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diff --git a/old/65390-0.txt b/old/65390-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 83dfcd1..0000000 --- a/old/65390-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6897 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Three Choirs: A Handbook to the -Cathedrals of Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester, by Richard King - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Three Choirs: A Handbook to the Cathedrals of Gloucester, - Hereford, and Worcester - A Complete Description of the Buildings, a History of Each - Diocese and Biographical Notices of the Bishops - -Author: Richard King - -Release Date: May 20, 2021 [eBook #65390] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Juliet Sutherland, Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE THREE CHOIRS: A HANDBOOK TO -THE CATHEDRALS OF GLOUCESTER, HEREFORD, AND WORCESTER *** - - - - - _THE THREE CHOIRS._ - - A Handbook to the Cathedrals - - OF - - GLOUCESTER, HEREFORD, - - AND - - WORCESTER: - - A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDINGS, A HISTORY OF EACH DIOCESE, - AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE BISHOPS. - - BY RICHARD I. KING, B.A., - EXETER COLLEGE, OXFORD. - - WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. - - - LONDON: - JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. - 1866. - - - _Uniform with the Present Volume._ - - A HANDBOOK FOR TRAVELLERS - - THROUGH THE COUNTIES - - OF - - GLOUCESTER, HEREFORD, AND WORCESTER. - - One Volume. Post 8vo. - - - LONDON: PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, - AND CHARING CROSS. - - - - - CONTENTS. - - - GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL. With 16 Illustrations. - - HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. With 15 Illustrations. - - WORCESTER CATHEDRAL. With 7 Illustrations. - - - ⁂ _Each Cathedral may be obtained, separately, in a Wrapper, Price - Half-a-Crown._ - -[Illustration: GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL. - -GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST. - -FRONTISPIECE. -] - - - - - A HANDBOOK - - TO - - GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL. - - - WITH 16 ILLUSTRATIONS. - - - LONDON: - JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. - - 1865. - - - - -CONTENTS - - -PART I. - -HISTORY AND DETAILS - - PAGE - -HISTORY AND DATES 3 - -RESTORATIONS 5 - -THE NORMAN CHURCH 6 - -GENERAL VIEW 7 - -SOUTH PORCH 9 - -NAVE 9 - -NAVE-VAULTING 12 - -WESTERN BAYS 13 - -NORTH NAVE-AISLE 15 - -SOUTH NAVE-AISLE 17 - -SOUTH TRANSEPT 20 - -NORTH TRANSEPT 24 - -RELIQUARY 24 - -CHOIR--PRESBYTERY 27 - -CHOIR-VAULTING 28 - -STALLS 29 - -EAST WINDOW 30 - -MONUMENTS 33 - -MONUMENT OF EDWARD II. 34 - -NORTH CHOIR-AISLE 36 - -EFFIGY OF ROBERT OF NORMANDY 37 - -LADY CHAPEL 38 - -SOUTH CHOIR-AISLE 41 - -TRIFORIUM 42 - -WHISPERING GALLERY 43 - -CRYPT 44 - -CLOISTERS 46 - -CHAPTER-HOUSE AND LIBRARY 48 - -EXTERIOR 49 - -TOWER 50 - -PART II. - -HISTORY OF THE SEE, WITH SHORT NOTICES OF -THE PRINCIPAL BISHOPS. - - PAGE - -CONVERSION OF THE BRITISH KING LUCIUS 52 - -FOUNDATION AND RESTORATION OF THE MONASTERY 53 - -PARLIAMENTS HELD IN THE ABBEY 53 - -LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ABBOTS 53 - -JOHN WAKEMAN, FIRST BISHOP--JOHN HOOPER, MARTYR 54 - -BROOKS--CHEYNEY 55 - -BULLINGHAM--GOLDSBROUGH--RAVIS-PARRY--THOMPSON--SMITH--GOODMAN 56 - -NICOLSON--PRITCHETT--FRAMPTON--FOWLER--WILLIS--WILCOX--SYDALL 57 - -BENSON--JOHNSON--WARBURTON 58 - -YORKE--HALIFAX--BEADON--HUNTINGFORD--RYDER--BETHEL 59 - -MONK--BARING--THOMSON--ELLICOTT 60 - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. - - -GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL, FROM THE SOUTH-EAST _Frontispiece._ - -PLAN OF CATHEDRAL _to face_ 3 - -THE NAVE ” 9 - -THE “PRENTICE’S” BRACKET ” 22 - -CONFESSIONAL IN THE SOUTH TRANSEPT ” 23 - -THE RELIQUARY ” 24 - -THE CHOIR ” 27 - -MISERERES IN THE CHOIR ” 29 - -MONUMENT OF EDWARD II. ” 34 - -TOMB OF ROBERT, DUKE OF NORMANDY ” 37 - -PLANS OF TRIFORIUM AND CRYPT ” 42 - -CHAPEL, TRIFORIUM ” 44 - -CRYPT ” 45 - -THE CLOISTERS--THE “CAROLS” IN THE SOUTH WALK _to face_ 46 - -THE LAVATORY IN THE CLOISTERS ” 47 - -THE CHAPTER-HOUSE--THE NORMAN PORTION ” 48 - -[Illustration: PLAN OF GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL. - -Scale of 100 ft. to I in. - - -REFERENCES. - -A _South Porch._ -B B B _Nave and Aisles._ -C _Organ-screen._ -D _Choir._ -E _Presbytery._ -F _South Transept._ -G _Chapel used as Vestry._ -H H H _Choir-aisles._ -K K _Apsidal Chapels._ -L _Lady-Chapel._ -M _North Transept._ -N _Chapel._ -O O O O _Cloisters._ -P _Chapter-house._ -Q _Abbot’s or Lesser Cloister._ -R _Slype, or Passage to Cloister._ - -1 _Abbot Seabroke’s Chantry._ -2 _Brydges’ Effigy._ -3 _Monument of Ald. Blackleach._ -4 _Entrance to Crypt._ -5 _Effigy of Abbot Foliot._ -6 _Sedilia._ -7 _Effigy of Osric._ -8 _Monument of Edward II._ -9 _Abbot Parker’s Chantry._ -10 _Effigy of Robert Courtehose._ -11 _Reliquary._ -12 _Stone Lectern._ -13, 14 _Chantries of Abbots Hanley and Farley._ -15 _Abbot’s Door to Cloisters._ -16 _Monks’ Door._ -17 _Lavatory._ -18 _Recess for Towels._ -] - - - - -GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL. - - - - -PART I. - -History and Details. - - -I. Until the year 1539, Gloucester Cathedral was the church of a mitred -Benedictine abbey, which ranked among the wealthiest and most important -in England. In 1539 the abbey was surrendered; and in 1541 its church -became the cathedral of the newly established bishopric of Gloucester. - -The single authority for the architectural history of Gloucester -Cathedral is Abbot FROUCESTER’S (1381-1412) Chronicle of the abbey, -including lives of the twenty abbots after the Conquest. Of this -Chronicle transcripts exist in the Chapter Library at Gloucester; in the -Library of Queen’s College, Oxford; and in the British Museum. The -original MS., which was preserved at Gloucester, disappeared -mysteriously from the Chapter Library during the present century. An -ancient copy, however,--if it be not the original Gloucester MS.,--was -recently discovered in a vault under the Rolls Chapel; and is about to -be published in the series of Chronicles edited under the direction of -the Master of the Rolls[1]. - -A nunnery was founded at Gloucester in the year 681, by Osric, a -“minister” or “sub-regulus” of Ethelred, King of Mercia. Three abbesses -ruled it successively until 767, after which the convent was dispersed. -Beornulph of Mercia refounded it, about 821, for secular priests,--who, -in 1022, were replaced by Benedictine monks. The Saxon Chronicle (A.D. -1058) records the “hallowing” of the monastery by Ealdred, Bishop of -Worcester. In 1088 this building was destroyed by fire, and a new church -was commenced by Abbot Serlo, which was completed and dedicated in -1100[2]. Two years afterwards this church suffered much from fire; and -still more in 1122, when the Saxon Chronicle asserts that “in Lent-tide -... the town of Gloucester was burnt while the monks were singing their -mass, and the deacon had begun the gospel ‘Præteriens Jesus.’ Then came -the fire on the upper part of the steeple, and burned all the monastery, -and all the treasures that were there within, except a few books and -three mass-robes.” This injury, according to Froucester’s Chronicle, was -repaired by the offerings of the faithful; but the abbey suffered again -from fire in 1179 and 1190. The church was re-dedicated to St. Peter, -in 1239, by Walter de Cantilupe, Bishop of Worcester. In 1242 the nave -roof was completed. Abbot THOKEY (1306-1329) built the _south aisle_ of -the nave in 1318. It was during his abbacy that the body of Edward II. -was interred in the church; and it was owing to the great value of the -offerings made at his tomb that a series of works was commenced, which -form one of the most peculiar features of this cathedral. Under the -succeeding Abbot, WYGEMORE, (1329-1337,) the Norman walls of the _south -transept_ (called St. Andrew’s aisle) were cased with tracery; ADAM DE -STANTON, abbot from 1337 to 1351, constructed the vaulting of the -_choir_, and the stalls on the prior’s side; and Abbot HORTON -(1351-1377) completed the high altar with the choir, and the stalls on -the abbot’s side; together with the casing of St. Paul’s aisle, (the -_north transept_). This abbot also commenced the great _cloister_, which -Walter FROUCESTER (1381-1412) completed. Abbot MORWENT (1420-1437) -erected the _west front_, the _south porch_, and two western bays of the -nave. Abbot SEABROOKE (1450-1457) built the existing _tower_. Abbot -HANLEY (1457-1472) began the _Lady-chapel_, which Abbot FARLEY -(1472-1498) completed. - -Notwithstanding the long siege of the city, Gloucester Cathedral -suffered but little during the Civil War. Within the last ten years -(1853-1863) extensive restorations have been made within and without the -cathedral, under the superintendence of Mr. F. S. Waller. These consist -chiefly of the clearing and draining of the crypt; the restoration of -the west front, the south aisle of the nave, the chapter-room, the -library and sacristies, portions of the cloisters, the whole of the east -end of the choir, and the interior of the nave: to which must be added -the alterations entailed in forming and laying out the grounds round -nearly the whole of the cathedral; several houses and yards having been -removed, and hundreds of loads of soil, the accumulation of years, taken -away from against the walls. - -II. The ground-plan of the Norman church embraced nave and aisles, choir -and sanctuary, short transepts with apsidal eastern chapels, and a -choir-aisle, or “procession path,” terminating in three eastern chapels, -also apsidal. (The plan of Norwich may be compared.) With the addition -of the Lady-chapel and the cloisters, this ground-plan still remains, as -in the early part of the twelfth century. The Norman work throughout the -building belongs either to this original church, built by Abbot Serlo, -and dedicated in 1100; or to the restorations after the fire of 1122. -All of it, but especially the great piers of the nave, which remain -unaltered, is very interesting and important; but the great peculiarity -of Gloucester Cathedral is the later work, ranging from 1329 to 1377, -with which the original Norman walls and piers of the transepts and -choir are cased and transformed. The manner in which this transformation -is effected not only differs altogether from that in which other Norman -buildings (the nave of Winchester for example) were re-cased and -altered, but the work at Gloucester affords us perhaps the earliest -example of English Perpendicular; since it exhibits far more -characteristics of this style than of even the later Decorated, which -from the date of the work we should expect to find. The Perpendicular -work thus begun, is continued through a series of magnificent -examples,--the cloister, (1377-1412); the great tower, (1450-1460); and -the Lady-chapel, (1457-1498,) almost to the last days of Gothic -architecture. - -III. The best general views of the cathedral will be obtained from the -north-west and from the south-east; but there are many excellent points -of view from the lawn by which the building is now happily surrounded. -The outlines--owing greatly to the Lady-chapel with its projecting -chantries, to the eastern chapels of the transepts and choir-aisles, and -to the open-work of parapets and pinnacles--are unusually varied and -picturesque. The manner in which the exterior mouldings of the great -east window, of the west window, and of the openings in the tower, are -carried upwards, so as to form a kind of gable, is a marked feature, -which first appears within, in the beautiful arches across the -transepts, on which the groining drops; and which was adopted, -apparently from them, by the designers of the succeeding work. But the -light and graceful tracery of the parapets, and of the pinnacles of the -tower, is that which gives especial character to the exterior of -Gloucester. Against a clear, mid-day sky this open-work is sufficiently -striking; but when its tracery is projected against the red glow of -sunset, an effect is produced which is altogether unrivalled. The tower -of Gloucester may be compared with the central tower of Canterbury -Cathedral, of later date, (Gloucester 1450-1460, height 225 feet; -Canterbury 1495-1517, height 235 feet,) and of more massive character. -Both towers form admirable centres to the masses of building clustered -round them; and well illustrate the great advantage (which English -architects alone seem to have appreciated) of “placing the principal -features of their churches on the intersection of the nave with the -transept[3].” At Gloucester, even more than at Canterbury, the various -lines of the Lady-chapel, the transepts, the choir-aisles, and the -choir-roof with its eastern gable, lead the eye gradually upwards to the -great tower, with its crowning pinnacles. This effect is perhaps -increased by the shortness of the transepts,--which here and at -Worcester (the parent cathedral of Gloucester) are of the same -dimensions, (128 feet from north to south[4]). - -IV. For a more particular notice of the exterior, - -[Illustration: THE NAVE.] - -see § XX. The cathedral is generally entered by the _south porch_, a -part of the Perpendicular work erected by Abbot MORWENT, (1420-1437). -(This abbot pulled down the towers at the west end of the cathedral, and -the two west bays of the nave. The present western portion of the nave, -as far as the end of the second bay, including the west front and the -south porch, is his work.) The porch, which has an upper chamber, is -greatly enriched with niches and canopies, and has buttresses at the -angles. [_Frontispiece._] The arms in the spandrils of the doorway are -those of England and France, and of the Abbey. The pinnacles and open -parapet are of the same general character as those (earlier) above the -gable of the great east window, and as those (later) of the central -tower. The ogee arched moulding, with its finial, which rises in the -centre is the feature already noticed (§ III.) as characteristic of this -cathedral. It occurs throughout the Perpendicular work. Within the -porch, the peculiar tracery of the side windows should be noticed. “The -internal arrangement of the panelling of the side walls is continued to -the exterior, and made to form the mullions of the windows.” - -V. The first impression, on entering the _nave_, is produced by the -lofty Norman piers. [Plate I.] The whole arrangement differs much from -that of the great Norman naves of the Eastern cathedrals, Norwich, Ely, -and Peterborough. In them the divisions of the nave-arcade and of the -triforium above it are very nearly equal in height and width, whilst the -clerestory range is of little less importance[5]. At Gloucester, the -massive nave piers are carried to such a height (30 feet) as to afford -little space for the triforium, which is only a narrow wall passage; and -the original Norman clerestory, the circular arches of which may still -be traced below the Perpendicular windows, was of nearly the same -dimensions. The height of the piers is thus made to seem greater than it -really is. They must have been still more remarkable when the floor of -the nave was at its original level, ten inches lower than at present. -The bases of the piers stood on square blocks; and there still exist -some remains of an encaustic floor on the lower level. These massive -circular piers, which are found also at Tewkesbury, at Pershore, and at -Malvern Priory, seem to be peculiar to England. They do not, at any -rate, occur in any church in Normandy, where the rectangular form -prevails. The good effect of carrying them to such a height as at -Gloucester is perhaps questionable, since the necessary result is to -deprive both triforium and clerestory of all dignity and importance. - -The nave consists of nine bays, from the west front to the central -tower. Of these all are Norman to the top of the triforium, except the -two western bays, which are Perpendicular, (Abbot Morwent’s work). The -Norman clerestory was altered, and the Norman portion of the nave was -newly vaulted, in the first half of the thirteenth century. (The nave -roof was completed in 1242. The monks themselves, according to -Froucester’s Chronicle, laboured at it,--considering, suggests Professor -Willis, that they could do the work better than common workmen.) The -nave _piers_ have plain bases and cushioned capitals. The arches have -the zigzag in the outer moulding and a double cable in the soffete. A -cable moulding runs along above them. In the _triforium_, two arches in -each bay circumscribe four smaller ones, the tympana above which are -quite plain. In constructing the new _clerestory_, the Norman work -immediately above the triforium arches was entirely removed; and only -the jambs of the side lights which extended beyond the triforium arches, -with the wall between them, were allowed to remain. The jambs of these -Norman lights, with zigzag moulding, may still be traced in each bay of -the clerestory. The windows of the Early English clerestory were filled -with Perpendicular tracery, possibly by Abbot Morwent. - -The Norman portions of the nave may have belonged to the church of -Abbot Serlo, (completed in 1100); but it is impossible to say how much -alteration or rebuilding was rendered necessary by the fires of 1122, -1179, and 1190. The red colour of parts of the piers where the stone has -become calcined, still bears witness to the fierceness of, most -probably, the last of these fires; by which the wooden roof of the -Norman church was destroyed. This was replaced during the abbacy of -HENRY FOLIOT, (1228-1243,) by the existing _vaulting_; which is plain -quadripartite, with a central rib and bosses at the intersections. The -groining, of a light porous stone, is plastered on the underside. The -vaulting-shafts, (of the same date as the roof,) in groups of three, are -of Purbeck marble, with stone capitals of leafage, and Purbeck abaci. -These rest on a series of brackets supported by shafts which descend -between the pier-arches. The first five of these brackets, counting from -the third (the first Norman) bay of the nave, are perhaps Transitional -Norman, and the cable-moulding at the head of the pier-arches passes -round them. The next three eastward have the cable-moulding cut away for -them; and on either side is a shaft of Purbeck marble with foliaged -capital, from which a moulding is carried round the bay of the -clerestory. This part was perhaps more injured by the fire, so that the -earlier work required greater alteration. (The peculiar arrangement, -suggests Professor Willis, may have been one of the consequences of the -monks’ amateur workmanship.) The capitals and corbels of the -vaulting-shafts were richly coloured[6]; and remains of painting were -found on the great piers themselves during the late restorations. -Against three of the piers on the north side are Perpendicular brackets, -for lamps or for statues. - -The two _western bays_ of the nave were the work of Abbot MORWENT, -(1420-1437,) who pulled down the Norman front, which had towers north -and south, intending to re-construct the entire nave,--a design -fortunately prevented by his death[7]. The contrast between the noble -Norman columns and the Perpendicular piers is sufficiently striking. The -westernmost bay is much wider than the others; there is no triforium; -the clerestory windows resemble the others, all of which were probably -inserted by Morwent; and the vaulting is a rich lierne, with bosses of -leafage. The west end is filled with a large Perpendicular window of -very good design, the glass in which, by WAILES, is a memorial of the -late Bishop MONK, (died 1856,) erected at the sole expense of the Rev. -Thomas Murray Browne, Honorary Canon of Gloucester, “in grateful -remembrance of many years of sincere friendship.” (It should be remarked -that the tracery heads and cusps, as seen from the inside of this -window, are not repeated on the outside,--a plain transom only crossing -the lights. This peculiarity is repeated in the great east, and in some -other windows.) The glass is of unusually pictorial character; and if -not entirely successful, is at least better than most recent attempts in -a similar direction. The subjects are:--_Lowest tier_, beginning -south--Noah passing out of the Ark after the Deluge; Moses dividing the -Red Sea; the Baptism of the Ethiopian Eunuch. In the _second tier_--The -Annunciation to the Shepherds; the Nativity; the Adoration of the Kings. -In the _third tier_--The Presentation in the Temple; the Baptism of our -Lord; St. John Preaching in the Desert. _Above_ are the Baptism of St. -Paul, of St. Peter, and of the Jailor of Philippi. Below the window is a -brass plate with an inscription recording its erection as a memorial to -Bishop Monk. - -The west doorway and the panelling at its sides are very plain. At the -angle between the nave and the south aisle is a statue of EDWARD JENNER, -by R. W. SIEVIER. Dr. Jenner, the discoverer of vaccination, was born at -Berkeley in Gloucestershire, in 1749; and died there in 1823. - -The view eastward from this point is intercepted by the organ; but -beyond the massive piers of the nave, portions of the light choir-roof -are seen; and the superb glass of the east window terminates the choir -with such a glow of colour as few other cathedrals can display. - -VI. The _north aisle_ of the nave is, like the nave itself, Norman, -except the two western bays, which are Abbot Morwent’s. The half piers -against the wall are of the same height as those of the nave, but are -divided into several members with shafts at the angles, the capitals of -which are in some cases enriched. In each bay the Norman window-opening -remains, with zigzag mouldings and side-shafts. All are filled with -Perpendicular tracery, which is continued on the Norman wall under the -windows. A Perpendicular stone bench runs below. The windows in this -aisle are raised high, in order to clear the roof of the cloister -outside. The vaulting is ribbed, Norman. - -In the Perpendicular portion of this aisle (second bay) is a very fine -doorway into the west walk of the cloister--(the monks’ entrance). A -crocketed canopy rises above it, with panellings on either side, in -which were painted figures of the Apostles. On each side of the door are -niches for figures. In the easternmost bay of this aisle is the abbot’s -entrance--also Perpendicular, but not so richly decorated. In both these -doorways, the half-groined recesses, so constructed as to admit of the -doors opening into them, should be noticed. - -The Perpendicular window at the west end of this aisle has been filled -(1862) with stained glass by HARDMAN; representing the story of the -British King Lucius, who, according to one tradition, died and was -buried at Gloucester. Under the window is a tablet for Bishop WARBURTON, -(died 1779); “a prelate,” runs the inscription, “of the most sublime -genius and exquisite learning.” The slab which covers his tomb is in the -first bay between the nave and aisle. Two _monuments_ in this aisle -should be mentioned: that in the fifth bay by FLAXMAN, for SARAH MORLEY, -who died with her young child, at sea, in 1784. She rises from the sea -supported by three floating angels. Above are the words, “The sea shall -give up its dead.” The figures are graceful, and the whole composition -striking. And that in the last bay, by the choir-screen, for THOMAS -MACHEN, Alderman of Gloucester, and wife; 1614;--a very good example of -the period, but by no means one to be imitated. The window above is -filled with excellent stained glass by CLAYTON and BELL, in which the -white and neutral tints give great effect to the brilliant colour. The -subjects are the three miracles of our Lord in raising the dead:--The -Ruler’s Daughter, the Widow’s Son, and Lazarus. - -VII. The _south aisle_ of the nave was changed to its present state in -1318, during the abbacy of JOHN THOKEY, (1306-1329). The Norman south -wall remains in the interior, together with the half piers, which -resemble those in the north aisle. Abbot Thokey erected the present -external façade against this Norman wall[8], and re-groined the roof. -The exterior of this aisle (see § XX.) is a very fine example of early -Decorated[9]. The deeply recessed windows are enriched with the -ball-flower, and resemble one of the windows in Merton Chapel, Oxford, -from which chapel (founded about 1280), or from that of Gloucester -College, founded for student monks of this monastery in 1283, the -windows here may have been directly copied. The ball-flower occurs again -in profusion at Ledbury, in Herefordshire; but it is rarely used to -such an extent as in this aisle, and in the tower of Hereford Cathedral, -which is nearly of the same date. At Gloucester a horizontal line drawn -across the head of the window, just above the spring of the arch, cuts -no fewer than thirty-two ranks of the ball-flower, sixteen within and -sixteen without. All the windows of this aisle, as far as the south -porch, have been filled with stained glass. The _first_ (beginning from -the east) is by WARRINGTON; the _second_, by CLAYTON and BELL, contains -the story of Edward II.;--his imprisonment in Berkeley Castle; his -murder; the Abbot of Gloucester taking possession of the body; the -procession of monks with the body to Gloucester; and the entombment. -This window is good and interesting. The glass of the _third_ window is -by BELL of Bristol, and is very bad. The _fourth_, by CLAYTON and BELL, -represents the coronation of Henry III. in Gloucester Cathedral. The -_fifth_, by WARRINGTON, and the _sixth_, by BELL of Bristol, are equally -bad. The representations in the stained glass of the cathedral of the -great historical events which have been connected with it is an -excellent idea, provided such historical glass is not allowed to intrude -itself unfittingly. The great defect of the glass in Gloucester -Cathedral is its want of plan and uniformity,--owing to the various -artists (some very indifferent) who have been employed. - -In altering the south aisle, Abbot Thokey cut off the arches over the -Norman windows, (those opposite should be compared,) and lowered the -vaulting. This, in the first four bays from the south porch, greatly -resembles that of the nave, which is of much earlier date. The vaulting -of the three last bays has its mouldings filled with the ball-flower. - -The two western bays of this aisle are Abbot Morwent’s work, and differ -very slightly from those opposite. Against the west wall is a coloured -bust of JOHN JONES, “Burgess of Parliament” at the time of the Gunpowder -treason. In the aisle is a monument by SIEVIER for SIR GEORGE -ONESEPHORUS PAUL, (died 1820,) who distinguished himself by his active -exertions in reforming prisons. - -The last bay between this aisle and the south transept is closed on the -north side by the chantry of Abbot SEABROKE, (died 1457,) the builder of -the central tower, the south-west pier of which forms the head of his -chantry. His effigy, in alabaster, was originally in a recess on the -north side, but now occupies the place of the altar. Chantry and effigy -have been much mutilated and shattered. In an arched recess under the -opposite windows are effigies of a knight and lady, long assigned to one -of the Bohun Earls of Hereford. There is every reason, however, to -believe that the effigies represent members of the Brydges family, whose -crest appears on the knight’s sword-belt[10]. He wears a collar of SS., -and his armour cannot be earlier than the reign of Henry V. - -Against the wall on the north side of the entrance to the transept is a -large canopied bracket for a figure. - -VIII. Passing into the _south transept_, we enter that portion of the -Norman cathedral which was transformed and re-cased during the -fourteenth century. Both transepts, the choir and its aisles, were thus -treated, between the years 1329-1377. The work, according to -Froucester’s Chronicle, was begun in this transept, which was re-cased -by Abbot WYGEMORE[11], (1329-1337). - -In both transepts the original outline of the _Norman_ work is complete, -both in the interior and exterior. Both transepts had eastern chapels, -below and in the triforium, which extends over the choir-aisles, opening -into other chapels at the east end. Instead of the lofty piers of the -nave, the transepts at their eastern sides, and the choir throughout, -have low, massive piers and arches below, and piers and arches of nearly -equal dimensions in the triforium. In the fourteenth century the Norman -walls of both transepts were covered on their three sides with an open -screen-work or panelling formed by mullions and transoms, enriched with -tracery and foiled headings. The forms of the triforium arches, of the -clerestory, and of the arches opening into the chapels and choir-aisles, -were changed from round to pointed; but within the triforium the round -arches remain, and the wall on which the panelling is laid is the -original Norman. The great distinction between the work here and that in -the nave of Winchester, with which it may be instructively compared, is, -that in the latter instance the Norman work was completely hidden, and -re-cased with Perpendicular masonry: at Gloucester the later work was -only laid on the Norman walls and arches. This is more evident in the -choir than in the transepts. - -The _south transept_, according to Abbot Froucester, was the first part -of the Church to be thus treated. The panelling, however, although -dating from the first half of the fourteenth century, (1329-1337,) has -much of Perpendicular character; and the alterations in this transept -may accordingly be regarded as perhaps the earliest approach to -Perpendicular work in England. The design is indeed wanting in one chief -characteristic of true Perpendicular; as the mullions are not carried -straight up to the head of the arch, but branch off into arches before -reaching it. But although the work in this transept retains much of -Decorated character, the tendency to change is sufficiently marked; and -in the rest of the cathedral (north transept and choir) the -Perpendicular style is completely developed. According to Professor -Willis, it may have commenced here. “It must have begun somewhere; in -some place the mullion must have been carried up for the first time, and -no place is so likely as Gloucester to have produced the change of -style[12].” - -On the _east_ side, the entrance to the choir-aisle is closed by an open -screen, with two doorways in the lower part, one leading to the aisle, -the other into the crypt. The form of their arches is very unusual, and -deserves notice. The rib of a great buttress, supporting the wall of the -choir, runs through the triforium above. In the south-east bay was an -arch, now closed, leading into the Norman chapel, on either side of -which are canopied brackets for figures. In the panel filling the first -bay, just above the top of the crypt door, is the so-called _Prentice’s -bracket_, [Title,] in form resembling a builder’s square. Two figures -support it, curiously placed,--the lower with a bag at his waist. It is -traditionally said to be a memorial of the master builder and his son, -or prentice, but was in all probability a bracket for light. Filling the -centre of the blank arch is a monument with medallion for Bishop BENSON, -(died 1755). - -On the _south_ side of the transept is a large Perpendicular window of -good design, below which is a passage, behind an open arcade. The -passage is entered from a Norman staircase-turret in the south-west -angle, and leads upward to the triforium. The effect of this arcade, -with its unusual depth of shadow, is very good. - -[Illustration: THE “PRENTICE’S” BRACKET.] - -[Illustration: CONFESSIONAL. - -IN THE SOUTH TRANSEPT.] - -In the wall under this passage are two doorways, now closed, above one -of which (eastward) is a grotesque monster; the other forms what is -called the _confessional_. [Plate II.] Three steps ascend to the door, -between panels which slope like the sides of a chair, and are supported -by figures which seem to be those of angels. The heads, however, are -gone, and the figures are otherwise much defaced. The local tradition -asserts that those who came to confess entered by the first door, with -the monster’s head above it, typical of sin; and left by the other, with -the sorrowing angels, representing penitence. How far the doorways were -at all connected with a confessional is, however, quite uncertain. - -Against this wall is an ugly Elizabethan monument for RICHARD PATES, -(died 1588); and the high tomb with effigies of Alderman BLACKLEECH, -“who was admitted to the glory of eternity 1639,” and his wife Gertrude. -The figures are in alabaster, and are wonderful examples of costume. All -the details--boots, rosettes, sword-belt and sword-handle, and the -lady’s lace and short jacket--deserve notice. It was not for her beauty -that Dame Gertrude was thus commemorated. - -In the _west_ wall is a Perpendicular window, with blank panelling -below. An open screen-work covers the arch into the nave, and the -choir-buttress runs through its upper division. The _roof_ is a plain -lierne, without bosses, and “one of the earliest specimens of this -complex class of rib-vaulting. Owing to the difference of the angles of -the ribs, such a vault was very difficult of construction; most skilful -workmanship was necessary to make the ribs join at the intersections; -and this led to the use of bosses, which while they concealed defective -work, greatly enriched the roof. But in this example there are no -bosses. The ribs join perfectly; and it appears as if the masons desired -that the skilfulness of their work should be shewn[13].” The very light -and beautiful effect of the flying-arch apparently carrying the -choir-vaulting, which crosses the main tower-arch, should here be -noticed. The whole arrangement is singularly picturesque and original; -(see § X.) - -IX. In the _north transept_, cased by Abbot Horton, (1351-1377,) the new -work differs in its mouldings, which are here angular instead of round; -and in the greater richness of the roof. The mullions are here continued -up to the roof, shewing the complete development of the Perpendicular. -In this transept the eastern chapel is open. There is an ascent of seven -steps to it, shewing what was the original arrangement of the chapel in -the opposite transept. Within this chapel, looking west, the casing of -the Norman work with the later is very evident. - -Against the north wall of this transept, under the open arcade, is a -structure of early Decorated character, which has been called, and -probably with reason, a _reliquary_[14]. [Plate III.] It is in three -divisions, the - -[Illustration: THE RELIQUARY.] - -entrance being through the central arch. All the arches are enriched -with foiled openings, and with intricate and very beautiful leafage. -There are Purbeck shafts at the angles, heads at the spring of the -arches, and a series of seated figures, under canopies, much mutilated, -between the outer arch at the entrance and the trefoil within. Inside, -the three divisions are groined, with bosses at the intersections; and -each bay has three blind arches in the wall, between which piers project -to some distance. The reliquary ends before reaching the north-west -angle of the transept in which the square Norman turret projects, -leading upward to the arcaded passage and to the triforium. (Compare the -projecting turrets at the angles of the transepts in Worcester -Cathedral.) At the north-east angle the Perpendicular work joins the -reliquary; a bracket for a figure is placed between it and the steps -leading to the chapel, and a shield bearing Abbot Parker’s arms has -taken the place of the last corbel-head. - -Three Norman windows remain at the east end of the chapel opening from -this transept. Below them is a Perpendicular reredos, with three niches, -from which the figures have disappeared. This chapel (as will be seen -from the Plan) is of less size than that opening from the south -transept, and the altar (owing to the polygonal apse) was not due east. -A door opens south, into the choir-aisle; and in the opposite wall is a -very good Perpendicular doorway, leading to rooms now used as vestries. -The Perpendicular cresting, and the angels bearing scrolls in the hollow -moulding, are good, and should be noticed. The Norman arch in the wall -above this doorway, and the Norman work in the opposite wall, (which -should be examined from the choir-aisle as well as from the chapel,) -apparently indicate changes in this part of the building before the -alteration of the entire transept, which it is not easy to explain. The -groin edges of the vault of this chapel are carried down the piers in a -manner of which no example occurs elsewhere. - -The steps into the chapel, and a similar ascent into the choir-aisle, -were rendered necessary from the height of the crypt, (§ XVII.), which -extends under the whole of the building east of the tower, with the -exception of the Lady-chapel. The very peculiar doorways opening to the -aisle resemble those in the opposite transept. Within the smaller of -these arches, on a level with the top of the stairs, is a small stone -lectern, from which, it is probable, the pilgrims were addressed as they -passed upwards to the shrine of Edward II.