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diff --git a/old/65404-0.txt b/old/65404-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index d872adf..0000000 --- a/old/65404-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7367 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Of the Buildings of Justinian, by Procopius - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Of the Buildings of Justinian - -Author: Procopius - -Translator: Aubrey Stewart - -Annotator: C. W. Wilson - Hayter Lewis - -Release Date: May 22, 2021 [eBook #65404] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Turgut Dincer, Les Galloway and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was - produced from images generously made available by The Internet - Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OF THE BUILDINGS OF JUSTINIAN *** - Transcriber’s Notes - - -Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. Variations -in hyphenation, spelling and punctuation remain unchanged. - -The table of contents was added by the transcriber. - -Italics are represented thus _italic_ and superscripts thus y^{en}. - -Footnotes are at the end of the Book. - - -[Illustration: -MAP TO ILLUSTRATE PROCOPIUS ON THE BUILDINGS OF JUSTINIAN Drawn by -George Armstrong FOR THE Palestine Pilgrims Text Society. - _Outline from D^r. Smith’s Atlas._] - - - - - Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society. - - OF THE - - BUILDINGS OF JUSTINIAN. - - BY - - PROCOPIUS - - (CIRC. 560 A.D.). - - - Translated by - AUBREY STEWART, M.A., - LATE FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, - - AND ANNOTATED BY - COL. SIR C. W. WILSON, R.E., K.C.M.G., F.R.S., - - AND - PROF. HAYTER LEWIS, F.S.A. - - [Illustration] - - LONDON: - 1. ADAM STREET, ADELPHI. - 1888. - - - - - CONTENTS. - - - PREFACE. - LIST OF PLATES. - INTRODUCTION. - BOOK I. - BOOK II. - BOOK III. - BOOK IV. - BOOK V. - BOOK VI. - APPENDIX I. - APPENDIX II. - INDEX. - - - - - PREFACE. - - -Procopius was born at Cæsarea in Palestine, early in the sixth or -at the end of the fifth century. He made his way, an adventurer, -to Constantinople, where he began as an advocate and Professor of -Rhetoric. He had the good fortune to be recommended to Belisarius, -who appointed him one of his secretaries. In that capacity Procopius -accompanied the general in his expedition to the East, A.D. 528, and -in that against the Vandals, A.D. 533. The successful prosecution of -the war enriched Belisarius to such an extent that he was enabled to -maintain a retinue of 7000 men, of whom Procopius seems to have been -one of the most trusted, since we find him appointed Commissary General -in the Italian war. On his return to Constantinople, he was decorated -with one of the innumerable titles of the Byzantine Court, and entered -into the Senate. In the year 562 he was made Prefect of Constantinople, -and is supposed to have died in 565—the same year as his former patron -Belisarius. - -His works are (1) the Histories (ἱστορίαι) in eight books, -namely, two on the Persian War (408-553), two on the War with the -Vandals (395-545), and four on the Wars with the Goths, bringing the -History down to the year 553. (2) The six books on the Buildings of -Justinian, and (3) the _Anecdota_, or Secret History—a work which has -always been attributed to him. - -The ‘Histories’ appeared first in Latin, 1470, the translator being -Leonardo Bruni d’Arezzo (Leonardo Aretino), who, believing his own MS. -to be the only one in existence, gave himself out for the author. They -were first published in Greek, at Augsburg, 1607: but the ‘Buildings’ -had already appeared at Basle, 1531. - -The ‘Secret History’ was first published, with a translation into -Latin, at Lyons in 1623. The ‘Histories’ and the ‘Anecdota’ have been -translated into French. An English translation of the ‘Secret History’ -was published in 1674. No other part of Procopius has, until now, been -translated. - -The following version of the ‘De Ædificiis’ has been specially made for -the Pilgrims’ Text Society, by Aubrey Stewart (late Fellow of Trinity, -Cambridge), who has added the valuable notes marked (S.). The notes -marked (L.), chiefly archæological, have been supplied by Professor -Hayter Lewis, and those marked (W.), chiefly topographical, by Colonel -Sir C. W. Wilson, the Director of the Society. - -The illustrations of St. Sophia are taken from the magnificent work by -Salzenberg, published at Berlin. - -Those from Texier and Pullan are taken by the kind permission of Mr. -Pullan from their work on ‘Byzantine Architecture.’ - -In the investigation of the antiquities of Palestine, the name of -Justinian, as associated with them, comes forward as often as that of -Constantine or Herod. - -From Bethlehem to Damascus—from the sea-coast to far beyond the -Jordan—there are few places of note in which some remains, dating from -his era, do not exist, or in which, at the least, some records of his -works are not left in the history of his time. To him Mount Sinai owes -the Church of the Holy Virgin. - -At Bethlehem he is said to have enlarged, if not rebuilt, the great -Basilica. - -At Gerizim the mountain still bears on its summit the remains of the -church which he there constructed, and Tiberias is still surrounded, in -part, by the walls raised by him. - -He is known to have constructed a large church to the Virgin on the -Mount of Olives, and several other churches in and about Jerusalem, the -grandest of which is described to have been an architectural gem, was -in the Harem area itself. - -Besides these, which are definitely recorded to have been his work, he -is supposed by some of the best authorities to have erected the Golden -Gate and the Double Gate; and of late years it has been contended that -the Sakhrah itself was constructed by him as it now exists. - -But there is scarcely one of these edifices, where remains of them -exist or are supposed so to do, which has not been the subject -of controversy, the authorship of the Sakhrah (taking that as an -instance) having been assigned, by various persons who would usually -be considered as authorities on the subject, to the Romans under -Constantine, to the Byzantines under Justinian, and to the Arabs under -Abd-el-Melek. - -It becomes, therefore, important to have a clear record as to what -Justinian did, not only in Palestine but in other countries, so as to -be able to judge to some extent, by well-authenticated examples, of the -founders of those edifices whose history is involved in doubt. - -Of the writers who can give us this record, none has such authority -as Procopius, or gives so much detailed information; and he has, for -that reason, been largely quoted by Gibbon and by well-nigh every other -writer on Byzantine history; and he gives such definite information as -to the dates of many of Justinian’s buildings which remain to us, as to -form a standard by which to recognise the general characteristics in -outline and detail adopted by his architects in his greatest works, and -which characterize the style now well known as Byzantine. - -Its first and greatest example is St. Sofia at Constantinople, which -is, perhaps, the boldest instance of a sudden change in almost every -respect, whether of plan, elevation, or detail, which is known in -architecture. - -Before its construction, the ground-plan of well-nigh every building -known to Western architects had defined the plan of all above it. - -The columns in the apse of the Basilica, or church, carried galleries -or other erections above it, of varied design, but in the same straight -or curved lines as those beneath them. - -The lines of the dome (except in slightly exceptional cases, such as -the ruin known as the Temple of Minerva Medica at Rome, or the Temple -of the Winds at Athens) were carried up on the distinct lines of the -lower walls. - -The capitals of the columns in the works of the ancient Greeks or -Romans were in each building carved on the same design; and however -beautiful each might be, the eye would see but one form of the Doric, -Ionic, or Corinthian, through the whole range of a colonnade. - -The Byzantines changed all that. - -The great dome of St. Sophia (the boldest piece of novel construction -ever, perhaps, attempted) forms the crown of a building quite original -in plan; and this dome is placed, not as that of the Roman Pantheon, -low down on thick walls of its own form, but suspended high above all -the roof around it, on four arches, which spring from detached piers, -the keystone alone of each arch giving a direct support to the dome; in -every other part it overhangs the void in the boldest manner. - -The circular work between these arches is carried in a manner which is -comparatively easy to imitate now; but the rude and often picturesque -results of attempts at imitation in mediæval times, more especially in -the South of France, show how difficult the work was found to be at the -outset. - -Earthquake and faults of construction occasioned the rebuilding of -the great dome; but it still crowns, after a trial of more than 1,300 -years, one of the most beautiful buildings in existence. - -Then the capitals of the columns, whose general outlines bear few -traces of the ancient orders, were often carved each in a different -manner, and, though harmonizing with each other in general outline, -could bear separate scrutiny, and show each a special motive and design. - -The carving of these capitals, and of the other beautiful scroll-work -and foliage which decorate the walls of St. Sophia, has come down to us -through the Normans, and is quite peculiar. - -It had none of the soft, round forms which the Romans loved, but is cut -in a sharp, crisp, and somewhat stiff style, casting distinctly marked -and sharp shadows, and the eyes of the foliage and other well-marked -parts are emphasized by being deeply drilled in. Many of the Byzantine -characteristics had been, to a large extent, foreshadowed in Eastern -buildings, even at so early a time as the Assyrian bas-reliefs; but -it is to Byzantine architects, under the fostering care of Justinian, -that we owe the picturesque changes and details of that style, the -Byzantine, which takes its name from his capital and is, to a large -extent, identified with himself. - -All the drawings have been made for this volume by Mr. George -Armstrong, formerly on the Survey Party under Captain Conder and -Captain Kitchener. - - (L.) - - - - - LIST OF PLATES. - - - PAGE - - MAP ILLUSTRATING PROCOPIUS _Frontispiece_ - - PLAN OF CONSTANTINOPLE 1 - - CHURCH OF ST. SOPHIA 5 - - DETAILS OF CAPITALS, ETC., OF ST. SOPHIA 7 - - SECTION OF ST. SOPHIA 9 - - SS. SERGIUS AND BACCHUS, CHURCH OF 19 - - FORTIFICATIONS AT DARA 42 - - CASTLE AND COLUMNS OF EDESSA 60 - - CISTERN OF IMBAHER OR BATHS OF ANTONINUS 132 - - BRIDGE ACROSS THE RIVER SANGARIS 133 - - ES SAKHRA (DOME OF THE ROCK) 139 - - EL AKSA 140 - - CHURCH ON MOUNT GERIZIM 144 - - CHURCH AT BETHLEHEM 148 - - CHURCH OF MAGNE KAHIREH 160 - - - - -[Illustration: CONSTANTINOPLE. - _Outline from D^r. Smith’s Atlas, C.A._] - - - - - THE - - SIX BOOKS OF PROCOPIUS OF CÆSAREA, - - ON THE - - _BUILDINGS OF THE LORD JUSTINIAN_. - - - - - INTRODUCTION. - - -I have not begun this work through any desire to make a display of -my own virtue, or trusting to my powers of language, or wishing -to gain credit by my knowledge of the places described, for I had -nothing to encourage me to undertake so bold a project. But I have -often reflected on the great blessings which countries derive from -history, which transmits to posterity the remembrance of our ancestors, -and opposes the efforts of time to cover them with oblivion; which -always encourages virtue in its readers by its praise, and deters -them from vice by its blame, and in this way destroys its power. -All we need study then is to make clear what has been done, and by -whom of mankind it was done; and this, I imagine, is not impossible -even for the weakest and feeblest writer; besides this, the writing -of history enables subjects who have been kindly treated by their -rulers, to express their gratitude, and to make a more than adequate -return, seeing that they only for a time enjoy the goodness of their -princes, while they render their virtues immortal in the memory of -their descendants, many of whom in this very way have been led by the -glory of their ancestors to a love of virtue, and have been probably -preserved from a dissolute course of life by the dread of disgrace. I -will shortly explain my object in making these prefatory remarks. - -The Emperor Justinian was born in our time,[1] and succeeding to the -throne when the state was decayed, added greatly to its extent and -glory by driving out from it the barbarians, who for so long a time had -forced their way into it, as I have briefly narrated in my ‘History -of the Wars.’ They say that Themistocles, the son of Neocles, prided -himself on his power of making a small state great, but our Emperor -has the power of adding other states to his own, for he has annexed -to the Roman Empire many other states which at his accession were -independent, and has founded innumerable cities which had no previous -existence. As for religion, which he found uncertain and torn by -various heresies, he destroyed everything which could lead to error, -and securely established the true faith upon one solid foundation. -Moreover, finding the laws obscure through their unnecessary multitude, -and confused by their conflict with one another, he firmly established -them by reducing the number of those which were unnecessary, and in the -case of those that were contradictory, by confirming the better ones. -He forgave of his own accord those who plotted against him, and, by -loading with wealth those who were in want, and relieving them from the -misfortunes which had afflicted them, he rendered the empire stable and -its members happy. By increasing his armies he strengthened the Roman -Empire, which lay everywhere exposed to the attacks of barbarians, -and fortified its entire frontier by building strong places. Of his -other acts the greater part have been described by me in other works, -but his great achievements in building are set forth in this book. We -learn from tradition that Cyrus the Persian was a great king, and the -chief founder of the empire of his countrymen; but whether he had any -resemblance to that Cyrus who is described by Xenophon the Athenian -in his Cyropædia, I have no means of telling, for possibly the art of -the writer has given some embellishments to his achievements; while -as for our present Emperor Justinian (whom I think one may rightly -call a king by nature, since, as Homer says, he is as gentle as a -father), if one accurately considers his empire, one will regard that -of Cyrus as mere child’s play.[2] The proof of this will be that the -empire, as I just now said, has been more than doubled by him, both -in extent and in power; whilst his royal clemency is proved by the -fact that those who wickedly plotted against his life, although they -were clearly convicted, not only are alive and in possession of their -property at the present day, but even command Roman armies, and have -been promoted to the consular dignity. Now, as I said before, we must -turn our attention to the buildings of this monarch, lest posterity, -beholding the enormous size and number of them, should deny their being -the work of one man; for the works of many men of former times, not -being confirmed by history, have been disbelieved through their own -excessive greatness. As is natural, the foundation of all my account -will be the buildings in Byzantium, for, as the old proverb has it, -when we begin a work we ought to put a brilliant frontispiece to it. - - - - - BOOK I. - - -I. The lowest dregs of the people in Byzantium once assailed the -Emperor Justinian in the rebellion called Nika, which I have clearly -described in my ‘History of the Wars.’ To prove that it was not merely -against the Emperor, but no less against God that they took up arms, -they ventured to burn the church of the Christians. (This church the -people of Byzantium call Sophia, _i.e._, Σοφία—_Wisdom_; a name most -worthy of God.) God permitted them to effect this crime, knowing how -great the beauty of this church would be when restored. Thus the church -was entirely reduced to ashes; but the Emperor Justinian not long -afterwards adorned it in such a fashion, that if anyone had asked the -Christians in former times if they wished their church to be destroyed -and thus restored, showing them the appearance of the church which we -now see, I think it probable that they would have prayed that they -might as soon as possible behold their church destroyed, in order that -it might be turned into its present form. The Emperor, regardless -of expense of all kinds, pressed on its restoration, and collected -together all the workmen from every land, Anthemius of Tralles,[3] -by far the most celebrated architect, not only of his own but of all -former times, carried out the King’s zealous intentions, organized the -labours of the workmen, and prepared models of the future construction. -Associated with him was another architect named Isidorus, a Milesian -by birth, a man of intelligence, and worthy to carry out the plans of -the Emperor Justinian. It is, indeed, a proof of the esteem with which -God regarded the Emperor, that He furnished him with men who would be -so useful in effecting his designs, and we are compelled to admire the -intelligence of the Emperor, in being able to choose the most suitable -of mankind to carry out the noblest of his works. - -[Illustration: CHURCH OF S^T SOPHIA. -DETAILS OF ORNAMENTAL WORK] - -[Illustration: 3 Specimens of Details of -Capitals &c. of S^t. Sophia -_From Salzenburg_] - -The church consequently presented a most glorious spectacle, -extraordinary to those who beheld it, and altogether incredible to -those who are told of it. In height it rises to the very heavens, and -overtops the neighbouring buildings like a ship anchored among them: -it rises above the rest of the city, which it adorns, while it forms -a part of it, and it is one of its beauties that being a part of the -city, and growing out of it, it stands so high above it, that from -it the whole city can be beheld as from a watch-tower. Its length -and breadth are so judiciously arranged that it appears to be both -long and wide without being disproportioned. It is distinguished by -indescribable beauty, for it excels both in its size and in the harmony -of its proportion, having no part excessive and none deficient; being -more magnificent than ordinary buildings, and much more elegant than -those which are out of proportion. It is singularly full of light and -sunshine; you would declare that the place is not lighted by the sun -from without, but that the rays are produced within itself, such an -abundance of light is poured into this church. Now the front of the -church (that is to say the part towards the rising sun, where the -sacred mysteries are performed in honour of God) is built as follows. -The building rises from the ground, not in a straight line, but set -back somewhat obliquely, and retreating in the middle into the form -of a half-circle, a form which those who are learned in these matters -call semi-cylindrical, rising perpendicularly. The upper part of -this work ends in the fourth part of a sphere, and above it another -crescent-shaped structure is raised upon the adjacent parts of the -building, admirable for its beauty, but causing terror by the apparent -weakness of its construction; for it appears not to rest upon a secure -foundation, but to hang dangerously over the heads of those within, -although it is really supported with especial firmness and safety. On -each side of these there are columns standing upon the floor, which -themselves also are not placed in a straight line, but arranged with -an inward curve of semicircular shape, one beyond another, like the -dancers in a chorus. These columns support above them a crescent-shaped -structure. Opposite this east wall is built another wall containing -the entrances, and upon either side of it also stand columns with -stonework above them in a half-circle exactly like those previously -described. In the midst of the church are four masses of stone called -piers, two on the north and two on the south side, opposite and equal -to one another, having four columns in the central space between -each. These piers are composed of large stones fitted together, the -stones being carefully selected and cleverly jointed into one another -by the masons, reaching to a great height. Looking at them you would -compare them to perpendicular cliffs. Upon these four arches rise in a -quadrilateral form. The extremities of these arches join one another in -pairs, and rest at their ends upon these piers, while the other part -of them rise to a great height, and are suspended in the air. Two of -these arches, that is, those towards the rising and the setting sun, -are constructed over the empty air, but the remainder have under them -some stonework, with small columns. Now above these arches is raised a -circular building of a spherical form through which the light of day -first shines; for the building, I imagine, overtops the whole country, -and has small openings left on purpose, so that the places where these -intervals in the construction occur may serve for conductors of light. -Thus far I imagine the building is not incapable of being described, -even by a weak and feeble tongue. As the arches are arranged in a -quadrangular figure, the stonework between them takes the shape of -a triangle; the lower angle of each triangle, being compressed -between the shoulders of the arches, is slender, while the upper part -becomes wider as it rises in the space between them, and ends against -the circle which rises from thence, forming there its remaining angles. -A spherical-shaped dome standing upon this circle makes it exceedingly -beautiful; from the lightness of the building it does not appear to -rest upon a solid foundation, but to cover the place beneath as though -it were suspended from heaven by the fabled golden chain. All these -parts surprisingly joined to one another in the air, suspended one from -another, and resting only on that which is next to them, form the work -into one admirably harmonious whole, which spectators do not care to -dwell upon for long in the mass, as each individual part attracts the -eye and turns it to itself. The sight causes men to constantly change -their point of view, and the spectator can nowhere point to any part -which he admires more than the rest, but having viewed the art which -appears everywhere, men contract their eyebrows as they look at each -point, and are unable to comprehend such workmanship, but always depart -thence stupified through their incapacity to comprehend it. So much for -this. - -[Illustration: CHURCH OF S^T. SOPHIA. -HALF SECTION THROUGH GREAT DOME AND TRANSEPT - Vincent Brooks Day & Son] - -[Illustration: CHURCH OF S^T. SOPHIA. - HALF PLAN ON LEVEL OF GROUND FLOOR. - HALF PLAN ON LEVEL OF GALLERIES] - -The Emperor Justinian and the architects Anthemius and Isidorus used -many devices to construct so lofty a church with security. One alone -of these I will at this present time explain, by which a man may form -some opinion of the strength of the whole work; as for the others, I am -not able to discover them all, and find it impossible to explain them -in words. It is as follows:—The piers[4] of which I just now spoke -are not constructed in the same manner as the rest of the building, but -in this fashion: they consist of quadrangular courses of stones, rough -by nature, but made smooth by art; of these stones, those which make -the projecting angles of the pier are cut angularly, while those which -go in the middle parts of the sides are cut square. They are fastened -together not with what is called unslaked lime, not with bitumen, the -boast of Semiramis at Babylon, nor anything of the kind, but with lead, -which is poured between the interstices, and which, pervading the whole -structure, has sunk into the joints of the stones, and binds them -together; this is how they are built. Let us now proceed to describe -the remaining parts of the church. The entire ceiling is covered with -pure gold, which adds glory to its beauty, though the rays of light -reflected upon the gold from the marble surpass it in beauty; there -are two porticos on each side, which do not in any way dwarf the size -of the church, but add to its width. In length they reach quite to the -ends, but in height they fall short of it; these also have a domed -ceiling and are adorned with gold. Of these two porticos, the one is -set apart for male, and the other for female worshippers; there is no -variety in them, nor do they differ in any respect from one another, -but their very equality and similarity add to the beauty of the church. -Who could describe the galleries[5] of the portion set apart for -women, or the numerous porticos and cloistered courts with which the -church is surrounded? who could tell of the beauty of the columns and -marbles with which the church is adorned? one would think that one -had come upon a meadow full of flowers in bloom: who would not admire -the purple tints of some and the green of others, the glowing red and -glittering white, and those, too, which nature, like a painter, has -marked with the strongest contrasts of colour? Whoever enters there -to worship perceives at once that it is not by any human strength or -skill, but by the favour of God that this work has been perfected; -his mind rises sublime to commune with God, feeling that He cannot be -far off, but must especially love to dwell in the place which He has -chosen; and this takes place not only when a man sees it for the first -time, but it always makes the same impression upon him, as though he -had never beheld it before. No one ever became weary of this spectacle, -but those who are in the Church delight in what they see, and, when -they leave it, magnify it in their talk about it; moreover, it is -impossible accurately to describe the treasure of gold and silver plate -and gems, which the Emperor Justinian has presented to it; but by the -description of one of them, I leave the rest to be inferred. That part -of the church which is especially sacred, and where the priests alone -are allowed to enter, which is called the Sanctuary, contains forty -thousand pounds’ weight of silver! - -The above is an account, written in the most abridged and cursory -manner, describing in the fewest possible words the most admirable -structure of the church at Constantinople which is called the Great -Church, built by the Emperor Justinian, who did not merely supply the -funds for it, but assisted it by the labour and powers of his mind, as -I will now explain. Of the two arches which I lately mentioned (the -architects call them ‘lori’[6]), that one which stands towards the east -had been built up on each side, but had not altogether been completed -in the middle, where it was still imperfect; now the piers upon which -the building rested, unable to support the weight which was put upon -them, somehow all at once split open, and seemed as though before long -they would fall to pieces. Upon this Anthemius and Isidorus, terrified -at what had taken place, referred the matter to the Emperor, losing all -confidence in their own skill. He at once, I know not by what impulse, -but probably inspired by heaven, for he is not an architect, ordered -them to carry round this arch; for it, said he, resting upon itself, -will no longer need the piers below. Now if this story were unsupported -by witnesses, I am well assured that it would seem to be written in -order to flatter, and to be quite incredible; but as there are many -witnesses now alive of what then took place, I shall not hesitate to -finish it. The workmen performed his bidding, the arch was safely -suspended, and proved by experiment the truth of his conception. So -much then for this part of the building; now with regard to the other -arches, those looking to the south and to the north, the following -incidents took place. When the arches called ‘lori’ were raised aloft -during the building of the church, everything below them laboured under -their weight, and the columns which are placed there shed little -scales, as though they had been planed. Alarmed at this, the architects -again referred the matter to the Emperor, who devised the following -plan. He ordered the upper part of the work that was giving way, where -it touched the arches, to be taken down for the present, and to be -replaced long afterwards when the damp had thoroughly left the fabric. -This was done, and the building has stood safely afterwards, so that -the structure as it were bears witness to the Emperor. - -II. In front of the Senate House there is an open place which the -people of Constantinople call the Augustæum: in it there are not less -than seven courses of stone in a quadrangular form, arranged like -steps, each one so much less in extent than that which is below, that -each one of the stones projects sufficiently for the men who frequent -that place to sit upon them as upon steps. From the topmost course a -column rises to a great height—not a monolith, but composed of stones -of a considerable periphery, which are cut square, and are fitted into -one another by the skill of the masons. The finest brass, cast into -panels and garlands, surrounds these stones on every side, binding -them firmly together, while it covers them with ornament, and in all -parts, especially at the capital and the base, imitates the form of -the column. This brass is in colour paler than unalloyed gold; and its -value is not much short of its own weight in silver. On the summit of -the column there stands an enormous horse, with his face turned towards -the east—a noble sight. He appears to be walking, and proceeding -swiftly forwards; he raises his left fore-foot as though to tread upon -the earth before him, while the other rests upon the stone beneath -it, as though it would make the next step, while he places his hind -feet together, so that they may be ready when he bids them move. Upon -this horse sits a colossal brass figure of the Emperor, habited as -Achilles, for so his costume is called; he wears hunting-shoes, and -his ankles are not covered by his greaves. He wears a corslet like an -ancient hero, his head is covered by a helmet which seems to nod, and a -plume glitters upon it. A poet would say that it was that ‘star of the -dog-days’ mentioned in Homer.[7] He looks towards the east, directing -his course, I imagine, against the Persians; in his left hand he holds -a globe, by which the sculptor signifies that all lands and seas are -subject to him. He holds no sword or spear, or any other weapon, but a -cross stands upon the globe, through which he has obtained his empire -and victory in war; he stretches forward his right hand towards the -east, and spreading out his fingers seems to bid the barbarians in that -quarter to remain at home and come no further. This is the appearance -of the statue. - -The Church of Irene,[8] which was next to the great church, and was -burnt down together with it, was rebuilt on a large scale by the -Emperor Justinian—a church scarcely second to any in Byzantium except -that of Sophia. There was between these two churches a hospice for the -relief of destitute persons and those in the last extremity of disease, -suffering in body as well as in fortune, which was built in former -times by a God-fearing man named Sampson. This also did not remain -unscathed by the insurgents, but perished in the fire, together with -the two neighbouring churches. The Emperor Justinian rebuilt it in a -more magnificent fashion, and with a much greater number of rooms, -and he has also endowed it with a great annual revenue, in order that -the sufferings of more unfortunate men may be relieved in it for the -future. Insatiate as he was in his love for God, he built two other -hospices opposite to this, in what are called the houses of Isidorus -and Arcadius, being assisted in these pious works by the Empress -Theodora. As for all the other churches which this Emperor raised in -honour of Christ, they are so many in number and so great in size that -it is impossible to describe them in detail, for no power of words nor -one’s whole life would suffice to collect and to recite the list of -their several names: let this much suffice. - -III. We must begin with the churches of the Virgin Mary, for it is -understood that this is the wish of the Emperor himself, and the true -method of description distinctly points out that from God we ought -to proceed to the Mother of God. The Emperor Justinian built in all -parts of the Roman empire many churches dedicated to the Virgin, so -magnificent and large, and constructed with such a lavish expenditure -of money, that a person beholding any one of them singly would imagine -it to have been his only work, and that he had spent the whole period -of his reign in adorning it alone. For the present, as I said before, -I shall describe the churches in Byzantium. One of the churches of -the Virgin[9] was built by him outside the walls, in a place named -Blachernæ (for he must be credited with the pious foundations of -Justin, his uncle, since he administered his kingdom at his own -discretion). This church is near the sea-shore, of great sanctity and -magnificence; it is long, yet its width is well proportioned to its -length, and above and below it is supported and rests on nothing less -than sections of Parian marble which stand in the form of columns. -These columns are arranged in a straight line in all parts of the -church except in the middle, where they are set back. Those who enter -this church especially admire its lofty and at the same time secure -construction, and its splendid yet not meretricious beauty. - -He built another church in her honour in the place which is called -the Fountain, where there is a thick grove of cypress trees, a meadow -whose rich earth blooms with flowers, a garden abounding in fruit, a -fountain which noiselessly pours forth a quiet and sweet stream of -water, in short where all the surroundings beseem a sacred place. Such -is the country around the church; but as for the church itself, it is -not easy to describe it in fitting words, to form an idea of it in the -mind, or to express it in language; let it suffice for me to say thus -much of it, that in beauty and size it surpasses most other churches. -Both these churches are built outside the city walls, the one at the -place where the wall starts from the sea-shore, the latter close -to what is called the Golden Gate, which is near the further end of -the fortifications, in order that both of them might form impregnable -defences for the city walls. Besides these, in the temple of Hera, now -called the Hiereum, he erected a church in honour of the Virgin, which -cannot easily be described. - -In that part of the city which is called Deuteron[10] he built a noble -and admirable church in honour of St. Anne, whom some think to have -been the mother of the Virgin, and the grandmother of Christ; for God, -in choosing to become man, subjected Himself to having grand-parents -and a genealogy on His mother’s side like a man. Not very far from this -church, in the last street of the city, there is a fine church built in -honour of the martyr Zoe. - -He found the church of the Archangel Michael[11] at Byzantium small, -very dark, and quite unworthy of being dedicated to the archangel, -having been built by one Senator, a patrician in former times, and -in shape very like a small bedroom in a poor man’s house. Wherefore -he razed it entirely to the ground, that no part of its former -unseemliness might be left, and rebuilding it of a goodly size, in -the manner which we now see, changed it into a building of wonderful -beauty. This church is of a quadrangular form, its length apparently -not greatly exceeding its width; of its sides, that which looks towards -the east has at its extremities a thick wall constructed of a great -mass of stones, but in the middle is set back, forming a recess, on -each side of which the roof is supported by columns of variegated -stone. The opposite wall, that towards the west, is pierced with doors -opening into the church. - -[Illustration: PLAN OF CHURCH OF SS. SERGIUS AND BACCHUS.] - -IV. His faith in the Apostles of Christ is testified in the following -manner: In the first place he built the Church to SS. Peter and -Paul, which did not exist before in Byzantium, close to the King’s -palace, which was formerly called by the name of Hormisdas.[12] This -was once his own private house; and when he became Emperor of the -Romans, he made it look worthy of a palace by the magnificence of its -buildings, and joined it to the other imperial apartments. Here also -he built another church dedicated to the glorious saints Sergius and -Bacchus,[13] and afterwards another church standing obliquely to -it. These two churches stand, not facing one another, but obliquely -towards one another, joined together, and vying one with another. They -have a common entrance, are equal to one another in all respects, -are surrounded by a boundary wall, and neither of them exceeds the -other or falls short of it, either in beauty, size, or any other -respect; for each alike reflects the rays of the sun from its polished -marble, and is alike covered with lavish gilding and adorned with -offerings; in one respect alone they differ, that the length of one is -straight, whereas the columns of the other for the most part stand in a -semicircle. They both have one portico at their vestibule, which from -its great length is called Narthex.