., wind -fresh E., overcast, going E. Rathlin O'Birne, continuous flocks of Sea -Gulls, 9 a.m., wind light E.S.E., overcast. Clare Island, continuous -flocks of Puffins all day, wind fresh E.N.E., blue sky, cloudy, going -N.W. - -27_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, continuous flocks of Linnets, 9 to -10.30 a.m., wind fresh E., gloomy, going N.E. Tuskar, "Grey-breasted -Blackbird," 7 p.m., wind strong E.N.E., overcast, struck and killed; -Starlings from 9 p.m. to 3 a.m., wind fresh E. to N.E., overcast, -striking constantly, five killed; Blackbirds and "Fieldfares or -Mountain Thrushes" striking occasionally between same hours, seven -Blackbirds and fifteen Fieldfares killed; many of these birds will -die on rock, being too exhausted to leave, particularly Starlings. -Rockabill, six Larks, three young Starlings, and one female Blackbird -killed in night, wind E., stormy, very dark, Starlings much wasted. -Rathlin Island, thirty Linnets, 12 noon, wind fresh S.E., overcast, -remained on island. Arran Island North, thirty Gulls different species -all day, wind light S.E., gloomy. - -28_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, continuous flocks of Starlings, 8.30 -to 11 p.m., wind fresh N., cloudy, apparently going E. Tuskar, one -Golden-crested Wren, 8 p.m., wind fresh N., overcast, gloomy, killed; -Fieldfares, 10.30 p.m., three killed; also one Green Linnet. Kish -Bank Lt.-ship, a flock of Ducks, 1.30 p.m., wind mod. N.W., clear. -Rockabill, one Golden-crested Wren and two young female Blackbirds, -killed in night, clear, showery; the first Goldcrest I ever saw at this -station. Arran Island North, twenty Gannets, 2 to 4 p.m., wind light -N.E., gloomy. - -29_th._--No entry. - -30_th._--Howth Baily, six Pigeons flying inland, 2.15 p.m., wind light -N.E., clear. Slyne Head North, continuous flocks of Gulls and Gannets -going S., 10 a.m. to 3 p.m., wind light S.E., clear. - -31_st._--Arran Island South, seventeen Barnacles, 11.30 a.m., wind very -strong S.E., rain, going E. - -NOVEMBER. - -1_st._--Rockabill, one Hawk and one Common Wren, 4 p.m., wind light S., -clear; Hawk hovering about rock. Rathlin O'Birne, four Plover, 7.30 -a.m., wind strong S.W., overcast, remained until Nov. 7th; continuous -flocks of Gannets and Sea Gulls. - -2_nd._--Rockabill, one Common Wren, four Titmice, 8 a.m., wind -strong S.E., clear. Rathlin Island, seventy Starlings, 7 a.m., wind -strong S.E., overcast, young birds coming from E. Broadhaven, thirty -Barnacles, 10 a.m., wind fresh N.W., clear. Arran Island South, two -Woodcocks, 3.15 p.m., wind strong S.S.E., overcast, going E. - -3_rd._--No entry. - -4_th._--Rockabill, thirteen large birds like Ducks or Wigeon two miles -off, 10 a.m., wind light S.S.W., clear, flying S. Rathlin Island, -thirty-seven Starlings, 11 a.m., wind fresh S.E., clear, coming from -E. Oyster Island North, small flocks of Wigeon and Barnacle, 10 to 12 -a.m., wind fresh S.S.W., gloomy. Broadhaven, five Solan Geese, 11.10 -a.m., wind strong S., clear. - -5_th._--Tuskar, five Swallows going S., 2.30 p.m., wind fresh S.W., -blue sky; continuous flocks of Puffins, 2 to 4 p.m., going westward. -Kish Bank Lt.-ship, several flocks of Barnacle, wind W. and S.W., clear. - -6_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, flocks of Starlings, 9 to 11.30 p.m., -wind light S.S.W., overcast, apparently going N.E. Kish Bank Lt.