[15] - -The Perpendicular screen below the tower-arch opening to the transept -enclosed a chapel, now used as a vestry. A similar chapel existed -beneath the south tower-arch. Under a Perpendicular window on the west -side of the transept is a monument for JOHN - -[Illustration: THE CHOIR.] - -BOWER, (died 1615,) “who had nyne sones and seaven daughters by his wife -Anne Bower.” Their names are on shields above this inscription, and -their figures are painted on the wall at the back. Above are the words -“Vayne, Vanytie. All is but Vayne. Witnesse Soloman.” The monument is -curious from the manner in which painting is used in it. - -X. A heavy organ-screen, erected in 1823 by Dr. GRIFFITH, (for whom -there is a tablet on the north side,) divides the nave from the choir, -and materially interferes with the utility and beauty of both. - -The _choir_, [Plate IV.], as in most Norman churches, extends one bay -west of the central tower, under which the stalls are arranged. An -ascent of three steps leads to the _presbytery_, three bays in length; -and the altar is approached by two additional steps. The unrivalled east -window at once attracts attention on entering the choir; but the whole -view is rendered especially interesting and peculiar by the panelling -and open screen-work covering the Norman walls and arches, the form of -which is preserved; by the lofty clerestory; and by the exquisite -lightness and grace of the lierne roof, which extends unbroken, except -by a low ribbed arch, from the west wall of the tower to the east -window. - -The choir, according to Froucester’s Chronicle, was cased and vaulted by -Abbots STAUNTON, (1337-1351,) and HORTON, (1351-1377). Their work must -also have embraced the lower portion of the tower, (as far as the roof,) -since there is no break in the vaulting, and the work is of the same -character throughout. As far as the spring of the flying-arch that -carries the groining, the piers of the tower are Norman; to this point -the walls of the tower, choir, and presbytery were taken down. The -pointed arches opening to the transepts, the slender arches that cross -them, and apparently carry the groining, and rank among the most -peculiar features of this cathedral, and the vaulted roof of the tower, -all belong to the work of Staunton and Horton: the former of whom -completed the western portion of the choir, with the vaulting; whilst -the latter re-constructed the eastern end, with the high altar. The -choir _vaulting_ is one of the richest examples in England; and although -its lines of ornamentation are thrown out in every direction like those -of a spider’s web, “the complication is really the effect of -perspective, since when reduced to drawing the lines form a simple -geometrical figure[16].” The tower-vaulting is much higher than the roof -of the nave, and admits of a window in the west wall of the tower, with -niches carrying brackets for figures on either side. Over the arch is -the inscription,-- - - “Hoc quod digestum specularis opusque politum - Tullii hæc ex onere Seabroke Abbate jubente;” - -which can only record the building of the upper part of the tower, in -the time of Abbot Seabroke; (see § III.): or possibly, only the -completion of the work, after the death of Abbot Seabroke in 1457, by -ROBERT TULLY, - -[Illustration: MISERERES IN THE CHOIR.] - -a monk of the house. In 1460 Tully became Bishop of St. David’s, and -died in 1481. - -The _light arches_ which, cross the main arches of the tower, north and -south, and which look like “pieces of carpentry in stone,” do not in -reality support the vault, which rests securely on the wall behind. They -were not, however, intended to deceive. “Unless some resting-place was -provided, the builders must have allowed the capital to hang down to a -level with the others without anything to support it, or altered the -arch above, and thus have disturbed the curvature of the vault. The -flying-arch was contrived to get rid of these defects. All this appears -to be characteristic of a school of masons who were extremely skilful, -and glad of an opportunity of shewing their skill; as a modern engineer -likes to carry his railway through a chain of mountains when he has a -plain valley before him[17].” - -The stalls ranged below the tower are Perpendicular, (those north the -work of Abbot Staunton, those south of Abbot Horton,) with, rich -projecting canopies. The misereres [Plate V.] below are of the usual -character, but are so fixed that they can only be seen with difficulty. -Behind the first stall on the north side is a fragment of Early English -work, probably of the date of Elias de Lideford, who erected stalls in -the choir, which were removed by Abbots Staunton and Horton. - -The open screen-work which covers the Norman arches of the presbytery, -is carried upwards into the lofty clerestory windows, so as to cover -the entire bay with a uniform panelling. Light vaulting-shafts run up -between, and carry the lierne roof. The termination of the Norman choir -was originally circular, as at Norwich; but in order to insert the great -east window, the two last bays, eastward, were entirely removed, and the -walls, from this point, now slope outwards north and south. This part of -the work is, in Froucester’s Chronicle, assigned to Abbot HORTON, -(1351-1377). The _tiling_ of the sacrarium, which displays the arms and -devices of Abbot PARKER, (1515-1534,) is no doubt of his time; as are -the _sedilia_ on the south side, which indicate the coming change in -their arabesque ornaments. The frieze, a knotted stick passed through a -riband, should be noticed. On the canopy above are three figures,--one -with a drum or tambourine, the others with trumpets. - -XI. The great _east window_, which terminates the choir, is the largest -in England, and is, owing to the ingenious construction of this part of -the choir, wider than the side walls which contain it: it is filled with -what is, in many respects, the finest stained glass of the period in -this country. The window itself, in its general design and tracery, -corresponds with the panelling of the choir and with the windows of the -clerestory, and is part of Abbot Horton’s work. The tracery-heads and -cusps on the inside do not appear without, as usual, since the glass -(probably to save expense) is fitted into a square-headed panel, sunk in -the back of the window. A peculiar effect is produced by the roof of the -Lady-chapel beyond, which rises against the lower part of the window, -(from which it is separated by the ante-chapel); the glass above is -consequently always in brighter light than that below. The stone-work of -the whole window has been repaired (1862) at a cost of £1,400; and £600 -has been expended on the re-leading of the glass by HUGHES[18], under -the very careful supervision of Mr. Winston, one of the best authorities -on the subject. - -The window, like the rest of the choir-work, has decided Perpendicular -features; but the glass “is in all respects thoroughly Decorated in -character;... As a general rule, it is true that a change in the style -of architecture has always preceded, by some years, the corresponding -change in the style of painted glass.... - -“The two first tiers of lights from the ground are filled with coloured -borders and ornamented white quarries; a shield of arms in a panel is -inserted in each light, and a small ornamented roundel placed at some -distance beneath it. The three next tiers of lights throughout the -window are filled with figures and canopies, and, in the central part of -the window, another tier likewise, the spires of this row of canopies -running into the tier of lights above. This arrangement, as might be -expected, imparts a grand pyramidical character to the whole design. -All the tracery lights of the window are filled with ornamented white -quarries, and enriched with small roundels of ornament inserted here and -there.... - -“The colouring of the lower lights--containing figures and canopies--is -arranged on a principle not uncommon in early Perpendicular glass. The -figures are almost entirely white, having yellow stained hair, and -borders to their robes: the architectural work of the canopies is wholly -composed of white and yellow stained glass. The positive colouring is -confined to the spire backgrounds of the canopies, and the tapestry -which lines the interior of the niche; and it is carried in uniform -streaks, or columns, down the window. Thus the spire grounds and -tapestries of the central column--which is two lights broad, all the -other columns being only of the width of one light--are coloured red; -those of the next column on each side the centre one are coloured blue; -those of the next red, and so on. The large proportion of white used in -the most coloured parts prevents any violent transition, from the figure -and canopy part to the quarry part of the window.... - -“The full effect of the Gloucester window, no doubt, depends not only on -the simplicity of the composition, the largeness of its parts, and the -breadth of its colouring, but also on the excellence of the material of -which the window is composed.... - -“The side windows of the choir-clerestory retain enough of their -original glazing--which is precisely of the same date as that of the -east window--to enable us to perceive that their lower tier of lights -was filled with figures and canopies, and their upper tier and -tracery-lights with borders and quarry patterns, having small roundels -of ornament inserted of the same character as the pattern-work in the -east window: a corroborative proof, if any were necessary, of the -originality of the arrangement of the glass in the upper part of the -east window, with which the arrangement of the glass in the side windows -so perfectly harmonizes[19].” The date assigned by Mr. Winston to the -east window, and to those of the clerestory, is between 1345 and 1350. - -XII. On the _south_ side of the presbytery is a projecting bracket of -Perpendicular date, on which is placed the earlier effigy of an -abbot--perhaps that of HENRY FOLIOT, (died 1243). It is too shattered, -however, to be of much interest. - -On the _north_ side of the presbytery, beginning from the east, are:-- - -(1.) A high tomb with effigy of OSRIC, the Mercian “kinglet,” who is -said to have founded the first religious establishment at Gloucester. -(See § I., and Pt. II.) On the east end of the monument is the -inscription,--“Osricus Rex primus fundator hujus monasterii--681.” The -tomb and effigy are said to have been erected during the abbacy of -WILLIAM PARKER, (1515-1539,) whose arms, together with those of the -abbey, appear on it. The effigy is crowned and sceptred, and carries -the model of a church in the left hand. The ermine collar of the robe is -unusual. - -(2.) The superb tomb, with effigy of EDWARD II. [Plate VI.] It has been -truly said that the whole of the choir, as it at present exists, is a -memorial of the murdered King; since the alterations in it were -commenced after his interment here, and their cost was mainly defrayed -from the rich offerings made at his tomb. The tomb itself, however, is -not unworthy a greater king than Edward II. - -It was on the 21st of September, 1327, that King Edward was murdered in -Berkeley Castle. The monasteries of Bristol, Kingswood, and Malmesbury -refused to receive his body for interment, fearing the displeasure of -the Queen and her party; but Abbot Thokey of Gloucester, more -far-sighted, brought it from Berkeley in his own carriage, and caused it -to be solemnly interred beneath the existing monument. This was erected -at the cost of the King’s son, Edward III., and became at once an -important place of pilgrimage. Offerings made here were thought to avert -the Divine anger from the nation, and it is said that if all the -oblations presented at the tomb during the reign of Edward III. had been -expended on the church, it might have been built anew. Edward III. -himself, when in danger of shipwreck, vowed an offering of a golden ship -at his father’s tomb, which was duly presented, but afterwards redeemed, -at the request of the Abbot and Convent, for £100. The Black Prince -offered a golden crucifix, containing a portion of the holy Cross; the -Queen of - -[Illustration: MONUMENT OF EDWARD II.] - -Scots, a necklace with a ruby; and Queen Philippa, a heart and ear of -gold. Such offerings were no doubt hung about the tomb, in the usual -manner. - -The monument itself consists of an altar-tomb with effigy, canopied by a -mass of exquisite tabernacle-work, which fills up the entire arch. The -great Norman piers on either side have been cut away, to give room for -the lower part of the tomb, which has canopied niches for figures no -longer existing, and on the side toward the choir-aisle (at which the -oblations were made) a bracket for light. The effigy is of alabaster, -and the King’s features were possibly chiselled from a waxen mask, taken -after death. The head is very fine, and should be compared with those of -Edward III. at Westminster, and of the Black Prince at Canterbury. In -all these Plantagenet effigies there is a striking resemblance. The -arrangement of the hair and beard should be noticed. At the head are -angels, and a lion at the feet, finely rendered. On the side of the tomb -(toward the aisle) is a shield, with an inscription recording the -restoration of the monument by the society of Oriel College, Oxford, of -which Edward II. was the founder, at the instance of his Almoner, Adam -de Brome:--“Hoc fundatoris sui monumentum, situ vetustatis deformatum, -instaurari curaverunt Præpos. et Soc. Coll. Oriel, Oxon. A.D. -1737-1789-1798.” - -The capitals of the great piers are painted with the device of Richard -II., the white hart, chained and collared. Hence a tradition has arisen -that the body of the King was drawn by stags from Berkeley to -Gloucester. - -(3.) The chantry, with effigy, of Abbot PARKER, (the last Abbot of -Gloucester,) 1515-1539. The chantry has been converted into a pew. The -screen enclosing it has a good frieze of vine-leaves and grapes; and the -niches for statues at the angles should be noticed. The effigy, of -alabaster, has been much cut and injured. The Abbot wears the chasuble -and jewelled mitre, (Gloucester ranked as the eleventh of the -twenty-seven mitred English abbeys); the top of his staff is broken. -There are small figures in the portion left. The base of the monument -has shields with the Abbot’s arms, and others bearing the emblems of our -Lord’s Passion. - -XIII. The _north choir-aisle_ is entered from the choir through a -Perpendicular doorway in the bay below Abbot Parker’s chantry. The aisle -itself is Norman, of the same date as the choir, but has the windows -filled with Perpendicular tracery. The low enormous piers of the choir -are here well seen, and the monuments already described should all be -noticed from this side. - -At the north-east angle of the aisle is one of the apsidal _chapels_, -three of which terminated the Norman choir. The chapel forms a pentagon, -the place of the altar being, very unusually, north-east. The whole -chapel was altered as a memorial of Abbot BOTELER, (1437-1450). It is -enclosed by a Perpendicular screen, and the windows are filled with -Perpendicular tracery. Behind the altar is a very rich Perpendicular -reredos, having one central and eight smaller niches. Some of the small -figures of the Apostles in the canopies above - -[Illustration: TOMB OF ROBERT, DUKE OF NORMANDY.] - -are perfect; and there are also many shields of benefactors to the -monastery. The whole is richly painted. - -On the step of the altar is the effigy of ROBERT COURTEHOSE, [Plate -VII.,] eldest son of the Conqueror, who died in 1134, at the castle of -Cardiff, where he had been a prisoner twenty-six years. He had been a -great benefactor to the monastery at Gloucester, and was interred here -before the high altar. His monument continued entire until 1641, when it -was broken to pieces by Cromwell’s soldiers. The pieces were bought by -Sir Humphrey Tracy, of Stanway, who kept them until after the -Restoration, when they were put together, and replaced in the cathedral. -The monument now consists of a high tomb or chest (on wheels), of Irish -oak, on which is laid the effigy, also of oak. The shields on the tomb, -and the figure itself, were partly re-coloured, and the former very -improperly, during the present century. The tomb has a border of -leafage, of late Decorated character. The effigy itself may be of the -same period (since the material is the same), and may perhaps have been -copied from an earlier figure. It is cross-legged, and has a surcoat and -a coronet. Whatever may be its real date, it cannot possibly be older -than Henry II. - -The Norman pier remains at the north-east angle of the chapel, with the -addition of a Perpendicular base, and a panelled ornament cut into it. -Between the reredos and the east wall is a Perpendicular arch, which -assists in carrying the east window, and is so contrived as to relieve -the slight Perpendicular pier adjoining of the weight of the -superstructure, which it was not strong enough to bear. The construction -of all this east end of the choir, which is very ingenious, is best seen -in the triforium, (§ XVI.) - -XIV. The termination of the Norman choir, as has already been mentioned, -was polygonal, with a central and two side chapels. This original -arrangement still remains in the crypt, (§ XVII.); but the central -chapel at the east end of the choir, which had been undisturbed by the -erection of the great east window, was altered about a century later, -when the _Lady-chapel_ was commenced. The walls of the _ante-chapel_, by -which this is entered, are in fact those of the Norman apsidal chapel, -pierced on either side by a Perpendicular window, and having a rich -panelled lierne vault, crossed by a double row of pendants. The _upper_ -story of the ante-chapel was the Norman chapel of the triforium. This -portion is separated from the Lady-chapel by a screen of open-work, -through which is seen the vaulted roof, and three windows at the west -and on either side. The west window looks across the low gallery -intervening between it and the east window of the choir, (see § V.) The -arch carrying the screen of the upper chapel, and forming the eastern -termination of the lower roof, is bordered in front by a series of -foiled panels, having shields in their centres. - -All this work, together with the Lady-chapel itself, is due to Abbot -HANLEY, (1457-1472,) and his successor, Abbot FARLEY, (1472-1498). It -was the last great work of the monastery, and worthily closes the fine -series of Perpendicular structures, (the re-casing of the choir, the -cloisters, the tower, and the Lady-chapel,) which rank among the most -interesting and important in England. - -The Lady-chapel consists of four bays, with a square-sided eastern end, -and small square-sided chapels of two stories, projecting from the third -bay on either side. Each bay is nearly filled by a lofty Perpendicular -window of four divisions. The lights of the two upper tiers are simply -foiled. Those below are richer, with ornamented headings. In the wall -below the window is a plain arcade of foiled arches, with a quatrefoil -above. The narrow bit of wall which remains in each bay is panelled with -tracery corresponding to the divisions of the windows; and in the three -principal tiers has brackets and rich canopies for figures. The brackets -are angels bearing scrolls. Vaulting-shafts run up between these panels; -and above is a superb lierne roof,--one of the best and purest examples -of such a roof in the Perpendicular period. The bosses are entirely of -leafage, and are very numerous. Traces of colour remain on the walls, -and on some of the canopies; and the headings of the window lights -retain their original stained glass. - -The effect of the side chapels is unusually picturesque. Each is of two -stories; the roof of the upper on a level with the upper series of wall -panellings on either side. A sharply-pointed arch, with pierced -panellings above and an open parapet below, forms the front of the upper -chapels; the lower are closed in front by a rich screen-work, -corresponding to the window divisions. The east end of the Lady-chapel -is entirely filled by a Perpendicular window of three divisions, the -design of which resembles those at the sides. The glass in this window -is original, and very good, although not equal to that in the great east -window of the choir. The extent to which white and yellow are employed -in it should be noticed. - -Below the window was a rich mass of tabernacle-work, now effectually -smashed. Over the altar were three main niches, with pedestals for -figures. There are fragments of brackets and canopies in the smaller -divisions; and the whole shews remains of colour, gilding, and -enamelling. The designs at the back of the principal niches should be -especially noticed. - -Much of the original tiling remains on this part of the floor. The tiles -bear inscriptions, “Dũe Jhũ miserere;” and “Ave Maria grã. plẽ.” In the -centre is a device of roses with leaves. Below the window on the south -side are three sedilia, with graceful pendent canopies. The backs are -panelled. - -The side chapel _on the north_ has a groined roof, in which the cusps of -the foils and other portions are pierced with minute circular hollows, -adding much to the elaborate effect. The panelling of the west wall has -been filled by the upper part of the monument of Bishop GODFRED, (died -1604). Below is an altar-tomb with effigy. The upper chapel, or oratory, -is approached by a staircase on the west side, opening from the bay -below; it has a lierne roof, with bosses of leafage. The _south_ chapel -resembles the north; and contains a flat altar-tomb for THOMAS -FITZWILLIAMS, (died 1579: it was repaired by his descendants in 1648). -The east window is covered by the hideous monument of Bishop NICHOLSON, -(died 1671). The upper chapel resembles that opposite. These chapels -were apparently the chantries of the two abbots who built the -Lady-chapel; the upper stories, in which there is no trace of an altar, -serving as oratories. - -On the north side of the Lady-chapel is a monument with effigy for -ELIZABETH WILLIAMS, daughter of Bishop Miles Smith of Gloucester, (died -1622). Below, again, is a full-length statue of Sir JOHN POWELL, (died -1713)[20]. - - -XV. The _south choir-aisle_ resembles that opposite. The south-east -chapel opening from it retains its Norman work more completely than the -north-east. The Norman arches and windows remain; the latter filled with -Perpendicular tracery. As in the chapel opposite, the altar did not -front due east. - -A door on the platform above the steps descending to the transept opens -to what was originally the east chapel of the transept itself. The -arrangement resembled that of the south-east chapel. The arch of -entrance from the transept (transitional Norman, and pointed) remains, -walled up. Under the three eastern windows is a rich Perpendicular -reredos, with three niches for figures. - - -XVI. The _triforium_ of the choir is reached by the staircases at the -angles of the transepts, and through the open arcade at their north and -south sides. The triforium originally extended quite round the choir, -the whole width of the choir-aisles, opening into chapels corresponding -with those below. With the exception of the east end--between the -south-east and north-east chapels--it remains entire; of late Norman -character, with some alterations made during the Decorated period. - -In the chapel above the _south_ transept the Norman windows have been -replaced by Decorated, enriched with the ball-flower. The double piscina -in the small window, and the brackets for figures, with rich canopies, -are Decorated, and deserve notice. Looking toward the transept, the -manner in which it was re-cased is here readily seen. The circular -Norman arch of the triforium encloses a pointed arch, with shafts at the -angles. This arch is crossed by the ribs of the screen-work. In this -part of the triforium is preserved an ancient painting on panel, -representing the Last Judgment. It dates apparently from the end of the -fifteenth century, but is of no very great interest. - -The massive piers of the triforium above the choir-aisle remain -unaltered. The arches are crossed with Perpendicular tracery. The -south-east chapel opens - -[Illustration: PLANS OF TRIFORIUM AND CRYPT, GLOUCESTER.] - -above the corresponding chapel in the aisle: it is plain Norman, with -late windows inserted. - -The manner in which the east end of the choir was re-constructed, to -admit of the insertion of the great east window, and to allow of its -being wider than the original walls of the choir, is best seen from this -point. The eastern piers of the choir, and the portion of the triforium -above, were entirely removed; but the Norman eastern chapel -(corresponding to those south-east and north-east) was allowed to remain -entire, both in the triforium and below. The last bay of the choir was -extended laterally, so as to admit the light freely from the great -window; and as access to the eastern chapel was cut off by the removal -of the triforium, it became necessary to construct the passage at the -back of the window, known as the “Whispering Gallery.” Here three flying -buttresses should be remarked, which spring from the outer walls of the -cathedral at the bend of the apse, and meet in a point behind the wall -of the choir. These really sustain the weight above the triforium, so -that the slight Perpendicular pier below (§ XIII.) is not called upon to -do more than half the duty. In the Whispering Gallery much Norman -stone-work has been re-used--a practice of common occurrence throughout -the cathedral. Sound is transmitted through this gallery, which is 75 -ft. long, 3 ft. wide, and 8 ft. high, in a remarkable manner. The lowest -whisper, or the slightest scratch with a pin, is distinctly heard from -one end to the other. The chapel into which it opens was part of the -Norman chapel, altered on the building of the Lady-chapel, into which -it looks. In it is a stone altar--perhaps that of the Norman chapel. - -[Illustration: Chapel, Triforium] - -The north-east Norman chapel beyond the gallery has a Decorated window; -and in that adjoining the north transept is a very beautiful Decorated -double piscina. The foliated ornament round the inner arch of the -windows here and in the chapel opposite should be noticed. Taking into -account the many chapels in this triforium, and in the crypt, it may be -reckoned that there were nearly twice as many altars in this church as -were usually to be found in churches of even the same size and -importance. - -XVII. The _crypt_, which is entered from the south transept, is one of -five English eastern crypts founded before 1085; (the others are -Canterbury, Winchester, Rochester, and Worcester). After that date (with -one exception, the Early English crypt at Hereford--see that cathedral) -they ceased to be constructed, except in continuation of former ones. -The crypt of Gloucester extends under the whole of the choir, with its -aisles and chapels; and the original form of the eastern end is here at -once evident. - -[Illustration: Crypt.] - -“The outer walls of the crypt are about 10 ft. thick, and the aisle -floor is on an average 8 ft. deep below the level of the soil on the -outside. The centre part is divided by two rows of small columns, from -which spring groined arches carrying the floor of the choir. The bases -and capitals of these are much out of level, falling considerably from -west to east, and from north to south.... It is evident that great -alterations have from time to time been made in this part of the -building: the large semicircular columns against the walls, though of -great antiquity, are not part of the original structure, but are -casings, in which are enclosed the former and smaller piers; and the -ribs springing from their capitals are built _under_, and with a view to -support the groins[21].” - -Much soil has been cleared from the crypt, and the original floors of -the chapels have been laid open. These are composed of a rough concrete. -There is a step into each chapel, and the floors rise gradually toward -the east end. All contain remains of altars and piscinas, generally of -later date than the crypt itself. The chapel adjoining the north -transept was groined and decorated in the latter part of the thirteenth -century. The windows of the crypt have been opened and glazed. - -XVIII. The _cloisters_, [Plate VIII.,] which are entered from the nave, -rank among the finest examples in the kingdom. They were commenced by -Abbot HORTON, (1351-1377); and completed by Abbot FROUCESTER, -(1381-1412). - -The view looking down either of the walks is very fine, mainly owing to -the richness of the groined roof, which, is the earliest existing -example of the fan-vault. - -[Illustration: THE CLOISTERS. - -THE “CAROLS” IN THE SOUTH WALK.] - -[Illustration: THE LAVATORY IN THE CLOISTERS.] - -This style of vaulting is entirely peculiar to England; and Professor -Willis has suggested that the school of masons who were employed in this -cathedral may have originated it[22]. The wall sides of the cloisters -are panelled; and the windows, divided by a transom, have rich -Perpendicular tracery. The lights above the transom were glazed. “The -construction of the outer walls is peculiar as to the arrangement of the -buttresses, and the projecting shelf of stone connected with the -transoms of the windows, which was evidently meant as a protection from -the weather for the lower half of the windows,--which was not -glazed[23].” Each walk is divided into ten compartments. In the south -walk are the ‘Carols’--places for writing or study, twenty in number, -formed by a series of arches, running below the main windows. In each -‘carol’ is a small and graceful window, of two lights. (Similar stalls -or ‘carols’ existed at Durham.) The very fine view at the angle of the -south and west walks should especially be noticed. In the _north_ walk -are the _lavatories_, [Plate IX.,] projecting into the cloister garth: -these are very perfect. Under the windows is a long trough or basin into -which the water flowed. The roof is groined. Opposite, in the wall of -the cloister, is the recess for towels, or _manutergia_. - -In the east walk are some memorial windows of stained glass; and it is -proposed to fill the whole of the cloisters with glass, forming, when -completed, a History of our Lord. “This scheme was originated with a -view to check the disfigurement of the cathedral by monuments of any -other description.” - -XIX. The _chapter-house_ opens from the east walk through a Norman arch -enriched with zigzag ornament. The chapter-house itself (72 ft. by 34) -is a long parallelogram of four bays, three of which are Norman, and the -most easterly a Perpendicular addition. This part is finely groined, and -has a large Perpendicular window. Round the Norman portion [Plate X.] is -an arcade of four arches in each bay. The manner in which the shafts -carrying the vaulting-ribs are set back in the wall, between the shafts -of the arcade, should be noticed. The plain vault has large ribs, 15 ft. -apart. Rude inscriptions and shields are traceable on the wall-arcade. -The floor has been covered with encaustic tiles, copied accurately from -the old work. - -Between the chapter-house and the north transept is the short passage -called the “Abbot’s Cloister;” and above it the _Chapter -Library_,--probably the original library of the monastery. This is a -long room, of Perpendicular character, with a roof of dark oak, a row of -small windows on the north side, and a large Perpendicular window east. -The room has been well and thoroughly restored, and the books properly -arranged. The most important manuscripts are--a transcript of Abbot -Froucester’s Lives of the Abbots of Gloucester, from the foundation of -the monastery to 1381; (the original MS. of this work--unless it be that -recently found under the Rolls Chapel--is no longer known to exist. It -is said to have disappeared from the Chapter - -[Illustration: THE CHAPTER-HOUSE. - -(THE NORMAN PORTION.)] - -Library at the beginning of the present century. This transcript was -made by Dr. Hall, Master of Pembroke College, Oxford. There are others -in the library of Queen’s College, Oxford, and in the British -Museum).--A Register of Documents relating to the Abbey, also made by -Abbot Froucester; and another Register, compiled by the last abbot, -Parker, or Malvern. - -XX. Returning to the _exterior_ of the church, the _west front_ (Abbot -MORWENT’s work, 1420-1437, see §§ IV., V.) may first be visited. This is -not very rich or striking, but the pierced buttresses of the window, and -the parapets of open-work below and above, should be noticed. The -composition of Abbot Thokey’s _south aisle_, with its massive buttresses -and deeply recessed windows, is unusually fine. On the upper part of the -buttresses is a series of figures, finely designed, and well deserving -attention. At the _transept_ commences the Perpendicular transformation. -The turrets at the angles are Norman, with interlacing arcades above; -the cappings are later. The gables are filled with a series of -round-headed arches, rising one above another; and traces of the -original Norman window-openings remain in the walls. The parapets and -windows shew the later alterations. Buttresses of the central tower pass -across the east and west sides of the transept. - -The polygonal shape of the radiating chapels--very unusual in Norman -architecture--should here be noticed from the exterior; as well as the -manner in which the Lady-chapel is connected with the choir. At the -north-west angle of this chapel is a fragment of the original Norman -work which belonged to the central apse, and was turned to account in -Abbot Horton’s rebuilding of the east end. The light buttresses which -support the great east window are pierced so as not to obstruct the -light. The central gable of the open parapet above the window retains a -figure of our Lord on the cross. - -The last bay of the Lady-chapel has an open passage below it, which was -rendered necessary at the time of the building of the chapel, from the -fact that the boundary wall of the monastery passed north and south in a -line with the extreme eastern buttresses. (The marks of this wall may -still be seen on the buttresses.) The archway is picturesque in itself. -A very striking view of the north-east portion of the cathedral opens -beyond it; full of varied and intricate outlines formed by the -projecting chapels and the walls of the cloister and chapter-house, and -crowned by the great mass of the central tower with its deep shadows and -its fretwork of grey stone. - -The _tower_ (see § III.) was (as appears from the inscription within, § -X.) the work of Abbot SEABROKE, (1450-1457,) and was, said one of the -monks to Leland (_temp._ Hen. VIII.), “a pharos to all parts of the -hills.” The singular beauty of its pinnacles of open-work has already -been noticed. - -A passage called the Abbot’s Cloister separates the chapter-house from -the north transept. The cloister itself, however, extended beyond this -passage eastward. The inner walls alone remain. The eastern wall has -entirely disappeared; and beyond it are some transitional Norman arches, -which belonged to the infirmary of the monastery. - - -NOTE, (p. 33). - -Since the foregoing pages were in type, Mr. Winston has arrived at some -very important and interesting conclusions relating to the east window -of the choir. The general design of the figure-work is the Enthronement -of the Blessed Virgin. The original arms in the window were those of -warriors who served in the Cressy campaign, and who were connected with -the county of Gloucester by their landed possessions; and there is -ground for a surmise that the donor of the glass was Lord Bradeston, -Governor of Gloucester Castle. The conception of the work may be -attributed to 1347 or 1348, and it was completed not later than 1350. - -The saving of this noble relic from the destructive effects of a -‘restoration’ is due to the energetic remonstrances of the Archæological -Institute; in the Journal of which Society the results of Mr. Winston’s -investigations, briefly stated above, will soon, it is to be hoped, -appear. They will be eagerly welcomed by all who are interested in the -subject. - - - - -GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL. - -PART II. - -History of the See, with Short Notices of the principal Bishops. - - - Very ancient traditions, which were accepted as facts throughout - the Middle Ages, connected Gloucester with the first introduction - of Christianity to Roman Britain. It was said to have been the - chief city of Lucius, the British King who, about the year 160, - sent messengers to Rome with a request that Pope Eleutherius would - despatch Christian teachers into Britain, who might teach Lucius - himself and his people. This was accordingly done. Lucius was - baptized at Gloucester, and after establishing Christianity - throughout the island, died at Gloucester in the year 201, and was - buried in a church which he had built on the site of the existing - cathedral[24]. What amount of truth may be involved in this story - is altogether uncertain. The first who mentions the conversion of - Lucius is Bede[25]. His death is placed at Gloucester by Matthew - Paris, and by others of the later chroniclers; and his legend (for - it is little more) has been illustrated in a window of stained - glass, lately inserted in the nave of the Cathedral, (see Pt. I. § - VI.) - -Gloucester, the British _Cair glou_, the Roman _Glevum_, had been walled -during the Roman period, and was one of the strong “ceasters” of Mercia. -In 681 it was granted by Ethelred of Mercia to Osric, as “underking” or -viceroy of the district. Osric is said to have completed the -establishment of a convent of nuns, which had been commenced in -Gloucester by Wulphere, brother of Ethelred; and Archbishop Theodore of -Canterbury dedicated it in honour of St. Peter. Osric was accordingly -regarded as the founder of the monastery, which continued under the rule -of an abbess until A.D. 767, between which year and 821 it lay desolate, -and the nuns were dispersed. In A.D. 821, Beornulph of Mercia restored -the convent, and established in it a body of secular canons. They -remained until 1022, when Canute introduced Benedictines in their place. -From that time until the dissolution the abbey increased steadily in -wealth and importance. The reception of the body of Edward II. brought -vast sums to its treasury; and under Abbot Froucester it was raised to -the dignity of a mitred abbey, by Pope Urban VI. Its income at the -Dissolution was, according to Speed, £1,550. - -The first Parliament after the Conquest was assembled by Henry I. in -this abbey, and the young King, Henry III., (then but nine years old,) -was crowned in the church, October 28, 1216. Richard II. held a -Parliament in the great hall of the abbey, in November, 1378. - -The most important _Abbots_ were-- - - [A.D. 1072-1104.] SERLO, who laid the foundation of the present - church, dedicated in the year 1100. [A.D. 1113-1130.] WILLIAM, in - whose time (1122) Serlo’s church was greatly injured by fire, (see - Pt. I.) [A.D. 1139-1148.] GILBERT FOLIOT, who in the latter year - became Bishop of Hereford, and in 1163 was translated to London. He - was the well-known opponent of Becket. [A.D. 1306-1329.] JOHN - THOKEY, who built the south aisle of the nave, (see Pt. I. § VII.,) - and received the body of Edward II., (Pt. I. § XII.) [A.D. - 1329-1337.] JOHN WYGEMORE, who commenced the great change in the - architecture of the church by his reconstruction of the south - transept, (Pt. I. § VIII.) [A.D. 1337-1351.] ADAM DE STAUNTON; and - [A.D. 1351-1377] THOMAS DE HORTON; who carried forward the work in - the choir and north transept. (Pt. I. §§ IX., X.) [A.D. 1381-1412.] - WALTER FROUCESTER, the historian of the Abbey, (see Pt. I. § - XVIII.,) who built much of the cloister and who procured the grant - of the mitre from Urban VI. [A.D. 1420-1437.] JOHN MORWENT, who - rebuilt part of west end of the church, (Pt. I. § VII.) [A.D. - 1450-1457.] THOMAS SEABROKE, who built the tower, [A.D. 1457-1472.] - RICHARD HANLEY; and [A.D. 1472-1498] WILLIAM FARLEY, who built the - Lady-chapel. [A.D. 1515-1539.] WILLIAM MALVERNE, or PARKER, the - last abbot, who subscribed to the King’s supremacy in 1534, and - died soon after the Dissolution. - -Robert of Gloucester, whose rhyming “Chronicle of Englonde,” is -important, both historically and as an example of “middle English,” was -a monk of this abbey, during the reigns of Henry III. and John. His -Chronicle was edited by Hearne. - -Until 1541 the whole of Gloucestershire lay within the diocese of -Worcester. In that year the see of Gloucester was erected, and the abbey -church, which was re-dedicated to the “Holy and Individed Trinity,” -became its cathedral. The first bishop was-- - - [A.D. 1541-1549.] JOHN WAKEMAN, who had been Abbot of Tewkesbury, - and one of Henry the Eighth’s chaplains. He was a person of - considerable learning, and had revised the translation of the Book - of Revelation, in Cranmer’s Bible. - - [A.D. 1551-Feb. 9, 1555.] JOHN HOOPER had been educated at Merton - College, Oxford, and afterwards became a monk at Cleeves, in - Somerset, his native county. He returned to Oxford, however, where - he soon embraced the reformed doctrines, and was consequently - obliged to leave the University in 1539. After many wanderings in - Ireland, in France, and in Switzerland, Hooper returned to England - on the accession of Edward VI.; and in 1549 became one of the - accusers of Bishop Bonner, who was deprived in that year. Having - with much difficulty overcome his own scruples as to the lawfulness - of wearing episcopal robes[26], Hooper, who had been appointed to - the see of Gloucester by the influence of the Earl of Warwick, was - consecrated at Lambeth by Archbishop Cranmer. In the following year - (1552) Bishop Hooper surrendered his see to the Crown. Bishop Heath - of Worcester was deprived at the same time. Gloucestershire was at - first converted into an archdeaconry, dependent on Worcester; but - the two sees were afterwards (Dec. 1552) united, and bestowed on - Hooper. The bishops were to be entitled of “Gloucester and - Worcester,” and were to reside one year in each city, alternately. - This arrangement only continued until the death of Edward VI. - -After the accession of Mary, Hooper was summoned to London, (August -1553,) and was for some time confined in the Fleet prison; his see was -declared void, and after an examination before Bishop Gardiner and -others, he was condemned to be burnt as a heretic. The sentence was -accordingly carried out at Gloucester, Feb. 9, 1555. A monument has -lately been erected on the scene of his death. - - [A.D. 1554-1558.] JAMES BROOKES, “a zealous papist,” succeeded, but - to the see of Gloucester only. On his death the see remained vacant - for three years. - - [A.D. 1562-1579.] RICHARD CHEYNEY held the see of Bristol _in - commendam_. On his death the see remained vacant until - - [A.D. 1581-1598,] JOHN BULLINGHAM was appointed to it. Until 1589 - he held Bristol _in commendam_. - - [A.D. 1598-1604.] GODFREY GOLDSBROUGH held the see of Worcester _in - commendam_. - - [A.D. 1605, translated to London 1607.] THOMAS RAVIS, Dean of - Christ Church, Oxford. He was a prelate of some learning, and was - the translator of part of the New Testament in James the First’s - Bible. - - [A.D. 1607, translated to Worcester 1610.] HENRY PARRY, Dean of - Chester. James I. said of him that “he never heard a better or more - eloquent preacher.” - - [A.D. 1611-1612.] GILES THOMPSON, Dean of Windsor, died without - having ever visited his new diocese. - - [A.D. 1612-1624.] MILES SMITH, a prelate of great learning, - translator of the whole of the Prophets for James the First’s - Bible, for which also he wrote the Preface,--“as a comely gate to a - glorious city, which remains under his own hand in the University - Library in Oxford[27].” He is called by Sir Robert Atkyns (History - of Gloucestershire) a “stiff Calvinist, and a great favourer of the - Puritans.” He was buried in the Lady-chapel of the cathedral, - “under a plain stone, without any inscription.” - - [A.D. 1625, suspended 1640, died 1656.] GODFREY GOODMAN, Dean of - Rochester. Bishop Goodman was strongly suspected of an inclination - to Romanism: a curious entry in a volume now in the Chapter Library - at Gloucester proves that that suspicion was far from being without - foundation; and Fuller asserts that he “died a professed Romanist, - as appeared by his will[28].” In 1640 he was suspended by - Archbishop Laud, for refusing to subscribe the Canons, and was - committed for some time to the Gate House; “where,” says Fuller, - “he got by his restraint what he could never have got by his - liberty, namely, of one reputed Popish to become for a short time - popular, as the only confessor suffering for not subscribing the - Canons[29].” He afterwards subscribed, and was restored, but soon - had to bear his full share of the troubles during the time of the - Commonwealth. He died in London, 1656, and was buried in St. - Margaret’s Church, Westminster. - - [A.D. 1661-1672.] WILLIAM NICOLSON was appointed to the see on the - Restoration. - - [A.D. 1672-1681.] JOHN PRITCHETT. - - [A.D. 1681, deprived 1691.] ROBERT FRAMPTON had been Dean of - Gloucester since 1673. He was one of the Non-juring bishops, and - retired, on his deprivation, to the living of Standish, in - Gloucestershire, which he had held with the bishopric. He died in - 1708, and was buried in the chancel of the church at Standish. - - [A.D. 1691-1714.] EDWARD FOWLER was the son of a Presbyterian who - had been intruded, during the Commonwealth, into the living of - Westerleigh, near Bristol. Fowler himself conformed after the - Restoration, and was raised to the see of Gloucester on the - deprivation of Bishop Frampton. He belonged to the school of - “Latitudinarian divines,” then in special favour, and published - many books which are now of little value. Bishop Fowler died at - Chelsea, Aug. 26, 1714, and was buried at Hendon, in Middlesex, in - which church there is a monument to his memory. - - [A.D. 1715, translated to Salisbury 1721.] RICHARD WILLIS, Dean of - Lincoln. From Salisbury Bishop Willis was translated to Winchester, - in 1725. - - [A.D. 1721, translated to Rochester 1731.] JOSEPH WILCOCKS. Bishop - Wilcocks held the deanery of Westminster with the see of Rochester. - The western towers of Westminster Abbey were built during his rule. - - [A.D. 1731-1733.] ELIAS SYDALL, translated to Gloucester from St. - David’s. With Gloucester he held the deanery of Canterbury. - - [A.D. 1735-1752.] MARTIN BENSON. In 1741 Bishop Benson re-paved the - choir of the cathedral, and added pinnacles to the Lady-chapel. - - [A.D. 1652, translated to Worcester 1759.] JAMES JOHNSON. In 1774 - he was killed by a fall from his horse, at Bath. - - [A.D. 1760-1779.] WILLIAM WARBURTON, whose name is better known - than that of any other prelate who has filled the see; and who was - not the least remarkable among the men of letters of the eighteenth - century. Warburton was the eldest son of an attorney at - Newark-upon-Trent, and was born there, Dec. 24, 1691. He was - educated at Oakham, in Rutlandshire, and was intended for his - father’s profession, which he followed for a short time. He left it - for the Church, however, and was in Orders in 1728, when his - patron, Sir Robert Sutton, gave him the rectory of Burnt Broughton, - in Lincolnshire. Here he remained for some years, and wrote here - the first part of his “Divine Legation of Moses,” which procured - him an introduction to the Prince of Wales, who made him one of his - chaplains. In 1746 he was chosen Preacher at Lincoln’s Inn, and in - 1757 became Dean of Bristol. In 1760 he was raised to the see of - Gloucester, and died at the palace there, aged 81, June 7, 1779. - - Bishop Warburton was the close friend and companion of Pope, who - derived much assistance from his criticism, and whose works he - edited. His own most important works are “The Divine Legation of - Moses,” and “Julian,” a discourse concerning the earthquake and - fiery eruption which defeated the Emperor’s attempt to rebuild the - temple at Jerusalem. The entire list of his works is a long one, - and his literary life belongs too completely to the literary - history of the century to be further noticed here. “He was a man,” - writes Dr. Johnson, “of vigorous faculties, a mind fervid and - vehement, supplied by incessant and unlimited enquiry, with - wonderful extent and variety of knowledge, which yet had not - oppressed his imagination, nor clouded his perspicacity. To every - work he brought a memory full fraught, together with a fancy - fertile of original combinations; and at once exerted the powers of - the scholar, the reasoner, and the wit. But his knowledge was too - multifarious to be always exact, and his pursuits were too eager to - be always cautious. His abilities gave him a haughty consequence, - which he disdained to conceal or mollify; and his impatience of - opposition disposed him to treat his adversaries with such - contemptuous superiority as made his readers commonly his enemies, - and excited against the advocate the wishes of some who favoured - the cause. He seems to have adopted the Roman Emperor’s - determination, ‘oderint dum metuant;’ he used no allurements of - gentle language, but wished to compel rather than persuade.” - - All that modern readers can desire to know of Bishop Warburton, - will be found in his Life by the Rev. J. S. Watson. London, 1863. - He was buried in the nave of his cathedral; (Pt. I. § VI.) - - [A.D. 1779, translated to Ely 1781.] JAMES YORKE, translated to - Gloucester from St. David’s. He was the youngest son of Lord - Chancellor Hardwicke. - - [A.D. 1781, translated to St. Asaph 1789.] SAMUEL HALLIFAX; had - been successively Professor of Arabic and Regius Professor of Civil - Law in the University of Cambridge. - - [A.D. 1789, translated to Bath and Wells 1802.] RICHARD BEADON. - - [A.D. 1802, translated to Hereford 1815.] GEORGE ISAAC HUNTINGFORD, - Warden of Winchester College. - - [A.D. 1815, translated to Lichfield 1824.] HENRY RYDER, brother of - the Earl of Harrowby. - - [A.D. 1824, translated to Exeter, and thence to Bangor, 1830.] - CHRISTOPHER BETHELL. - - [A.D. 1830-1856.] JAMES HENRY MONK. In the year 1836 the diocese of - Bristol was united to that of Gloucester. The bishops of Gloucester - and Bristol, after Bishop Monk, have been - - [A.D. 1856, translated to Durham 1861.] CHARLES BARING. - - [A.D. 1861, translated to York 1862.] WILLIAM THOMSON. - - [A.D. 1863.] CHARLES J. ELLICOTT. - - -LONDON: PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET. - -[Illustration] - - - - - A HANDBOOK - - TO - - HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. - - WITH 15 ILLUSTRATIONS. - - LONDON: - JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. - 1864. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -In preparing the ‘Handbook of Hereford Cathedral,’ besides a careful -personal survey, considerable use has been made of a pamphlet on the -condition of the building, printed by Professor Willis before the -restoration was commenced under Dean Merewether. Although due -acknowledgment of this has been made in the notes, it is proper to -mention it here also. The authority of Professor Willis is in no case to -be disregarded. - -Hereford Cathedral, which has been happily restored to its ancient -beauty under the care of Mr. G. G. Scott, is, although not the largest, -one of the most important in the West of England; and contains much of -very high interest to the architectural student. - - R. J. K. - -_August, 1864._ - - - - -CONTENTS. - - -PART I. - -HISTORY AND DETAILS. - - - PAGE -REPAIRS AND RESTORATIONS 1 - -HISTORY 3 - -PROBABLE DATES OF ERECTIONS 4 - -EXTERIOR VIEW 5 - -PORCH--NAVE 6 - -TRIFORIUM AND CLERESTORY--NAVE-AISLES 8 - -FONT--EFFIGY OF SIR R. PEMBRIDGE 9 - -NORTH AISLE 10 - -CHOIR-SCREEN 11 - -CENTRAL TOWER 13 - -CHOIR 15 - -REREDOS 17 - -EFFIGY OF BISHOP STANBERY 18 - -NORTH TRANSEPT 20 - -BISHOP CANTILUPE’S SHRINE 23 - -NORTH CHOIR-AISLE 27 - -BISHOP STANBERY’S CHANTRY 28 - -NORTH-EAST TRANSEPT 29 - -AMBULATORY, OR RETRO-CHOIR 31 - -LADY CHAPEL 32 - -AUDLEY CHAPEL OR CHANTRY 36 - -SOUTH-EAST TRANSEPT 37 - -SOUTH CHOIR-AISLE 38 - -SOUTH TRANSEPT 39 - -ARCHIVE ROOM AND CHAPTER LIBRARY 41 - -MEDIÆVAL MAP OF THE WORLD 41 - -CLOISTERS 44 - -CHAPTER-HOUSE 45 - -EXTERIOR OF NORTH TRANSEPT 46 - -STANBERY CHAPEL--CRYPT 47 - -COLLEGE OF VICARS CHORAL 49 - -EPISCOPAL PALACE 49 - - - - -PART II. - -HISTORY OF THE SEE, WITH SHORT NOTICES OF THE PRINCIPAL BISHOPS. - - - PAGE - -PUTTA, THE FIRST SAXON BISHOP 51 - -ÆTHELSTAN 52 - -LEOFGAR 53 - -WALTER OF LORRAINE--ROBERT DE LOSING 54 - -GERARD--REINHELM--GEOFFRY DE CLIVE 55 - -ROBERT DE BETHUNE 56 - -GILBERT FOLIOT 57 - -PETER D’ACQUABLANCA 59 - -JOHN BRETON--THOMAS CANTILUPE 60 - -SWINFIELD--ORLETON 63 - -JOHN STANBERY 65 - -FRANCIS GODWIN 69 - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. - - -GENERAL VIEW FROM NORTH-EAST _Frontispiece._ - -PLAN _To face page_ 1 - -PLATE - -I. ARCHES OF NAVE 7 - -II. THE ALTAR-SCREEN, OR REREDOS 17 - -III. BAY OF NORTH TRANSEPT 20 - -IV. PEDESTAL OF THE SHRINE OF BISHOP CANTILUPE 23 - -V. MONUMENT OF BISHOP D’ACQUABLANCA, FROM THE -NORTH TRANSEPT 27 - -VI. BISHOP STANBERY’S CHAPEL 28 - -VII. COFFIN-SLAB IN THE NORTH TRANSEPT 31 -WINDOW IN LADY-CHAPEL 32 - -VIII. EASTERN BAY OF THE LADY-CHAPEL 33 - -IX. SCREEN OF BISHOP AUDLEY’S CHANTRY 36 - -X. BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY 41 - -XI. ANCIENT MAP 42 - -XII. CLOISTERS AND “LADIES’ ARBOUR” 45 - -[Illustration: GROUND PLAN, Scale, 100 ft. to 1 in.] - - - - -HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. - - -PART I. - -History and Details. - -I. The very interesting cathedral of Hereford, which represents an -episcopal see existing, it is possible, before the arrival of St. -Augustine, (see Pt. II.,) has suffered much from the hand of time, and -more perhaps from so-called restoration. On Easter Monday, 1786, the -western tower (a later erection than the Norman nave) fell, carrying -with it the west front, and greatly injuring the first bay of the nave. -The architect Wyatt was then at work on Salisbury Cathedral; and the -restoration of Hereford was unhappily placed in his hands. With Wyatt, -restoration meant destruction. Between the years 1788 and 1797 he -expended a sum of £20,000 on this cathedral; shortening the nave by one -entire bay; destroying the Norman triforium and clerestory, which he -replaced by others of his own device; and constructing the present west -front, which it is to be hoped will not be permitted to exist much -longer. In 1841, at the request of the late Bishop MUSGRAVE, a report on -the actual condition of the cathedral was drawn up by Professor Willis; -from which it appeared that the piers of the central tower were in a -condition of much danger, and that the eastern gable of the Lady-chapel -would inevitably fall unless preventive measures were at once taken. -Accordingly, these and other repairs and “restorations” were effected -between 1841 and 1852, at a cost of £27,000. The architect employed was -Mr. L. N. Cottingham; and the then Dean MEREWETHER’S own -superintendence--whose zeal for the restoration of the building cannot -be mentioned with too great respect--was unremitting until his death in -1850. Mr. Cottingham was not so completely destructive as Wyatt had -been, but he rebuilt rather than restored, and allowed his masons to -re-work ancient sculptures. Since the year 1858 the final restoration of -Hereford Cathedral has been in the hands of Mr. G. G. Scott, and it need -hardly be said that the work has been of a very different character. -Where reconstruction has been necessary, every stone has been preserved, -and, if possible, replaced. Whitewash and other defects have been -removed with a sort of wire comb, which effectually cleans the stone, -but does not remove ancient tool marks; and the sculpture and foliage -consequently remain uninjured. These last works, completed in the year -1863, (when, on the 30th of June, the cathedral was solemnly re-opened,) -effectually set forth the original beauty of the building, which ranks -among the most interesting cathedrals in England. - -The extent and nature of the different restorations will be pointed out -as we proceed. It is no doubt to be regretted that so much rebuilding -should have been necessary; but this has been partly owing to original -defects of construction, and partly to the nature of the stone, which -was taken, apparently without much care in selection, from quarries in -the old red sandstone, near the city. This stone is so much weather-worn -in parts as to resemble the face of a sea cliff. Throughout Wyatt’s -rebuilding and all the restorations, the new stone has been brought from -the Caplar quarries near Fawley; from Lugwardine; and from some quarries -nearer Hereford; also in the old red sandstone, but yielding blocks of a -much harder and more durable character. - -II. The Saxon Bishop ETHELSTAN (1012-1056) built a church from the -foundations; which shortly after the accession of his successor, -LEOFGAR, (1056,) was burnt together with the greater part of the city, -by the Welsh king Gryffyth. The first Norman bishop, ROBERT DE LOSINGA, -(1079-1096,) who found his cathedral in ruins, began to rebuild it, -taking for his model the church of Aachen, or Aix la Chapelle,--the work -of Charlemagne[30]. This building was so far completed as to be -dedicated (in the names of the Blessed Virgin and of Ethelbert King of -East Anglia, see § X. and Pt. II.) in 1110, during the episcopate of -REINHELM, (1107-1115). The Norman portions of the existing cathedral -(the piers of the nave, the choir as high as the clerestory, and the -south transept,) belong to Bishop Robert’s cathedral. With the exception -of its first foundation, however, and of the walls of the nave-aisles, -“it is much to be regretted that the period of erection of no one part -of this cathedral has been recorded[31];” and we are left to assign the -various dates from the character of the architecture alone. They are -probably as follows:-- - - _Norman_, 1079-1115. Piers of nave, choir as high as clerestory, - and south transept, (which has had Perpendicular alterations). - - _Early English_, _circ._ 1190. Vestibule of Lady-chapel. - - _Early English_, _circ._ 1220. Lady-chapel. - - _Early English_, _circ._ 1260? Clerestory and vaulting of choir. - - _Transitional_, from Early English to Decorated, 1282-1287. North - transept. - - _Geometrical_, (Early Decorated,) 1287-1320. Eastern transept. - Upper part of central tower. - - _Late Decorated_, 1360-1364. Outer walls and windows of - nave-aisles. - - _Perpendicular_, 1492-1502. Bishop Audley’s chantry. 1516-1535. The - north porch. - -It thus appears that (besides the Norman work) Hereford Cathedral is -principally rich in the architecture of the Early English and -Geometrical periods. The Norman portions are curious and important. The -Early English Lady-chapel is an excellent example; but the most -remarkable part of the building is unquestionably the north transept. -Bishop Cantilupe, who died in 1282, (and was canonized in 1320,) was -buried in the Lady-chapel, which was the first addition to the Norman -church. The north transept (into which the relics of the bishop were -removed in 1287) was to all appearance built expressly for the reception -of the Cantilupe shrine; and the further changes and additions during -the early Decorated period may safely be assigned to the increase of -riches and consequence which the possession of this shrine brought to -the cathedral. In the same manner, at Gloucester (see that Cathedral) -the possession of the remains of Edward II. was the cause of the entire -alteration of the abbey church. - -III. Hereford Cathedral is open on the north side, and a good general -view may be obtained from the Close, [_Frontispiece_,] through which it -is approached. On the south side the bishop’s palace and the college of -the vicars choral fill the space between it and the river Wye. Eastward -the cathedral was closely pressed on by the outworks of the castle, -anciently one of the strongest on the Welsh marches, but of which only -the foundations now remain. The Norman cathedral, built, as has been -said, in imitation of that of Aachen, terminated eastward in a triple -apse. (Compare Norwich, the most perfect example of a Norman ground-plan -now existing.) The central apse was destroyed, in all probability, on -the formation of the Lady-chapel; and the side apses, at a somewhat -later period, were converted into the eastern transept, as it now -appears. This double transept (possibly suggested by that at Worcester, -which is a century earlier; see that Cathedral) combines, with Bishop -Booth’s large projecting porch, in producing a degree of intricacy in -the general outline, the effect of which is not lessened by the various -alterations and restorations, which, however necessary, render it -difficult to distinguish between the new work and the old. - -IV. The cathedral is entered, on the north side, through an elaborate -Perpendicular _porch_, completed in 1530 by Bishop BOOTH. It is of two -stages. The lower is formed by three wide, open arches, at the outer -angles of which are octagonal buttress-turrets, capped by very -picturesque lanterns. The parvise chamber, forming the second stage, is -lighted by three large Perpendicular windows, with rich tracery. This -porch projects beyond an inner and smaller one, of the Decorated period, -to which the doorway opening to the church (the mouldings of which -should be noticed) belongs. The doors themselves are modern, and are -covered with very good iron-work, designed by Mr. Cottingham, jun., and -executed by Messrs. Potter of London. The hinges alone cost £140. - -V. On entering the _nave_, the visitor should pass at once to the west -end, where he will obtain the best general view. The great piers are -Norman, and part of the original church. The triforium and clerestory -and the vaulting of the roof are Wyatt’s work, (1788-1797,) as is the -western wall with its doorway. The nave-aisles belong to the Decorated -period. Wyatt, it must be remembered, shortened the original nave by one -entire bay. The eye is at once struck by the massive grandeur of the -great Norman piers and arches, and by the unusual darkness of the choir. -Beyond the lofty circular arches of the central tower, and the superb - -[Illustration: ARCHES OF NAVE. - -PLATE I. -] - -modern screen on its eastern side, is seen the eastern wall of the -choir, pierced below with a wide circular arch, receding in many orders, -and above by three broad lancet lights. The lower arch is divided by a -central pillar, from which spring two pointed arches, the spandrel -between which is sculptured from a design of Cottingham’s. Beyond, -again, is seen the east wall of the Lady-chapel, with its enriched -lancets, and foliated ornaments above them. The effect of these three -receding distances, with their varying light and shade, is unusually -fine, and is not a little increased by the solemnity of the darkened -choir. This darkness results partly from the heavy Norman architecture -of the choir itself, and partly from the lofty transepts, which abut on -it on either side. The nave and choir are of the same width (73-1/4 ft., -including aisles; actual breadth of vaulting to nave and choir 31-1/4 -ft.) and height (70 ft.) - -The nave [Plate I.] now consists of seven bays. The massive circular -piers have double half-shafts set against their north and south fronts. -(The greater part of these are restorations, the original shafts having -been cut away.) The bases are plain. The capitals of piers and shafts -are rich and varied, especially those of the four easternmost piers, -which have some very rich knot-work and foliage. The main arches recede -in three orders, and are much enriched with the billet and other -mouldings. The Norman work throughout the cathedral, when compared with -that of the great buildings of the same age in the eastern counties, -(Ely, Peterborough, or Norwich,) displays a richer and more involved -class of ornament; such as reaches its highest development in the -elaborate doorways of Kilpeck and Shobdon Churches, both in -Herefordshire. - -The _triforium_, and _clerestory_, both of which are Wyatt’s work, need -not detain us. They are imitated from the Early English of Salisbury; -and to make way for them, Wyatt destroyed the original Norman work, of -which only a small portion had been injured by the fall of the -tower[32]. The vaulting-shafts run up in groups of three, between each -bay. The shafts themselves are restorations of the originals, much of -which had been cut away before the fall of the tower; the corbels, below -the capitals, are modern, and were copied by Cottingham from ancient -examples. The roof is of wood, vaulted in imitation of stone, a -description which is itself a condemnation. It has been coloured, under -Mr. Cottingham’s direction, in a manner which can by no means be called -satisfactory. The pavement throughout the nave has been laid (by Mr. -Cottingham) with plain red and slate-coloured tiles. Two rows of -gas-standards, the work of Messrs. Skidmore, are placed under the arches -at intervals, four on each side. - -VI. The _nave-aisles_ were almost rebuilt during the late Decorated -period. The Norman walls were allowed to stand for about 2 ft. above the -foundations; and upon these bases the existing walls and windows were -erected. The contracts for this work, dating between the years -1360-1364, were found by the late Dean Merewether, and are now preserved -in the archive chamber. The vaulting of the roofs is coloured in the -same unpleasing manner as that of the nave. The view looking up the -aisle, into and beyond the transept, is remarkable, owing to the many -receding stages. It terminates at the eastern end of the second -transept. - -In the second bay (counting from the west) of the _south_ aisle is the -_font_, of Norman design, and curious. The basin is circular, and has -figures of the Apostles beneath arches, in the spandrels of which is a -leaf-ornament. A lion projects from each corner of the base, an unusual -and perhaps unique example. In the fourth bay is the very fine alabaster -effigy of Sir RICHARD PEMBRIDGE, _temp._ Richard II. Sir Richard, an -ancestor of the Chandos family, was one of the first knights of the -Garter, and was present at Poictiers. The armour is an excellent -example. Gold remains on the points of the cap to which the camail is -attached, and on the jewelled sword-belt. The head rests on a -tilting-helmet, with a sheaf of feathers coloured green. Between the -feathers and the helmet is a coronet of open roses. The garter is on the -left leg, and the feet rest on a greyhound. This monument was originally -in the church of the Black Friars, and was brought thence to the -cathedral after the Dissolution. The right leg, which had been -destroyed, has been restored at the cost of the Rev. Lord Saye and Sele, -Canon Residentiary. - -In the wall of this aisle, in the _third_ bay from the east, is the -headless figure of an ecclesiastic, under a Decorated arch, foliated. In -the _second_ bay is an effigy of a priest of the early Decorated period, -much mutilated, under a foliated arch, at the crown of which is a -bearded head wearing a cap. In the _third_ bay is a door opening to the -cloisters, with a square heading which rises above the sill of the -window over it. A row of heads in the hollow moulding of the door,--a -fac-simile of a former composition, which had become entirely -decayed,--and the modern iron-work, by Potter, with which the door -itself is covered, deserve notice. - -A narrow and lofty Norman arch opens from this aisle into the transept. - -VII. The _north_ aisle is Decorated, of the same character as the south. -In the _third_ bay from the tower is the north _porch_, (§ IV.); and in -the bay above it is the monument of Bishop BOOTH, (died 1535,) the -constructor of the porch itself. The effigy lies under a foliated arch -with canopy. The Bishop, mitred and fully vested, holds the crozier (the -head of which has been broken) wrapped with the infula, or fillet. Much -colour remains on this monument, which is protected by its original -iron-work, banded with shields and heraldic ornaments. - -In this aisle, a stained-glass window by WARRENTON, with subjects from -the life of St. John the Baptist, has been inserted as a memorial of -Canon CLUTTON and his wife. - -VIII. Between the eastern piers of the _central tower_, but projecting -from their bases more than 3 ft. toward the nave, is placed the -magnificent _screen_ of wrought iron-work, painted and gilt, executed by -Messrs. Skidmore of Coventry, from the designs of Mr. G. G. Scott. This -is the second great work of the kind which has been produced in England. -It is in many respects finer and more important than the screen at -Lichfield; but it is designed and constructed on precisely the same -principles; and affords a complete vindication of the advantage and -beauty of metal-work for the purpose to which it is here applied. Whilst -the screen forms a sufficient division between the nave and choir, its -extreme lightness permits the use of both tower and transept for -congregational purposes. - -The Hereford screen consists of five main arches, each subdivided by a -slender shaft. The central arch, wider and higher than the rest, forms -the entrance, and is surmounted by a lofty gable, on the summit of which -is the cross. Panels of hollow tracery fill in the lower part of the -arches on either side of the entrance, to the height of about four feet. -The heads of the arches and the spandrels between them are enriched with -elaborate tracery, chiefly formed by flowers and leafage; and the design -of the cornice and cresting is of similar character. In the tympanum -above the shaft which divides the arch of entrance is a figure of the -Saviour, with hands outstretched in blessing. On either side, placed on -brackets supported by the pillars of the main arch, are adoring angels, -two in each group. Single figures of angels, holding instruments of -music, are placed on brackets at the terminations of the screen, north -and south. - -The screen is wrought by hand throughout. It is mainly constructed of -iron; but copper and brass are largely used; the first in the capitals, -figures, and cornice; the second in the shafts of the smaller columns, -and in parts of the larger. Coloured mosaics have also been employed. -The variety of metals is another source of colour; but the hammered -iron-work, forming the whole of the foliage, has been painted -throughout. No colours have been used, however, but those of the oxydes -of iron and copper--the metals employed in the work. The result is -entirely successful. The beauty of the capitals of leafage, in which -fine effects of light and shade are produced, and of the foliage and -flowers in other parts of the screen, is very great; and every band and -line of ornament deserves notice. The forms of both leafage and flowers -are to a certain extent conventional, but may easily be recognised. The -passion-flower especially has been much used, and with admirable effect. -On the whole it may safely be said that this screen is the finest and -most complete work of its class which has been produced in recent times; -nor would it be easy to mention any piece of ancient metal-work--at -least of equal dimensions--which will bear comparison with it. - -Near the south-west corner of the screen is placed an eagle-lectern, -designed by Cottingham and executed by Potter. The projecting branches, -for lights, are unusual and picturesque. The cost of the lectern was -defrayed by the Misses Rushout; but the money was misappropriated, and -it was eventually paid for by subscription. - -The old pulpit, of the seventeenth century, now stands against the -north-west tower-pier; but will shortly be replaced by one more worthy -of the cathedral. - -The four great arches of the tower were in a condition of much danger -when Dean Merewether commenced his restorations in 1841. The piers, and -the four arches resting on them, were Norman; but owing to settlements -in the foundations of the nave and tower, which had taken place at a -very early period, they had been cased and otherwise repaired during the -fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; and still later (probably during the -episcopate of Bishop BISSE, 1712-1721) the two smaller arches of the -tower (north and south) were filled with so-called “ox-eye masonry[33],” -supported by two segmental arches branching from an octangular central -column; whilst nearly all the smaller Norman arches in connection with -the tower-piers were closed with solid masonry, leaving only doorways. -In spite of all that had been done, however, Professor Willis, in his -Report of 1841, pronounced the masonry of the great arches, and of the -spandrel walls above, to be “in such a state of ruin as to make an -immediate repair absolutely necessary for the preservation of the -tower.” The piers themselves were in a condition of less danger; but -Mr. Cottingham, to whom the work was entrusted, proceeded to remove all -the additions that had been made to them since the Norman period, and, -in effect, to rebuild them according to their original design. In this -state they remain at present. The arches resting on them were at the -same time reconstructed, and the ox-eye masonry which filled those north -and south was entirely removed. - -Before these restorations a vault of the fifteenth century rose -immediately above the great arches, and concealed the upper part of the -tower. This was removed. The whole of the tower above the arches dates -from the beginning of the fourteenth century; and the interior walls, -which are now visible from below, “are of a very singular construction; -twelve piers of compact masonry on each side, beside angle piers, are -carried up to the height of 26 ft., and connected half-way up by a -horizontal course of stone, in long pieces, and by an iron bar, which -runs all round immediately under this bonding course. Upon these -gigantic _stone gratings_, if I may be allowed the expression, the -interior wall of the tower rests; and they also carry the entire weight -of the bell-chamber and bells. I believe this construction was entirely -adopted for the sake of lightness[34].” This part of the tower, which -has no decorative character, was not originally intended to be seen from -below; and the fifteenth-century vaulting had replaced an earlier wooden -ceiling. It is now completely open, and the flat wooden floor of the -bell-chamber above it is coloured in blue and gold. From this floor -depends a superb corona of wrought iron, by Skidmore--a worthy companion -of the great choir-screen, and coloured in the same manner. - -IX. The peculiar darkness of the _choir_ has already been mentioned. It -results mainly (as will be seen from the Plan) from the arrangement of -the transepts, which prevents the admission of light to the choir except -from its clerestory. - -The choir and sacrarium, as at present formed, consist of only three -bays, eastward of the screen. (The Norman choir extended no doubt to the -western arch of the tower, if not into the first bay of the nave.) As -far as the top of the triforium, the choir is _Norman_: the clerestory -and vaulting are _Early English_, and date, apparently, from the middle -of the thirteenth century. No record of their construction has been -preserved. - -The _main arches_ of the choir are of three orders, and spring from -massive composite piers, with broad, square bases. The capitals of the -semi-detached shafts are enriched with leafage and grotesque heads. The -_triforium_, in each bay, consists of one wide Norman arch -circumscribing two smaller, divided by a central shaft, and springing on -either side from two massive semicircular piers, with small capitals. -Both outer and inner arches spring from these piers. The capitals of the -central shafts have square abaci, and are enriched. The tympana of the -outer arches are covered with scallop, leaf, and billet-ornament. At the -base of the triforium runs a square stringcourse, enriched with minute -carving. The lozenge ornament prevails round the main arches of the -choir, as does the zigzag round those of the nave. - -Broad square pilasters, with semi-detached shafts at their angles, fill -the spaces between the piers. They terminate at the spring of the -triforium arches in double triangular headings, with crocheted sides, -and finials of leafage. These headings are Early English, of the same -date as the clerestory and vaulting; and between each pair rises a group -of so-called vaulting-shafts, with capitals of leafage, terminating at -the base of the clerestory; and connected (under the actual base of the -clerestory) by a band of open flowers. The _clerestory_ consists of one -lofty pointed arch in each bay, divided by a central shaft; on either -side is a smaller trefoiled arch. The windows, of two lights, with a -quatrefoil in the heading, are placed at the back of the wall-passage, -and form in effect a double plane with the large inner arches. They are -filled on each side with indifferent stained glass. The choir _vaulting_ -is plain quadripartite, with bosses of leafage at the intersections. - -X. Before 1841, the east end of the choir was covered with an oaken -screen, erected by Bishop Bisse in 1717; and above it was a Decorated -window filled with a copy in stained glass of WEST’S picture of the Last -Supper. The removal of the screen disclosed the great Norman arch of -five orders, within which the reredos is now placed. Above this arch is -a small blind arcade; and instead of the Decorated window, - -[Illustration: THE ALTAR-SCREEN. - -PLATE II. -] - -three lancets have been inserted at the back of the clerestory passage. -Of these, the central window has been filled with stained glass by -HARDMAN; too minute perhaps in design for the height at which it is -placed, but very good. The subjects in this window are the Saviour in -Majesty, the Resurrection, the Crucifixion. The subjects in the north -and south lancets will comprise the principal events of our Lord’s -Passion. - -The _reredos_ [Plate II.] below was designed by Mr. Cottingham, jun., as -a memorial for JOSEPH BAILEY, Esq., M.P. for the county of Hereford, who -died in 1850. It is in oolite (Bath stone) and marble; and although too -high for its position, is a fine work. Between the five canopied -compartments rise small shafts, supporting angels, who carry the -instruments of the Passion. The pierced leafage at the back of the -canopies is very beautiful. The subjects in the panels are--the Agony in -the Garden, Bearing the Cross, the Crucifixion, with floating angels -above the Cross, the Resurrection, and the three Maries at the -Sepulchre. - -At the back of the reredos rises a pier from which spring two pointed -arches, leaving a broad tympanum or spandrel, closing the upper part of -the Norman arch. This is a restoration of Mr. Cottingham’s. The pier -itself is ancient. The spandrel is covered with modern sculpture, -having, above, the Saviour in Majesty, with the Evangelists holding -scrolls; and below, a figure of Ethelbert, King of East Anglia, who was -murdered by Offa, King of Mercia, and is said to have been interred in -the first Saxon church on this spot. (See Pt. II.) Miracles were -reported as having occurred at his tomb, and the second church here was -dedicated to St. Ethelbert. - -The very good brass of Bishop TRILLECK (died 1360) is placed on the -chancel floor. The graceful arrangement of the vestments--which do not -include the tunic--and the architectural design of the canopy deserve -special notice. The greater part of the inscription has been lost[35]. - -Against the easternmost pier on the south side of the choir is a small -figure on a bracket, which possibly represents St. Ethelbert. It was -found about the year 1700, buried at the entrance of the Lady-chapel, -(where it is said to have been concealed during the siege of 1645,) and -was replaced in what is believed to have been its original position. The -figure wears a coronet terminating in leaves. The strings of the long -mantle are crossed on the breast. Whatever the hands once held has been -destroyed. The figure is certainly not earlier than the first half of -the fourteenth century. - -On the _north_ side of the choir, in the easternmost bay, is the effigy -of Bishop STANBERY, (died 1474,) whose chantry opens from the aisle -opposite; (§ XIV.) The Bishop wears the alb, stole, and chasuble, the -flowing ornament on which should be noticed. It should here be mentioned -that Wyatt, following the same destructive course as at Salisbury, -removed many monuments in the cathedral from their original positions; -thereby rendering even their identification a matter of some difficulty. - -In the next bay is the effigy of a bishop, fully vested, holding the -model of a tower. This is assigned to Bishop GILES DE BRUCE, (died -1215); and Godwin (_De Præsulibus_) conjectured that the model indicated -this bishop as having been the builder of the central tower--a -conjecture which has been assumed as a certainty by every succeeding -writer. But whatever architectural work Bishop Giles may have done, the -tower, as was pointed out by Professor Willis, is nearly a century -later. His effigy is one of ten which were erected during the -Perpendicular period as memorials of earlier bishops, and which are now -scattered in different parts of the cathedral. (In the same manner, many -effigies of earlier bishops were sculptured at Wells (see that -Cathedral) in the first half of the thirteenth century, and are all of -Early English character.) - -In the same bay is the monument of Bishop BENNETT, (died 1617). He wears -the rochet, and a close black cap, and rests his feet on a lion; an -unusual instance of the retention of an earlier form. The Bishop was -buried on this spot. - -The _stalls_ of the choir range up to this bay. They are Decorated, and -very good. The small heads and ornaments of the shafts which support the -projecting canopies should especially be noticed. The misereres are -interesting, but of no special excellence. Two on the south side -represent a cook throwing a platter at an intruder, and a pair of -wrestlers with ropes about their necks. The whole of this ancient work -has been carefully cleaned, and restored where necessary, under the -direction of Mr. Scott. The new carving, which is very fine, and well -worthy of its companionship with fourteenth-century wood-work, is -entirely by Messrs. Ruddle and Thompson of Peterborough. Some of the new -misereres, and the elaborately carved ends or heads, sixteen in number, -deserve careful attention. The panel-work in front of the stalls is an -exact reproduction of that before the episcopal throne. - -The floor of the whole choir has been laid with tiles, manufactured (as -are those throughout the church with the exception of the nave) by -Godwin of Lugwardine. The pavement of the sacrarium is especially rich -and elaborate. - -The organ (by Renatus Harris, but remodelled and reconstructed by -Davison under the direction of Sir Frederick Ouseley) is to be placed -within the first archway on the south side of the choir. - -XI. Through the north arch of the tower we pass into the _north -transept_, [Plate III.]; one of the finest and most interesting parts of -the church, which fortunately remained untouched until the cathedral was -placed under the care of Mr. G. G. Scott, by whom this transept has been -carefully restored. The date of its erection has not been recorded; but -we cannot be wrong in assigning it to the period between the death of -Bishop CANTILUPE (1282) and his translation in 1287. The Bishop was at -first buried in the Lady-chapel, but was - -[Illustration: BAY OF THE NORTH TRANSEPT. - -PLATE III. -] - -removed to this transept in 1287. The miracles reported at his tomb had -already brought large sums to the Church; and the rebuilding of the -transept for the reception of his shrine must have been completed before -the removal of his body in 1287. - -The Norman arches opening to the aisles of nave and choir resemble those -which correspond to them on the south side of the church. The transept -beyond them was, as we have seen, entirely rebuilt, and is one of the -most remarkable examples of the period remaining in England. The unusual -form of its arches, and its pure, lofty windows, are sufficiently -impressive now; but their effect must have been wonderfully increased -when the windows were filled with glass displaying the history and -miracles of the sainted Bishop, and when the shrine itself was standing -on its pedestal within the eastern aisle, rich with the gold and jewels -offered by the numerous pilgrims who knelt daily before it. - -The _west_ side of the transept (which is of two bays beyond the aisle -passage) is entirely filled by two very lofty windows, of three lights -each. The heads of the narrow lights are sharply pointed; and the -tracery above is formed by three circles enclosing trefoils. These -windows are set back within triangular-headed arches. On the _north_ -side is a double window of the same character, divided by a group of -banded shafts. The triple lights on either side of these shafts, and the -foiled circles above them, precisely resemble the windows on the west -side of the transept. The central tracery of the window is formed by a -foiled circle, with a larger circle, enclosing a sexfoil, above it. The -whole window is set back within a segmental pointed arch, with banded -shafts at the angles of the jambs. The _eastern aisle_ of the transept -is divided into two bays by a clustered pier, the shafts surrounding -which are alternately of sandstone and dark marble. Their capitals are -enriched with foliage, and small knots of foliage are placed between the -bases. The main arches are sharply pointed, and have many plain -mouldings, with one band of dog-tooth ornament, highly detached. The -_triforium_ above (which extends beyond the actual transept, over the -Norman arch opening to the choir-aisle) is especially striking. In each -bay are two sharply pointed arches, each subdivided into three lesser -arches, with foiled headings; and with three open quatrefoils as tracery -above. The main arch is surrounded by a row of dog-tooth. The large -spandrel spaces between the arches are entirely covered with a diaper of -leaf-ornament, in low relief. The _clerestory_ windows are octofoils, -set far back within pointed arches. On the exterior, the form of the -window openings is triangular, like those of the triforium at -Westminster and those in the clerestory of the nave at Lichfield. On the -interior, the sills of the windows slope forward with overlapping -courses of stone, to the stringcourse at the top of the triforium. The -sills of the great windows in the transept are formed in a similar -manner, with overlapping courses of stone. - -[Illustration: PEDESTAL OF THE SHRINE OF BISHOP CANTILUPE. - -PLATE IV. -] - -The shafts at the angles of all the windows are ringed, and the -triangular arches, throughout the transept, are slightly stilted. Such -arches are by no means common. They occur, however, in the clerestory on -the south side of the nave in Worcester Cathedral, but of later date -than this transept, which was possibly imitated by the Worcester -architect. - -This transept has been carefully and truly “restored,” under the -direction of Mr. G. G. Scott. The stone-work has been freed from -whitewash and cleaned; and the plain quadripartite vaulting has been -touched with colour, and the bosses gilt, with excellent effect. The -vaulting springs from clustered shafts, the corbels supporting which, on -the east side, are beautiful and singular, and resemble bunches of -reeds, terminating in a small open flower. The small heads below these -corbels, at the intersection of the main arches, should also be noticed. - -The transept has been laid with red and green tiles in panels, the -divisions being marked in grey sandstone. - -XII. The eastern aisle is lighted by three very beautiful windows, each -of three lights, with three quatrefoils in the tracery. They are set -back within wider arches, as is the case with the windows in the main -transept. In this aisle, in a line with the central pier, is the -pedestal of the _Cantilupe Shrine_. [Plate IV.] (For a sketch of the -life of St. Thomas Cantilupe, the last Englishman canonized before the -Reformation, see Pt. II.) Bishop Cantilupe died on his way to Rome, at -Civita Vecchia, Aug. 25, 1282. His remains were divided. A portion was -interred near Orvieto; the heart was brought to Ashridge in -Buckinghamshire; and the bones were brought to his own cathedral at -Hereford, where they were deposited in the Lady-chapel. The reputation -of Bishop Cantilupe had been great during his life. Numerous miracles -were recorded as having taken place at his tomb, which soon became one -of the most frequented places of pilgrimage in the west of England; and -in 1286 (April 6) his remains were translated to a more stately -resting-place in this transept, which had probably been rebuilt in his -honour. The King, Edward II., was present at the translation. Bishop -Cantilupe was not canonized until 1320[36]; but the pedestal of his -shrine, which alone now exists, is (with the exception of the western -end, which seems to be at least thirty years later) of the date of his -translation. - -This is a long parallelogram, narrowing toward the lower end, and is -entirely of Purbeck marble. It has two divisions; the lower closed, like -an altar-tomb, the upper a flat canopy, supported on small open arches. -Upon this rested the actual shrine, containing the relics of the saint. -Cantilupe was Provincial Grand Master of the Knights Templars in -England; and round the lower division of the pedestal are fifteen -figures of Templars in various attitudes, placed in the recesses of a -foliated arcade. All are fully armed, in chain-mail, with surcoat, -shield, and sword. All are seated, and tread on various monsters, among -which are dragons, and swine muzzled. The spandrels in this arcade, and -the spandrels between the arches in the upper division, are filled with -leafage of the most beautiful and varied character. It is the leafage of -the first Decorated period, retaining some of the stiff arrangement of -the Early English, but directly copied from nature. In the lower -spandrels it is arranged in sprays; in the upper it is often laid in -rows of leaves, among which occur oak, maple, and trefoil. The whole of -this work will repay the most careful examination. (It should be -compared with the foliage of the capitals of the shafts surrounding the -central pier of the aisle, which is far more stiff and conventional.) On -the top of the lower division of the pedestal was a brass of the Bishop, -of which the matrix alone remains. - -The position of the shrine in this transept may be compared with that of -St. Frideswide at Oxford, and with that of St. Richard de la Wych at -Chichester. All had an altar immediately adjoining the shrine, which was -dedicated to the saint, and at which the offerings of pilgrims were -made. In these cases, however, the usual position of a great shrine--at -the back of the high altar--was, for some special reason, departed from. -At Hereford, this position of highest honour was probably occupied by -the shrine of St. Ethelbert; and the shrine of St. Thomas Cantilupe must -have taken an inferior place, had it been fixed near that. This was -avoided by the dedication of the entire transept to the sainted Bishop. -In the same manner, the south transept at Chichester seems to have been -occupied by the shrine of St. Richard de la Wych; in whose honour the -great south window was probably inserted. - -On a bracket against the wall adjoining the shrine is a bust of Bishop -FIELD, (died 1636). On the floor is a slab with effigy of JOHN -D’ACQUABLANCA, Dean of Hereford, (died 1320). He was the nephew of -Bishop d’Acquablanca, whose monument (see _post_) is close by. Under the -north window of the aisle is a stone coffin, found under the centre of -the north arch of the tower, during the restoration of the piers. It may -be the coffin of Bishop JOHN DE BRETON, (died 1275). - -Under the great north window of the transept is a richly canopied tomb -with effigy of Bishop THOMAS CHARLTON, (died 1369). This effigy was not -disturbed by Wyatt, and remains in its original position. West of this -monument is the effigy of Bishop WESTFALING, (died 1602). The canopy was -destroyed by Wyatt. This is the bishop who is said so rarely to have -smiled after his consecration to the episcopate; (see Pt. II.) - -In the pavement adjoining the choir-aisle, a very good small brass has -been inserted for JOHN PHILIPS, (died 1708, aged 32,) whose family were -natives of Herefordshire, although the poet himself was born at Bampton -in Oxfordshire, of which place his father was rector. His principal -work, however, “Cider,” belongs essentially to Herefordshire. A monument -to Philips was placed in Westminster Abbey by Lord Chancellor Harcourt, -and bears an inscription written by Bishop Atterbury. - -[Illustration: MONUMENT OF BISHOP D’AQUABLANCA. - -(FROM THE NORTH TRANSEPT.) PLATE V. -] - -XIII. The _north choir-aisle_ is entered through the original Norman -arch; which (together with that opening from the nave-aisle) was cleared -by Mr. Cottingham from the masonry with which it had been nearly closed, -in order to strengthen the tower piers. Between this aisle and the -eastern aisle of the transept is the very beautiful monument of Bishop -D’ACQUABLANCA, (1240-1268). [Plate V.] The effigy lies under a canopy -supported by light shafts of Purbeck marble. The gables of the canopy -are crowned with floriated crosses, the central cross bearing a figure -of the crucified Saviour. The monument may be compared with that of -Bishop Bridport at Salisbury, (died 1262,) which is, however, far richer -and more elaborate. The tomb of Bishop d’Acquablanca was originally -richly coloured; and an attempt at restoration was made by an amateur in -1861. It was soon, however, discontinued,--not unwisely, as the -commencement remains to prove. - -The Norman piers of the choir and the monuments described in § X. should -be noticed from the aisle, the pavement of which has been laid in square -panels of red and green tiles, with a border of grey stone. In the north -wall of the aisle is a series of arched recesses, of Decorated -character, with the open-flower ornament in the mouldings, episcopal -heads at the crown of the arches, and heads of ecclesiastics at the -intersections. In the first of these recesses east of the transept, is -an effigy assigned to Bishop GEOFFRY DE CLIVE, (died 1120). This is one -of the series of Perpendicular effigies already noticed, (§ X.) Beyond -this recess a door opens to the turret staircase leading to the Archive -Room and Chapter Library, (see § XXIII.,) above the north transept. The -effigy in the next recess (also Perpendicular) is given to Bishop HUGH -DE MAPENORE, (died 1219). The window above is filled with stained glass, -by Clayton and Bell, as a memorial of JOHN HUNT, organist, died 1842, -and his nephew James, “who died of grief three days after his uncle;” as -appears from an inscription on a small brass plate at the side of the -window. Beyond the entrance to Bishop Stanbery’s chapel is an arch open -to the chapel itself, under which is a Perpendicular effigy assigned to -Bishop RICHARD, (called “de Capella,”) died 1127. - -XIV. _Bishop Stanbery’s Chantry_ (1453-1474) [Plate VI.] is a good -example of rich late Perpendicular. It is 16 ft. by 8 ft.; with two -windows on the north side, (filled with stained glass, which forms part -of the Musgrave memorial; see _post_,) and on the south the entrance, -and the arch with effigy already mentioned. The west end is covered with -tracery and shields in panels; and the east has shields with emblems -above the place of the altar. The ceiling is richly groined. The -grotesque capitals at the angles of the chapel should be remarked; as -should the shields with emblems of St. Matthias, St. Thomas, and St. -Bartholomew, over the arch on the south side. Other shields bear the -arms of the see and of the deanery, with those assigned to St. -Ethelbert, and to Leofric of Mercia. - -Bishop Stanbery’s monument (§ X.) is on the wall of the choir -immediately opposite his chantry. On the - -[Illustration: BISHOP STANBERY’S CHAPEL. - -PLATE VI. -] - -panels toward the aisle are figures of saints, and angels bearing -shields. In the wall of the aisle above the chantry, which is only 11 -ft. in height, is a Decorated window filled with stained glass as a -memorial of the late Dr. MUSGRAVE, Archbishop of York; who, as Bishop of -Hereford, was among the first to set on foot the restoration of his -cathedral. The glass, which is by WARRENTON, exhibits the principal -events in the life of St. Paul. The subjects are continued in the -windows of the chantry, which form part of the memorial. - -XV. The _north-east transept_ opens immediately beyond Bishop Stanbery’s -chantry. The main character of this lesser, or eastern transept, is at -present early Decorated, (geometrical); but it retains traces of the -original Norman ground-plan. The Norman cathedral, like most great -churches in England of that period, seems to have terminated in a triple -apse, of which the arrangement may have resembled the eastern apses of -Norwich and Gloucester, (see those Cathedrals). Portions of the central -apse remain in the walls of the vestibule to the Lady-chapel; and parts -of the apses which opened from the choir-aisles have been retained in -the existing transept. These are all of transitional Norman character; -and are considerably later than the Norman choir or nave. - -Extensive alterations had been made in this part of the Norman cathedral -before the great north transept was rebuilt in order to receive the -shrine of St. Thomas Cantilupe. The Lady-chapel, dating from the early -part of the thirteenth century, was the first addition; and its -building must have followed very closely on the completion of the Norman -retro-choir with its apses, the side walls of which were retained in the -vestibule of the Lady-chapel. Considerably later, (at the beginning of -the fourteenth century), after the completion of the north transept, the -terminal apses of the choir-aisles were almost entirely removed, and the -existing transept constructed. It is much to be regretted that none of -these works have any recorded date. - -A peculiar character is given to this transept by an octagonal pier, -which rises in the centre, and assists in carrying the vaulting. The -vaulting is quadripartite, with very good bosses of leafage. The windows -are early Decorated. In the west wall of the transept are some Norman -arches, which belonged to the original apse. - -The transept has been restored under the direction of Mr. G. G. Scott. -The tiles of the pavement are laid in panels, in which red and yellow -are the prevailing colours. In one of the panels is a good modern brass -for members of the TERRY family. - -Under the north-east window is a monument which has been assigned to -Bishop GODWIN, (died 1633); but which is in reality much earlier. Under -the adjoining window, west, is the canopied tomb of Bishop SWINFIELD, -(1283-1317). The episcopal effigy has long disappeared, and that which -is now seen on the tomb is the effigy of some unknown lay person, dug up -in the cloisters. The arched canopy has the ball-flower in its -mouldings; and at the back of the recess is a much - -[Illustration: COFFIN SLAB IN THE NORTH-EAST TRANSEPT. - -PLATE VII. -] - -mutilated sculpture of the Crucifixion, surrounded by vine-leaves and -tendrils. The work resembles the leafage of the Cantilupe Shrine, and is -possibly by the same hand. In a recess decorated with the ball-flower -under the arch opening to the vestibule of the Lady-chapel, is the -effigy of an unknown lady, (fourteenth century,) dug up outside the -church during the restorations. Against the walls of the transept are -ranged some coffin slabs, with floriated and enriched crosses, found at -different times and in various parts of the cathedral. One of these -(_circa_ 1250?) is given in Plate VII. - -XVI. From the transept we pass into the _ambulatory_, or _retro-choir_, -at the back of the altar. This is transitional Norman, and its two bays -are divided by a pointed arch, which springs from circular shafts, at -the back of the altar and at the entrance to the vestibule of the -Lady-chapel. The ribs of the quadripartite vaulting are enriched with -chevron and diamond mouldings of late character. The arches at the back -of the choir-screen were decorated (see § X.) by Mr. Cottingham. On the -base of the central shaft is an inscription recording the erection of -the screen as a memorial of the late JOSEPH BAILEY, Esq.; (see § X.) - -The existing arrangement seems to indicate (although this has not been -directly proved) that the Norman ground-plan, like that of Norwich, -comprised an ambulatory or “procession-path,” passing round at the back -of the high altar, and giving access to the central and side apses, -which opened from it. - -[Illustration: Window in vestibule of Lady-chapel.] - -XVII. The walls of this central apse are retained in the _vestibule_ to -the Lady-chapel. They are pierced north and south with transitional -Norman window openings; pointed arches, with massive mouldings, one of -which, an enriched diamond, runs round the soffete, and is carried on -the capitals of triple side shafts. The foliage of the capitals is of -completely Early English character. These windows (the glass in which, -as is indicated by their rebated jambs, was fixed in wooden - -[Illustration: EASTERN BAY OF LADY-CHAPEL. - -PLATE VIII. -] - -frames) were built up in the wall, until the restoration of this part of -the cathedral by Mr. Cottingham. - -In the south wall of the vestibule is the very interesting monument, -with effigy, of Dean BEREW, or BEAURIEÚ, (died 1462). The head of the -effigy, delicately featured and full of expression, and the arrangement -of the robe, especially at the feet, are very striking, and should be -noticed. The feet rest on a boar; and in the hollow of the arch-moulding -are boars and rue leaves, forming a “rebus” of the Dean’s name. Over the -whole monument there are traces of painting, and at the back of the -recess the kneeling figure of an ecclesiastic is distinguishable; -possibly that of Dean Berew himself. - -On the floor is the very fine _brass_ of Richard Delamare (1435) and his -wife Isabella. There is also here the _brass_ of a priest in cope, -_circa_ 1450. - -XVIII. An ascent of five steps (rendered necessary by the height of the -crypt below; see § XXVI.) leads to the _Lady-chapel_, [Plate VIII.]; -very rich Early English, and dating from the first half of the -thirteenth century, (_circ._ 1220). It is 45 ft. by 24, and consists of -three bays, in each of which, on either side, (except where the bay on -the south side is filled by the Audley Chantry,) are two large windows. -When Professor Willis made his report in 1841, the eastern gable of this -chapel (then used as the Chapter Library) was in a state of “ruinous -disintegration;” and one of the first works entrusted to Mr. Cottingham -was the rebuilding of this eastern end. The pavement of the -Lady-chapel, and other restorations, have happily been completed under -the direction of Mr. G. G. Scott. - -At the east end are five narrow lancets, set back within arches resting -on clustered shafts, and much enriched with the dog-tooth ornament. The -wall above these windows is pierced with five foiled openings; of which -the three central are oval, the exterior on either side circular. The -windows have been filled with stained glass designed by Cottingham and -executed by GIBBS, as a memorial to the late Dean MEREWETHER,--to whom -the cathedral is so greatly indebted,--who is interred at the north-east -angle of the chapel. The subjects commence with the early life of the -Virgin, and proceed through that of our Lord, terminating with the -supper in the house of Mary and Martha. The glass is good, but suffers -from the want of white and neutral tints. - -A black marble slab, with a brass plate by Hardman, has been placed over -the grave of Dean Merewether. The inscription bears record that “to the -restoration of this cathedral he devoted the unwearied energies of his -life till its close on the 4th of April, 1850.” - -The very rich clustered shafts and arches of the side windows should be -especially noticed. The capitals of the shafts are of Early English -leafage; and there are small heads at the intersections and crowns of -the arches. A circle enclosing a quatrefoil pierces the wall above these -windows. The vaulting is plain quadripartite, and springs from shafts -which descend upon a base raised slightly above the pavement. - -The modern pavement of the Lady-chapel is laid with red and green tiles, -in large square panels. The whole design is broad and good in outline; -and is somewhat richer at the altar end, which is raised on one step. -The aumbry and double piscina on the south side of the altar are -reproductions of the originals, which were in a state of extreme decay. -Of the two stained windows on the south side, the most eastern (of late -fourteenth-century character) was removed from St. Peter’s Church in -Hereford, and was given to the cathedral by the late R. B. Phillipps, -Esq. The window below is filled with Munich glass. - -In the central bay on the north side of the chapel is a very fine -Perpendicular monumental recess, within which is laid the effigy (much -earlier than the recess) of a knight of the Bohun family. The recess -itself has an upper stage or canopy, with open tabernacle-work, in the -arches of which figures have been placed, none of which originally -belonged to it, with the exception of the two central ones, now -headless, representing the Saviour and the Blessed Virgin. The figures -on either side were found imbedded in a mass of mortar behind the oaken -choir-screen, on its removal by Mr. Cottingham. They represent St. John -the Baptist, St. Thomas Cantilupe, and St. Thomas of Canterbury,--the -latter distinguished by the pall and the patriarchal cross,--the fourth -figure is uncertain. - -The effigy placed in this recess has generally been assigned to Humphrey -de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, _temp._ Edward III. He was not however -interred in this cathedral; and although the effigy is certainly of -that date, it probably represents some less distinguished member of that -great family. The features, uninjured, are fine. The chain-mail, the -fringed poleyns at the knees, the surcoat, and all the details, should -be noticed. The dog at the feet turns upward, licking his paw. - -The monument, with effigy, in the most eastern bay on this side, is that -of JOANNA DE BOHUN, Countess of Hereford, (called Joanna de Kilpeck, -from her castle there,) (died 1327). It has been painted in accordance -with the remains of colour on its several portions; but with very -indifferent success. The effigy is a good example of costume. Male and -female heads project at the angles of the canopy; and the border of the -slab on which the effigy rests has small human heads and roses with -their leaves, alternately. The will of the Countess bequeaths a -considerable estate to the cathedral. - -XIX. In the central bay on the south side is the _Audley Chapel or -Chantry_, [Plate IX.,] constructed by Bishop EDMUND AUDLEY, (1492-1502,) -before his translation to Salisbury in the latter year. The chantry here -was no doubt intended for the place of his own interment; but during his -episcopate at Salisbury (1502-1524) he built a second chantry in the -choir of that cathedral, (see Handbook for SALISBURY,) within which he -was buried. - -The Audley Chapel at Hereford is of two stages, access to the upper -being afforded by a circular staircase at the south-west angle. The -lower story is separated - -[Illustration: THE SCREEN OF BISHOP AUDLEY’S CHANTRY. - -PLATE IX. -] - -from the Lady-chapel by a lofty stone screen with pierced panels. -Figures of saints and of religious persons are represented on this -screen, which has been restored and painted. The iron-work on the door -opening to the staircase is excellent as an example, and should be -noticed. The lock bears the Bishop’s initials. - -The chapel is five-sided, and is lighted by two windows. There is a -third window, opening through the screen into the Lady-chapel. The -vaulted ceiling shews the remains of rich colour; and at the east end, -over the place of the altar, are traces of a large painting with trees -and figures. The upper story has five windows, in which are some good -remains of the original glass. On the central boss of the groining is -the Virgin, crowned, and surrounded by an aureole of rays. The arms of -the Deanery, (Azure, five bends or,) and those of Bishop Audley, appear -on other parts of the ceiling, with a shield bearing the initials (R. -I.) of some unknown person. The top of the screen forms a parapet, -dividing this story from the Lady-chapel. There are no traces of an -altar here; and the upper story of this chantry probably served--like -those of the chantries of Abbots Farley and Hanley at Gloucester, (see -that Cathedral,) which are also attached to the Lady-chapel, and are -constructed on a similar plan--as an oratory. - -XX. The _south-east transept_ resembles that opposite; but it was -perhaps altered from the Norman apse at a somewhat later date. Its -details are not so good as those of the north-east transept; and the -window tracery is of almost flamboyant character. Bases of the earlier -work remain in the walls. - -Under the wall dividing the vestibule of the Lady-chapel from this -transept is the monument, with effigy, of Bishop LEWIS CHARLTON, (died -1369). Above it is that of Bishop COKE, (died 1646). In a square recess, -in the east wall, is the fine bust of a Mr. JAMES THOMAS, who is buried -near this place; and under it the brass of Sir RICHARD DELABERE, (1514,) -and two wives. In the recess, with the bust, are placed some carved -Norman capitals, of early character. Under the south wall of the -transept are monuments for Bishop LINDSELL, (died 1634,) and Dean -HARVEY, (died 1500); neither of any great interest. Some fragments of -brasses are attached to the walls of this transept, but are of little -importance. The north-east window has been filled with stained glass by -WARRENTON, at the sole expense of Lord Saye and Sele, as a memorial of -Bishop HUNTINGFORD, (1815-1834). The subjects are from the life of St. -Peter. - -XXI. In the south wall of the _south choir-aisle_ are four arched -recesses, of the same date and character (Decorated) as those in the -aisle opposite. They contain four Perpendicular effigies; assigned -(beginning from the east) to Bishop WILLIAM DE VERE, (died 1199); Bishop -HUGH FOLIOT, (died 1234); Bishop ROBERT DE BETUN, (died 1148); and -Bishop ROBERT DE MELUN, (died 1167). On the floor is the fine brass of -Dean EDMUND FROWSETOURE, (died 1529,) in a richly diapered cope. Among -the figures in the canopy are those of St. Ethelbert and of St. Thomas -Cantilupe. - -Between the two easternmost piers of the choir is the monument, with -effigy, of Bishop MAYEW, (1504-1516; see Pt. II.) The elaborate canopy -has been restored, so far as any authority remained for the details. The -panels in front of the monument are filled with figures of saints. The -effigy, fully vested, and wearing a richly jewelled mitre, should be -especially noticed. Under an arch opening to the choir, in the next bay, -is a Perpendicular effigy assigned to Bishop DE LOSINGA, (died 1096). -Above it is a fragment of good wooden screen-work, of Decorated -character. - -A door in the westernmost bay of this aisle opens to two plain Norman -rooms, now used as vestries. In the Perpendicular period an “eastern -chamber” of two stories was added to this Norman building, and served as -the treasury of the cathedral. - -XXII. The great _south transept_ retains much of its Norman work, but -was much altered during the Perpendicular period. The east wall is -entirely Norman, and is covered with five ranges of arcades, all of -which are blank except those at the levels of the triforium and -clerestory, which open to a wall-passage. The transept is only lighted -on this side by two Norman windows in the clerestory. A large Norman -arch, including two smaller, all much enriched, occupies the triforium -space above the arch opening to the choir-aisle; and perhaps indicates -that the Norman triforium - -[Illustration: BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY. - -PLATE X. -] - -has been already mentioned, to the _Archive Room_ and _Chapter Library_, -above the great north transept. This room has been thoroughly restored -by Mr. G. G. Scott. The Library contains about 2,000 volumes, many of -great rarity and interest. Nearly all are chained to the shelves; and -the general appearance of the carefully guarded treasures is -sufficiently curious. [Plate X.] Among the most remarkable printed books -are--A series of Bibles, ranging from 1480 to 1690; Higden’s -_Polychronicon_, by Caxton, 1495; Caxton’s _Legenda Aurea_, 1483; and -Lyndewode _Super Constitutiones Provinciales_, 1475. Of the MSS., by far -the most interesting is an ancient _Antiphonarium_ containing the old -“Hereford Use.” This “sets forth not only the services of particular -days, the chants to be used and the lectures to be read, but contains a -treatise on music and an ample calendar, in which are noted the obits of -the benefactors and bishops of the church; and by which, with the aid of -the Dominical letter, we are enabled to assign to the volume the date of -1265[37]”. It was purchased at a book-stall in Drury-lane about the year -1820; and redeemed by the Dean and Chapter, who restored it to its -original and legitimate resting-place. Here also is preserved, carefully -protected by plate glass, the remarkable _Map of the World_, [Plate -XI.,] which is one of the most valuable relics of mediæval geography. It -was the work of a certain Richard of Haldingham and of Lafford, -(Holdingham and Sleaford in Lincolnshire,) who has commemorated himself -in the following verses:-- - - “Tuz ki cest estorie ont - Ou oyront, ou luront, ou veront, - Prient à Jhesu en deyté - De Richard de Haldingham e de Lafford eyt pité - Ki l’at fet e compassé - Ke joie en cel li seit doné.” - -The latter part of the thirteenth century is the date which has usually -been assigned to it; but M. D’Avezac, President of the Geographical -Society of Paris, who has recently examined the map with much care, -arrives, from internal evidence, at the conclusion that it was designed -at the beginning of the year 1314[38]. The map itself (drawn on thick -vellum, and glued to a framework of oak) is founded on the mediæval -belief that all geographical knowledge resulted from the observations of -three philosophers, (here named Nichodoxus, Theodotus, and Policlitus,) -who were sent forth by Augustus Cæsar to survey the three divisions of -the world, when it was about to be taxed at the birth of our Lord. The -Emperor is accordingly figured giving his directions to the -philosophers. The world is represented as round, and surrounded by the -ocean. At the top of the map, which represents the east, is Paradise, - -[Illustration: ANCIENT MAP. - -PLATE XI. -] - -with the Tree of Life, and Adam and Eve. Above is the Last Judgment, -with the Virgin interceding for mankind. Jerusalem appears in the centre -of the map; and near it, the crucifix is planted on “Mount Calvary.” -Babylon has its famous tower; Rome bears the inscription, “Roma caput -mundi tenet orbis frena rotundi;” and Troy is described as “Troja -civitas bellicosissima.” (These four cities were regarded as the most -important in the world: Troy, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, -was a favourite subject of romance.) The British Isles occupy a -considerable space; and Hereford, with its cathedral, is by no means -obscurely placed. A great part of the map is filled with inscriptions -taken from Solinus, Isidore of Seville, and others; and with drawings of -the monstrous animals and peoples which the mediæval cosmography -supposed to exist in different parts of the world. The monkey is -assigned to Norway; the scorpion to the banks of the Rhine; and the -“oroc” (aurochs) to Provence. Lot’s wife, the labyrinth of Crete, the -columns of Hercules, and Scylla and Charybdis, should also be noticed. -“The portrait of Abraham is seen in Chaldæa, and that of Moses on Mount -Sinai. Amid the deserts of Ethiopia St. Anthony is recognised, with his -hook-beaked satyrs and fauns. St. Augustine in his pontifical habit -marks the situation of his own Hippo[39].” - -The history of this very remarkable map is uncertain. It was discovered, -probably about a century ago, under the floor of Bishop Audley’s -Chapel; and Dean Merewether suggested (but apparently without the -slightest authority) that it might have served originally as an -altar-piece[40]. - -In the church is preserved a very curious chair of the thirteenth or -fourteenth century, closely resembling those often represented in early -sculpture and painting. It is formed in great measure of little turned -balusters; and may be compared with a chair figured by M. -Viollet-le-Duc[41] from sculpture at Auxerre. The Hereford chair (which -at first sight looks like work of the seventeenth century, but is -undoubtedly early, and a most valuable remnant of antiquity) may perhaps -have served as the bishop’s throne, before the construction, in the -fourteenth century, of that now in use;--or it may have been the -bishop’s chair at the altar. - -XXIV. A door at the eastern end of the south nave-aisle opens to the -_cloisters_, of which only two walks, the east and south, remain. The -west walk was pulled down in the reign of Edward VI. to make room for -the - -[Illustration: THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES’ ARBOUR. - -PLATE XII. -] - -Grammar School, (taken down in 1836,) and a north walk never existed. -(Hereford Cathedral, it should be remembered, had no monastic -establishment attached to it; and this cloister, [Plate XII.] unlike -that at Gloucester, was little more than an ornamental walk, connected -with the Bishop’s Palace). The cloister is of Perpendicular date, with -window-openings which deserve notice. The south walk is more richly -groined than the east. At the south-east corner is a square turreted -tower, called the “Ladies’,” or “Ladye Arbour,” the original purpose of -which is not clear; nor has it been possible to trace the origin of the -name, which apparently has some reference to the Virgin. - -Some good old iron-work on a door between the cloister and the -chapter-yard should be noticed. In the cloister are placed monuments -for--Dr. MATTHEWS, (with sculptured figures); Bishop HUNTINGFORD, (died -1832); and Bishop GREY, (died 1837). - -Between the cloister and the Bishop’s Palace, a remarkable chapel, which -seems to have been early Norman, existed until it was pulled down by -Bishop EGERTON, (1724-1746). It had an upper and a lower story, in which -were altars dedicated respectively to St. Mary Magdalene and to St. -Catherine. One wall alone remains, and deserves notice. - -From the east walk of the cloister a door opened to the vestibule of the -_chapter-house_. This was ruined by the Parliamentarian troops; and much -of its stone-work was used by Bishop BISSE, (died 1721,) and by his -successors until recently, for the repairs of the episcopal palace. The -foundations and fragments which remain shew that it was rich Decorated, -in shape a decagon, with a projecting buttress at each angle. - -At the south-west angle of the lesser transept is an entrance to the -Vicars’ Cloister; (see § XXVII.) - -XXV. The _exterior_ of the great _north transept_ should be especially -noticed. The remarkable windows shew to great advantage from the -outside, in connection with the massive buttresses, of which those at -the angles are turreted, with spiral cappings. The clerestory windows -are, as has already (§ XI.) been mentioned, triangular on the exterior, -and resemble those in the outer wall of the triforium in the nave of -Westminster. The upper window in the north wall opens from the Archive -Room, (§ XXIII.) The external sills of all these windows resemble those -of the interior, (§ XI.) They were walled up, but have been restored by -Mr. Scott from original portions found embedded in the walls, partly in -their places, and partly detached. - -The date of the _central tower_, which rises above this transept, has -not been recorded, but it may safely be placed between 1300 and 1310. It -was probably undertaken immediately after the completion of the north -transept, and the cost of its erection, like that of the transept, was -no doubt defrayed from the sums which continued to be offered at the -shrine of St. Thomas Cantilupe[42]. The tower (161 ft. high to the top -of the pinnacles) is of two stages above the roofs, with buttresses at -the angles. (The pinnacles which cap these buttresses are modern, and -date from 1830.) The arcades and window-openings, as well as the -buttresses, are covered with the ball-flower ornament, which is scarcely -anywhere found in such profusion as here, and in the south aisle of the -nave of Gloucester; (see that Cathedral). - -The _Stanbery Chapel_ (§ XIV.) projects between the great and the -eastern transept. The graceful Decorated window of the choir aisle, -which rises above it, and the Early English arcades which cover the wall -of the choir between the clerestory windows, as well as the windows -themselves, (see § IX.,) should here be noticed. - -XXVI. On the south side of the Lady-chapel a _porch_ opens to a -staircase leading to the _crypt_. The porch (which is finely recessed) -is, like the crypt, of the same date--Early English (see § XVIII.)--as -the Lady-chapel, under which it extends. The crypt extends under the -whole of the Lady-chapel; and is the solitary example in an English -cathedral of a crypt constructed after the end of the eleventh -century[43]. It is lighted by plain lancets, and consists of a nave and -aisles 50 ft. long, and divided by plain clustered shafts. The crypt was -repaired in 1497 by Andrew Jones, “Mercator hujus civitatis,” whose -altar-tomb,--covered with an incised slab of large dimensions and -elaborate decoration, representing the merchant and his wife--remains in -the centre. This crypt is called the “Golgotha”--from its having been -used as the charnel or _domus carnaria_--the place appropriated for the -decent reception of disinterred fragments of the bodies of the defunct, -and special services for the repose of their souls. Adjoining Worcester, -Norwich, and some other cathedrals, a chapel, separated from the -cathedral itself, was used for this purpose. - -The _east end_ of the Lady-chapel was, it must be remembered, rebuilt by -Mr. Cottingham, (§ XVIII.) The gable above the five lancet windows is by -no means an exact reproduction of the original, and the work is not too -good. The Audley Chantry (§ XIX.) projects very picturesquely on the -south side of the Lady-chapel. The side pinnacles were reproduced by Mr. -Scott from old drawings; the finials are original, having been preserved -in the crypt. - -The existing _west front_ of the cathedral is, as has already been said, -a composition of Wyatt’s, and is unworthy of notice. The total exterior -length of the church, including the buttresses, is 344 ft. - -XXVII. On the south side of the Lady-chapel is the entrance to the -_College of Vicars Choral_, (incorporated in 1396,) a very picturesque -quadrangle, with an inner cloister. It is for the most part -Perpendicular, (_circa_ 1474). A long cloistral walk (109 ft.) leading -from the quadrangle of the college to the south-east transept of the -cathedral has the oaken beams of its roof very finely carved. - -The _episcopal palace_ lies south between the cathedral and the river -Wye. It is almost entirely formed out of an ancient Norman hall with -pillars of timber, and is consequently of considerable interest. In the -Deanery is preserved a small reliquary, of Limoges work, dating from the -early part of the thirteenth century. On it is represented the martyrdom -of St. Thomas of Canterbury: on the lower part the murder, on the upper -part the entombment of the saint. It no doubt contained a relic of the -Archbishop. Similar reliquaries, with the same subjects, exist in the -possession of the Society of Antiquaries, and of Sir Philip Egerton. - - - - -HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. - -PART II. - -History of the See, with Short Notices of the principal Bishops. - - - Archbishop Usher asserts that Hereford was the place of an - episcopal see in the first half of the sixth century, when (A.D. - 544) one of its bishops was present at a synod convened by the - Archbishop of Caerleon. However this may have been, it is certain - that the existing succession of bishops dates from A.D. 676; when - Putta, Bishop of Rochester, whose Kentish cathedral had been - plundered and desolated by Ethelred of Mercia, was placed at - Hereford by Sexwulf, Bishop of Lichfield. Hereford was at this time - a place of no great consequence. It lay about one mile distant from - the Roman road which ran from Magna Castra (Kenchester) to Wigornia - (Worcester); but it was not itself a station, and its later - importance arose mainly from its position on a ford of the Wye, - which Athelstane fixed as the boundary between the English and - Welsh, in the same manner as he made the Tamar the boundary of the - English and the Cornish of “West Wales.” Hereford thus became a - frontier town; and one of the strongest castles on the marches of - Wales rose near the cathedral, on its south side. - - [A.D. 676-688.] PUTTA, the first Saxon bishop, received no great - wealth with the church of Hereford. He was, says Bede, “more - careful about ecclesiastical than secular matters.” During his rule - here he taught, “wherever he was asked,” the chants of the - Church,--those ancient Gregorian tones which Augustine had - introduced at Canterbury, and which Archbishop Theodorus was now - carefully disseminating throughout England. - - The permanent establishment of Hereford as the place of an - episcopal see was also the work of Archbishop Theodore, who after - the Council at Hertford (A.D. 673) divided the great diocese of - Mercia, as he had done that of East Anglia, into several - bishoprics. (See LICHFIELD, Pt. II.) Of the bishops of Hereford - between (688-1012) Putta and Æthelstan little is recorded beyond - their names. CUTHBERT (736-740) is an exception. In the latter year - he was translated to Canterbury. (See that Cathedral, Pt. II.) It - was during his archiepiscopate that the Lord’s Prayer and the Creed - were ordered to be universally taught in English. - - [A.D. 1012-1056.] ÆTHELSTAN, (“vir magnæ sanctitatis,” according to - Florence of Worcester,) rebuilt his cathedral from the foundations. - He was blind for thirteen years before his death; and the affairs - of his diocese were administered by Tremerig, Bishop of St. - David’s. In 1055, the year before Bishop Æthelstan’s death, the - town of Hereford (Herefordport as it is called in the Saxon - Chronicle[44]) was harried by a large body of Irish and Welsh, - under Ælfgar, the exiled Earl of Mercia. “They burned the town,” - says the Chronicle; “and the great mynstre which the venerable - Bishop Æthelstan had before caused to be built, that they - plundered, and bereaved of relics and of vestments, and of all - things; and slew the folk, and led some away[45].” In the following - year Bishop Æthelstan died, and was buried in this desolated - church. - - The great treasure of Æthelstan’s minster was the body of ST. - ETHELBERT, King of East Anglia; whose head, says the Saxon - Chronicle, was “stricken off by the command of Offa, King of the - Mercians, A.D. 792.” This is the only notice of Ethelbert in the - Chronicle; and Florence of Worcester is almost as brief. We know - nothing of the real history of Ethelbert. Later accounts asserted - that he was murdered at Sutton’s Walls, a chief palace of the - Mercian kings, about eight miles from Hereford, where he had gone - at the invitation of Offa, who had offered him the hand of his - daughter Elfrida. His body was secretly interred at Marden, close - to Sutton’s Walls. Three nights afterwards, Ethelbert appeared to a - certain Brithfrid, and telling him where he had been buried, - ordered him to remove his body to the “chapel of Our Lady at - Fernlege,”--generally supposed, but without much authority, to have - been on the site of the existing cathedral of Hereford. Brithfrid - obeyed; and the translation took place, not without the occurrence - of miracles on the way. Many others followed. The murdered king of - the East Angles was recognised as a saint; and a sumptuous monument - was raised over his remains by Offa, in token of his penitence. - Bishop Æthelstan translated the relics into his new “minster,” - which was dedicated to St. Ethelbert. His festival was duly - celebrated until the Reformation. A fine Early English church, - dedicated to St. Mary and St. Ethelbert, remains at Marden, where - the body was first interred. - - [A.D. 1056.] LEOFGAR, “Earl Harold’s mass-priest,” succeeded - Æthelstan. “He,” says the Chronicle, “wore his kenepas (headpiece?) - in his priesthood, until he was a bishop; he forsook his chrism and - his rood, his ghostly weapons, and took to his spear and to his - sword, after his bishophood, and so went in the force against - Griffith the Welsh king; and he was there slain, and his priests - with him, and Ælfnoth the shire-reeve, and many good men with - them, and the others fled away. This was eight nights before - Midsummer[46].” After Leofgar’s death the see remained vacant for - four years, during which it was under the rule of Ealdred, Bishop - of Worcester. - - [A.D. 1061-1079.] _Walter of Lorraine_, chaplain of Queen Edith, - was consecrated at Rome by Pope Nicholas II. (He had accompanied - Bishop Ealdred of Worcester to Rome, on his elevation to the see of - York.) Bishop Walter was a prelate of questionable sanctity, if the - story told of him by William of Malmesbury is not an invention of - his enemies. - - [A.D. 1079-1095.] ROBERT DE LOSING, like his predecessor a native - of Lorraine, is said to have been one of the most learned of the - bishops consecrated by Lanfranc. Bishop Robert found his cathedral - in ruins. It had apparently remained uncared for during the - troubled times of the Conquest, and it had been partly burnt, as we - have seen, by the Welshmen under Earl Ælfgar. The Bishop rebuilt - it, taking for his model the church of Aachen, (Aix la Chapelle,) - founded by Charlemagne. The existing choir (see Pt. I. § II.) has - been regarded as part of Bishop Robert’s work. - - Remigius of Lincoln, who had also been rebuilding his cathedral, - had fixed the day for its dedication, and invited Bishop Robert of - Hereford to be present. He refused to undertake the journey, - however, saying, according to William of Malmesbury, that the stars - assured him the dedication would not take place in the lifetime of - Remigius; who died, in fact, the day before that appointed. Bishop - Robert is said by Malmesbury to have received a forewarning of his - own death from St. Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester, with whom he had - lived in the closest friendship. When Wulfstan was on his - death-bed, Robert was absent with the King. His friend, says the - Chronicler, appeared to him in a dream, and directed him to hasten - to Worcester if he wished to see him once more. Bishop Robert set - out at once, but whilst resting at Cricklade he was again visited - by Wulfstan, who said, “Thou hast done what was possible, but in - vain, for I have now departed. Thou, however, shalt not remain here - long; and as a token that I speak true, thou shalt to-morrow - receive a gift from me.” Accordingly, the Prior of Worcester, where - Robert arrived the next day, presented him with a cope lined with - lamb-skins, which St. Wulfstan had been in the habit of wearing on - his journeys. The Bishop recognised the token, and returning to - Hereford died there in the following June, (1095). St. Wulfstan’s - death occurred in January. - - [A.D. 1096, trans. to York 1101.] GERARD, nephew of Walkelin, - Bishop of Winchester, and Chancellor under the Conqueror and - William II. On his translation to York, Roger Lardarius was - nominated to the see of Hereford by the King, Henry I. He died - before he could be consecrated. Reinhelm was then chosen, and - received the temporalities as bishop-elect from the King, by the - delivery of the ring and pastoral staff. Anselm (see CANTERBURY, - Pt. II.) refused to consecrate the bishops who had been thus - invested; and Reinhelm accordingly restored the temporalities to - the King, who, enraged by his submission to the Archbishop, - banished him from the court. - - [A.D. 1107-1115.] REINHELM, the Queen’s Chancellor, was, however, - consecrated by Anselm in 1107, after the King had conceded the main - points in dispute, and the Archbishop had returned from his exile. - (See CANTERBURY, Pt. II.) Reinhelm is commemorated in an obituary - of the Canons of Hereford, as “fundator ecclesiæ S. Ethelberti;” - and it has accordingly been considered that he completed the church - begun by Robert de Losing. But of this there is no direct proof. - - [A.D. 1115-1120.] GEOFFRY DE CLIVE succeeded. “Bonus quidem et - ille,” says William of Malmesbury, “continentissimusque; - indifferenter cibis et vestibus quæ minori pretio taxarentur utens; - agriculturæ studens.” He greatly improved the lands belonging to - the see; but was more careful to increase than to distribute; - “leaving great stores behind him to no heir.” - - [A.D. 1121-1127.] RICHARD, called “de Capella,” a clerk of the - King’s chapel. A bridge across the Wye, at Hereford, was partly - built by this bishop. His successor, - - [A.D. 1131-1148.] ROBERT DE BETHUNE, had been nominated by the King - (Henry I.) in 1129, but was not consecrated until 1131. Bishop - Robert was a member of the noble house of Bethune; and received his - early education from his own brother Gunfrid, a teacher of some - celebrity. He became a canon in the Augustinian priory of - Llanthony; and on the death of Hugh de Lacy, Earl of Hereford, was - appointed to superintend the building of a religious house at - Weobly, where the great Earl was buried. Here he worked as a common - labourer, and is said to have injured his health so greatly, that - he was recalled to his priory, of which he soon afterwards became - the superior. When the see of Hereford became vacant, Robert de - Bethune was recommended to the King by the Earl of Gloucester, and - at last accepted the bishopric, “quamvis invitus.” During the - troubles of Stephen’s reign Hereford suffered greatly. The - cathedral was deserted and desecrated, and the Bishop himself was - compelled to take flight in disguise. On his return, he “cleansed - and repaired” the building. In 1148, Bishop Robert was present at - the Council of Rheims, convened by Pope Eugenius III., then an - exile in France; and died there, (April 16). His remains were - brought to England, and interred in his own cathedral. - - A short life of Bishop de Bethune, who was one of the best and - worthiest bishops of his age,--a man of peace and religion, when by - far the greater number of English bishops were little better than - the most turbulent barons,--was written by William of Wycumb, his - successor in the priory of Llanthony, and was printed by Wharton - in the second volume of his _Anglia Sacra_. - - [A.D. 1148, trans. to London 1163.] GILBERT FOLIOT, Abbot of - Gloucester, the inflexible antagonist of Becket. Foliot “was - admitted to be a man of unimpeachable life, of austere habits, and - great learning. He was in correspondence with Popes Cælestine II., - Lucius II., Eugenius III., and Alexander, and with a familiarity - which implies a high estimation for ability and experience. He is - interfering in matters remote from his diocese, and commending - other bishops, Lincoln and Salisbury, to the favourable - consideration of the pontiff. All his letters reveal as imperious - and conscientious a Churchman as Becket himself, and in Becket’s - position Foliot might have resisted the King as inflexibly. He was, - in short, a bold and stirring ecclesiastic, who did not scruple to - wield, as he had done in several instances, that last terrible - weapon of the clergy which burst on his own head, - excommunication[47].” It was Foliot who uttered the “bitter - sarcasm” on Becket’s consecration as primate, “The King has wrought - a miracle, he has turned a soldier and a layman into an - archbishop;” but in spite of this, Becket “acquiesced in, if he did - not promote, the advancement of Foliot to the see of London,” - vacant when Becket was consecrated, at Whitsuntide, 1161. Foliot’s - translation took place in 1163. From that time he appears on the - King’s side, in opposition to the Archbishop, and Becket accuses - him of aspiring to the primacy. The life of Foliot belongs too - completely to the public history of his time, and is too closely - associated with the career of Becket, to be dwelt on here at any - length. He was among the bishops excommunicated by Becket on - Ascension-day, 1169, and again in Canterbury Cathedral, on the - Christmas-day before the Archbishop’s murder; and it was Foliot who - preached in that cathedral on the memorable day (July 12, 1174) of - King Henry’s penance. He died in 1187. - - The letters of Bp. Foliot have been edited by Dr. Giles, (Oxon. - 1845,) and form two volumes of the series illustrating the life of - Becket. Foliot was annually commemorated by the canons of Hereford, - as one who “multa bona contulit Herefordensi capitulo.” - - [A.D. 1163-1167.] ROBERT DE MELUN (of Maledon), called by the - annalist of St. David’s “Episcopus Anglorum sapientissimus.” He was - present at the famous scene between Becket and Henry at - Northampton, when he attempted, with Foliot, to take the cross from - the hands of the Archbishop, to whose side he seems to have - adhered. - - [A.D. 1174-1186.] ROBERT FOLIOT, a friend and fellow-student of - Becket, and probably a relative of Bishop Gilbert of London, - although this is not certain. He was one of the four English - bishops who in 1179 attended the Lateran Council convened by - Alexander III., in which the Albigenses and Waldenses were - excommunicated[48]. - - [A.D. 1186-1199.] WILLIAM DE VERE, son of Alberic de Vere, third - Earl of Oxford. Bishop de Vere is said by Godwin to have built - much, (_multa dicitur construxisse_,) but no part of the existing - cathedral can be assigned to him, and indeed the authority for - Godwin’s statement does not appear. - - [A.D. 1200-1215.] GILES DE BRUCE, or DE BRAOSE, son of William, - Lord Brecknock. He sided with the barons against King John, and was - compelled to leave his see, the temporalities of which were seized - by the Crown. He was afterwards allowed to return, and died at - Gloucester in 1215. Bishop Giles is generally said to have built - the central tower of his cathedral, but this (see Pt. I. § X.) is - undoubtedly an error. - - [A.D. 1216-1219.] HUGH DE MAPENORE, Dean of Hereford. - - [A.D. 1219-1234.] HUGH FOLIOT, Archdeacon of Salop; founded and - endowed a hospital at Ledbury. - - [A.D. 1234-1239.] RALPH OF MAIDSTONE, “vir magnæ literaturæ, et in - theologia nominatissimus,” according to Wyke the chronicler. He - bought for the see a house in London, together with the advowson of - the adjoining church, St. Mary Monthalt. In 1239 Bishop Ralph - resigned his see, and became a Franciscan at Oxford, whence he - afterwards passed to the house of the Franciscans at Gloucester, - where he died. - - [A.D. 1240-1268.] PETER D’ACQUABLANCA, whose fine tomb remains in - the cathedral, (Pt. I. § XIII.,) was one of the intruding - “foreigners” by whom England was oppressed during the long reign of - Henry III., and whose exactions and tyranny were among the chief - causes of the rising of the barons under Simon de Montfort. Like - the contemporary Archbishop of Canterbury, Boniface, Bishop Peter - was a native of Savoy, and had come to England in the train of - William of Valence. He obtained the see of Hereford in opposition - to a canon of Lichfield,--“vir per omnia commendabilis,” says - Matthew Paris,--who had been elected by the canons; but the King - affected none but strangers. In 1250 Bishop Peter took the cross, - and went, under the banner of the King of France, to the Holy Land. - He returned in 1258, bringing letters, which are said to have been - forged, but which professed to be those of the Pope, Innocent IV., - commanding all religious houses to grant a tenth of their property - toward the crusade. During his absence (in 1257) he spent large - sums in endeavouring to procure for himself the see of Bordeaux, - when the death of the Archbishop had been reported. But after the - money had been spent, the Archbishop of Bordeaux proved to be still - alive, and the unfortunate Bishop Peter became, says Paris, the - subject of infinite jests. In 1263, with other “foreigners,” he was - expelled from England; but he returned to the country, though not - to his diocese, in the following year, when Henry III. reprimands - him by letter, saying, that “coming to Hereford to take order for - the disposing the garrisons in the marches of Wales, he found in - the church of Hereford neither bishop, dean, vicar, or other - officer to discharge the spiritual functions, and that the church - and ecclesiastical establishment was in a state of ruin and - decay[49].” The Bishop was soon afterwards in Hereford, where he - was taken by Simon de Montfort, who seized all his wealth, and - imprisoned Bishop Peter in “Ordelay” [Urdley] Castle. He died in - 1268, leaving behind him no good reputation, although he had bought - the manor of Holme Lacy for the cathedral, and left money for the - annual distribution of much corn to the clergy of his church and to - the poor. He founded a monastery at his birthplace, Aquabella, or - Aquablanca, in Savoy, where his heart was conveyed for entombment, - and where a monument with an inscription still remains. His body - was interred in his own cathedral, under the canopied tomb already - noticed. - - [A.D. 1269-1275.] JOHN BRETON; has usually been considered the - author of a treatise _De Juribus Anglicanis_, and is described by - Sir Edward Coke as “a man of great and profound judgment in the - common laws, an excellent ornament to his profession, and a - satisfaction and solace to himself.” Selden, however, proved that - the treatise contains references to statutes passed long after the - death of Bishop Breton; and Bishop Nicholson suggests, with much - probability, that the true writer of the abstract was a “John - Breton,” one of the king’s justices (together with Ralph and Roger - de Hengham) in the first year of Edward II. - - [A.D. 1275-1282.] THOMAS CANTILUPE, who succeeded, was the last - Englishman canonized before the Reformation. He was the son of - William Lord Cantilupe, and his wife Millicent, Countess of Evreux. - The future bishop and saint was educated at Oxford and at Paris, - and after being made Chancellor of the former University, became - Chancellor of England under Henry III. in 1265. He was, moreover, a - clerical pluralist of the first order, being at once canon and - chantor of York, archdeacon and canon of Lichfield and Coventry, - canon of London, canon of Hereford, and archdeacon of Stafford. It - is possible, however, that as in the case of Bishop Walter de - Merton, who held the great seal immediately before Cantilupe, the - King may have found no more ready means of paying his great officer - than by such preferments. In 1275 he became bishop of Hereford. His - episcopate was not a tranquil one. He vigorously maintained the - rights of his see against both Gilbert de Clare, Earl of - Gloucester, and John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, the latter - of whom insisted on the visitation of Bishop Cantilupe’s diocese, - as his metropolitan; a claim which the archbishops were then - vigorously prosecuting. After a long dispute, Peckham solemnly - excommunicated the refractory Bishop of Hereford, who at once - proceeded to Rome, to lay his case before the Pope, Martin IV. - There is reason to believe, however, that as an excommunicated - person he could obtain from the Pope nothing more than “the promise - of a quick despatch and removal of delays;” and that he only - received absolution in the hour of his death, which occurred near - Orvieto, August 23, 1282. Richard Swinfield, his successor in the - see of Hereford, who had accompanied Bishop Cantilupe to Italy, - proceeded, probably at his own request, to separate the flesh of - his body from the bones by boiling. The flesh was interred in the - church of Santo Severo, near Orvieto; the heart was conveyed to the - monastic church of Ashridge in Buckinghamshire, founded by Edmund, - Earl of Cornwall; and the bones were brought to his own cathedral - at Hereford. As they were being conveyed into the church, says the - compiler of the Bishop’s “Life and Gests,” Gilbert Earl of - Gloucester approached and touched the casket which contained them, - whereupon they “bled afresh.” The Earl was struck with - compunction, and made full restitution to the Church of all the - lands which Bishop Cantilupe had rightly claimed from him. - - Swinfield, who had been the constant companion of Cantilupe, and - many of the contemporary chroniclers, bear witness to the purity - and excellence of the Bishop’s life, and his tomb soon became - distinguished by miracles. The first of these, according to the - annalist of Worcester, occurred in April, 1287; at the time, - apparently, of the removal of his remains from the tomb in the - Lady-chapel to the shrine which had been provided for them in the - north transept. The number of marvels increased daily; for, - “superstition,” in Fuller’s words, “is always fondest of the - youngest saint;” and in 1289, Bishop Swinfield, who had brought - Cantilupe’s bones from Italy, wrote to the Pope requesting his - canonization. Many difficulties, however, were interposed; and in - spite of numerous letters from Edward I. and his son Edward II., it - was not until May, 1320, that the bull of canonization was issued - by Pope John XXII.[50] It is possible that the excommunication of - Cantilupe, and his connection with the Knights Templars, of which - Order he was Provincial Grand Master in England, were among the - causes of the delay. The Templars were arrested throughout England - in 1307; condemned in 1310; and in 1312 the Order was finally - dissolved in the Council of Vienne. - - A book entitled “The Life and Gests of Saint Thomas Cantilupe,” - said to be compiled from evidences at Rome, collected before his - canonization, was published at Ghent in 1674. “No fewer than four - hundred and twenty-five miracles,” says Fuller, “are registered, - reported to be wrought at his tomb.... Yea, it is recorded in his - legend, that by his prayers were raised from death to life - three-score several persons, one-and-twenty lepers healed, and - three-and-twenty blind and dumb men to have received their sight - and speech[51].” - - The arms of Cantilupe--Gules, three leopards’ heads jessant, with a - fleur-de-lis issuing from the mouth, or--have since his - canonization been assumed as those of the see of Hereford. - - [A.D. 1283-1317.] RICHARD SWINFIELD, a native of Swinfield in Kent, - from which place he is said to have transported a small colony of - Kentish men to Herefordshire, laboured throughout his episcopate to - procure the canonization of his predecessor, which was not effected - until 1320. Bishop Swinfield, however, translated the remains of - St. Thomas Cantilupe to the new transept in 1287; and besides this - transept, the clerestory and upper portion of the choir, the - central tower above the roof, and the eastern transept as it now - exists, were either completed, or were in progress during his - episcopate. A curious roll of the household expenses of this Bishop - for the years 1289-1290 has been edited for the Camden Society, - with some very interesting annotations, by the Rev. John Webb. - - [A.D. 1317, trans. to Worcester 1327.] ADAM ORLETON This Bishop had - joined the barons, under the Earl of Lancaster, against Edward II. - and the Spencers; and in 1323,--two years after the defeat of the - barons at Boroughbridge,--he was impeached in Parliament as having - given “countenance and assistance to the rebellion.” He refused, as - a Churchman, to be so tried, and was delivered to the custody of - the Archbishop of Canterbury, whence he was afterwards brought - before the bar of the King’s Bench. “These proceedings being looked - upon as a violation of the liberties of the Church, the Archbishops - of Canterbury, York, and Dublin, came immediately, with their - crosses erected, into the court, and carried off the Bishop - without giving him time to answer to the indictment[52].” The - Bishop was tried in his absence, however,--(the first English - bishop brought to trial in a temporal court,)--found guilty, and - his temporalities confiscated. But these had been restored before - 1326, when Bishop Orleton joined the party of Queen Isabella. He - preached before her at Oxford, on the text “doleo caput,” (2 Kings - iv. 19,) inferring that a distempered “head” should be removed; and - the Queen proceeded with him to Hereford, where the younger Spencer - was hanged. Thence the Bishop wrote his famous letter to the - keepers of Edward II. at Berkeley Castle,--“Edwardum regem occidere - nolite timere bonum est.” In 1327 he was translated, by the - influence of the Queen, to Worcester; and in 1333 to Winchester, - where he died in 1345. - - [A.D. 1327-1344.] THOMAS CHARLTON, Canon of York. In 1329 he was - Treasurer of England. In 1337 he was sent to Ireland as Chancellor, - and was afterwards Justiciary and “Warden” of that kingdom. In 1340 - he returned to Hereford. - - [A.D. 1344-1360.] JOHN TRILLECK. Little is recorded of this Bishop, - whose fine brass remains in the choir of the cathedral. (Pt. I. § - X.) He prohibited the performance of miracle-plays in churches - within his diocese. - - [A.D. 1361-1369.] LEWIS CHARLTON; of some distinction as a - theologian. - - [A.D. 1370, trans. to London 1375.] WILLIAM COURTENAY, son of Hugh - Courtenay, Earl of Devon. From London Bishop Courtenay passed to - Canterbury in 1381, and died 1396. As Bishop of London, and as - Archbishop, he was a strong opposer of Wickliffe. (See CANTERBURY - CATHEDRAL, Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 1375, trans. to St. David’s 1389.] JOHN GILBERT; was - translated to Hereford from Bangor. In 1386 he was Treasurer of - England. - - [A.D. 1389-1404.] JOHN TREVENANT: sent on an embassy to Rome by - Henry IV. in 1400. - - [A.D. 1404-1416.] ROBERT MASCALL: had been a Carmelite friar at - Ludlow; whence he proceeded to Oxford, and there, by his learning, - attracted the notice of Henry IV., who employed him on various - embassies. He built great part of the church of the Carmelites in - London, where he was buried. Bishop Mascall was present with Bishop - Hallam of Salisbury, at the Council of Constance, 1415, 1416. - - [A.D. 1417, trans. to Exeter 1420.] EDMUND LACY. (See EXETER - CATHEDRAL, Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 1420, trans. to Chichester 1421.] THOMAS POLTON, Dean of - York. From Chichester he passed to Worcester in 1426. - - [A.D. 1422-1448.] THOMAS SPOFFORD, Abbot of St. Mary’s at York; to - which monastery he returned in 1448, having resigned his see. “The - record of his abdication is printed in Rymer’s _Fœdera_, vol. x. p. - 215: in Wilkins’s _Concilia_, vol. iii. p. 538, is a writ of pardon - for abdicating in favour of his successor, who was to allow him one - hundred pounds yearly out of the revenues. The Pope testified by - his bull that Spofford had expended on the buildings of his - cathedral upwards of two thousand eight hundred marks[53].” No part - of the cathedral itself can be of Bishop Spofford’s time; but - possibly he erected the cloisters. - - [A.D. 1449, trans. to Salisbury 1450.] RICHARD BEAUCHAMP. For this - Bishop, one of the best architects of his time,--the superintendent - of the works at St. George’s Chapel, Windsor,--see SALISBURY - CATHEDRAL, Pt. II. - - [A.D. 1451, trans. to Lichfield 1453.] REGINALD BOULERS, Abbot of - Gloucester. - - [A.D. 1453-1477.] JOHN STANBERY, translated to Hereford from - Bangor. Bishop Stanbery was born at Stanbery, in the parish of - Morwenstow, on the north coast of Cornwall; and bequeathed a - “cross of silver gilt” to his baptismal church there. “He was - bred,” says Fuller, “a Carmelite in Oxford, and became generally as - learned as any of his order, deserving all the dignity which the - University did or could confer on him. King Henry the Sixth highly - favoured, and made him the first Provost of Eton; being much ruled - by his advice in ordering that, his new foundation. He was by the - King designed Bishop of Norwich, but William de la Pole, Duke of - Suffolk, got it from him for his own chaplain, and Stanbery was - fain to stay his stomach on the poor bishopric of Bangor, till, - anno 1453, he was advanced Bishop of Hereford[54].” The Bishop was - faithful to Henry VI. throughout his adversity, but was taken - prisoner after the battle of Northampton, (July, 1460,) and was - long confined in Warwick Castle. After his release he retired to - the Carmelite monastery at Ludlow, and died there in May, 1474. He - was interred in his own cathedral, in the chantry which he had - built and endowed during his life. (Pt. I. § XIV.) - - [A.D. 1474-1492.] THOMAS MILLING, Abbot of Westminster, Privy - Councillor of Edward IV., and godfather to his son, Edward V. He - was buried at Westminster, where a stone coffin remains which is - supposed to have contained his body. - - [A.D. 1492, trans. to Salisbury 1502.] EDMUND AUDLEY. (See - SALISBURY, Pt. II.) During his tenure of the see of Hereford he - constructed the chantry on the south side of the Lady-chapel. (Pt. - I. § XIX.) He was interred in the chantry he afterwards built at - Salisbury. - - [A.D. 1502, trans. to Bath and Wells 1504.] HADRIAN DE CASTELLO, - who had been entrusted by Henry VII. with the management of all - business between England and the Papal Court, received both his - English bishoprics at Rome, and never saw either. (See, for a - fuller notice of him, WELLS CATHEDRAL, Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 1504-1516.] RICHARD MAYEW, Archdeacon of Oxford, President of - Magdalen College, and Chancellor of the University, was Henry the - Seventh’s Almoner, and was sent to Spain in order to conduct - Catherine of Arragon to England. He received the bishopric of - Hereford after his return. His fine tomb and effigy remain on the - south side of the choir. (Pt. I. § XXI.) - - [A.D. 1516-1535.] CHARLES BOOTH, Chancellor of the Welsh Marches, - is best known as the builder of the north porch of his cathedral at - Hereford. His tomb adjoins it. (Pt. I. § VII.) - - [A.D. 1535-1539.] EDWARD FOX, Provost of King’s College, Cambridge, - Almoner to Henry VIII., by whom he was employed on various - embassies. It was Fox who first introduced Cranmer to the King, and - Fuller calls him “the principal pillar of the Reformation, as to - the management of the politic and prudential part thereof, being of - more activity, and no less ability, than Cranmer himself[55].” He - had been the first to instigate Wolsey, as papal legate, to - commence a visitation of the professed as well as secular clergy, - in 1523, in consequence of the general complaint against their - manners. Bishop Fox died in London in 1538, and was interred in the - church of St. Mary Monthalt. - - [A.D. 1539-1552.] JOHN SKIP. On Fox’s death, Edmund Bonner was - elected Bishop of Hereford, but before his consecration to that see - he was removed to London. Bishop Skip had been Archdeacon of - Dorset. He was one of the “notable learned men” associated with - Cranmer in drawing up the “Order of Communion,” (1548,) and was - probably one of those who assisted in compiling the first Common - Prayer-book of Edward VI.[56] - - [A.D. 1553-1554.] JOHN HARLEY, was compelled to resign on the - accession of Mary because he was a “married priest,” and died a few - months afterwards. - - [A.D. 1554-1558.] ROBERT PARFEW, or WHARTON, was translated from - St. Asaph. - - [A.D. 1559-1585.] JOHN SCORY, translated from Chichester. As Bishop - of Hereford, Bishop Scory alienated many of the best manors - belonging to the see, but it is very doubtful whether it was in his - power to resist effectually the rapacity of the courtiers. It has - been proved (see EXETER CATHEDRAL, Pt. II.--Bishop Veysey) that in - many cases the bishops of this period have been blamed for - alienations which they had done their best to resist. - - [A.D. 1586-1602.] HERBERT WESTFALING, Prebendary of Christ Church, - Oxford. Godwin, who knew him intimately, describes him as a bishop - of unusual excellence, of great purity of life, of great honesty - and integrity, and of such serious gravity that he was hardly ever - seen to smile. Sir John Harrington relates, that while Bishop - Westfaling was preaching in his cathedral, a mass of frozen snow - fell from the tower upon the roof, and so frightened the - congregation that they endeavoured to escape in all haste. But the - Bishop remained unmoved in his pulpit, calmly exhorting them to sit - still and fear no harm. All the revenues of his see were expended - in works of piety and hospitality by Bishop Westfaling, who left - nothing but his private inheritance to his family. He was buried in - the north transept, where his effigy remains. (Pt. I. § 12.) - - [A.D. 1603-1617.] ROBERT BENNETT, Dean of Windsor. Bishop Bennett - was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where, says Sir John - Harrington, he was “an active man, who played well at tennis, and - could toss an argument in the schools even better than a ball in - the tennis court.” He was a vigorous defender of the privileges of - his see against the corporation of Hereford, and both he and his - predecessor Westfaling expended large sums in the restoration of - the episcopal residences at Hereford and at Whitbourn. Bishop - Bennett’s tomb with effigy remains on the north side of the choir. - (Pt. I. § X.) - - [A.D. 1617-1633.] FRANCIS GODWIN, translated to Hereford from - Llandaff. Bishop Godwin was the compiler of the “Catalogue of the - Bishops of England,” to which all succeeding writers on English - Church history have been greatly indebted. He was the son of Thomas - Godwin, Bishop of Bath and Wells, and was born at Harsington in - Northamptonshire. In the year 1601 he became Bishop of Llandaff, - and in 1605 published the first edition, in English, of his - “Catalogue.” It was again published in Latin, in 1616, and in 1743 - this Latin version was edited, in a large folio volume, by Dr. - Richardson, Canon of Lincoln, and Master of Emmanuel College, - Cambridge. Richardson made considerable additions to the book, - besides correcting numerous errors; and it is his edition of the - Commentary _De Præsulibus Angliæ_ that is alone to be relied upon. - “Bishop Godwin,” says Fuller, “was a good man, grave divine, - skilful mathematician, pure Latinist, and incomparable historian. - The Church of Llandaff was much beholding to him; yea, the whole - Church of England; yea, the whole Church Militant; yea, many now in - the Church Triumphant had had their memories utterly lost on earth, - if not preserved by his painful endeavours. I am sorry to see that - some have since made so bad use of his good labours, who have - lighted their candles from his torch, thereby merely to discover - the faults of our bishops, that their personal failing may be an - argument against the prelatical function[57].” Bishop Godwin also - wrote a life of Queen Mary, inserted in Kennet’s History of - England, vol. ii.; and “Annals of England under Henry VIII., Edward - VI., and Mary.” He was interred at Whitbourn, where the bishops of - Hereford had a palace, April 29, 1633. A good portrait of Godwin, - engraved by Vertue, is prefixed to Richardson’s folio. - - [A.D. 1634, died in November of the same year.] AUGUSTINE LINDSELL, - translated from Peterborough. - - [A.D. 1635, trans. to Norwich in the same year.] MATTHEW WREN. (See - NORWICH CATHEDRAL, Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 1635-1636.] THEOPHILUS FIELD, had been Bishop successively of - Llandaff and St. David’s. - - [A.D. 1636-1646.] GEORGE COKE, translated from Bristol. He was - brother of Sir John Coke, Secretary of State under James I. and - Charles I. Bishop Coke fell upon the evil days of the civil war, - and like the rest of the bishops, was deprived of his see. “He was - a meek, grave, and quiet man,” says Fuller, “much beloved of such - as were subjected to his jurisdiction[58].” He died in 1650. - - For fifteen years the see remained vacant. In - - [A.D. 1661, died the same year,] NICHOLAS MONK, Provost of Eton, - was consecrated Bishop of Hereford. He was the brother of the great - Duke of Albemarle. Bishop Monk never visited his diocese, but, - dying at Westminster, was interred in the abbey church there. - - [A.D. 1662-1691.] HERBERT CROFT, had been Dean of Hereford before - the Rebellion. In his youth he had embraced Romanism, and had been - received into the Order of Jesuits, but was reconverted by Bishop - Morton of Durham. Bishop Croft is said to have been especially - careful to promote none but the clergy of his own diocese to - honourable positions within it. - - [A.D. 1691-1701.] GILBERT IRONSIDE, translated from Bristol. - - [A.D. 1701-1712.] HUMFREY HUMPHRIES, translated from Bangor. Wood - declares him to have been “excellently versed in antiquities.” - - [A.D. 1713-1721.] PHILIP BISSE, translated from St. David’s. Bishop - Bisse expended much on the cathedral and on the palace. In the - former he erected a Grecian altar-screen, which has been happily - removed during the late restoration. - - [A.D. 1721, trans. to Salisbury 1723.] BENJAMIN HOADLY, trans. from - Bangor. See WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL, (to which see he was trans. from - Salisbury,) Pt. II.; but it should be added that the passage there - quoted from Hallam’s Constitutional History is far too favourable - to the character of Bishop Hoadly. - - [A.D. 1724-1746.] HENRY EGERTON, fifth son of the third Earl of - Bridgewater. - - [A.D. 1746-1787.] JAMES BEAUCLERK, eighth son of the Duke of St. - Alban’s. - - [A.D. 1787-1788.] JOHN HARLEY, third son of the third Earl of - Oxford. - - [A.D. 1788-1802.] JOHN BUTLER, translated from Oxford. Bishop - Butler owed his elevation to his powers as a political pamphleteer. - He was an effective assistant to Lord North in vindicating the - American War. - - [A.D. 1803, trans. to Worcester 1808.] FFOLLIOTT HERBERT WALKER - CORNEWALL, translated from Bristol. - - [A.D. 1808, trans. to St. Asaph 1815.] JOHN LUXMOORE, translated - from Bristol. - - [A.D. 1815-1832.] GEORGE J. HUNTINGFORD, translated from - Gloucester. Bishop Huntingford had been made Warden of Winchester - College in 1789, and retained the wardenship until his death. - - [A.D. 1832-1837.] EDWARD GREY. - - [A.D. 1837, trans. to York 1847.] THOMAS MUSGRAVE. - - [A.D. 1848--.] RENN D. HAMPDEN. - - -LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET - -[Illustration] - - - - - A HANDBOOK - - TO - - WORCESTER CATHEDRAL. - - WITH 7 ILLUSTRATIONS. - - LONDON: - JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. - 1866. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - -PART I. - -HISTORY AND DETAILS. - - PAGE -HISTORY AND DATES 3 -GENERAL CHARACTER 7 -NORTH PORCH 8 -NAVE 10 -WESTERN BAYS 10 -TRIFORIUM 10 -CLERESTORY 14 -NAVE VAULTING 15 -SOUTH NAVE AISLE 16 -NORTH NAVE AISLE 18 -CENTRAL TOWER, PIERS OF 19 -GREAT TRANSEPT 19 -SOUTH TRANSEPT 20 -NORTH TRANSEPT 22 -CHOIR-SCREEN 23 -CHOIR 25 -STONE PULPIT 29 -MONUMENTS 30 -TOMB AND EFFIGY OF KING JOHN 30 -PRINCE ARTHUR’S CHANTRY 33 -SOUTH CHOIR-AISLE 34 -SOUTH-EAST TRANSEPT 35 -SCULPTURE AND MONUMENTS IN SOUTH-EAST TRANSEPT 37 -EFFIGY OF AUDELA DE WARREN 38 -RETRO-CHOIR 38 -LADY-CHAPEL 40 -EFFIGIES IN THE RETRO-CHOIR 41 -NORTH-EASTERN TRANSEPT 44 -NORTH CHOIR-AISLE 45 -CLOISTERS 46 -SEPULCHRAL SLAB, “MISERRIMUS” 47 -SLYPE 48 -CHAPTER-HOUSE 48 -REFECTORY 49 -DORMITORY 49 -CRYPT 50 -NORTH AND WEST DOORS 53 -CENTRAL TOWER 54 -GUESTEN HALL 55 -EDGAR TOWER 56 -DEANERY 57 - - -PART II. - -HISTORY OF THE SEE, WITH SHORT NOTICES OF -THE PRINCIPAL BISHOPS. - -HISTORY OF SEE 58 -SAXON BISHOPS, OSWALD--WOLFSTAN--LIVING--ALDRED--WOLFSTAN II. 59-62 -LIST OF BISHOPS FROM 1096 TO 1861 67-81 -MAUGER--CANTILUPE 68, 69 -GIFFARD 70 -CARPENTER 73 -LATIMER 74 -PRIDEAUX--STILLINGFLEET 77, 78 -HOUGH--HURD 79-80 - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. - - -GENERAL VIEW _Frontispiece._ -TOMB OF KING JOHN _to face_ 1 -PLAN OF CATHEDRAL ” 1 -PART OF CHOIR AND LADY-CHAPEL ” 25 -CHANTRY OF PRINCE ARTHUR ” 34 -CHAPTER-HOUSE ” 48 -CRYPT ” 50 - -[Illustration: TOMB OF KING JOHN.] - -[Illustration: GROUND-PLAN, WORCESTER CATHEDRAL. - -Scale, 100 ft. to 1 in.] - - - - -WORCESTER CATHEDRAL. - - -PART I. - -History and Details. - -I. The chief authorities for the architectural history of Worcester -Cathedral are--the Chronicle of Florence of Worcester, and the _Annales -Ecclesiæ Wygorniensis_, compiled by a monk of Worcester at the beginning -of the fourteenth century[59]. From these it appears that in the year -1084 Bishop WULFSTAN “began the work of the Minster;” into which the -monks entered four years afterwards; and in 1092 Wulfstan held a synod -in the crypt, which he had “built from the foundations, and by the mercy -of God had dedicated[60].” Wulfstan died in 1095. In 1113 the city of -Worcester, with the cathedral church and the castle, were greatly -injured by fire. In 1175 the “new tower”--probably the central tower of -the cathedral--fell, as many other Norman towers had fallen; and in 1189 -another great fire destroyed nearly the whole of Worcester. On this -occasion the cathedral escaped; but in 1202, at Eastertide, it was -burnt, (_igne conflagravit alieno_,) together with all the buildings and -offices attached to it. During the whole of the year before, however, -great miracles had been manifested at the tomb of St. Wulfstan, and many -sick persons were said to be cured there daily. Accordingly, on St. -Giles’s Day, (Sept. 1,) 1202, Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, -came to Worcester with other bishops to enquire into the truth of the -reported miracles. Certain monks of Worcester took his favourable -judgment to Rome; and in the following year, 1203, St. Wulfstan was -canonized by Pope Innocent III., who so far honoured the new English -saint as to compose a prayer for his Office. - -From this time offerings poured in daily at the tomb of St. Wulfstan; -and it was no doubt with the wealth thus acquired by the monastery that -the cathedral was restored. In 1207 King John visited Worcester; and -after praying at Wulfstan’s tomb, gave three hundred marks for the -repair of the cathedral. He was interred in the church in the year 1216, -(see § IX.); and in 1218 the cathedral was dedicated “in honour of the -Blessed Virgin and St. Peter, and of the holy confessors Oswald and -Wulfstan.” The young King, Henry III., was present, with a great company -of bishops, abbots, and nobles; and after the dedication the body of St. -Wulfstan was translated to its shrine near the high altar. - -The cathedral, up to this period, had been a Norman and transition -Norman building. In 1221, on St. Andrew’s Day, during a great storm, the -two “lesser towers” of Worcester fell. There is no evidence that the -Norman nave terminated in western towers; and Professor Willis has -suggested that these “lesser towers” may have flanked the Norman choir -of Worcester, like those still remaining at Canterbury. Their fall may -have injured the choir, and the ruin thus effected may have assisted the -determination of the Bishop and Convent to expend the wealth which was -still pouring in before the shrine of St. Wulfstan, in the erection of a -more sumptuous church. At any rate, in 1224 the existing choir and -Lady-chapel were begun; Bishop William of Blois laying the foundations -of the new work of the east front; (_novum opus frontis_[61]). In 1281 -the sacrist of the monastery received from the executors of Nicholas of -Ely, Bishop of Winchester, a sum of sixty marks, the Bishop’s legacy -toward the “rebuilding of the tower,”--no doubt the central tower of the -cathedral,--which was not, however, effected for nearly a century, -(1374). In the meantime, the Norman nave was partly removed and rebuilt. -Bishop Cobham vaulted the north aisle of the nave between 1317 and 1321; -and in 1377 Bishop Wakefield vaulted the nave itself. - -II. These dates will assist us in examining the existing cathedral. Of -ST. WULFSTAN’s Church, begun as we have seen, in 1084, the crypt, which -extends at present under the choir and aisles, is the only certain -relic. But portions of Norman work, belonging, according to Willis, to -the first three quarters of the twelfth century, remain in the nave, at -the western end of the choir, and in the walls of the great transept. -The two westernmost bays of the nave are transition Norman, and there is -Norman work of the same period (the last quarter of the twelfth century) -in the great transept. - -The choir, retro-choir, and Lady-chapel, with the choir-aisles and the -eastern transepts, are _Early English_, and were commenced in 1224. The -nave, with the exception of the two western bays, is of later date, -_Decorated_, (1317-1327,) on the north side; and Decorated with a strong -tendency to Perpendicular (_circ._ 1360?) on the south. The central -tower is also Decorated, and was no doubt the tower for which the -legacy of Bishop Nicholas of Winchester (1281) was intended. The -cloisters are Perpendicular. - -The _Early English_ portion of the cathedral (the whole of the church -east of the central tower) is by far the most interesting, and affords -some very good examples of design and sculpture. On the whole, however, -although the entire building deserves, and will repay, careful -examination, it can hardly be said to rank among English churches of the -first class. The Norman cathedral, which covered nearly the same ground -as that which now exists, terminated eastward (as appears from the -crypt, § XXII.) in a broad apse, with small apsidal chapels attached at -the sides. The ground-plan of the existing building forms a double or -patriarchal cross[62], with a square eastern end. The whole north front -of the cathedral is seen at once as the Close is entered from the -High-street; but although the length (450 ft.) and general mass are -imposing, the view is hardly picturesque [_Frontispiece_]. The transepts -do not project far enough to break the long line satisfactorily, and -the whole work of the exterior (including the central tower) is -unusually plain. This view has, however, been greatly improved by the -recent (1865) lowering of the ground on the north side of the church -(including St. Michael’s churchyard) to the depth of at least four feet. -No good general point of view can be obtained on the south side of the -cathedral. - -Since the year 1857 very extensive works, amounting in fact to a -rebuilding of much of the eastern portion of the church, have been -carried on under the superintendence of Mr. A. E. Perkins, architect to -the Dean and Chapter. These will be pointed out as we proceed. It may be -said here, however, that besides the great desecration and injury which -the building suffered from the troops of Essex in 1642, and again from -Cromwell’s soldiers after the battle of Worcester in 1651, it underwent -much unfortunate “restoration” during the eighteenth century. Much of -the work then done it was desirable to remove; and the condition of the -stone in many parts of the cathedral was such as to render extensive -repair absolutely necessary[63]. The stone used by the Norman and Early -English builders was from the Higley quarries, near Bridgenorth; these -quarries are in the sandstone; as are those at Holt, which were used by -the builders of the Perpendicular period. For the repairs and rebuilding -(1857-1863) stone has been brought from Ombersley, near Droitwich. - -III. The entrance in the west front of the cathedral is said to have -been closed by Bishop WAKEFIELD, (1375-1395); who re-opened the original -north entrance, which had been closed, and built the present _north -porch_, through which we enter the cathedral. This is plain and of -little interest. The details of the original composition, which had been -much mutilated by injudicious repairs, have been carefully restored -under the direction of Mr. Perkins; and the lowering of the ground on -this side of the cathedral has permitted the removal of a flight of -steps, within the porch, which formerly descended to the level of the -nave. The roof is groined. - -IV. The _nave_ (which has undergone, 1863-1865, a complete restoration, -externally and internally), is of nine bays, from the west front to the -central tower. It covers the same ground as the original Norman nave, -portions of which remain--at the north-east angle of the north aisle, (a -shaft and capital); on the west side of the outer face of the north -door, (a shaft and capital); and in the centre of the second piers from -the west, from both of which great Norman shafts project. There is also -a series of Norman arched recesses in the south aisle[64]. All these -fragments are pure Norman, and belong to the first three quarters of the -eleventh century. The two western bays are transition Norman, of the -last quarter of the century, and remain in their original state. - -The piers of the two western bays are recessed in three orders, and, -together with the pointed arches that rest on them, have more Early -English feeling than Norman. The capitals of the shafts are of plain -Norman character. The _triforium_ is very peculiar. A pointed arch (of -which there are two in each bay) encloses three circular ones. Between -and beyond these inner arches rise reeded shafts, from the capitals of -which springs a zigzag moulding, repeating, in the tympana, the forms -of the circular arches. Below and above the zigzag are placed knots of -curled leafage, giving a dotted appearance to the whole composition, -which has neither the dignity of the earlier Norman nor the grace of the -Decorated work east of it. The clerestory has three arches in each bay; -the central arch round, with the zigzag moulding, and much higher than -the pointed side arches. The window openings, at the back of the central -arch, are filled with Perpendicular tracery. “In the pier arches and -triforium arches a plain round molding is employed, which runs without a -base up the pier, and continuously over the arch, forming an external -order or frame to it. A similar molding in front of this runs by the -side of a triple group of vaulting-shafts up to the clerestory string, -but is there cut off by the later vaulting-shafts.... Continuous -moldings are in Norman work usually confined to the inner arches of -doors and to windows. But I have observed the molding just described, as -framing a group of shafted pier arches, in several cases in the west of -England--as at Gloucester, the north side aisle of the choir at -Lichfield, and at Bredon Church, near Worcester--the latter evidently -the work of the architect of the western compartments of the -cathedral[65].” The clustered vaulting-shafts terminate in capitals of -transitional character, at the base of the clerestory. The vaulting -itself is of the same apparent character (Perpendicular) as that -eastward of these two bays; but Professor Willis has shewn that it must -have been erected before (though perhaps not much before) the vaulting -of the rest of the nave[66]. - -The west end of the nave was entirely altered by Bishop WAKEFIELD, -(1375-1395). He closed the western entrance; but the pointed arch, with -a circular arch on either side, which, until the late restoration, were -seen on the wall below the window, dated only from the last century. -Traces of Norman doors, however, were discovered by Mr. Perkins at the -ends of the aisles and in the central wall; proving that Bishop -Wakefield retained the original wall, and shewing us the extent of the -Norman nave. The space above the arches was entirely filled by a large -debased window, the glass in which was inserted in 1792. This window has -been happily replaced (1865) by an Early Decorated window of eight -lights, of the same architectural character as the Decorated work on the -north side of the nave, and equally enriched. (It is the gift of the -Hon. and Rev. John Fortescue, Canon of Worcester.) The Norman portal -beneath this window, the jambs of which were quite perfect, has been -opened. - -Beyond the two western bays the nave is Decorated on the north side, and -early Perpendicular on the south, and the main arches rise much higher. -The two sides differ in the capitals and bases of their piers, in the -capitals of the vaulting-shafts, in the clerestory arches, and in the -ornamentation of the triforium. The north side, which is the earlier, is -also the richer. - -Leland asserts that Bishop COBHAM (1317-1327) vaulted the north aisle of -the nave. This fixes the date of the Decorated work on the north side. -The bases of the piers differ from those opposite, and the capitals of -the shafts are enriched with excellent leafage, much undercut. This -“runs continuously round the pier, being inflected around the shafts, so -as to distinguish the groups without separating them, and with the -richest effect.” At the angles of the exterior hood-mouldings are small -heads of kings and bishops. The triforium has two pointed arches in each -bay, each arch enclosing two smaller ones. The shafts which support -these arches have capitals of leafage, and the tympana in the heads of -the larger arches are filled with sculptured figures. These, before the -late restoration, were so greatly decayed as to be quite undecipherable. -They have been re-worked as carefully as possible, but in most instances -the original subject was completely uncertain. The clerestory consists -of three pointed arches, with leafage on the capitals of the shafts, and -at the angles of the outer mouldings. The windows at the back are -Perpendicular insertions. Professor Willis has been the first to point -out that the triforium and clerestory of the two bays adjoining the -transition Norman work on this side of the nave, differ from the rest, -and are in fact Perpendicular, of the same character as the entire south -side. “We may conclude, therefore, that the north side of the Norman -nave was taken down first, and that when the portion in the Decorated -style had been completed, a pause in the work or a change of architects -happened, and the triforium and clerestory of these bays were then -completed in a different style[67].” - -The vaulting-shafts run upward between each bay in groups of three. The -abacus from which the groining-ribs apparently spring, is partly a -continuation of the stringcourse at the base of the clerestory, and is -gracefully trefoiled. - -The whole work on the north side of the nave is bolder and more -effective than that on the _south_. We have no record of the -construction of this side, but from its strong Perpendicular character -it can hardly be earlier than 1360. The clustered pier-shafts have much -smaller capitals of leafage than those opposite, and the leafage does -not pass round continuously. The design of the triforium resembles that -on the north side; but at the junction of the two smaller arches is a -bracket, once no doubt the support of a figure which rose against the -tympanum of the larger arch. All traces of these figures, however, had -disappeared, and they have been replaced by modern sculpture, executed -by BOULTON, under the direction of the architect. Small ancient figures -remain at the sides and intersections of the larger arches. - -The clerestory is formed by three triangular-headed arches, of which the -centre arch, much higher and wider than the other two, follows nearly -the lines of the groining rib. The window at the back of the passage is -filled with tracery of Decorated character. The triangular form, which -is by no means usual, is that which prevails in the north transept of -Hereford, (see the Handbook for that Cathedral,) built at the end of the -thirteenth century for the reception of the shrine of St. Thomas -Cantilupe. - -The groined vaulting of the nave--the work of Bishop Wakefield in -1377--has ridge and intermediate ribs, with bosses of foliage at the -intersections. The nave, which was covered with whitewash by the -“restorers” of the last century, has been thoroughly cleaned; and the -rich foliage of its capitals is now properly displayed. The present -flooring of the nave was laid down in 1748. - -On the north side of the nave, in the fourth bay from the east, is the -high tomb, with effigies, of SIR JOHN BEAUCHAMP, of Holt, in -Worcestershire, (died 1388,) and his wife. The effigies, which are in -alabaster, have been terribly defaced. The knight’s armour is a good -example. The lady’s head rests on a swan with expanded wings--the crest -of the Beauchamps. The panels of the tomb itself are filled with shields -of arms. Immediately opposite, on the south side of the nave, is the -tomb, with effigies, of ROBERT WILDE (died 1608) and his wife. His body -rests in this cathedral, but his immortal part-- - - “Fœlices rapuere animæ, heroesque beati, - Illud ad æternas, Elysiasque domos.” - -The sides of the tomb, divided into compartments by sun-flowers rising -from vases, and the scroll-work at the lower end, deserve notice. - -On the south side of the nave, toward the west, is the canopied tomb, -with effigy, of RICHARD EEDES, Dean of Worcester, (died 1608). The Dean -is represented with moustache and beard, skull-cap, ruff, and gown open -in front, with hanging sleeves. Opposite, on the north side, is the -tomb, with effigy, of Bishop THORNBOROUGH, died 1641,--the latest -recumbent effigy of a bishop in the cathedral: he wears the rochet and -chimere with full sleeves. - -V. The two western bays of the _south aisle_ of the nave are _transition -Norman_, like the western bays of the nave. The vaulting is -quadripartite. The rest of the aisle has late Decorated windows, filled -with a kind of flowing tracery, high in the wall, on account of the -cloister which runs outside; and into which there are two plainly-arched -entrances--the prior’s door in the bay nearest the transept, and the -monks’ door in the third bay from the west end. The vaulting of this -part of the aisle is lierne. - -The wall of this aisle is, however, that of the Norman nave, as is -proved by a series of five Norman arched recesses, one opposite to each -of the present pier-arches. “Two of these at the east end are filled up -with monumental arches of the period of the present south architecture -of the nave. This is enough to shew that the semicircular arches existed -previously.... They were probably meant to receive the monumental arches -of distinguished persons, in the same way as at Hereford[68].” - -The monuments in the south aisle are--in the second bay -from the transept, the much mutilated effigy of an unknown -ecclesiastic,--probably one of the priors of the monastery, represented -as vested for the eucharistic office,--under a canopied recess. The -date, according to Mr. Bloxam, is late in the fourteenth or early in the -fifteenth century. In the third bay, within a Decorated recess, is the -effigy of Bishop PARRY, (1610-1616,) “wearing the rochet and the -chimere, the latter reaching a little below the knees;” in the fourth is -a Perpendicular altar-tomb, with panelled front, of some unknown -personage; in the fifth is the tomb of THOMAS LITTLETON, Judge of the -Court of Common Pleas, died Aug. 23, 1481. The brass, which represented -him in his robes as Judge, was destroyed in the civil wars of the -seventeenth century. This is the celebrated Judge whose treatise on land -tenures was commented on by Sir Edward Coke in the reign of James I., -and has still, in Fuller’s words, an “authentical reputation.” Littleton -was born at Frankley in Worcestershire, and was in great favour with -both Henry VI. and Edward IV. The Lords Lyttelton, of Hagley, are -descended from this family. In the sixth bay is an altar-tomb in a -recess for Bishop FREKE, (1584-1591,) with inscriptions in Greek, Latin, -and English. In the two last bays are mural monuments, both by BACON, -for SIR HENRY ELLIS, Colonel of the 23rd Regt., (Welsh Fusileers,) who -fell at Waterloo; and for RICHARD SOLLY, Esq., (died 1804); neither of -which deserve much notice. In the westernmost bay has been placed the -monument of Bishop GAUDEN, (died 1662,) the probable author of the -_Icon Basilike_. His effigy represents him with long hair, moustache, -and beard, wearing the rochet and chimere. This monument was formerly -against the wall on the north side of the choir, which has been removed. -(See § VII.) - -The two western bays of the _north aisle_ are transition Norman, like -those opposite; but the Decorated vaulting (plain quadripartite, with -bosses) is carried throughout the aisle, and was the work of Bishop -Cobham between 1317 and 1321. The rest of the aisle, including the -windows, is Decorated. The west window contains some portions of ancient -glass; but is chiefly filled with modern glass of the worst description. -In the first bay counting from the west is a monument by WESTMACOTT for -the EARL OF STRAFFORD, and the officers and men of the 29th -(Worcestershire) Regiment, who fell in the Indian campaigns of 1845-6. -Unlike most memorials of this class, it possesses a little religious -character. In the second bay is a monument for the wife of GODFREY -GOLDSBOROUGH, Bishop of Gloucester, (died 1613). In the third bay is a -monument with small kneeling figures for the MOORE family, of Worcester; -date 1613. - -The north porch opens from the fifth bay. From the eighth a small -Decorated chapel, called the _Jesus chapel_, is entered; which was -opened to the nave, as it now is, about 1750, when a new and singularly -hideous font was placed in it. The Decorated window on the north side -has been filled with stained glass by WAILES, as a memorial for the wife -of the Rev. CANON WOOD. The east window of the chapel has been closed. -Against the walls are tablets for Bishop FLEETWOOD, (died 1683); for -Bishop BLANDFORD, (died 1675); and for Bishop BULLINGHAM, (died 1576). -The upper and lower portions only of the effigy appear, the intervening -wall and inscription dividing them. (Similar monuments exist at -Lichfield and elsewhere.) “The dress is not very clearly developed, but -it certainly does not appear to have consisted of the episcopal robes. -Perhaps he was one interested in the vestiarian controversy of -1564[69].” This monument was removed from the choir wall. (See § VII.) - -VI. The piers of the _central tower_ are Decorated, with small capitals -of leafage, of the same date and character as the south side of the -nave. It is certain, however, that a core of Norman masonry remains -within them, since Norman work is visible on the choir side of the -eastern piers, (see § VII.,) in the roof of the triforium of the choir, -and at the south corner of the east end of the north triforium of the -nave. The vaulting resembles that of the nave. - -The _great transept_ has undergone much alteration. The walls, as high -as the level of the clerestory, are Norman; and, as appeared when they -were stripped of their plaster, are built of “uncoursed rubble work, -roughly laid with wide joints of mortar[70].” They may belong to the -first Norman church; but after the fall of the great tower in 1175 many -repairs and changes were made, to which the Norman work now apparent -evidently belongs. Further alterations were made in the thirteenth, and -again (perhaps by Bishop WAKEFIELD, died 1395) in the latter part of the -fourteenth century. The transept, like the rest of the church, is narrow -(32 feet) in proportion to its height (66 feet), and projects only 28 -feet beyond the aisle wall. Like the transept at Gloucester, it is -without aisles. The circular staircase-turrets which project into the -transept at the north-west and south-west angles are peculiar, and are -far more decided features than those at Gloucester (see the Handbook for -that Cathedral) in the same situations. These are Norman as high as the -clerestory, where the change to Perpendicular is marked by a difference -of masonry. The masonry of the Norman portion is unusually good, and -should be noticed. The scraping of the walls of these towers “disclosed -the fact that they are built of stones of two colours, the one a white -or rather cream-coloured stone, the other a green stone. These are laid -in bands at the lower part, not regularly; but above the doorway the -courses are for a short distance alternately white and green in -horizontal stripes, after the manner of the cathedrals of Pisa, Siena, -and other Italian examples of the eleventh and twelfth centuries[71].” -The transition Norman work at the west end of the nave, and the -chapter-house, also display this particoloured masonry. - -In the _south transept_, the south end has three divisions. The lowest -is plain, and shews the Norman wall. In the second are two transition -Norman window-arches, now closed. The capitals of the side shafts are of -Early English character, and the arches have a broad hollow zigzag -moulding. In the uppermost division is a fine three-light lancet window, -deeply splayed, and with a passage through the jambs. This has been -filled with stained glass, which can hardly be called good, by ROGERS, -from designs by PREEDY, as a memorial of QUEEN ADELAIDE. The subject is -a tree of Jesse. On the east side of the transept the arch into the -choir-aisle is Decorated; and in the adjoining bay a very fine Norman -arch, long closed, opens to an eastern chapel. This archway was -re-opened in 1862, and through it a very picturesque view is obtained of -the chapel beyond. The bays on this side of the transept are divided by -a group of transition Norman vaulting-shafts, which terminate at the -level of the clerestory, and support later groining. - -The east and west walls of this transept were altered in the -Perpendicular period, in a manner which recalls the work in Gloucester -Cathedral, although the screen of tracery with which the Norman walls -have been overlaid is not so complete. On the east side this work begins -in the triforium, the openings in which are formed by a series of narrow -pierced panels, with transoms and foliated headings. As at Gloucester, -the wall behind this screen-work is Norman, and in the course of -restoration here the remains of the ancient triforium were discovered, -(1863). They are of transitional Norman character, much enriched. The -clerestory above is entirely Perpendicular. A pierced parapet runs along -at the base, and slender Perpendicular vaulting-shafts pass through both -the triforium and clerestory stages. The west wall has been overlaid -more completely with a Perpendicular screen-work, pierced for window -openings in all three stages. There is also a Perpendicular clerestory -window above the arch of the nave-aisle. Remains of two arches of the -Norman triforium have been found on this side of the transept. They are -plainer than those opposite, but may possibly be of the same date. The -vaulting of the transept is a plain lierne. - -On the south side of this transept is a monument designed by ADAMS, and -executed by NOLLEKENS, for Bishop JOHNSON, (1759-1774). The bust is -fine. There is also a memorial of Bishop HURD, (1781-1808.) - -In the east wall of the _north transept_ a Norman arch has been -discovered during the late restorations, occupying the same position as -that in the transept opposite, and of the same date. It now remains -open, to the thickness of the outer wall. The vaulting-shafts here are -Early English, banded, with capitals of Early English foliage. On the -north side was a modern Perpendicular window, which has been removed, -and replaced by a new window of early Decorated character. The east and -west walls have been overlaid with Perpendicular work in the same manner -as the opposite transept. The triforium panelling on the east side, -which had been built up, has been re-opened and restored. The -screen-work on the west wall is only pierced for a window in the -clerestory stage. - -In this transept are monuments for--(north wall), Bishop STILLINGFLEET, -(1689-1699,) “jam tibi, quicumque hæc leges, nisi et Europæ et literati -orbis hospes es, ipse per se notus;” and (east wall), Bishop HOUGH, -(1717-1743,) by ROUBILIAC. A full-length effigy of the Bishop reclines -on the top of a sepulchre, upheld by a figure of Religion. The -inscription gives due praise to the “unbounded charity, the courteous -affability, and the engaging condescension” of the Bishop,--the -“ever-memorable President of Magdalen College, Oxford, who -providentially for this nation opposed the rage of Popish superstition -and tyranny.” A small bas-relief below the effigy represents the -President’s expulsion from Magdalen. There is also a tablet for Dean -HOOK, (died 1828,) brother of the more celebrated Theodore Hook. - -VII. A flight of steps, rendered necessary by the elevation of the -crypt, which extends eastward from this point, ascends to the -_choir-screen_, between the two eastern piers of the tower; an atrocious -composition of lath and plaster, erected in 1812, and shortly, no doubt, -to be removed. Some of the small figures in the frieze were taken from -misereres in the choir, and will eventually be returned. - -Passing beyond the screen, we enter the most interesting portion of the -cathedral. The whole building, east of the tower, is far richer and -better in detail than any part of the nave. The convent, in all -probability, was receiving larger sums from the pilgrims to the shrine -of St. Wulfstan during the thirteenth century, when the choir and the -parts connected with it were built, than during the fourteenth, when the -nave was erected. By that time the neighbouring churches of Hereford and -Gloucester had each their great shrine[72], which must have attracted -much of the wealth that would otherwise have found its way into the -treasury of Worcester. - -Bishop William of Blois is recorded as having “begun the new work of the -front” in the year 1224. The plan of the new building involved a great -extension of the cathedral eastward. Beyond the site of the crypt, the -work was carried “to a length equal to double that of the Norman -presbytery, (exclusive of the probable Lady-chapel of the latter,) and -so adjusted as to place the central tower of the church exactly midway -between the east and west extremities of the entire building[73].” -Eastern transepts were also adopted. Professor Willis has been the first -to shew the order in which, in all probability, this new work was -erected. This is indicated by a difference in the moulding of the -vaulting-ribs. “The transverse vault-ribs of the side aisles and centre -of the work between the great tower and the small transepts (namely, the -present choir) have a hollow mold in their soffits; and this is also the -case - -[Illustration: PART OF CHOIR AND LADY-CHAPEL.] - -in those pier-arches of the work which have the dog-tooth. But the -transverse vault-ribs throughout the remainder of this work, namely, the -eastern transepts and Lady-chapel, have a projecting rib in their -soffit, corresponding to the moldings of their pier-arches[74].” “The -ribbed soffit, in fact, is confined to the portion of Early English work -which is founded upon the open ground of the cemetery, and was capable -of being erected complete, without disturbing any more of the existing -Norman presbytery than the circumscribing aisle and radiating chapels. -The hollow soffit, on the contrary, is used throughout the part of the -Early English work, which is based upon the walls of that portion of the -crypt which was allowed to remain. I conclude, therefore, that the -ribbed soffit-work was begun in 1224, and carried on without disabling -the Norman presbytery and the high altar; so that the services of the -Church continued in their original place, until the completion of this -first portion of the work made it necessary to pull down the Norman -presbytery, and erect the hollow soffit-work in its room, by which the -Early English structure was connected with the tower[75].” - -The _choir_, [Plate I.,] like all the cathedral eastward of the tower, -has been restored under the direction of Mr. Perkins, architect to the -Dean and Chapter. (A design has (1866) been supplied by Mr. G. G. Scott, -for the stalls and fittings of the choir, a reredos and a western -screen, to be of metal and wood combined. This, it is hoped, may soon -be carried into execution.) The choir consists of five bays, the -easternmost of which, in a line with the eastern transepts, is -considerably wider than the others. The destruction of the Norman choir -was not complete; a portion of its walls was allowed to remain; and in -the present triforium, which extends over the aisles, Norman buttresses -exist, of the same character as those in the triforium of the two -western bays of the nave. Except at the southern surface of the north -wall of the choir, however, where it joins the tower, whatever Norman -masonry remained was entirely hidden by the rich Early English work of -the new choir. This has been compared to the Early English of Salisbury -Cathedral, begun in 1220, with which, no doubt, there is a certain -general resemblance. On the other hand, Lincoln Cathedral--probably the -first great Early English church built in England--was far advanced at -the death of St. Hugh in 1200; and there are some peculiarities at -Worcester--especially the ornamentation of the tympana in the triforium -arches, and the sculpture in the spandrils of the wall-arcades--which -strongly recall Lincoln. At any rate, Worcester Cathedral was one of the -earliest churches in England built in the new style, which, there is -much reason for believing, was invented by St. Hugh’s architect at -Lincoln. - -The design first seen in the transition Norman portion of each bay of -the nave--one arch below, two in the triforium, and three in the -clerestory, (see § IV.)--was followed in this Early English work, as it -was in all the later portions of the cathedral. The octangular piers of -the choir have large shafts of Purbeck marble, alternating with white -stone; the Purbeck shafts ringed half way up. The shafts have foliaged -capitals; and the dog-tooth ornament is used (as at Salisbury) in the -mouldings of the main arches. The triforium in each bay consists of two -large arches, each enclosing two smaller, divided by a slender shaft, -with a plain capital of Purbeck. The groups of shafts between and at the -sides of the larger arches have capitals of leafage worked in oolite, -with Purbeck above. In the spandrils or tympana above the small central -shafts are sculptured figures. At the back of the outer triforium arches -is a wall, covered by an arcade with semi-detached shafts, so arranged -that the crowns of the arches are nearly on a level with the capitals of -the shafts in the main arcade. A very rich and intricate effect is thus -produced, which may be compared with that of the double arcades in the -choir-aisles of Lincoln Cathedral,--in all probability part of St. -Hugh’s work. The triforium passage itself, which extends over the -aisles, is shut out, by this arcaded wall, from the choir, which was no -doubt rendered much warmer by this arrangement. The clerestory has in -each bay three sharply-pointed arches; that in the centre being much -higher than the two others, with slender shafts and capitals of Purbeck -marble. The windows at the back, which had been filled with mean -Perpendicular tracery, have been restored to their original Early -English condition. A single vaulting-shaft of Purbeck rests on a -corbelled head at the intersection of the main arches, and terminates -in a capital of leafage at the base of the triforium. A second shaft -rises through the triforium stage, and terminates in a small capital at -the base of the clerestory. The vaulting itself is quadripartite, with -carved bosses. - -The restoration of the choir, under Mr. Perkins, was begun in 1859. Much -of the stone-work was in so ruinous a condition that it was necessary to -replace it with new; but although the building has thus lost something -of its interest in the eyes of archæologists, it should here be said -that the repairs have been made with good judgment, and that no -unnecessary destruction of ancient work has taken place. Wherever it was -possible the old stone-work has been carefully cleaned, and is otherwise -untouched. This is the case with nearly all the leafage of the capitals, -which is unusually good and varied. The greater part of the figures in -the tympana of the triforium arches, however, were unfortunately -sculptured in the local stone, and had crumbled away so completely, -partly from the effects of time and partly perhaps before the matchlocks -of Cromwell’s troopers, that their subjects were hardly to be -deciphered. They have been restored, in accordance, as far as could be -ascertained, with the original design, by Boulton of Worcester, under -the direction of Mr. Perkins. - -VIII. Evidences remain in the choir of earlier alterations and -additions. The piers adjoining the north-east transept had been thrown -greatly out of the perpendicular by the thrust of the arches. These -piers have now been reconstructed with the old materials in a sound -manner; and a wall pierced with quatrefoils, which had been built for -their support, between the two easternmost piers on the north side, has -been removed. The second pier from the organ, on the same side, also -appears to have shewn signs of weakness, and has been re-cased and -enlarged in Jacobean Gothic, with a curious base of masonry in the shape -of a tulip. - -The _stone pulpit_, on the north side of the choir, was removed from the -west end of the nave about the middle of last century. It is late -Perpendicular work, with the emblems of the Evangelists placed on -truncated shafts in the panels. The sculpture at the back of the pulpit -apparently represents the Heavenly Jerusalem, with the Tree of Life in -the centre. The ancient stalls were partly destroyed by the Puritan -soldiery, the seats alone remaining. The present canopies date from the -reign of Charles II., but are of no great interest. - -It is proposed to replace the present (modern) reredos by one of better -design and character; and to erect a low stone screen, allowing a view -into the transept beyond it, between the piers on the north side of the -altar. - -In December, 1861, a leaden coffin, moulded to the shape of a body, -which had been enclosed in an outer coffin of wood, was discovered -beneath the flooring at the east end of the choir. It no doubt contained -the embalmed body of WILLIAM, fourth MARQUIS and second DUKE OF -HAMILTON, who was mortally wounded at the battle of Worcester in 1651, -and was interred here,--since his body was not allowed to be conveyed to -Scotland. - -IX. The monuments of especial interest in the choir, are the tomb with -effigy of King John and the chantry of Prince Arthur. - -The tomb of KING JOHN [_Title-page_] stands in the centre of the second -bay from the east, immediately before the step ascending to the -sanctuary. In 1797 a coffin with the remains of the King, was found -below the pavement. It is expressly said that King John was buried -between the shrines of SS. Oswald and Wulfstan, (see Pt. II. for short -notices of both saints,) and that a prophecy of Merlin (who is -constantly mentioned by the chroniclers of this period) was thereby -fulfilled:--“Et inter sanctos collocabitur.” The King was buried, it -must be remembered, in the Norman presbytery, the apse of which -terminated nearly in a line with the third piers (counting from the -east) of the existing choir. On the reconstruction of the choir and -presbytery by the Early English builders, the altar was removed to -nearly its present position, and the King’s coffin and tomb were also -carried eastward, so as to occupy the same position with respect to the -high altar and the shrines as they had done in the Norman Church. In -both the Norman and the Early English presbyteries the shrines of the -two saints “were deposited in front of the high altar, in the same -manner as St. Dunstan and St. Elfege in the cathedral of -Canterbury[76].” In either case the King might be said to have been laid -“between” them. King John died at Newark, October 19, 1216, commending -his body and soul to God, and to St. Wulfstan, the last great English -saint who had been canonized. His body, arrayed in royal apparel, was -accordingly conveyed to Worcester, where it was interred by the Bishop, -Silvester of Evesham[77]. - -The high tomb on which the King’s effigy rests is a work of the -sixteenth century, and was probably constructed when Prince Arthur’s -chantry was erected[78]. “The sides of the tomb are divided into three -square compartments by panelled buttresses; each compartment contains a -shield, bearing the royal arms, within a quatrefoil richly cusped; the -spandrels are also foliated and cusped. Though of no unusual design it -has a rich effect, and the base mouldings are numerous[79].” On this -tomb rests the effigy of King John, the earliest effigy of an English -monarch remaining in this country. It was no doubt originally the cover -of the stone coffin in which the King’s remains were discovered in 1797. -The effigy was evidently sculptured soon after the interment of the -King; and represents him in the regal habiliments. “First, the tunic, -yellow, or of cloth of gold, reaching nearly to the ancles, with -close-fitting sleeves, little of which is apparent. Over the tunic is -worn the dalmatic, or outer robe, of a crimson colour, with wide -sleeves, edged with a gold and jewelled border: this is girt about the -waist by a girdle, and buckled in front; the pendent end of the girdle, -which is jewelled, falling down to the skirt of the dalmatic. At the -back is worn the mantle; but little of this is visible. On the feet are -sandals, to the heels of which are affixed spurs. On the hands are -gloves, jewelled at the back; the right hand has held a sceptre, the -lower portion of which only is left; the left hand grasps the hilt of -the sword. On the head is worn the crown; the face has both the -moustache and beard, and the hair is long. On either side of the head is -the figure of a bishop holding a thurible or censer, perhaps intended to -represent St. Oswald and St. Wulfstan. Roger de Hoveden, in his Annals, -treating of the coronation of Richard I., enumerates the regal -vestments, and how worn, and his description may be applied to this -effigy. In the crown, in the mitres of the bishops, and on different -portions of the robes appear cavities for stones, paste, or glass, -imitative of jewels. The feet of the effigy rest against a lion, in -whose jaws the point of the sword is inserted[80].” - -The coffin in which the King’s remains were discovered in 1797 (at the -beginning of some repairs in the cathedral) was found at the bottom of -the tomb, level with the pavement. It was cut out of Higley stone, and -only covered with two elm boards. “Part of the royal apparel was firm in -texture, but the colour was gone; part of the sword and leather sheath -were lying on the left side of the body, but much mouldered; the boots -on the feet were more perfect; part of one of the robes appeared to have -been embroidered: the head was covered with a close-fitting scull-cap, -which appeared to have been buckled under the chin. A quantity of a sort -of white paste, which lay in lumps, was, I think, the salt of which -Matthew Paris speaks, used for preserving the body for a time. The tomb -was shortly after closed. It is hardly to be doubted that the body of -the King had been arrayed in the same apparel as that exhibited on his -effigy[81].” - -X. PRINCE ARTHUR, the eldest son of Henry VII., born at Winchester in -1486, died at Ludlow Castle April 2, 1502, and was brought to this -cathedral for interment. His chantry fills the whole bay on the south -side of the altar, and is a very rich example of late and elaborate -Gothic. [Plate II.] The sides are formed of open and closed panel-work, -enriched with figures and heraldic devices, among which occur the rose, -fetter-lock, and portcullis. The small figures, however, are rudely -executed, and have been greatly injured. Within, the chantry has a flat -groined roof, with curious flying supports. In the central panel are the -arms of the Prince, with stags as supporters. At the west end is a small -seated figure of Henry VII. The east wall is covered by a rich mass of -tabernacle-work, with niches. In the central niche is a small figure of -the Saviour on the Cross, with censing angels at the head. On either -side are figures of saints, one of which is apparently St. George. The -whole has been terribly shattered, but the details deserve attention. In -the centre of the chantry is the high tomb of the Prince, with shields -and armorial bearings in the side panels. There is no effigy. - -XI. Passing out of the choir we ascend from the transept into the _south -choir-aisle_ by a flight of five steps, rendered necessary by the crypt -below. The aisle is of the same date and character as the choir, and an -Early English chapel, which, has been restored in the same manner as the -choir, opens from the two westernmost bays. The view into this chapel -from the south transept has already (§ VII.) been noticed. From within -the chapel the fine and lofty Norman arch, receding in three orders, -which opens to the - -[Illustration: CHANTRY OF PRINCE ARTHUR.] - -transept, is well seen. It is of late Norman character. A doorway in the -south wall, close to this arch, now opens to the apartments formerly -used as treasuries, over the narrow ‘slype’ or passage between the great -south transept and the chapter-house. - -XII. A descent of five steps, indicating the termination of the crypt, -which extends only beneath the choir and its aisles, leads into the -_south-east transept_. The bay on the north side is filled by the screen -of Prince Arthur’s Chapel. The transept itself is Early English, of the -same general character as the choir. The northern bay is precisely -similar to the choir in the arrangement and design of its lower arches -(opening to the aisles east and west), the triforium, and clerestory. -The southern bay has its three sides pierced with two tiers of triple -lancet windows set back in the wall, with a passage through the jambs. -The inner arches are supported by clustered shafts of Purbeck marble, -ringed. An arcade, with sculptures in the spandrils, runs below the -windows. The vaulting is quadripartite, with bosses of leafage, of -unusual beauty, at the intersections. - -The south, east, and west walls, with the windows of this transept, were -in so ruinous a condition before the late restoration, that it was found -necessary to take it entirely down. Every stone was marked, and it has -been rebuilt precisely as before. The sculptures in the spandrils of the -arcade were also much shattered, and those on the east side are in -effect modern works by Boulton of Worcester. They are, however, direct -reproductions of the old ones, as far as they could be deciphered. It -has been suggested, and apparently with truth, although the arrangement -is by no means clear, that the entire series was intended to represent -the life present, and that to come. Beginning at the north-west angle, -the subjects are--A bishop giving his benediction; knights fighting with -lions and centaurs, (the world and its temptations); St. Michael -weighing souls; demons torturing souls over flames, (purgatory); the -mouth of hell--demons drawing in souls. North side--Two figures carrying -a body, (the burial of Adam?); the expulsion from Paradise; an angel -dismissing souls to punishment(?). (From this point the figures look in -the opposite direction.) The Resurrection; the dead breaking their -coffin-lids; an angel sounding a trumpet; an angel bearing the cross; -the Saviour in judgment. East side--An angel with a trumpet; a seraph; -an angel with a lute; the coronation of the just(?); St. Gabriel with a -lily; St. Michael with the dragon; an angel bearing a crown. - -The sculptures may be compared, for both design and execution, with -those on the west front of Wells Cathedral, which are nearly of the same -date. The imagery used here is not of so refined or dignified an order -as that at Wells, but the whole work deserves careful attention. - -There is a piscina in the south wall, and aumbries remain in the walls -east and west. - -XIII. Against the south wall of this transept, and connected with the -arcade in a remarkable manner, is the effigy of a knight, on a raised -tomb of comparatively recent date. The effigy is that of a knight of the -HARCOURT family, and belongs to the early part of the fourteenth -century. The armour is of ringed mail, with the exception of the poleyns -at the knees, which are of plate. The shield has the arms of -Harcourt--Gules, two bars or. The small brass plate below, with the -inscription “Ici gist sur Guilliamme de Harcourt,” is not coeval with -the effigy, which is slightly raised on the left side. - -In the centre of the transept is a high tomb, of good character, from -which the brasses had been removed, for SIR GRYFFYTH RYCE, (died 1523). -The ancient inscription remains; and brasses by HARDMAN have taken the -places of the originals. - -Inclosed within the screen-work of Prince Arthur’s chantry are two high -tombs, with effigies, which deserve especial attention. They are both -apparently of the same date, (early in the fourteenth century,) and have -been assigned, the westernmost to Bishop GIFFARD, (died 1302,) and the -eastern to AUDELA, wife of JOHN DE WARREN. The fronts of the tombs, -which are of Purbeck, have quatrefoiled compartments, in which are -sculptures, now much mutilated. Bishop GIFFARD’S effigy “represents the -chin close shaven. The mitre is ornamented with quatrefoiled and other -concavities, in which stones, glass, or paste have been set, to -represent jewels.” The square apparel of the amice in front of the -breast, the collar, and the episcopal boots, seem also to have been set -with stones. “The folds of the chasuble are well and tastefully -arranged[82].” - -The effigy of AUDELA DE WARREN, “which is beautifully executed, -represents her in the veiled headdress, and the wimple or gorget, ... -the latter perhaps a sign of widowhood, leaving but a small portion of -the face visible. The veil is very tastefully disposed.... Over the gown -is worn a mantle, on the left side of which is a lozenge-shaped fermail, -to fasten the mantle in front, in a somewhat unusual fashion. The left -arm is gone; the right arm reclines on the breast, and in the hand is -held a string of prayer-beads, or, as they were anciently called, a pair -of paternosters, with larger ones at intervals; an early and singular -instance of their being thus represented, the beads being gracefully -disposed, and not hanging down formally. The feet rest against a whelp. -The admirable manner in which this effigy is treated is worthy of all -praise. The mantle and gown were formerly covered with painted shields, -representing the arms of Warren, Checky, argent and sable, and those of -Blanchminster, Argent, fretty gules[83].” Audela was the daughter and -heiress of Griffin de Blanchminster. - -XIV. Immediately beyond the transept a good general view occurs of the -_retro-choir_ and Lady-chapel. The aisles extend to the end of the -retro-choir, which is three bays in depth. The Lady-chapel forms an -additional eastern bay. All this part of the cathedral is of the same -general design as the choir; but, as a result of the lower level, the -main arches are loftier than those of the choir, and a much finer effect -is consequently produced. Together with the eastern transepts, this part -of the church was, as has been already shewn, constructed before the -western end of the choir; and besides the difference of mouldings, it is -distinguished by the rich wall-arcade which runs round below the -windows. Bishop GIFFARD (1268-1302) is said to have ornamented the -columns “of the east part of the church” with brass rings, (which still -remain, occupying the usual place of stone bands in Early English -shafts,) but the main work was probably completed long before his -accession. The brass rings occur on the intermediate piers throughout -choir, presbytery, and Lady-chapel. Similar rings occur in Westminster -Abbey, (in that portion of the nave which contains the choir stalls,) -where they are probably of the same date as those at Worcester. -Professor Willis has shewn that the shafts in this cathedral were -originally fixed to the piers by iron cramps, such as may still be seen -in the church at Pershore; and that the brass rings were additions for -covering the joint[84]. - -The dog-tooth moulding does not occur in the arches of the retro-choir, -and there are some slight differences between the foliage of the -capitals in this part of the cathedral and of those in the choir. The -restoration has included this part of the church, and the sculptures in -the spandrils of the triforium (which were little more than shapeless -masses of stone) have been restored by Boulton, under the direction of -the architect. - -The windows in the aisles are triple lancets, at the back of inner -arches, supported by slender shafts of Purbeck marble. The dilapidated -Perpendicular tracery with which the lights were filled has been -removed, leaving the windows in their original state. Under the windows -runs a wall-arcade resembling that already described in the transept, -with trefoiled arches, and sculptures in the spandrils. Many of these -have been restored, but all deserve careful notice. The subjects -are--masses of foliage; knights fighting with monsters; mystic animals, -such as the basilisk and cockatrice, and others described in early -bestiaries. In the north aisle is a bishop offering a church, and in the -south the Crucifixion. Nothing like a definite arrangement can be traced -throughout the series. The vaulting of both aisles is quadripartite, -with small bosses. - -The east window of the north aisle has been filled with very good -stained glass by HARDMAN, in memory of the late Hon. and Rev. Canon -COCKS. That in the south aisle is a memorial of the Rev. ALLEN WHEELER, -B.D. - -The _eastern bay_, in which stood the altar of the Lady-chapel, was -disfigured by a large debased window, inserted early in the present -century; and was, before the restorations, in a dangerous condition. It -was found necessary to rebuild the east wall entirely; and two tiers of -lancet lights, five in each tier, have been inserted, in strict keeping -with the architecture of all this part of the cathedral. Two lancets, -one above another, are placed in the north and south walls. A very -beautiful wall-arcade, of the same character as that in the aisles and -transepts, but more enriched, runs round below the windows. This is -entirely new, and the very good sculptures in the spandrils were -executed, under direction, by BOULTON of Worcester. The subjects at the -east end are--Isaiah; Abraham and Isaac; the selling of Joseph; the -brazen serpent; Jonah; and Jeremiah. Foliage and grotesques, copied from -the older spandrils, are repeated at the sides. The eastern lancets have -been filled with stained glass by HARDMAN, given to the cathedral by the -citizens of Worcester. In the central lower light is the Crucifixion; -above, the Ascension. A series of medallions, representing the principal -events in the life of our Lord, fill the remaining lancets. The glass is -very good, though perhaps a little thin in quality. The spandrils above -the lights in both tiers have been filled with sculpture by BOULTON; -chiefly figures of angels. - -XV. On the north side of the chapel is a small mural slab, with flowers -at the sides and an urn above, for ANNE, wife of IZAAC WALTON, who no -doubt wrote the inscription, which is as follows:--“Ex terris ... M.S. -Here lyeth buried so much as could die of Anne, the wife of Isaac -Walton, who was a woman of remarkable prudence, and of the Primitive -Piety. Her great and generall knowledge being adorned with such true -humility, and blest with so much Christian meeknesse as made her worthy -of a more memorable monument. She died (alas that she is dead!) the 17th -of April, 1662, aged 52. Study to be like her.” The wife thus -commemorated was the sister of Bishop Ken. Walton himself survived until -1683, and was interred in Winchester Cathedral. - -XVI. In the arcade of the south aisle are monuments for JOHN BANKS -JENKINSON, Bishop of St. David’s, who died at Malvern in 1840; and for -Prebendary DAVISON, Fellow of Oriel, who died in 1834, the author of a -well-known work on Prophecy. On the floor of this aisle is the recumbent -effigy of an _unknown lady_, of the fourteenth century. The head is -covered with a veil. “The folds of the gown are disposed with great -breadth, taste, and skill.... The feet rest against a whelp or dog. This -effigy is sculptured in high relief out of a slab somewhat -coffin-shaped, and is one of the most beautiful mediæval monumental -relics in the cathedral. It is indeed well worthy of artistic -study[85].” This effigy is not in its original position. The much -mutilated figure near it, also of the fourteenth century, was found -recently at the foot of the steps of the south-east transept. - -At the back of the choir-screen, to which place it was removed within -the last century, is a high tomb with an effigy, which probably -represents the last Abbot of EVESHAM, Philip Ballard de Hawford, who -died between 1550 and 1558. The tomb is of earlier date. The Abbot, who -wears the _mitra preciosa_, is fully vested. The pastoral staff, placed -on the left side, is covered with the veil. The effigy is of alabaster. - -On the floor, and immediately in front of the easternmost bay which -contained the altar of the Lady-chapel, are three episcopal effigies, -two of which are of much interest. The most northernly, which according -to Mr. Bloxam is the earliest episcopal effigy in the cathedral, is -assigned by him to Bishop WILLIAM OF BLOIS, (died 1236,) who laid the -foundation of this part of the church. “The effigy is sculptured in low -relief, on a coffin-shaped slab, and was probably set originally on the -stone coffin which contained the remains of the Bishop.... On the head -is the low mitre; about the neck is seen the amice. In front of the -breast, on the chasuble, is a lozenge-shaped ornament like a morse, in -which stones, glass, or paste have been inserted.” Under the chasuble -appears the alb, above which one of the fringed extremities of the stole -is visible. The maniple hangs on the left arm. The pastoral staff -crosses the body diagonally, from the left shoulder to the right foot. -On each side of the head is Early English foliage. The southernmost -effigy is assigned by Mr. Bloxam to Bishop WALTER DE CANTILUPE, who died -Feb. 12, 1266. It is sculptured in Purbeck marble, and represents the -Bishop with a moustache and beard, wearing the low mitre, the alb, the -stole, the dalmatic, and the chasuble. The amice is round the neck. “I -believe,” writes Mr. Bloxam, “this effigy to have been originally placed -as the lid to and on the stone coffin of Bishop Walter de Cantilupe, and -to have been sculptured and prepared during the lifetime of that -bishop. Great care has evidently been taken in its execution, and as a -specimen of the monumental sculpture of the middle of the thirteenth -century it is not without considerable merit[86].” A coffin, containing -the remains of a bishop in his episcopal vestments, in all probability -Walter de Cantilupe, was found in December, 1861, under the wall on the -north side of the choir, near the east end. On measuring this coffin, -and comparing it with the effigy described above, they were found to -correspond exactly. The central effigy, which is much mutilated, is -either that of Bishop BRIAN (died 1361) or Bishop LYNN (died 1373). - -In the central bay of the _north_ aisle is the effigy of an _unknown -lady_, of the thirteenth century, and the earliest female effigy in the -cathedral. It “is not of much merit as a work of art, but if the lady is -here represented of the natural size, she must have been 6 ft. 3 in. in -height. I think, however, from the examination of not a few examples, -that many early sepulchral effigies were greatly exaggerated as to -size[87].” In the adjoining bay is the effigy (also 6 ft. 3 in. in -height) of an unknown _knight_, temp. Henry III. He wears mailed armour, -with the long surcoat over it. - -XVII. The _north-eastern transept_ precisely resembles that opposite. -The windows have been rebuilt, and restored where necessary, but without -any alteration of the original design. The sculptures in the -wall-arcade are curious and interesting, but no principle of -arrangement is evident. - -On a high tomb in the centre of the transept is a full-length figure, by -CHANTREY, of CHARLOTTE ELIZABETH, wife of the Rev. WILLIAM DIGBY, who -died in 1820. The sculpture is fine, but the design is scarcely -appropriate, and suffers infinitely when compared with the repose and -dignity of the earlier effigies in this cathedral. - -Against the south wall of the transept, between it and the choir, under -a Decorated arch, is an effigy which has been ascribed to Bishop COBHAM, -(died 1337). “The head, which is mitred, reposes on a square double -cushion, supported by much mutilated figures of angels. The vestments, -consisting of the chasuble, dalmatic, tunic, and alb, are not well -defined[88].” Below this, “on a high tomb of the seventeenth century, -and under a pointed arch of the fourteenth century,” is an effigy -assigned to Bishop WULSTAN BRANSFORD, died 1349. He wears the chasuble, -the dalmatic, and the alb. “The chasuble is enriched with the orfrey, or -super-humerale, an ornament not unlike the archiepiscopal pall, hanging -down in front, and fringed at the lower extremity[89].” - -XVIII. The _north choir-aisle_, of the same general character as that -opposite, has also been restored. The beauty of the capitals and bosses -of foliage is here especially noticeable. In the last bay toward the -west, on the west side of the window, and high in the wall, is a small -oriel window, of Perpendicular date, formerly communicating with the -sacrist’s lodgings. There is now no access whatever to it; but Norman -arches in the wall (evident from without) indicate the existence of a -sacrist’s chamber, and probably of a window afterwards replaced by that -now existing, before the rebuilding of the choir in the thirteenth -century. From the window the position of the great shrines at the head -of the choir was commanded, and it perhaps served as a watching-chamber. - -In this aisle (removed from the south transept) is the monument of -Bishop MADDOX, (1743-1759,) who had “an exact knowledge of the -constitution of this national Church.” - -XIX. In the easternmost bay of the south aisle of the nave a door (the -Prior’s entrance) opens to the _cloisters_. These are of Perpendicular -date, but their construction has not been recorded. They are (1866) -undergoing a complete restoration, externally and internally; and the -debased stone-work, inserted in the windows in 1762, has been removed. -The exterior was so dilapidated that an entire re-casing was necessary; -but the ancient details have been most carefully decyphered and -restored. Although very perfect, however, the cloisters are of no great -interest or beauty. The arrangement of the vaulting-shafts on the piers -between the windows should be noticed, as well as the flowing tracery on -the sides of the arches. The use of the squared openings in the piers, -on three sides of the cloisters, is quite uncertain, and Professor -Willis has suggested that it may have been a mere caprice of the -builder[90]. The vaulting of the cloisters is lierne, with bosses of -foliage. In the west walk the ancient lavatory remains. - -In the north walk is the well-known sepulchral slab, with the single -word _Miserrimus_. This “most wretched one” was the Rev. THOMAS MORRIS, -Minor Canon of Worcester, and Vicar of Claines, about two miles north of -the city. At the Revolution he refused to take the oaths to William -III., and consequently lost his preferments. He was supported by the -richer Nonjurors, and in allusion to his destitute condition ordered -this single word to be engraved on his tomb-stone. The inscription thus -really intimates a very different feeling from that suggested in -Wordsworth’s sonnet:-- - - “ ... Himself alone - Could thus have dared the grave to agitate, - And claim, among the dead, this awful crown. - Nor doubt that he marked also for his own, - Close to these cloistral steps a burial place, - That every foot might fall with heavier tread, - Trampling upon his vileness. Stranger, pass - Softly!--To save the contrite, Jesus bled.” - -XX. Although the cloisters are not in themselves of any unusual -interest, they afford one of the best illustrations remaining in England -of the manner in which the chief monastic buildings were grouped about -them. On the _east_ side is a passage formerly leading to the prior’s -house, and beyond it the chapter-house. On the _south_ side is the -refectory, now used as a school-room. On the _west_ side, close to the -lavatory in the wall, is the entrance to the _dormitory_, which has -itself been destroyed; and beyond again is a narrow passage (in which -are staircases communicating with the triforium of the nave, and with -the upper part of the dormitory) by which the west front of the church -was approached from the cloisters. - -The _slype_, or arched passage in the east walk, is Norman, (with some -details, on the north side, of very early character,) and separates the -chapter-house from the south wall of the great transept. Between the -entrance to this passage and the chapter-house are two recesses in the -wall, which may be compared with those in a similar position at Norwich; -(see the Handbook for that Cathedral). Their original use is unknown. - -The _chapter-house_ [Plate III.] is circular within, (as it was without -until the Perpendicular casing was added,) but is divided into ten bays -by vaulting-ribs which spring from a central column, and from shafts at -the sides. Without, the building is decagonal, with a buttress between -each bay. The lower part of the chapter-house, the central column, and -the vaulting, are transition Norman, of nearly the same date as the two -western bays of the nave. Early in the sixteenth century, however, a -Perpendicular window was inserted in the upper part of each bay, and the -exterior of the building was entirely cased with Perpendicular masonry. -The doorway - -[Illustration: THE CHAPTER-HOUSE.] - -opening from the cloisters is Perpendicular. A plain circular arcade, -slightly recessed, runs round the interior, above a stone bench. A -second arcade, of interlacing arches, covers the upper part of the wall, -and is surmounted by a stringcourse with the billet-moulding, the whole -being in alternate courses of grey and white stone. Above this are the -Perpendicular windows. The chapter-house has shared in the late -restoration. - -XXI. At the end of the east walk of the cloisters is a passage under the -refectory, to the Close beyond. The _refectory_ (120 ft. long) extends -the whole length of the south walk. There is an entrance to it near the -south-west end. The lower part, or crypt, is early Norman; the room -above, a long parallelogram, is Decorated, of the reign of Edward III. -It is now used as the school-room of the “King’s school,” founded by -Henry VIII. after the dissolution of the priory. - -In the west walk is the lavatory (Perpendicular), already mentioned, and -the entrance (Perpendicular) to the _dormitory_; this, like the -refectory, was a long parallelogram. The foundations of the walls have -been traced, and portions of a row of columns (Perpendicular) which ran -down the centre of the undercroft. - -At the north-west angle of the cloister is the monks entrance to the -cathedral. The cloister terminates nearly in a line with the third bay -of the nave. Parallel with the last two, or transition Norman bays, is a -narrow arched and vaulted passage, also transition Norman, of very good -character, with a doorway of the same date at the western end. On the -south side of this passage there is a staircase which led to the -dormitory, and at the north-west angle one which leads to the triforium -of the south aisle of the nave. - -Beyond this passage a view is obtained of the very plain _west front_, -with its Norman portals and modern Decorated window. - -XXII. On the _north side_ of the cathedral, between the north porch and -the west front, stood the “Carnerie,” or charnel-house chapel, built by -Bishop William de Blois in the thirteenth century, and demolished in -1677. The crypt is still remaining, although no trace of it is visible -above ground. The two transition Norman bays on this side had apparently -shewn signs of weakness in the Perpendicular period, when the existing -flying buttresses were erected. A third occurs between the two -transepts, and close beyond it is the entrance to the _crypt_. [Plate -IV.] - -This is by no means the least interesting portion of the cathedral, -since it is unquestionably the work of WULFSTAN, and the only part of -the building which can be assigned to him. In 1084 Wulfstan began the -rebuilding of the monastery, and in 1094 he held a synod in the crypt of -the cathedral, “which he had built from the foundation.” This was no -doubt the existing crypt, which extends under the choir and its aisles. -The main piers, which are solid masses of masonry, stand immediately -below those in the choir. In the central division of the crypt, the -vaulting is carried on three rows of pillars, with plain cushioned -capitals and - -[Illustration: THE CRYPT.] - -square abaci. There are also semi-detached shafts, of similar character, -connected with the main piers on either side. In the aisles of the crypt -the vaulting springs from semi-detached shafts on either side, and rests -on a single row of columns in the centre. The east end of the central -division (which remains entire) is apsidal; and the curious and -intricate arrangement of the vaulting at this point (arising “from the -complicated slopes which had to be adjusted there”) should be especially -noticed. The aisles of the crypt terminate at present nearly at the bend -of the apse, but they were originally carried quite round it, so as to -form a circular procession-path. “There are but four apsidal crypts in -England, which in chronological order are,--Winchester (1079), Worcester -(1084), Gloucester (1089), and Canterbury (1096). In all these the side -aisles run completely round the apse. Amongst them, Worcester is -remarkable for the multiplicity of small pillars employed to sustain the -vaults. The side aisle has a row of small pillars running along the -centre, which are not employed in the other examples. The central -portion has three rows of intermediate pillars, whereas Gloucester and -Canterbury have but two rows, and Winchester but one. Yet the width of -the central crypt of Worcester is less than the others. The increased -number of pillars, by diminishing the span of the arches, and dividing -the weight of the vault upon so many supports, enables the diameters of -the pillars to be reduced, and gives greater lightness to the -architecture. For the height of all these crypts is nearly the same; so -that at Winchester and Gloucester the arches are flattened into -ellipses, the pillars are low and squat, and the crypts appear as -sepulchral vaults; while at Worcester, where the arches are semicircular -and the pillars more slender, the crypt is a complex and beautiful -temple[91].” It has been compared to the mosque (now the cathedral) of -Cordova. We may re-people this crypt in imagination with the venerable -abbots and priests of the synod convened by Wulfstan[92]. - -It is probable that small apsidal chapels flanked the crypt at its -western termination, on both sides. On the south side such a chapel -still exists, immediately under that which opens from the south aisle of -the choir. The western, and part of the southern, wall of this chapel is -Norman, as are the central pillars. The square eastern end, however, is -Early English, of the same date as the chapel above it. - -In the crypt are preserved the ancient north doors of the cathedral, -removed about the year 1820. They date from the fourteenth century, and -are coeval with Bishop Wakefield’s work. These doors are said to have -been covered with human skin. Tradition asserts that a man who stole the -sanctus-bell from the high altar was flayed alive for the sacrilege; and -portions of skin, which the late Mr. Quekitt, Assistant Conservator of -the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, declared to be human, -remain fixed to the inside of the doors, under the iron-work. - -The west doors of Rochester Cathedral, and the north doors of Hadstock -and Copford Churches, both in Essex, were also covered with skins, said -to have been those of piratical Northmen. The Rochester doors have -entirely disappeared. Those of Copford have been removed, but portions -of them are still in existence. The doors of Hadstock Church remain in -place. Fragments of skin from Hadstock and Copford were examined by Mr. -Quekitt, who pronounced it human in both cases[93]. - -XXIII. The great Norman tower fell in 1175, “a circumstance of such -common occurrence that there is some evidence against a tower being -Norman work if it had not fallen down[94].” The existing _central tower_ -dates from 1374, but the general design alone remained before its -restoration (still, 1866, in progress) was commenced. The soft sandstone -of which it is built had crumbled away to such an extent, that all the -details had perished. The tower, which is 196 ft. in height, is of good -proportion. It was by no means improved by the modern parapet and -pinnacles which were placed on it in the last century, and somewhat -altered in the early part of this. A new peal of ten, or possibly twelve -bells will be hung in the tower after its complete restoration. - -Close beyond the north-east transept stood an octangular “clocherium,” -or bell-tower, which was taken down in 1647. It was of very early -character. The east end of the cathedral has been rebuilt, as already -described, (§ XIV.,) by Mr. Perkins. The walls of the south-east -transept have also been rebuilt, and its very fine buttresses with open -turrets deserve special notice. A little west of this transept, and -between it and the chapter-house, are the remains of the _Guesten Hall_. -This was a very fine hall of the fourteenth century, built for the -entertainment of noble guests of the priory and of the more illustrious -pilgrims to the shrine of St. Wulfstan. Like “La Gloriole” at -Canterbury, and the guest-chambers of other great monasteries, it -closely adjoined the prior’s lodgings. These were assigned to the Dean -on the creation of the Dean and Chapter after the dissolution, and the -Guesten Hall formed part of the deanery until 1842, when the -Ecclesiastical Commissioners made over the episcopal palace to the Dean, -and the former deanery was pulled down. The Guesten Hall was then -disclosed, and attracted much attention, not only from its own beauty, -but as a very interesting historical relic. It was, however, much out of -repair, and a considerable sum would no doubt have been required to -effect its restoration. Accordingly, in 1860, the greater part of it was -pulled down, and the roof was given by the Dean and Chapter to a new -church which it is proposed to erect in the city of Worcester. - -The Guesten Hall was commenced in 1320 by Wulstan Bransford, then prior -of the monastery, and afterwards Bishop of Worcester. The beauty of the -Decorated tracery, which still remains in the windows, calls for -especial notice; and the oaken roof was a very fine example. It is -evident that nothing but absolute necessity could justify the -destruction of such a relic. “This magnificent guest-chamber of the -fourteenth century was an historical monument of considerable -importance, as shewing the splendid hospitality of the clergy of those -days, and as illustrating in a remarkable manner the manners and customs -of the time of Edward III. It was the last of these structures that we -had remaining, and with it we have erased a chapter out of the history -of England[95].” - -XXIV. The College Green, on the south side of the cathedral, is entered -through an archway under the _Edgar tower_, which tradition asserts to -have been erected by Ethelred II., son of Edgar. It may possibly occupy -the site of an older building, but the present tower is late work, and -of little interest. In a niche on the east front is a much shattered -figure of King Edgar. The rooms in the tower are now used as the chapter -library, and as offices of the diocesan registry. Among the MSS. of the -chapter library is one of great interest--An Epitome of Roman Law by -Vacarius, an Italian who was brought to this country by Theobald, -Archbishop of Canterbury, and who introduced the study of Roman or -“Civil” Law at Oxford in the reign of Stephen. This is the only copy of -the work of Vacarius known to exist in England, and only four copies are -known on the continent--in the libraries of Konigsberg, Prague, and -Bruges, and one in the possession of the Emperor of Russia[96]. - -The _deanery_, north-west of the cathedral, was the episcopal palace -until 1842. It contains a fine hall, and some ancient portions. The east -front was built by Bishop Hough in 1723. - - - - -WORCESTER CATHEDRAL. - -PART II. - -History of the See, with Short Notices of the principal Bishops. - - - Worcester was one of five episcopal dioceses into which the great - Mercian province was divided during the archiepiscopate of - Theodorus of Canterbury, (A.D. 668-690). Peada, son of the fierce - heathen Penda of Mercia, and son-in-law of the Christian Oswi of - Northumbria, had established the first Mercian see at Lichfield - (see that Cathedral, Pt. II.) about the year 653. Mercia then - comprised not only the whole of central England, but the greater - part of Lincolnshire; and in accordance with a design expressed at - the Council of Hertford, (673,) but not then carried into - execution, Archbishop Theodorus divided the unwieldy diocese, which - must still have contained a vast number of heathen, into five. The - original see remained at LICHFIELD. The see of HEREFORD was - established in 676, those of WORCESTER and LEICESTER in 680, and - that of LINDISSE, or LINDSEY, in 678. The two latter, Leicester and - Lindsey, were afterwards incorporated in the great diocese of - Lincoln. (See that Cathedral, Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 680-961.] Worcester, (_Wigornaceaster_,) a “ceaster” or - stronghold of the Hwiccas, who occupied Worcestershire and - Gloucestershire, had possibly been a Roman station, (although this - is uncertain,) and was at all events situated on the line of a - Roman road--a matter of no small importance to the earlier Saxon - bishops, who, like the Saxon kings, were perpetually moving from - manor to manor throughout their diocese[97]. A priest named - Tatfrid,--“vir strenuissimus et doctissimus, atque excellentis - ingenii[98],”--belonging to the monastery founded by St. Hilda at - Whitby (_Streaneshalch_), had been chosen by Archbishop Theodore to - be the first Bishop of Worcester; but he died before his - consecration; and BOSEL, of whose history nothing is known, was - consecrated to the new see, A.D. 680. Before his death he became - disabled by illness, (_corporis infirmitate depressus_,) and OFTFOR - was consecrated as his coadjutor and successor by Wilfrid of York, - who was at that time directing the ecclesiastical affairs of Sussex - and of Kent[99]. Oftfor, like Tatfrid, had belonged to St. Hilda’s - monastery, but had gone for the sake of study, first to Archbishop - Theodore at Canterbury, and thence to Rome. On his return he - “turned aside to the province of the Hwiccas, and remained there a - long time, preaching the word of faith, and affording a pattern of - life to all who saw and heard him[100].” He held the bishopric for - one year only. In 693 he was succeeded by EGWIN, the founder of the - monastery at Evesham. Egwin died in 717. Of his successors, - WEREFRITH (873-915) was a man of considerable learning, a friend - and assistant of King Alfred, by whose direction he translated into - Saxon the Dialogues of Gregory the Great. St. DUNSTAN held the see - of Worcester between the years 957 and 961. - - [A.D. 961-992.] OSWALD, the successor of Dunstan, the founder of - the monastery, and one of the patron saints of Worcester, is best - known from his unceasing patronage of the monks, in opposition to - the secular clergy. Oswald, the son of Danish parents of high rank, - was the nephew of Odo, the predecessor of Dunstan in the see of - Canterbury; and was appointed by King Edgar to the see of Worcester - at the request of Dunstan himself, with whose zeal for the monastic - cause Oswald (who had passed some of the earlier years of his life - in the famous monastery of Fleury) more than sympathized. In 972 - Oswald became Archbishop of York, which see he held, together with - Worcester, until his death in 992--in the same manner as Dunstan - had held the sees of London and Worcester together, before his - elevation to the primacy. Little is recorded “of what he did at - York, although he presided over that see for twenty years. There - was no Northern writer to speak of what he effected in - Northumbria[101].” The condition of the province, “seamed and - scarred” by the struggles of the native princes, and by Danish - incursions, may have prevented him from working there. But at - Worcester, and throughout the south, Oswald was active as a great - ecclesiastical reformer. He was powerful enough to remodel the - monasteries of Ely and St. Albans. The Church of Worcester had - hitherto been served by secular canons. These Oswald determined to - replace by Benedictine monks; “and succeeded by the following - artifice. Having erected in its vicinity a new church to the honour - of the Virgin Mary, he intrusted it to the care of a community of - monks, and frequented it himself for the solemn celebration of - mass. The presence of the Bishop attracted that of the people; the - ancient clergy saw their church gradually abandoned; and after some - delay, Wensine, their dean, a man advanced in years and of - unblemished character, took the monastic habit, and was advanced - three years later to the office of prior. The influence of his - example, and the honour of his promotion, held out a strong - temptation to his brethren, till at last the number of canons was - so diminished by repeated desertions, that the most wealthy of the - churches of Mercia became without dispute or violence, by the very - act of its old possessors, a monastery of Benedictine monks[102].” - Oswald is said to have introduced monks in the room of secular - clergy, in six other churches of his diocese; and charges of - extreme tyranny and arrogance have been brought against him in - consequence. But there is every reason to believe that a severe - ecclesiastical reform was necessary; and there is proof that the - eviction of the canons from Worcester was very gradual, and was not - completed in Oswald’s lifetime. It is also certain that, although - he held the archbishopric of York during twenty years, “we we do - not read that he introduced a single colony of monks, or changed - the constitution of a single clerical establishment, within that - diocese[103].” - - The church and monastery of St. Mary, built by Oswald, were on the - site of the existing cathedral, and were pulled down by Wulfstan to - make way for his new minster. (See _post_, WULFSTAN.) During the - construction of St. Oswald’s monastery, says Eadmer, one large - squared block of stone became all at once immoveable, and in spite - of the exertions of the workmen, could not be brought to the place - prepared for it. St. Oswald, after praying earnestly, beheld - “Ethiopem quendam” sitting upon the stone, and mocking the - builders. The sign of the cross removed him effectually. - - A life of St. Oswald, by Eadmer of Canterbury, will be found in - Wharton’s _Anglia Sacra_, vol. ii. This, however, is a compilation - from a far more important life by an unknown monk of Ramsey, - written within twenty or thirty years after Oswald’s death, and - hitherto unprinted. This life (of which there is a MS. in the - British Museum, MSS. Cotton, Nero, E. 1) is quoted among Mr. - Raine’s numerous authorities for the very interesting life of St. - Oswald contained in his “Lives of the Archbishops of York.” - (London, 1863.) Oswald died at Worcester, and was interred in his - own church there. His relics were translated, and placed in a rich - shrine, by Aldulf, his successor in both sees. The portiphor of St. - Oswald is still preserved in the library of C.C.C., Cambridge. - - The two immediate successors of Oswald, Aldulf and Wulfstan I., - held the see of York together with that of Worcester, probably - because, Northumbria being ravaged by the Danes, the possession of - the southern bishopric was found to be necessary for the - maintenance of the northern primate. Wulfstan succeeded in 1003, - and died in 1023. In 1016, seven years before his death, LEOFSIN - was appointed to the bishopric of Worcester; Wulfstan retaining - York. - - [A.D. 992-1062.] Between the death of Oswald and the accession of - Wulfstan II., the only remarkable bishops of Worcester were LIVING, - the friend and minister of Canute, who held the see of Worcester - together with that of Crediton; and ALDRED, his successor, who was - translated to York in 1061, and as archbishop of that see crowned - successively both Harold and the Conqueror. In 1062 Edward the - Confessor made a grant to Aldred of the church of Worcester, on - account of the desolate condition of the see of York. The grant - was, however, personal, and not in perpetuity; and Bishop Wulfstan - of Worcester only remained a suffragan of York until the death of - Aldred. The deed is to be found in Thomas’s “Worcester,” Appendix - I. - - [A.D. 1062-1095.] WULFSTAN II., the founder of the existing - cathedral, and the great patron saint of Worcester. Wulfstan was - born at Long Itchinton, in Warwickshire. Both his father and mother - had embraced monasticism in mature life; and their son, after - having been educated in the great monastery of Peterborough, became - himself a monk at Worcester, and, eventually, the prior of his - convent. “An anecdote must be referred to this period, which is - valuable, because it is characteristic of the man and of his times. - Wulfstan enjoyed the pleasures of the table, and had a particular - liking for roast goose. Boiled meats were generally placed on an - Anglo-Saxon table; therefore special directions were to be given - when anything roast or fried was to be prepared. The order was - given by Wulfstan that a roast goose was to be prepared for his - dinner. He then went about his ordinary business. There were many - clients of the Bishop to whom he had to pay attention, and he was - involved in secular duties. He had not broken his fast when he was - called upon to officiate at the Mass. In due time he enters the - church extremely hungry; he passes into the chancel, near to which, - unfortunately, the kitchen is placed. A whiff of goose soon affects - his olfactory nerves; the savour interferes with his devotions; his - thoughts wander to his dinner, (_studio culinæ tenetur_); his - conscience reproaches him. His resolution is immediately formed. - Then and there before the altar he vowed that from that time forth - he would never taste meat; and he remained a vegetarian all the - days of his life, except on festivals, when he regaled on fish. - What was a fast to others was a luxury to him[104].” On the - translation of Aldred to the see of York, Wulfstan became Bishop of - Worcester. “In right of his authority over the diocese of - Worcester, Aldred took away from it twelve vills, and appropriated - them to York. As that Archbishop had only a life-interest in the - see, it is clear that these estates ought to have been restored to - it at his decease. When he died, however, (1069,) they passed with - his other estates into the hands of the King. Wulfstan was not - disposed to give them up. He desired that they should be restored - at the Council of Winchester, at Easter, 1070; but as the - archbishopric of York was then vacant, the consideration of the - question was deferred. When Thomas (the new Archbishop of York) - went to Rome for the pall, he claimed the Bishop of Worcester as a - suffragan. This question was left by the Pope to the determination - of Lanfranc. It was settled in a synod which was held in 1072. Odo, - Bishop of Bayeux, was on the side of Thomas, but Lanfranc decided - against him. The twelve vills were to be given up, and Worcester - was for the future to be subordinated to Canterbury, and not to - York. In this judgment Thomas seems to have quietly - acquiesced[105].” Lanfranc, however, looked with extreme doubt and - jealousy on the Saxon clergy; and at the synod of Pedrede - (Petherton in Somersetshire) in 1070, he charged Wulfstan with - “insufficiency and want of learning,” intending to remove him from - his see, as Egelmar had been deposed from the East Anglian - bishopric in the early part of the same year. But Wulfstan’s - competency was fully proved[106], and it is possible that the whole - charge against him may have arisen from his ignorance of - Norman-French. A later legend (first mentioned by Ailred of - Rievaulx, who did not live till the next century) asserted that - when Wulfstan was called upon to deliver up his pastoral staff, he - refused to do so, unless to the Confessor, from whom he had - received it; that he laid the staff accordingly on the Confessor’s - tomb, which opened to receive it; and that no one could withdraw - the staff from the tomb but Wulfstan himself, who was of course - permitted to retain his see. - - The simplicity, earnestness, and incessant labour of Wulfstan’s - pastoral life--“vir magnæ pietatis et columbinæ simplicitatis,” - says Malmesbury--are borne witness to by all the chroniclers; and - especially by William of Malmesbury, in his _Gesta Pontificum_, and - in his Life of Wulfstan. On his episcopal manors he built no halls - or “dining chambers,” giving his whole attention to more important - matters, and even in the churches which he built, he disapproved of - rich and elaborate ornamentation[107]. The church and monastery of - St. Oswald proved too small for the increasing number of monks. - Wulfstan pulled them down, and laid the foundations of the existing - cathedral. He lived, apparently, to complete much of his work; but - all that now remains of his cathedral is the crypt. (Pt. I. § - XXII.) Whilst witnessing the destruction of Oswald’s church, - Wulfstan burst into tears, declaring that he was pulling down the - work of a far holier man than himself--a church in which so many - saints had served God[108]. - - In the year 1088, the Norman barons who had risen to support the - cause of Robert of Normandy against the Red King, attacked - Worcester. “The venerable Bishop Wulfstan,” says the Saxon - Chronicle, “was sorely troubled in his mind, because the castle had - been committed to his keeping. Nevertheless, the men of his - household went out with a few men from the castle, and through - God’s mercy, and through the Bishop’s deserts, slew and captured - five hundred men, and put all the others to flight[109].” Wulfstan - died, at a great age, in 1095, and was interred in his new - cathedral. He was unquestionably one of the best and worthiest of - the later Saxon bishops. The fullest and most important life of - Wulfstan is that by William of Malmesbury, printed in the second - volume of Wharton’s _Anglia Sacra_. A very interesting notice of - his “Life and Times,” by the Dean of Chichester, will be found in - the twentieth volume of the Archæological Journal. - - Early in 1201, miracles were reported at the tomb of Wulfstan[110]. - They continued throughout the year, fifteen or sixteen persons - being healed daily, as it was asserted. On St. Giles’s Day, (Sept. - 1,) 1202, Archbishop Hubert of Canterbury came, with other bishops, - to Worcester, to enquire into the truth of the reported miracles. - Certain monks of Worcester went to Rome with their report; and in - the following year (1203) St. Wulfstan was duly canonized by the - Pope, Innocent III. King John more than once performed his - devotions, and made his offerings, before the shrine of the new - saint; and in the hour of his death at Newark (October, 1216,) he - commended his body and soul to “God and to St. Wulfstan.” He was - buried in the cathedral. In 1218 the restored church (see Pt. I. § - I.) was dedicated in honour of St. Mary and St. Peter, and of the - Confessors Oswald and Wulfstan; and the relics of St. Wulfstan were - translated into a new shrine. Miracles are again frequently - recorded. Edward I. entertained a “special affection” for St. - Wulfstan; and, besides many other visits, came to worship before - his shrine in December, 1273, after the conquest of Wales[111]. The - shrine of St. Wulfstan was placed, together with that of St. - Oswald, in front of the high altar, one on either side. (See Pt. I. - § IX.) - - [A.D. 1096-1112.] SAMSON, a canon of Bayeux, succeeded Wulfstan; - “non parvæ literaturæ vir,” says Malmesbury, “nec contemnendæ - facundiæ; antiquorum homo morum; ipse liberaliter vesci, et aliis - dapsiliter largiri[112].” His elder brother, Thomas, was Archbishop - of York; and a son of Bishop Samson (at what time born is not - evident) became also Archbishop of York in 1109, during his - father’s lifetime. Another son, Richard, was Bishop of Bayeux from - 1108 to 1133. - - [A.D. 1112-1123.] THEULF; also a canon of Bayeux, and Chaplain to - Henry I. - - [A.D. 1125-1150.] SIMON, Chaplain and Chancellor to Adelais, queen - of Henry I. “Affabilitate et morum dulcedine munificentiaque (quoad - res Episcopatus angustæ pati possent) insignem habitum[113].” - - [A.D. 1151-1158.] JOHN DE PAGEHAM; died at Rome. - - [A.D. 1158-1160.] ALFRED, Chaplain of Henry II. For four years the - see remained vacant. - - [A.D. 1164-1179.] ROGER FITZ COUNT, a natural son of Robert, Earl - of Gloucester, himself son of Henry I. The piety and strict life of - Bishop Roger are praised by Giraldus Cambrensis. He was the friend - and steady supporter of Becket; and was chosen by Henry II., after - the death of the Archbishop, to convey to Pope Alexander II. the - King’s assurance that he had neither encouraged nor directed the - murder. The Bishop died at Tours, August 9, 1179, on his homeward - journey from Rome. - - [A.D. 1180, translated to Canterbury 1185.] BALDWIN, the preacher - of the Crusade; who died (Dec., 1190,) in the camp of Cœur de Lion - before Acre. (See CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL, Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 1186-1190] WILLIAM NORTHALL, Archdeacon of Gloucester. - - [A.D. 1191-1193] ROBERT FITZ RALPH, Canon of Lincoln, and - Archdeacon of Nottingham. Son of William Fitz Ralph, Seneschall of - Normandy. - - [A.D. 1193-1195] HENRY DE SOILLI, Abbot of Glastonbury; from which - great monastery he was removed, to make way for Savaricus, who held - it together with the bishopric of Bath and Wells. (See WELLS - CATHEDRAL, Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 1196-1198] JOHN OF COUTANCES, Dean of Rouen: “cujus - sanctitatis refulgent insignia. Nam corpus ejus sacrum cum - indumentis Pontificalibus, usque hodie manet integrum et - incorruptum[114].” - - [A.D. 1200-1212] MAUGER, Archdeacon of Evreux, and physician of - Richard I. His election had been declared void by the Archbishop of - Canterbury, on the score of his illegitimacy. But Mauger proceeded - to Rome; and the Pope, Innocent III., “videns elegantiam tanti - viri,” confirmed his election, “et illud pulchrum Decretale pro eo - composuit quod sic incipit ‘_Innotuit_[115].’” It was during - Mauger’s episcopate that St. Wulfstan was canonized. (See Pt. I. §§ - I. and VII.) He was one of the bishops who, in 1208, pronounced - the Interdict and the excommunication of King John; and, with the - others, took refuge in France; where he died (1212) in the - Cistercian Abbey of Pontigny, the same which gave a refuge to - Becket and to Stephen Langton, and in which Edmund Rich, the - sainted Archbishop of Canterbury, afterwards (1240) died. The death - of Bishop Mauger occurred before the reconciliation of England with - the Papacy. - - [A.D. 1214, translated to York 1215.] WALTER DE GRAY, was appointed - to the see of Worcester after the removal of the Interdict. He had - been King John’s Chancellor. - - [A.D. 1216-1218.] SILVESTER OF EVESHAM, Prior of Worcester. He - interred King John; and shortly before his death he dedicated the - Norman church, which had been restored, and translated the relics - of St. Wulfstan. (Pt. I. § I.; and _ante_, WULFSTAN.) - - [A.D. 1218-1236.] WILLIAM DE BLOIS, Archdeacon of Buckingham, was - intruded by the Legate Guala, in spite of the protests of the - monks, who afterwards consented to receive him. The eastern portion - of the existing Cathedral was built during his episcopate. (Pt. I. - § XIV.) - - [A.D. 1237-1266.] WALTER CANTILUPE, son of William, Lord Cantilupe; - uncle of the sainted Bishop of Hereford. He was ordained deacon by - the Pope at Viterbo, April 4; priest, April 18; and consecrated - bishop, May 3,--in the same year, 1237. Bishop Walter was one of - the most vigorous defenders of English liberty during great part of - the reign of Henry III., when “England was held by successive Popes - as a province of the Papal territory[116].” In 1237, the year of - his consecration, he opposed the Cardinal Legate, Otho, at a - council in St. Paul’s; and nearly twenty years afterwards, in 1255, - made an equally firm stand against another Legate, Rustand, who had - demanded an enormous subsidy from the clergy--nominally for the - Holy Land, but really for the Pope and the King. Bishop Cantilupe - declared he would rather be hanged on a gibbet than consent to such - an extortion. He was one of the firmest adherents to the party of - Simon de Montfort; and it was this Bishop who absolved the whole - army of the Barons as it lay at Fletching, on the morning of the - battle of Lewes;--bidding them fight boldly, and with as much - certainty of salvation as if they were fighting in a crusade. With - the other bishops who had espoused this cause, Cantilupe was - excommunicated by the Pope; and was only reconciled and absolved on - his deathbed. He died at his manor of Blocklewe, Feb. 12, 1265, and - was interred before the high altar of his cathedral. His - coffin-lid, with effigy, is now in the retro-choir, (Pt. I. § - XVI.); and the coffin containing, in all probability, his remains - was discovered during the late restoration. (Pt. I. § XVI.) - - [A.D. 1266, trans. to Winchester 1268.] NICHOLAS, Archdeacon of - Ely; Chancellor of England 1260, 1261; and again, 1263. - - [A.D. 1268-1301.] GODFREY GIFFARD, Archdeacon of Wells; Chancellor - of England 1267-1269. He was the brother of Walter Giffard, - Archbishop of York; and was related to the King, Henry III. Bishop - Giffard, in the year of his consecration, obtained a licence to - build (_ædificare_) the castle of Hartlebury--which has ever since - been the principal palace of the bishops of Worcester. The tomb of - Bishop Giffard remains in the south choir-aisle. (Pt. I. § XIII.) - He had constructed a tomb for himself, in his lifetime, “prope - magnum altare, supra B. Oswaldi feretrum,” and had disturbed the - remains of Bishop John of Coutances in preparing it: but Archbishop - Winchelsea ordered the bones of Bishop John to be replaced in their - old position; and Bishop Giffard’s were removed to the place they - now occupy. According to Wharton, the Romanists after the - Reformation took Bishop Giffard’s tomb and effigy for those of St. - Wulfstan; and used to visit it “magna cum religione” on St. - Wulfstan’s Day, Jan. 19[117]. - - [A.D. 1302-1307.] WILLIAM DE GAINSBOROUGH, a Franciscan of Oxford; - intruded by the Pope. - - [A.D. 1308, translated to Canterbury 1313.] WALTER REYNOLDS. (See - CANTERBURY, Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 1313-1317.] WALTER MAIDSTONE. - - [A.D. 1317-1327.] THOMAS COBHAM, canon and subdean of Salisbury. In - 1313 he had been duly elected Archbishop of Canterbury by the monks - of Christ Church; but the King, Edward II., strongly supported - Walter Reynolds, Cobham’s predecessor in the see of Worcester, and - the elect of the monks was compelled to resign his claim. Bishop - Cobham was a man of considerable learning, and of so great - excellence of life that he was generally known as “the good - clerk[118].” - - [A.D. 1327, translated to Winchester 1333.] ADAM ORLTON; translated - from Hereford. (See HEREFORD, Pt. II.) He was the third English - bishop (Stigand, and Richard Poer of Salisbury, were the two - former) who, up to this time, had ruled three sees successively. An - ancient verse concerning him ran,-- - - “Trinus erat Adam; talem suspendere vadam. - Thomam despexit; Wlstanum non bene rexit. - Swithunum maluit. Cur? quia plus valuit.” - - [A.D. 1334, translated to Ely 1337.] SIMON MONTACUTE. (See ELY, Pt. - II.) - - [A.D. 1337-1338.] THOMAS HEMENHALE, a monk of Norwich. - - [A.D. 1339-1349.] WULSTAN BRANSFORD, Prior of Worcester. He was - the builder of the ancient Prior’s Lodgings, and of the Guesten - Hall, recently pulled down. - - [A.D. 1350, translated to York 1352.] JOHN THORESBY, translated to - Worcester from St. David’s. (See YORK.) - - [A.D. 1352-1361.] REGINALD BRIAN, translated to Worcester from St. - David’s. - - [A.D. 1362, translated to Bath and Wells 1363.] JOHN BARNET. From - Bath he was advanced to Ely. (See that Cathedral, Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 1364, translated to Canterbury 1368.] WILLIAM WHITTLESEY, - translated to Worcester from Rochester. (See Canterbury, Pt. II.). - - [A.D. 1368-1373.] WILLIAM DE LYNN, translated from Chichester. - - [A.D. 1375-1395.] HENRY WAKEFIELD, Treasurer of England. It was - this Bishop who altered the west front of his cathedral, and added - the north porch. (Pt. I. §§ III., IV.) - - [A.D. 1395-1401.] TIDEMAN DE WINCHCOMB, translated from Llandaff. A - Cistercian, and the physician of Richard II. - - [A.D. 1401, translated to London 1407.] RICHARD CLIFFORD, had been - nominated by the Pope to the see of Bath and Wells, but the King - (Henry IV.) refused to confirm the nomination, and subsequently - made Clifford Bishop of Worcester. He had been one of the “clerks,” - and a special favourite, of Richard II. - - [A.D. 1407-1419.] THOMAS PEVERELL, translated from Llandaff. A - Carmelite of much learning. Peverell had been made Bishop of Ossory - by Richard II. in 1397, and in the following year was translated to - Llandaff. - - [A.D. 1419, translated to Ely 1426.] PHILIP MORGAN, had been - Chancellor of Normandy. (See ELY, Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 1426-1433.] THOMAS POLTON, translated from Chichester. Bishop - Polton died whilst attending the Council of Basle, (Aug. 13, 1433,) - and was interred in that city. - - [A.D. 1435, translated to Ely 1443, and thence to Canterbury - 1454.] THOMAS BOURCHIER. (See CANTERBURY, Pt. II.) It is there - stated that Archbishop Bourchier’s episcopate, of fifty-one years, - is the longest on record in the English Church. This is only true - so far as his predecessors are concerned. Bishop Wilson’s - (fifty-seven years) is the longest English episcopate. (See ELY, - Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 1444-1476.] JOHN CARPENTER, Provost of Oriel, and Chancellor - of Oxford. He was born at Westbury, in Gloucestershire, and had so - great a favour toward his native place that he restored and richly - endowed the collegiate church there, of which the first Dean, under - Bishop Carpenter’s foundation, was William Canynges, the great - Bristol merchant, one of the principal contributors toward the - building of St. Mary Redcliffe. Carpenter intended that the bishops - of his see should henceforth bear the double title “of Worcester - and Westbury;” “but,” says Fuller, “though running cleverly on the - tongue’s end, it never came in request, because therein _impar - conjunctio_, the matching of a cathedral and collegiate church - together[119].” Bishop Carpenter was buried at Westbury. The - collegiate buildings were destroyed during the civil war. - - [A.D. 1476, translated to Ely 1486.] JOHN ALCOCK. (See ELY, Pt. - II.) - - [A.D. 1487-1497.] ROBERT MORTON, Archdeacon of Winchester, and - nephew of Cardinal Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury. - - The next four bishops were Italian intruders. - - [A.D. 1497-1498.] JOHN DE GIGLIIS, a native of Lucca, the Pope’s - collector in England. He was already Canon of Wells and Archdeacon - of Gloucester. - - [A.D. 1498-1521.] SILVESTER DE GIGLIIS, nephew of his predecessor, - and, like him, Papal collector. - - [A.D. 1521-1522.] JULIUS DE MEDICIS, uncle of Leo X., afterwards - himself Pope Clement VII. He was made “perpetual commendator or - administrator of the see of Worcester” by Papal bull, and resigned - voluntarily in the following year. - - [A.D. 1522-1535.] JEROME GHINUCCI, succeeded by papal provision, - but probably with the consent of Henry VIII., to whom this last of - the Italian bishops of Worcester was of great service. He was - employed on many embassies, both to Spain and Italy, and laboured - much in both countries to procure from their universities and - theologians opinions in favour of the King’s divorce. After - Wolsey’s disgrace, however, and the marriage with Anne Boleyn, the - Bishop fell into disfavour, and was removed from his see by Act of - Parliament in 1535, as “an alien and non-resident.” At the same - time Cardinal Campeggio was removed from Salisbury. - - During this foreign occupation of Worcester the affairs of the see - were administered by suffragan bishops, of whom several will be - found recorded in Mr. Stubbs’ _Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum_, - Appendix V. - - [A.D. 1535, resigned 1539.] HUGH LATIMER. The life of this most - vigorous reformer belongs so completely to the history of his time - that only the principal events in it can be mentioned here. Latimer - was born at Thurcaston, in Leicestershire. The passage from his - sermons in which he describes his father’s condition has been often - quoted:--“My father was a yeoman, and had no lands of his own; only - he had a farm of three or four pounds a-year at the uttermost, and - hereupon he tilled so much as kept half-a-dozen men; he had walk - for a hundred sheep, and my mother milked thirty kine. He was able - and did find the king an harness with himself and his horse, whilst - he came unto the place that he should receive the king’s wages. I - can remember I buckled his harness when he went to Blackheath - field. He kept me to school, or else I had not been able to have - preached before the King’s Majesty now. He married my sisters with - five pounds, or twenty nobles, a-piece; so that he brought them up - in godliness and fear of God. He kept hospitality for his poor - neighbours, and some alms he gave to the poor; and all this did he - of the same farm where he that now hath it payeth sixteen pounds by - the year or more, and is not able to do anything for his prince, - for himself, nor for his children, or give a cup of drink to the - poor.” - - Latimer was educated at Christ’s College, Cambridge, where he was - at first well known as a defender of the “old religion,” and - afterwards, by the persuasion of his friend Thomas Bilney, became - as zealous a reformer. He was more than once silenced by the - University, but had powerful friends, and was introduced at court - by the King’s physician, Dr. Butts, and by Cromwell, the latter of - whom procured for him the living of West Kington, in Wiltshire. - Here he was accused of favouring strange and novel doctrines - touching the saints and purgatory, and was compelled to appear - before Stokesley, Bishop of London. He escaped with some - difficulty, the King himself interfering; and in 1535, after - Ghinucci’s deprivation, Latimer was made Bishop of Worcester. In - his diocese he laboured zealously, until the Parliament of 1539, - which, by the influence of Gardiner, passed the famous Six - Articles. For these Latimer would not vote, and at once resigned - his see, as did Shaxton, Bishop of Salisbury. He was very shortly - afterwards sent to the Tower, on a charge of having spoken against - the Six Articles. He remained in prison during the last six years - of Henry’s reign, but was set at liberty on the accession of - Edward. He would not be reinstated in his see, however, but - remained with Cranmer at Lambeth, occasionally preaching at Paul’s - Cross, until the fall of the Duke of Somerset. He then retired into - the country. On Mary’s accession he was apprehended by Gardiner’s - order, and was sent to Oxford with Cranmer and Ridley, where he - suffered Oct. 16, 1555. - - The fullest and best account of Latimer will be found in Foxe, - although, like the rest of the “Book of Martyrs,” it must be read - with due caution. His sermons, with a life, were edited by Watkins - in 1824, and with other remains, for the Parker Society, in 1844. - - [A.D. 1539, resigned 1543.] JOHN BELL, Archdeacon of Gloucester. - The cause of his resignation is unknown. He died in 1556, and was - buried in the church of Clerkenwell, London. - - [A.D. 1543, translated to York 1554.] NICHOLAS HEATH, translated - from Rochester. In 1551 Bishop Heath was deprived, for - non-compliance with the new order introduced under Edward VI., and - was imprisoned in the Fleet until Mary’s accession. He was restored - by her, and was made President of Wales and Chancellor of England - after the death of Gardiner. During the imprisonment of Heath, - Bishop Hooper of Gloucester held the see _in commendam_, together - with his own. - - [A.D. 1554-1559.] RICHARD PATES, said to have been consecrated - Bishop of Worcester in 1534, after the deprivation of Ghinucci, and - to have been then removed to make way for Latimer. The proofs of - this, however, are not evident, although Godwin asserts that Pates - was present at the Council of Trent, and there signed himself - Bishop of Worcester. He was, at any rate, placed in full possession - of the see on the translation of Bishop Heath to York in 1554. On - Elizabeth’s accession he was deprived, and died at Louvain after a - life of some vicissitude. - - The dates already given shew that five ex-bishops of Worcester, - Pates, Latimer, Bell, Heath, and Hooper, were living at the same - time. - - [A.D. 1559, translated to London 1570.] EDWIN SANDYS, President of - Catherine Hall, Cambridge. - - [A.D. 1571-1576.] NICOLAS BULLINGHAM, translated from Lincoln. - - [A.D. 1577, translated to Canterbury 1583.] JOHN WHITGIFT. (See - CANTERBURY, Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 1584-1591.] EDMUND FREKE, translated from Norwich. - - [A.D. 1593, translated to London 1595.] RICHARD FLETCHER, - translated from Bristol. (See that Cathedral, Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 1596, translated to Winchester 1597.] THOMAS BILSON. (See - WINCHESTER, Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 1597-1610.] GERVAS BABINGTON, translated from Exeter. - - [A.D. 1610-1616.] HENRY PARRY, translated from Gloucester. - - [A.D. 1616-1641.] JOHN THORNBOROUGH, translated from Bristol. (See - that Cathedral, Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 1641-1650.] JOHN PRIDEAUX, was born at Stowford, in the - parish of Harford, in Devonshire. His family, although entitled to - bear the arms of Prideaux, was in poor circumstances; and the - future Bishop became a candidate for the place of parish clerk at - Ugborough, and was disappointed. A friend sent him to school for a - short time; and he then travelled on foot to Oxford, where he was - employed in the kitchen of Exeter College. In 1596, when his - abilities had become known, he was admitted a member of the - college, of which he eventually became Rector. In 1615 he was made - Regius Professor of Divinity, and in 1641 became Bishop. “If I - could have been clerk of Ugborough,” he used often to say, “I had - never been Bishop of Worcester.” - - Bishop Prideaux was an unflinching Royalist, and excommunicated all - in his diocese who took up arms against the King. He was of course - severely treated in his turn; his palace was plundered, and he was - obliged to sell his library as a last means of support. He died at - Bredon, in Worcestershire, in 1650, in the house of his son-in-law, - Dr. Sutton. An elegy on his death will be found among the works of - the Cavalier poet Cleveland. A full account of Bishop Prideaux, - with some interesting local anecdotes, is given by Prince in his - “Worthies of Devon.” - - [A.D. 1660-1662.] The first Bishop of Worcester after the - Restoration was GEORGE MORLEY, translated to Winchester 1662. (See - that Cathedral, Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 1662, died the same year.] JOHN GAUDEN, translated from - Exeter. (See that Cathedral, Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 1662, translated to Salisbury 1663.] JOHN EARLE. (See - SALISBURY, Pt. II.) - - [A.D. 1663-1670.] ROBERT SKINNER, had been consecrated to the see - of Bristol in 1637, and had been translated to Oxford in 1641. - During the civil war he was imprisoned by the Puritans. He died at - the age of eighty, the last English bishop who had been consecrated - before the Great Rebellion. - - [A.D. 1671-1675.] WALTER BLANDFORD, Warden of Wadham College, - Oxford, translated from Oxford. - - [A.D. 1675-1683.] JAMES FLEETWOOD, Provost of King’s College, - Cambridge. Bishop Fleetwood was the seventh son of Sir George - Fleetwood of Lancashire, and whilst all the rest of his family - joined the Puritans, he alone remained a Royalist. - - [A.D. 1683-1689.] WILLIAM THOMAS, translated from St. David’s. - Bishop Thomas was a Nonjuror; and, with the other nonjuring - bishops, would have been deprived of his see, had not his death - occurred, June 25, 1689. - - [A.D. 1689-1699.] EDWARD STILLINGFLEET, “a man deeply versed in - ecclesiastical antiquity, of an argumentative mind, excellently - fitted for polemical dispute.... In the critical reign of James II. - he may be considered as the leader on the Protestant side[120].” - Stillingfleet was, however, strongly tenacious of the authority of - the Church, and was decidedly opposed to the “latitudinarian” - theology of his time. He was born, 1635, at Cranbourne, in - Dorsetshire, was educated at St. John’s, Cambridge, and afterwards - became Rector of Sutton, in Nottinghamshire, where he wrote and - published his _Irenicum_, and (1662) his “_Origines Sacræ_, or, A - Rational Account of the Grounds of Natural and Revealed Religion;” - a book of considerable importance, which brought him into great - notice. Passing from one preferment to another, he became in 1689 - Bishop of Worcester. In 1699 he died at his house in Westminster. - His body was conveyed to his own cathedral for interment, when the - monument which still remains (Pt. I. § VI.) was erected by his son. - The inscription was written by Dr. Bentley, who had been the - Bishop’s chaplain. - - The _Origines Sacræ_ is the most important of Bishop - Stillingfleet’s works; but his entire writings, collected and - reprinted in 1710, fill six folio volumes. After he became Bishop - of Worcester, he wrote a “Vindication of the Doctrine of the - Trinity,” in answer to some parts of Locke’s Essay. - - [A.D. 1699-1717.] WILLIAM LLOYD, translated from Lichfield. In 1680 - he had been consecrated to the see of St. Asaph, and was one of the - seven bishops sent to the Tower by James II. He died in 1717, aged - ninety-one; and was buried in the parish church of Fladbury, near - Evesham, of which his son was rector. Bishop Lloyd’s learning was - considerable, although few of his works are now remembered. - - [A.D. 1717-1743.] JOHN HOUGH, translated from Lichfield. Bishop - Hough was the famous President of Magdalen College, Oxford, - forcibly dispossessed in 1687 by James II., who had ordered the - Fellows to elect Samuel Parker, Bishop of Oxford, and a Romanist. - The story, which will best be read in Macaulay’s “History of - England,” (vol. ii.,) need not be repeated here. Dr. Hough was - restored to the presidency in 1688, together with the twenty-five - fellows who had been expelled at the same time. In 1690, King - William made him Bishop of Oxford, with liberty to retain the - headship of his college. In 1699 he was translated to the see of - Lichfield, and thence in 1717 to Worcester. On the death of - Archbishop Tenison in 1715 the primacy had been offered to, and - declined by, him. All who mention Bishop Hough bear witness to the - simplicity and excellence of his character. - - [A.D. 1743-1759.] ISAAC MADDOX, translated from St. Asaph. Bishop - Maddox is best known as the author of “A Vindication of the - Government, Doctrine, and Worship of the Church of England, - established in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.” He was the founder of - the Worcester Infirmary, to which the story of the Good Samaritan - on his monument refers. (Pt. I. § XVIII.) - - [A.D. 1759-1774.] JAMES JOHNSON, translated from Gloucester. - - [A.D. 1774, translated to Winchester 1781.] BROWNLOW NORTH, - translated from Lichfield. - - [A.D. 1781-1808.] RICHARD HURD, translated from Lichfield. Bishop - Hurd is now best remembered as the friend and biographer of - Warburton; but he was himself conspicuous among the scholars of his - time. He was born, the son of a small farmer, at Penkridge, in - Staffordshire, in 1720; was educated at the grammar school at - Brewood, and was sent as a sizar to Emmanuel College, Cambridge, - where he afterwards obtained a fellowship. Ten years later he made - the acquaintance of Warburton, whose friend he remained through - life. In 1763 he was elected Preacher of Lincoln’s Inn; and in 1765 - Warburton made him Archdeacon of Gloucester. George III., who - greatly admired his “Moral and Political Dialogues,” made him - Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry in 1774: and in 1776 Preceptor to - the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York. In 1781 Hurd was - translated to Worcester; and declined the see of Canterbury on the - death of Archbishop Cornwallis in 1783. - - Some curious anecdotes are told of Bishop Hurd’s bad temper, the - sharpness of which is sufficiently evident in his letters. Madam - D’Arblay, however, says of him,--“Piety and goodness are so marked - on his countenance, which is truly a fine one, that he has been - named, and very justly, the ‘Beauty of Holiness.’ Indeed, in face, - manner, demeanour, and conversation, he seems precisely what a - bishop should be,--and what would make a looker on--were he not a - bishop, and a see vacant--call out, ‘Take Dr. Hurd!--that is the - man.’” George III. spoke of him as the “most naturally polite man - he had ever known.” - - Bishop Hurd died in 1808, at Hartlebury Castle, where he had built - a library for the reception of Warburton’s books, which he left as - a legacy to the see. A life of Bishop Hurd, containing some - interesting selections from his correspondence, has been published - by the Rev. Francis Kilvert. (London, 1860.) - - [A.D. 1808-1831.] FFOLLIOTT H. W. CORNEWALL, translated from - Hereford. - - [A.D. 1831-1841.] ROBERT JAMES CARR, translated from Chichester. - - [A.D. 1841-1861.] HENRY PEPYS. - - [A.D. 1861.] HENRY PHILPOTT. - - -PRINTED BY JAMES PARKER AND CO., CROWN-YARD, OXFORD. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] A volume of excellent plans and sketches, illustrative of -Gloucester Cathedral, has been published by Mr. F. S. Waller, Architect -to the Dean and Chapter, (London, 1856). To it we are indebted for the -plan of the cathedral contained in this volume. - -[2] Froucester’s Chronicle. - -[3] Fergusson. - -[4] The transepts of Oxford (102 ft.) and Rochester (122 ft.) are -shorter: but neither of these cathedrals at all approaches the general -dimensions of Gloucester or Worcester. The tower of Malvern Priory -Church much resembles that of Gloucester, and was perhaps an imitation -of it. “In dignity the central tower of Gloucester is perhaps surpassed -by that of Canterbury, and in expression by that of Lincoln.”--_G. A. -P._ - -[5] Comparing the relative proportions of Gloucester and Norwich, the -difference will be found greater than could be conceived compatible -with the same style. They are-- - - NORWICH. GLOUCESTER. - Height of piers 15 feet. 30 feet. - Diameter of piers 7 ” 6 “ - Height to base of triforium 25 ” 40 “ - Height of triforium 24 ” 10 “ - Height of clerestory 25 ” 24 “ - -Thus at Norwich the three great divisions are nearly of equal height; -at Gloucester the lower portion is more than equal to the other two. At -Norwich the piers are about two diameters, at Gloucester nearly five in -height. - -[6] “The painting may be thus generally described. The hollow of the -abacus of the capitals red, the lower member of the same, green; the -whole of the bell red, the leaves alternately green and yellow, with -the stalks running down of the same colour into the red bell of the -capital; the vertical mouldings between the marble shafts red and blue -alternately; the lower shafts green or blue, with red in the hollows: -the foliage on these also is green and yellow. Some of the horizontal -mouldings are partly coloured also. The bosses in the groining are -yellow and red, as in the capitals. All the colouring, which was very -rich, was effected with water-colours; in one instance only has any -gold been discerned, and that upon one of the bosses in the roof.”--_F. -S. Waller._ - -[7] The Norman towers or turrets had, however, been rebuilt in the -Early English period. “From an account of an accident which occurred -between 1163 and 1179, we know that the west front was flanked by -two towers; for while Roger, Bp. of Worcester, was celebrating mass -before the high altar, the north-west tower, owing to a defect in its -foundation, fell. It may be a question, however, whether these towers -were not rather turrets, like those at Tewkesbury. The very fact that -at Tewkesbury we have turrets rather than towers, is sufficient to -make the suggestion very probable, for there is a great resemblance -between the two churches. Moreover, if Abbot Morwent found a design -with towers, properly so called, he substituted for it one provokingly -inferior. This is hardly likely.”--(_G. A. P._) The rebuilding of the -north-west tower was commenced in 1222, and its companion was also -rebuilt between the years 1228-1243. These were the towers or turrets -destroyed by Abbot Morwent. - -[8] “In the interior this wall falls outwards eleven inches in its full -height; and on the exterior the more recent work inclines not more than -four inches; from which it is evident that the Norman wall must have -been out of perpendicular seven inches, prior to the erection of Abbot -Thokey’s work.”--_F. S. Waller._ - -[9] “The south aisle has this great advantage, which other altered -buildings do not possess;--in other buildings the proportions very -often constrain the designs in the new work, and give it a mixed -character, spoiling both,--giving, for example, heaviness to the -Norman, and flimsiness to the Decorated. But this is not the case at -Gloucester.”--_Willis._ - -[10] The attention of the public was first called to this fact in -a paper read before the meeting of the Archæological Institute at -Worcester, in the summer of 1862, by the Rev. Samuel Lysons, F.S.A. - -[11] Froucester’s Chronicle asserts that Abbot Wygemore re-cased the -“aisle of St. Andrew,” and Abbot Horton “the aisle of St. Paul.” These -aisles are identified with the south and north transepts, by comparing -the Chronicle with an account given by one of the monks which Leland -has recorded in his Itinerary. See Willis’s notice of the cathedral at -the meeting of the Archæological Institute at Gloucester in 1860, Gent. -Mag., Sept. 1860. - -[12] Report of Professor Willis’s lecture at Gloucester, Gent. Mag., -Sept. 1860. - -[13] Willis. - -[14] It has, however, been suggested that this structure may have been -a lavatory, and the work of Elias de Lideford, sacrist during the early -part of the thirteenth century, who, it is recorded, (by Froucester,) -brought an “aqueduct” into the church. A lavatory in a church is not -uncommon. - -[15] This is the most probable explanation of this lectern. There was -perhaps a desk in Canterbury Cathedral, in a similar position, from -which the pilgrims were exhorted as they approached Becket’s shrine. At -all events, in later times, the desk for the Bible and “Fox’s Martyrs” -was erected in that cathedral, at the angle of the stairs ascending to -the choir-aisle. - -[16] Willis. - -[17] Willis. - -[18] The restoration of this window is the result of the untiring -energy and able administration of the Chapter revenues by the -Treasurer, Dr. Jeune, Master of Pembroke College, Oxford, and Canon -of Gloucester. A new Chapter school has been built, extensive repairs -and restorations made in the cathedral, and the ground round it thrown -open, by special funds derived from the same source. - -[19] C. Winston, Stained Glass of Gloucester, &c., in the Bristol -volume of the Archæological Institute. (For some further important -remarks on this window, see Note at the end of Part I.) - -[20] It has been asserted that this Sir John Powell was one of the -judges who tried the seven bishops. This is an error. There were three -Judge Powells living at the same time; two “Sir Johns,” and one “Sir -Thomas.” Sir John who tried the bishops was of Caermarthenshire; the -Sir John buried in this cathedral was of a Gloucestershire family. See -“Gloucestershire Achievements” by the Rev. S. Lysons, 2nd edit., note, -pp. 42, 43. - -[21] F. S. Waller. - -[22] Gent. Mag., Sept. 1860. - -[23] F. S. Waller. - -[24] Other traditions connect Lucius with Kent, and make Chilham -Castle, near Canterbury, his principal stronghold. Besides Gloucester, -he is the traditional founder of Canterbury and Winchester Cathedrals, -and of many churches. Another legend asserts that he resigned his -crown, and after preaching Christianity throughout France and Germany, -became Bishop of Coire in the Grisons, where he died, and where his -relics are still shewn. - -[25] Hist. Eccl., lib. i. cap. 4. - -[26] See the whole discussion in Collier’s Church History, Pt. -II. bk. iv. - -[27] Fuller’s Worthies--Herefordshire. - -[28] Worthies--Denbighshire. - -[29] Church Hist., bk. xi. - -[30] William of Malmesbury. No work of this early period now remains at -Aix. - -[31] Report of a Survey of the Dilapidated Portions of Hereford -Cathedral, in the year 1841. By Professor Willis. Hereford, 1842. - -[32] The Norman triforium, which was a mere wall-arcade without a -passage, consisted of two circular arches in each bay, each arch -circumscribing two smaller ones. The clerestory had one lofty circular -arch in each bay, and had a passage throughout. - -[33] “The oxe-eye masonry is so termed because the centre of it is -pierced by an opening in the form of the ancient _vesica piscis_, -called by workmen an ox-eye.”--_Willis._ - -[34] Willis’s Report on Hereford Cathedral, p. 20. - -[35] This brass is engraved as the frontispiece to Haines’s “Manual of -Monumental Brasses.” - -[36] See Pt. II. for the confirmation of this date. - -[37] Dean Merewether’s Memorials. - -[38] A translation of M. D’Avezac’s paper will be found in the -Gentleman’s Magazine for May, 1863. The division of France from -Flanders, and “an inscription, most significant, placed across the -Saone and the Rhone, marking, between Lyons and Vienne, the separation -of France from Burgundy,” are the indications on which M. D’Avezac -relies for his date. - -[39] D’Avezac. - -[40] For a further notice of this map, see Mr. Wright’s paper in -the Gloucester volume of the Archæological Association, and that by -M. D’Avezac already mentioned. One of the earliest mediæval maps -accompanies the text of the _Periegesis_ of Priscian, an Anglo-Saxon -MS. of the end of the tenth century, (Cott. Lib.) “A map of the world, -in a MS. of the thirteenth century in the British Museum, contains a -curious note, in which the author refers to four maps which were then -looked upon in England as being of chief authority. These were, the -map of Robert de Melkeleia, that of the Abbey of Waltham, that in the -King’s Chamber at Westminster, and that of Matthew Paris.”--_Wright._ - -[41] “Mobiliers.” - -[42] “This may account for the omission of any recorded founder or -benefactor in connection with either the work of the north transept or -of this tower; for it may be generally observed, with respect to the -buildings of the Middle Ages, that, when they were carried on by their -monasteries no record is preserved of the work, but only when some -considerable portion of it, as a tower, a transept, or the vaulting of -an aisle, was undertaken at the expense of an individual.”--_Willis’s -Report_, p. 10. - -[43] “The English eastern crypts are Canterbury, Winchester, -Gloucester, Rochester, Worcester;--all founded before 1085. After this -they were discontinued, except as a continuation of former ones, as at -Canterbury and Rochester. The Early English crypt of the Lady-chapel -at Hereford is an exception.”--_Willis_, _Architectural History of -Canterbury Cathedral_, p. 71, note. - -[44] “_Port_ strictly means an enclosed place for sale or purchase--a -market.”--_Kemble._ - -[45] Angl.-Sax. Chron., ed. Thorpe, s. ann. 1055. Another version of -the Chronicle asserts that the minster was burned, and it is probable -that it was greatly ruined. (See _post_, Bishop LOSING.) - -[46] Sax. Chron., ad ann. 1056. - -[47] Milman, Hist. of Latin Christianity, iii. 455. - -[48] Collier, Eccles. Hist., bk. v. cent. 12. - -[49] Wilkins, Concil. Mag. Brit. i. p. 76, quoted by Britton. - -[50] Reg. Orleton--quoted by the Rev. John Webb, in his notes on -the Swinfield Roll. It was in the time of Bishop Orleton that the -canonization was decreed. - -[51] Worthies--Herefordshire. - -[52] Collier, Eccles. Hist., bk. vi. cent. 14. - -[53] Britton. - -[54] Worthies--Devonshire. Fuller gives Churchill, in the parish of -Bratton, as Stanbery’s birthplace; but the bequest in his will renders -it certain that he was born at Stanbery in Morwenstow. - -[55] Worthies--Gloucestershire. - -[56] See Procter’s Hist. of the Prayer-book, p. 23, note. - -[57] Worthies--Northamptonshire. - -[58] Worthies--Derbyshire. - -[59] The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester ends with the year 1117, -but has been carried on by an unknown Continuator as late as 1295. -It has been printed by the English Historical Society. It is not so -valuable for the architectural history of Worcester as the _Annales -Ecclesiæ Wygorniensis_, which will be found in the first volume of -Wharton’s _Anglia Sacra_. - -Professor Willis’s most valuable and elaborate “Architectural History -of Worcester Cathedral” will be found in the twentieth volume of the -Journal of the Archæological Institute. In the “Gentleman’s Magazine” -for October, 1862, is printed Mr. Bloxam’s paper on the “Sepulchral -Remains and Monuments” in the cathedral. Great use has been made of -both these papers, and especially of the latter, in preparing the -following account. Professor Willis’s dates and conclusions have been -adopted throughout. Some very interesting features of the building are -pointed out, for the first time, in his “Architectural History.” - -[60] “Ego Wlstanus ... decrevi synodum congregare in monasterio -S. Mariæ, in cryptis, quas ego a fundamentis ædificavi, et per -misericordiam Dei postea dedicavi.”--_Anglia Sacra_, i. p. 542. - -[61] “_Caput_, the ‘head’ of the church, was exclusively applied to -the altar end thereof. _Frons_, the ‘front,’ however, can be shewn -by many examples to have been employed for _either end_ of the -building.”--_Willis’s Architectural History of Canterbury_, p. 45, -note. There can be no doubt, as Professor Willis himself pointed out at -Worcester, that in this instance the east end, or front, is intended. - -[62] The eastern transept, forming the second transverse limb of the -cross, was an addition of the Early English builders. Such a transept, -“equal in height to the central alley of the presbytery, is only to be -found elsewhere in England in the late Norman of Canterbury (c. 1096), -and York (c. 1160); and in the Early English of Lincoln (c. 1186), -Salisbury (c. 1220), Beverley, and Rochester. On the Continent the only -known examples of this feature are S. Benoit sur Loire (c. 1080), and -Cluny (c. 1089), the former of which was doubtless the prototype of -the English examples.”--_Willis’s Architectural History of Worcester -Cathedral._ - -[63] On this subject it may be well to quote the remarks of Professor -Willis:-- - -“In criticizing these repairs and restorations, it is necessary to -recollect that the crumbling material of the cathedral had decayed -to such an extent on the exterior as to destroy the whole of the -decorative features; and that, in the interior, settlements of the -piers and arches in the Early English work had attained so alarming a -magnitude as to threaten the stability of the structure. Attempts had -been made to mitigate these settlements by the introduction of walls -and arches in 1712; but these, beside disfiguring and obstructing the -interior, were themselves giving way, having served rather to change -the direction of the settlements than to stop them. - -“The outside of the cathedral had been also overloaded and disfigured -by additional buttresses to prop up its falling walls. Most of these -have been removed or repaired, and the walls themselves thoroughly -and skilfully restored to soundness by renewing the whole of the -exterior ashlar, and pointing the interior, resetting it when -required. This process has necessarily destroyed all appearance of -antiquity in the exterior of the choir and Lady-chapel; but it must -be remembered that all the decorative features of the original had -vanished long since, and given place to the mean and uninteresting -botchings of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; and that we -have now a reproduction of its original aspect, as far as that can be -determined.”--_Archit. Hist. of Worcester Cathedral_, p. 123. - -[64] These relics of the Norman nave have been carefully pointed out by -Professor Willis, _Arch. Hist. of Worcester Cathedral_, p. 93. - -[65] Willis. - -[66] See Arch. Hist. of Worcester Cathedral, p. 112. - -[67] Willis, p. 110. - -[68] Willis, p. 94. - -[69] M. H. Bloxam. - -[70] Willis. - -[71] Willis, p. 97. The white oolite was obtained from Bredon Hill at -Bath; the green stone from Higley on the Severn. - -[72] That of St. Thomas de Cantilupe at Hereford--translated 1287; and -of King Edward II. at Gloucester, _circa_ 1330. - -[73] Willis, p. 100. - -[74] Willis, p. 102. - -[75] Id., 103. - -[76] Willis. - -[77] “Et his ita gestis, sciscitatus est ab eo Abbas de Croestuna -si ipsum mori contingeret, ubi vellet eligere sepulturam. Cui Rex -respondens, dixit, Deo et Sancto Wlstano corpus et animam meam -commendo. Qui postea in nocte quae diem sancti Lucæ Evangelistæ proxime -sequuta est, ex hac vita migravit. Cujus corpus regio schemate ornatum -ad Wigorniam delatum est; et in ecclesia Cathedrali ab Episcopo loci -honorifice tumulatum.”--_Matt. Paris_, p. 288. - -[78] Leland (Itin.) thus notices the tomb:--“In presbyterio, Johannes -Rex, cujus sepulchrum Alchirch, sacrista, nuper renovavit.” The time at -which Alchirch was sacristan has not been ascertained, but it cannot -have been long before Leland’s visit. - -[79] M. H. Bloxam, “On the Sepulchral Remains and Monuments in -Worcester Cathedral,” read before the Archæological Institute at -Worcester, in 1862. (Gent. Mag., Oct., 1862.) - -[80] Bloxam. - -[81] Id. - -[82] M. H. Bloxam. - -[83] Id., Gent. Mag., Oct., 1862. - -[84] Willis, p. 106. - -[85] Bloxam. - -[86] Bloxam. - -[87] Id. - -[88] Bloxam. - -[89] Id. - -[90] Gent. Mag., Sept. 1862. “It was said to be for the purpose of the -monks conferring with each other; but he had seen such openings in -places where no such construction could be put upon them.” - -[91] Willis, p. 90. - -[92] An account of this synod, drawn up by Wulfstan himself, is printed -in the _Anglia Sacra_. The Dean of Chichester thus translates the -commencement:--“I, Wulfstan, by the grace of God Bishop of Worcester, -determined to hold a synod in the Minster of St. Mary’s, in the crypt -of the church, which I built from the foundations, and by the mercy of -God afterwards consecrated. This synod was held in the year of our Lord -1092, the fifteenth indiction. There were assembled all the wisest men -invited from the three shires in our diocese, Worcester, Gloucester, -and Warwick; because that I, being full of days, sensible of my bodily -weakness, and perceiving the end of my life approaching, was desirous -of disposing canonically the ecclesiastical affairs committed to our -charge, and by their wise concert, of correcting and amending whatever -required amendment.” - -[93] See Mr. Albert Way’s paper on “The Tradition of Flaying Inflicted -in Punishment of Sacrilege,” Archæological Journal, vol. v. The -Worcester doors are said to have been fixed originally in the west -entrance, and to have been removed thence by Bishop Wakefield. The Dean -of Chichester (Life of Wulfstan, p. 7,) remarks that the west side of -the cathedral, fronting the Severn, was that from which a Danish attack -might naturally be expected; and suggests that the doors are as old -as the eleventh century, when the citizens of Worcester, like other -Englishmen, resisted the imposition of the Danegelt, and killed (May, -1041) Feadu and Thurstan, the huscarls of Hardicanute, who had been -sent to Worcester to collect it. Their skins may have been stretched on -the church doors. In the following November a Danish army plundered the -town and ruined the cathedral, from which the monks had fled. The sight -of the skins, it is suggested, may have been the especial cause of this -latter act of vengeance. - -[94] Report of Professor Willis’s Lecture in Gent. Mag., Sept. 1862. - -[95] J. H. Parker, Gent. Mag., Oct. 1862. Professor Willis considered -the hall to be “in so ruinous a state that the expense of restoring it -would have been greater than justifiable on such an object (especially -as there would have been no use for it when done), and the Dean and -Chapter had to keep up and maintain the cathedral in a state worthy of -its original purpose.”--_Gent. Mag._, Sept. 1862. - -[96] Rev. C. H. Hartshorne. - -[97] See Kemble, Sax. in England, i. p. 300; and Exeter Cathedral, Pt. -II. - -[98] Bede, Hist. Eccles., 1. iv. c. 23. - -[99] Archbishop Theodore died in 690. The see of Canterbury remained -vacant for two years after his death. - -[100] Bede _ut sup._ - -[101] Raine’s Lives of the Archbishops of York, p. 123. - -[102] Lingard’s Anglo-Saxon Church, ii. 294, quoted and accepted by -Kemble. - -[103] Lingard, ut sup. On the whole question of the dispute between the -secular and regular clergy, see the excellent chapter on “The Clergy -and Monks” in Kemble’s “Saxons in England,” vol. ii. - -[104] Dr. Hook, Life and Times of Wulfstan; Archæological Journal, vol. -xx. - -[105] Raine’s Archbishops of York, p. 150. - -[106] “Qui non ita hebes in literis ut putabatur, cætera sciebat, -præter fabulas poetarum, et tortiles syllogismos dialecticorum, quæ nec -nosset, nec nosse dignaretur.”--_W. Malmes._, _De Gest. Pontif._, l. iv. - -[107] “Nusquam enim in villis suis aulas, nusquam triclinia fecit. -Nimirum qui non solum in istis forensibus, sed etiam in Ecclesiis -operosâ gravaretur architecturâ. Magis enim deputabat talia humanæ -pompæ et jactantiæ quam divinæ voluntati et gratiæ.”--_W. Malmes._, -_Vita S. Wulfstan._, l. iii. cap. 10. - -[108] “Stabat ipse in cæmiterio tacitus, et subinde congemiscens. -Scaturibat quippe in animo ejus cogitatio; quæ ingentem imbrem -lacrimarum ferens, tandem erupit. ‘Nos, inquit, miseri Sanctorum -destruimus opera, pompatice putantes nos facere meliora. Quanto -præstantior nobis S. Oswaldus qui hanc fecit Ecclesiam? Quot sancti -viri religiosi in eâ Deo servierunt?’ Et licet astantes referrent non -debere illum tristari, sed potius lætari, quem Deus ad hanc servâsset -gratiam ut sic videret magnificari Ecclesiam, in lacrimarum proposito -tenax fuit. Nec desunt qui dicant prædixisse illum Ecclesiæ novæ -incendium, quo subsequentibus conflagrata est annis. Sed non placuit -pro vero præsumere, quod discrepat. Tunc autem et novam Ecclesiam -perfecit; nec facile invenias ornamentum, quod eam non decoraverit. -Ita erat in singulis mirabilis, et in omnibus singularis. Quocirca ut -magnificentiæ nihil deesset, lxxii. marcas argenti scrinio innexuit; -in quo beatissimi Oswaldi prædecessoris sui exuvias, simulque multorum -Sanctorum locavit.”--_W. Malmes._, _Vita S. Wulfstan._, l. iii. cap. 10. - -[109] Sax. Chron., ad ann. 1088. - -[110] “1201. Miracula de S. Wlstano incæperunt xiv. Kal. Februarii; -quæ per totum annum et amplius adeo crebrescebant, ut nunc xv. nunc -xvi. uno die curarentur ab omnibus languoribus.”--_Annales Eccles. -Wigorniensis. Anglia Sac._, i. 479. - -[111] Annales Eccles. Wigorn., ad ann. 1283. “Rex Edwardus subjugata -totaliter Wallia, venit Wigorniam gratia visitandi S. Wlstanum, erga -quem amorem habuit specialem.” - -[112] Malmes., De Gest. Pontif., lib. iv. - -[113] Ibid. - -[114] Annales Eccles. Wigorn., ad ann. 1198. - -[115] Id., ad ann. 1199. - -[116] Milman. - -[117] Wharton’s note to Annales Eccles. Wigorn., s. a. 1268; Anglia -Sacra, i. p. 497:--“Tumulum namque ejus magna cum religione Pontificii -die 19 Januarii, quæ S. Wlstano sacra est, _hodienum_ visitare solent, -Wlstani esse perperam credentes.” The Anglia Sacra was published in -1691. - -[118] Walsingham. - -[119] Worthies--Gloucestershire. - -[120] Hallam, Literary History, Pt. IV. chap. ii. - - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE THREE CHOIRS: A HANDBOOK TO THE -CATHEDRALS OF GLOUCESTER, HEREFORD, AND WORCESTER *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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