[14] The whole vestibule, the court, -the inner doors from the court and the neighbourhood of the palace are -alike common to both, and both these churches are so admirable that -they form a great ornament to the entire city, and especially to the -palace. - -After this, out of his exceeding great reverence for all the -Apostles,[15] he did as follows. In ancient times there was one -church at Byzantium dedicated to all the Apostles, but through length -of time it had become ruinous, and seemed not likely to stand much -longer. Justinian took this entirely down, and was careful not only to -rebuild it, but to render it more admirable both in size and beauty; -he carried out his intention in the following manner. Two lines were -drawn in the form of a cross, joining one another in the middle, the -upright one pointing to the rising and setting sun, and the other -cross line towards the north and the south wind. These were surrounded -by a circuit of walls, and within by columns placed both above and -below; at the crossing of the two straight lines, that is, about the -middle point of them, there is a place set apart, which may not be -entered except by the priests, and which is consequently termed the -Sanctuary. The transepts which lie on each side of this, about the -cross line, are of equal length; but that part of the upright line -towards the setting sun is built so much longer than the other part -as to form the figure of the cross. That part of the roof which is -above the Sanctuary is constructed like the middle part of the Church -of Sophia, except that it yields to it in size; for the four arches -are suspended and connected with one another in the same fashion, the -circular building standing above them is pierced with windows, and the -spherical dome which overarches it seems to be suspended in the air, -and not to stand upon a firm base, although it is perfectly secure. In -this manner the middle part of the roof is built: now the roof over the -four limbs of the church is constructed of the same size as that which -I have described over the middle, with this one exception, that the -wall underneath the spherical part is not pierced with windows. When -he had completed the building of this Sanctuary, the Apostles made it -evident to all that they were pleased and thoroughly delighted with -the honour paid them by the Emperor; for the bodies of the Apostles -Andrew, Luke, and Timothy, which had before this been invisible and -altogether unknown, were then made manifest to all men, signifying, -I imagine, that they did not reject the faith of the Emperor, but -permitted him openly to behold them, to approach and to touch them, -that he might gain from them assistance and security for his life. This -was discovered in the following manner. - -The Emperor Constantine built this church in the name and in honour of -the Apostles, making a decree that there should be a sepulchre there -for himself, and for those who should rule after him, women as well as -men; which is observed even to the present day. Here also the body of -the father of Constantine was laid; but he did not in any way hint that -the bodies of the Apostles were there, nor did there appear to be any -place set apart for the bodies of saints. When, however, the Emperor -Justinian was rebuilding this church, the workmen dug up the whole -foundation, lest any unseemly thing should be left in it. They saw -there three neglected wooden coffins, which declared by inscriptions -upon them that they contained the bodies of the Apostles Andrew, Luke, -and Timothy, which the Emperor and all Christian men beheld with the -greatest delight. A solemn procession and public festival was ordered, -and, after the customary rites had been performed in their honour, the -coffins were covered up, and again placed in the ground. The place was -not left unmarked or uncared for, but was reverently dedicated to the -bodies of the Apostles. In return for the respect paid them by the -Emperor, the Apostles, as I said before, made themselves manifest to -all men; for, under a religious prince, the host of heaven do not hold -themselves aloof from the affairs of men, but love to mingle with them, -and rejoice in intercourse with mankind. - -Who could be silent about the Church of Acacius,[16] which, being -ruinous, he pulled down and built up again from its very foundations, -adding wonderfully to its size? It rests on all sides upon -brilliantly white columns, and its floor is covered with similar -marble, from which so bright a light is reflected as to make one -imagine that the whole church is covered with snow. Two porticos stand -in front of it, the one supported on columns, and the other looking -towards the forum. I was within a little of omitting to mention the -church which was dedicated to St. Plato the Martyr,[17] a truly worthy -and noble building, not far from the forum, which is named after the -Emperor Constantine; and likewise the church dedicated to the Martyr -Mocius,[18] which is the largest of all these churches. Besides this, -there is the Church of the Martyr Thyssus, and the Church of St. -Theodorus,[19] standing outside the city in the place which is called -Rhesias, and the Church of the Martyr Thecla, which is near the harbour -named after Julian, and that of St. Theodota in the suburb which is -called Hebdomon. All these were built from their foundations by this -Emperor during the reign of his uncle Justin, and are not easy to -describe in words, while it is impossible to admire them sufficiently -when beholding them. My narrative is now attracted to the Church of -St. Agathonicus,[20] and I am forced to mention it, though I have no -longer voice nor words befitting such a work: let it be sufficient for -me to have said thus much of it; I will leave the description of its -beauty and sumptuousness in all respects to others to whom the subject -is fresh, and who are not wearied out by their labours. - -V. Finding other churches in what is called the Anaplus, and along the -coast of the opposite continent, which were not worthy to be dedicated -to any of the saints, as also round the gulf which the natives call -Ceras,[21] after the name of Ceroessa, the mother of Byzans, who was -the founder of the city, he showed a royal munificence in all of them, -as I will presently prove, having first said a few words about the -glory which the sea adds to Byzantium. - -The prosperity of Byzantium is increased by the sea which enfolds -it, contracting itself into straits, and connecting itself with the -ocean, thus rendering the city remarkably beautiful, and affording a -safe protection in its harbours to seafarers, so as to cause it to be -well supplied with provisions and abounding with all necessaries; for -the two seas which are on either side of it, that is to say the Ægean -and that which is called the Euxine, which meet at the east part of -the city and dash together as they mingle their waves, separate the -continent by their currents, and add to the beauty of the city while -they surround it. It is, therefore, encompassed by three straits -connected with one another, arranged so as to minister both to its -elegance and its convenience, all of them most charming for sailing -on, lovely to look at, and exceedingly safe for anchorage. The middle -one of them, which leads from the Euxine Sea, makes straight for the -city as though to adorn it. Upon either side of it lie the several -continents, between whose shores it is confined, and seems to foam -proudly with its waves because it passes over both Asia and Europe -in order to reach the city; you would think that you beheld a river -flowing towards you with a gentle current. That which is on the left -hand of it rests on either side upon widely extended shores, and -displays the groves, the lovely meadows, and all the other charms of -the opposite continent in full view of the city. As it makes its way -onward towards the south, receding as far as possible from Asia, it -becomes wider; but even then its waves continue to encircle the city -as far as the setting of the sun. The third arm of the sea joins the -first one upon the right hand, starting from the place called Sycæ,[22] -and washes the greater part of the northern shore of the city, ending -in a bay. Thus the sea encircles the city like a crown, the interval -consisting of the land lying between it in sufficient quantity to -form a clasp for the crown of waters. This gulf is always calm, and -never crested into waves, as though a barrier were placed there to the -billows, and all storms were shut out from thence, through reverence -for the city. Whenever strong winds and gales fall upon these seas and -this strait, ships, when they once reach the entrance of this gulf, -run the rest of their voyage unguided, and make the shore at random; -for the gulf extends for a distance of more than forty stadia in -circumference, and the whole of it is a harbour, so that when a ship is -moored there the stern rests on the sea and the bows on the land, as -though the two elements contended with one another to see which of them -could be of the greatest service to the city. - -VI. Such is the appearance of this gulf; but the Emperor Justinian -rendered it more lovely by the beauty of the buildings with which -he surrounded it; for on the left side of it, he, to speak briefly, -altered the Church of St. Laurentius the Martyr, which formerly was -without windows and very dark,[23] into the appearance which it now -presents; and in front of it he built the Church of the Virgin, in the -place which is called Blachernæ, as I described a little above. Behind -it he built a new church to SS. Priscus and Nicolaus, renewing the -whole building. This is an especially favourite resort of the people -of Byzantium, partly from their respect and reverence for the saints, -which were their countrymen, and partly to enjoy the beauty of the -situation of the church; for the Emperor drove back the waves of the -sea, and laid the foundations as far among the billows as possible. -At the upper part of the gulf, in a very steep and precipitous place, -there was an ancient Church of SS. Cosmas and Damianus; where once -these saints appeared on a sudden to the Emperor as he lay grievously -sick and apparently at the point of death, given up by his physicians, -and already reckoned as dead, and miraculously made him whole. In order -to repay their goodness, as far as a mortal man may do, he entirely -altered and renewed the former building, which was unseemly and humble, -and not worthy to be dedicated to such great saints, adorned the new -church with beauty and size and brilliant light, and gave it many other -things which it did not formerly possess. When men are suffering from -diseases beyond the reach of physicians, and despair of human aid, they -resort to the only hope which is left to them, and sail through this -gulf in boats to this church. As soon as they begin their voyage they -see this church standing as though on a lofty citadel, made beautiful -by the gratitude of the Emperor, and affording them hope that they too -may partake of the benefits which flow from thence. - -On the opposite side of the gulf the Emperor built a church which did -not exist before, quite close to the shore of the gulf, and dedicated -it to the Martyr Anthimus. The base of this temple, laved by the gentle -wash of the sea, is most picturesque; for no lofty billows dash against -its stones, nor does the wave resound like that of the open sea, or -burst into masses of foam, but gently glides up to the land, silently -laps against it, and quietly retreats. Beyond this is a level and very -smooth court, adorned all round with marble columns, and rendered -beautiful by its view of the sea. Next to this is a portico, beyond -which rises the church, of a quadrangular form, adorned with beautiful -marble and gildings. Its length only exceeds its breadth far enough -to give room for the sanctuary, in which the sacred mysteries are -performed, on the side which is turned towards the rising sun; such is -the description of it. - -VII. Beyond this, at the very mouth of the gulf, stands the Church -of the Martyr Irene,[24] which the Emperor has so magnificently -constructed that I could not competently describe it; for, contending -with the sea in his desire to beautify the gulf, he has built these -churches as though he were placing gems upon a necklace; however, since -I have mentioned this Church of Irene, it will not be foreign to my -purpose to describe what took place there. Here, from ancient times, -rested the remains of no fewer than forty saints, who were Roman -soldiers, and were enrolled in the twelfth legion, which formerly was -stationed in the city of Melitene, in Armenia; now, when the masons -dug in the place which I just spoke of, they found a chest with an -inscription stating that it contained the remains of these men. This -chest, which had been forgotten, was at that time purposely brought -to light by God, both with the object of proving to all men with how -great joy He received the gifts of the Emperor, and also in order to -reward his good works by the bestowal of a still greater favour; for -the Emperor Justinian was in ill-health, and a large collection of -humours in his knee caused him great pain. His illness arose from his -own fault; for during all the days which precede the Paschal Feast, -and are called fast-days, he practised a severe abstinence, unfit not -only for a prince, but even for a man who took no part in political -matters. He used to pass two days entirely without food, and that, too, -although he rose from his bed at early dawn to watch over the State, -whose business he ever transacted, both by actions and words, early -in the morning, at midday, and at night with equal zeal; for though -he would retire to rest late at night, he would almost immediately -arise, as though disliking his bed. Whenever he did take nourishment, -he refrained from wine, bread, and all other food, eating only herbs, -and those wild ones which had been for a long time pickled in salt and -vinegar, whilst water was his only drink. Yet he never ate to repletion -even of these; but whenever he dined, he would merely taste this food, -and then push it away, never eating sufficient. From this regimen his -disease gathered strength, defying the efforts of physicians, and for -a long time the Emperor suffered from these pains. During this time, -hearing of the discovery of the relics, he disregarded human art, and -commended himself to them, deriving health from his faith in them, and -finding healing in his bitterest need from his true faith; for as soon -as the priests placed the paten upon his knee, the disease at once -vanished—forced out of a body dedicated to God. Not wishing that this -matter should be disputed, God displayed a great sign as a testimony -to this miracle. Oil suddenly poured forth from the holy relics, -overflowed the chest, and besprinkled the feet and the purple garment -of the Emperor. Wherefore his tunic, thus saturated, is preserved in -the palace as a testimony of what then took place, and for the healing -of those who in future time may suffer from incurable disorders. - -VIII. Thus did the Emperor Justinian adorn the gulf which is called -the Horn; he also added great beauty to the shores of the other two -straits, of which I lately made mention, in the following manner. There -were two churches dedicated to St. Michael the Archangel, opposite -to one another, on either side of the strait, the one in the place -called Anaplus[25] on the left hand as one sails into the Euxine Sea, -and the other on the opposite shore. This place was called Pröochthus -by the ancients—I suppose because it projects a long way from that -shore—and is now called Brochi, the ignorance of the inhabitants -having in process of time corrupted the name. The priests of these two -churches, perceiving that they were dilapidated by age, and fearing -that they might presently fall down upon them, besought the Emperor -to restore them both to their former condition; for in his reign it -was not possible for a church either to be built, or to be restored -when ruined, except from the royal treasury, and that not only in -Byzantium, but also everywhere throughout the Roman Empire. The -Emperor, as soon as he obtained this opportunity, demolished both -of them to the foundation, that no part of their former unseemliness -might be left. He rebuilt the one in Anaplus[26] in the following -manner. He formed the shore into a curve within a mole of stone, which -he erected as a protection to the harbour, and changed the sea-beach -into the appearance of a market; for the sea, which is there very -smooth, exchanges its produce with the land, and sea-faring merchants, -mooring their barques alongside the mole, exchange the merchandise -from their decks for the produce of the country. Beyond this sea-side -market stands forth the vestibule of the church, whose marble vies in -colour with ripe fruit and snow. Those who take their walks in this -quarter are charmed with the beauty of the stone, are delighted with -the view of the sea, and are refreshed with the breezes from the water -and the hills which rise upon the land. A circular portico surrounds -the church on all sides except the east. In the midst of it stands the -church, adorned with marble of various colours. Above it is suspended -a domed roof. Who, after viewing it, could speak worthily of the lofty -porticoes, of the buildings within, of the grace of the marble with -which the walls and foundations are everywhere encrusted? In addition -to all this, a great quantity of gold is everywhere spread over the -church, as though it grew upon it. In describing this, I have also -described the Church of St. John the Baptist,[27] which the Emperor -Justinian lately erected in his honour in the place called Hebdomon; -for both the two churches are very like each other, except only that -the Church of the Baptist does not happen to stand by the sea-shore. -The Church of the Archangel, in the place called Anaplus, is built -in the above manner; now upon the opposite shore there is a place -at a little distance from the sea, which is level, and raised high -upon a mass of stones. Here has been built a church in honour of the -Archangel, of exceeding beauty, of the largest size, and in costliness -worthy of being dedicated to the Archangel Michael by the Emperor -Justinian. Not far from this church, he restored a church of the -Virgin, which had fallen into ruins long before, whose magnificence -it would take long to examine and to express in words; but here a -long-expected part of our history finds its place. - -IX. Upon this shore there stood from ancient times a beautiful palace: -the whole of this the Emperor Justinian dedicated to God, exchanging -present enjoyment for the reward of his piety hereafter, in the -following manner. There were at Byzantium a number of women who were -prostituted in a brothel, not willingly, but compelled to exercise -their profession; for under pressure of poverty they were compelled -by the procurer who kept them to act in this manner, and to offer -themselves to unknown and casual passers-by. There was here from -ancient times a guild of brothel-keepers, who not only carried on their -profession in this building, but publicly bought their victims in the -market, and forced them into an unchaste life. However, the Emperor -Justinian and the Empress Theodora, who performed all their works of -piety in common, devised the following scheme. They cleansed the State -from the pollution of these brothels, drove out the procurers, and set -free these women who had been driven to evil courses by their poverty, -providing them with a sufficient maintenance, and enabling them to live -chaste as well as free. This was arranged in the following manner: they -changed the palace, which stood on the right hand as one sails into the -Euxine Sea, into a magnificent convent, to serve as a refuge for women -who had repented of their former life, in order that there spending -their lives in devotion to God, and in continual works of piety, they -might wash away the sins of their former life of shame; wherefore this -dwelling of these women is called from their work by the name of the -Penitentiary. The princes endowed this convent with large revenues, -and furnished it with many buildings of exceeding great beauty and -costliness for the comfort of these women, so that none of them might -be forced by any circumstances to relax their practice of chastity. So -much then for this part of the subject. - -As one sails from this place towards the Euxine Sea, there is a lofty -promontory jutting out from the shore of the strait, upon which stood a -Church of the Martyr St. Pantelëemon,[28] which, having been originally -carelessly built, and having been much ruined by lapse of time, was -taken down by the Emperor Justinian, who built the church which now -stands there with the greatest magnificence, and both preserved the -honour due to the martyr and added beauty to the strait by building -on each side of it the churches which I have mentioned. Beyond this -church, in a place which is called Argyronium, there was, in old -times, a hospital for poor men afflicted with incurable diseases, -which having in the course of time fallen into the last stage of -decay, he most zealously restored, to serve as a refuge for those -who were thus afflicted. Near this place there is a district by the -sea-side called Mochadius, which is also called Hieron. Here he built -a temple in honour of the Archangel of remarkable splendour, and in -no respect inferior to those Churches of the Archangel, of which I -spoke just now. He also built a church dedicated to St. Tryphon the -Martyr, decorated with much labour and time to an indescribable pitch -of beauty, in that street of the city which is called by the name of -‘The Stork.’ Furthermore, he built a church in the Hebdomon, in honour -of the martyrs Menas[29] and Menæsus; and finding that the Church of -St. Ias the Martyr, which is on the left hand as one enters the Golden -Gate, was in ruins, he restored it with a lavish expenditure. This is -what was done by the Emperor Justinian in connection with the churches -in Byzantium; but to describe all his works throughout the entire -Roman Empire in detail, is a difficult task, and altogether impossible -to express in words, but, whenever I shall have to make mention of -the name of any city or district, I shall take the opportunity of -describing the churches in it. - -X. The above were the works of the Emperor Justinian upon the -churches of Constantinople and its suburbs; but as to the other -buildings constructed by him, it would not be easy to mention them all. -However, to sum up matters, he rebuilt and much improved in beauty -the largest and most considerable part both of the city and of the -palace, which had been burned down and levelled with the ground. It -appears unnecessary for me to enter into particulars on this subject -at present, since it has all been minutely described in my ‘History -of the Wars.’ For the present I shall only say this much, that the -vestibule of the palace and that which is called Chalce, as far as what -is known as the House of Ares, and outside the palace the public baths -of Zeuxippus,[30] and the great porticoes and all the buildings on -either hand, as far as the forum of Constantine, are the works of this -Emperor. In addition to these, he restored and added great magnificence -to the house named after Hormisdas, which stands close to the palace, -rendering it worthy of the palace, to which he joined it, and thereby -rendered it much more roomy and worthy of admiration on that side. - -In front of the palace there is a forum surrounded with columns. The -Byzantines call this forum the Augustæum. I mentioned it in a former -part of this work, when, after describing the Church of St. Sophia, I -spoke of the brazen statue of the Emperor, which stands upon a very -lofty column of stones as a memorial of that work. On the eastern side -of this forum stands the Senate House, which baffles description by -its costliness and entire arrangement, and which was the work of the -Emperor Justinian. Here at the beginning of every year the Roman Senate -holds an annual festival, according to the custom of the State. -Six columns stand in front of it, two of them having between them that -wall of the Senate House which looks towards the west, while the four -others stand a little beyond it. These columns are all white in colour, -and in size, I imagine, are the largest columns in the whole world. -They form a portico covered by a circular dome-shaped roof. The upper -parts of this portico are all adorned with marble equal in beauty to -that of the columns, and are wonderfully ornamented with a number of -statues standing on the roof. - -Not far from this forum stands the Emperor’s palace, which, as I have -said before, was almost entirely rebuilt by the Emperor Justinian. To -describe it all in words is impossible, but it will suffice for future -generations to know that it was all the work of this Emperor. As, -according to the proverb, we know the lion by his claw, so my readers -will learn the magnificence of this palace from the entrance-hall. This -entrance-hall is the building called Chalce; its four walls stand in a -quadrangular form, and are very lofty; they are equal to one another -in all respects, except that those on the north and south sides are a -little shorter than the others. In each angle of them stands a pier -of very well-wrought stone, reaching from the floor to the summit of -the wall, quadrangular in form and joining the wall on one of its -sides: they do not in any way destroy the beauty of the place, but even -add ornament to it by the symmetry of their position. Above them are -suspended eight arches, four of which support the roof, which rises -above the whole work in a spherical form, whilst the others, two of -which rest on the neighbouring wall towards the south and two towards -the north, support the arched roof which is suspended over those -spaces. The entire ceiling is decorated with paintings, not formed of -melted wax poured upon it, but composed of tiny stones adorned with -all manner of colours, imitating human figures and everything else -in nature. I will now describe the subjects of these paintings. Upon -either side are wars and battles, and the capture of numberless cities, -some in Italy, and some in Libya. Here the Emperor Justinian conquers -by his General Belisarius; and here the General returns to the Emperor, -bringing with him his entire army unscathed, and offers to him the -spoils of victory, kings, and kingdoms, and all that is most valued -among men. In the midst stand the Emperor and the Empress Theodora, -both of them seeming to rejoice and hold high festival in honour of -their victory over the kings of the Vandals and the Goths, who approach -them as prisoners of war led in triumph. Around them stands the Senate -of Rome, all in festal array, which is shown in the mosaic by the joy -which appears on their countenances; they swell with pride and smile -upon the Emperor, offering him honours as though to a demi-god, after -his magnificent achievements. The whole interior, not only the upright -parts, but also the floor itself, is encrusted with beautiful marbles, -reaching up to the mosaics of the ceiling. Of these marbles, some are -of a Spartan stone equal to emerald, while some resemble a flame of -fire; the greater part of them are white, yet not a plain white, but -ornamented with wavy lines of dark blue.[31] So much for this building. - -XI. As one sails from the Propontis towards the eastern part of the -city, there is a public bath on the left hand which is called the -Baths of Arcadius, and which forms an ornament to the city of -Constantinople, great as it is. Here our Emperor constructed a court -standing outside the city, intended as a promenade for the inhabitants, -and a mooring-place for those who sail past it. This court is lighted -by the sun when rising, but is conveniently shaded when he proceeds -towards the west. Round it the sea flows quietly with a gentle stream, -coming like a river from the main sea, so that those who are taking -their walks in it are able to converse with those who are sailing; -for the sea reaches up to the basement of the court with great depth, -navigable for ships, and by its remarkable calm enables those on the -water and on the land to converse with one another. Such is the side of -the court which looks upon the sea, adorned with the view over it, and -refreshed with the gentle breezes from it. Its basement, its columns, -and its entablature are all covered with marble of great beauty, whose -colour is of a most brilliant white, which glitters magnificently in -the rays of the sun; moreover, many statues adorn it, some of brass -and some of marble, composing a sight well worth mention; one would -conjecture that they were the work of Phidias the Athenian, of Lysippus -of Sicyon, or of Praxiteles. Here also is a statue of the Empress -Theodora on a column, which was erected in her honour by the city -as an offering of gratitude for this court. The face of the statue -is beautiful, but falls short of the beauty of the Empress, since -it is utterly impossible for any mere human workmen to express her -loveliness, or to imitate it in a statue; the column is of porphyry, -and clearly shows by its magnificent appearance that it carries the -Empress, before one sees the statue. - -I will now explain the Emperor’s works to afford an abundant supply of -water to the city. In summer-time the imperial city used for the most -part to suffer from scarcity of water, although at other seasons it -had sufficient; for at that time, in consequence of the drought, the -fountains flowed less plenteously than at other seasons, and supplied -the aqueducts of the city very sparingly. Wherefore the Emperor -devised the following plan. In the Portico of the Emperor, where the -advocates, and magistrates, and other persons connected with the law -transact business, there is a very lofty court of great length and -width, quadrangular in shape, and surrounded with columns, which is not -constructed upon an earthen foundation, but upon the rock itself. Four -porticos surround this court, one upon each side of it. The Emperor -Justinian excavated one of these porticos, that upon the south side, to -a great depth, and stored up there the superfluity of water from the -other seasons for use in summer. These cisterns receive the overflow -from the aqueducts, when they are too full of water, giving them a -place to overflow into, and afford a supply in time of need when water -becomes scarce. Thus did the Emperor Justinian arrange that the people -of Byzantium should not want for sweet water. - -He also built new palaces elsewhere, one in the Heræum,[32] which is -now called the Hiereum, and in the place called Jucundiana. I am unable -to describe either the magnificence or exquisite workmanship, or the -size of these palaces in a manner worthy of the subject. Suffice it to -say that these palaces stand there, and were built in the presence and -according to the plans of Justinian, who disregarded nothing except -expense, which was so large that the mind is unable to grasp it. Here -also he constructed a sheltered harbour, which did not exist before. -Finding that the shore was exposed on both sides to the winds and the -violence of the waves, he arranged a place of refuge for mariners -in the following manner: he constructed what are called chests, of -countless number and of great size, flung them into the sea on each -side of the beach in an oblique direction, and by continually placing -fresh layers in order upon the others, formed two walls in the sea -opposite to one another, reaching from the depths below to the surface -of the water on which the ships sail; upon this he flung rough stones, -which when struck by the waves break their force, so that when a strong -wind blows in the winter season, everything between these walls remains -calm, an interval being left between them to serve as an entrance -for ships into the harbour. Here also he built the churches which I -formerly mentioned, and also porticos, market-places, public baths, -and everything else of that sort; so that this palace in no respect -falls short of that within the city. He also built another harbour on -the opposite continent, in the place which is called after the name of -Eutropius, not very far from the Heræum, constructed in the same manner -as that which I mentioned above. - -The above are, described as briefly as possible, the works of the -Emperor Justinian in the imperial city. I will now describe the only -thing which remains. Since the Emperor dwells here, a multitude of men -of all nations comes into the city from all the world, in consequence -of the vast extent of the empire, each one of them led thither either -by business, by hope, or by chance, many of whom, whose affairs at home -have fallen into disorder, come with the intention of offering some -petition to the Emperor. These persons, forced to dwell in the city on -account of some present or threatened misfortune, in addition to their -other trouble are also in want of lodging, being unable to pay for a -dwelling-place during their stay in the city. This source of misery was -removed from them by the Emperor Justinian and the Empress Theodora, -who built very large hospices as places of refuge in time of need for -such unfortunate persons as these, close to the sea, in the place which -is called the Stadium, I suppose because in former times it was used -for public games. - - NOTE.—For the interesting church of the Chora, see Appendix. - - - - - BOOK II. - - -I. The new churches which the Emperor Justinian built in Constantinople -and its suburbs, the churches which were ruinous through age, and -which he restored, and all the other buildings which he erected there, -are described in my previous book; it remains that we should proceed -to the fortresses with which he encircled the frontier of the Roman -territory. This subject requires great labour, and indeed is almost -impossible to describe; we are not about to describe the Pyramids, that -celebrated work of the Kings of Egypt, in which labour was wasted on a -useless freak, but all the strong places by means of which our Emperor -preserved the empire, and so fortified it as to render vain any attempt -of the barbarians against the Romans. I think I should do well to start -from the Median frontier. - -When the Medes retired from the country of the Romans, restoring to -them the city of Amida,[33] as has been narrated in my ‘History of the -Wars,’ the Emperor Anastasius took great pains to build a wall round -an, at that time, unimportant village named Dara, which he observed was -situated near the Persian frontier, and to form it into a -city which would act as a bulwark against the enemy. Since, however, by -the terms of the treaty formerly made by the Emperor Theodosius with -the Persians, it was forbidden that either party should build any new -fortress on their own ground in the neighbourhood of the frontier, the -Persians urged that this was forbidden by the articles of the peace, -and hindered the work with all their power, although their attention -was diverted from it by their war with the Huns. The Romans, perceiving -that on account of this war they were unprepared, pushed on their -building all the more vigorously, being eager to finish the work before -the enemy should bring their war against the Huns to a close and march -against themselves. Being alarmed through their suspicions of the -enemy, and constantly expecting an attack, they did not construct their -building carefully, but the quickness of building into which they were -forced by their excessive hurry prevented their work being secure; -for speed and safety are never wont to go together, nor is swiftness -often accompanied by accuracy. They therefore built the city-walls in -this hurried fashion, not making a wall which would defy the enemy, -but raising it barely to the necessary height; nor did they even place -the stones in their right positions or arrange them in due order, or -fill the interstices with mortar. In a short time, therefore, since the -towers, through their insecure construction, were far from being able -to withstand snow and hot sun, most of them fell into ruins. Thus was -the first wall built round the city of Dara.[34] - -[Illustration: FORTIFICATIONS AT DARA. -_From Texier & Pullan’s Byzantine Architecture_] - -It occurred to the Emperor Justinian that the Persians would not, -as far as lay in their power, permit this Roman fortress to stand -threatening them, but that they would march against it with their -entire force, and use every device to assault its walls on equal -terms; and that a number of elephants would accompany them, bearing -wooden towers upon their backs, which towers instead of foundations -would rest upon the elephants, who—and this was the worst of all—could -manœuvre round the city at the pleasure of the enemy, and carry a wall -which could be moved whithersoever its masters might think fit; and -the enemy, mounted upon these towers, would shoot down upon the heads -of the Romans within the walls, and assail them from above; they would -also pile up mounds of earth against the walls, and bring up to them -all the machines used in sieges; while if any misfortune should befall -the city of Dara, which was an outwork of the entire Roman Empire and a -standing menace to the enemy’s country, the evil would not rest there, -but the whole state would be endangered to a great extent. Moved by -these considerations he determined to fortify the place in a manner -worthy of its value. - -In the first place,[35] therefore, since the wall was, as I have -described, very low, and therefore easily assailable, he rendered it -inaccessible and altogether impregnable. He placed stones which so -contracted the original battlements as only to leave small traces of -them, like windows, allowing just so much opening to them as a hand -could be passed through, so that passages were left through which -arrows could be shot against the assailants. Above these he built a -wall to a height of about thirty feet, not making the wall of the -same thickness all the way to the top, lest the foundations should be -over-weighted by the mass above, and the whole work be ruined; but he -surrounded the upper part with a course of stones, and built a portico -extending round the entire circuit of the walls, above which he -placed the battlements, so that the wall was throughout constructed of -two stories, and the towers of three stories, which could be manned by -the defenders to repel the attacks of the enemy; for over the middle -of the towers he constructed a vaulted roof, and again built new -battlements above it, thus making them into a fortification consisting -of three stories. - -After this, though he saw, as I have said before, that many of the -towers had after a short time fallen into ruin, yet he was not able to -take them down, because the enemy were always close at hand, watching -their opportunity, and always trying to find some unprotected part -of the fortifications. He therefore devised the following plan: he -left these towers where they were, and outside of each of them he -constructed another building with great skill, in a quadrangular form, -well and securely built. In the same manner he securely protected -the ruinous parts of the walls with a second wall. One of these -towers, which was called the Watchtower, he seized an opportunity of -demolishing, rebuilt it securely, and everywhere removed all fear of -want of strength from the walls. He wisely built the outside part of -the wall to a sufficient height, in due proportion; outside of it he -dug a ditch, not in the way in which men usually make one, but in a -small space, and in a different fashion. With what object he did this, -I will now explain. - -The greater part of the walls are inaccessible to besiegers, because -they do not stand upon level ground, nor in such a manner as would -favour an attack, but upon high precipitous rocks where it would not be -possible to undermine them, or to make any assault upon them; but upon -the side turned towards the south, the ground, which is soft and earthy -and easily dug, renders the city assailable. Here, therefore, he dug a -crescent-shaped ditch, deep and wide, and reaching to a considerable -distance. Each end of this ditch joined the city wall, and by filling -it with water he rendered it altogether impassable to the enemy. On the -inner side of it he built a second wall, upon which during a siege the -Roman soldiers keep guard, without fear for the walls themselves and -for the other outwork which stands before the city. Between the city -wall and this outwork, opposite the gate which leads towards Ammodius, -there was a great mound, from which the enemy were able to drive mines -towards the city unperceived. This he entirely removed, and levelled -the spot, so as to put it out of the enemy’s power to assault the place -from thence. - -II. Thus did Justinian fortify this stronghold;[36] he also constructed -reservoirs of water between the city walls and the outwork, and very -close to the Church of St. Bartholomew the Apostle, on the west side. A -river runs from the suburb called Corde, distant about two miles from -the city. Upon either side of it rise two exceedingly rugged -mountains. Between the slopes of these mountains the river runs as -far as the city, and since it flows at the foot of them, it is not -possible for an enemy to divert or meddle with its stream, for they -cannot force it out of the hollow ground. It is directed into the city -in the following manner. The inhabitants have built a great channel -leading to the walls, the mouth of which is closed with numerous thick -bars of iron, some upright and some placed crosswise, so as to enable -the water to enter the city, without injury to the strength of its -fortifications. Thus the river enters the city, and after having filled -these reservoirs, and been led hither and thither at the pleasure of -the inhabitants, passes into another part of the city, where there -is an outfall constructed for it in the same way as its entrance. -The river in its progress through the flat country made the city in -former times easy to be besieged, for it was not difficult for an enemy -to encamp there, because water was plentiful. The Emperor Justinian -considered this state of things, and tried to find some remedy for it; -God, however, assisted him in his difficulty, took the matter into His -own hands, and without delay ensured the safety of the city. This took -place in the following manner. - -One of the garrison of the city, either in consequence of a dream or -led of his own accord to it, collected together a great number of the -workmen engaged in building the fortifications, and ordered them to -dig a long trench in a certain place, which he pointed out to them, a -considerable distance within the city wall, declaring that they would -there find sweet water flowing out of the ground. He dug this trench -in a circular form, making the depth of it for the most part about -fifteen feet. This work proved the saving of the city, not through any -foresight of the workmen, yet, by means of this trench, what would -have been a misfortune was turned into a great advantage to the Romans; -for, as during this time very heavy rain fell, the river, of which -I just spoke, raged outside the fortifications and rose to a great -height, being unable to proceed, because when it was swollen to such -a size neither the channel nor the entrances in the wall were large -enough to contain it, as they had been before. It consequently piled -up its waters against the wall, rising to a great height and depth, -and in some places was stagnant, and in others rough and violent. It -at once overthrew the outwork, swept away a great part of the city -wall, forced its way through the city gates, and, running with a great -body of water, occupied almost the whole city, invading both the -market-place, the narrower streets, and the houses themselves, swept -off from them a great mass of furniture, wooden vessels, and such -like things, and then, falling into this trench, disappeared under -ground. Not many days afterwards it reappeared near to the city of -Theodosiopolis, at a place about forty miles distant from the city of -Dara, where it was recognised by the things which it had swept away out -of the houses at Dara, for there the whole mass of them reappeared. -Since that period, in time of peace and quiet, the river flows through -the midst of the city, fills the reservoirs with water, and passes out -of the city through the outfall especially constructed for it by the -builders of the city, which I described above, and, as it supplies -that region with water, becomes a great boon to the inhabitants of the -neighbourhood. When, however, a hostile army advances to besiege the -city, they close the passages through the iron gratings with what are -called sluice-doors, and at once force the river to change its course -and to flow into the trench and the subterranean gulf beyond, so that -the enemy suffer from want of water and are at once obliged to raise -the siege. Indeed Mirrhanes, the Persian general, in the reign of -Cabades, came thither to besiege the city, and was compelled by all -these difficulties to retire baffled after a short time; and a long -while afterwards, Chosroes himself advanced with the same intentions, -and attacked the city with a numerous army; but being driven to great -straits through want of water, and perceiving the height of the walls, -he imagined the place to be entirely impregnable, gave up his project, -and straightway retired into Persia, being out-generalled by the -foresight of the Roman Emperor. - -III. Such were the works of the Emperor Justinian in the city of -Dara. I shall now describe what he arranged to prevent any second -misfortune happening to the city from the river, in which matter his -wishes were manifestly assisted by Heaven. There was one Chryses of -Alexandria, a clever engineer, who served the Emperor as an architect, -and constructed most of the works both in the city of Dara and in the -rest of the country. This Chryses was absent when the misfortune from -the river befell the city of Dara; when he heard of it, he retired to -bed in great grief, and dreamed the following dream: A figure of more -than human stature appeared to him, and showed and explained to him a -device which would protect the city from any dangerous inundation of -the river. He, conceiving this idea to be divinely inspired, at once -wrote an account of the device and of the vision, and sent it to the -Emperor, giving a sketch of what he had been taught in his dream. It -happened that not long before this a message reached the Emperor from -the city of Dara, giving him an account of what had happened with -the river. Thereupon the Emperor, disturbed and alarmed at what had -taken place, straightway summoned those most celebrated architects, -Anthemius and Isidorus, whom I have mentioned before. He informed them -of what had happened, and inquired what arrangement could be devised -to prevent this mischief befalling the city a second time. Each of them -described what he considered to be a suitable plan for this purpose; -but the Emperor, evidently acting under a divine impulse, although -he had not yet seen the letter of Chryses, miraculously invented -and sketched out of his own mind the plan suggested by the dream. -The interview terminated without the adoption of any distinct plan, -and without their deciding upon what was to be done; but three days -afterwards came a messenger to the Emperor, who brought the letter -from Chryses, and who explained the form of the arrangement which he -had seen in his dream. The Emperor now again sent for the architects, -and ordered them to recall to mind their former ideas of what ought -to be done. They repeated everything in order, both their own devices -and the spontaneous inventions of the Emperor; after which the Emperor -brought forward the messenger sent from Chryses, and showing them the -letter and the sketch of what he had seen in his dream, caused them to -wonder greatly, when they perceived how Heaven had assisted our Emperor -in everything for the advantage of the Empire. The plan of the Emperor -accordingly won the day, and triumphed over the art and learning of the -architects. Chryses returned to the city of Dara, with orders from the -Emperor to carry out the work which he had described with all speed, -according to the plan revealed in the dream. He carried out his orders -in the following manner. - -In a place about forty feet distant from the outwork of the city, -across the valley in which the river runs between the two mountains, -he constructed a barrier of considerable height and width, joining -each end of it to the mountain on either side, in such a manner that -the water of the river in its strongest flood could never force its -way through it. This work is called by those who are learned in such -matters a dam, or sluice, or whatever else they please. He did not -build this barrier in a straight line, but in the form of a crescent, -in order that its arch, which was turned against the stream of the -water, might be better able to resist its violence. The upper and lower -parts of this barrier are pierced with apertures, so that, when the -river suddenly rises in flood, it is forced to stop there and to flow -no further with the entire weight of its stream, but passing in small -quantities through these apertures it gradually diminishes in violence -and power, and the wall is never damaged by it; for the flow of water, -collecting in the place which, as I have said before, is about forty -feet in length, lying between the barrier and the outwork, is never -unmanageable, but runs gently to its usual entrance, and thence is -received in the artificial channel. As for the gate, which the fury -of the river broke open in former times, he removed it from thence, -and blocked up its site with enormous stones, because this gate, being -situated on flat ground, was easily reached by the river when in flood; -but he placed the gate not far off, in a lofty place in the most -precipitous part of the circuit of the walls, which it was impossible -for the river to reach. Thus did the Emperor arrange these matters. - -The inhabitants of this city suffered greatly from the want of water, -for there was no fountain springing out of the ground, nor was any -water carried about the streets in an aqueduct, or stored up in -cisterns; but those who lived in the streets through which the river -passed could draw drinking-water from it without trouble, while those -who dwelt at a distance from the course of the river had either to -fetch their drinking-water with great trouble or to perish with -thirst; however, the Emperor Justinian constructed a great aqueduct, -by which he brought the water to every part of the city, and relieved -the distress of the inhabitants. He also built two churches, that -which is called the Great Church, and the Church of St. Bartholomew -the Apostle.[37] Moreover, he built very spacious barracks for the -soldiers, that they might not inconvenience the inhabitants. - -Not long after this he restored the wall and outworks of the city of -Amida, which had been built in former times, and were thought likely to -fall into ruins; thus ensuring the safety of that city. I am now about -to speak of his buildings in the forts which stand on the frontier of -the territory of these cities. - -IV. As one goes from the city of Dara towards the land of Persia, -there lies on the left a tract entirely impassable for carriages or -horses, extending to the distance of about two days’ journey for a -lightly-equipped traveller, ending in an abrupt and precipitous place -called Rhabdium.[38] The land on each side of this road to Rhabdium -belongs for a great distance to Persia. When I first saw this I was -surprised at it, and inquired of the people of the country how it was -that a road and tract belonging to the Romans should have enemy’s land -on each side of it. They answered, that this country once belonged to -the Persians, but that at the request of the King of Persia one of the -Roman Emperors gave a village abounding in vines near Martyropolis,[39] -and received this region in exchange for it. The city of Rhabdium -stands upon precipitous and wild rocks, which there rise to a wondrous -height; below it is a region which they call ‘the field of the Romans,’ -out of wonder, I suppose, at its belonging to the Romans, though it -lies in the midst of the Persian country. This Roman field lies on flat -ground, and is fruitful in all kinds of crops; one might conjecture -this from the fact that the Persian frontier surrounds it on every side. - -There is a very celebrated fort in Persia, named Sisauranum, which -the Emperor Justinian once captured and razed to the ground; taking -prisoners a great number of Persian cavalry, together with their -leader Bleschanes. This place lies at a distance of two days’ journey -from Dara for a lightly-equipped traveller, and is about three miles -distant from Rhabdium. It was formerly unguarded, and altogether -neglected by the Romans, so that it never received from them any -garrison, fortification, or any other benefit, wherefore the peasants -who tilled this country, of which I just spoke, besides the ordinary -taxes, paid an annual tribute of fifty gold pieces to the Persians, in -order that they might possess their lands and enjoy the produce of them -in security. All this was altered for them by the Emperor Justinian, -who enclosed Rhabdium with fortifications, which he built upon the -summit of the mountain which rises there, and, taking advantage of -the position of the ground, rendered it impossible for the enemy to -approach it. As those who dwelt in it were in want of water, there -being no springs on the top of the cliff, he constructed two cisterns, -and by digging into the rocks in many places made large reservoirs of -water, so that the rain-water might collect, and the garrison might use -it freely, and not be liable to capture through distress for want of -water. - -He also rebuilt solidly, and gave their present beauty and strength -to all the other mountain forts, which reach from this point and from -the city of Dara to Amida; namely, Ciphæ, Sauræ, Smargdis, Lurnes, -Hieriphthon, Atachæ, Siphris, Rhipalthæ, Banasymeon, and also Sinæ, -Rhasius, Dabanæ, and all the others which were built there in ancient -times, and which before this were constructed in a contemptible -fashion, but which he made into an impregnable line of outposts along -the Roman frontier. In this region there stands a very lofty mountain, -precipitous, and altogether inaccessible; the plain below it is rich -and free from rocks, suitable both for arable and pasture land, for -it abounds in grass. There are many villages at the foot of this -mountain, whose inhabitants are rich in the produce of the country, -but lie exposed to the attacks of the enemy. This was remedied by the -Emperor Justinian, who built a fort upon the summit of the mountain, in -which they might place their most valued possessions, and themselves -take refuge at the approach of the enemy. This is named the Fort of -the Emperors. Moreover, he carefully rebuilt and safely fortified the -forts in the neighbourhood of the city of Amida, which before were only -surrounded by mud walls, and were incapable of defence. Among these -were Apadnæ and the little fort of Byrthum: for it is not easy to set -down all their names in detail, but, speaking generally, he found them -all exposed to attack, and has now rendered them impregnable; and since -his time Mesopotamia has become quite protected against the Persian -nation. - -Nor must I pass over in silence what he devised at the fort of Bara, -of which I just now spoke. The interior of this fort was entirely -without water, and Bara is built upon the precipitous summit of a lofty -mountain. Outside its walls, at a great distance, at the bottom of -the hill, there was a fountain which it was not thought advisable to -include within the fortification, lest the part which was situated -upon the low ground should be open to attack. He therefore devised the -following plan. He ordered them to dig within the walls until they -reached the level of the plain. When this was done in accordance with -the Emperor’s order, to their surprise they found the water of the -fountain flowing there; thus the fort was both constructed securely and -conveniently situated with regard to water supply. - -V. In the same manner, since the walls of Theodosiopolis,[40] the -bulwark of the Roman Empire on the river Aborrhas, had become so -decayed by age that the inhabitants derived no confidence from their -strength, but rather terror, as they feared that before long they would -fall down, the Emperor rebuilt them for the most part, so that they -were able to check the invasions of the Persians into Mesopotamia. It -is worth describing what he did at Constantina. The original wall of -Constantina was so low that a ladder would easily reach the top, and in -its construction was greatly exposed to attack, and seemed hardly to -have been built in earnest; for the towers were of such a distance from -one another, that if the assailants attacked the space between them, -the garrison of the towers would be too far off to drive them back; -moreover, the greater part of it was so ruinous from age that it seemed -likely soon to fall. In addition to this, the city had an outwork which -was more like a siege-work to enable the enemy to attack it; for it was -not more than three feet in thickness, cemented with mud, the lower -part of it built of rock fit for making mill-stones, but the -upper part of what is called white-stone, which is not to be trusted -and is very soft, so that the whole work might easily be captured. -However, the Emperor Justinian rebuilt the decayed part of the walls, -more especially on the west and north sides; between every two -towers of the wall he placed the third, so that since his time all -the towers for the defence of the wall stand close together. He also -greatly raised the height of the wall and of all the towers, so as to -render the place impregnable to an enemy. Moreover, he built covered -approaches to the towers, each of which towers contained three stories -of vaulted stone, so that each one of them was called and really was -a castle in itself, for what the Greeks call ‘phrourion’ is called a -‘castle’ in the Latin tongue. Besides this, Constantina used formerly -to be reduced to great straits for want of water; there are indeed -wells of good water outside the walls at the distance of a mile, -round which grows a large wood of very lofty trees; within the walls, -however, since the streets are not built upon level but upon sloping -ground, the city in ancient times was waterless, and its inhabitants -suffered much from thirst and the difficulty of obtaining water; but -the Emperor Justinian brought the water within the walls by means of an -aqueduct, adorned the city with overflowing fountains, and may justly -be termed its founder. These were the works of the Emperor Justinian in -these cities. - -VI. The Romans had a fort by the side of the river Euphrates on -the extreme frontier of Mesopotamia, at the place where the river -Aborrhas[41] effects its junction with the Euphrates. This fort was -named Circesium,[42] and had been built in former times by the Emperor -Diocletian; however, our present Emperor Justinian, finding that it had -become ruinous through lapse of time, and was neglected and not in a -posture of defence, altered it into a strong fortification, and made it -into a city of eminent size and beauty. When Diocletian built the fort -he did not completely surround it with a wall, but brought each end of -the walls down to the river Euphrates, built a tower at each end of -them, and left the side between them entirely unfortified, imagining, I -suppose, that the waters of the river would suffice to defend the fort -on that side. In the course of time, however, the stream of the river, -continually eating away the bank, undermined the tower on the south -side, and it became evident that unless prompt measures were taken it -would shortly fall. Now appeared the Emperor Justinian, entrusted by -Heaven with the glory of watching over, and, as far as one man can do, -of restoring the Roman Empire. He not only saved the undermined tower, -which he rebuilt of a hard stone, but also enclosed all the unprotected -side of the fort with a very strong wall, thus doubling its security -by adding the strength which it derived from the wall to that afforded -by the river. Besides this, he also built a powerful outwork round -the city, especially at the spot where the junction of the two rivers -forms a triangular space, and thus left no place exposed to the attacks -of the enemy. Moreover, he appointed a general who had the title of -Duke, and who always resided there with a garrison of picked soldiers, -thus rendering the place a sufficient bulwark for the frontier of -the empire. He also rebuilt in its present splendour the public bath -which is used by the inhabitants, which had become quite ruinous and -useless by the incursions of the river; for he found all that part of -it which is suspended above the solid foundation for the convenience -of bathers, underneath which the fire is placed, and which is called -the hypocaust, exposed to the influx of the river, by which the bath -was rendered useless; he therefore strengthened with stonework, as I -have said, the part which formerly had been hollow, and built another -hypocaust above it, which the river could not reach, thus restoring the -enjoyment of the bath to the garrison. In this manner did our Emperor -restore the buildings of Circesium. - -Beyond Circesium there is an ancient fort named Annucas, whose wall -the Emperor Justinian found a mere ruin, and which he rebuilt in so -magnificent a fashion that its defences vie with those of the most -celebrated cities; and in the same manner he rendered formidable, and -altogether unapproachable by an enemy, those forts situated near the -city of Theodosiopolis, which before his time were either without -walls, or only walled with mud and absurd heaps of stones. These -are Magdalathum, with two others on either side of it, and the two -forts, the Great and Little Thannurium, Bismideon, Themeres, Bidamas, -Dausaron, Thiolla, Philæ, Zamarthas, and, one may say, all the rest. -There was an extensive position near Thannurium, which could easily be -occupied by our enemies the Saracens, by crossing the river Aborrhas, -from which point they were able to penetrate in small parties into the -thick and extensive forest and the mountain which is situated in that -region, and make inroads upon the Roman inhabitants of that country; -now, however, the Emperor Justinian has built a tower of hard stone in -that place, manned it with a considerable garrison, and has altogether -repressed the incursions of the enemy by the establishment of this -bulwark against them. - -VII. The above are the works of the Emperor Justinian in this part of -Mesopotamia; I must speak in this place of Edessa, Carrhæ, Callinicum, -and all the other strong places which are in that country, since they -lie between the two rivers. Edessa[43] stands on the banks of a small -stream called Scirtus, which collects its waters from many places, and -runs through the midst of the city: from thence it passes onwards, -after having supplied the wants of the city, effecting its entrance -and exit through by a channel constructed by former generations, which -passes through the city walls. This river once, after much rain, rose -to a great height, and seemed as though it would destroy the city; it -tore down a large part of the outworks and of the walls, inundated -almost the whole city, and did much damage, suddenly destroying the -finest buildings, and drowning a third part of the inhabitants. The -Emperor Justinian not only at once restored all the buildings of the -city which were overthrown, among which were the church of the -Christians and a building called Antiphorus, but also arranged with -great care that no such disaster should ever again occur, for he made -a new channel for the river, outside the city walls, which he arranged -in the following manner. The ground on the right bank of the river was -formerly flat and low-lying, while that on the left was a precipitous -mountain, which did not allow the river to turn aside from its -accustomed course, but forced it to flow into the city, because when -flowing towards the city it met with no obstacle on its right bank. -He therefore dug away the whole of this mountain, making a channel on -the left bank of the river deeper than its former bed, and built on -the right bank an enormous wall of stones, as large as a waggon could -carry, so that if the river ran as usual with a moderate volume the -city would not be deprived of the convenience of its water; but if it -should be swollen into a flood a moderate stream would run as usual -throughout the city, but the excess of water would be forced into this -channel constructed by Justinian, and thus extraordinarily conquered -by human art and skill might run round the back of the race-course, -which is situated not far off. Moreover he forced the river within -the city to run in a straight course, by building a wall above it on -either side, so that it could not turn out of a straight path; by which -means he both preserved the use of it for the city, and removed all -fear of it for the future. The wall and outwork of Edessa, like those -of the other places, had for the most part fallen into ruins through -age; wherefore the Emperor restored them both, making them new and -much stronger than they were before. Part of the wall of Edessa is -occupied by a fort, outside of which rises a hill very close to the -city and overhanging it; this hill was in ancient times occupied by -the inhabitants, and included in their walls by an outwork, that it -might not form a weak point to the city. Their work, however, made the -city much more open to assault in that quarter; for their outwork was -very low, built on an exposed site, and could be taken even by children -playing at sieges. Justinian therefore took it down and built another -wall on the top of the hill, which is in no danger of an assault from -higher ground in any quarter, and which follows the slope of the hill -down to the level ground on both sides, and joins the city wall.[44] - -[Illustration: EDESSA. -_From Texier & Pullan’s Byzantine Architecture_ -COLUMNS ON A TERRACE OF THE CASTLE.] - -Also at the cities of Carrhæ[45] and Callinicum[46] he destroyed the -walls and outworks, which were much impaired by age, and rendered -them impregnable by building the present complete fortifications; he -also built a strong wall round the unprotected and neglected fort at -Batnæ,[47] and gave it the fine appearance which it now presents. - -VIII. These, as I have said before, were the works of the Emperor -Justinian in Mesopotamia and Osrhoene. I will now describe what was -done on the right bank of the river Euphrates. In all other parts the -Roman and Persian frontiers border upon one another, and each nation -proceeds from its own country to make war and peace with the other, -as all men of different habits and empires do when they have a common -frontier; but in the province which was formerly called Commagene, -which is now called Euphratesia, they dwell nowhere near to one -another, for the Roman and Persian frontiers are widely parted by a -country which is quite desert and devoid of life, and possesses nothing -worth fighting for. Yet each nation, though not regarding it as a work -of much importance, has built a chain of forts of unbaked brick where -the desert borders upon their inhabited country. None of these forts -have ever been assaulted by their neighbours, but the two nations dwell -there without any ill-feeling, since there is nothing for either of -them to covet; however, the Emperor Diocletian built three of these -forts in this desert, one of which, named Mambri, had fallen into ruin -through age, and was restored by the Emperor Justinian. - -About five miles from this fort, as you go towards the Roman country, -Zenobia, the wife of Odenathus, the chief of the Saracens in those -parts, built a small city in former times and gave it her own name, -calling it Zenobia.[48] Since then, long lapse of time brought its -walls to ruin, and as the Romans did not think it worth caring for, it -became entirely uninhabited. Thus the Persians, whenever they chose, -were able to place themselves in the midst of the Romans before any -news had been heard of their coming; however, the Emperor Justinian -rebuilt the whole of Zenobia, filled it with numerous inhabitants, -placed in it a commander with a garrison of regular soldiers, and -thus formed a powerful fortress, a bulwark of the Roman Empire and a -check upon the Persians. He did not merely restore it to its former -appearance, but made it far stronger than it was before. The place is -closely surrounded by high cliffs, from which the enemy were formerly -able to shoot down upon the heads of the defenders of the wall; being -desirous to avoid this, he constructed a building upon the walls, on -the side nearest these cliffs, which might always act as a protection -to the defenders. This building is called a ‘wing,’ because it appears -to hang upon the wall. Indeed, it is not possible to describe all that -our Emperor built at Zenobia: for as the city is situated far away in -the desert, and for this reason is always exposed to peril, and cannot -derive any succour from the Romans, who dwell at a distance, he took -the greatest pains to render it secure. I will now relate some few of -his works there. - -Zenobia stands beside the river Euphrates, which flows close to its -walls on the eastern side. This river, surrounded by high mountains, -has no space in which to extend itself, but its stream is confined -among the neighbouring mountains and between its rugged banks. Whenever -it is swollen by rain into a flood, it pours against the city wall -and washes not merely against its foundations but as high as its very -battlements. The courses of stone in the walls, drenched by this -stream, became disarranged, and the whole construction was endangered; -he, however, constructed a mole of enormous masses of hard rock, of -the same length as the wall, and forced the flooded river to expend -its rage in vain, setting the wall free from any fear of injury, -however high the river might swell. Finding that the city wall upon -the northern side had become ruinous from age, he razed it to the -ground, together with its outwork, and rebuilt it, but not upon its -former site, because the houses of the city were so crowded together -at that point as to inconvenience the inhabitants; but he proceeded -beyond the foundations of the wall, beyond the outwork and the ditch -itself, and there built an admirable and singularly beautiful wall, -thus greatly enlarging Zenobia in this quarter. There was, moreover, -a certain hill which stood near the city towards the west, from which -the barbarians, when they made their attacks, were able to shoot with -impunity down upon the heads of the defenders, and even of those who -were standing in the midst of the city; this hill the Emperor Justinian -surrounded with a wall on both sides, and thus included it in the city -of Zenobia, afterwards escarping its sides throughout, so that no enemy -could ascend it. He also built another fort upon the top of the hill, -and thus rendered it altogether inaccessible to those who wished to -assault the city, for beyond the hill the ground sinks into a hollow -valley, and therefore it cannot be closely approached by the enemy; -above this hollow valley the mountains at once rise on the western -side. The Emperor did not merely watch over the safety of the city, -but also built churches in it, and barracks for the soldiers: he also -constructed public baths and porticos. All this work was carried out -under the superintendence of the architects Isidorus and Joannes, of -whom Joannes was a Byzantine, and Isidorus a Milesian by birth, being -the nephew of that Isidorus whom I mentioned before. Both of these were -young men, but showed an energy beyond their years, and both displayed -equal zeal in the works which they constructed for the Emperor. - -IX. After Zenobia was the city of Suri,[49] situated on the river -Euphrates, whose fortifications were so contemptible that when Chosroes -assaulted it, it did not hold out for so much as half-an-hour, but was -instantly taken by the Persians. This fort, however, like Callinicum, -was restored by the Emperor Justinian, who surrounded it with a strong -wall, strengthened it with an outwork, and enabled it for the future -to resist the attack of the enemy, There is in Euphratesia a church -dedicated to Sergius, an eminent saint, whom the ancients so admired -and looked up to that they named the place Sergiopolis,[50] and -surrounded it with a low rampart, sufficient to prevent the Saracens -in that region from capturing it by assault; for the Saracens are by -nature incapable of attacking walls, and consequently the weakest mud -wall is sufficient to resist their onset. In later times this church -received so many offerings as to become powerful and famous throughout -the land. The Emperor Justinian, reflecting upon these matters, at once -applied himself to its protection, surrounded it with a most admirable -wall, and provided a quantity of water, stored up in reservoirs, for -the use of its inhabitants; besides this, he built in the place houses -and porticos, and all the other buildings which are regarded as the -ornaments of a city. He also placed a garrison of soldiers in it to -defend the walls in time of need; and, indeed, Chosroes, the King of -Persia, who determined to take the city, and who brought up a large -army to besiege it, was compelled to raise the siege, being overcome by -the strength of the walls. - -The Emperor spent equal care upon all the towns and forts on the -borders of Euphratesia, (namely) Barbalissus,[51] Neocæsarea, Gabula, -Pentacomia, which is on the Euphrates, and Europus.[52] At Hemerius, -finding the walls built in some parts carelessly and dangerously, and -in some parts formed only of mud, while the place was deficient in -water-supply and consequently despicable as a fortification, he razed -them to the ground, and at once carefully rebuilt them of courses of -the hardest stone, making the wall much wider and higher than before. -He also constructed reservoirs for water in all parts of the works, all -of which he filled with rain-water, and, placing a garrison there, he -rendered the place as powerful and secure as we now see it. Indeed, if -one were carefully to consider this, and to inspect all the other good -works of the Emperor Justinian, one would say it was for this alone -that he had received the crown, by the manifest favour of God, who -watches over the Roman people. - -Besides these places he also found Hierapolis,[53] which is the chief -of all the cities in that region, lying exposed to any enemy that might -attack it, but by his own provident foresight he rendered it safe; for, -as it originally enclosed a large empty space and on that account the -entire circuit of the walls could not be guarded, he cut off the part -which was useless, arranged the walls in a safer and more compact form, -and, by thus reducing it to the size necessary for use, made it one of -the strongest cities of the present day. He also conferred upon it the -following benefit. A fountain of sweet water springs perpetually out of -the earth in the midst of the city, and forms therein a wide lake; -this, indeed, added to the safety of the city when it was beleaguered -by an enemy, but in time of peace was by no means necessary, as much -water was brought into the city from without. In process of time the -inhabitants, having enjoyed a long period of peace, and having never -experienced any distress, neglected this spring; for it is not in human -nature when in prosperity to make provision against times of adversity; -consequently they gradually filled up the lake with rubbish, and were -accustomed to bathe in it, to wash their clothes in it, and to throw -all kinds of refuse into it.... - -In this province of Euphratesia were situated two other towns, -Zeugma[54] and Neocæsarea, which were indeed towns in name, but were -merely surrounded by dry stone walls, built so low that they might -be crossed by an enemy without any difficulty, since they could leap -over them without fear; while they were so narrow as to be altogether -indefensible, because they afforded no room for the garrison to stand -upon to defend them; however, the Emperor Justinian surrounded these -places also with real walls, of a sufficient width and height, and -equipped them with all other means of defence, thus giving them a just -right to be termed cities, and rendering them safe from the attacks of -the enemy. - -X. Moreover, with regard to the cities taken from Chosroes, that -barbarian, disregarding the perpetual peace which he had sworn to -observe, and the money which he had received on account of it, was -filled with envy of the Emperor Justinian, because of the conquests -which he had made in Libya and in Italy, and considered his plighted -faith to be of less importance than the gratification of this passion; -he watched his opportunity, when the greater part of the Roman army -was away in the West, and invaded the Roman territory unexpectedly, - before the Romans had any news of the approach of the enemy; these -cities, I say, the Emperor Justinian so strengthened and beautified -that they are all at the present time much more flourishing than -before, and have no dread of injury from barbarian invasion, fearing no -attacks of any kind. - -Above all, he rendered the city of Antiochia,[55] which is now surnamed -Theopolis, far more beautiful and powerful than it was before; its -wall in ancient times was too large, and extended beyond all reason, -uselessly enclosing flat ground in one place, and lofty cliffs in -another, so that it was full of weak points. The Emperor Justinian -reduced it to a useful size, making it protect the city alone, and -not the places which it formerly enclosed. In the lower part of the -fortifications, where the city had spread out to a dangerous extent -over a smooth plain, and was indefensible through the great length of -the wall, he drew it back as far as possible, advantageously reducing -the size of the city in that quarter, and strengthening it by -concentration. As for the river Orontes, which formerly flowed past -it in a circuitous course, he changed its direction, and caused it to -skirt the walls of the city. Thus, by an artificial channel, he brought -the course of the river as near the city as possible, by which means -he relieved the city from the danger of its unmanageable size, and -yet retained the protection afforded by the river Orontes: then, by -building new bridges, he supplied fresh means of intercourse across the -river, which he diverted from its course as far as was required, and -then returned to its former bed. - -The upper part of the city, on the high ground, he fortified in the -following manner. On the summit of the mountain which is called -Orocassias there is a lofty rock which stands close outside the wall -opposite to the fortifications in that quarter, and which renders them -easy to attack. It was from this point that Chosroes took the city, -as I have explained in my work on the subject. The region within the -walls was for the most part uninhabited and difficult of access, for -the place is divided by lofty rocks and deep ravines, which cut off -all the paths, so that the wall of Antiochia seems there to belong to -another city. He therefore disregarded the rock which overhangs the -wall so close and renders it liable to capture, and decided to build -his new wall at a distance from it, having learnt by experience the -folly of the original builders; moreover, he levelled the ground within -the walls, which formerly had been precipitous, and made the ascent -to this part of the city not only practicable for people on foot, but -for horsemen and even for carriages. On this high ground he also built -baths and reservoirs for water within the walls, and dug a well in each -tower, remedying the original waterless character of the place by the -storage of rain-water. - -It is worth our while to describe his works upon the torrent which -descends from these mountains. Two precipitous mountains overhang -the city, standing close to one another; of these, the one is called -Orocassias, the other Stauris. They are joined by a glen and ravine -which lies between them, which in time of rain produces the torrent -named Onopnictes, which used to flow down from the high ground and -overflow the fortifications, and sometimes rose so high as to pour into -the streets of the city, doing much mischief to the inhabitants. The -Emperor Justinian remedied this in the following manner. In front of -that part of the wall which is nearest to the ravine, from which the -torrent used to rush against the wall, he built an exceedingly high -wall, reaching from the hollow bed of the ravine to the mountains on -either side, so that the torrent was not able to rush past it, but -was forced to stay and collect its waters there. In this wall he made -apertures, through which he forced the water to run gently in a smaller -volume, checked by this artificial barrier, so that it no longer broke -with its full force against the city wall so as to overflow it and ruin -the city, but proceeded gently and quietly, as I have explained, and -flowing in this manner passed wherever it was desired to go through the -channels constructed for it by the former inhabitants. - -Thus did the Emperor Justinian reconstruct the walls of Antiochia; he -also rebuilt the entire city, which was burnt by the enemy. As the -whole city was reduced to ashes, and levelled to the ground, and only -heaps of rubbish remained after the conflagration, it was at first -impossible for the citizens of Antiochia to recognise the site of their -own dwellings. He consequently removed all the ruins, and cleared -away the charred remains of the houses; but, as there were no public -porticos or halls supported by columns, no market-place, and no streets -which marked out the quarters of the city, there was nothing to point -to the site of any particular house. However, the Emperor, without -any delay, removed the rubbish as far as possible from the city, thus -freeing the air and the ground from all impediments to building, and -first covered the foundations of the city everywhere with stones large -enough to load a waggon. After this he divided it by porticos and -market-places, defined all the blocks of building by streets, arranged -the aqueducts, fountains, and watercourses with which the city is -adorned, constructed theatres and public baths in it, and graced it -with all the other public buildings which belong to a prosperous city. - -He also brought thither a number of workmen and artificers, and thus -rendered it more easy for the inhabitants to rebuild their own houses; -the result of this is that Antiochia at the present day is a more -celebrated city than before. He also built therein a large church in -honour of the Virgin, the beauty and magnificence of which is in all -respects beyond description. He endowed this church with a considerable -revenue, and also built a large church dedicated to St. Michael the -Archangel. Moreover, he made provision for the sick poor in that place, -and built dwellings for them, separate for the different sexes, in -which they were supplied with attendants, and the means of curing their -diseases; while at the same time he established hospices for strangers -who might be staying for any time in the city. - -XI. In like manner he also restored, greatly strengthened, and brought -into its present condition the wall of the city of Chalcis, together -with its outwork, which had become weak and ruinous through age. - -There was in Syria an utterly neglected village named Cyrus,[56] which -the Jews had built in ancient times when they were led captive from -Palestine into Syria by the army of the Medes, from which country they -were long afterwards released by Cyrus the King; wherefore they called -the place Cyrus in honour of their benefactor. In the course of time -Cyrus became quite overlooked and was entirely without walls; but the -Emperor Justinian, with a prudent zeal for the safety of the Empire, -and also out of reverence for the SS. Cosmas and Damianus, whose bodies -lay near that place down to my own time, made Cyrus into a flourishing -and admirable city, rendering it safe by a very strong wall, with -a numerous garrison, large public buildings, and with all other -appurtenances on an exceedingly magnificent scale. In former times the -interior of this city was without water, but outside the walls was a -plenteous spring which provided abundance of drinking-water, yet was -altogether useless to the inhabitants, since they had no means of -drawing water from it without great labour and peril; for they were -obliged to go to it by a circuitous path, as the country between it -and the city was precipitous and altogether impassable, so that an -enemy, if he were present, could easily lay an ambush and cut them -off. He therefore constructed a watercourse from the city walls to the -fountain, not open, but concealed underground with the greatest care, -which supplied the city with water without either trouble or danger. - -He also very strongly rebuilt the entire circuit of the walls of -Chalcis,[57] which had fallen into ruin down to its very foundation -and was altogether indefensible, and he strengthened it with an -outwork; he also restored all the other towns and forts in Syria in an -admirable fashion. - -Thus did the Emperor Justinian provide for the security of Syria; -there is, too, in Phœnicia, by the side of Lebanon, a city named -Palmyra, which was built in the desert in ancient times, and which was -conveniently placed on the road by which our enemies the Saracens would -enter our country. It was, indeed, originally built for this purpose; -namely, in order to prevent the barbarians making unexpected inroads -into the Roman territory. This place, which through lapse of time had -become almost entirely deserted, was strongly fortified by the Emperor -Justinian, who supplied it abundantly with water, and filled it with a -garrison of soldiers, so as to check the inroads of the Saracens. - - - - - BOOK III. - - -I. The Emperor Justinian fortified the eastern country in the manner -which I have described in a former part of this work. Now as I started -from the Persian frontier in my description of his work upon the -fortresses, I think it will be convenient to proceed from thence to -that of Armenia, which skirts the Persian territory from the city of -Amida as far as that of Theodosiopolis. Before describing the buildings -in that quarter, I think it would be advisable to give some account -of how our Emperor brought the Armenians out of a condition of danger -and terror into their present state of settled security; for he did -not preserve these his subjects by buildings alone, but also by his -foresight in other matters, as I shall presently explain. To do this I -must refer for a short time to ancient history. - -In old times the Armenians had a king of their own nation, as we are -told by the historians of remotest antiquity. When, however, Alexander -of Macedon overthrew the King of Persia, the Persians remained quiet -under his yoke, but the Parthians revolted against the Macedonians, -conquered them in war, drove them out of their country, and pushed -their frontier as far as the river Tigris. Subsequently the Persians -remained subject to them for five hundred years, up to the time when -Alexander, the son of Mamæa, ruled over the Romans. At this time one -of the kings of the Parthians made his brother, named Arsaces, King of -the Armenians, as the history of the Armenians tells us; for let no one -suppose that the Arsacidæ are Armenians. Now for five hundred years -there was peace between them in consequence of their relationship. The -King of the Armenians dwelt in what is called Greater Armenia, having -been from ancient times subject to the Emperor of the Romans; but -afterwards one Arsaces, King of Armenia, had two sons, named Tigranes -and Arsaces. When this King was about to die, he made a will by which -he left the succession to his kingdom to both his sons, not dividing -its power equally between them, but giving a fourfold greater share -to Tigranes. The elder Arsaces, after making this division of his -kingdom, passed away, but Arsaces his son, grieved and enraged at the -inferiority of his position, laid the matter before the Roman Empire, -hoping that by using all means in his power he might drive his brother -from the kingdom, and render his father’s unjust wishes of no effect. -At this time Theodosius, the son of Arcadius, ruled over the Romans, -being still a child. Tigranes, fearing the Emperor’s vengeance, put -himself in the hands of the Persians and handed over his kingdom to -them, preferring to live as a private man amongst the Persians, rather -than to make an equitable arrangement with his brother, and rule -jointly over the Armenians with him in good faith and honour. Arsaces, -being equally afraid of the attacks of the Persians and of his brother, -abdicated his own kingdom in favour of the Emperor Theodosius, on -certain conditions, which I have explained at length in my History of -the Wars. For some time the country of the Armenians was an object of -contention between the Romans and the Persians, but they finally agreed -that the Persians should possess the share of Tigranes, and the Romans -that of Arsaces. Both parties signed a treaty on these conditions, and -henceforth the Emperor of the Romans appointed whom he pleased, and at -what time he thought proper, to rule over the Armenians. This ruler was -called the Count of Armenia down to my own time. - -However, since such a kingdom as this was not capable of repelling the -incursions of the enemy, because it possessed no regular army, the -Emperor Justinian, perceiving that Armenia was always in a disorderly -condition, and therefore was an easy prey to the barbarians, put an -end to this form of government, and placed a general in command of the -Armenians, giving him a sufficient number of regular soldiers to repel -the invasions of the enemy. This was the arrangement which he adopted -for what is called Greater Armenia; but the remainder of Armenia, that -which reaches from this side of the river Euphrates as far as the city -of Amida, was governed by five Armenian satraps, whose offices were -hereditary and tenable for life; however, they received the insignia -of their office from the hands of the Roman Emperor alone. It is worth -while to explain what these insignia were, since they will never again -be seen by men: they were a cloak made of wool, not such as grows on -sheep, but such as is gathered from the sea. The animal on whom this -wool grows is called ‘pinna.’ The cloak was of purple, covered with -gold at that part where it was fastened together; there was a gold -brooch upon the cloak, containing a precious stone, from which three -amethysts were suspended by loose golden chains. The tunic was of silk, -entirely covered with the golden ornaments known as ‘feather-work;’ the -boots were red-coloured, reaching to the knee, such as it is not lawful -for anyone to wear except the Roman Emperors and the Kings of Persia. - -No Roman soldiers were ever employed either by the King of Armenia or -the satraps, but they trusted exclusively to their own resources in -war. In later times, however, during the reign of the Emperor Zeno, -when Illus and Leontius openly revolted against the Emperor, certain -of the satraps took their side; wherefore the Emperor Zeno, after -his victory over Illus and Leontius, allowed one of the satraps, -whose satrapy—that of the country called Belabitis—was the weakest -and least important, to retain his former possession, but deposed -all the others, and did not allow these governments any longer to -be held by hereditary descent, but filled them by persons chosen by -the Emperor, as is the custom with all the other Roman governments. -Yet even then Roman soldiers were not placed in them, but Armenian -soldiers, as had formerly been customary, and who were quite unable -to defend them against the attacks of the enemy. Perceiving this, the -Emperor Justinian abolished the title of satrap for all time to come, -and appointed two rulers over these nations, with the title of Dukes, -giving them a large number of regular Roman soldiers, in order that -with them they might defend the Roman frontier. He also built for them -strong places, as follows. - -II. I shall begin with the country of Mesopotamia, in order to connect -my account with what has been described above. He established one of -these rulers of the Armenian tribes, who have the title of Duke, in -the city which is called Martyropolis,[58] and the other in a fortress -which is named Citharizon. I will now describe in what part of the -Roman Empire these places are situated. The city of Martyropolis is -situated in that part of Armenia which is called Sophanene, close to -the river Nymphius, and bordering closely on the enemy’s country; -for at that place the river Nymphius divides the Roman and Persian -territory. Beyond the river lies the country named Arxanes, which -from ancient times has belonged to the Persians. Yet this city was -always neglected by the Romans, and lay exposed to the attacks of -these barbarians; so that Cabades, the King of the Persians, in the -reign of the Emperor Anastasius, invaded the country of the Romans, -and led an army through Martyropolis, which is distant from Amida a -little more than a day’s journey for a lightly equipped traveller. As -a mere incident and unimportant part of his invasion he took this city -without any siege, assault, or beleaguerment, but simply by giving out -that he was coming; for the inhabitants, who knew well that they could -not hold out for a single moment of time against his army, as soon as -they saw the Median host near at hand, at once went over to Cabades, -with Theodorus—who at that time was satrap of Sophanene—at their -head, dressed in the insignia of his office, and delivered themselves -and the city of Martyropolis up to him, taking with them the public -revenue for two years. Cabades, pleased with this, refrained from -ravaging the city and the entire country, which he regarded as part of -the Persian Empire. He dismissed the people unhurt, and neither did -any injury to them nor altered anything in their city, but replaced -Theodorus—whom he regarded as a wise man—as satrap over them, placing -in his hands the symbols of authority, and trusting him to protect the -Persian territory. After this he led his army onwards, took Amida by a -siege, and retired into the Persian territory, as I have described in -my ‘History of the Wars.’ The Emperor Anastasius, perceiving that it -was not possible for the city of Martyropolis to defend itself without -any fortifications against the attacks of the enemy, not only was not -angry with Theodorus and the people of Sophanene, but declared that -he was very thankful to them for their action. The wall of the city -of Martyropolis was in thickness about four feet, and in height about -twenty feet; so that it could not only be easily captured by an enemy, -who employed siege operations and brought battering engines against it, -but could easily be escaladed. - -In consequence of this, the Emperor Justinian proceeded as follows. He -dug a trench outside the walls, laid foundations in it, and built a new -wall of a thickness of four feet, at a distance of four feet from the -old wall. He raised this wall also to a height of twenty feet, making -it in all respects equal in size to the old one; he then filled up the -space between the two walls with stones and mortar, thus forming the -whole work into one wall twelve feet in thickness. He then raised it, -keeping the thickness the same, to a height twice as great as that -which it formerly possessed; moreover, he built an admirable outwork -round the city, and built all the other defences of a fortified place. - -III. On the west side of Martyropolis is a place named Phison, which -also is situated in that part of Armenia which is called Sophanene, -and is distant from Martyropolis a little more than one day’s journey. -About eight miles beyond this place lie precipitous and altogether -impassable mountains, between which are two narrow passes, situated -close to one another, which are called Clisuræ. Travellers from Persian -Armenia to Sophanene, whether they proceed from the Persian territory -or by way of the fortress of Citharizon, must necessarily proceed -through these two passes, of which the one is called by the natives -Illyrisis, and the other Saphchæ. Each of these ought to be fortified -with the utmost care, in order to bar the way against the enemy; in -former times, however, they remained entirely unguarded. But the -Emperor Justinian, by placing admirable fortifications both at Phison -and in the passes, and by establishing sufficient garrisons in them, -rendered it altogether impossible for the barbarians to invade the -country. These were the works of the Emperor Justinian in that part of -the country of Armenia which is called Sophanene. - -In Citharizon, which is in the province called Asthianene, he built a -new fort on a hilly spot, of great size, and completely impregnable. -This place he furnished with a sufficient supply of water, and all -other conveniences for its inhabitants, and placed in command of it, as -I said before, the other Duke of Armenia with a sufficient garrison of -soldiers, thus rendering the tribes of Armenia secure in this quarter -also. - -As one goes from Citharizon[59] towards Theodosiopolis and Greater -Armenia is the country of Corzane, which extends for a distance of -about three days’ journey, without any lake, river or mountain to -divide it from the country of the Persians, whose frontier is confused -with it; so that the inhabitants of this region, whether they be Roman -or Persian subjects, have no fear of one another, and never expect -any attack, but intermarry with one another, have common markets for -their produce, and cultivate the country together. When the rulers -of either nation make an expedition against the other at the command -of their prince, they always find their neighbours unprotected; for -each of them has extremely populous places close to one another, while -in former times there was no fortification whatever; so that it was -possible for the King of Persia to invade the Roman territory in this -quarter more easily than anywhere else, until the Emperor Justinian -prevented his doing so, in the following manner. In the midst of this -country there was a place named Artaleson, which he surrounded with a -very strong wall, and made into an impregnable fortress; he placed a -garrison of regular soldiers in it, and appointed a general over them, -whom the Romans in the Latin language style ‘a Duke.’ Thus did he -fortify the whole of that frontier. - -IV. These were the works of the Emperor Justinian in that quarter. I -now come to what he did in the rest of Armenia. The city of Satala -was formerly in a perilous position, because it is not far distant -from the enemy’s country, and is built upon low ground, surrounded -by many hills, so that it ought in consequence of its position to -possess impregnable fortifications. However, its defences were even -more untrustworthy than its position, the works having been badly and -carelessly constructed, and by lapse of time having fallen into ruin. -The whole of these were demolished by the Emperor, who built a new wall -round it of sufficient height to appear to overtop the neighbouring -hills, and of sufficient thickness to support such an unusual height -with safety. He built round it an outwork of an admirable character, -and struck despair into the heart of the enemy. He also built a very -strong fort not far from Satala, in the province of Osrhoene. - -In this province there was an old fort built by the ancients upon the -ridge of a precipitous hill, which was once taken by Pompeius, the -Roman general, who, when he became master of the country, fortified it -with great care, and named it Colonia. The Emperor Justinian exerted -all his power in restoring this fort, which had fallen into decay after -so long a time; moreover, he distributed enormous sums of money among -the inhabitants of this region, and thus persuaded them to build new -fortifications on their own ground, and to restore those which had -fallen into ruin; so that nearly all the works situated in that country -were built by the Emperor Justinian. There also he built the forts of -Baiberdon and Arcon; he restored Lysiormum and Lutararizon;[60] he also -built a new fort in the place which is called the Ditch of Germanus. -Moreover, he restored the walls of Sebastia[61] and Nicopolis, which -are cities of Armenia, which were on the point of falling, having -become decayed through age. In them he built churches and monasteries. -At Theodosiopolis he built a church dedicated to the Virgin, and -restored the monasteries in the places named Petrius and Cucarizon. -At Nicopolis[62] he built the monastery of the Forty-five saints, and -a church of St. George the Martyr at Bizana. Near Theodosiopolis he -restored the monastery named after the Forty Martyrs. - -There was a place in what used to be called Lesser Armenia, not far -from the river Euphrates, where formerly a regiment of Roman soldiers -was stationed. The place was named Melitene, and the regiment was -named Legion. Here the Romans in former times had built a square -fortification on low ground, which was convenient for soldiers’ -quarters and for the reception of their standards. Afterwards, by -the orders of Trajan, the Roman Emperor, the place was raised to the -dignity of a city, and became the capital of that nation. In the course -of time the city of Melitene became large and populous; and since -it was no longer possible for the inhabitants to dwell within the -fortification, which, as I have said, enclosed but a small space of -ground, they built their city in the plain near it, erecting thereon -their churches, the dwellings of their magistrates, the market-place, -and the shops of their merchants, the streets, porticos, baths, -theatres, and all the other ornaments of a large city. In this manner -Melitene became for the most part composed of suburbs. The Emperor -Anastasius attempted to enclose the whole of it with a wall, but died -before he had carried out his intention; however, the Emperor Justinian -built a wall all round it, and rendered Melitene[63] a great defence -and ornament to the Armenians. - -V. These are the works of our Emperor in that part of Armenia which -lies on the right bank of the Euphrates; I will now speak of what he -did in Greater Armenia. When the Roman Emperor Theodosius obtained the -kingdom of Arsaces, as I explained before, he built a castle on one of -its hills, very liable to capture, which he called Theodosiopolis. This -was taken by Cabades, the king of Persia, when he passed it as he was -marching straight upon Amida. Not long afterwards the Roman Emperor -Anastasius built a city there, enclosing within its walls the hill upon -which Theodosius had placed his castle. Although he named the city -after himself, yet he was not able to abolish the name of Theodosius, -its former founder; for though the things in common use among mankind -are constantly changing, yet it is not easy to alter their former -names. The wall of Theodosiopolis was of a sufficient width, but was -not raised to a proportional height, for it was only about thirty feet -high, and therefore was very liable to capture by an enemy skilled -in sieges, such as the Persians. It was weak in other respects also, -for it was not defended by any outwork or ditch; moreover, some high -ground close to the city overhung the wall. These defects the Emperor -Justinian remedied in the following manner; in the first place he -dug a very deep trench all round it, like the bed of a torrent among -precipitous mountains: next, he cut up the overhanging hill into a mass -of inaccessible precipices and pathless ravines; moreover, in order -to make the wall very high, and unassailable by an enemy, he employed -the same device as at the city of Dara. He contracted the battlements -to the smallest size through which it was possible to shoot at the -besiegers, laid stones over them so as to make another story round the -entire circuit, and skilfully placed a second set of battlements upon -it, enclosing the whole place within an outwork like that of the city -of Dara, and making each tower into a strong castle. He established in -this place all the forces of Armenia, with their general, and rendered -the Armenians so strong that they no longer feared the attacks of the -Persians. - -At Bizana the Emperor did nothing of this sort; for this place is -situated upon flat country, surrounded by wide plains fit for the -manœuvres of cavalry, and full of putrid pools of stagnant water; so -that it was very easily stormed by an enemy, and was very unhealthy for -its inhabitants; for these reasons, he neglected this place, and built -a city elsewhere to which he gave his own name. It is a fine city and -altogether impregnable, and stands in a place called Tzumina, distant -three miles from Bizana, in a very healthy and airy position on high -ground. - -VI. These were the acts of the Emperor Justinian in Armenia. At this -point of my narrative it appears convenient to describe what he did -among the tribes of the Tzani, since they dwell next to the Armenians. -In ancient times the Tzani were independent and without any rulers, -living after the manner of wild beasts, regarding and worshipping -as gods the woods and birds and other animals. They spent all their -lives in lofty and thickly wooded mountains, and never cultivated the -ground, but supported themselves by plundering and brigandage; for they -themselves were unacquainted with agriculture, and their country, when -it is not covered with precipitous mountains, is hilly: and the surface -of these hills is not earthy, or capable of growing crops even if it -were cultivated, but rough and hard, and altogether sterile. It is not -possible to irrigate the ground, to reap a crop, or to find a meadow -anywhere; and even the trees, with which the land of the Tzani is -covered, bear no fruit, because for the most part there is no regular -succession of seasons, and the land is not at one time subjected to -cold and wet, and at another made fertile by the warmth of the sun, -but is desolated by perpetual winter and covered by eternal snows. For -this reason the Tzani, in ancient times, remained independent; but -during the reign of our Emperor Justinian they were conquered by the -Romans, under the command of Tzita; and, perceiving that resistance was -impossible, at once submitted in a body, preferring an easy servitude -to a dangerous freedom. They at once all changed their religion to the -true faith, became Christians, and embraced a more civilized mode of -life, renouncing brigandage, and serving in the Roman army, which was -constantly at war with their enemies. However, the Emperor Justinian, -fearing that the Tzani might at some time revert to their former wild -mode of life, devised the following expedients. - -The whole country of the Tzani is difficult, and quite impassable for -horsemen, being everywhere surrounded with precipices and woods, as I -said before; so that it was impossible for the Tzani to mix with their -neighbours, but they lived by themselves in a savage manner, like wild -beasts. He therefore cut down all the trees which hindered the making -of roads, and levelled the rough ground, rendering it easily passable -for horsemen, and thus made it possible for them to mix with the rest -of mankind, and hold intercourse with their neighbours. Next he built -a church for them in a place called Schamalinichon, in order that they -might perform divine service, partake of the holy mysteries, gain the -favour of God by prayers, perform the other duties of religion, and -feel themselves to be human beings. He built forts in every part of the -country, garrisoned them with regular Roman soldiers, and thus enabled -the Tzani to mix without restraint with the rest of mankind. I shall -now describe the parts of Tzania in which he built these forts. - -There is there a place where the three frontiers of the Roman Empire, -of Persian Armenia, and of the Tzani join; here he constructed a -new and very powerful fort, named Oronon, which he made the chief -guarantee of peace to the country; for at that point the Romans first -entered Tzania. Here he established a garrison under a general with -the title of Duke. At a place distant two days’ journey from Oronon, -on the frontier of the Ocenite Tzani—for the Tzani are divided into -many tribes—there was a fortress built in ancient times, which long -before this had fallen into ruin by neglect, and was named Charton. The -Emperor Justinian restored this, and placed in it a large garrison to -keep the province in order. On the east of this place is a precipitous -ravine stretching towards the north. Here he built a new fort named -Barchon. Beyond this, at the skirts of the mountain, are stables where -the Ocenite Tzani used to keep their cattle, not in order to plough the -land,—for the Tzani, as I said before, are altogether idle, and know -nothing of husbandry, and have no ploughed land, or other operations -of farming,—but for a constant supply of milk and meat. Beyond the -skirts of the mountain, to the westward of the place upon the plain, -which is called Cena, stands the fort of Sisilisson, which was of -ancient construction, but by length of time had fallen into ruin, and -was restored by the Emperor Justinian, who established in it, as in -all the others, a sufficient garrison of Roman soldiers. On the left, -as one goes from thence in a northerly direction, is a place which the -natives call the Ditch of Longinus; for in ancient times Longinus, a -Roman general of the Isaurian nation, pitched his camp there during a -campaign against the Tzani. Here our Emperor built a fort, named Burgum -Noes, a day’s journey distant from Sisilisson, which, like the fort at -Sisilisson described above, our Emperor very strongly fortified. Beyond -this is the frontier of the Coxylini Tzani, where he placed two forts -named Schimalinichon and Tzanzakon. Here he placed another officer with -a garrison. - -VII. These were the works of the Emperor Justinian among the Tzani. -In the country beyond them, on the banks of the Euxine Sea, is a -city called Trapezus.[64] As there was a scarcity of water at this -place, the Emperor Justinian constructed an aqueduct, called by the -name of the Martyr Eugenius, by which he relieved the wants of the -inhabitants. Both here and at Amasea[65] he restored the greater part -of the churches, which had become ruinous by lapse of time. Beyond the -frontier of the city of Trapezus is a place named Rhizeum,[66] which -he in person restored and surrounded with fortifications magnificent -beyond description and belief; for the city is second to none of those -on the Persian frontier in size and strength. - -He also built a fort in Lazica, named Losorium, and fortified the -passes in that country, which are named the Clisuræ, in order to shut -out the enemy from the country of the Lazi.[67] He also restored an -ancient and ruinous church of the Christian Lazi, and founded a noble -city, named Petra,[68] which the Lazi by their own negligence allowed -to fall into the hands of the Persians, when Chosroes came thither -with a great army; but the Romans conquered the Persians in battle, -killed some of them, took the rest prisoners, and razed the city to -the ground, that the Persians might not be able to return thither and -do any more mischief—all of which has been described in my ‘History of -the Wars’—where also is a description of how, on the Continent opposite -the territory of the Lazi, as one goes towards the Mæotic Lake,[69] the -Romans destroyed two forts, named Sebastopolis[70] and Pityous, because -they heard that Chosroes meditated sending an army to occupy them. -Now, however, the Emperor Justinian entirely rebuilt Sebastopolis, -which before was only a small fort, making it impregnable by the -strength of its walls and other defences, and ornamenting it with -streets and buildings, so as to render it one of the first of cities, -both for size and beauty. - -Moreover, finding that the walls of the cities of Bosporus and Cherson, -which are situated upon the sea-shore in that region, beyond the Mæotic -Lake and the Tauri and the Tauroscythi, on the frontier of the Roman -Empire, had quite fallen into ruin, he restored them to a condition -of great beauty and strength. In the same region he built the fort -of Alustus, and one in the country of the Gorzubiti. He especially -strengthened the fortifications of Bosporus, which, in ancient times, -had fallen into the power of the barbarians, and which he captured -from the Huns and annexed to the Roman Empire. There is here a country -by the sea-shore, named Doru, which has been long inhabited by those -Goths, who would not follow Theoderic on his expedition to Italy, but -of their own accord remained there, and have been in alliance with -the Romans down to my own time, joining the Roman armies when they -march against the enemy, at the pleasure of the Emperor; their numbers -are about three thousand; they are excellent warriors, industrious -husbandmen, and most hospitable to strangers. Their country, Doru, is -situated on high ground, yet is not rough or sterile, but good soil, -producing the best of crops. The Emperor built no city or fort anywhere -in this country, as its inhabitants cannot endure to be confined within -walls, but love to dwell in the open country. He did, however, fortify -with long walls the passes by which an enemy could enter the country, -and thus freed the Goths from foreign invasion. These were his works in -this quarter. - -There is a maritime town of the Thracians on the borders of the Euxine -Sea, named Anchialus,[71] which it would be more proper to mention in -my description of Thrace; since, however, the course of my narrative -has led me to speak of the works of our Emperor on the shores of the -Euxine Sea, it will be well at this point to describe the buildings -which he erected at Anchialus. At this place, fountains of warm water, -which spring up not far from the city, supply the inhabitants with -natural baths. This place was neglected and left unfortified by the -former Emperors, although so many tribes of barbarians dwell in the -neighbourhood of it, so that the sick persons, who resorted to it, -could not enjoy its benefits without considerable danger; however, the -Emperor Justinian has now fortified it, and enabled them to be healed -in safety. These were the fortifications built in the East, in Armenia, -in the country of the Tzani, and on the shores of the Euxine Sea, by -the Emperor Justinian. Let us now proceed from this region to the -buildings which he has constructed in the rest of Europe. - - - - - BOOK IV. - - -I. I count it a toilsome and perilous task, to cross a great ocean in -a crazy vessel; and it is the same thing to describe the buildings of -the Emperor Justinian in a feeble narrative; for this Emperor, one may -say, showed greatness of mind in all that he did, and in his buildings -performed works surpassing description. In Europe especially, wishing -to construct works on a scale worthy of the need which existed for -them, his buildings are difficult, nay, almost impossible to describe, -being worthy of their position in the neighbourhood of the river Danube -and the barbarian tribes beyond it, whose invasions they are intended -to repel; for along its banks dwell the nations of the Huns and the -Goths, and the empire is threatened by the tribes of the Tauri and the -Scythians, the Sclavonians and the rest, whom the ancient historians -call the ‘dwellers in waggons’ or Sauromatæ, and all the other wild -tribes which either inhabit or roam through that region. With all -these tribes, ever eager for war, Justinian was forced to contend, so -that he could neglect no point, but was forced to construct a chain -of innumerable fortresses, establish in them numberless garrisons -of soldiers, and do everything else in his power to hold in check a -foe, with whom neither truce nor intercourse could be held; for these -enemies were accustomed to make war without any pretext or declaration, -and not to terminate it by any treaty, or cease fighting after a time, -but to take up arms without any cause only to lay them down when -compelled by main force. However, let us proceed to what remains of -our description; for when a work is begun, it is better to bring it to -an end in any fashion whatever, rather than to give it up and leave it -unfinished; besides which, we might reasonably be blamed if our Emperor -could construct such works, and we were to shrink from the labour of -describing them. Now that I am about to enumerate the buildings of this -our Emperor in Europe, it is worth while before doing so to make a few -remarks about the country. - -From what is called the Adriatic Sea a branch extends straight into the -continent, apart from the rest of the sea, so as to divide the country -and form the Ionian Gulf, having on its right bank the Epirotes and -the other nations in that quarter, and on the left the Calabrians. -Compressed into a long and narrow inlet, it embraces almost the whole -of the continent. Above this sea and running over against it, the -river Danube forms the land of Europe into a peninsula. Here our -Emperor constructed many admirable works; for he fortified the whole of -Europe so securely as to render it inaccessible to the barbarians who -dwell beyond the river Danube. - -I ought, however, to begin with the native country of the Emperor, -which must occupy the first place in my narrative, as it does in all -other respects; for it alone may rejoice and pride itself upon the -glory of having bred and furnished the Romans with an Emperor, whose -works are so great that they can neither be described in language nor -set down in writing. - -In the country of the European Dardani, who dwell beyond the frontier -of the citizens of Epidamnus, near the fort called Bederiana, is a -place named Tauresium, from whence came the Emperor Justinian, the -Founder of the Universe.[72] This place he hastily fortified in a -quadrangular form, placing a tower at each angle, and gave it from its -shape the name of Tetrapyrgia, or the ‘Four Towers.’ Close to this -place he built a most noble city, which he named Justiniana Prima (this -word in the Latin language means ‘First’), thus repaying his debt to -the country which bred him, though this duty ought to have been shared -by all the Romans, since this place furnished a preserver for them -all alike. Here he constructed an aqueduct and supplied the city with -a perpetual flow of water, and erected many other works, magnificent -and surpassing all description, worthy of the founder of the city; -it is not easy to enumerate the churches, and it is impossible for -language to describe the dwellings of the magistrates, the size of the -porticos, the beauty of the market-places, the fountains, the streets, -the baths, and the shops. In a word, the city is great, populous, -flourishing, and worthy to be the metropolis of the whole country, to -which dignity it has been raised. In addition to this, it is the seat -of the Archbishop of Illyria, all the other cities yielding to it as -being the greatest in size; so that it in turn reflects glory upon the -Emperor; for the city prides itself upon the Emperor which it has bred, -while the Emperor glories in having constructed the city. Let the above -description of it suffice; for to describe it all, in exact detail, is -impossible, because all language must fall short of a city worthy of -such an Emperor. - -Besides this, he entirely rebuilt the fort of Bederiana, and rendered -it much stronger than before. There was an ancient city in the country -of the Dardani, named Ulpiana. He demolished the greater part of the -wall of this place, which was very unsafe and altogether useless, and -brought it to its present magnificent appearance, decorated it with -many other beautiful buildings, and gave it the name of Justiniana -Secunda. (Secunda in the Latin language signifies ‘Second.’) He also -built a new city in its neighbourhood, which he named Justinopolis, -after the name of his uncle Justin. He restored the walls of Sardica, -Naïsopolis, Germana and Pantalia, which he found dilapidated by age, -so as to make them secure and impregnable. Between these cities he -built three small towns, Cratiscara, Quimedaba, and Rumisiana. Thus -he restored these cities from their foundations; and, wishing to -render the river Danube a very strong bulwark to them and to the whole -of Europe, he covered the whole course of the river with numerous -forts, as I shall shortly afterwards describe, and established on all -parts of its banks garrisons of soldiers, sufficient to restrain the -barbarians from crossing the river in that quarter. When, however, he -had completed all these works, remembering the insecurity of all human -designs, and reflecting that, should the enemy succeed in passing the -river by any means, they would ravage the unguarded country, carry -off all the inhabitants for slaves, and plunder all their property, -he did not leave them to trust to the forts along the course of the -river alone for their protection, but gave them means of defence of -their own; for he constructed such a number of fortifications in these -regions, that every field either possesses a castle or is near to some -walled place, both here and in New and Old Epirus. Here also he built -the city of Justinianopolis, which formerly was called Adrianopolis. - -He restored Nicopolis, Photica and Phœnice; the latter towns, Photica -and Phœnice, being situated upon low ground, suffered from inundations; -wherefore the Emperor Justinian, perceiving that it was impossible -to build walls for them upon a firm foundation, made no alteration -in either of them, but built forts near them, which he placed upon -strong and precipitous ground. In this country there was an ancient -city, abundantly supplied with water, and deriving its name from its -position, for it was formerly named Eurœa. Not far from this city of -Eurœa is a lake, in the midst of which rises an island containing a -hill; the lake reaches round this island so far as only just to allow -access to it. The Emperor transferred the inhabitants of Eurœa to this -place, built a city for them, and strongly fortified it. - -II. After our survey of the whole of Epirus we pass over Ætolia and -Acarnania, and come to the Crissæan Gulf, the Isthmus of Corinth, -and the other parts of Greece. Here the Emperor’s foresight was most -especially displayed, and one may marvel at the numerous walled cities -with which he fortified the Roman Empire. Amongst the rest he paid -especial care at the pass of Thermopylæ. In the first place he raised -its walls to a great height, for the mountains in this place were easy -to be taken by an enemy, and were fortified by what was more like a -hedgerow than a wall. He placed double battlements upon all these -walls, and also upon the fort, which had been built there in an equally -careless manner by the ancients, giving it a sufficient height, and -double bulwarks. Besides all this, as the place was entirely without -water, he contrived a reservoir for rain-water, and also carefully -fortified many paths up the mountain which had formerly been left -unguarded. - -One may well wonder how the Persian King spent so long a time here, -and only found one path, and that, too, one which was betrayed to -him by Greek traitors, when there are many unfortified roads in the -place along which one could almost drive a waggon; for the sea, which -washes the base of the mountains, has widened the mouths of most of -the paths leading up from thence, and as the ground was full of glens -and impassable ravines, it appeared to the ancients that what was thus -divided by nature could not be continuously enclosed by fortifications, -so that they lazily sacrificed their safety in their reluctance to -embark upon so difficult a work, and trusted to chance, resting all -their hopes of safety against the invasion of the barbarians on their -probable ignorance of the roads; for men who despair of accomplishing -difficult tasks always imagine that what they have found so hard, will -not easily be effected by others; so that it cannot be disputed that -the Emperor Justinian showed greater care and foresight than anyone -else who has ever lived, since he was not prevented, even by the -sea which washes and breaks upon these mountains, from laying firm -foundations on the very beach and watery shore, and making the most -contrary elements serve his purpose, and yield to him, subdued by human -art. However, not even after having connected these mountain thickets -and glens, and having joined the sea to the mountain, and enclosed the -whole of Greece with his fortifications, did our Emperor relax his zeal -on behalf of his subjects, but he also built many forts within this -wall, taking a just view of the chances of human life, which render -no place secure or impregnable; so that if by any mischance it should -happen that these walls should at any time be taken, the garrison might -find a refuge in these forts. Moreover, he established everywhere -granaries and reservoirs of water in secure positions, and placed -nearly 2,000 soldiers to garrison the works, which was never done by -any emperor at any former time; for these walls remained unguarded -formerly, even down to my own time, and if the enemy assaulted them, -some of the peasants in the neighbourhood, adopting a military life on -the spur of the moment, used to act as garrison, and, from their want -of experience, risked the capture of them and of the whole of Greece, -by which parsimony this country was for a long time exposed to the -attack of the barbarians.[73] - -Thus did the Emperor Justinian strengthen the fortifications of -Thermopylæ. He also with great care built walls round the cities which -lie in the country beyond it—Saccus, Hypata, Coracii, Unnum, Baleæ and -Leontarium. At Heraclea he did as follows: as one goes from Illyria to -Greece, two mountains stand close to one another for a long distance, -forming a narrow pass between them, of the kind called Clisuræ. In -the midst runs a fountain, which in the summer-time pours a clear -and drinkable stream down from the mountains which stand around, and -forms a tiny rivulet; but in rainy seasons there rises a very deep and -violent torrent, which collects its waters from the ravines among the -cliffs. By this path the barbarians were able to gain an easy passage -to Thermopylæ and the neighbouring parts of Greece. On either side of -the path there were in ancient times two ancient fortresses, one being -the city of Heraclea, which I mentioned before, and the other that of -Myropole, standing at a little distance from it. The Emperor Justinian -restored both these fortresses, which had long been in ruins, and built -a very strong wall across the pass, joining it to the mountains on -either side, so that he closed the passage against the barbarians, and -forced the torrent first to form a lake within this wall, and then to -flow over it and continue its course. - -He secured all the cities of Greece which lie within the walls of -Thermopylæ, restoring the fortifications of all of them, for they -had long ago fallen into decay—at Corinth in consequence of violent -earthquakes, and at Athens, Platæa, and the towns in Bœotia having -fallen into decay through age, as no one had taken any care of them; -he, however, left no place assailable or unguarded, for in his watchful -care for his subjects he bethought him that the barbarians, should they -reach the country about Thermopylæ, would despair of success as soon as -they learned that they would gain nothing by forcing the works there, -since all the rest of Greece was fortified, and they would have to -undertake the siege of each individual city; for a deferred hope does -not encourage men to endure labour, nor are they eager for gain which -is far distant, but give up their hopes of future advantage to avoid -present discomfort. - -Having effected this, the Emperor Justinian, learning that all the -cities in Peloponnesus were unwalled, and reflecting that much time -would be wasted if he attended to the security of each one, securely -fortified the whole isthmus with a wall, since the existing wall -was mostly in ruins. Upon this wall he built forts and established -garrisons in them, and in this manner rendered the whole country of -Peloponnesus safe from the enemy, even though any misfortune should -befall the fortifications at Thermopylæ. - -III. Diocletianopolis in Thessaly was in ancient times a flourishing -city, but latterly was ruined by the incursions of the barbarians, -and had long been without inhabitants. There is a lake near it, which -is called Castoria, in the midst of which is an island surrounded -by water, with only one narrow passage, not wider than fifteen -feet, leading to it through the lake. On this island stands a very -lofty mountain, which overhangs the lake on one side and the island -on the other; wherefore our Emperor decided against the site of -Diocletianopolis, because it was obviously exposed to attack, and -had long before suffered the misfortunes which I had mentioned, but -built a very strong city on the island, to which he naturally gave -his own name. Besides this, he removed the walls of Echinæum, Thebes, -Pharsalus, and all the other cities of Thessaly, amongst which are -Demetrias, Metropolis, Gomphi, and Tricattus, and securely fortified -them, for their walls were decayed by age and could easily be taken by -an enemy. - -Now that we have come to Thessaly, let us proceed to Mount Pelion -and the river Peneus. The Peneus flows in a gentle stream past Mount -Pelion, and in its course adorns the city of Larissa, for Phthia no -longer exists, but has perished through age. The river flows with a -quiet stream as far as the sea, and the neighbouring country is rich -in fruits of all kinds, and in sweet waters, which the inhabitants -were never able to enjoy, as they were in continual expectation of an -attack from the barbarians; for there was no strong place anywhere in -these regions to which they could fly for refuge, but the walls of -Larissa and Cæsarea were so ruinous that they were almost open towns. -The Emperor Justinian, by rebuilding the walls of both these cities -very strongly, enabled the country to enjoy true prosperity. Not far -from hence rise precipitous mountains covered with lofty trees. These -mountains were the home of the Centaurs; and in this country the -battle of the Centaurs with the Lapithæ took place, as the ancient -myths declare, which inform us that in old times there dwelt there a -monstrous race combining the forms of two creatures. Antiquity gives -some warrant for this fable by the name of a fort in these mountains, -which down to my own time was named Centauropolis, whose ruinous walls -the Emperor Justinian restored and strengthened, together with those of -Eurymene in the same country, which had fallen into the same condition. - -Now, that I may leave no part of Greece undescribed, we must proceed to -the island of Eubœa, which stands close to Athens and Marathon. This -island of Eubœa lies in the sea, in front of Greece, and seems to me as -though it had once formed a part of the mainland, and had afterwards -been separated from it by a strait, for an arm of the sea flows past -the mainland there, in the neighbourhood of the city of Chalcis, ebbing -and flowing in a narrow channel, confined between banks which reduce -it to the size of a rivulet. This strait is called the Euripus. Such -is the island of Eubœa. A single beam laid across the strait forms a -bridge, which the inhabitants lay across at their pleasure, and then -appear to be dwellers on the continent, and walk on foot to the land -beyond the strait; but when they remove it, they cross the strait in -boats, and again become islanders: so that whether they proceed on foot -or on shipboard depends upon the laying down or taking up of a single -piece of wood.... - -The country within this is named (the Peninsula of) Pallene. In ancient -times the inhabitants built a wall across the isthmus, which joined -the sea at each end, and built there a city, which in former times was -called Potidæa, and now Casandria; however, time so ruined all these -buildings that when, not long ago, the Huns overran these regions, they -captured this cross-wall and city as though in sport, though they never -have conducted a siege since the world began. This event, however, gave -the Emperor Justinian an opportunity of displaying his goodness and -magnanimity: for as he was always wont to repair all the misfortunes -which befell him by his own foresight, he turned the most terrible -disasters into a source of good fortune by the magnificent works by -which he repaired. So here he fortified the city of Pallene, which is -the bulwark of the whole country, and the wall across the isthmus, so -as to render them quite impregnable and able to defy all attacks. These -were his works in Macedonia. - -Not far from the city of Thessalonica flows the river Rhechius, which -passes through a fertile and rich country, and empties itself into -the sea at that place. This river flows with a gentle current: its -waters are calm and sweet. The neighbouring country is low-lying, -well-watered, and forms rich pasture; but was sadly exposed to the -inroads of the barbarians, having no fort or place of strength of -any kind for a distance of forty miles; wherefore the Emperor built -a strong fort on the banks of the river Rhechius where it joins the -sea—an entirely new work, to which he gave the name of Artemisium. - -IV. It is my duty to mention the other strong places in this part of -Europe. I am quite sure that if I were to recount this list of the -fortresses in this country, to men dwelling in a distant region and -belonging to another nation, without any facts to guarantee the truth -of my story, the number of the works would make it appear altogether -fabulous and incredible; as it is, however, they are to be seen at no -great distance, and great numbers of the inhabitants of that region are -present in our city; wherefore, with the confidence which springs from -truth, I shall not hesitate to give a list of the works of the Emperor -Justinian in the above-mentioned countries, both in restoring ruinous -fortifications and in building new ones. It will be most convenient to -put them all in the form of a list, so that my narrative may not be -confused by the insertion of their names. - -These are the new forts built by the Emperor Justinian in New -Epirus:[74] - - Sceminites, - Ulpiansus, - Episterba, - Argus, - Aona, - Stephaniacum, - Martis, - Gynæcomytes, - Speretium, - Aven, - Streden, - Deuphracus, - St. Sabinus, - Aliula, - Dyrlachin, - Patana, - Gemenus, - Bacuste, - Alistrus, - Irene, - Epiduta, - Bacusta, - Labellus, - Epileum, - Piscinæ, - Cithinas, - Dolebin, - Hedonia, - Titiana, - Ulibula, - Brebate, - Thesaurus. - -These places were restored: - - St. Stephen, - Cethreon, - Apis, - Peleum, - Come, - Pacue, - Scidreonpolis, - Antipagræ, - Pupsalus, - Gabræum, - Dionaa, - Clementiana, - Illyrin, - Tithra, - Brebeta, - Bupus, - Endyni, - Dionysus, - Ptochium, - Tyrcanus, - Capaza, - Cilicæ, - Argyas, - Therma, - Amantia, - Paretium. - -These are the new forts built in Old Epirus: - - Parmus, - Olbus, - Cionin, - Marciana, - Algus, - Cimenus, - Xeropotoes, - Europa, - Chimæra, - Helega, - Homonœa, - Adanum. - -These places were rebuilt: - - Murciara, - Castina, - Genysius, - Percus, - Marmarata, - Listria, - Petroniana, - Carmina, - St. Sabinus, - Also a reservoir in the fort of Come, - Martius, - Pezium, - Onalus, - Two forts dedicated to St. Donatus, in the territory of - Justinianopolis and Photice, - Symphygium, - Pronathidum, - Hedones, - Castellum, - Bulibas, - Palyrus, - Trana, - Posidon, - Colophonia. - -In Macedonia: - - Candida, - Colobona, - The Basilica of Amyntas, - Bolbus, - Brigizes, - Opas, - Pleurum, - Caminus, - Therma, - Bogas, - Neapolis, - Calarnus, - Museum, - Acremba, - Adrianium, - Edana, - Melichisa, - Pascas, - Aulon, - Gentianum, - Priniana, - Thesteum, - Cyrrhi, - Gurasson, - Cumarciana, - Limnederium, - Bupoodin, - Babas, - Cyriana, - Pelecum, - Lages, - Cratæa, - Siclæ, - Nymphium, - Metizus, - Argicianum, - Bazinus, - Cassopas, - Parthion, - Fasciæ, - Placidiana, - Hynea, - Limnaæ, - Option, - Charadrus, - Cassopes. - -These forts were rebuilt in Thessaly: - - Alcon, - Lossonus, - Gerontica, - Perbyla, - Cercinei, - Scidreus, - Phracellan. - -The following new forts were built in Dardania: - - Laberium, - Castimum, - Rabestum, - Castellium, - Acrenza, - Terias, - Drullus, - Victoriæ. - -These were rebuilt: - - Cesiana, - Tezule, - Usiana, - Besiana, - Mascas, - Liste, - Celliriana, - Zysbaës, - Genzana, - Petrizen, - Eutychiana, - Mulato, - Priscopera, - Miletes, - Dardapara, - Cesuna, - Veriniana, - Lasbarus, - Castellobretara, - Edetzio, - Dinius, - Cecola, - Emastus, - Castelona, - Belas, - Cattarus, - Cattaricus, - Pentza, - Cattapheterus, - Debanus, - Cubinus, - Getmaza, - Victoriana, - Azeta, - Durbulie, - Suricum, - Cusines, - Tuttiana, - Ballesina, - Bella, - Catrelates, - Casyella, - Mariana, - Capomalva, - Seretus, - Potchium, - Quino, - Berzana, - Bessaiana, - Arsa, - Blezo, - Labutza, - Quinti, - Bermerium, - Catrasema, - Rotun, - Cobenciles, - Marcellina, - Primoniana, - Pamylinus, - Aria. - -These in the country of the city of Sardica: - - Scupium, - Stenes, - Marcipetra, - Briparum, - Romaniana, - Struas, - Protiana, - Maccunniana, - Scopentziana. - -In the country of Cabentza, Balbæ was built, and the following were -repaired: - - Byrsia, - Stamazo, - Clesbestita, - Duiana, - Vineus, - Trisciana, - Parnusta, - Tzimes, - Turicla, - Medeca, - Peplabius, - Cunæ, - Bidzo, - Stenocorta, - Danedebæ, - Ardia. - -In * * * these were restored: - - Bugarma, - Betzas, - Bregedaba, - Borbrega, - Turus. - -These were rebuilt: - - Salebries, - Arcunes, - Duries, - Buteries, - Barbaries, - Arbatias, - Cuzusura, - Etæries, - Itaberies, - Tugurias, - Bemaste, - Stramentias, - Bottes, - Bitzimaeas, - Badziania, - Banes, - Bimerus, - Tusudeaas, - Scuanes, - Scentudies, - Scares, - Lignius, - Itadeba. - -In the country of the city Germanae, Scaplizo was built, and the -following were rebuilt: - - Germas, - Candaras, - Rolligeras, - Scinzeries, - Riginocastellum, - Suagogmense. - -These in the country of the city of Pauta (Pantalia?): - - Tarporum, - Sobastas, - Cherdusceras, - Blepus, - Zespuries. - -These in the region of Scassetana: - - Alarum, - Magomias, - Luconanta, - Balausum, - Butis. - -In the country of the city of * * * these new forts were built: - - Calventia, - Pharanores, - Stranbasta, - Aldanes, - Barachthestes, - Sarmates, - Arsena, - Brarcedum, - Eraria, - Bercadium, - Sabinibries, - Timiana, - Candilar, - Gurbicum, - Lautzones, - Duliares, - Arsaza, - Viculea, - Castellium, - Groffes, - Garces, - Pistes, - Dusmanes, - Bratzista, - Holodoris, - Cassia, - Grandetum, - Urbriana, - Nogeto, - Mediana, - Tiuncana, - Castengium. - -These were rebuilt: - - Hercula, - The fort of Mucianus, - Burdopes, - Calys, - Millareca, - Debrera, - Chesdupara. - -These in the country of Remesiana: - - Brittura, - Subaras, - Cumudeba, - Deurias, - Lamponiana, - Stronges, - Dalmatas, - Primiana, - Frerraria, - Topera, - Tomes, - Cuas, - Tzerzenuzas, - Stenes, - Aeadaba, - Deutreba, - Pretzuries, - Lutzolo, - Repordenes, - Spelunca, - Scumbro, - Britaro, - Tulcoburgo, - Longiana, - Lupofantana, - Dardapara, - Burdomina, - Grinciapana, - Graccus, - Drasimarca. - -In the country of Aquiena there was built the new fort of Timathachion, -and the following were rebuilt: - - Peteres, - Sculcoburgo, - Vindimiola, - Braiola, - Arganocilum, - Auriliana, - Gembro, - Clemades, - Turribas, - Gribo, - Chalarus, - Tzutrato, - Mutzipara, - Stendas, - Scaripara, - Odriuzo, - Cipipene, - Trasiana, - Castellonovo, - Florentiana, - Romyliana, - Sceptecasas, - Argentares, - Potes, - Amuloselotes, - Timalciolum, - Meridio, - Meriopontede, - Tredetitilius, - Bræola, - Motrees, - Vicanovo, - Quartiana, - Julioballæ, - Pontzas, - Zanes. - -V. Thus did the Emperor Justinian fortify the whole Illyrian continent. -I shall now set forth the manner in which he strengthened the bank of -the river Ister, which men also call the Danube, with fortifications -and garrisons of soldiers. The Roman Emperors in ancient times, wishing -to prevent the barbarians who dwelt beyond the Danube from crossing -it, occupied the whole shore of this river with fortresses, which -they built not only on the right bank, but in some places also on the -further bank of the river. These fortresses were not constructed so -as to be inaccessible to assailants, but just sufficient not to leave -that bank of the river without defenders; for the barbarians in that -region did not understand siege operations. Most of these strong places -consisted only of one tower, and were consequently called towers, and -very few men were stationed in them. This was at that time sufficient -to overawe the barbarian tribes, so that they made no attacks upon the -Romans; but in later times Attila invaded the country with a great -army, razed all these fortresses to the ground without difficulty, and -laid waste the greater part of the Roman territory, without meeting -with any resistance. The Emperor Justinian rebuilt the demolished -forts, not in their original form, but in the most powerful manner -of fortification, and in addition to them built many others. In this -manner he entirely restored the security of the Roman Empire, which had -been altogether lost. I shall now set forth the manner in which all -this was effected. - -The river Danube, flowing from the mountains of the Celts, who are now -known as the Gauls, encloses a great tract of country, for the most -part entirely desert, but in some places inhabited by barbarians, who -dwell like savages, without any intercourse with the rest of mankind. -On reaching Dacia, it first begins to divide the barbarians who dwell -on its left bank from the Roman territory on the right bank. For this -reason the Romans call this part of Dacia ‘Ripensis’; for in the Latin -language a bank is called _ripa_. The first city which they built on -this bank was named Singedon, which in process of time the barbarians -captured, razed to the ground, and rendered entirely desolate. Most -of the other fortresses were reduced to the same condition; but the -Emperor Justinian rebuilt it entirely, surrounded it with a strong -wall, and again made it a noble and admirable city. He built a new fort -of great strength, distant eight miles from the city of Singedon,[75] -which from that circumstance is called Octavum. Beyond it there was an -ancient city named Viminacium, which the Emperor entirely rebuilt; for -it had long before been razed to the ground. - -VI. Proceeding onward from the city of Viminacium, three fortresses -stand on the bank of the Danube, named Picnus, Cupus, and Novæ, -which formerly derived their name from a single tower built in each -place; now, however, the Emperor Justinian added so many houses and -fortifications to each of these, that they came to be regarded as -considerable cities. On the further bank, opposite Novæ, stood in -ancient times a ruinous tower named Litorata, which the ancients -called Lederata. This place was made by our Emperor into a large and -very strong fort. After Novæ are the forts of Cantabazates, Smornes, -Campses, Tanatas, Vernes, and Ducepratum, and many more on the further -bank, all of which he rebuilt from the foundations. After this comes -Caput-bovis, the work of the Roman Emperor Trajan, and beyond it -an ancient fort named Zanes, all of which he enclosed with strong -fortifications, and rendered them impregnable bulwarks of the empire. -Not far from Zanes is a fort named Pontes, where a stream leaves the -river, encloses a small portion of the bank, and then rejoining its -true channel, unites itself to the main river. It does this not by -nature, but compelled by human art. I will now describe why it was that -the place was named Pontes, and that the Danube was forced to flow -round this place. - -The Roman Emperor Trajan, a spirited and energetic man, appears to -have been irritated at the thought that the boundary of his empire was -fixed by the river Danube.[76] He was anxious, therefore, to throw a -bridge across it, in order that he might pass it without its offering -any obstacle when he marched against the barbarians beyond it. How he -built this bridge I shall take no pains to describe, but shall let -that be told by Apollodorus of Damascus, the chief architect of the -entire work. No advantage accrued from it to the Romans, and the bridge -subsequently was destroyed by the stream of the Danube and by age. -Trajan built two forts on either bank of the river, and called that -on the further side Theodora and that on the Dacian bank Pontem, from -the name of the bridge; for the Romans call a bridge _pons_ in Latin. -Since after this the river became impassable for ships at this place, -owing to the ruins and foundations of the bridge, they forced the river -to adopt a new channel and perform a circuit in order to afford them -a passage beyond it. Both these forts fell into ruins through age and -the assaults of the barbarians; but the Emperor Justinian rebuilt the -fort Pontem, on the right bank of the river, with new and powerful -fortifications, and thus secured Illyria. As for that on the opposite -bank, named Theodora, he thought it unnecessary to bestow any care -upon it, since it was exposed to the attacks of the barbarians in that -region; but he built all the new fortifications which stand on the -bank below Pontem at this day, which are named Mareburgus, Susiana, -Armata, Timena, Theodoropolis, Stiliburgus, and Halicaniburgus. There -is a small city near this place, named Ad Aquas, some small part of -whose fortifications, which had become unsafe, were restored by the -Emperor. Beyond it he built Bergonovore, and Laccobergus, and the fort -named Dorticum, which he made into the existing strong fortification. -He altered the solitary tower named Judæus into what may be called, -and really is, a most beautiful fort. He rebuilt Bergus Altus, which -formerly was deserted and altogether uninhabited, and also enclosed -with a wall another place named Gombes. He rebuilt the fortifications -of Crispas, which had become ruinous from age, and built Longiniana and -Ponteserium in an admirable manner. At Bononia and Novum he rebuilt the -bastions which had become ruinous. He rebuilt all the ruinous parts -of the city of Ratiaria; and in many other places he either enlarged -small fortifications or reduced over-large ones to a convenient form, -in order that neither their smallness nor their excessive size might -expose them to the attacks of the enemy; as, for example, he turned -Mocatiana from a single tower into the more complete fort which it -is at this day, whilst at Almus he reduced the space enclosed by the -walls, which formerly was very great, thus enabling it to defy the -attacks of the enemy. In many places he altered a solitary tower, an -object of contempt to an invader, into a strong fort, as at Tricesa -and Putedis. He magnificently restored the ruinous walls of Cebrus. He -built a new fort in Bigrane, and another one near to it, in a place -where formerly stood a single tower named Onos. Not far from this -there remained only the foundations of a city, which in former times -had been named Augusta, but which now, possessing its ancient name, -but having been altogether rebuilt by the Emperor Justinian, is well -peopled. He rebuilt the ruined fortifications of Aëdabe, restored the -city of Variana, which had long been in ruins, and fortified Valeriana, -which before had possessed no defences. - -Besides these, he paid attention to and enclosed with strong -fortifications other places not on the bank of the river, but standing -at a distance from it, named Castramartis, Zetnocortum, and Iscum. He -took great pains to enclose with a wall and otherwise fortify an old -fort on the bank of the river, named the Fort of the Huns. Not far from -the Fort of the Huns is a place where a fort stands on each bank of the -Danube, the one in Illyria named Palatiolum, while that on the opposite -bank was named Sicibida. These, which had become ruinous through -age, were restored by the Emperor Justinian, who thereby checked the -inroads of the barbarians in that quarter, and beyond them rebuilt an -ancient fort, now known as Utos. On the extreme frontier of Illyria -he built a fort named Lapidaria, and altered a solitary tower, named -Lucernariaburgum, into a fort worthy of admiration. The above were the -works of the Emperor Justinian in Illyria; he did not, however, merely -strengthen this country with fortifications, but placed in each of them -garrisons of regular soldiers, and thus checked the incursions of the -barbarians. - -VII. Hitherto I have described the fortifications of Illyria along the -river Danube. We must now pass into those which the Emperor Justinian -built along its shores in Thrace; for it appears convenient to me -first to describe the whole of this bank, and then to proceed to the -description of his works in the inland country. Let us then first -proceed to the country of the Mysians,[77] whom the poets speak of as -fighting hand to hand; for their country is conterminous with that -of Illyria. After Lucernariaburgum, the Emperor Justinian built the -new fort of Securisca, and beyond it restored the ruinous part of -Cyntodemus. Beyond this he built an entirely new city, which, after -the name of the Empress, he called Theodoropolis. He renewed the -ruinous part of the forts which are named Iatron and Tigas, and added -a tower to that of Maxentius, of which he thought it stood in need. -He built the new fort of Cynton. Beyond this is the fortification of -Transmarisca, opposite to which, on the further side of the river, -the Roman Emperor Constantine once built with great care a fort named -Daphne, thinking it advisable that at this place the river should be -guarded on both sides. This in process of time was entirely destroyed -by the barbarians, but was rebuilt from its foundations by the Emperor -Justinian. Beyond Transmarisca, he took suitable pains to restore the -fortresses of Altinum and that called Candidiana, which long ago had -been destroyed by the same enemies. There are three forts in succession -along the bank of the Danube, named Saltopyrgus, Dorostolus, and -Sycidaba, in each of which the Emperor repaired with great care such -parts as had become ruinous. He bestowed similar pains upon Quesoris, -which lies beyond the bank of the river, and enlarged and greatly -extended Palmatis, which stands in a narrow pass, although it was -not near the bank of the river. Close to this he built a new fort, -named Adina, because the Sclavonian barbarians were wont to conceal -themselves there and lie in ambush, so as to render it impossible for -travellers to proceed through that country. He also built the fort of -Tilicion and the outwork on the left of it. - -Thus was the bank of the Danube and its neighbourhood fortified in -Mysia.[78] I shall now proceed to Scythia, where the first fort is -that named after St. Cyrillus, the ruinous parts of which were most -carefully rebuilt by the Emperor Justinian. Beyond this was an ancient -fortress named Ulmiton, but as the Sclavonian barbarians had for a long -time infested that region, and made their habitation there, it had -become quite deserted, and nothing remained of it except its name. He -therefore rebuilt it from its foundations, and rendered that part of -the country safe from the attacks of the Sclavonians. Next to this is -the city of Ibida, whose walls had become very ruinous, but which he, -without any delay, rebuilt and rendered very strong. He built a new -fort beyond it named Ægistum, and restored another fort in the furthest -part of Scythia named Almyris, whose walls had for the greater part -fallen into decay, as he did to all the other fortifications in this -part of Europe. - -VIII. I have described above the buildings constructed by the Emperor -Justinian among the Dardanians, Epirotes, Macedonians, and the other -tribes of the Illyrians, as well as those in Greece and along the river -Ister. - -Let us now proceed to Thrace, taking as the best foundation for our -narrative the neighbourhood of Byzantium, since that city surpasses -all others in Thrace, both in strength and situation, for it overhangs -Europe like a citadel, and guards also the sea which divides it from -Asia. I have described above his works, both churches and other -buildings, within and without the walls of Constantinople; I am now -about to speak of what lies beyond them. - -There is a fort in the suburbs of the city, which from its form is -called the ‘round fort.’ The road which leads from it to Rhegium passes -for the most part over uneven ground, and in rainy seasons used to -become swampy and difficult for travellers; now, however, our Emperor -has paved it with large stones, and made it easy to traverse. In -length this road reaches as far as Rhegium; its width is such that two -waggons going in opposite directions can pass without difficulty. The -stones of which it is formed are very hard; one would imagine them to -be millstones. They are of enormous size, so that each of them covers -a large extent of ground, and stands up to a great height. They form -so smooth and level a surface that they do not seem to be joined, or -carefully let into one another, but to have grown together. Such is -this road. There is a lake close to Rhegium, into which rivers flowing -from the higher ground discharge their waters. This lake reaches as far -as the sea, so that there is but one very narrow bank between them, -both washed on either side by their several waters; when, however, -they approach most nearly to one another, they restrain their currents -and turn them back, as though they had there placed boundaries for -themselves. At one point they join one another, leaving a channel -between them, of which it is hard to say to which water it belongs, for -the water of the sea does not always flow into the lake, nor does the -lake always discharge its waters into the sea; but after much rain, and -with a southerly wind, the water of the channel appears to flow out of -the lake; though if the wind blows from the north, the sea appears to -wash into the lake. In this place the sea forms an immense extent of -shoal-water, with only one narrow channel leading through them into -deep water. This channel is so narrow that it is called the ‘Ant.’ The -channel which, as I have said before, joins the lake to the sea, used -in former times to be crossed by a wooden bridge, though with great -danger to the passengers, who often fell into the water together with -the beams of the bridge; now, however, the Emperor Justinian has raised -the bridge upon high arches of stone, and rendered the passage safe. - -Beyond Rhegium there is a city named Athyra, whose inhabitants he -relieved from the distress from which he found them suffering from want -of water, by building a reservoir there, in which the excess of their -water might be stored up, and supplied to them in time of need; he also -restored the ruinous part of their wall. - -Beyond Athyra there is a place which the natives call Episcopia. The -Emperor Justinian perceiving that this place lay exposed to the attacks -of the enemy, more especially as there was no strong place, but the -country was entirely unguarded, built a fort there, the towers of -which he constructed, not in the usual manner, but as follows. From -the ‘curtain’ wall projects a building, narrow at first, but very wide -at the outer end, upon which each of the towers is built. It is not -possible for an enemy to approach near to this wall, since they come -between these towers, and are overwhelmed by the cross-fire which the -garrison easily pour upon their heads. He placed the gates, not in the -usual manner, between two towers, but obliquely in a small projection -of the wall, so that they are not seen by the enemy, but are hidden -behind the wall. This work was performed for the Emperor by Theodorus -Silentiarius, a very clever man. Thus was this fort constructed. We -must now proceed to make some mention of the ‘long walls.’ - -IX. The sea which proceeds from the ocean and Spain, with Europe on -its left hand, flows in the same easterly direction as far as Thrace, -but there divides into two portions, one of which proceeds towards -the east, while another makes a short bend and terminates in the -Euxine Sea. When it reaches Byzantium, it winds round the city on its -eastern side, as though round a goal, and continues its course in a -much more oblique direction, proceeding by a strait which turns the -upper and lower parts of Thrace into an isthmus; not that the sea there -is divided into two parts, as is the case in other isthmuses, but it -circles round in a singular manner and embraces Thrace on both sides, -and more especially the whole suburbs of Byzantium. These suburbs the -inhabitants have built over and adorned, not merely for their use, -but with an arrogant and boundless luxury, and with all the license -which is produced by wealth. Here they have stored much furniture, -and preserved many works of art. Whenever, therefore, the barbarians -suddenly invade the Roman Empire, these places suffer far more damage -than the rest, and are in fact utterly ruined. The Emperor Anastasius, -wishing to prevent this, built long walls[79] at a place no less than -forty miles from Byzantium, joining the two seas where they were -distant two days’ journey from one another. Having constructed these -works, he supposed that all within them had been made secure; they -were, however, the cause of still greater disasters, for it was not -possible either to build so enormous a work firmly, or to guard it with -proper care; while when the enemy made themselves masters of one part -of the long wall, they conquered the remainder of the garrison without -difficulty, assailed the rest of the people unexpectedly, and did more -mischief than can easily be described. - -Our Emperor, however, having rebuilt the ruinous part of these walls, -and strengthened their weak points so as to assist their defenders, -devised the following plan also. He stopped up all the passages leading -from one tower to another, and arranged one single means of ascent from -the ground, within the walls of each, so that the garrison could, if -necessary, block up this passage and defy an enemy, even though he had -made his way within the wall, since each tower is sufficient within -itself for the defence of its garrison. Within these walls he made the -most complete provision for safety, both by the buildings which I have -mentioned above, and by restoring the most ruinous part of the wall of -the city of Selybria.[80] These were the works of the Emperor Justinian -at the ‘long walls.’ - -The well-known city of Heraclea,[81] our neighbour on the sea-coast, -which formerly, under the name of Perinthus, was the first city in -Europe, and now is second to Constantinople alone, not long ago was -reduced to great straits by want of water; not that the country near it -was waterless, or that those who built the city in ancient times had -neglected to supply it with water—for Europe abounds with fountains, -and the ancients took care to make aqueducts—but time, as usual, -destroyed the fabric of the aqueduct either through contempt for the -age of the building, or encouraged to ruin it by the carelessness -of the citizens of Heraclea. This led to Heraclea being left almost -without inhabitants; while time produced the same effect upon the -palace there, which was a very magnificent building. However, the -Emperor Justinian did not neglect this city, but in a truly royal -manner furnished it with sweet and transparent waters, and did not -allow the palace to lose its ancient reputation, for he restored the -whole of it. - -A day’s journey from Heraclea is a place by the seaside named -Rhædestus, conveniently situated for the navigation of the Hellespont, -with a good harbour where merchant-ships can moor and discharge their -cargoes in quiet water, and when reloaded can again put to sea without -difficulty. It is, however, exposed to attacks of barbarians if they -should make a sudden incursion into that country, being neither -fortified nor placed on difficult ground; for this reason it was -neglected by merchants, who disregarded it through fear of this danger. -Now, however, the Emperor Justinian has not only rendered the place -itself secure, but has also provided for the safety of all those who -dwell in the neighbourhood by building a city at Rhædestus, with a -strong wall and of very remarkable size, in which, on an invasion of -the barbarians, all the people of the neighbourhood can take refuge and -save their lives and property. - -X. Thus did the Emperor Justinian at Rhædestus;[82] I now proceed to -his works in the Chersonesus. The Chersonesus projects beyond that -part of Thrace, for it runs out into the sea and appears as though it -proceeded as far as Asia, and was joined on to it. Its shore forms -a promontory near the city of Elæus,[83] thus dividing the sea into -two parts, while it itself is separated from the rest of the mainland -by the water which runs into a recess forming what is called the -Black Gulf; the rest of it almost forms an island, from which shape -it derives its name, for it is called Chersonesus because it is only -prevented by a narrow isthmus from being altogether an island. Across -this isthmus the ancients carelessly built a wall which could be -scaled with ladders, making it as low and narrow as though they thought -they were building a dry stone wall round an out-of-the-way garden. -In addition to this they built low and mean works, of the kind called -moles, projecting into the sea on either side of the isthmus, and thus -fortified the space between the wall and the sea, but in such a manner -as not to repel invaders but to invite them to make an attack, so -contemptible and easily captured was their fortification. Imagining, -however, that they had erected an impassable barrier against the enemy, -they did not think it necessary to build any strong place within this -wall, for there was no fort or any other place of strength in the -Chersonesus, though it extends for a distance of nearly three days’ -journey. Quite lately the enemy invaded Thrace, made an attempt upon -the passage by the seashore, frightened away its guards, forced their -way in as if in sport, and gained the other side of the wall without -any difficulty. - -The Emperor Justinian therefore, in his great care for the safety of -his subjects, did as follows: First, he utterly destroyed the ancient -wall so that no vestige of it was left. He then built a second wall -upon the same site, of considerable width and height; above the -battlements of this he built a vaulted roof like a portico to shelter -the defenders, while a second range of battlements resting upon these -vaults doubled the defensive power of this work against an enemy. After -this, at each end of the wall, on the very beach of the sea, he built -two of the projecting works named moles, reaching a long way into the -water, connected with the wall, and equalling it in height. He also -cleaned out the ditch outside the wall and excavated it to a great -width and depth; moreover, he placed a garrison of soldiers within -these long walls sufficient to hold them against all the barbarians who -might attack the Chersonesus. After having made this part so strong -and secure, he nevertheless built additional fortifications in the -interior, so that if, which God forbid, any disaster should befall the -‘long wall,’ the people of Chersonesus would nevertheless be safe; -for he enclosed the city of Aphrodisias, which before had been for -the greater part defenceless, with a very strong wall, and supplied -with walls and inhabitants the city of Ciberis, building there baths, -hospices, numerous houses, and all that is necessary for a magnificent -city. He likewise most securely fortified Callipolis,[84] which had -been left without walls by the ancients, through their trust in the -‘long wall.’ Here he built storehouses for corn and wine sufficient to -supply all the wants of the garrison of the Chersonesus.[85] - -Opposite Abydos is an ancient city named Sestos, which also in former -times was uncared-for and possessed no defences. It was overhung -by a very steep hill, upon which he built a fort which is quite -inaccessible, and impossible to be taken by an enemy. Not far from -Sestos is Elæus, where a precipitous rock rises from the sea, raising -its summit high in the air and forming a natural fortification. Upon -this also the Emperor built a fort, which is difficult to pass by -and altogether impregnable; moreover, he built a fort at Thescus, on -the other side of the ‘long wall,’ fortifying it with an exceedingly -strong wall. Thus did he provide in all quarters for the safety of the -inhabitants of the Chersonesus. - -XI. Beyond Chersonesus is the city of Ænus,[86] which takes its name -from that of its founder; for Æneas was, according to tradition, the -son of Anchises. The wall of this place was easy of capture from its -lowness, since it did not reach to the necessary height, while it lay -completely exposed in the neighbourhood of the sea, where it was washed -by the waves. However, the Emperor Justinian raised its walls to such -a height that not only they could not be taken, but could not even be -assaulted; and, by bringing them down to the seashore and strengthening -them in every quarter, rendered Ænus altogether impregnable. Thus he -provided for the safety of the city; but the country remained exposed -to the incursions of the barbarians, because the (mountains of) Rhodope -had been from ancient times deficient in fortifications. In the -interior was a village named Bellurus, in wealth and population equal -to a city, but always exposed to the plundering attacks of barbarians, -on account of its being defenceless, as was also a large extent of -country round about it: this place our Emperor made into a city, -fortified, and rendered worthy of himself; moreover he also restored -with great care all the fortifications which were wanting or had become -ruinous in the other cities in the Rhodope Mountains. Among these were -Trajanopolis and Maximianopolis, whose walls he rebuilt where they were -defective. These were his works in this quarter. - -In this country Anastasiopolis was already furnished with walls, -but, though lying near the sea, had an undefended sea-beach, so that -it often happened that the barbarian Huns seized the vessels which -lay there helpless, and extended their ravages to the neighbouring -islands. The Emperor Justinian enclosed the whole sea-beach with a -fortification, and thus provided for the safety both of the ships and -of the islanders. He also constructed a very lofty aqueduct leading -to the city from the mountains in the neighbourhood. There is in -Rhodope an ancient city named Toperus, which is almost surrounded by -a river, and lies at the foot of a lofty hill, from which it had not -long before been captured by the barbarian Sclavonians; but Justinian -raised its wall to so great a height that it rises above this hill -as much as it formerly fell short of it. He built a vaulted portico -along the wall, so that the garrison could defend the city in safety -against besiegers, and formed each of its towers into a strong castle. -He also strengthened it by enclosing the part between the river and -the city-wall by a cross-wall. These were the works of the Emperor -Justinian in this quarter. - -I will now describe the other fortifications which he built in the -rest of Thrace, and in what is now called Mount Hæmus. First, he -carefully built up what was wanting or ruinous at Philippopolis and -Plotinopolis, which were very weakly fortified, although they stood in -the neighbourhood of many tribes of barbarians. He also established -numberless forts throughout the whole of Thrace, by means of which the -country, which had formerly been exposed to the inroads of the enemy, -was entirely preserved from their ravages; the names of these forts, as -far as my memory goes, are as follows. - -In Europe: - - Lydicæ, - Elaeae. - -In Rhodope the following new forts: - - Caseera, - Theodoropolis, - Thrasi, - Thudanelanæ, - Mundepa, - Cuscabri, - Cusculus, - Thracian Bospara, - Vesiparum, - Capisturia, - Tharsandala, - Denizus, - Toparum, - Dalatarba, - Bre, - Scemnas, - Carasthyra, - Pinzus, - Tuleus, - Arzon, - Castrazarba, - Zositersum, - Bergisum, - Dingium, - Sacissus, - Cyrtuxura, - Potamocastellum, - Isdicaea, - Emporium, - Taurocephalaeum, - Velaidipara, - Scitaces, - Bepara, - Pusinum, - Hymanparubri, - Scariotasalucra, - Augustas, - Urdaus, - St. Trajanus, - Dertallus, - Solvani, - Vascum, - Zincyra, - Hæmimonti, - Veripara, - Isgipera, - Ozorme, - Vereiaros, - Tamonbari, - Ditch of Gesilas, - Cherœnum, - Probini, - St. Theodorus, - Burdepto, - Rhacule, - St. Julianus, - Tzitaëtus, - Velastyras, - Getrinas, - Bredas, - Verus, - Thocyodis, - Via, - Anagonclias, - Suras, - Anthipari, - Dordas, - Sarmathon, - Clisura, - Hylasianae, - Thrasarichi, - Bæca, - Chrysanthus, - Marcerota, - Zdebrin, - S. Theodorus, - Asgarzus, - Burtudgizi, - Zemarchi, - Cerioparorum, - Casibonorum, - Unci, - Antoninum, - Debre, - Probini, - Carberus, - Esimonti, - Asgizus, - Dalatarba, - Theodoropolis, - Taurocomum, - Nice, - Cavotumba, - Dixas, - Getistraus, - Tzyidon, - Tzonpolegon, - Basibunum, - Anchialus, - Marcianum, - Cyridana, - Beculi. - -The following are the other forts in Thrace on the Euxine Sea and river -Danube, and also in the interior of the country. - -On the river Danube: - - Mysias, - Erculente, - Scatrina, - Appiara, - Exentaprista, - Deoniana, - Limo, - Odyssus, - Bidigis, - Arina, - Nicopolis, - Zicideba, - Poliscastellum, - Cistidizus, - Basternas, - Metalla, - Justinianopolis, - Therma, - Gemellomuntes, - Asilba, - Cuscana, - Cuscum, - Fossatum, - Bisdina, - Marcianopolis, - Scythias, - Grapso, - Nono, - Trosmes, - Naisduno, - Rhesidina, - Constantiana, - Veripara, - Spadizus, - Marcerota, - Bodas, - Zisnudeba, - Turules, - Monteregine, - Becis, - Altina, - Maurovalle, - Callatis, - Bassidina, - Beledina, - Abrittus, - Rubusta, - Diniscarta, - Tigra, - Scedeba, - Novas. - -In the interior: - - Copustorus, - Virginazo, - Tillito, - Ancyriana, - Murideba, - Itzes, - Castellonovo, - Padisara, - Bismapha, - Valentiniana, - Zaldapa, - Axiopa, - Carso, - Gratiana, - Preidis, - Argamo, - Paulimandra, - Tzasclis, - Fair Theodora, - Tomis, - Creas, - Catassi, - Nisconis, - Novejustiniana, - Presidio, - Ergamia. - -And others beyond number. - - - - - BOOK V. - - -I. The works of Justinian in the whole of Europe have been as far as -possible described by me in the former portion of this book; we must -now proceed to the description of the remainder of his works in Asia. -I think that I have described above the fortifications of cities and -forts, and the other buildings erected by him in the East, from the -Median frontier as far as the city of Palmyra in Phœnicia, on the -borders of Lebanon. I shall now speak of his works in the remainder of -Asia and Libya, describing both the manner in which he repaired the -roads, which were difficult and dangerous, in some places steep and -overhung by rocky mountains, in others bordering upon rivers which -drowned travellers, and also how he repaired all that was defective in -the cities, beginning at the following point. - -Before the city of Ephesus[87] there is some high ground, not formed -of earth or capable of producing fruit, but altogether hard and rocky. -Here the inhabitants at former times had built a church, dedicated to -St. John the Apostle, surnamed the Divine. This Apostle was named the -Divine because he has written about God in a manner surpassing the -nature of man. This church, which was small and ruinous through age, -the Emperor Justinian razed to the ground, and rebuilt of such size -and beauty, that, in short, it resembles and in all respects vies with -the church dedicated by him to the Apostles in the imperial city, which -I have described above. - -This was the work of our Emperor in Ephesus. In the island of Tenedos I -will presently describe the work which he constructed for the advantage -of the imperial city and all seafarers, after making the following -prefatory remarks. The sea as far as the Hellespont is contained in a -narrow strait; for the two continents there approach nearest to one -another, forming the beginning of the strait near Sestos and Abydos. -Ships bound for Constantinople consequently anchor when they reach -this place, because they are unable to proceed any further unless the -wind blows from the south. When, therefore, the fleet of corn-ships -sail thither from Alexandria, if it meets with a favourable wind, the -merchants in a very short time moor their ships in the harbours of -Byzantium, and as soon as they have unloaded them, depart at once, in -order that they may all make this voyage for a second or even a third -time before the winter, while those of them who choose take in some -other merchandise for the return voyage. If, however, the wind blows -against them at the Hellespont, both the corn and the ships become -injured by delay. Reflecting upon these things, the Emperor Justinian -has clearly proved that nothing is impossible for man, even when he has -to contend with the greatest difficulties; for he built granaries on -the island of Tenedos, which is close to the strait, of a sufficient -size to contain the freight of the whole fleet, being in width no -less than ninety feet, in length two hundred and eighty, and of great -height. After the Emperor had constructed these, when those who were -conveying the public supply of corn were detained by contrary winds -at this point, they used to unload their cargo into the granary, -and, disregarding the northerly and westerly winds and all the other -winds which were unfavourable for them, would prepare for another -voyage. They therefore at once sailed home, while afterwards, whenever -it became convenient to sail from Tenedos to Byzantium, the corn was -conveyed from Tenedos thither in other ships by persons appointed to -perform this duty. - -II. In Bithynia there is a city[88] named after Helena, the mother -of the Emperor Constantine, in which they say that Helena was -born, and which in former times was an inconsiderable village. The -Emperor Constantine, out of filial duty, gave this place its name -and the dignity of a city, but built nothing there on an imperial or -magnificent scale; for the place remained in its former condition in -respect of its buildings, but merely had the glory of being called a -city, and prided itself on being named after Helena, to whom it had -given birth. However, the Emperor of our own age, as though wishing to -put away the reproach of the founder of the empire, first supplied this -city, which he found suffering from want of water, with a magnificent -aqueduct, and furnished the inhabitants beyond their expectation with -enough water not only to drink, but also to wash in, and to use for all -the other luxuries of life, as they were now supplied with water in -abundance; in addition to this he built for them a new public bath, and -restored another which had fallen into ruins and been neglected through -the want of water which I have mentioned, so that it had all fallen to -the ground. He also built churches, palaces, porticos, and dwellings -for the magistrates, and supplied all the other needs of a flourishing -city. - -Close by this city flows a river, which the natives from its form -call Draco (the snake); for it winds in curves on either hand, often -proceeding in opposite directions, bending its waters round in a -crooked course, and flowing now to the right hand and now to the left; -so that travellers coming to the city were obliged to cross it more -than twenty times.[89] Many of them thus perished through the river -suddenly rising in flood; besides which, a thick wood and masses of -reeds, which encumbered its outfall into the sea, made it a source of -trouble to the country; indeed, not very long ago, after much rain, -it overflowed its banks and inundated a great part of the country, -doing irreparable damage; for it swept away many fields, uprooted -vines, olives, and numberless fruit-trees of all kinds, and also -the houses which stood outside the walls of the city, besides doing -other important damage to the inhabitants. The Emperor Justinian, -out of pity for them, devised the following plan: he cleared away -the woods, and cut down all the reeds, so as to enable the river to -discharge itself freely into the sea, so that it would no longer be -forced to overflow its banks. He also cut through the mountains which -stand in that country, and made a carriage-road through places which -formerly had been rough and precipitous. By this means he rendered it -unnecessary for the greater part of the inhabitants to cross the river -at all, whilst he threw two bridges of great width across it, so that -henceforth they could pass over it without danger. - -III. The excellent works which he constructed at Nicæa,[90] in -Bithynia, are worthy of mention. In the first place, he restored -the whole of the aqueduct, which had entirely fallen into ruin and -become useless, and thus furnished the city with an abundant supply of -water. Next he built churches and convents both for women and men. He -carefully restored the whole of the palace there, some part of which -was in ruins, and likewise a bath in the place which is called the -‘Couriers’ Lodgings,‘ and which had long been ruinous. Close to this -city, on the west side, a torrent is wont to rush down, making the road -in that direction entirely impassable. The ancients had constructed a -bridge here, which in the course of time became unable to withstand -the rush of the torrent, as it was not kept in proper repair, so that -it yielded to the force of the stream, and was swept away, leaving no -trace on the spot where it formerly stood. The Emperor Justinian built -another bridge here, of such height and width that the former one -seemed to bear no proportion to it whatever, which rises high above the -torrent when at its fullest, and affords a safe passage to travellers. - -[Illustration: _SECTION_ and -PLAN OF THE CISTERN OF IMBAHER OR BATHS OF ANTONINUS. - _Reduced from Texier’s Asia Minor. G.A._] - -At Nicomedia[91] he rebuilt the Baths of Antoninus, the most important -part of which had fallen down, and from the vastness of its size seemed -unlikely ever to be rebuilt. The great river which is now called the -Sangaris,[92] which runs with an exceedingly swift current, is of -great depth in the middle, and of width like a sea, and had never been -spanned by a bridge since the creation; however, by lashing a number -of boats together, and connecting them with each other like mat-work, -foot-passengers ventured to cross it, as once the army of Medes crossed -the Hellespont, fearing the wrath of Xerxes. This, however, they did -not accomplish without danger, for the river often swept away all -the boats, together with their fastenings, and made it impossible -for travellers to cross it. Now, however, the Emperor Justinian has -attempted to build a bridge over it. The work is begun, and he has -already expended much labour upon it; so that I am sure that before -long he will accomplish it, for I know that Heaven assists him in all -his works, so that up to this time none of his projects have remained -unaccomplished, although in many cases he at first seemed to be -undertaking impossibilities. - -[Illustration: BRIDGE ACROSS THE RIVER SANGARIS. - _Reduced from Texier’s Asia Minor_] - -There is a road in Bithynia leading thence into Phrygia, upon which -in the winter season innumerable men and animals used to perish; for -the ground, being soft, not only after great rains, or the melting of -great quantities of snow, but even after slight showers, became deep, -impassable mud, and turned the road into a swamp, in which travellers -were frequently swallowed up. He, however, together with the Empress -Theodora, with magnificent generosity, removed this source of danger -to travellers; for they raised the thoroughfare safely upon enormous -stones for a distance of half a day’s journey for a lightly-equipped -traveller, and enabled passengers to proceed along a firm road. These -were the works of the Emperor Justinian in this quarter. - -In Bithynia there are springs of warm water in the place called -Pythia. These springs are made use of by many persons, especially the -inhabitants of Byzantium, for pleasure, and above all for the healing -of those suffering from disease. Here he displayed a truly imperial -magnificence; for he built a palace, which had not existed before, -and public baths supplied with the warm water. He also brought hither -drinking water by an aqueduct from distant fountains, and relieved the -place from the drought from which it had formerly suffered. Besides -this, he rebuilt on a larger and much more magnificent scale the Church -of the Archangel and the infirmary for the sick. - -IV. There is a river in Galatia which the inhabitants call the -Siberis,[93] near the place called Sycæ, and about ten miles from the -city of Juliopolis, on the eastern side. This river often rose suddenly -to a great height and swept away many of the travellers along that -road. The Emperor Justinian, grieved at hearing this, put a stop to -these disasters for the future by spanning the river with a powerful -bridge, capable of withstanding the force of a flooded river. He also -formed the eastern abutment of the bridge into a projecting wall, of -the form technically known as a bulwark. He also built a church for -travellers on the western side of it, which might serve as a refuge for -them in times of storm. The river, which flows past the western side of -this city of Juliopolis, used to shake and injure its walls; however, -our Emperor restrained it by building an embankment parallel to the -city wall for a distance of not less than five hundred feet. By this -means he preserved the fortifications of the city from being washed -away. - -The following were his works in Cappadocia. There has been there since -ancient times a very large and populous city named Cæsarea, which was -surrounded by a wall of such excessive extent as to render it weak and -altogether indefensible, because it enclosed a large space which was -not necessary for the city, and was exposed to attack by its useless -length; for there are lofty hills, not near to one another, but at a -considerable distance, which the founder of the city was anxious to -enclose within its walls, lest they should be used to attack it from, -so that thus, under the pretext of safety, he really exposed it to -great danger, by enclosing many fields and gardens, besides crags and -high pasture-land, on which the inhabitants did not subsequently build -any houses, but left it in its former condition, the few houses upon -it remaining solitary and isolated to the present day. The garrison -was not sufficient to guard such a great extent of wall, nor were -the inhabitants able to keep it in repair, so that they lived in -terror of attack, just as though they had no walls at all. However, -the Emperor Justinian pulled down the unnecessary part of the wall, -concentrated the city within a really efficient rampart, and made the -place impregnable to all assailants, strengthening it with a sufficient -garrison. Thus did he provide for the safety of the people of Cæsarea -in Cappadocia. - -There was in Cappadocia a fortress named Mocesus, standing on level -ground, whose wall was so decayed that some part of it had already -fallen, and the rest was like to fall. The Emperor Justinian demolished -this fort, and built a new and very great wall to the westward of -the old fort, on a lofty spot inaccessible to any assailants. Here he -built many churches, hospices, public baths, and everything else which -belongs to a flourishing city; so that this place came to be regarded -as the metropolis, which is the name given by the Romans to the first -city of a nation. These were his works in Cappadocia. - -V. Along the road leading from the city of Antiochia, now called -Theopolis, towards Cilicia, is a suburb named Platanon. Not far from -this city was an ancient path, confined in a narrow glen between two -mountains, which had been for the greater part washed away by the -rains, so as to render it dangerous to travellers proceeding along -it. When the Emperor Justinian heard of this, he spent much pains -and thought upon it, and at once discovered a remedy for this evil; -for at a vast expense he cut down and overcame the difficulties of -the mountains in that region for a great distance, so that, beyond -everyone’s hope and expectation, he made a level and wide carriage-road -over what had formerly been precipice, clearly proving that by wise -plans and lavish expenditure men can overcome all obstacles. These were -his works in that quarter. - -There is in Cilicia a city named Mopsuestia,[94] the work, it is said, -of the celebrated ancient prophet (Mopsus). Beside this runs the river -Pyramus, which is an ornament to the city, but is only traversed by one -bridge. In the course of ages the greater part of this bridge became -ruinous, so that it continually threatened to fall, and all who crossed -it did so with the fear of death before their eyes. Thus, a work -devised by the ancients for men’s safety had, through the negligence of -those in charge of it, become a source of danger and terror; however, -our Emperor carefully restored all the ruinous parts of the bridge, -so as to afford security to those who crossed it, and enabled the city -again to take a pride in the river unalloyed with fear. - -Beyond this is the city of Adana, round the eastern side of which runs -a river named Sarus,[95] which rises in the mountains of Armenia. The -Sarus is a navigable river, and is nowhere fordable on foot. Here in -ancient times there had been constructed a large and admirable bridge, -in the following manner. In the river were built many piers, formed of -large stones of great thickness, extending across the whole width of -the river, and rising high above its surface. Above the two central -ones rise two lofty arches. These piers, standing in the water, and -having to withstand the force of a strong current, had in the course of -ages become for the most part ruinous, so that at no distant time it -appeared probable that the whole bridge would fall into the river, and -every man who crossed it prayed that it might only just hold together -until he had done so. However, the Emperor Justinian dug a new channel -for the river, into which he diverted its stream for a time, removed -the water from the above-mentioned piers, promptly removed the ruinous -portions of them, and rebuilt them, after which he turned the river -back again into the channel which is called its bed. These were his -proceedings here. - -The river Cydnus[96] runs through the midst of the city of Tarsus, and -appears to have done no injury to it at any time except once, when -it caused great destruction in the following manner: the season was -spring-time, and a south wind, which suddenly began to blow with great -strength, melted all the snow with which in winter-time the Tarsus -Mountains are almost entirely covered. In consequence of this streams -of water ran down from every part of those mountains, all the ravines -poured down torrents, and numerous springs inundated all the skirts -of the Tarsus range. The river Cydnus, swollen high by these waters -which were poured into it by its tributaries, and by heavy rains which -afterwards fell, overflowed and entirely washed away all the suburbs of -Tarsus on the southern side, poured furiously into the city, sweeping -away the bridges, which were of slight construction, inundated all the -streets and market-places, and even rose as high as the upper stories -of the houses. For a night and a day the city remained in this danger -and distress, after which the river gradually retired and returned to -its usual bed. When the Emperor Justinian heard of this, he devised the -following plan. In the first place, he prepared a second channel for -the river outside the city, in order that it might there divide its -stream, and might only pour half its waters upon the city of Tarsus: -next, he built the bridges very much wider, and rendered them too -strong to be swept away by the flooded Cydnus. Thus he enabled the -inhabitants of the city to dwell in it without alarms or dangers for -the future. - -[Illustration: PLAN OF ES SAKHRA. -(_Dome of the Rock_) -_From the O.S. Plan of Jerusalem 1864-5._] - -[Illustration: PLAN of EL AKSA.] - -VI. These were the works of the Emperor Justinian in Cilicia. At -Jerusalem he built a church in honour of the Virgin,[97] to which no -other can be compared. The inhabitants call it the ‘new church.’ I -shall describe what it is like, prefacing my account by the remark -that this city stands for the most part upon hilly ground, which hills -are not formed of earth, but are rough and precipitous, so as to make -the paths up and down them as steep as ladders. All the rest of the -buildings in the city stand in one place, being either built upon -the hills, or upon flat and open ground; but this church alone stands -in a different position; for the Emperor Justinian ordered it to be -built upon the highest of the hills, explaining of what size he wished -it to be, both in width and in length. The hill was not of sufficient -size to enable the work to be carried out according to the Emperor’s -orders, but a fourth part of the church, that towards the south wind -and the rising sun, in which the priests perform the sacred mysteries, -was left with no ground upon which to rest. Accordingly those in charge -of this work devised the following expedient: they laid foundations at -the extremity of the flat ground, and constructed a building rising -to the same height as the hill. When it reached the summit, they -placed vaults upon the walls and joined this building to the other -foundations of the church; so that this church in one place is built -upon a firm rock, and in another place is suspended in the air—for -the power of the Emperor has added another portion to the (original) -hill. The stones of this substruction are not of the size of those -which we are accustomed to see: for the builders of this work, having -to contend with the nature of the ground, and being forced to raise a -building equal in size to a mountain, scorned the ordinary practices -of building, and betook themselves to strange and altogether unknown -methods. They cut blocks of stone of enormous size out of the mountains -which rise to vast heights in the neighbourhood of the city, cunningly -squared them, and brought them thither in the following manner: they -built waggons of the same size as these stones, and placed one stone -upon each waggon. These waggons were dragged by picked oxen, chosen by -the Emperor, forty of them dragging each waggon with its stone. Since -it was impossible for the roads leading into the city to take these -waggons upon them, they made a passage for them by cutting deeply into -the mountains, and thus formed the church of the great length which it -was the Emperor’s pleasure that it should have. After they had built -it of a proportional width they were not able to put a roof upon it. -While they were inspecting every grove and place which they heard was -planted with tall trees, they discovered a thick wood, producing cedars -of enormous height, with which they made the roof of the church, of a -height proportional to its length and width. These were the works[98] -which the Emperor Justinian constructed by human power and art, though -assisted by his pious confidence, which in its turn reflected honour -upon himself, and helped him to carry out his design. This church -required to be surrounded on every side with columns, such as in -beauty would be worthy of the main building, and of a size capable -of supporting the weight which would be laid upon them. However, the -place, from its inland situation at a distance from the sea, and its -being entirely surrounded by the precipitous mountains which I have -mentioned, rendered it impossible for the builders of the foundation to -bring columns thither from elsewhere. While, however, the Emperor was -grieving at this difficulty, God pointed out in the nearest mountains -a bed of stone of a kind suitable for this purpose, which either had -existed there in former times and been concealed, or was then created. -Either story is credible to those who regard God as the cause of it: -for we, measuring everything by our human strength, think that many -things belong to the region of the impossible, while for God nothing -whatever is difficult or impossible. The church, then, is supported by -a great number of columns brought from this place, of very great size, -and of a colour which resembles flame, which stand, some above, some -below, and some round the porticos which encircle the entire church, -except on the side turned towards the east. Of these columns, the two -which stand before the door of the church are of very unusual size, -and probably second to no columns in the whole world. Beyond them is -another portico, named the Narthex (reed), I suppose because it is -narrow; after this is a court of square shape supported by columns -of equal size; from this lead interior doors of such grandeur as to -show those passing them what a spectacle they are about to meet with. -Beyond this is a wonderful porch, and an arch supported on two columns -at a great height. Proceeding further, there stand two semicircles, -opposite to one another, on each side of the way to the church; while -on either side of the other road are two hospices—the work of the -Emperor Justinian—one of which is destined for the reception of -strangers, while the other is an infirmary for the sick poor. The -Emperor Justinian also endowed this Church of the Virgin with large -revenues. Such were the works of the Emperor Justinian in Jerusalem. - -[Illustration: Ruins of Church on M^t. Gerizim. -_From a plan by Cap^t. Wilson RE_ -_Quarterly Statement April 1883._] - -VII. There is a city in Palestine named Neapolis, which is overhung -by a lofty mountain named Gerizim.[99] This mountain was originally -held by the Samaritans, who ascended it at all seasons in order to -pray, not that they had ever built a church there, but worshipped and -reverenced the summit of the mountain above everything else. Jesus, the -Son of God, when in the flesh, went amongst these people, and held a -conversation with one of the women of the country. When she inquired of -Him about the mountain, He told her that in future times the Samaritans -should not worship in this mountain, but that the true worshippers -should worship Himself there, alluding to the Christians. In process of -time this prophecy came to pass, for it was not possible that the true -God should lie. It came to pass in the following manner. In the reign -of the Emperor Zeno, the Samaritans suddenly collected together, and -fell upon the Christians in Neapolis, who were keeping the feast called -Pentecost in their church, and killed many of them, while they struck -with their swords the Bishop, by name Terebinthius—whom they found -standing before the holy table, engaged in celebrating the sacrament—so -as, amongst other wounds, to cut off the fingers from his hands, while -they insulted the holy mysteries in a manner fit indeed for Samaritans -to do, but not fit for us to speak of. This priest shortly afterwards -came to Byzantium, into the presence of the then Emperor, to whom he -showed what he himself had suffered, described what had taken place, -and begged the Emperor to avenge what had been done, reminding him of -the prophecy of Christ. The Emperor Zeno, much moved at what had taken -place, without delay inflicted a full measure of punishment upon those -who had been guilty of this outrage. He drove the Samaritans out of -Mount Gerizim, handed it over to the Christians, and built upon the -summit a church which he dedicated to the Virgin, which he enclosed -with what was indeed called a wall, but which in truth was a dry -stone fence. He placed a sufficient number of soldiers as a garrison -in the city below, but in the church and its fortification not more -than ten. The Samaritans, enraged at these proceedings, were filled -with anger, and remained sulky and dissatisfied, though, through fear -of the Emperor, they kept silence. In process of time, however, in -the reign of Anastasius, the following event took place. Some of the -Samaritans, at the instigation of a woman, climbed unexpectedly up the -steep face of the mountain, for the road which leads up it from the -city was strictly guarded, so that it was impossible for them to ascend -by it. Falling suddenly upon the church, they killed the guards who -were posted there, and called with a loud voice upon the Samaritans -in the city to join them. They, however, fearing the soldiers, were -not at all willing to join the conspirators; and not long afterwards -the governor of the province (he was named Procopius, of the city of -Edessa, an eloquent man) captured those who had been guilty of this -outrage, and put them to death. Yet even then the Emperor did not -bestow any attention or care upon the fortification; but in our own -time the Emperor Justinian, although he has for the most part converted -the Samaritans to a better religion, and rendered them Christians, -yet, leaving the old wall round the church upon Gerizim in its former -condition of loose stones, as I described before, he enclosed it within -a second wall, and rendered it altogether impregnable. In this place -he also rebuilt five Christian churches which had been burned by the -Samaritans. These were his works in this country. - -VIII. In the country which was formerly called Arabia, but which now is -known as the Third Province of Palestine, a desert tract extends for a -great distance, entirely barren of fruits, of water, and of all good -things. A precipitous and savagely wild mountain, named Sina, stands -close to the Red Sea. It is not necessary at this point in my narrative -for me to give a description of these regions, since in my ‘History of -the Wars’ I have given an exact account of the whole of the country -near the Red Sea and the so-called Arabian Gulf, and of the tribes of -the Auxomite Ethiopians, and the Homerite Saracens. There also I have -described how the Emperor Justinian added the palm-grove[100] to the -Roman Empire. I therefore omit to speak of this, that I may not incur -the charge of want of taste. In this Mount Sina[101] dwell monks, whose -life is but a careful study of death, and who therefore enjoy without -fear the solitude which is dear to them. Since these monks have no -desires, but are superior to all human passions, and as they possess -nothing and spend no care upon their persons, nor seek for pleasure -from anything else whatever, the Emperor Justinian built a church for -them, which he dedicated to the Virgin, that they might therein spend -their life in continual prayer and service of God. He did not build -this church on the summit of the mountain, but a long way below it; for -it is not possible for a man to pass the night upon the peak, because -at night continuous thunderings and other yet more terrible divine -manifestations take place, which overpower men’s strength and reason. -Here it was that Moses is said to have received the Law from God, -and to have brought it away. At the foot of the mountain our Emperor -also built a very strong fort, and placed in it a very considerable -garrison of soldiers, in order that the barbarian Saracens might not -from that point, the country being, as I have said, a desert, secretly -invade Palestine. This is what he did here; but what he did in the -monasteries, both here and in the remainder of the East, I will now -briefly enumerate. - -IX, In Jerusalem he restored the following monasteries: that of St. -Thalelæus, St. Gregorius, and St. Panteleemon in the desert of Jordan; -the hospice at Jericho;[102] the church of the Virgin at Jericho; the -church of the Iberians at Jerusalem; the church of the Lazi in the -desert of Jerusalem; the church of St. Mary in the Mount of Olives; the -church of the well of St. Elisæus;[103] the church of Siletheus; the -church of the Abbot Romanus. He restored the wall of Bethlehem, and the -church of the Abbot Joannes at Bethlehem. - -[Illustration: CHURCH AT BETHLEHEM.[104]] - -He built cisterns and reservoirs as follows: in the monastery of St. -Samuel, a wall and a cistern; in the monastery of the Abbot Zacharia, -a cistern; in the monastery of Susanna, a cistern; in the monastery -of Aphelius, a cistern; in the monastery of St. John beside the -Jordan, a cistern;[105] in the monastery of St. Sergius in the mountain -named Cisseron, a cistern; the wall of Tiberias;[106] the poor-house -at Bostra in Phœnicia; the house of the Virgin at Porphyreon;[107] -the monastery of St. Phoca in the mount; the house of St. Sergius in -Ptolemaïs;[108] the house of St. Leontius at Damascus. In the suburbs -of Apamea[109] he restored the poor-house of St. Romanus; he built the -wall of St. Marox; he restored the church of Daphne[110] in the suburbs -of Theopolis; at Laodicea[111] he restored the church of St. John; in -Mesopotamia he restored the monastery of St. John, and the monasteries -of Thelphrache, Zebinus, Theodotus, Joannes, Sarmathe, Cyrene, -Begadacum, and the monastery at Apadnæ, in Isauria.[112] He rebuilt -the bath and poor-house of the city of Cyricum; the poor-house of St. -Conon, and the aqueduct of the same saint in Cyprus; the house of SS. -Cosmas and Damianus in Pamphylia; and the poor-house of St. Michael in -the seaport which is called the naval arsenal of the city of Perga, in -Pamphylia. - - - - - BOOK VI. - - -I. The above were the works of Justinian in those regions. What he did -at Alexandria was as follows. The river Nile does not flow as far as -Alexandria, but, after reaching the city which is named Chæreum,[113] -proceeds to the left, leaving the country about Alexandria. In -consequence this the ancients, in order that the city might not be -entirely cut off from the river, dug a deep channel from Chæreum, and -succeeded in making a small part of the stream of the river Nile run -through it, by which, as by other channels, it discharges its waters -into the lake Maria. This channel was nowhere navigable for large -ships, but men at Chæreum transfer Egyptian corn from them to boats -named _diaremata_, and so bring it to the city, which they can reach -by the river which flows through this channel. They store up the -corn in the place which the Alexandrians call Phiale. Since it often -happened that when the populace rose in revolt, the corn in this place -was destroyed, the Emperor Justinian enclosed it with a wall, and -prevented any attacks being made upon the corn. These were the works -of the Emperor Justinian in this place. However, since the course of -our narrative has brought us into Egypt, a country which borders upon -Libya, let us describe his works in that country also, since this -Emperor found the whole of Libya in the possession of barbarians, and -annexed it to the Roman Empire. - -The river Nile, which flows from the Indies into Egypt, divides that -land into two portions down to the sea. The land, which is divided by -the river, is divided also in name; for the country on the right bank -of the river is named Asia, as far as the river Phasìs in Colchis, -which divides the land of Asia from that of Europe, or indeed to the -Cimmerian straits and the river Tanais; for geographers are at issue -upon this point, which I have mentioned in the description of the -Euxine Sea in my ‘History of the Wars.’ The country on the left bank -of the Nile is called Libya as far as the main ocean, which divides -the two continents in the West by interposing an arm between them, -which forms our (Mediterranean) Sea. The whole of Libya is divided -into various provinces, called, probably, after the name of their -inhabitants; but the name of Libya at the present day is applied only -to the territory of Pentapolis,[114] which extends from the frontier -at Alexandria as far as the city of Cyrene. In it there is a city, -situated at a distance of two days’ journey from Alexandria, named -Taphosiris,[115] in which it is said that the Egyptian god Osiris is -buried. In this city the Emperor Justinian constructed magistrates’ -houses, public baths, and other buildings. - -II. The greater part of this country of Libya is desert, and was -almost entirely neglected: yet our Emperor in his watchful care took -measures to prevent its incurring any damage from invasion by the -neighbouring Moors, for he built two forts and established garrisons in -them. One of these forts is named Paratonium, and the other Antipyrgum, -which stands near Pentapolis. Pentapolis is distant from Alexandria -eight days’ journey for a lightly-equipped traveller. In this country -of Pentapolis the Emperor Justinian likewise very strongly fortified -the city Teuchria,[116] and rebuilt from its foundations the wall[117] -of Berenice,[118] where he also built a public bath for the use of -the citizens; moreover, on the southern frontier of Pentapolis he -fortified two monasteries, named Agriolodes and Dinarthion, by which -he restrained the barbarians in that quarter from making sudden and -unexpected inroads on the Roman territory. - -There is in this country a city, named Ptolemaïs,[119] which in former -times was flourishing and populous, but in process of time became -almost deserted through want of water; for the greater part of the -inhabitants long ago suffered from drought so much that they left it -and dispersed in various directions. Now, however, our Emperor has -rebuilt the aqueduct which supplied the city with water, and restored -it to its former appearance of prosperity.[120] The furthest city of -Pentapolis upon the western frontier is that of Borium,[121] where -mountains, standing close together, seem to form a barrier which shuts -out the enemy from invading the country. The Emperor, finding this city -unwalled, enclosed it with a very strong rampart, thus rendering it and -the whole of the country round it quite secure for the future. - -There are two cities, both of which pass under the same name, being -both called Augila.[122] They stand at a distance of about four days’ -journey from Borium for a lightly equipped traveller, on the southern -side of it. They are old cities, and the habits of their citizens are -old-fashioned: for all of them, even in my own time, practised the -rites of polytheism. Here in ancient times were temples dedicated to -Ammon, and to Alexander of Macedon, to whom the inhabitants used to -offer sacrifice down to the reign of Justinian, and there was in them a -large number of persons called Slaves of the Temple: now, however, our -Emperor, who not only provides for the security of the bodies of his -subjects, but is also careful to save their souls, took all necessary -measures for the benefit of those who dwelt here, making liberal -provisions for them in all respects, and above all teaching them the -true religion, so that he made them all Christians in a body, and -turned them from their pagan ancestral customs. He also built for them -a temple of the Virgin, to serve as a fortress for the safety of the -city and of the true religion. These were his works in this quarter. - -The city of Borium, lying near the Moorish barbarians, has remained -free from imposts down to this time, nor have any gatherers of tribute -or taxes visited it since the creation. From ancient times Jews dwelt -close to it, and had an ancient temple which they greatly respected and -reverenced, as it had, according to tradition, been built by Solomon -the King of the Hebrew nation. However, the Emperor Justinian compelled -them all to desert their ancestral religion and become Christians, -while he turned this temple into a church. - -III. Beyond this lie what are called the Great Syrtes. I will explain -what their appearance is, and why they have received this name. The -shore in this quarter, divided by the inroads of the sea, and washed -away by the beating of the waves, seems to retire and to withdraw -itself inland, so as to form an immense crescent-shaped gulf. The -distance across the mouth of this gulf is forty stadia, while the -perimeter of the crescent extends to a distance of six days’ journey. -The sea forms this gulf by pressing against the mainland; and when a -ship is once forced by the wind or the waves within the horns of the -crescent, it is thenceforth impossible for it to retrace its course, -but it seems dragged along, and always forced further forward. It was, -I imagine, from this destruction of ships that the ancients called the -place Syrtes. Nor can ships float as far as the shore, for the greater -part of the gulf is full of sunken rocks, which make it impossible -for ships to float there, so that they are wrecked in the shallows. -The crews of these ships can only escape, if they escape at all, in -small boats, and reach the land with very great danger. Here is the -frontier of the region named Tripolis. In it dwell Moorish barbarians -of Phœnician origin. Here is also a city named Cidama, inhabited by -Moors who have long been on terms of friendship with the Romans, and -all of whom, by the persuasion of the Emperor Justinian, voluntarily -adopted the Christian faith. These Moors are now called Pacati, because -they always are at peace with the Romans; for the Romans in the Latin -language call peace _pacem_. Tripolis is distant from Pentapolis a -journey of twenty days’ journey for a lightly equipped traveller. - -IV. Beyond this is the city of Leptis Magna,[123] which in ancient -times was great and populous, but since has become almost entirely -deserted, having through neglect been mostly buried with sand. Our -Emperor rebuilt its walls from the foundation, not, however, enclosing -so great an extent as formerly, but much less, in order that the city -might not again be exposed to danger, either from human enemies or -from the sand, by its great size. He left the buried part of the city -as it was, covered with heaps of sand, and fortified the rest in the -strongest manner. Here he built an admirable church, dedicated to the -Virgin, besides four others. In addition to this, he also rebuilt the -ruinous palace which formerly existed here, the work of the Emperor -Severus the elder, who was born in this place, and left this palace as -a memorial of his good fortune. - -Having arrived at this part of my narrative, I cannot pass over -the great event which took place at Leptis Magna in our time. When -Justinian had already come to the throne, and before he had begun -the war against the Vandals, the Moorish barbarians called Leucathæ -overpowered the Vandals, who were then masters of Libya, and reduced -Leptis Magna to an utter desert. Being encamped with their generals -upon some hilly ground not far from Leptis Magna, they suddenly beheld -a flame of fire in the midst of the city. Supposing that the enemy -had entered it, they rushed hurriedly to attack them; but finding -no one there, they laid the matter before their prophets, who, -interpreting what had taken place, foretold that at no distant time -Leptis Magna would be inhabited. Not long afterwards the army of the -Emperor arrived, conquered the Vandals and Moors in battle, and gained -possession of Tripolis and the rest of Libya. I now return from this -digression to my narrative. - -In this city the Emperor Justinian built public baths, rebuilt the -walls from their foundations, and gave both the baths and all other -public buildings an appearance worthy of a city. Moreover, he induced -the neighbouring barbarians, named Gadabitani, who up to this time were -entirely given up to the Greek form of paganism, to become zealous -Christians, as they are at this day. He also fortified the city of -Sabaratha, in which he built a most notable church. - -In the further part of this country there are two cities, named -Tacapa[124] and Girgis, between which lies the lesser Syrtis. Here -every day a wonderful phenomenon takes place. The sea, pent up in a -narrow place, forms there a crescent-shaped gulf, such as I described -in the other Syrtis. Here the sea flows into the mainland for a -distance of more than eight days’ journey for a lightly equipped -traveller, and towards evening retires again, leaving the shore there -dry, like any other sea-beach. Sailors bound for this land, which at -times becomes sea, sail in the ordinary manner as far as they are able -in the day-time, but towards nightfall prepare to pass the night on dry -land. They carry long poles on purpose, and as soon as they suspect -that the waters are about to ebb, they take these poles in their hands, -and without any hesitation leap out of the ship. At first they swim, -but afterwards, when the water does not reach above their faces, they -stand on their feet, and sticking the points of their poles into the -ground, which by this time is, or shortly will be, dry, they fix them -upright underneath their ship, supporting it on either side, that it -may not be damaged by falling to one side or the other. Early on the -following morning the land is again covered by the waves of the sea, -which raises the ships and causes them to float; then the sailors take -up their poles and sail on again. This proceeding never varies, but -this interchange of the elements takes place every day. - -V. After Tripolis and the Syrtis, let us proceed to the rest of Libya. -We must begin with Carthage, which is the largest and most important -of the cities in this country, prefacing our description by observing -that when Genseric and the Vandals possessed Africa, there occurred to -them a destructive idea worthy of barbarians; for they imagined that -they would be better off if all the towns in this country had no walls, -so that the Romans might not occupy any of them to their disadvantage. -They accordingly at once pulled down all the walls to their very -foundation; for all barbarians, as a rule, most quickly devise and -most promptly execute any plans which they form for the injury of the -Romans. The walls of Carthage and some few other places alone were -left, which they did not care to keep in repair, but allowed to be -ruined by age. However, the Emperor Justinian, against the advice of -all men, who shrank in terror from the enterprise, and only led on and -assisted by God, sent Belisarius with an army to Libya, took Gelimer, -and destroyed the power of the Vandals, killing many of them and making -the rest prisoners of war, as I have recounted in my ‘History of the -Wars.’ He rebuilt all the ruined fortifications in Libya, and himself -built many new ones. - -First of all, he gave his attention to Carthage,[125] which now, as is -right, is named Justiniana. He rebuilt the whole of its ruined walls, -and dug a trench encircling it, which did not previously exist; he also -built churches, one dedicated to the Virgin, which is in the palace, -and one outside the palace dedicated to St. Prima, one of the local -saints. He built porticos on both sides of what is called the Maritime -market-place, and a noble public bath, which he named the Baths of -Theodora, after the name of the Empress. He also built a monastery on -the sea-shore within the walls, close to the harbour, named Mandracium, -which he enclosed with a strong wall and formed into an impregnable -fort. - -These were the works of Justinian at New Carthage. In the country near -it, which is called the Proconsulate, there was an unwalled city named -Baga,[126] which was liable to be taken by barbarians, not only if they -marched especially to attack it, but even if they passed near it. This -place the Emperor Justinian enclosed with a strong wall, thus raising -it to the rank of a city, and one, too, which was capable of affording -security to its citizens, who, having met with such favour, named the -city Theodorias, in honour of the Empress. He also built a fort in this -country, named Tucca. - -VI. In Byzacium is a city by the sea side, named Adrumetus,[127] which -in ancient times was great and populous, so that it had the name and -repute of being the chief city in this country, because it was the -first in size and in prosperity. The Vandals demolished the walls of -this city, that the Romans might not be able, to hold it against them, -so that it was exposed to the attacks of the Moors, who ravage that -country; however, the Libyan inhabitants provided for their own safety -as far as they were able, by piling up the ruins of their walls and -joining their houses to one another, by which means they were able -to offer a precarious resistance to their assailants. Their safety, -however, hung by a thread, and was very uncertain, as they were at -war with the Moors and neglected by the Vandals. When, however, the -Emperor Justinian, in the course of the war, became master of Libya, he -built a wall of considerable size round this city, established in it -a sufficient garrison of soldiers, and enabled the inhabitants to be -confident of safety and to disregard all their foes. For this reason -they call it Justiniana to the present day, thus repaying their debt -of gratitude to the Emperor, and showing their loyalty towards him by -the adoption of his name, for they had no other means of repaying the -kindness of the Emperor, as he wished for no other return than this. -On the shore of Byzacium there is another place named Caputvada[128] -by its inhabitants. It was at this place that the Emperor’s army -first landed when it proceeded against Gelimer and the Vandals. Here, -also, that marvellous and ineffable gift was bestowed by God upon -the Emperor, which I have described in my ‘History of the Wars.’ The -country being altogether waterless, the Roman army suffered greatly -from thirst, whereupon the earth, which formerly had always been dry, -sent forth a fountain at the place where the soldiers had formed their -camp. For when they dug, the water burst forth, and the land, divesting -itself of its natural barrenness, changed its nature and became moist -with sweet water. Here, therefore, they encamped and passed the night, -and marching forth in battle array the next day, to cut the matter -short, gained possession of Libya. The Emperor Justinian therefore, in -order to erect a perpetual memorial of this gift of God, who when He -pleases can make the most difficult things easy, at once determined -to form this place into a city, with a strong wall, and adorned with -everything else worthy of a city. The Emperor’s wish was fulfilled. -The wall and city were built, and the fortunes of this open field were -suddenly altered. The rustics, throwing away the plough, dwell as -citizens, and no longer live a country, but a town life; for they meet -together there daily, deliberate upon their own affairs, buy and sell -in the market with one another, and perform all the other functions -which distinguish the inhabitants of a city. - -These were his works on the seashore of Byzacium. In the interior, -on the frontier which borders on the barbarian Moors, very strong -fortresses are built to hold them in check, in consequence of which -they are no longer able to overrun the empire, for he enclosed each -of the cities upon that frontier, which are named Mamma, Telepta, and -Cululius, with very strong walls, built a fort which the inhabitants -name Aumetera, and established in them trustworthy garrisons of -soldiers. - -VII. In the same manner he ensured the safety of the country of Numidia -by fortifications and garrisons of soldiers. I shall now enumerate -each of these in detail. There is a mountain in Numidia called -Aurasius,[129] the like of which does not exist anywhere else in the -world. In the first place, it is lofty and precipitous, and extends -for a distance of about three days’ journey; it is also inaccessible, -all the ascents to it being barred by precipices. When, however, one -has reached the top, the ground is a rich soil, smooth, and with easy -roads, fair pastures, parks planted with trees and all kinds of herbs. -Fountains spring out from the crags; there are quiet pools, rushing -rivers with masses of broken water, and, what is strangest of all, -the crops and fruit-trees on this mountain produce twice as much as -any other part of Libya. Such is the mountain of Aurasium, which was -originally held by the Vandals, whom the Moors dispossessed, and -dwelt there until the Emperor Justinian drove them out and annexed -it to the Roman Empire. To prevent the barbarians returning thither -and doing mischief, he fortified the cities in the neighbourhood of -this mountain, which he found deserted and without walls; and having, -besides them, built two forts, and established there a sufficient -garrison of soldiers, he left the barbarians of that country no hope -of making a successful attack upon Aurasius. He also built impregnable -fortifications in the remainder of Numidia. These were his works in -this country. - -There is a city in the island of Sardo, which is now called Sardinia, -which the Romans call the Fort of Trajan; this Justinian enclosed with -a wall, which it did not formerly possess. - -Near Gades, by one of the pillars of Hercules, on the right hand, on -the shore of Libya, was once a fort named Septon,[130] which had been -built by the Romans in ancient times, but had been neglected by the -Vandals and had perished through age. This place our Emperor Justinian -made strong by a wall and a garrison. In it also he built a noble -church dedicated to the Virgin, thus dedicating to her the beginning of -the empire, and rendering this fort impregnable to all mankind in that -quarter. - -So much for this. No one can any longer doubt, but it is now clear to -all mankind that the Emperor Justinian strengthened the empire, not -only with fortifications, but also with garrisons, from the eastern -frontier to the setting sun, which are the limits of the Roman -dominion. Such of the buildings of Justinian as I have been able -to discover, either by having seen them myself, or by hearing them -described by those who have seen them, I have as far as I am able -described in this work; but I am well aware that I have omitted to -speak of many others, which have either escaped my notice by their -great number or remain altogether unknown to me; so that anyone who -turns his attention to searching them all out and describing them in -a book will have the advantage of having performed a useful work, and -will gain for himself the reputation of a man of taste. - - - - - APPENDIX I. - - -Procopius’s description of Justinian’s work at Constantinople is so -full and detailed that it would appear to be complete. But it omits one -church built by the Emperor, viz., that of the Saviour, to which was -attached the Monastery of the Chora, now known as the Mosque Kahireh, -or Kahriyeh. - -The history of this church is thus given in Ducange: - -‘Chora seu Χώρα monasterium ita appellatum, condiderat -Justinianus et cum præ vetustate concidisset aliud a fundamentis -extruxit Alexii Imperatoris socrus Andronici Ducæ conjux. - -‘Denique cum ruinam rursum minaretur, illud reædificavit Theodorus -Metochita Magnus Logotheta, imperante Andronico Palæologo Seniore. - -‘Hæc omnia sic narrat Nicephorus Gregoras, lib. ix.: “Divertit e -regione et in vicinia (domus suæ) in sacro scilicet Choræ Monasterio, -quod ipse magnis ante sumptibus vetustate ruinosum instauravat. -Exstructum enim olim fuerat a Justiniano Imperatore forma oblonga: -deinde cum vetustate usque ad ima concidisset, aliud a fundamentis -templum, ea qua nunc forma cernitur, Alexii Comneni Imperatoris socrus -condidit sed cum rursus ruinam minitaretur, hic medio templo excepto, -omnia liberali manu pene instauravit. Metochitam hujus monasterii -instauratorem rursus prædicat, lib. viii.”’—Ducange, iv., p. 126. - -An inscription over the south door of the church states that the -monastery was outside the walls of Constantine; that the church was -rebuilt by Justinian; again, from its foundations, in the time of -Alexis Komnenos; and again rebuilt by Theodore the Metochite. - -[Illustration: SKETCH PLAN] - -The well-known antiquary, Mons. Texier, describes it thus in a detailed -MS. account of ‘Constantinople,’ fol. _n. d._, in the library of the R. -Institute of Architects: - -‘Kahrije, corruption du Grec της χωρας. - -‘Le premier fondateur de cette église fut Justinian; et Theodore -Metochite, grand chancelier des Autels d’Andronice Paléologue n’en -fut que le rénovateur. Le cloître est souvent cité dans les auteurs -Byzantines comme lieu d’exil pour les religieux, et au dernier temps -de l’empire on conserva dans l’église le portrait célèbre de la Madone -qui avait été peint par St. Luke.’ A description of it is also given in -Salzenberg’s ‘Alt-Christliche Baudenkmale von Constantinopel’ (Berlin, -1854), p. 36. - -The latest account is given by the Rev. Charles G. Curtis, in the -‘Encyclopædia Britannica,’ 9th edition, _s.v._ ‘Constantinople:’ - -‘The monastery to which this church of the Saviour belonged was -Μονὴ τῆς χώρας, or, as we say, “in the fields.” This was an ancient -establishment, and its church, the oldest church in the city, dates -from the third century. - -‘A gem of beauty still, even in its decay, rich with mosaic of the -fourteenth century, of a style purer and more refined than that -which is more often seen and admired at Ravenna and Palermo. In this -church alternately with the Hodegetria was kept the Holy Robe of the -Virgin, which was wont to be carried in procession when the walls were -threatened.’ The sketch-plan engraved was made by T. H. L. in 1884. An -elevation of the exterior is given in C. Daly’s ‘Revue’ (1840), p. 13. -(L.) - - - - - APPENDIX II. - - -Church of the Virgin, Jerusalem: - -The description by Procopius of this church is very detailed; but the -great alterations and destruction of buildings throughout the Harem -area since his time make it extremely difficult to arrive at a correct -understanding of his account, or to identify any portion of the church -with existing buildings. It is usually supposed to have occupied the -site of the present Mosque El Aksa, the entrances to which the Duc de -Vogüé believes to be remains of Justinian’s church. - -The questions as to the church are involved, to a considerable extent, -with those relating to the date and authorship of the Dome of the Rock, -which has usually been assigned to the Caleph Abd-el-Melek; but the -late Mr. Fergusson, whose great architectural knowledge is undisputed, -maintained that it was no other than Constantine’s Church of the Holy -Sepulchre, and that the church described by Procopius was not on the -site of El Aksa, but at the eastern angle of the temple area, and now -utterly destroyed. - -The subject, already sufficiently complicated, has been rendered -still more so by a theory brought forward in 1882, by the well-known -Professor Sepp, to the effect that the Dome of the Rock was not -constructed by Constantine nor by Abd-el-Melek, but by Justinian. - -The question is much more difficult to decide than may at first -sight appear; and I confess that after having, for some years past, -carefully collected the various documents on the subject, including -the valuable translations published by my friend the late Professor -Palmer, of Arabic historians, and having subsequently visited Jerusalem -and studied the subject on the spot, with the kind assistance of -Dr. Chaplin and others, I find that there are so many points to be -cleared up, that I should not like to offer a definite opinion on the -several disputed points until after another visit, which I hope to -make shortly, to Jerusalem. My present views, so far as I may venture -to put them forward, are in accordance with those of De Vogüé, Sir C. -Warren and Captain Conder, viz., that the Dome of the Rock was built by -Abd-el-Melek. (L.) - - - - - INDEX. - - - A. - - Abbot Romanus, Church of the, 147 - - Abbot Joannes, Church of the, 148 - - Abbot Zacharia, Monastery of, 148 - - Aborrhas, River, 54, 55, 57 - - Abydos, 121, 128 - - Acacius, Church of, 22 - - Acarnania, 93 - - Ad Aquas, 111 - - Adana, 137 - - Adina, 113 - - Adriatic Sea, 90 - - Adrianopolis, 93 - - Adrumetus, 163 - - Aëdabe, 112 - - Ægean Sea, 24 - - Ægistum, 114 - - Ænus, 121, 122 - - Ætolia, 93 - - Agriolodes, Monastery of, 155 - - El Aksa, 140 - - Alexandria, 128, 152, 153 - - Almus, 111 - - Almyris, 114 - - Albinum, 113 - - Alustus, 88 - - Amasea, 86 - - Amida, 40, 51, 53, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 82 - - Ammodius, 45 - - Anaplus, 24, 29, 30, 31 - - Anastasiopolis, 122 - - Anchialus, 89 - - Annucas, 57 - - Antiphorus, 59 - - Antipyrgum, 154 - - Antiochia, 68, 69, 70, 71, 136 - - Ant, the, 116 - - Antoninus, Baths of, 131, 132 - - Apadnæ, Monastery of, 151 - - Apadnæ, 53 - - Apamea, 151 - - Aphelius, Monastery of, 148 - - Apostles, Church of, 20 - - Artaleson, 80 - - Archangel, Temple of the, 33 - - Arcadius, 15 - - Arcadius, Baths of, 36 - - Arcon, 81 - - Argyronium, 33 - - Armenia, Lesser, 81 - - Armenia, 28, 73, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89 - - Armenia, Greater, 74, 75, 79, 82 - - Armata, 111 - - Arxanes, 77 - - Asia, 25 - - Asthianene, 79 - - Atachæ, 53 - - Athyra, 116 - - Athens, 96, 98 - - Augusta, 112 - - Augila, 156 - - Augustæum, 13, 34 - - Aumetera, 165 - - Aurasius, Mount, 165 - - - B. - - Baga, 162 - - Baiberdon, 81 - - Baleæ, 96 - - Banasymeon, 53 - - Bara, 53 - - Barchon, 86 - - Barbalissus, 65 - - Batnæ, 61 - - Bederiana, 91, 92 - - Begadacum, Monastery of, 151 - - Belabitis, 76 - - Bellurus, 122 - - Bergonovore, 111 - - Bergus Altus, 111 - - Berenice, 154 - - Bethlehem, 148 - - Bidamas, 57 - - Bigrane, 111 - - Bismideon, 57 - - Bithynia, 129, 133, 134 - - Bizana, 81, 83, 84 - - Blachernæ, 16, 26 - - Black Gulf, 119 - - Bœotia, 96 - - Bononia, 111 - - Borium, 156, 157 - - Bosporus, 88 - - Bostra, in Phœnicia, 150 - - Brochi, 29 - - Byrthum, 53 - - Byzantium, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 29, 31, 33, 38, 114, 117, - 123, 129, 134, 145 - - Byzacium, 163, 164 - - - C. - - Cæsarea, 98, 135 - - Callipolis, 121 - - Callinicum, 57, 61, 64 - - Campses, 109 - - Candidiana, 113 - - Cantabazates, 109 - - Cappadocia, 135, 136 - - Caputvada, 164 - - Caput-bovis, 109 - - Carrhæ, 57, 61 - - Carthage, 161 - - Cassandria, 99 - - Castoria, Lake, 97 - - Castramartis, 112 - - Cebres, 111 - - Centauropolis, 98 - - Cena, 86 - - Ceras, Gulf of, 24 - - Chæreum, 152 - - Chalcis, 71, 72, 98 - - Chalce, The Palace of, 34, 35 - - Cherson, 88 - - Chora, Church of, 40 - - Chersonesus, 119, 120, 121 - - Ciberis, 121 - - Cidama, 158 - - Cilicia, 136, 138 - - Cimmerian Straits, 153 - - Ciphæ, Fort, 53 - - Circesium, 55, 57 - - Citharizon, 77, 79 - - Clisuræ, 79, 87, 96 - - Colonia, 81 - - Commagene, 61 - - Constantinople, 13, 34, 37, 40, 115, 118, 128 - - Constantina, 54 - - Corinth, 96 - - Coracii, 96 - - Corzane, 79 - - Corde, 45 - - Couriers’ Lodgings, 131 - - Cratiscara, 92 - - Crissæan Gulf, 93 - - Crispas, 111 - - Cucarizon, 81 - - Cululius, 165 - - Cupus, 109 - - Cydnus, River, 137, 138 - - Cyntodemus, 113 - - Cynton, 113 - - Cyprus, 151 - - Cyricum, 151 - - Cyrene, Monastery of, 151 - - Cyrus, 71, 72 - - Cyrene, City of, 153 - - - D. - - Dabanæ, 53 - - Dacia, 108, 109 - - Damascus, 110 - - Danube, River, 89, 91, 92, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114 - - Daphne, 113, 151 - - Dardani, 92 - - Daras, a village, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 83 - - Dausaron, 57 - - Demetrias, 97 - - Deuteron, 17 - - Dimarthion, Monastery of, 155 - - Diocletianopolis, 97 - - Ditch of Germanus, 81 - - Ditch of Longinus, 86 - - Dorostolus, 113 - - Doru, 88 - - Dorticum, 111 - - Draco, River, 130 - - Ducepratum, 109 - - - E. - - Echinæum, 97 - - Edessa, 57, 58, 59, 60, 145 - - Elæus, 119, 121 - - Ephesus, 127, 128 - - Epirus, 93 - - Epidamnus, 91 - - Episcopia, 116 - - Eryma, 112 - - Eubœa, Island, 98 - - Euphratesia, 65, 67 - - Euphrates, River, 53, 56, 61, 63, 64, 65, 75, 81, 82 - - Euripus, Strait of, 99 - - Europus, 65 - - Eurœa, 93 - - Eutropius, 39 - - Euxine Sea, 24, 29, 32, 86, 89, 153 - - - F. - - Forum of Constantine, 34, 35 - - Forty Martyrs, 81 - - Fort of the Emperors, 53 - - Fountain, The, 16 - - Forts, Lists of, 100-107, 123-126 - - - G. - - Gabula, 65 - - Gades, 166 - - Galatia, 134 - - Gerizim, 143, 144, 145, 146 - - Germana, 92 - - Girgis, 160 - - Golden Gate, 17, 33 - - Gomphi, 97 - - Gombes, 111 - - Greece, 93, 96, 98 - - Great Syrtes, 157 - - - H. - - Halicaniburgus, 111 - - Hebdomon, 23, 31 - - Hellespont, 119, 128, 133 - - Helena, 129 - - Hemerius, 65 - - Hera, Temple of, 17 - - Heraclea, 96, 118, 119 - - Hieriphthon, Fort, 53 - - Hieron, 33 - - Hiereum, } 17 - or } - Heræum, } 38, 39 - - Hierapolis, 66 - - Horn, The, 29 - - Hormisdas, 18, 34 - - House of Ares, 35 - - Huns, Fort of the, 112 - - Hypata, 96 - - - I. - - Iatron, 113 - - Iberians, Church of, 147 - - Ibida, 114 - - Illyria, 96, 110, 112, 113 - - Illyrisis, 79 - - Ionian Gulf, 90 - - Irene, Church of, 14, 27 - - Isauria, 151 - - Iscum, 112 - - Isidorus, 15 - - Isthmus of Corinth, 93 - - Ister, River, 108, 114 - - Italy, 36, 67, 88 - - - J. - - Jecundiana, 38 - - Jerusalem, 147 - - Jericho, Hospice at, 147 - - Joannes, Monastery of, 151 - - Jordan, Desert of, 147 - - Judæus, 111 - - Julian, Port, 23 - - Juliopolis, 134 - - Justinopolis, 92, 93 - - Justiniana Prima, 91 - - Justiniana Secunda, 92 - - Justiniana (Carthage), 162, 163 - - - K. - - King’s Palace, 18 - - - L. - - Laccobergus, 111 - - Laodicea, 151 - - Lapidaria, 112 - - Larissa, 98 - - Lazi, Church of the, 147 - - Lazica, 87 - - Lebanon, 73 - - Lederata, 109 - - Leontarium, 96 - - Leptis Magna, 158, 159 - - Libya, 36, 67, 127, 152, 153, 159, 161, 166 - - Litorata, 109 - - Longiniana, 111 - - Losorium, 87 - - Lucernariaburgum, 112 - - Lutararizon, 81 - - Lurnes, 53 - - Lysiormum, 81 - - - M. - - Macedon, 74, 99, 102 - - Mæotic Lake, 87, 88 - - Magne Kahireh, Church of, 168, 169 - - Magdalathum, Fort, 57 - - Mamma, 165 - - Mandracium (Harbour), 162 - - Marathon, 98 - - Mareburgus, 111 - - Maria, Lake, 152 - - Martyr Anthimus, Church of, 27 - - Martyr Eugenius (Aqueduct), 86 - - Martyr Menas, Church of, 33 - - Martyr Menæus, Church of, 33 - - Martyr Mocius, Church of, 23 - - Martyropolis, 51, 77, 78, 79 - - Martyr St. Pantelëemon, Church, 32 - - Martyr Thecla, Church of, 23 - - Martyr Thyssus, Church of, 23 - - Maxentius, 113 - - Maximianopolis, 122 - - Melitene, 28, 82 - - Mesopotamia, 53, 57, 61, 76 - - Metropolis, 97 - - Mocesus, 135 - - Mochadius, 33 - - Mocatiana, 111 - - Mopsuestia, 136 - - Mount Hæmus, 123 - - Mount Pelion, 98 - - Myropole, 96 - - Mysia, 114 - - - N. - - Naïsopolis, 92 - - Neapolis, 143, 144 - - Neocæsarea, 65, 67 - - New Epirus, 93, 100 - - Nicæa in Bithynia, 130 - - Nicomedia, 131 - - Nicopolis, 81, 93 - - Nile, River, 152, 153 - - Novæ, 109 - - Novum, 111 - - Numidia, 165 - - Nymphius, River, 77 - - - O. - - Octavum, 108 - - Old Epirus, 23 - - Onopnictes, 70 - - Onos, 111 - - Orocassias, 69, 70 - - Oronon, 85 - - Orontes, River, 68, 69 - - Osrhoëne, 61, 80 - - - P. - - Palmyra, 127 - - Pallene, Peninsula of, 99 - - Palestine, 72, 143, 147 - - Palmatis, 113 - - Palatiolum, 112 - - Pamphylia, 152 - - Pantalia, 92 - - Paratonium, 154 - - Peloponnesus, 97 - - Pentacomia, 65 - - Pentapolis, 153, 154, 155, 156 - - Peneus, River, 98 - - Persian Armenia, 85 - - Perga, 152 - - Persia, 51, 52 - - Perinthus, 118 - - Petra, 87 - - Petrius, 81 - - Pharsalus, 97 - - Phœnice, 93 - - Phœnicia, 73 - - Phasis in Colchis, River, 153 - - Phison, 79 - - Phiale, 152 - - Philippopolis, 123 - - Philæ, 57 - - Photica, 93 - - Phrygia, 133 - - Phthia, 98 - - Picnus, 109 - - Pityous, 87 - - Platanon, 136 - - Platæa, 96 - - Plotinopolis, 123 - - Pontem, 110 - - Pontes, 109, 110 - - Ponteserium, 111 - - Potidæa, 99 - - Ptolemais, 155 - - Proochthus, 29 - - Propontis, 36 - - Putedin, 111 - - Pyramus, River, 136 - - Pyramids, the, 40 - - Pythia, 134 - - - Q. - - Quesoris, 113 - - Quimedaba, 92 - - - R. - - Ratiaria, 111 - - Rhabdium, 51, 52 - - Rhœdestus, 119 - - Rhasis, 53 - - Rhegium, 115 - - Rhesias, 23 - - Rhecius, River, 99, 100 - - Rhipalthæ, 53 - - Rhizeum, 87 - - Rhodope Mountains, 122, 123 - - Ripensis, 109 - - Roman Empire, 29, 43, 54, 56, 85, 88, 94, 117, 146, 152 - - Rumisiana, 92 - - - S. - - Sabaratha, 160 - - Saccus, 96 - - Sakhra, es (Dome of the Rock), 139 - - Saltopyrgus, Fort, 11 - - Sangaris, River, 133 - - Saphchæ, 79 - - Sarmathe, Monastery of, 151 - - Sardica, 92 - - Sardo, Island (Sardinia), 166 - - Sarus, River, 137 - - Satala, 80 - - Sauræ, 53 - - Schamalinichon, 85, 86 - - Scirtus, River, 58 - - Scythia, 114 - - Sebastia, 81 - - Sebastopolis, 87, 88 - - Securisca, 113 - - Selybria, 118 - - Semiramis at Babylon, 10 - - Sergius and Bacchus, SS., 14, 18, 19 - - Sergiopolis, 65 - - Sergius, 65 - - Sestos, 121, 128 - - Siberis, River, 134 - - Sicibida, 112 - - Siletheus, Church of, 147 - - Sinæ, 53 - - Singedon, 109 - - Sinai, Mount (close to Red Sea), 146 - - Siphris, 53 - - Sisilisson, 86 - - Sisauranum, Fort, 52 - - Smargdis, 53 - - Smornes, 109 - - Sophanene, 77, 78, 79 - - St. Agathonicus, Church of, 23 - - Stauris, 70 - - St. Anne, Church of, 17 - - Stadium, 40 - - St. Bartholomew, Church of, 45, 51 - - SS. Cosmas and Damianus in Pamphylia, House of, 151 - - SS. Cosmas and Damianus, Church of, 26 - - St. Conon, Poor-house of, 151 - - St. Cyrillus, 114 - - St. Elisæus, Church of the Well of, 147 - - St. George the Martyr, Church of, 81 - - St. Gregorius, 147 - - Stiliburgus, 111 - - St. John, Church of, 151 - - St. John, Monastery of, 149, 151 - - St. John the Baptist, Church of, 30 - - St. James, Church of, 33 - - St. John the Apostle, Church of, 127 - - St. Laurentius the Martyr, Church of, 26 - - St. Leontius, House of, 150 - - St. Marox, 151 - - St. Michael the Archangel, Church to (Antioch), 71 - - St. Michael, Poor-house of, 152 - - St. Michael the Archangel, at Byzantium, Church of, 17, 29, 31, 134 - - St. Mary, Church of, 147 - - Stork, the, 33 - - St. Phoca, Monastery of, 150 - - St. Plato the Martyr, Church of, 23 - - SS. Priscus and Nicolaus, Church of, 26 - - SS. Peter and Paul, 18 - - St. Pantelëemon, 147 - - St. Romanus, Poor-house of, 151 - - St. Sergius, Monastery of, 149 - - St. Samuel, Monastery of, 148 - - St. Sophia, Church of, 4, 11, 14, 15, 21, 34, 51 - - St. Theodorus, Church of, 23 - - St. Theodota, 23 - - St. Tryphon, Church of, 33 - - St. Thalelæus, 147 - - Suri, 64 - - Susanna, Monastery of, 148 - - Susiana, 111 - - Sycæ, 25, 134 - - Sycidaba, 113 - - Syria, 71, 72, 73 - - Syrtis the Lesser, 160, 161 - - - T. - - Tacapa, 160 - - Tanatas, 109 - - Tanaïs, River, 153 - - Taphosiris, 153 - - Tarsus, 137 - - Tauri, 88 - - Tauroscythi, 88 - - Tauresium, 91 - - Telepta, 165 - - Tenedos, Island of, 128, 129 - - Tetrapyrgia, or the Four Towers, 91 - - Teuchria, 154 - - Thannurium, 57 - - Theodotus, Monastery of, 151 - - Thelphrache, Monastery of, 151 - - Thescus, 121 - - Theopolis, 68, 136, 151 - - Theodosiopolis, 47, 79, 81, 82, 83 - - Thermopylæ, 94, 95, 96, 97 - - Thessalonica, 99 - - Thebes, 97 - - Theodosiopolis, 47, 54, 57 - - Themeres, 57 - - Theodora, 110 - - Theodora, Baths of, 162 - - Theodoropolis, City, 113 - - Theodoropolis, Fort, 111 - - Thiolla, 57 - - Thrace, 89, 112, 114, 117, 119, 120 - - Tigas, 113 - - Tigris, River, 74 - - Tilicion, 114 - - Timena, 111 - - Toperus, 123 - - Trajanopolis, 122 - - Transmarisca, 113 - - Trapezus, 86, 87 - - Tripolis, 157, 159, 161 - - Tricattus, 97 - - Tricesa, Fort, 111 - - Tucca, 163 - - Tzanzakon, 86 - - Tzumina, 84 - - - U. - - Ulmiton, 114 - - Ulpiana, 92 - - Unnum, 96 - - Utos, 112 - - - V. - - Valeriana, 112 - - Variana, 112 - - Vernes, 109 - - Viminacium, 109 - - Virgin, at Porphyreon, House of the, 150 - - Virgin, at Jericho, Church of the, 147 - - Virgin, Church of the, 143 - - Virgin Mary, Church of, 15, 16, 26, 31 - - - W. - - Watchtower, 44 - - - Z. - - Zamarthas, 57 - - Zanes, 109 - - Zebinus, Monastery of, 151 - - Zenobia, 62, 63, 64 - - Zetnocortum, 112 - - Zeugma, 67 - - Zeuxippus, Baths of, 34 - - - THE END. - - - BILLING & SONS, PRINTERS, GUILDFORD. - - - - - FOOTNOTES: - -[1] ‘A new era for Christian architecture commenced with his reign. -The historian Procopius has simplified, in the different provinces of -his Eastern empire, the task to those who would search for vestiges -of buildings erected by this Prince. Anthemius was selected by him as -his architect, and the Church of St. Sophia became the type of all the -Greek churches from the sixth century. The basilica was, until his -time, the type of the Christian church. Anthemius abandoned this form. -The chief feature of the church was the dome, the form of the oblong -nave being abandoned.’—Texier and Pullan, ‘Byzantine Architecture’ -(fol., London, 1864), p. 20. (L.) - -[2] There is a pun in the original upon παιδιά and παιδέια. Cf. Gibbon, -ch. xl. (S.) - -[3] ‘Taken altogether, there is no building erected during the -first thirteen centuries after the Christian era which, as an -interior, is either so beautiful or so worthy of attentive study as -this.’—Fergusson, ‘Handbook of Architecture’ (8vo., London, 1855), p. -951. (L.) - -In addition to Procopius, the erection of St. Sophia has been described -by Agathias, and at much greater length by Paulus Silentiarius, and -the three descriptions have been compared and analyzed in the ‘Corpus -Historiæ Byzantinæ,’ _s.v._ Paulus Silentiarius. (L.) - -A full description of St. Sophia with plans, sections, and detailed -drawings of the mosaics, sculpture, etc., is given by Salzenburg in his -splendid work ‘Alt Christliche von Constantinopel’ (Berlin, 1854). (L.) - -[4] ‘The solid piles which sustained the cupola were composed of -huge blocks of freestone, hewn into squares and triangles, fortified -by circles of iron, and firmly cemented by the infusion of lead and -quicklime.’—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.) - -[5] ‘Nine western doors open into the vestibule, and from thence -into the _narthex_ or exterior portico. That portico was the humble -station of the penitents. The nave, or body of the church, was filled -by the congregation of the faithful; but the two sexes were prudently -distinguished, and the upper and lower galleries were allotted for the -more private devotion of the women.’—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.) - -[6] Λώρους. I am unacquainted with the precise meaning of this word. -Ducange, in his ‘Glossary,’ describes ΛΩΡΟΣ as ‘Fornix,’ ‘arcus,’ Ἁψίς, -quoting Procopius. But this gives no definite information; nor, after -consulting with several well-known authorities on this subject, can I -find that the application of the term is now known. It is not alluded -to either in Britton’s ‘Dictionary,’ or Willis’s ‘Nomenclature of the -Middle Ages.’ From the context and Ducange’s use of the word ἅψις, I -presume that λῶρος is applied to the great arch forming the opening of -an apse. (L.) - -[7] Hom. Il., xxii. 27. (S.) - -[8] ‘St. Irene templum a Constantino M. extructum—tres sacras ædes. -Deiparæ scilicet, St. Theodori et St. Irenes, eidem magnæ ecclesiæ -unitas fuisse, neque proprium clerum habuisse, qui in iis sacra -ministeria perageret.‘ ‘Unde cum Sophianæ ædis appendix fuerit, intra -ejusdem septa ædificata dicitur.’ ‘Denique concussa est ipsa ædes eo -terræ motu qui accidit Leone Isauro regnante. Hodie intra septum regium -includi.’—Ducange, ‘Byzantinæ Historiæ Scriptoribus Constantinopolis -Christiana’ (Venice, fol., 1729), lib. iv., p. 102. - -Rebuilt, in part at all events, by Justinian late in his reign, but -in a style entirely different from that of St. Sophia or SS. Sergius -and Bacchus, being oblong on plan, with aisles and an apse at the east -end. This apse was cleared in 1881. Mr. Edwin Freshfield, who visited -the church at that time, states that he ‘found that it was filled with -marble benches, or steps, somewhat similar to the Church of Torcello, -near Venice. There is no doubt that they formed part of the original -arrangement of the church, and that this was due to its being the -Patriarchal church.’—_Athenæum_, 15th August, 1885. (L.) - -[9] _Ædes sacræ Deiparæ dicatæ. Deiparæ Blachernarum._ Ædem vero -Deiparæ Blachernianam a Pulcheria Augusta primum ædificatam scribunt -passim scriptores Byzantini. Hanc postmodum de novo instauravit -Justinus senior (V. Procopius de Ædifs., lib. i., c. iii.). Denique -solo tenus incensum fuisse sub Romano Diogene, restauratum postmodum, -novis ornamentis et nova ædificiorum accessione auxit mire Andronicus -senior.—Ducange, lib. iv., pp, 55, 56. (L.) - -[10] ‘Deuterum, Δεύτερον, locus et tractus urbis ita -appellatus occurrit sæpe apud scriptores Byzantinos qui in eo ædes -sacras Stæ. Annas, Sti. Georgii, St. Pauli et SS. Notariorum extitisse -narrant.—Procopius scribens haud procul a St. Annæ æde in Deutero aliam -ædificasse Justinianum Zoæ Martyri, ad ultimam urbis plateam.—Porro -Deuterum dictum fuisse, quod secundo milliari a vetere Byzantio -dissitum esset.’—Ducange, lib. ii., p. 133. (L.) - -[11] ‘Templum quod Αρχαγγέδον et τὰ Στείρου appellatum fuit, id nominis -sortitum eit, a Patricia quadam sterili, Leone M. Impr. Quum autem -esset parvum oratorium ampliorem ædem ibi excitavit Judinianus M. quam -terræ motu collapsam instauravit Basilius Macedo, qui insuper ablatam -ex Strategio Phialam æream illuc transposuit. Observat porro Maltratus -in margine Procopii περὶ τοῦ ναοῦ τοῦ αὐτομάτου ἐν τῷ Σενατορίῳ—unde -colligitur regionem in qua hæc ædes extructa fuit senatorii nomine -donatam.’—Ducange, lib. iv., p. 66. (S.) - -[12] ‘Assumptus ille in Hormisdas SS. Sergii et Bacchi Monasterio quod -Palatio adjacet.’—Ducange, lib. iv., p. 93. - -[13] ‘Juxta Hormisdæ palatium, ubi priusquam imperium adeptus esset -habitabat Justinianus. Hormisdæ monasterium nuncupatur. Quippe ad -Hormisdæ palatium, quod Imperator factus magno Palatio adjunxit, bina -excitavit templa, quæ a latere cohærebant, et vestibulorum porticus, -atria et propylea communia habebant. Cumque pari invicem decore ac -magnitudine essent, in hoc tamen differebant, quod hujus directa esset -longitudo, illius vero columnæ in semicirculum dispositæ essent fere -omnes, priorem ædem SS. Petro et SS. Paulo, alteram SS. Sergio et -Baccho dicavit.’—Ducange, lib. iv., p. 93. (L.) - -One of the most interesting buildings in Constantinople. It is rightly -called the Little Agia Sofia, as it was the first essay of Justinian, -before he became Emperor, in the style of which the Great Church was -to be the glory. I make no doubt that Anthemius of Tralles was the -architect, and the building has in it many of the peculiarities of the -Church Agia Sofia. It is further interesting as having furnished the -model for the Church of St. Vitale at Ravenna, some of the details in -the latter church being also copied from the Kutchuk Agia Sofia. This -church was dedicated to SS. Sergius and Bacchus.—Mr. Edwin Freshfield, -in _Athenæum_, August 15, 1885, p. 217. (L.) - -[14] νἁρθηξ = a reed. (S.) - -[15] ‘Sanctorum apostolorum templum, omnium quæ in urbe extiterunt, -post Sophianum celeberrimum et pulcherrimum extruxit Constantinus -Magnus, ut in eo Imperatores Christiani post obitum humarentur.’—V. -Eusebius, lib. iv., de Vita Consti., c. 58; Ducange, lib. iv., p. 71. - -Constantine erected it. The walls were covered with marble from -pavement to roof; the nave was ceiled, and the dome, as well as the -roof, was covered with plates of brass. Constantine caused his tomb to -be erected in the centre of the church. It was damaged by an earthquake -soon after its erection, but was repaired by Justinian.—Texier and -Pullan, p. 12. - -In 1038 A.D., the Church of the Apostles suffered terribly in an -earthquake, and was pulled down by Mohammed II.—Texier and Pullan, -‘Byzantine Architecture,’ fol. 1864, p. 161. (L.) - -[16] ‘S. Acacii qui martyrium passus est Byzantii sub Diocletiano, -ædem ædificavit in Heptascalo Constantinus Magnus. Ædis situm eundem -designant Menæa, ad 4 Junii. Ecclesiam S. Acacii conditam quidem a -Constantino Magno, sed illius nomen ædi primum imposuisse Justinianum. -Justinianus autem hanc a fundamentis instauravit, disjecta priore æde. -Denique cum rursum ruinam minaretur de novo instauratum est a Basilio -Macedone.’—Ducange, lib. iv., pp. 80, 81. (L.) - -[17] ‘S. Platonis ædes ab Anastasio Dicoro primum ædificata est, qui -in eam decem columnas sculptas ex Thessalonica intulit, quarum duæ -in Chalceno a Lacapeno postea translatæ sunt. De novo instauratam -a Justiniano. At cum postmodum illius tectum laboraret, novum -confecit, murosque quibus incumbebat, firmiores reddidit Basilius -Macedo.’—Ducange, lib. iv., p. 92. - -[18] ‘S. Mocii Martyris templum, a Constantino Magno ædificatum. -Codinus ait non de novo ædificatam fuisse a Constantino sed cum -fanum esset deorum, illud expurgasse, dejectes simulacris ac -idolis.’—Ducange, lib. iv., p. 89. - -[19] This church is on the same plan as that of Myra.—V. Fergusson, p. -966. (L.) - -[20] ‘S. Agathonici templum forma dromica ædificatum a Constantino -Magno. Deinde in Angustiorem formam excitatum a Justiniano. Patriarches -sedisse, coronatosque Imperatores quatuor, tandemque in Magno Palatio, -cui adjacebat, inclusum sub Tiberio Mauricii socero.’—Ducange, lib. -iv., p. 81. (L.) - -[21] Κέρας = horn. (S.) - -[22] Συκαί = fig-trees. (S.) - -[23] The very ancient church at Ratisbon, known as the ‘Alter Dom,’ -or ‘Stephan’s Kirchlein,’ is believed to have been originally built -without windows. (S.) - -[24] ‘St. Irene Martyris templum, ultra ædem S. Anthimi, ad ipsum Sinus -Ostium ædificavit Justinianus. Verum S. Irenes ædis Sycænæ, seu Sycis -proximæ, non fuit conditor Justinianus sed instaurator.’—Ducange, lib. -iv., p. 103. (L.) - -[25] Near the village of Kourou, Cheshmeh.—Murray’s ‘Guide to Turkey -and Asia Minor,’ etc., 1878, p. 106. (L.) - -[26] ‘S. Michaelis templum in Anaplo ædificavit Constantinus Magnus. -Cum vero Anaplus proprie dicatur littus Bospori Europæanum, ut alibi -indicatum, locum distinctius designat Cedrenus, ἐν τῷ Ἀναπλῳ καὶ -Σωσθενίῳ. Ædem S. Michaelis Sosthenianam de novo et a fundamentis -instauravit Justinianus Magnus ut et alteram quam in opposito -littore Asiatico ab eodem Constantino Magno ædificatam narrat -Nicephorus.’—Ducange, lib. iv., pp. 130, 131. (L.) - -[27] ‘Joannis Baptistæ in Hebdomo templum excitavit Theodosius Magnus -et in eo nuper inventum, et in urbem allatum caput sancti Præcursoris -reposuit rotundo tecto Theodosius Magnus condidit. A Justiniano -excitatam, seu potius instauratam prodit Procopius. Denique hanc rursum -instauravit Basilius Macedo. Ea in latere ad solis ortum pertinente -sita est, a Turcis maxima ex parte diruta, ubi aliquot columnæ marmoreæ -extremam rapinam metuentes supersunt, sed paucæ ex multis ablatis. -Quam, autem illa sumptuosa fuisset cum alia vestigia indicant, tum -cisterna Boni paulò supra eam sita, longa 300 passus, columnis et -concameratione spoliata, in qua nunc horti virent.’—Ducange, lib. iv., -pp. 68, 69. Cisternam Boni. Cameris cylindricis tectam, extruxit Bonus -Patricius et Magister cui Heraclius Imp., contra Persas profecturus, -urbis custodiam commisit.’—Ducange, lib. i., p. 80. (L.) - -[28] ‘Some ruins of this still remain near Fort Yousha, on the Asiatic -shore of the Bosphorus.’—Murray’s ‘Guide,’ p. 118. (L.) - -[29] ‘SS. Menæ et Menæi Martyrum ædem excitavit in Hebdomo -Justinianus.’—Ducange, lib. iv., p. 88. (S.) - -[30] ‘The finest marbles were taken from the Baths of Zeuxippus, and -used by Mahomet II. for building his Mosque, etc.’—V. Texier and -Pullan, p. 161. (L.) - -[31] ‘The dome of a spacious quadrangle was supported on massy pillars; -the pavement and walls encrusted with many coloured marbles—the -emerald green of Laconia, the fiery red, and the white Phrygian stone, -intersected with veins of a sea-green hue: the Mosaic paintings of -the dome and sides represented the glories of the African and Italian -triumphs.’—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.) - -[32] ‘On the Asiatic shore of the Propontis, at a small distance to -the east of Chalcedon, the costly palace and gardens of Heræum were -prepared for the summer residence of Justinian, and more especially of -Theodora.’—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.) - -[33] Now Diarbekr, on the Tigris, about twelve miles from Nisebin. - -[34] ‘Military architecture had a special character during the reign of -Justinian, and his successors departed but little from the principles -laid down by the engineers of his time. The walls were flanked with -towers, usually round. The most commanding part was occupied by a -square redoubt defended at the angles by towers. The gates were -protected by an advanced work. The fortifications of many towns in -Mesopotamia, _e.g_. Edessa, date from the time of Justinian, and are -constructed on the same principle.’—Abridged from Texier and Pullan, -pp. 23, 24. (L.) - -[35] ‘The fortifications of Dara were almost entirely rebuilt by the -Emperor Anastasius, A.D. 503. Hastily constructed, they fell into ruins -in a few years. Justinian rebuilt the town, A.D. 537. The line of its -ramparts, which were built of large blocks of limestone, can be traced -throughout, certain portions being still 30 feet high.’—Abridged from -Texier and Pullan, p. 53. (L.) - -[36] ‘The fortifications of Dara,’ says Gibbon, ‘may represent the -military architecture of the age. The city was surrounded by two walls, -and the interval between them, of fifty paces, afforded a retreat to -the cattle of the besieged. The inner wall was a monument of strength -and beauty: it measured sixty feet from the ground, and the height of -the towers was one hundred feet; the loopholes, from whence an enemy -might be annoyed with missile weapons, were small, but numerous; the -soldiers were placed along the rampart, under the shelter of double -galleries, and a third platform, spacious and secure, was raised on -the summit of the towers. The exterior wall seems to have been less -lofty, but more solid; and each tower was protected by a quadrangular -bulwark. A hard rocky soil resisted the tools of the miners, and on the -south-east, where the ground was more tractable, their approach was -retarded by a new work, which advanced in the shape of a half-moon. The -double and treble ditches were filled with a stream of water; and in -the management of the river, the most skilful labour was employed to -supply the inhabitants, to distress the besiegers, and to prevent the -mischiefs of a natural or artificial inundation.’—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.) -See Note, page 58. - -[37] ‘The Church of Dara is in a perfect state of preservation owing to -the extreme solidity of its construction—a parallelogram 97·6 by 68·3. -In the interior, the nave, with the adjoining chapels, forms a perfect -square. A building adjoining, supposed to have been the baptistry, is -ruined. Mr. Ainsworth says there are seven or eight churches in the -town.’—Texier and Pullan, p. 52. - -[38] Rabdium, near Jezireh-ibn-Omar. A fine old castle. ‘This appears -to be the Rabdium of the Byzantines. The remains of an ancient -bridge are seen crossing the Tigris at a short distance.’—Chesney’s -‘Euphrates.’ (L.) - -[39] Mejafarkîn, north-east of Diarbekr. (W.) - -[40] Founded by Theodosius II. V. ‘De Bello Persico,’ i. 10.—Gibbon. -(S.) Now probably Ras el ‘Ain on the Khabûr. (W.) - -[41] River Aborrhas. The Chaboras at the juncture of the Khabûr and the -Euphrates: the Chaboras of Ptolemy and Pliny and probably the Araxes of -Xenophon; now the Khabûr. (W.) - -[42] ‘Circesium, the last Roman station on the Euphrates.’—Gibbon, ch. -xl. (S.) Now Kirkisiah at the juncture of the Khabûr and the Euphrates. -(W.) - -[43] ‘La fortification byzantine se composait de plusieurs parties qui -correspondent du _vallum_, _agger_, et _mænium_ des fortifications -Romaines. C’est le τεῖχος, le mur ou la courtine, sur la face -de laquelle s’élèvent les tours; en avant de ce mur s’élève le mur du -parapet, première defense de la courtine, προτείχισμα. Ce mur -est espacé (du τεῖχος) de la courtine d’un quart environ de la -hauteur totale. L’espace compris entre ces deux murs est le péribole -(περίβολος), le chemin couvert. Ce mot est appliqué aussi -au chemin interieur de l’agger qui longe le fossé (τάφρος). -L’agger, qui se compose des terres du fossé, est soutenu par un mur, -quelquefois flanqué de tours, qui est le ἀντιτείχισμα, mur de -l’avant rempart. Les tours (πύργοι), sont appliquées a l’une -et l’autre murailles. La courtine est surmontée d’un parapet. C’est la -partie du remparts qui porte le nom de ἐπιτείχισμα, muraille -supérieure: sur cette muraille sont placés les creneaux, -ἐπάλζεις, qui sont quelquefois réunis par un mur dans la partie -supérieure, et forment des espèces de barbacanes, θυρίδαι, -pour lancer les traits. Le creneau etait quelquefois surmonté d’un -pyramidion, d’autres fois il etait fendu par un encoche pour appuyer le -trait. - -‘On ne saurait doubter que la ville d’Edesse n’eut été munie d’un -double rempart; car ces deux parties, προτείχισμα et περίβολος, -sont specialement mentionnées par Procope dans la relation du -siège d’Edesse. C’est la muraille extérieure, ἑκτὸς τεῖχος, qui -soutient l’agger, et par conséquent forme le chemin couvert, ὁ μέγας -περίβολος.’—Texier, ‘Monographe sur l’Edesse.’ (S.) It is now Urfa. (W.) - -[44] ‘The text (Procopius) is so conformable to the topography of the -town, that it would appear to have been written on the spot. - -‘We do not find, near the banks of the river, any vestige of the -hippodrome mentioned by Procopius in “De Bello Persico,” book i., ch. -xii. (L.) ‘A stranger is struck by the imposing aspect of the ancient -castle; the same which was constructed by Justinian. Its form is that -of a parallelogram, 400 by 200 yards, defended by several square and -two large semi-octagonal towers. The capitals of the two Corinthian -columns are surmounted by blocks of stone which show that they were -intended to have some further decoration—probably the statues of -Justinian and Theodora.—The diameter of each column is nearly two -yards.’—Texier and Pullan, pp. 181-184. - -‘In Smith’s “Dict. of Geog.,” it is stated that as late as 1184, there -were fifteen large churches, which fell into the hands of the Saracens. -It was deserted in 1285. - -[45] Carrhæ (now Harran), a few miles south of Edessa. - -[46] Callinicum, on the Euphrates, and marked on the map as ‘or -Nicephorium,’ at the junction with the river Bilecha (Bilek). (L.) - -[47] ‘On voit que l’historien Grec donne indistinctement à cette -place les noms de Βάτνη au singulier, et Βάτναι au pluriel ... La -table de Peutinger donne le nom Batna. Ce qui m’a surtout frappé dans -cette localité, ce sont les vastes carrières qui ont dû fournir à une -exploitation considerable. Une grande partie des materiaux qui ont -servi aux constructions d’Edesse en à sans doubte été tirée.’—‘Edesse -et ses Monuments,’ par Ch. Texier, Membre de l’Institut, Paris, 1859. -(S.) - -[48] ‘The ruins present the form of an acute triangle, having its base -resting on the river, whilst its sides climb the acclivity of a conical -hill, and terminate at its summit in a small Acropolis. It was defended -by walls flanked by strong towers, which, as well as the public and -private buildings, were all constructed of fine gypsum (which abounds -along the Euphrates), and are as sharp and fresh as if they had -recently been built.’—‘Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition,’ p. 247, -by F. R. Chesney, London, 1868. 8vo. (L.) - -[49] Suri (now Surieh), a few miles west of Callinicum. (W.) - -[50] Is this the same as Tetrapyrgia, where St. Sergius was buried? (W.) - -[51] Barbalissus (now Kala), at Balis, on the Euphrates. See Ant. -Mart., ‘Itin.,’ xlvii. (W.) - -[52] On the Euphrates, now probably Jerablûs, supposed by some to be -the site of Carchemish. (W.) - -[53] Hierapolis (Bambych), formerly the capital of Euphratesia, on -west of Euphrates, between Antioch and Edessa. ‘Has no records of its -ancient greatness but its walls, which may be traced all round; cannot -be less than three miles in compass ... with towers of large square -stone, extremely well built. A deep pit of about 100 yards diameter -seemed to have had great buildings all round it, with the pillars and -ruins of which it is now in part filled up, but not so much but that -there was still water in it. Here are a multitude of subterraneous -aqueducts brought to this city. You can ride nowhere about the city -without seeing them.’—Maundrell’s ‘Journey from Aleppo to Euphrates,’ -Bohn’s edition, 8vo., p. 507, 1848. (L.) - -Hierapolis (Bambij, or Membij). The whole place is now a mass of ruin, -but the outlines of a theatre and stadium can be traced. The lake is -now represented by a deep circular pool, said to be always full of -water. There are several springs in the ruins, and water was also -supplied by ‘Kariz,’ or underground channels. Formerly a centre of -great commercial importance; our word ‘bombazine’ comes from Bambya. -(W. MS. notes, 1881.) - -[54] Zeugma, on the right bank of the Euphrates, opposite Biredjik. (W.) - -[55] Antiochia, now Antâkieh, founded by Seleucus Nicator. Having been -nearly ruined by an earthquake it was almost rebuilt by Justinian, and -called by him Theodopolis. In A.D. 1163, it is described by Benjamin of -Tudela as a large city very strongly fortified, ‘overlooked by a very -high mountain; a wall surrounds this height, on the summit of which is -situated a well. The inspector of the well distributes the water by -subterranean aqueducts, and thus provides the houses of the principal -inhabitants of the city. The other side of the city is surrounded by -the river.’ A plan of the city is given under ‘Antioch’ in Smith’s -‘Dict. of Antiquities.’ - -‘The city (the modern Antakieh) covers but a small part of the ground -occupied by the ancient city, though it still contains fourteen mosques. - -‘The population in 1836 was under 6,000. - -‘The walls of the ancient city are comparatively perfect. - -‘From the Acropolis the wall has been carried down the almost vertical -face of the cliff, and after crossing the valley, is made to ascend the -opposite steep hill in a zigzag and extraordinary manner. - -‘At the steepest part of the hills these walls necessarily become a -succession of gigantic steps between the towers, which, at some places, -are close to one another.’—‘Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition,’ p. -189, by J. R. Chesney, London, 1868. (L.) - -[56] ‘Cyrus, dans la Syrie. Procope rapporte que celle ville fut -fondée par les Juifs. C’est la ville Cyrrhus de Ptolemée dont il fait -la capitale de la Cyrrhestique. Elle était à 2 journées d’Antioche. -Ou la nomine aussi Cyrrhus.’—‘Encyclopédie Méthodique,’ ‘Géographie -Ancienne,’ Paris, 1787. (L.) It is now Chorres, north-west of Aleppo. -(W.) - -[57] ‘Chalcis, between Beyrout and Damascus, where there are ruins of -the old city, surrounded by a prostrate wall. Two or three miserable -hovels are now the only representatives of a royal city.’—Porter’s -(Murray’s) ‘Syria and Palestine,’ 1875, p. 515. (L.) Is not the -Northern Chalcis (now Kinnesrin), south-west of Aleppo, intended? It is -mentioned in ‘Itin.,’ Ant., also in Ant. Mart., ‘Itin.’ (W.) - -[58] ‘Martyropolis, near the River Nymphæus. Tradition says that it -was founded towards the end of the fifth century by Bishop Maroutha, -who there collected the relics of all the martyrs which could be found -in Armenia, Persia and Syria. It was the capital of Roman Armenia, now -Miafarékyn.’ —Smith’s ‘Dict. of Geography.’ (L.) - -[59] Citharizon, now probably Pâlû on the Murad Chai. (W.) - -[60] Q.y. Autararizon. - -[61] ‘Sebastia (Sivas) regarded by Pliny as not belonging to Pontus, -but to Cappadocia. Its ancient name is unknown. Pompey increased it, -and called it Megalopolis. Its walls were restored by Justinian: -(Procopius). There are ruins of two castles of different epochs. One -appears to have belonged to the kings of Pontus, strengthened by Romans -and rebuilt by Mohammedans.’—Ainsworth’s ‘Journey’ in Chesney, p. 529. -(L.) - -[62] Nicopolis now Shabhin Kara Hissar. (W.) - -[63] Melitene now Malatia. (W.) - -[64] Trapezus now Trebizond. (W.) - -[65] Amasea (Amasia). ‘Hamilton found two Hellenic towers of beautiful -construction on the heights. But the greater part of the walls now -standing are Byzantine or Turkish. (See “Researches in Assyria,” vol. -ii., p. 16.) Hamilton explored a passage cut in the rock, about 300 -feet, to a small pool of clear cold water.’—Chesney, p. 535. The tombs -described by Strabo remain. They are supposed to have been built by -Mithridates. - -[66] Rhizeum now Rizeh, to the east of Trebizond. (W.) - -[67] This country was known to the Greeks and Romans as Colchis. - -[68] A town of the Lazi or Colchis, founded by a general of Justinian -to keep the Lazi in subjection. Taken by Chosroes, 541; retaken, 551, -by Romans and destroyed. See Procopius, B. Per. and Bel. Got., and -Gibbon. Its ruins are now called Oudjenar. (L.) - -‘The sole vestige of Petra subsists in the writings of Procopius and -Agathias.’—Gibbon, ch. xiii. (S.) - -[69] Sea of Azof. (W.) - -[70] Formerly Dioscurias, on eastern shore of Black Sea. (W.) - -[71] Now Anchialo in Eastern Roumelia. (W.) - -[72] ‘Under the name of Justiniana Prima, the obscure village of -Tauresium became the seat of an archbishop and a præfect, whose -jurisdiction extended over seven warlike provinces of Illyricum; and -the corrupt appellation of _Giustendil_ still indicates, about twenty -miles south of Sophia, the residence of a Turkish sanjak.’—Gibbon, ch. -xl. (S.) - -[73] ‘From the edge of the seashore, through the forests and valleys, -and as far as the summit of the Thessalian Mountains, a strong wall was -continued, which occupied every practical entrance. Instead of a hasty -crowd of peasants, a garrison of 2,000 soldiers was stationed along the -rampart; granaries of corn and reservoirs of water were provided for -their use; and by a precaution that inspired the cowardice which it -foresaw, convenient fortresses were erected for their retreat.’—Gibbon, -ch. xl. (S.) - -[74] ‘Six hundred of these forts were built or repaired by the Emperor; -but it seems reasonable to believe, that the far greater part of them -consisted only of a brick or stone tower, in the midst of a square or -circular area, which was surrounded by a wall and ditch, and afforded -in a moment of danger some protection to the peasants and cattle of its -neighbouring villages.’—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.) - -[75] Singidonum, now Belgrade. (W.) - -[76] ‘Strabo speaks of the “Iron Gate” as the place where the Danube -ends and the Ister begins. Trajan’s bridge, of twenty or twenty-two -stone piers with wooden arches, was built, A.D. 103, just below the -rapids of the “Iron Gate,” which grind to powder the ice-blocks of -winter, and save the piers from the shock which might otherwise destroy -them.’—Murray’s ‘Handbook of Southern Germany.’ (S.) - -[77] Procopius here confounds the Mœsians of Europe with the Mysians of -Asia Minor. The passage alluded to is in Homer’s ‘Iliad,’ ii. 604. (S.) - -[78] Mœsia. - -[79] ‘The “long wall,” as it was emphatically styled, was a work as -disgraceful in the object, as it was respectable in the execution.... -At the distance of only forty miles from the capital, Anastasius was -constrained to establish a last frontier; his long wall of sixty miles, -from the Propontis to the Euxine, proclaimed the impotence of his arms; -and as the danger became more imminent, new fortifications were added -by the indefatigable prudence of Justinian.’—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.) - -[80] Selybria, now Silibri, on Sea of Marmora. (W.) - -[81] Heraclea, now Eregli, on Sea of Marmora. (W.) - -[82] Rhædestus, now Rodosto, on Sea of Marmora. (W.) - -[83] Elæus, near the south-east extremity of the Gallipoli promontory, -opposite the plain of Troy. (W.) - -[84] Callipolis, now Gallipoli. The wall was about on the line of the -Gallipoli lines so well known during the Crimean War. (W.) - -[85] ‘In an age of freedom and valour, the slightest rampart may -prevent a surprise; and Procopius appears insensible of the superiority -of ancient times, while he praises the solid construction and double -parapet of a wall, whose long arms stretched on either side into -the sea; but whose strength was deemed insufficient to guard the -Chersonesus, if each city, and particularly Gallipoli and Sestus, had -not been secured by their peculiar fortifications.’—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.) - -[86] Ænus, now Enos, at the mouth of the Maritza. (W.) - -[87] ‘Considerable remains of a church were found on the hill at -Ayasalouk. This was perhaps St. John’s Church, and was in existence -when the Council was held in 431. The Greeks have built for themselves -a small church over the site of an ancient Greek church, which was -possibly the Church of St. John, as that was known to have been -built on a hill.’—‘Ephesus,’ by J. T. Wood, and Society of Biblical -Archæology (London, 1878), p. 332 and ‘Discoveries,’ p. 164. - -‘St. John’s, at Ephesus, has been destroyed to its foundation. It was -in the form of a cross, with a dome at the intersection.’—Texier and -Pullan, p. 22. (L.) - -[88] Leake, ‘Tour in Asia Minor,’ p. 10. - -[89] See Leake’s ‘Tour in Asia Minor,’ p. 10. - -[90] See Leake’s ‘Tour in Asia Minor,’ pp. 8, 10. (S.) - -At the south end of the lake (Arcania), beautifully situated, stood the -ruined towers of the famous Nicæa. Seldom have I had a harder day’s -work than in attempting to see and comprehend this ruin of ruins. - -‘The grandeur and peculiar beauty of the arts amongst the earlier -Greeks cannot be concealed even in the broken materials. - -‘Some parts of the walls are entirely Roman; in others the Cross, -etc., give the date of the earlier Christians. On three of the towers -in the walls of the city are three similar inscriptions. The sign of -the Cross is prefixed to all three: “The Tower of Michael, the Great -King, Emperor in CHRIST.”’—‘Travels in Asia Minor,’ by Sir C. Fellows -(London, 1852), pp. 83, 85. - -‘A very small church still stands within the present town, which, from -its mosaic floor and ceiling, may probably be of the date of St. Mark’s -at Venice, or rather of the Byzantine age. - -‘Without the walls is a Roman aqueduct, which still supplies the town -with water from the neighbouring mountain.’—Ibid., p. 87. (L.) - -[91] Nicomedia, now Ismid. (W.) - -[92] Sangaris, now Sakarieh River. The bridge is now some distance from -the river, which has changed its course. (W.) - -[93] Leake’s ‘Tour in Asia Minor,’ pp. 79, 80. (S.) - -[94] Leake’s, ‘Tour in Asia Minor,’ pp. 180, 217. (S.) - -[95] Leake, p. 215. (S.) - -[96] Ibid., p. 214. - -[97] ‘The Virgin of Jerusalem might exult in the temple erected by -her imperial votary on a most ungrateful spot, which afforded neither -ground nor materials to the architect,’ etc., etc.—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.) - -[98] See Appendix II. - -[99] The church is octagonal. On the east side is an apse; on the -north the main entrance. On five sides there are small chapels, and on -the eighth probably a sixth. There is an inner octagon, which gives -the place some resemblance to that of the Dome of the Rock. The only -capital uncovered was of a debased Corinthian order. The church is -believed to have been built by Justinian _circa_ 533. - -Plans by Sir C. W. Wilson are given in the _Quarterly Statement_ of the -Palestine Exploration Fund, 1873, p. 68. - -The church is 70·0 inside east and west (inscribed circle of internal -octagon). East apse, 15·0 diameter; side chapels, 27·0 long inside, -with apses 9·0 diameter. - -Said by Procopius to have been erected by the Emperor Zeno, not -earlier than 474, to the Blessed Virgin. He says also that Justinian, -after 529, built the external wall (9·0 thick) of the court, forming -a fortress 180 by 230, with chambers built against the wall inside. -One is 11·9 by 14·4 internally (_vide_ Plan).—‘Palestine Exploration -Memoirs,’ vol. ii., p. 189, 190. (L.) - -[100] ‘The Vale of Palms by the shore of the Red Sea,’ Gibbon, ch. -xlii.; Stanley, ‘Sinai and Palestine,’ ed. 12, pp. 20, 85, 519. (S.) - -[101] Full plans, details and descriptions of the fort and church built -by Justinian at the foot of J. Mûsa are given in the Ordnance Survey of -Sinai. (W.) - -[102] Tell es Sultân and Tellûl Abu el ‘Aleik (Roman). Many traces -of ruins. The buildings do not appear to have been large or of fine -masonry. A pillar-shaft nine inches in diameter, of marble, and -fragments of cornices were found; also a capital of the rude Ionic -style common in Byzantine buildings, cut in limestone and much -weathered. - -East and south-east there are extensive ruins on the way to -Erîha—mounds, small foundations, and portions of an aqueduct. They do -not appear to be of any great antiquity. - -Jericho was inhabited in the fourth and fifth centuries, to which date -the buildings near the Tell are most probably to be ascribed.—See -‘Memoirs, Survey of Western Palestine,’ vol. iii., pp. 173, 223. (L.) - -[103] Well of St. Elisæus. May this be Elisha’s spring at ‘Ain es -Sultan? (W.) - -[104] The church is interesting as being the only basilica of -Constantine left standing in Palestine. - -The atrium is destroyed, but the basilica, consisting of a nave and -four aisles, is almost intact, the original columns and the clerestory -walls, with fragments of glass mosaic (of twelfth century), remaining. -The basilica measures 87 feet east and west by 75 feet north and south. - -At the east end is a transept with north and south apses and an east -apse of equal size. The floor of the transept is raised for a width -equal to that of the basilica nave (35 feet). The basilica is separated -by a wall, erected by the Greeks in 1842, from the transept.—‘Palestine -Exploration Memoirs,’ vol. iii., pp. 83-85. - -Notwithstanding the slight notice of this city taken by Procopius, the -part taken by Justinian in its adornment is otherwise spoken of in a -very striking manner, and its celebrated basilica, usually stated, -as above, to have been the work of Constantine, has been assigned in -part to Justinian. The eastern part is almost certainly later than -Constantine. - -‘The choir, with its three apses, does not seem to be part of the -original arrangement, but to have been added by Justinian when he -renovated—Eutychius says rebuilt—the church.’—Fergusson’s ‘History’ -(1867), vol. ii., p. 290. - -Eutychius’ account is thus: - -‘Jussit etiam Imperator legatum Ecclesiam Bethleemiticam quæ parva fuit -diruere, aliamq, amplam, magnam et pulchram fabricare, adeo ut non -esset Hierosolymis templum ipsâ pulchrius. - -‘Perveniens ergo Legatus Hierosolyma, Nosocomium peregrinis condidit, -et Ecclesiam Elenæ perfecit, templaque quæ incenderant Samaritani -instauravit, nec non Monasteria quam plurima extruxit, dirutâque -Ecclesiâ Bethleemiticâ eaudem eo quo jam se habet modo ædificavit. - -‘Cumque his omnibus absolutis ad Imperatorem reversus esset, ille, -describe mihi (inquit) quomodo Ecclesiam Bethleemiticam extruxisti. -Quam cum ipsi descripsisset, haud probavit Imperator descriptionem -estam nec ullatinus ipsi placuit, quaré valde ipsi iratus. Acceptos -(inquit) nummos tibi ipsi congessisti, ædificium autem extruxisti -male compactum et Ecclesiam tenebrosam confecisti nullatenus ex mente -mea fabricatam, nec consilium meum secutus es. Capiteque ipsum plecti -jussit.’ - -Eutychius adds after Omar’s conquest: - -‘Deinde Bethleem ad eam visendam prefectus cum adesset orationis tempus -intra Ecclesiam oravit ad arcum Australem. - -‘Erat autem arcus totus opere tessellate variegatus. Scripsitque Omar -Patriarchæ syngrapham;—neque mutaretur in eo quiequam.’—Eutychius, -‘Pocock’s Translation’ (Oxford, 1658), vol. ii., pp. 159, 288. - -[105] The splendid cistern of St. John on Jordan, mentioned by -Procopius as the work of Justinian, is still visible in an almost -perfect condition. It is 30 feet deep, supported on rows of -piers.—‘Memoirs,’ vol. iii., p. 177. - -[106] Tŭbariya (Tiberias). ‘There are the remains of a sea-wall, -and of some portions of a city-wall 12·0 thick; many traces of old -buildings—at one place foundations which appear to belong to a church. - -‘Epiphanius, in the fourth century, says that it had long been -inhabited, exclusively by Jews. The Sanhedrim came to Tiberias in the -middle of the second century. Thence it became the central point of -Jewish learning for several centuries. (L.) - -‘Justinian rebuilt the walls. These were thrown down by an earthquake -in 1837.’—‘Palestine Exploration Memoirs,’ vol. i., p. 419. - -‘The ruins of the ancient town of Tiberias. A great number of fine -granite columns are lying about; also remains of the sea-wall, with -towers. Behind the ruins the cliffs rise steeply, with traces of -fortifications upon them.’—Palestine Exploration _Quarterly Statement_, -1877, p. 121. - -[107] ‘Le Khan dit de Nebi-Younés a été depuis longtemps identifié avec -Porphyreon. - -‘Les dunes paraissent cacher des constructions antiques. - -‘Quand je passai à Neby-Younés on venait d’ouvrir une de ces dunes, -pour en tirer des pierres de construction. On voyait éventrées de -jolies chambres, peintes présentant des animaux, des paons affrontés, -sous de petits arceaux peints très ornés rappelant la disposition des -canons qu’on trouve en tête des beaux évangeliaires Byzantins. - -‘Il est évident qu’il y eut vers cet endroit une ville assez -importante dont la floraison paraît avoir eu lieu surtout à l’époque -Chrétienne.’—‘Mission de Phénicie dirigée,’ par M. Ernest Renan (Paris, -Imprimerie Impériale, 1854), p. 510. - -Khaifa, a small town at the foot of Mount Carmel. ‘Some have held -Khaifa to be Sycaminos, and others Porphyreon. There seems to be -some grounds for its identity with Sycaminos, but none for its being -Porphyreon, nor Gath Hefer (Josh. xix. 13), as Benjamin of Tudela has -tried to prove.’—‘Journey in Syria and Palestine in 1851-2,’ by C. W. -M. Van de Velde (8vo., 1854), vol. i., p. 289. - -‘All that is left of the ancient town of Porphyreon is a single granite -column, with a sarcophagus. A Phœnician site has been replaced by a -few tamarisks beside a Moslem well.’—Palestine Exploration _Quarterly -Statement_, 1874, p. 199. - -‘The Crusaders called Haifa (at the foot of Carmel) Porphyreon. The -real town of this name, which was derived from the purple of the Murex -there caught, was eight Roman miles from Sidon towards the north, and -just south of the river Tamyras (Nahr Damûr).’—Palestine Exploration -_Quarterly Statement_, 1876, p. 188. - -[108] Acre (Ptolemais). ‘There are many fragments of Crusading masonry -in the town. A small chapel near the sea, of this nature, has been -identified with the Church of St. Andrew. There are also remains -of the Hospital of the Knights of St. John and Church of St. John. -Apian (given p. 163 of the ‘Memoirs’) dated 1291 contains notes of -many churches and monasteries, but nothing referring to St. Sergius’ -house.’—‘Palestine Exploration Memoirs,’ vol. i., pp. 160-167. - -[109] ‘A large city of Syria, on the Orontes, called Pella by Seleucus -Nicator, who fortified and enlarged it. In the Crusading times it bore -the name of Tamieh—now Kŭlat el Medîk. There are large remains of -ancient ruins.’—Smith’s ‘Dictionary of Geography.’ (L.) - -[110] This is the celebrated Daphne (now Beit El Ma), near Antioch -(Theopolia). (W.) - -[111] ‘Dr. Robinson identifies the site of Tell Neby Mendeh with the -Laodicea of Lebanon (also called Laodicea Cabiosa, Καβιώσα), -mentioned by Ptolemy and Polybius—one of six towns founded _circa_ -300 B.C. by Seleucus Nicator, in honour of his mother Laodice. It was -eighteen M. P. from Emesa (Homs) on the road to Heliopolis (Baalbeck). -(W.) - -‘It is a great mound. - -‘The principal ruins are on the flat ground east of the mill—the -foundations of a building called El Kamû’a, about 50 by 50 feet, -with remains of a doorway in the south-east corner. Some broken -pillar-shafts lie near, and the walls appear to have been ornamented -with pilasters in low relief. The details appear to belong to a late -period of classic art. - -‘These probably are the remains of the Laodicea of later times. This -city was the see of a bishop.’—Palestine Exploration _Quarterly -Statement_, 1881, pp. 162, 167. (L.) - -[112] Isauria. A district in Asia Minor to the south of Iconium. (W.) - -[113] Now probably Karioon, about 15 miles from Alexandria. (L.) - -[114] ‘Discoveries at Cyrene,’ by Capt. R. M. Smith, R.E., and -Commander E. A. Porcher, R.N. (fol., London, 1864). At page 6 a map of -the coast is given, and also a plan, to a small scale, of Ptolemeta, -Apollonia, Teuchira and Ben Ghazi (Berenice). The five cities -(Pentapolis) of Cyrenaica were Apollonia, Barca, Berenice or Hesperis, -Cyrene and Teuchira. - -[115] ‘A town in the Libyan Nome, west of the Delta, and about 25 miles -from Alexandria. There were probably several places of this name in -Egypt, but this appears to have been the most considerable, inasmuch as -it was the place where the prefect of Alexandria held the periodical -census of the Libyan Nome.’—Smith’s ‘Dictionary of Geography,’ 1857. -(L.) - -[116] ‘Tocra, the ancient Teuchria, afterwards called Arsinöe, which, -although totally deserted, is still completely enclosed, except on -the sea or north side, by walls of uncommon solidity and thickness, -strengthened at intervals by quadrangular towers, twenty-six in number, -and is entered by two strong-built gateways.... The walls were repaired -by Justinian, in doing which blocks of stone and marble have been -introduced, many bearing Greek inscriptions, which evidently formed -part of much older buildings.’—Eng. Cycl., _s.v._ ‘Cyrene.’ (S.) - -A plan of the remains of Taucra or Teuchira is given in Capt. Beechey’s -‘North Coast of Africa,’ p. 388 (4to., 1828). He states, p. 353, that -the walls repaired under the Emperor Justinian still remain in a state -of perfection which sufficiently proves the solidity of the work. A -long account of the city and its walls is given at p. 375, etc. Also -in Smith and Porcher’s ‘Discoveries at Cyrene’ (1864), p. 64, where -Justinian’s walls are particularly mentioned. - -[117] ‘Scarcely a vestige of the wall remains.’—Eng. Cycl. _s.v._ -‘Bengazi.’ - -[118] Berenice, about 40 miles to south-west of Barca. Here the -ancients placed the gardens of the Hesperides—now Ben Ghazi. (Beechey, -p. 314.) Bengazi may be considered as occupying the site of the -Berenice of the Ptolemies and of the Hesperis of earlier times; but -very few remains now appear above ground to interest the sculptor, the -architect or the antiquary.—J. Pennell’s ‘Herodotus’ (4to., London, -1800), p. 154. - -Of the ancient city very few remains are now visible. ‘At the back of -the castle, some foundations may be seen cropping out, but the tomb -of a saint prevents any excavations being made.’—Smith and Porcher’s -‘Discoveries at Cyrene’ (1864), p. 13. - -‘Bengazi, the ancient Berenice, built by Ptolemy Philadelphus. - -Nothing now remains but its port, which is certainly the best on the -coast of Tripoli.’ ‘On the north there are still to be seen, beyond -seamark, the foundations of several large buildings, of stones 8 or -10 feet long and 3 broad, which, by their own weight and being bound -by strong cement, have preserved their places.’—Lieut.-Col. Playfair, -‘Travels in the Footsteps of Bruce’ (4to., London, 1877.) - -[119] Ptolemaïs (Ptolemeta), now Dolmeita. V. Beechey, p. 376. He -gives, at p. 338, etc., a plan of the city and environs, and also -drawings of some of the ruins. The city was something less than a -mile in length from north to south, and its breadth from east to west -something more than three-quarters. Captain Beechey describes the -remains of the walls to the city and harbour, of two theatres, an -amphitheatre, and various buildings of more than ordinary consequence. -‘Some of the shafts of small columns are spiral and formed of coloured -marbles, and may probably be attributed to the time of Justinian, when -the city revived under his politic munificence.’ - -Lieut.-Col. Playfair, ‘Footsteps of Bruce’ (1877), pp. 288, 289, gives -a good account also. - -Smith and Porcher, pp. 64, 66, give drawings of ruins. ‘At a point -nearly opposite the centre of the east wall, the ravine is spanned by -the arch of a bridge still standing, which appears to have been built -for an aqueduct which we could trace distinctly for some distance -from the city. Within the walls the aqueduct led in the direction of -enormous reservoirs near the centre of the city.’ Messrs. Smith and -Porcher describe them as consisting of six chambers, each chamber too -feet long and 20 broad, arched over. The repairs to the aqueduct and -cisterns are ascribed by Procopius to Justinian. (L.) - -[120] ‘Several of the buildings are partly standing, such as a lofty -gateway, an amphitheatre, two theatres, a palace or large building, the -inner court of which still retains its tesselated pavement.’—Eng. Cycl. -_s.v._ ‘Cyrene.’ (S.) - -[121] ‘The exact position of this S. Borium it is difficult to -determine.’—Smith’s ‘Dictionary of Geography.’ - -[122] Augila (now Aujilah). ‘Its historical importance is considerable, -and it is one of those few places whose name has not undergone change -since Herodotus wrote.’—Rennell’s ‘Herodotus,’ pp. 568-613 (4to., -1800). (L.) - -[123] Leptis Magna. ‘The city appears to have been comprehended within -little more than a square half-mile of ground. The actual remains are -still sufficient to be somewhat imposing; but they are for the most -part so deeply buried under the sand which ten centuries of neglect -have allowed to accumulate over them, that plans of them could not be -obtained without very extensive excavations. The style of the buildings -is universally Roman.’ The walls and fortifications, probably restored -by Justinian, were finally demolished by the Saracens. From that time -the city appears to have been wholly abandoned and its remains employed -in the construction of Modern Tripoli.—‘North Coast of Africa,’ by -Beechey (4to., London, 1828), pp. 52, 54. - -Lieut.-Col. Playfair, p. 283, describes the remains thus: ‘Libidah, the -ancient town of Leptis Magna, three days’ journey from Tripoli where -there are a great extent of ruins, but all in bad taste—chiefly done in -the lime of Aurelian—indeed very bad. It is said that in the time of -Louis XIV. seven monstrous columns of granite or marble were carried -from this place into France.’ Bruce also states that he saw several -statues of good taste which had been deprived of their heads. (L.) - -[124] Tacape. ‘Gabes: this was the Epichus of Sylax and the Tacape of -other ancient geographers; where we have a heap of ruins with some -beautiful granite pillars still standing. These are all square and -about 12 feet long, and such as I have not met with in any other part -of Africa.’—Shaw’s ‘Travels in Barbary,’ p. 113. (L.) - -[125] Carthage. Shaw, p. 81, etc., of his ‘Travels in Barbary,’ -describes the remains of Carthage existing in his time (_circa_ 1750), -in particular the great cistern (of which he gives a plan at p. 75), -‘which had very little suffered,’ and ‘the famous aqueduct, a great -part whereof is still standing:’—‘We see—a long range of its arches, -all of them intact, 70 feet high, supported by columns 16 feet -square ... the channel being high and broad enough for an ordinary -person to walk in.’ - -Bruce says, ‘We passed ancient Carthage, of which little remains but -the cisterns, the aqueduct, and a magnificent flight of steps leading -up to the Temple of Esculapius.’ He gives (p. 130) a drawing of the -aqueduct, which Col. Playfair describes ‘as one of the greatest works -the Romans ever executed in North Africa.’ ‘It was destroyed by the -Vandals, restored by Belisarius, the general of Justinian. On the -expulsion of the Byzantines it was once more cut off, restored by the -Arabs, again destroyed by the Spaniards, and finally restored by the -present Bey, Sidi Saduk, at a cost of 13,000,000 francs.’—Lieut.-Col. -Playfair in ‘Footsteps of Bruce,’ p. 128. - -[126] Baga. ‘The city of Beja or Bay-jah, which by the name and -situation should be the Vacca of Sallust, the Oppidum Vagense of Pliny, -the ΒΑΓΑ of Plutarch, and the Vaccensium ordo Splendissimus, -as the title runs in an imperfect inscription.’ ‘Bay-jah keeps up the -character that Sallust gives his Vacca of being a town of great trade.’ -‘The walls are raised out of the ancient materials.’—Shaw’s ‘Travels in -Barbary,’ p. 92. - -‘The ancient city was surrounded by a wall, flanked by square towers—no -doubt this was originally constructed by the Byzantines—but were -allowed by the Arabs to fall into decay. The only part in a relative -state of preservation is the Kasba, a great part of which seems to me -the original construction of Belisarius or Solomon.’ It contains ‘a -large and lofty hall, about 15 paces long and 10 wide, with a vaulted -roof supported on two square pillars.’—Lieut.-Col. Playfair, p. 234. -(L.) - -[127] Adrumetus. ‘Herkla—the Heraclea of the lower empire, the -Justiniana of the middle, and the Adrumetum of the earlier ages.‘ ‘It -appears to have been little more than a mile in circuit.’ ‘That part of -the promontory which formed the port seems to have been walled in quite -down to the seashore; but the rest of it, to a distance of a furlong -from thence, does not discover the least traces of ruins.’—Shaw’s -‘Travels in Barbary,’ pp. 105, 106. (L.) - -[128] Ca-poudia, the Caput Veda of Procopius, the Ammonis Promontorium -of Strabo, and the Promontorium Brachodes of Ptolemy—a low narrow strip -of land which stretches itself a great way into the sea. Upon the very -point of it we have the ruins of the city that was built there by -Justinian, where there is likewise a high round watch-tower.’—Shaw’s -‘Travels in Barbary,’ p. 111. (L.) - -[129] ‘Of the Vandals chosen by Belisarius, the far greater part, in -the honours of the Eastern service, forgot their country and religion. -But a generous band of four hundred obliged the mariners, when they -were within sight of the Isle of Lesbos, to alter their course: they -touched at Peloponnesus, ran ashore on a desert coast of Africa, and -boldly erected on mount Aurasius the standard of independence and -revolt.’—Gibbon, ch. xliii. (S.) - -Aurasius. The Auris Mountains. The inhabitants still retain some marked -peculiarities which distinguish them from the surrounding people. 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