-ship, -several flocks of Barnacle, wind S.W., clear. Broadhaven, twelve Wild -Geese, 8.10 a.m., wind very strong S., foggy. - -7_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, small flock of Linnets, 10.30 a.m., wind -fresh S.S.E., heavy rain, hazy, going N.E. Rathlin Island, forty Black -Crows, 3 p.m., wind fresh S.W., clear, going S. Arran Island North, ten -Gannets, wind fresh S.W., gloomy: also a large flock of Gulls. - -8_th._--Kish Bank Lt.-ship, several flocks of Wild Ducks, wind S.W., -gloomy. Innishtrahull, one small Hawk, 10 a.m., wind fresh S.E., hazy. - -9_th._--Howth Baily, twenty-nine Crows flying to the south, 12.10 p.m., -wind light S.W., gloomy. - -10_th._--Rathlin Island, 600 Gulls, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., wind fresh S.E., -gloomy, on the water. Clare Island, flocks of Grey Linnets, 7.30 a.m., -wind strong S.S.W., cloudy, going S. Slyne Head North, continuous -flocks of Barnacle going S. from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m., wind fresh S.W., -rain. - -11_th._--Oyster Island North, flock of Starlings and Lapwings, 11.30 -a.m., wind light S.E., gloomy, Starlings apparently old birds. - -12_th._--Rathlin Island, 400 Gulls, 7 a.m. to 2 p.m., wind very strong -N.W., gloomy, on the water. Slyne Head North, one Blackbird, 4 a.m., -wind light S.W., misty, killed. - -13_th._--Kish Bank Lt.-ship, a flock of Chaffinches going from E. to -W., clear. - -14_th._--No entry. - -15_th._--Copeland Island, eleven Snow Buntings, 3 p.m., wind strong W., -went to mainland. Clare Island, small flock of Wild Ducks, 4 p.m., wind -very strong W., cloudy, ugly, going S.E. - -16_th._--Howth Baily, seven Cormorants flying N., 11.15 a.m., wind -fresh S.W., cloudy. Rathlin Island, seven Gannets, 4 p.m., wind very -strong N.W., gloomy, going E. - -17_th._--Rathlin Island, thirty Linnets, 11 a.m., wind strong N.W., -showers, going S. - -18_th._--Coningbeg Lt.-ship, four Gannets, 10 a.m., wind fresh S., -rain, flying E. Two Larks killed. Kish Bank Lt.-ship, a large flock -of Starlings going from E. to W., hazy. Copeland Island, six Magpies, -10.30 a.m., wind fresh S.E., went to mainland. Oyster Island North, -fifty Barnacle, 10.20 a.m., wind light S.E., rain, going S.E. - -19_th._--Rathlin O'Birne, eight "Sepoys," 8 a.m., wind strong S., -overcast. - -20_th._--Galley Head, fifty Golden Plovers, 1 p.m., wind fresh E.N.E., -clear, frosty, flying N. Coningbeg Lt.-ship, Gannets from 9 a.m. to 4 -p.m., passing E. and W. in two's and four's, wind strong S.W., clear. -Rathlin Island, seventeen Golden Plover, 10 a.m., wind very strong W., -clear, came from north, stopped on island. Slyne Head North, flock of -Rooks going N., 12 noon, wind light S., rain. - -21_st._--Coningbeg Lt.-ship, Gannets from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., passing E. -and W., wind strong W. - -22_nd._--Arran Island South, large numbers of Skua Gulls passing, wind -W., stormy, rain, thunder, going S. - -23_rd._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, flock of ten Gannets, 3 p.m., wind -strong N.W., clear, going W. Rathlin Island, thirty-six Starlings, 3 -p.m., wind very strong S.W., clear, young birds coming from N. - -24_th._--No entry. - -25_th._--Tuskar, one Golden Eagle, 8 a.m., wind strong S.W., overcast, -going N.W. Clare Island, large flock of Pigeons, 1 p.m., wind very -strong S., gloomy, rain, going W. - -26_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, one Stormy Petrel, 2 p.m., wind very -strong S.S.W., rain; remained at ship all the evening. Innishtrahull, -Rooks, 2 p.m., stormy. - -27_th._--Rathlin Island, fifty Black Crows, 10 a.m., wind very strong -S.W., rain, squally, overcast, coming from S. Innishtrahull, Rooks, 12 -noon, stormy. Clare Island, large flock of Grey Linnets, 8 a.m., wind -very strong W.N.W., cloudy, going S. - -28_th._--Rathlin O'Birne, nine Barnacle, 4 p.m., wind strong W.N.W., -rainy. Oyster Island North, small flocks of Barnacle and Wigeon, 10.30 -a.m. to 2 p.m., wind strong N.W., showery, going N.W. - -29_th._--Galley Head, eleven Gannets going E., 5.30 p.m., wind strong -W.S.W. - -30_th._--Slyne Head North, two Starlings and three Thrushes, 5 a.m., -wind light S.W., rain, all killed. - -DECEMBER. - -1_st._--Rathlin Island, six Gannets, 9 a.m., wind strong S., clear, -going E. Rathlin O'Birne, five Barnacle, 3.40 p.m., wind strong S., -overcast. Broadhaven, twenty Barnacle, 1.10 p.m., wind fresh S.W., -rain. Slyne Head North, flock of Barnacle going S., 11 a.m., wind fresh -S.W., showers. - -2_nd._--Broadhaven, eighteen Barnacle, 2.10 p.m., wind fresh S.W., -clear. - -3_rd._--Mine Head, "Grey" and Green Plovers from sunrise to sunset, -wind light N., frosty, above fifty in a flock. Galley Head, five -Gannets going W., 10 a.m., wind strong W., rain. - -4_th._--Barrels Rock Lt.-ship, large flock of Plover, 11 a.m., wind -light S.W., clear, going S.E. Rathlin O'Birne, thirteen Barnacle, 8 -p.m., wind fresh S., overcast. Clare Island, large flock of Wild Ducks, -3 p.m., wind strong S.W., fog, rain, going S.E. - -5_th._--No entry. - -6_th._--Rathlin O'Birne, fourteen Barnacle, 4 p.m., wind stormy S., -rain. - -7_th._--Rathlin Island, thirty-seven Starlings, 10 a.m., wind stormy -S.W., clear, coming from N. - -8_th._--Broadhaven, fourteen Wild Geese, 1.10 p.m., wind fresh W., rain. - -9_th._--No entry. - -10_th._--Kish Bank Lt.-ship, a flock of Ducks, 1.30 p.m., wind mod. -W.N.W., hazy. Rathlin Island, fifteen Linnets, 9 a.m., wind light S.W., -overcast, going S. Rathlin O'Birne, five Barnacle, 3 p.m., wind fresh -N.E., overcast. Broadhaven, one Solan Goose, 10.10 a.m., wind strong -S.W., clear. Clare Island, small flock of Pigeons, 11 a.m., wind light -E.S.E., blue sky, going W. - -11_th._--Mine Head, large flocks of "Grey" and Green Plovers from -sunrise to sunset, wind light N., frosty. Oyster Island North, large -flock of Barnacle, 1 p.m., wind light S.E., thick, going S.E. Slyne -Head North, continuous flocks of Gulls and Gannets going N., 8 a.m. to -2 p.m., wind light S.E., clear. - -12_th._--Old Head, Kinsale, continuous flocks of Lapwing from 10 a.m. -to 3.45 p.m., wind light N.E., clear, flying south; the first and only -ones seen this season. Mine Head, seven "Wild Geese," 2 p.m., wind -light N., frosty, going south; five "Wild Ducks," noon, wind N. Rathlin -Island, 200 Gulls, 7 a.m., wind strong S.W., gloomy, on the water. -Broadhaven, twelve Barnacle, 11.10 a.m., wind strong S., clear. - -13_th._--Oyster Island North, several flocks of Barnacle and Wigeon, 10 -a.m. to 12.30 p.m., wind fresh S.S.E., gloomy, going S.E. - -14_th._--No entry. - -15_th._--Rathlin Island, 300 Gulls, 2 p.m., wind stormy N.W., showery, -flying about. - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber Note - -Minor typos were corrected. Some station tables split by a page break -were rejoined. On p. 69, under Wood Pigeon, the date of the August -observation is missing and "--" was inserted. - - - - - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT ON THE MIGRATION OF BIRDS IN -THE SPRING AND AUTUMN OF 1881 *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where - you are located before using this eBook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that: - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without -widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |