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diff --git a/old/65171-0.txt b/old/65171-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c472520..0000000 --- a/old/65171-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10706 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Conchologist's First Book, by Edgar -Allan Poe - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Conchologist's First Book - A System of Testaceous Malacology, Arranged Expressly For the - Use of Schools, in Which the Animals, According to Cuvier, Are Given - With the Shells, a Great Number of New Species Added, and the Whole - Brought Up, As Accurately As Possible, to the Present Condition of - the Science. - -Author: Edgar Allan Poe - -Release Date: April 26, 2021 [eBook #65171] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team - at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONCHOLOGIST'S FIRST BOOK *** - - - - - THE - CONCHOLOGIST’S FIRST BOOK: - A - SYSTEM - OF - TESTACEOUS MALACOLOGY, - Arranged expressly for the use of Schools, - IN WHICH - THE ANIMALS, ACCORDING TO CUVIER, ARE GIVEN WITH THE SHELLS, - A GREAT NUMBER OF NEW SPECIES ADDED, - AND THE WHOLE BROUGHT UP, AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE, TO THE PRESENT - CONDITION OF THE SCIENCE. - - - BY EDGAR A. POE. - - - SECOND EDITION. - - WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN SHELLS, PRESENTING A - CORRECT TYPE OF EACH GENUS. - - - PHILADELPHIA: - - PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR, BY - HASWELL, BARRINGTON, AND HASWELL, - AND FOR SALE BY THE PRINCIPAL BOOKSELLERS IN THE UNITED STATES. - - 1840. - - - - -Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1839, by EDGAR A. POE, -in the clerk’s office for the eastern district of Pennsylvania. - - Printed by - Haswell, Barrington, and Haswell. - - - - - PREFACE - TO THE FIRST EDITION. - - -The term “_Malacology_,” an abbreviation of “_Malacozoology_,” from the -Greek μαλακος, _soft_, ζωον, _an animal_, and λογος, _a discourse_, was -first employed by the French naturalist De Blainville to designate an -important division of Natural History, in which the leading feature of -the animals discussed was the _softness_ of the flesh, or, to speak with -greater accuracy, of the general envelop. This division comprehends not -only the _Mollusca_, but also the _Testacea_ of Aristotle and of Pliny, -and, of course, had reference to molluscous animals in general—of which -the greater portion have shells. - -A treatise concerning the shells, exclusively, of this greater portion, -is termed, in accordance with general usage, a Treatise upon Conchology -or Conchyliology; although the word is somewhat improperly applied, as -the Greek _conchylion_, from which it is derived, embraces in its -signification both the animal and shell. Ostracology would have been -more definite. - -The common works upon this subject, however, will appear to every person -of science very essentially defective, inasmuch as the _relation_ of the -animal and shell, with their dependence upon each other, is a radically -important consideration in the examination of either. Neither, in the -attempt to obviate this difficulty, is a work upon Malacology at large -necessarily included. Shells, it is true, form, and, for many obvious -reasons, will continue to form, the subject of chief interest, whether -with regard to the school or the cabinet; still there is no good reason -why a book upon _Conchology_ (using the common term) may not be -malacological as far as it proceeds. - -In this view of the subject the present little work is offered to the -public. Beyond the ruling feature—that of giving an anatomical account -of each animal, together with a description of the shell which it -inhabits,—I have aimed at little more than accuracy and simplicity, as -far as the latter quality can be thought consistent with the rigid -exactions of science. - -No attention has been given to the mere _History_ of the subject; it is -conceived that any disquisition on this head would more properly -appertain to works of ultimate research, than to one whose sole -intention is to make the pupil acquainted, in as tangible a form as -possible, with _results_. To afford, at a cheap rate, a concise, yet -sufficiently comprehensive, and especially a well illustrated -school-book, has been the principal design. - -In conclusion, I have only to acknowledge my great indebtedness to the -valuable public labors, as well as private assistance, of Mr. Isaac Lea, -of Philadelphia. To Mr. Thomas Wyatt, and his late excellent _Manual of -Conchology_, I am also under many obligations. No better work, perhaps, -could be put into the hands of the student as a secondary text book. Its -beautiful and perfectly well-coloured illustrations afford an aid in the -collection of a cabinet scarcely to be met with elsewhere. - - E. A. P. - - - - - PREFACE - TO THE SECOND EDITION. - - -In issuing a second edition of this “Conchology,” in so very brief a -period since the publication of the first large impression, the author -has little more to do than to express the high pleasure with which he -has seen his labors well received. The success of the work has been -decided; and the entire design has been accomplished in its general -introduction into schools. - -Many important alterations and additions are now made; errors of the -press carefully corrected; many more recently discovered American -species added; and the work, upon the whole, is rendered more worthy the -public approbation. - - E. A. P. - - - - - INTRODUCTION. - - -The term “_Conchology_,” in its legitimate usage, is applied to that -department of Natural History which has reference to animals with -testaceous covering or shells. It is not unfrequently confounded with -_Crustaceology_, but the distinction is obvious and radical, lying not -more in the composition of the animal’s habitation, than in the -organization of the animal itself. This latter, in the _Crustacea_, is -of a fibrous nature, and has articulated limbs; the shell, strictly -adapted to the members, covers the creature like a coat of mail, is -produced at one elaboration, is cast or thrown aside periodically, and, -again at one elaboration, renewed; it is moreover composed of the animal -matter with phosphate of lime. In the _Testacea_, on the contrary, the -inhabitant is of a simple and soft texture, without bones, and is -attached to its domicil by a certain adhesive muscular force; this -domicil, too, is a permanent one, and is increased, from time to time, -by gradual additions on the part of the tenant; while the entire shell, -which is distributed in layers, or strata, is a combination of carbonate -of lime, with a very small portion of gelatinous matter. Such animals, -then, with such shells, form, alone, the subject of a proper -“Conchology.” - -Writers have not been wanting to decry this study as frivolous or -inessential; most unjustly assailing the science itself, on account of -the gross abuses which have now and then arisen from its exclusive and -extravagant pursuit. They have reasoned much after this fashion:—that -Conchology is a folly, because Rumphius was a fool. The _Conus Cedo -Nulli_ has been sold for three hundred guineas; and the naturalist just -mentioned gave a thousand pounds sterling for one of the first -discovered specimens of the _Venus Dione_ (of Linnæus). But there have -been men in all ages who have carried to an absurd, and even pernicious -extreme, pursuits the most ennobling and praiseworthy. - -To an upright and well regulated mind, there is no portion of the works -of the Creator, coming within its cognizance, which will not afford -material for attentive and pleasurable investigation; and, so far from -admitting the venerable error even now partially existing to the -discredit of Conchology, we should not hesitate to acknowledge, that -while few branches of Natural History are of more direct, _very few_ are -of more adventitious importance. - -Testaceous animals form the principal subsistence of an immense number -of savage nations, inhabitants of the sea-board. On the coast of Western -Africa, of Chili, of New Holland, and in the clustered and populous -islands of the Southern seas, how vast an item is the apparently -unimportant shell-fish in the wealth and happiness of man! In more -civilized countries it often supplies the table with a delicate luxury. -Nor must we forget the services of the _pinna_ with its web, nor of the -_purpura_ with its brilliant and once valuable dye, nor omit to speak of -the pearl-oyster, with the radiant nacre, and the gem which it produces, -and the world of industry which it sets in action as minister to the -luxury which it stimulates. - -Shells, too, being composed of particles already in natural combination, -have not within them, like flowers and animals, the seed of dissolution. -While the preparation of a specimen for the cabinet is a simple -operation, a conchological collection will yet remain perfect for ages. -These important circumstances being duly considered, in connexion with -the universally acknowledged beauty and variety, both of form and -colour, so strikingly observable in shells, it is a matter for neither -wonder nor regret that these magnificent _exuviæ_, even regarded merely -as such, should have attracted, in a very exclusive degree, the -attention and the admiration of the naturalist. The study of Conchology, -however, when legitimately directed, and when regarding these _exuviæ_ -in their natural point of view, as the habitations, wonderfully -constructed, of an immensely numerous and vastly important branch of the -animal creation, will lead the mind of the investigator through paths -hitherto but imperfectly trodden, to many novel contemplations of -Almighty Beneficence and Design. - -But it is, beyond all doubt, in a geological point of view that -Conchology offers the most of interest to the student; and here, by -reference to the fair pages of a profound and mighty knowledge to which -it has pointed out the searcher after truth, are triumphantly refuted -all charges brought against it of insignificance or frivolity. - -“In fine, the relations of the mollusca,” says De Blainville, “with the -mineral kingdom, and consequently with the mass of the earth which they -contribute to form, are not devoid of interest, for without seeking here -to resolve the physiological question—whether the conchyliferous -mollusca borrow of the inorganic kingdom the calcareous matter which -composes their shells, or whether they form it of themselves, it is -still certain that they produce, at least, changes upon the surface of -the earth by accumulating this material in some places more than in -others, and in consequence that they alter the physiognomy of the -superficial structure of the globe, the study of which constitutes -geognosy.” - -“By this,” says Parkinson, “we are taught that innumerable beings have -lived, of which not one of the same kind does any longer exist—that -immense beds composed of the spoils of these animals, extending for many -miles under ground, are met with in many parts of the globe—that -enormous chains of mountains, which seem to load the surface of the -earth, are vast monuments, in which these remains of former ages are -entombed—that, though lying thus crushed together, in a rude and -confused mass, they are hourly suffering those changes, by which, after -thousands of years, they become the chief constituent parts of gems, the -limestone which forms the humble cottage of the peasant, or the marble -which adorns the splendid palace of the prince.” Fossil, wood, coral, -and shells, are, indeed, as Bergman very forcibly observes, the only -true remaining “medals of Creation.” - - - - - EXPLANATION OF THE PARTS OF SHELLS. - - - MULTIVALVE. - -A MULTIVALVE shell is composed of more parts than two. Every part of a -shell which is connected by a cartilage, ligament, hinge, or tooth, is -called a valve of such shell; thus, the Chitons have eight transverse, -broad, but very short valves, placed on the back of the animal, and -inserted at their sides into a marginal tough ligament. Plate I. fig. -11, _a a a_. - -_Operculum_ consists of four small valves on the summit of the Lepas, -which shut up the superior orifice; it is in a certain degree -stationary, and different from the operculum of univalve shells, which -will hereafter be described. Plate I. fig. 1, A. Fig. 9 represents a -profile view of the operculum removed from its place, _a_ the front -valves, _b_ the back valves. Fig. 10 a front view of the operculum. - -_Base_ is that part of the shell by which it is fixed to rocks and other -bodies. Plate I. fig. 1 and 2, B B B.—H is a piece of stone to which the -base is fixed, and G a piece of wood to which the shells of this section -are generally attached. - -_Ligament_ is the membranous or tendinous substance by which the valves -or parts of the shell are attached. Some multivalve shells are connected -by the parts of one valve locking into another. Plate I. fig. 2, D D D. -The ligaments vary considerably in their texture, being scaly, prickly, -smooth, or punctated. - -_Ridges_ are certain convexities in many of the Lepas tribe, sometimes -longitudinal and sometimes transverse. Plate I. fig. 1, F F. - -_Peduncle._ A sort of stem by which the shells of the Anatifera are -attached to wood, &c. It is a membranaceous substance, similar to a -bladder but materially thinner, and filled with a liquid which evidently -affords nourishment to the animal. Plate I. fig. 2, C C; the peduncle is -usually affixed to a piece of wood as represented at G. - -_Feelers_ are those crenated arms, evolved from the side of the -Anatifera. While the animal is in the water it continually moves its -feelers, evidently for the purpose of entangling minute marine insects, -as food. Plate I. fig. 2, E E. - -_Accessory valves_ are small plates which cover the apex at the hinge of -the Pholades, or are situated below the hinge. Plate I. fig. 3, _a_. - -_Margin._ A fleshy border in which the valves are attached in the genus -Chiton. Plate I. fig. 11, _b b_. - - - BIVALVE. - -Bivalve shells consist of two parts or valves, connected by a cartilage, -and a hinge which is generally composed of teeth; those of the one valve -locking into a cavity in the other. - -The valves of some bivalve shells are formed exactly alike, and others -are very different; the one being smooth, the other rugose; one flat and -another convex; and often one is shorter than the other. - -The shells of the Mya, Solen, Tellina, Venus, and others, have in -general both valves alike, while those of the Spondylus, Ostrea, and -Anomia, have in general dissimilar valves. The first of these kinds are -called equivalve, and the latter inequivalve. - -_Equilateral_ shells, are those whose sides are alike, as in the shells -of the genus Pecten. Plate II. fig. 2, and Plate VII. fig. 14. This is -also exemplified in the Pectunclus. - -_Inequilateral valves_ are shells whose sides are unequal; and of -different shapes, as in the Mactra, Donax, &c. - -_Summit_ is the most elevated point of that part of the shell in which -the hinge is placed. Plate I. fig. 4, _i k_. - -In naming this the summit we do not follow the axiom of Linnæus, but -because we consider it more properly the summit of the shell than the -opposite extremity. - -_Base_ is the reverse of the above, or that part of the shell -immediately opposite the summit. Plate I. fig. 6 and 7, _d d_. - -_Sides_, the right and left parts of the valves. Plate I. fig. 6, _c_. - -_Posterior slope_ is that part of the shell in which the ligament is -situated. In viewing the posterior slope in front, the beaks of the -shell retire from view. Plate I. fig. 4, _i_. - -_Anterior slope_, that part of the shell opposite the posterior slope; -in viewing it in front, the beaks point to the observer. Plate I. fig. -4, _k_. - -_Disk_, the convex centre of a valve, or most prominent part of the -valve, suppose it with its inside lying undermost. Plate I. fig. 4, _o_. - -_Inside_, the concave part of a valve. Plate IV. fig. 6, _m_. - -_Muscular impression_ is the impression left on the inside of the -valves, by the adhering muscles of the animal. It differs in most -shells, according to the shape of the animal, as semi-ovate, round, -lunate, elongated, &c. As a specific distinction, it is often of great -use; being, with a very few exceptions, alike in shells of the same -species. Some shells have only one cicatrix, as the Edible Oyster and -Mytilus; others have two, and some few more; the Tellina for example. -Plate I. fig. 6 and 8, _e e e e_. - -_Lunule._ The lunated depressions, situated in the anterior and -posterior slopes. In different species of Venus they are prominent -characteristic marks, often of much service in ascertaining a species. -Plate I. fig. 4, _b b_. - -_Ligament perforation._ The circular aperture, or perforation through -which the ligament passes; by which the animal of the Anomia attaches -itself to stones and other marine extraneous bodies, it is in general -situated in the flat valve, though there are a few exceptions to the -contrary. Plate I. fig. 7, _m_. - -_Hinge_ is the point at which bivalve shells are united; it is formed by -the teeth of one valve inserting themselves between those of the other, -or by the teeth of one valve fitting into the cavities or sockets of the -opposite one. - -It is on the peculiar construction of the _hinge_ that the generic -character of bivalve shells is principally founded, together with the -general contour of the shell. Plate II. fig. 1 and 3, _q q q_. - -_Teeth of the hinge._ Upon the number and relative situation of the -teeth principally depend the specific distinctions; they are of various -forms, and very differently placed; some are single and large, others -numerous and small, orbicular, spatuliform, laminated, &c. Some hinges -have no visible teeth, and are termed _inarticulate_.—When a primary -tooth has a groove or hollow in its centre, it is called complicated. -Plate IV. Fig. 6, _e_; those with few teeth are termed _articulate_. -Plate IV. fig. 1 and 12; and those with many teeth _multiarticulate_. -Plate IV. fig. 2, 3, 4, &c. Plate I. fig. 6, and 8, _g g g g_. - -_Primary teeth_ are those teeth in general situated in the centre of the -hinge, and are for the most part broad, large, and distinct, often -elevated; and in general are inserted in a cavity in the opposite valve. -They however differ very much in some shells, but may easily be -distinguished. Plate IV. fig. 1, 3, and 7, _a a a a a_. These are also -termed the Cardinal Teeth. - -_Lateral Teeth_, Plate IV. fig. 10, are teeth which diverge from the -Umbo, and are in general long and flat, often double and divided by a -groove or hollow. Plate IV. fig. 2, 4, 6, and 7. _b b b b_. - -_Double Teeth_, Plate IV. fig. 1, _c c_. - -_Incurved Teeth_ are those which are bent round, as in the single tooth -of the Solen. Plate IV. fig. 8, _f f_. - -_Recurved Teeth_, are those which are bent backwards, as in the hinge of -the Panopea and Spondylus. - -_Middle Teeth_, Plate IV. fig. 4, _d d_. These are also termed Cardinal -Teeth. - -_Numerous Teeth_, are those small upright teeth, set in rows, of which -the hinges of all the species of the genus Arca are formed. Plate IV. -fig. 10, _k k_. - -_Cavity of the Hinge._ The hollow depression in which the ligament of -the Ostrea is situated, generally of a triangular form. Plate IV. fig. -11, _g_. - -_Ligament_ of the Hinge, or cartilage, is that flexible fibrous -substance by which the valves are united, and the hinges kept in their -proper places; generally situated under the beaks of the shell. Plate -II. fig. 1, 3, and 4, _l l l_; Plate IV. fig. 3, _n_. - -_Beak_ is the extreme point of the summit of bivalves, which in many -species turns spirally downwards or to the one side, as in some species -of Venus, &c. From this circumstance it is seldom the highest part of -the shell. Plate II. fig. 5, _r r_. - -_Seam._ When the valves are closed, the line of separation between them -is so called. Plate II. fig. 6, _t t_. - -_Umbo._ That part situated immediately under the _beak_. Plate I. fig. -6, _w_; and Plate II. fig. 4, _w_. - -_Ears._ The processes on each side of the beak, in most species of that -division of Ostrea, called Pecten; some have one ear very large, and the -other small; and some are scarcely observable on one side. Pl. II. fig. -2, _h h_. - -_Superior Ear._ Plate IV. fig. 11, _h_. - -_Inferior Ear._ Do. do. _i_. - -_Margin._ The extreme edge of the whole shell, or the circumference of -either valve, all round. Plate I. fig. 4, _p_; and Plate II. fig. 1, -_p_. - -_Crenulated margin._ That fine notched edge of shells, which unite into -notches in the opposite valve, as genus Donax. Plate IV. fig. 6, _m m_. - -_Striæ_ are fine thread-like lines, generally on the exterior surface of -shells, and are sometimes both longitudinal and transverse. When the -striæ of shells appear indistinct, as if worn out, it is termed -_obsolete striæ_. In some instances the insides of shells are striated; -for example, the Fasciolaria Tulipa. The character of the striæ is often -of much use in distinguishing species. Plate II. fig 2, _f_. - -_Right Valve_ is that valve which, when viewed with the inside -uppermost, has the anterior slope pointing to the right hand. Plate I. -fig. 8; and Plate IV. figs. 5 and 6, _B_. - -_Left Valve._ The opposite of the above; the anterior slope points to -the left hand, when viewed from the inside. Plate IV. figs. 3, 6, 7, 9, -&c. - -_Length of the Shell_ is taken from the ligament, or the beak, to the -opposite margin. For example, Mytilus: it is longer than it is broad, -and the Solens are broader than long. Plate I. fig. 5, _u u_; and Plate -II. fig. 4, _v v_. - -_Breadth_ is measured from the most extreme edge of the anterior and -posterior slopes, being in a contrary direction from its length. Many -shells are _broader than long_, such as most of the Myæ, Solenæ, -Tellinæ, &c.; and the Mytilus, Ostrea, Pinna, &c., are in general longer -than broad. Plate I. fig. 5, _v v_. Plate II. fig. 4, _v v_. - -_Byssus_, or _beard_, is an appendage composed of filaments of a silky -texture, by which some of the Bivalves fasten themselves to their beds, -such as the Mytilus, Pinnæ, &c. Plate II. fig. 6, _s_. - - - UNIVALVE. - -The shells called univalve, or those composed of one part only, are far -more numerous than the two preceding, both in genera and species; and it -requires a considerable degree of attention to discriminate many of the -_species_, as they run into each other so much; and they are divested of -the strong and distinct character afforded by the teeth of bivalves; -besides many of the species there are several varieties. - -In the examination of shells of this order, the general contour or -outline of the whole shell is the first particular to be attended to, as -this leads to those distinctions necessary in the definition of simple, -spiral, or turbinated shells, Univalves with a regular spire, and those -without a regular spire. The genera of this order are formed principally -from the shape of the aperture, taken in conjunction with the general -shape of the shell; from the spire being lengthened or depressed, being -with or without a canal, the length of the beak and its direction, -together with the particular form of the outer lip: the colour of shells -only serves as a specific distinction, and cannot in this respect, in -all cases, be depended upon, although in others it is an unvarying test. -The particular manner in which the spots are disposed frequently -characterises species. - -_Apex._ The summit, tip, or highest part of the spire. Plate II. figs. -7, 8, 9, _A A A_. - -_Base_ is the opposite extremity from the apex, or tip of the spire. In -shells with a beak it implies the tip of such beak; Plate II. fig. 11, -_B_. In shells without a beak it is understood to be the lower part, as -before-mentioned, opposite the apex; Plate II. figs. 8 and 9, _B B_. In -the Patella and some others, the base of the shell is that part on which -it rests when it is laid on its mouth. In the Dentalium and Teredo it is -the wider end. - -_Body_ of the shell is the first or lower whorl of the spire, in which -the aperture is situated, and is in general longer than the remaining -whorls. Plate II. figs. 10 and 12, _F F_; and Plate III. figs. 7 and 9, -_F F_. - -_Front_ of the shell is that side where the aperture is situated. Plate -II. fig. 7, _I_; and Plate III. fig. 8, _I_. - -_Back_ is the opposite side to that in which the aperture is placed or -turned directly from the observer. Plate III. figs. 5 and 10, _G G_. - -The _venter_, or belly, is the most prominent part of the lower whorl or -body, generally situated in the vicinity of the lip over the aperture; -and formed by the convexity of the aperture. It is in general only made -use of in describing shells whose body is large in proportion to the -size of the spire. Plate III. figs. 5 and 10, _H H_. - -_Sides._ The extreme edges of the shell, when viewed either in front or -from the back. Plate II. fig. 11, _K K K K K K K K_. Right side is, when -the shell is viewed in front that side next the observer’s left hand. -Left side, the side with the aperture in it. - -_Aperture_, or mouth, is that part of the lower whorl or body by which -the animal protrudes itself. This is one of the principal generic -distinctions of Univalve shells, and differs very much in shape; some -apertures being rounded, others semilunar, angular, &c. Plate II. figs. -9 and 11, _C C_; and Plate III. figs. 1, 3, and 14, _C C C_. Some -apertures have a canal at their base, and others are devoid of it. In -various genera it extends the whole length of the shell, as in the -Cypræa, and some of the Cones with depressed spires. This in several -individuals is either entirely open, or is closed by an operculum or -lid, which is usually affixed to the foot of the animal. - -_Canal_, or gutter, is the inside of the elongations of the aperture, or -both lips of the shell of those species with a beak, in which it forms a -concave channel or gutter, running from its commencement in the aperture -to the extremity or base. Plate II. figs. 10 and 11, _Q Q_. Plate III. -fig. 8, _Q_. Some species are furnished with two canals, one situated at -the junction of the outer lip and body, as in the Murex. - -_Beak_ is that lengthened process in which the canal is situate; it -commences a little higher up, on the outside, than the insertion of the -canal in the inside, which is always distinctly marked by the line of -the aperture. Plate II. fig. 11, _p_. This process is not so conspicuous -in some of the species of Voluta, but is more marked in the genera -Murex, Fusus, Pyrula, &c. - -_Pillar_, or _columella_, is that process which runs through the centre -of the shell in the inside from the base to the apex in most univalve -shells, and appears to be the support of the spire: and, indeed, seems -to form that part of the shell: it is in general grooved or folded; but, -as it is situated in the interior of the shell, a minute description is -unnecessary. Plate II. figs. 10 and 12, _M M M M M_; and Plate III. fig. -9, _M M M_. The internal edge of its base is frequently described as -having plaits, &c. - -_Plaited Columella_ are those folds, or plaits, which are the -distinguishing characteristic of the Volutæ and other genera. Plate II. -fig. 7, _z_. - -_Pillar Lip_ is a continuation of the glossy process with which the -aperture is lined, and expanded on the columella. Plate III. figures 7 -and 8, _O O_. This is termed the inner lip by some authors. - -_Outer Lip._ The expansion, or continuation of the body of the shell on -the left margin of the aperture, and is also lined with the glossy -process of the aperture. Plate II. fig. 7, _N_; and Plate III. fig. 8, -_N N N_. The latter is an example of the alated or winged shells. - -_Operculum_, or lid. This is only an appendage to the turbinated or -spiral shells affixed to the foot of the animal, sometimes of a -testaceous, in others of a horny or cartilaginous substance. It acts as -a door or lid, and is calculated for the protection of the animal, when -it retires within its dwelling, from the intrusion of its enemies, and -adapted to the shape of the aperture, which it closes nicely up: as -exemplified in the operculum of the Turbo, and is of a hard, stony -appearance. Plate III. fig. 4. - -_Spire_ consists of all the whorls of the shell, except the lower one, -which, as before observed, is termed the body of the shell. Plate II. -fig. 12, _D_; and Plate III. figures 7 and 8, _D D_. - -The spire is a prominent feature of the Univalve; and upon its being -elevated, depressed, &c., depends much of the generic and specific -definition. Adanson, in his ‘Natural History of Senegal,’ says that the -external character of the spire varies according to the plane they turn -upon, which, he observes, is either horizontal, cylindrical, conic, or -ovoid. At the same time, he admits that there are a great many -intermediate forms which cannot properly be defined. - -It must be remembered that many of the young shells have not the same -number of wreaths as the adults; from which it would appear, that the -part of the animal nearest the apex never increases in size. The number -of wreaths cannot, at all times, be depended upon. A full grown shell -may, however, be known from the outer lip, which has generally an -unfinished appearance in young shells. Indeed, in all the land and fresh -water shells it is a distinct criterion, as they are never complete in -the form of the outer lip till full grown. - -_Whorl_ is one of the wreaths or volutions of the shell. Plate II. fig. -8, _L_; and Plate III. fig. 10, _L_. - -_Depressed Spire_ is when the spire is very flat, as in the shells of -the genus Planorbis, &c. Pl. II. fig. 12, _D_; and Pl. III. fig. 5, _S_. - -A flat shell is figured in Plate III. fig. 14. - -_Involuted Spire_, those shells which have their whorls, or wreaths, -concealed in the inside of the first whorl or body, as in some of the -Nautili and Cypræa. - -_Suture of the Spire_, or whorls, is a fine spiral line, which separates -the wreaths or whorls from each other; it is sometimes crenulated, -undulated, or sulcated, and not unfrequently elevated or projecting. -Plate II. fig. 9, _E E_. - -_Reversed_, or _Heterostrophe Spire_, is when the volutions of the spire -revolve in the same manner as a common corkscrew, or when the aperture -is placed downwards, the nature of the spire runs upwards from the right -hand to the left, Plate III. fig. 13. - -In some of the more depressed species of Helix, or Nautilus, great -attention is requisite in order to ascertain which is really the upper -side of the shell, for it is on that side the spiral turns are to be -taken from the centre or apex; and, in most instances, this is to be -determined by the oblique direction of the aperture to the under part, -where the lip rarely extends so far as on the upper part. In fixed -shells, such as Serpulæ, there is no difficulty, as the side which is -sessile must be considered as the base or under part. Thus, in the -Serpula Lucida the fixed part is sometimes very small, and the mouth -turns spirally upwards, in a contrary direction to the sun; and -therefore must be considered a reversed or heterostrophe shell, the same -as if the volutions nearest the mouth had turned laterally upon the -centre or fixed ones. This shell, indeed, is most frequently found with -regular lateral volutions; and though subject to great variety, with -respect to contortions, it invariably turns the aperture one way. - -In some species of Nautilus, however, there can be no rule to ascertain -whether the shells are dextral or sinistral; for when the aperture is -exactly central, the lip embraces the body equally, and the sides of the -shell are similar. - -_Chambers_ are the cavities divided by partitions, at regular or -irregular intervals; as in the Spirula. Plate III. fig. 11, _W W W W W_. - -In some of the Serpulæ there are also divisions, but they are not -regular as in the Nautili and Spirulæ; and besides, they differ from -them in being devoid of a siphunculus or communication between the -chambers, the animal forms a complete partition, and adds to its shell, -which it would appear to be necessitated to do from its body growing too -large for its abode. - -Several of the Patellæ have chambers formed of laminous partitions, -subspiral cells, or processes; these in general lie horizontally, and -are quite open at one end, as in the Patella Testudinaria, the -Crepidula, and Calyptræa. - -_Umbilicus_ is in general a circular perforation in the base of the -lower whorl, or body, of many univalve shells. This is common to most of -the Trochi, in some species of which it penetrates from the base to the -apex; widest at the base, and gradually tapering to the top. Plate III. -fig. 1, _u_. - -_Sub-umbilicated_ shells are those which have the umbilicus covered in a -greater or less degree by a thin process; which, in some, almost -entirely closes the opening or mouth. This character is most commonly to -be met with among species of Buccinum and Murex. - -Shells which have no umbilicus are termed imperforate. - -_Siphunculus_ is that small round perforation which forms a -communication between the chambers of the Spirulæ, and penetrates -through the whole spire of the shell. Plate III. fig. 11, _v_. - -_Varices_ are transverse ribs which cross the whorls of shells in some -species of Buccinum, Murex, and Tritonia, and exemplified in the -Cassidaria. Varices are formed by the periodical growth of the shells, -these being the margin of the outer lip, to which the animal has -attached its periodical enlargements. In some species they have more the -form of sutures than ribs; this is owing to the margin of the outer lip -being but slightly developed. - -_Ribs_ are those longitudinal and transverse protuberances which are in -many of the univalve shells. Plate III. fig. 12, _R R R R_. - -_Teeth_ of univalves, or tooth-shaped protuberances, are fine, white -laminæ, or ridges, running spirally backwards, in a parallel direction -to each other; those on the exterior lip may, in most instances, be -traced through the outside of the shell, and are nearly alike in length. -Plate III. fig. 13, _a_. - -_Epidermis_ is a skin, or cuticle, covering the exterior surface of -shells, destined by nature to protect their surface from being injured. -It is membranaceous, somewhat similar to the periosteum which covers the -bones of animals. This substance is the production of the animal -inhabiting the shell; it is uniformly observed in some species, and not -at all in others. Shells with a rugged or uneven surface have almost -always this epidermis. In some it is strong, laminated, velvety, -fibrous, or rough, often beset with long hairs, and in others very thin, -smooth, and pellucid, and admits the colours of the shell to shine -through it. In some species it is so dusky that it entirely obscures the -beautiful colouring of the shell beneath. Although many shells are very -beautiful, even with this cuticle on them, they are much more so when it -is removed; but I would by no means advise the collector of shells to -remove it, unless he may have several duplicates of the same species; -and then he may do it by way of variety. It is always preferable, -however, to keep them in a state of nature. - -A shell with epidermis is represented in Plate III. fig. _X_; and the -effect of the epidermis removed. - -All other protuberances, furrows, &c., will be described at the end of -this work in a Glossary of Terms used in the Science. - - - DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IV. - - HINGES OF BIVALVE SHELLS. - -Fig. 1. Hinge of the Unio pictorum, _a_ Primary tooth, _c c_ double -teeth. - -Fig. 2. Hinge of the _Solen_. _b_ Lateral teeth. - -Fig. 3. Hinge of the Lucina radula, _a a_ Primary teeth, _n_ cartilage. - -Fig. 4. Hinge of the _Cardium_. _b_ Lateral tooth, _d d_ middle teeth, -_l l_ spines. - -Fig. 5. Hinge of the Lutraria. - -Fig. 6. Inside of both valves of the _Donax trunculus_. _A_ is the left -valve, and _B_ is the right valve, _b_ lateral teeth, _e_ primary -complicated tooth, or cleft in the middle, _m m_ crenulated margin. - -Fig. 7. Hinge of the _Venus_, _a a_ Primary teeth. - -Fig. 8. Hinge of _Spondylus gæderopus_, _f f_ incurved teeth. - -Fig. 9. Hinge of Isocardia Cor. - -Fig. 10. Hinge of the Pectunculus, _k k_ numerous small teeth; the -distinguishing characteristic of the Family _Arcacea_. - -Fig. 11. Hinge of the Pecten, _g_ cavity of the hinge, _h_ superior ear, -_i_ inferior ear. - -Fig. 12. Hinge of _Anomia Ephippium_. - - - - - CLASSIFICATION. - - - CLASS I. - - ANNULATA. - - FOUR FAMILIES. - - Fam. - 1. _Dorsalia._ Two genera. - 1. Arenicola. Species 1 - 2. Siliquaria. „ 8 - - 2. _Maldania._ Two genera. - 1. Clymene. Species 1 - 2. Dentalium. „ 21 - - 3. _Amphitritæa._ Four genera. - 1. Pectinaria. Species 2 - 2. Sabellaria. „ 2 - 3. Terebella. „ 4 - 4. Amphitrite „ 7 - - 4. _Surpulacea._ Five genera. - 1. Spirorbis. Species 6 - 2. Serpula. „ 26 - 3. Vermilia. „ 9 - 4. Galeolaria. „ 2 - 5. Magilus. „ 2 - - - CLASS II. - - CIRRHIPEDA. - - ONE FAMILY. - - 1. _Cirrhipeda._ Ten genera. - 1. Tubicinella. Species 1 - 2. Coronula. „ 5 - 3. Balanus. „ 30 - 4. Acasta. „ 4 - 5. Creusia. „ 3 - 6. Pyrgoma. „ 1 - 7. Anatifera. „ 6 - 8. Pollicipes. „ 6 - 9. Cineras. „ 1 - 10. Otion. „ 2 - - - CLASS III. - - CONCHIFERA. - - TWENTY FAMILIES. - - 1. _Tubicola._ Six genera. - 1. Aspergillum. Species 4 - 2. Clavagella. „ 4 - 3. Fistulana. „ 4 - 4. Septaria. „ 2 - 5. Teredina. „ 2 - 6. Teredo. „ 3 - - 2. _Pholadaria._ Two genera. - 1. Pholas. Species 18 - 2. Gastrochæna. „ 3 - - 3. _Solenea._ Four genera. - 1. Solen. Species 21 - 2. Panopea. „ 1 - 3. Solecurtus. „ 10 - 4. Glycimeris. „ 2 - - 4. _Myaria._ Two genera. - 1. Mya. Species 8 - 2. Anatina. „ 12 - - 5. _Mactracea._ Seven genera. - 1. Lutraria. Species 14 - 2. Mactra. „ 44 - 3. Crassatella. „ 11 - 4. Erycina. „ 2 - 5. Ungulina. „ 2 - 6. Solemya. „ 4 - 7. Amphidesma. „ 45 - - 6. _Corbulacea._ Two genera. - 1. Corbula. Species 10 - 2. Pandora. „ 4 - - 7. _Lithophaga._ Three genera. - 1. Saxicava. Species 9 - 2. Petricola. „ 13 - 3. Venerirupis. „ 8 - - 8. _Nymphacea._ Ten genera. - 1. Sanguinolaria. Species 9 - 2. Psammobia. „ 21 - 3. Psammotea. „ 7 - 4. Tellina. „ 68 - 5. Tellinides. „ 2 - 6. Corbis. „ 2 - 7. Lucina. „ 26 - 8. Donax. „ 31 - 9. Capsa. „ 3 - 10. Crassina. „ 1 - - 9. _Conchacea._ Seven genera. - 1. Cyprina. Species 2 - 2. Cytherea. „ 83 - 3. Venus. „ 100 - 4. Veniricardia. „ 5 - 5. Cyclas. „ 15 - 6. Cyrena. „ 10 - 7. Galathea. „ 1 - - 10. _Cardiacea._ Five genera. - 1. Cardium. Species 57 - 2. Cardita. „ 23 - 3. Cypricardia. „ 5 - 4. Hiatelia. „ 2 - 5. Isocardia. „ 4 - - 11. _Arcacea._ Four genera. - 1. Arca. Species 41 - 2. Cucullæa. „ 1 - 3. Pectunculus. „ 22 - 4. Nucula. „ 45 - - 12. _Trigonacea._ Two genera. - 1. Trigonia. Species 1 - 2. Castalia. „ 1 - - 13. _Naiadea._ Four genera. - 1. Unio. Species 167 - 2. Hyria. „ 2 - 3. Anodonta. „ 49 - 4. Iridina. „ 6 - - 14. _Chamacea._ Three genera. - 1. Diceras. Species 1 - 2. Chama. „ 18 - 3. Etheria. „ 5 - - 15. _Tridacnea._ Two genera. - 1. Tridacna. Species 7 - 2. Hippopus. „ 1 - - 16. _Mytilacea._ Three genera. - 1. Mytilus. Species 42 - 2. Modiola. „ 32 - 3. Pinna. „ 15 - - 17. _Mallacea._ Five genera. - 1. Crenatula. Species 7 - 2. Perna. „ 10 - 3. Malleus. „ 6 - 4. Avicula. „ 19 - 5. Meleagrina. „ 2 - - 18. _Pectinea._ Seven genera. - 1. Pedum. Species 1 - 2. Lima. „ 6 - 3. Pecten. „ 62 - 4. Plagiostoma. „ 10 - 5. Plicatula. „ 5 - 6. Spondylus. „ 21 - 7. Podopsis. „ 2 - - 19. _Ostracea._ Six genera. - 1. Ostrea. Species 49 - 2. Gryphea. „ 1 - 3. Vulsella. „ 6 - 4. Placuna. „ 3 - 5. Anomia. „ 9 - 6. Crania. „ 1 - - 20. _Brachiopoda._ Three gen. - 1. Orbicula. Species 1 - 2. Terebratula. „ 13 - 3. Lingula. „ 1 - - - CLASS IV. - - MOLLUSCA. - - TWENTY-THREE FAMILIES. - - 1. _Pteropoda._ Six genera. - 1. Hyalea. Species 2 - 2. Clio. „ 2 - 3. Cleodora. „ 2 - 4. Limnacina. „ 1 - 5. Cymbulia. „ 1 - 6. Pneumodermon „ 1 - - 2. _Phyllidiacea._ Six genera. - 1. Phyllidia. Species 3 - 2. Chitonellus. „ 2 - 3. Chiton. „ 63 - 4. Patella. „ 49 - 5. Umbrella. „ 2 - 6. Pleurobranchus. „ 2 - - 3. _Calyptracea._ Seven gen. - 1. Parmophorus. Species 4 - 2. Emarginula. „ 5 - 3. Fissurella. „ 22 - 4. Pileopsis. „ 9 - 5. Calyptrea. „ 9 - 6. Crepidula. „ 13 - 7. Ancylus. „ 5 - - 4. _Bullacea._ Three genera. - 1. Acera. Species 1 - 2. Bullæa. „ 2 - 3. Bulla. „ 19 - - 5. _Aplysiacea._ Two genera. - 1. Dolabella. Species 2 - 2. Aplysia. „ 37 - - 6. _Limacina._ Five genera. - 1. Limax. Species 5 - 2. Vitrina. „ 3 - 3. Testacella. „ 2 - 4. Parmacella. „ 2 - 5. Onchidium. „ 2 - - 7. _Colimacea._ Eleven genera. - 1. Helix. Species 203 - 2. Carocolla. „ 22 - 3. Achatina. „ 24 - 4. Anostoma. „ 3 - 5. Helicina. „ 19 - 6. Pupa. „ 40 - 7. Clausilia. „ 15 - 8. Bulimus. „ 63 - 9. Succinea. „ 7 - 10. Auricula. „ 16 - 11. Cyclostoma. „ 38 - - 8. _Lymnacea._ Three genera. - 1. Lymnea. Species 33 - 2. Physa. „ 10 - 3. Planorbis. „ 22 - - 9. _Melaniana._ Three genera. - 1. Melania. Species 54 - 2. Pirena. „ 6 - 3. Melanopsis. „ 3 - - 10. _Peristomiana._ Three gen. - 1. Valvata. Species 3 - 2. Paludina. „ 31 - 3. Ampularia. „ 13 - - 11. _Neritacea._ Four genera. - 1. Neritina. Species 27 - 2. Nerita. „ 20 - 3. Navicella. „ 4 - 4. Natica. „ 36 - - 12. _Ianthinea._ One genus. - 1. Ianthina. Species 3 - - 13. _Macrostomiana._ Four gen. - 1. Sigaretus. Species 6 - 2. Stomatella. „ 5 - 3. Stomatia. „ 2 - 4. Haliotis. „ 19 - - 14. _Plicacea._ Two genera. - 1. Tornatella. Species 6 - 2. Pyramidella. „ 6 - - 15. _Scalarina._ Three genera. - 1. Scalaria. Species 14 - 2. Vermetus. „ 2 - 3. Delphinula. „ 5 - - 16. _Turbinacea._ Eight gen. - 1. Solarium. Species 7 - 2. Trochus. „ 99 - 3. Monodonta. „ 34 - 4. Turbo. „ 51 - 5. Planaxis. „ 4 - 6. Phasianella. „ 12 - 7. Turritella. „ 21 - 8. Rotella. „ 7 - - 17. _Canalifera._ Eleven gen. - 1. Cerithium. Species 45 - 2. Pleurotoma. „ 29 - 3. Turbinella. „ 23 - 4. Cancellaria. „ 49 - 5. Fasciolaria. „ 8 - 6. Fusus. „ 46 - 7. Pyrula. „ 29 - 8. Struthiolaria. Species 2 - 9. Ranella. „ 15 - 10. Murex. „ 73 - 11. Triton. „ 31 - - 18. _Alata._ Three genera. - 1. Rostellaria. Species 4 - 2. Pterecera. „ 7 - 3. Strombus. „ 32 - - 19. _Purpurifera._ Eleven gen. - 1. Cassidaria. Species 5 - 2. Cassis. „ 25 - 3. Ricinula. „ 9 - 4. Purpura. „ 62 - 5. Monoceros. „ 5 - 6. Concholepas. „ 1 - 7. Harpa. „ 9 - 8. Dolium. „ 7 - 9. Buccinum. „ 66 - 10. Eburna. „ 5 - 11. Terebra. „ 24 - - 20. _Columellaria._ Five genera. - 1. Columbella. Species 20 - 2. Mitra. „ 80 - 3. Voluta. „ 44 - 4. Marginellæ. „ 24 - 5. Volvaria. „ 7 - - 21. _Convoluta._ Six genera. - 1. Cypræa. Species 118 - 2. Ovula. „ 12 - 3. Terebellum. „ 3 - 4. Ancillaria. „ 4 - 5. Oliva. „ 63 - 6. Conus. „ 181 - - 22. _Nautilacea._ Two genera. - 1. Spirula. Species 1 - 2. Nautilus. „ 2 - - 23. _Heteropoda._ Two genera. - 1. Argonauta. Species 3 - 2. Carinaria. „ 3 - -The American species are designated by a *. - -[Illustration: - - _Pl. 1._ - - _Parts of Shells_ - - _P.S. Duval, Lith. Phil^a._ -] - -[Illustration: - - _Pl. 2._ - - _Parts of Shells._ - - _P.S. Duval, Lith. Phil^a._ -] - -[Illustration: - - _Pl. 3._ - - _Parts of Shells._ - - _P.S. Duval, Lith. Phil^a._ -] - -[Illustration: - - _Pl. 4._ - - _Hinges of Shells._ - - _P.S. Duval. Lith. Phil^a._ -] - -[Illustration: - - _Pl. 5._ - - _1. Siliquaria, 2 Dentalium, 3 Pectinaria, 4 Sabellaria, 5 Terebella, - 6. Amphitrite, 7 Spirorbis, 8 Serpula, 9 Vermilia, 10 Galeolaria, - 11. Magilus, 12. Tubicinella, 13. Coronula, 14. Balanus, 15 Acasta, - 16 Creusia, 17 Pyrgoma, 18 Anatifera, 19 Pollicipes, 20 Cineras, 21. - Otion, 22 Aspergillum._ - - _P.S. Duval, Lith. Phil^a._ -] - -[Illustration: - - _Pl. 6._ - - _1 Clavagella, 2 Fistulana, 3 Septaria, 4 Teredina, 5 Teredo, 6 - Pholas, 7 Gastrochæna, 8 Solen 9 Panopea, 10. Solecurtus, 11. - Glycimeris 12 Mya, 13. Anatina, 14 Lutraria, 15 Mactra, 16. - Crassatella, 17 Erycina, 18 Ungulina, 19 Solenimya, 20 Amphidesma, - 21 Corbula, 22 Pandora, 23 Saxicava._ - - _P.S. Duval, Lith. Phil^a._ -] - -[Illustration: - - _Pl. 7._ - - _1. Petricola 2 Venerirupis 3. Sanguinolaria, 4. Psammobia, 5. - Psammotea, 6. Tellina, 7. Tellinides, 8. Corbis, 9. Lucina, 10. - Donax, 11. Capsa, 12. Crassina, 13. Cyclas, 14. Cyrena, 15. - Galathea, 16. Cyprina, 17. Cytherea, 18. Venus, 19. Venericardia, - 20. Cardium, 21. Cardita, 22. Cypricardia, 23. Hiatella._ - - _P.S. Duval, Lith. Phil^a._ -] - -[Illustration: - - _Pl. 8._ - - _1. Isocardia, 2. Cucullea, 3 Arca, 4. Pectuncules 5 Nucula, 6. - Trigonia, 7 Castalia, 8. Unio, 9. Hyria, 10. Anodonta, 11. Iridina, - 12 Diceras, 13. Chama, 14. Etheria, 15 Tridacna, 16 Hippopus 17. - Mytilus, 18. Modiola, 19 Pinna, 20. Crenatula, 21. Perna, 22. - Malleus._ - - _P. S. Duval. Lith. Phil^a._ -] - -[Illustration: - - _Pl. 9._ - - _1. Avicula, 2 Meleagrina, 3 Pedum, 4 Lima, 5 Pecten, 6 Plagiostoma 7. - Plicatula, 8 Spondylus, 9 Gryphea, 10 Ostrea, 11. Vulsella, 12 - Placuna, 13 Anomia, 14 Crania, 15 Orbicula, 16 Terebratula, 17 - Lingula, 18 Hyalea, 19 Cleodora, 20 Limacina, 21 Cymbulia, 22 - Chitonellus, 23 Chiton, 24 Patella, 25 Pleurobranchus, 26 Umbrella, - 27 Parmophorus, 28 Emurginula, 29 Fissurella._ - - _P. S. Duval, Lith. Phil^a._ -] - -[Illustration: - - _Pl. 10._ - - _1 Pileopsis, 2 Calyptera, 3 Crepidula, 4 Ancylus, 5 Bullæa, 6 Bulla, - 7 Aplysia, 8 Dolabella, 9 Parmacella, 10 Limax, 11 Testacella, 12 - Vitrina, 13 Helix, 14 Carocolla, 15 Anostoma, 16 Helicina, 17 Pupa, - 18 Clausilia, 19 Bulimus, 20 Achalina, 21 Succinea, 22 Auricula, 23 - Cyclostoma 24 Planorbis, 25 Physa, 26 Lymnea, 27 Melania, 28 - Melanospsis, 29 Pirena, 30 Valvata, 31 Paludina, 32 Ampularia, 33 - Neritina, 34 Navicella, 35 Nerita._ - - _P. S. Duval, Lith. Phil^a._ -] - -[Illustration: - - _Pl. 11._ - - _1 Natica, 2 Janthina, 3 Sigaretus, 4 Stomalella, 5 Stomatia, 6 - Haliotis, 7 Tornatella, 8 Pyramidella, 9 Vermetus, 10 Scalaria, 11 - Delphinula 12 Solarium, 13 Rotella, 14 Trochus, 15 Monodonata, 16 - Turbo, 17 Planaxis, 18 Phasianella, 19 Turritella, 20 Cerithium 21 - Pleurotoma, 22 Turbinella, 23 Cancillaria, 24 Fasciolaria, 25 Fusus, - 26 Pyrula, 27 Struthiolaria, 28 Ranella, 29 Murex, 30 Triton, 31 - Rostellaria._ - - _P. S. Duval Lith. Phil^a._ -] - -[Illustration: - - _Pl. 12._ - - _1 Pteroceras, 2 Strombas, 3 Cassidaria, 4 Cassis, 5 Ricinula, 6 - Purpura, 7. Monoceros, 8 Concholepas, 9 Harpa 10 Dolium, 11 Buccinum - 12 Eburna, 13 Terebra, 14 Columbella, 15 Mitra, 16 Voluta 17 - Marginella 18 Volvaria, 19 Ovula, 20 Cyprea, 21 Terebellum, 22 - Ancillaria, 23 Olivia, 24 Conus, 25 Spirula, 26 Nautilus 27 - Argonauta, 28 Carinaria._ - - _P. S. Duval, Lith. Phil^a._ -] - - - - - CONCHOLOGY. - - - - - CLASS I. - ANNULATA. - - -Animal soft, elongated, vermiform, naked or inhabiting a tube, which it -never entirely quits; the body furnished either with segments or -transverse wrinkles; often without a head, eyes or antennæ; without -articulated feet, but most of them having in their place bristly, -retractile knobs, disposed in lateral rows: mouth subterminal, either -simple, orbicular, with lips, or in the form of a proboscis; often with -jaws, a knotted longitudinal medulla, and nerves for sensation and -motion; the blood red, circulating by means of arteries and veins: -respiration by external or internal branchiæ, which are sometimes -imperceptible. _Four Families._ - - - FAMILY I. - - DORSALIA. Two Genera. - - - 1. Genus _Arenicola_. - -_Animal._ The gills, or respiratory organs dorsal, or disposed -lengthways on the body. - -_Shell._ Supposed to be tubular. One species. - -Arenicola piscatorium. - - - 2. Genus _Siliquaria_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ See Arenicola. - -Shell very thin, conical, tubular, involuted in a spiral manner, loosely -and irregularly; aperture circular, sharp edges, interrupted in the -middle by a notch, extending like a slit through the greater portion of -its length, and stopping abruptly at some distance from the summit. -Inhabits the Indian seas. Eight species. - - Siliquaria anguina. - S. muricata. - S. lævigata. - S. lactæa. - S. rugosa. - S. terebella. - S. lima. - S. spinosa. - - - FAMILY II. - - MALDANIA. Two Genera. - - - 1. Genus _Clymene_. - -_Animal._ Respiratory organs not determined, supposed to be at the -posterior part of the body. - -_Shell._ Tube thin and slender, open at both ends, encrusted externally -with sand and fragments of shells. One species. - -Clymene amphistoma. - - - 2. Genus _Dentalium_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Body elongated, conical, sub-vermiform, enveloped in a fistula -mantle as far as the anterior third, and ending in a bourrelet pierced -in its middle by an orifice with fringed edges; foot altogether -anterior, proboscidiform, terminated by a conical appendage, contained -in a kind of cup with festooned edges; head distinct, oval, with a -terminal mouth in the middle of a digitated lip; a pair of lateral jaws, -formed each of two little oval shells garnished with points. - -_Shell._ Tubular, regular, symmetrical, slightly curved longitudinally, -tapering gradually to the rear, and opening in a round orifice at each -end. Inhabits the British seas. Twenty-one species. - - Dentalium elephantinum. - D. aprinum. - D. sulcatum. - D. fasciatum. - D. pseudo-antalis. - D. radicula. - D. antalis. - D. arictinum. - D. octogonum. - D. deforme. - D. novemcostatum. - D. sexangulaire. - D. striatum. - D. dentalis. - D. corneum. - D. nigrum. - D. politum. - D. eburneum. - D. clava. - D. fissura. - D. coarctatum. - - - FAMILY III. - - AMPHITRITÆA. Four Genera. - - - 1. Genus _Pectinaria_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Respiratory organs in general known, and disposed at or near -the anterior part of the body; not separated or covered by an operculum. - -_Shell._ A membranous papyraceous tube in the form of a reversed cone; -unfixed; exterior covered with sandy adhesions. Two species. - - Pectinaria capensis. - - P. belgica.* - - - 2. Genus _Sabellaria_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ But slightly differing from the Pectinaria. - -_Shell._ Tubes numerous, united in a common mass, composed of -agglutinated particles of marine substances, cellular at the base; -orifice expanded. Found in the Indian Ocean. Two species. - - Sabellaria alveolata. - S. crassissima. - - - 3. Genus _Terebella_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Body tubicular, elongated, cylindrically depressed, attenuated -posteriorly; a row of nodulous and setiferous papillæ on each side; -numerous filiform, twisted tentacula surrounding the mouth. - -_Shell._ An elongated cylindrical and membranous tube with lash-like -appendages at the end; covered with adhesions of sand and shells. -Inhabits the coast of New Holland. Four species. - - Terebella conchilega. - T. ventricosa. - T. cristata. - T. vermicuta. - - - 4. Genus _Amphitrite_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Body tubicular, elongated, cylindrical, attenuated behind with -many annulated segments. - -_Shell._ An elongated cylindrical tube growing thinner towards the base, -of a tough membranous texture, and generally without adhesions. -Mediterranean sea. Seven species. - - Amphitrite ventilabra. - A. penicilla. - A. magnifica. - A. vesiculosa. - A. volutacornis. - A. infundibula. - A. minima. - - - FAMILY IV. - - SERPULACEA. Five Genera. - - - 1. Genus _Spirorbis_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Gills or respiratory organs separated or covered by an -operculum. - -_Shell._ A testaceous tube turned spirally on a horizontal plane, the -lower portion of which is attached to marine substances, generally fuci: -opening of the tube terminal, rounded or angular. Found on Algæ on the -British coast. Six species. - - Spirorbis nautiloidis. - S. spirilla. - S. tricostalis. - S. bicarinata. - S. carinata. - S. lamellosa. - - - 2. Genus _Serpula_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Body tubular, elongated, depressed, and attenuated behind; -segments numerous and narrow; small bundles of awl-shaped bristles in a -single row on each side. - -_Shell._ A solid calcareous tube, brown, purple, yellow, tawny, pink, -white, or tinged with green. The shells are irregularly twisted, in -clusters, and affixed to other substances. Inhabits the coast of -Britain. Twenty-six species. - - Serpula vermicularis. - S. fascicularis. - S. intestina. - S. contortuplicata. - S. plicaria. - S. glomerata. - S. decussata. - S. protensa. - S. infundibula. - S. annulata. - S. cereola. - S. filograna. - S. vermicella. - S. filaria. - S. pellucida. - S. intorta. - S. cristata. - S. spirulæa. - S. quadrangularis. - S. minima. - S. echinata. - S. sulcata. - S. costalis. - S. dentifera. - S. sipho. - S. arenaria. - - - 3. Genus _Vermilia_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Body tubicular, elongated and attenuated towards the posterior -part, and provided superiorly with a simple testaceous orbicular -operculum. - -_Shell._ A testaceous cylindrical tube, narrowed in the rear, twisted, -and adhering by the side to marine substances, aperture round, the -margin armed with from one to three teeth. Inhabits the British coast. -Nine species. - - Vermilia rostrata. - V. triquetra. - V. bicarinata. - V. eruca. - V. subcrenata. - V. plicifera. - V. scabra. - V. tæniata. - V. plicata. - - - 4. Genus _Galeolaria_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Distinguished from the vermilia by a very peculiar operculum. - -_Shell._ In groups, testaceous, cylindrical, subangular, wavy, adhering -by the base, and open at the summit; aperture orbicular, terminated on -the side by a spatular tongue; operculum orbicular, squamose, and -consisting of from five to nine testaceous parts or valves. Inhabits the -Indian seas. Two species. - - Galeolaria cæspitosa. - G. elongata. - - - 5. Genus _Magilus_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Usually found imbedded in a species of Madrepore. Base bent -into a spiral form, oval, with four contiguous, convex volutions (the -last of which is the largest), and prolonged into a straight waved tube, -convex above, carinated beneath. Inhabits the sea at the Isle of France. -Two species. - - Magilus antiquus. - M. muricatus. - - - - - CLASS II. - CIRRHIPEDA. - - -_Animal._ Soft, without head or eyes, testaceous, body fixed as if -reversed, inarticulated, furnished with a mantle, having above -tentacular arms, with curled tufts multiarticulated, mouth beneath, not -projecting, dentated transverse jaws disposed in pairs. Number of arms, -unequal and varying, disposed in rows, each composed of two rows of -curled tufts of bristles; fringed; a corneous skin supported by a -pedicle. Medulla longitudinal and knotted; gills external, sometimes -concealed; circulation by heart and vessels. One Family. - - - FAMILY. - - CIRRHIPEDA. Ten Genera. - - - 1. Genus _Tubicinella_. - -_Animal._ Body inclosed in a shell, with small setaceous and unequal -cirri. - -_Shell._ Univalve, operculated, tubular, erect, a little attenuated -towards the base, bound with annular transverse ribs, truncated at both -ends, open at the summit, and closed at the base with a membrane. -Operculum with four obtuse valves. South American seas. One species. - - Tubicinella balænarum. - - - 2. Genus _Coronula_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Body seated, enveloped in a shell with small setaceous and -cirrous arms. - -_Shell._ Sessile, apparently indivisible, suborbicular, conoidal or -blunt, conical, the extremities truncated, the sides very thick, the -inside hollowed into radiating cells. Operculum composed of four obtuse -valves. Inhabits the North seas. Five species. - - Coronula diadema. - C. testudinaria. - C. balænaris. - C. pulchra. - - C. denticulata.* - - - 3. Genus _Balanus_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Body sessile, inclosed in an operculated shell; branchiæ -numerous, placed in two rows, unequal, articulated, ciliated; each -composed of two cirri, supported by a peduncle, and exsertile; mouth -with four transverse dentated jaws, with four hairy palpi-like -appendages. - -_Shell._ Formed of six distinct coronary valves, one dorsal, one -ventral, and two pairs of laterals, with a calcareous support; operculum -forming a sort of pyramid, by four articulated pieces in the aperture of -the shell. Is found in almost all seas. Thirty species. - - Balanus angulosus. - B. nigrescens. - B. roseus. - B. amphimorphus. - B. crispatus. - B. stalaciferus. - B. patellaris. - B. calycularis. - B. subimbricatus. - B. palmatus. - B. dupluconus. - B. semiplicatus. - B. lævis. - B. punctatus. - B. perforatus. - B. rugosus. - B. latus. - B. plicatus. - B. galeatus. - B. spinosus. - B. placianus. - B. sulcatus. - B. cylindraceus. - B. ovularis. - B. radiatus. - B. fistulosus. - B. Lyonsii. - - · · · · · - - B. tintinabulus.* - B. miser.* - B. geniculatus.* - - - 4. Genus _Acasta_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Body without a peduncle, and inclosed in a multivalve shell, -found in sponge or marine bodies, mouth and tentacula placed in the -apex, or upper part of the body. - -_Shell._ Patella-shaped, sub-conically oval, formed of six lateral -unequal valves forming the base, which being convex prevents the shell -from standing by itself in an erect position, when detached from the -substance which envelopes it. Inhabits the British seas. Four species. - - Acasta Montaguii. - A. sulcata. - A. glans. - A. tubulosa. - - - 5. Genus _Creusia_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Body, subglobular, inclosed in an operculated shell; having -three or four pairs of tentacular arms: mouth at the anterior part of -the body. - -_Shell._ Sessile, fixed, orbicular, conical, consisting of four united -unequal valves; attached to madrepore and other marine substances, they -are almost microscopic, and found only in the seas of hot countries. -Inhabits the China seas. Three species. - - Creusia stromia. - C. spinulosa. - C. verruca. - - - 6. Genus _Pyrgoma_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ Sessile, univalve, rather globular, ventricose, convex above; -apex perforated; aperture small, elliptical, operculum quadrivalve. -Inhabits the Indian seas. One species. - - Pyrgoma cancellata. - - - 7. Genus _Anatifera_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Body covered with a shell, supported by a long tubular -tendinous peduncle; with long, numerous, and unequal tentacular arms, -which are articulated and ciliated, and emanating from the summit on one -side. - -_Shell._ Compressed on the sides, with five flat valves, the valves -contiguous and unequal; the lower lateral ones the largest: the whole of -them united and kept together by means of their membranes. Inhabits the -British seas. Six species. - - Anatifera lævis. - A. villosa. - A. vitrea. - A. dentata. - A. striata. - A. aculeata. - - - 8. Genus _Pollicipes_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Body covered by a shell, and supported on a tabular, -tendinous, scaly peduncle; with many tentacular arms. - -_Shell._ Consisting of thirteen or more valves, the smallest at the -sides, which are very flat and compressed, the peduncle short, wrinkled, -rigid, and often covered with scales like shagreen. Inhabits the -European and American seas. Six species. - - Pollicipes cornucopia. - P. scalpellum. - P. homii. - P. mitella. - P. peronii. - - · · · · · - - P. Mortoni.* - - - 9. Genus _Cineras_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Body pedunculated, and encased in a membranous tunic, which is -swollen above, with an opening below the summit, from which protrude -many ciliated articulated arms. - -_Shell._ Composed of five testaceous oblong valves, two at the sides of -the aperture and three on the back, not covering the whole of the body; -supported by a peduncle of a greenish colour with several longitudinal -stripes. Inhabits the British coast. One species. - - Cineras vittata. - - - 10. Genus _Otion_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Body pedunculated, enveloped in a membranous tunic, which is -ventricose above; two horn-like tubes, directed backwards, truncated, -and open at their points, and situated in the apex of the tunic; having -a lateral opening, with many articulated and ciliated arms. - -_Shell._ Composed of two testaceous valves, attached near the lateral -opening, the centre aperture admitting the animal’s tentaculæ, the -singular form of which prevents its being blended with the genus cineras -without a further examination of its structure. Inhabits the North seas. -Two species. - - Otion Cuvieri. - O. Blainvillii. - - - - - CLASS III. - CONCHIFERA. - - -_Animal._ Soft, inarticulated, always fixed in a bivalve shell, without -head or eyes, having the mouth naked, concealed, and without any hard -parts; a large mantle enveloping the whole of the body, forming two -laminiform lobes; the edges detached or sometimes united in front. Gills -or respiratory organs external, situated on each side between the body -and the mantle; circulation simple, the heart with one ventricle; some -few ganglions of the different nerves, but no knotted medullary cord. - -_Shell._ Always bivalve, enveloping the animal entirely or partially, -sometimes free, sometimes affixed; the valves most frequently united on -one side by a hinge or ligament. Sometimes attached to the shell are -testaceous accessory pieces. Twenty families. - - - FAMILY I. - - TUBICOLA. Six Genera. - - - 1. Genus _Aspergillum_. Pl. V. - -_Animal._ Entirely unknown. - -_Shell._ Oval, somewhat elongated, striated longitudinally, conic, -club-shaped, having two valves incrusted on one side of the club, open -at its attenuated extremity, and terminated at the other by a convex -disk, pierced by a number of small perforations, and encircled by a -dilated margin of papyraceous tubes, resembling a plaited ruff—smaller -extremity always open. This is a well known, but rare shell, found in -sandy places in low water in the Indian ocean. Four species. - - Aspergillum Javanum. - A. vaginiferum. - A. Novæ Zælandiæ. - A. agglutinans. - - - 2. Genus _Clavagella_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ A tubular sheath, testaceous, attenuated, and open before; -terminating posteriorly in an oval, sub-compressed club, roughened by -spiniform tubes—one valve fixed in the side of the club, the other free -in the tube. Inhabits the Indian seas. Four species. - - Clavagella aperta. - C. cristata. - C. tibialis. - C. Brocchii. - - - 3. Genus _Fistulana_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Provided with two protuberant calcareous tubes, covering parts -of its body at the open end of the tube, each of which is terminated -with from five to eight cup-shaped calcareous or corneous appendages. It -inhabits the sand, and perforates wood, stones, and sometimes shells. - -_Shell._ Lamarck asserts that the tube and shell of this genus are quite -distinct. They have the shell free and detached within the sheath, and -neither of the valves fixed into the partition of the tube, which is -most generally testaceous, closed, and retort-shaped at the posterior -extremity. Inhabits the Indian seas. Four species. - - Fistulana clava. - F. corniformis. - F. gregata. - F. lagenula. - - - 4. Genus _Septaria_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ A very long testaceous tube, gradually attenuated to its upper -end, and divided internally by vaulted divisions seldom complete, the -extremity of which is terminated by two slender tubes without interior -partitions. Specimens of this genus have been found five feet long. -Found in sand on the shores of the Indian seas. Two species. - - Septaria arenaria. - S. maculata. - - - 5. Genus _Teredina_. Pl. VI. - -A fossil genus; consisting of a testaceous cylindrical sheath, the -posterior extremity closed, and exhibiting the two valves of the shell -it encloses; the anterior end open. Two fossil species. - - - 6. Genus _Teredo_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Body very much elongated, vermiform: mantle very fine, -tubular, opening only at front and below for the issue of a teat-shaped -foot; mouth small; very short, distinct tubes; the inferior or -respiratory one somewhat larger than the superior; labial appendages -short and striated; branchiæ very long, narrow, united, and prolonged -throughout the extent of the tubular cavity of the mantle; only one -large contractile muscle between the valves; at the point of junction of -the mantle and tubes is a muscular ring, in which is implanted a pair of -corneo-calcareous appendages. - -_Shell._ Thick, solid, very short or annular, open before and behind; -valves equal, equilateral, angular and trenchant before, only touching -each other by the opposite edges; no hinge; a considerable spoon-like -cavity; only one feeble muscular impression. Tube more or less distinct -from the substance in which the animal lives, cylindrical, straight or -winding, and closing with age at the buccal extremity so as to envelope -the animal and its shell; at the other end it is always open, and -divided internally into two syphons by a partition in the middle. -Inhabits the European seas in timber. Three species. - - Teredo navalis. - T. palmulata. - T. gigantea. - - - FAMILY II. - - PHOLADARIA. Two Genera. - - - 1. Genus _Pholas_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Without a tubular sheath, projecting anteriorly into two -united tubes, frequently surrounded by a common skin, and the posterior -extremity provided with a short muscular foot, flattened at its -extremity. - -_Shell._ Multivalve, equivalve, transverse, gaping at both ends, with -various accessory pieces either on the hinge or below it. Inhabits the -Indian seas and American shores. Eighteen species. - - Pholas dactyla. - P. orientalis. - P. candida. - P. dactiloides. - P. papyracea. - P. tuberculata. - P. silicula. - P. callosa. - - · · · · · - - P. costata.* - P. clavata.* - P. ovum.* - P. lancellata.* - P. crispata.* - P. truncata.* - P. californica.* - P. penita.* - P. oblongata.* - P. cuneiformis.* - - - 2. Genus _Gastrochæna_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -Always without accessory pieces, therefore easily distinguished from the -Pholas. - -_Shell._ Equivalve, somewhat cuneiform with a very large oval and -oblique aperture anteriorly; posterior extremity nearly closed; hinge -linear; marginal and without teeth. Three species. - - Gastrochæna cuneiformis. - G. mytiloides. - G. modiolina. - - - FAMILY III. - - SOLENEA. Four genera. - - - 1. Genus _Solen_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Body cylindroid, much elongated; the mantle in form of a canal -open at both ends, closed in the rest of its extent by a thick epidermis -which surrounds it; a cylindroid anterior foot. - -_Shell._ Equivalve, extremely inequilateral, the summits very small, and -entirely at the commencement of the dorsal line; one or two teeth in the -hinge. Inhabits the seas of America and Europe. Twenty-one species. - - Solen vaginus. - S. corneus. - S. pygmæus. - S. ambiguus. - S. Dombeii. - S. Javanicus. - S. Caribæus. - S. violaceus. - S. antiquatus. - S. vaginoides. - S. siliqua. - S. cultellus. - S. planus. - S. constrictus. - S. coarctatus. - - · · · · · - - S. ensis.* - S. minutus.* - S. viridis.* - S. centralis.* - S. rostratus.* - S. giganteus.* - - - 2. Genus _Panopæa_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -The situation of the ligament, and the prominency of the apex, are the -characters which distinguish it from the Mya. - -_Shell._ Regular oval, elongated, gaping at both ends, equivalve, -inequilateral; summit little marked and anterodorsal; hinge complete; -similen formed by a conical primary tooth, before a short, compressed, -ascending callosity, ligament exterior, attached to the callosity; two -muscular impressions. Inhabits the Mediterranean Sea. One species. - - Panopæa Aldrovandi. - - - 3. Genus _Solecurtus_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Oval, elongated, equivalve, subequilateral, with edges nearly -straight and parallel, the extremities equally rounded, and, as it -were, truncated; summits but little marked; hinge without teeth, or -formed by some rudimentary primary teeth, ligament projecting, affixed -to thickened callosities; two distinct rounded muscular -impressions.—Mediterranean Sea and coasts of America. Ten species. - - Solecurtus radiatus. - S. strigilatus. - S. legumen. - - · · · · · - - S. fragilis.* - S. costatus.* - S. Caribæus.* - S. lucidus.* - S. Nuttallii.* - S. subteres.* - S. Californianus.* - - - 4. Genus _Glycimeris_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -The few species of this genus yet known have been blended, by previous -authors, either with the Mya or Solen, but from either they are easily -distinguished. - -_Shell._ Covered with epidermis, slightly irregular, elongated, gaping -at both ends, equivalve, exceedingly inequilateral; summits little -marked; hinge toothless; a longitudinal callosity. Ligament exterior, -affixed to very projecting callosities on the shortest side of the -shell; two distinct muscular impressions. Inhabits the North seas. Two -species. - - Glycimeris margaritacea. - G. siliqua. - - - FAMILY IV. - - MYARIA. Two genera. - - - 1. Genus _Mya_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Subcylindrical, enveloped in a mantle pierced only with one -interior and inferior hole for the passage of a very small and conical -foot; the tubes very considerable, and completely united; a tolerably -large mouth, oval, and with simple lips; very small labial appendages: -branchial laminæ inconsiderable; the external very short, the internal -united with that of the opposite side. - -_Shell._ Surrounded with a thick epidermis, which is prolonged upon the -tubes and the edges of the mantle of the animal; tolerably solid, with -fine trenchant edges; the summits very little marked; hinge dissimilar; -one or two oblique cardinal folds, divergent, behind a horizontal -spoon-shaped hollow upon the left valve, corresponding with a hollow; -horizontal and cardinal in the right valve; two distinct muscular -impressions. Inhabits the British and American coasts. Eight species. - - Mya truncata. - M. arenaria. - M. erodona. - M. solenimyalis. - - · · · · · - - M. hyalina.* - M. cancellata.* - M. acuta.* - M. mercenaria.* - - - 2. Genus _Anatina_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Transverse, subequivalve, gaping at both valves, or in one -only; no cardinal teeth; one broad primary tooth in both valves, -projecting interiorly; a lateral plate running obliquely under the -primary teeth. Sometimes there is a fissure extending from the apex, -giving the appearance of a second plate or rib. Inhabits the British and -American seas. Twelve species. - - Anatina laterna. - A. truncata. - A. subrostrata. - A. trapezoides. - A. rugosa. - A. imperfecta. - A. longirostris. - A. globulosa. - A. myalis. - A. rupicola. - - · · · · · - - A. Leana.* - A. papyracea.* - - - FAMILY V. - - MACTRACEA. Seven genera. - - - 1. Genus _Lutraria_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Body oval, much compressed, or subcylindrical; the mantle -enclosed only in the half of its inferior side: foot small and -projecting but little beyond the abdominal mass, tubes long, distinct or -united. This genus is perfectly distinct from the Mactra, to which it -formerly belonged, on account of its having no lateral teeth. It is -called by De Blainville, Lutricola, from its being found very deep in -mud or sand at the mouth of rivers. - -_Shell._ Oval or elongated, regular, equivalve, more or less -inequilateral, sometimes but slightly gaping: edges always simple and -trenchant; summits feebly marked; hinge subsimilar, formed by two very -small divergent cardinal teeth; two very distinct muscular impressions -united by a palleal impression profoundly sineous to the rear. Inhabits -the seas of Europe and America. Fourteen species. - - Lutraria solenoides. - L. rugosa. - L. compressa. - L. piperata. - L. tellinoides. - L. candida. - L. elliptica. - L. papyracea. - L. plicatella. - L. crassiplica. - L. complanata. - - · · · · · - - L. lineata.* - L. Nuttallii.* - L. caniculata.* - - - 2. Genus _Mactra_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Body oval and pretty thick; edges of the mantle thick, smooth, -or without tentacular papillæ, augmented behind by two indistinct tubes; -mouth small and oval; labial appendages narrow; branchial laminæ very -small, and united in their length among themselves and with those of the -opposite side; foot oval, trenchant, very long. - -_Shell._ The Mactra has a peculiar hinge distinguishing it from all -other genera. It is triangular, with a curved or angular compressed -tooth on each valve, with a small oblique cavity on each side, to which -is attached the ligament. Two lateral teeth, one near the primary tooth -and one near the ligament. The shape of the shell is subtriangular or -oblong; exterior smooth, striated, or ribbed transversely; two muscular -impressions united by a narrow marginal tongue. Inhabits the British and -American coasts. Forty-four species. - - Mactra spengleri. - M. striatella. - M. carinata. - M. straminea. - M. Australis. - M. violacea. - M. fasciata. - M. turgida. - M. plicataria - M. rufescens. - M. maculata. - M. subplicata. - M. triangularis. - M. lactea. - M. abbreviata. - M. crassatella. - M. helvacea. - M. grandis. - M. stultorum. - M. maculosa. - M. ovalina. - M. castanea. - M. rufa. - M. squalida. - M. brasiliana. - M. donacina. - M. depressa. - M. lilacea. - M. trigonella. - M. deltoides. - M. alata. - - · · · · · - - M. gigantea.* - M. solida.* - M. oblonga.* - M. californica.* - M. arctata.* - M. nucleus.* - M. alba.* - M. similis.* - M. fragilis.* - M. lateralis.* - M. deaurata.* - M. planulata.* - M. tellinoides.* - - - 3. Genus _Crassatella_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Close, suborbicular or transverse, striated longitudinally, -denticulated, regular, equivalve, inequilateral, summits well marked, -and turned to the front: primary teeth somewhat divergent with a hollow -at the side; no lateral teeth nor obsolete ones; ligament internal and -inserted into a pit in the hinge. It is easily known from the Mactra and -Lutraria by the valves fitting exactly. The living species of this genus -only exist in the seas of Australasia, while in a fossil state we find -at least seven species in France. Eleven species. - - Crassatella kingicola. - C. donacina. - C. sulcata. - C. rostrata. - C. glabrata. - C. subradiata. - C. contraria. - C. cuneata. - C. Erycinæa. - C. cycladea. - C. striata. - - - 4. Genus _Erycina_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Somewhat longer than high, subtrigonal, regular equivalved, -inequilateral, gaping but little or not at all; summits well marked and -a little inclined to the front; hinge subsimilar; two unequal cardinal -teeth converging to the summit; two oblong, compressed, short, and -inserted lateral teeth; ligament internal and situated in a pit. Owing -to the equivocal character of this genus it is somewhat difficult to -judge of the hinge. Inhabits the Indian and American seas. Two species. - - Erycina cardioides. - E. striata. - - - 5. Genus _Ungulina_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Vertical or sublongitudinal, a little irregular, not gaping, -equivalve, subequilateral, with summits a little marked; hinge dorsal, -formed by a cardinal tooth; two long muscular impressions, one short -primary cleft tooth in each valve, with an oblong groove divided in the -middle of the margin, ligament internal inserted in a pit. Two species. - - Ungulina oblonga. - U. transversa. - - - 6. Genus _Solemya_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Covered with a thick epidermis, enclosing it entirely except at -the extremities, regular, somewhat thick, oval, elongated, straight and -parallel edges, also rounded at its two extremities, valves equal, very -inequilateral; the anterior side much longer than the posterior; summits -feebly marked; hinge subsimilar, formed by a cardinal tooth, dilated, -compressed, and a little reflexed above; subexterior ligament inserted -upon the tooth, and nearly at the posterior extremity of the shell; two -small, rounded, widely separated muscular impressions, without any -visible abdominal impression. Four species. - - Solemya Australis. - S. Mediterranea. - - · · · · · - - S. velum.* - S. borealis.* - - - 7. Genus _Amphidesma_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Very imperfectly known. - -_Shell._ Transverse, inequilateral, somewhat rounded or suboval; sides -slightly gaping; hinge with one or two cardinal teeth, and a narrow -groove for the internal ligament; ligament double, the external one -short, the internal one fixed in the internal grooves. The two ligaments -distinguish this genus from all other bivalves. Inhabits the West Indian -and American seas. Forty-five species. - - Amphidesma variegatum. - A. donacillum. - A. lacteum. - A. corneum. - A. albellum. - A. flexuosum. - A. prismaticum. - A. phaseolinum. - A. Tenuii. - A. purpurescens. - A. nucleolum. - A. physioides. - A. pulchrum. - A. pallidum. - A. formosum. - A. roseum. - A. corbuloides. - A. glabrellum. - A. lucinale. - A. Boysii. - A. lenticulare. - A. cancellatum. - A. reticulatum. - A. duplicatum. - A. læve. - A. prismaticum. - A. ellipticum. - A. subtruncatum. - A. solidum. - A. cordiforme. - A. rupium. - A. lamellosum. - A. crenulatum. - A. punctatum. - A. multicostatum. - A. siculum. - - · · · · · - - A. transversum.* - A. rubro-lineata.* - A. decisa.* - A. bellastriata.* - A. orbiculata.* - A. equalis.* - A. punctata.* - A. radiata.* - A. lepida.* - - - FAMILY VI. - - CORBULACEA. Two genera. - - - 1. Genus _Corbula_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Tolerably solid, regular, inequivalve, inequilateral with a -conical, flexed, ascending, primary tooth in each valve; a cavity at the -side; no lateral teeth; ligament interior, placed in the cavities; two -neighbouring muscular impressions. Inhabits the British and American -seas. Ten species. Four fossil. - - Corbula Australis. - C. sulcata. - C. erythrodon. - C. ovalina. - C. semen. - C. Taitensis. - C. nucleus. - C. impressa. - C. porcina. - - · · · · · - - C. contracta.* - - - 2. Genus _Pandora_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Body much compressed, somewhat elongated, in form of a furrow, -in consequence of the union of the edges of the mantle, and its -continuation with the tubes, which are united and short; foot small, -thickest in front, and issuing through a tolerably large cleft in the -mantle. - -_Shell._ Regular, white, elongated, much compressed, inequivalved, -inequilateral; right or upper valve quite flat, with a fold; summits -feebly marked; hinge anomalous, formed by a transverse cardinal tooth on -the right; valve entering a corresponding cavity in the left; ligament -internal, oblique, triangular, inserted in a somewhat deep pit, with -edges a little projecting on each valve; two round muscular impressions. -Inhabits the Mediterranean, British, and American seas. Four living -species, and two fossils, according to Defrance. - - Pandora rostrata. - P. obtusa. - - · · · · · - - P. trilineata.* - P. punctata.* - - - FAMILY VII. - - LITHOPHAGA. Three genera. - - - 1. Genus _Saxicava_. Pl. VI. - -_Animal._ Long, subcylindrical, the mantle closed in all parts, -prolonged behind by two long tubes, thick and close together externally, -pierced interiorly and in front with a round orifice, for the passage of -a very small foot; mouth very large; labial appendages small; branchial -laminæ free, the external pair much shorter than the internal. - -Lamarck has thought proper to remove this genus from the Mytilus; it -possesses the faculty, like the Pholas, of penetrating rocks and -substances, and cannot be extracted but by breaking the substance in -which it is imbedded. - -_Shell._ Thick, with an epidermis, a little irregular, elongated, -subcylindrical, obtuse at both ends; summits feebly marked; hinge -toothless, or with a very small rudimentary tooth; ligament external, -somewhat inflated; two round muscular impressions distinct, and several -others irregular. Inhabits the British and American seas, in cavities, -which they bore in rocks or wood. Nine species. - - Saxicava rugosa. - S. gallicana. - S. veneriformis. - S. pholadis. - S. Australis. - - · · · · · - - S. distorta.* - S. rhomboides.* - S. carditoides.* - S. californica.* - - - 2. Genus _Petricola_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Subtrigonal, more or less irregular, transverse, inequilateral; -upper side narrowed and a little gaping; lower side rounded; hinge with -two teeth in each valve, or in one valve only. Inhabits the Australian -seas, boring into wood and rocks. Thirteen species. - - Petricola lamellosa. - P. Ochrolenca. - P. Semilamellata. - P. lucinalis. - P. striata. - P. costellata. - P. recellaria. - P. exilis. - P. ruperella. - P. chamoides. - P. pholadiformis. - P. labagella. - P. linguatula. - - - 3. Genus _Venerirupis_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ Unknown, but probably resembling the Venus. - -Another lithophagous shell, taken from the genus Venus, and -distinguished from it by the different disposition of the teeth. - -_Shell._ Transverse, inequilateral, posterior side short, the anterior -gaping slightly. Hinge with two teeth on the right valve, three on the -left, and sometimes three on both—these are small, near together, and -parallel. Ligament exterior. Inhabits the British seas, boring into -rocks and clay. Eight species. - - Venerirupis perforans. - V. nuclea. - V. Ira. - V. corditoides. - V. exotica. - V. distans. - V. crenata. - V. alata. - - - FAMILY VIII. - - NYMPHACEA. Ten Genera. - -This family is divided into N. Solenaria and N. Tellinaria, from their -resemblance to the Solen and Tellina. - -N. SOLENARIA. Three genera. - - - 1. Genus _Sanguinolaria_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Oval, compressed, a little elongated, gaping but little, -equivalve, subequilateral, rounded at both extremities; no mark of -posterior keel; summits feebly marked; hinge formed by one or two -contiguous cardinal teeth upon each valve; ligament projecting, two -round muscular impressions, distant and joined by a narrow palleal -impression strongly sinuous behind. Inhabits the sea at Jamaica and -shores of America. Nine species. - - Sanguinolaria occidens. - S. rosea. - S. alba. - S. livida. - S. rugosa. - - · · · · · - - S. fusca.* - S. lusoria.* - S. Nuttallii.* - S. Californiana.* - - - 2. Genus _Psammobia_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -Resembling the Tellina, from which it was taken, but not having an -irregular plait on the anterior part. - -_Shell._ Transverse, oblong-ovate, or elliptical, flattened, slightly -gaping at one side; summits projecting; hinge formed by two primary -teeth in the left valve, and one in the opposite one Inhabits the -European and American seas. Twenty-one species. - - Psammobia virgata. - P. ferroensis. - P. vespertina. - P. muculosa. - P. alba. - P. Cayennensis. - P. lævigata. - P. Tellinella. - P. cærulescens. - P. elongata. - P. flavicans. - P. squamosa. - P. pulchella. - P. aurantia. - P. fragilis. - P. livida. - P. galathea. - - · · · · · - - P. lusoria.* - P. fusca.* - P. Pacifica.* - P. Florida.* - - - 3. Genus _Psammotæa_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Of the same form as the Psammobia, but differing in the number -of teeth, the left valve of the Psammotæa having only one tooth; and -sometimes one valve is without teeth, while the other has two; ligament -exterior, attached to callosities at the hinge, and without an irregular -plait. Inhabits the Australian seas. Seven species. One fossil species. - - Psammotæa violacea. - P. zonalis. - P. pellucida. - P. candida. - P. tarentina. - P. donacina. - P. serotina. - -N. TELLINARIA. Seven Genera. - -The two last of these genera have no lateral teeth, the rest have one or -two. - - - 4. Genus _Tellina_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ Body triangular, much compressed: the free edge of the mantle -furnished with a row of tentacular, largest and longest in the rear; -foot very large, compressed and pointed to the front; buccal appendages -nearly as large as the bronchial laminæ, of which the external pair are -much smaller than the internal; the anterior contractile muscle larger -than the other; tubes very distinct. - -_Shell._ Of a somewhat variable form, generally striated longitudinally -and much compressed, equivalved, more or less inequilateral; the -anterior side almost always longer and more rounded than the posterior, -which constantly presents a flexuous fold, at least at its inferior -edge; summits feebly marked; hinge similar; one or two cardinal teeth; -two lateral teeth, far apart with a pit at their base in each valve; -ligament posterior, large; round muscular impressions. The finest -species of this beautiful shell are found in the pearl fisheries of -Ceylon; and numerous species on the American shore. Sixty-eight species. - - Tellina unimaculata. - T. virgata. - T. semizonalis. - T. staurella. - T. lutirostra. - T. rostrata. - T. Spengleri. - T. radiata. - T. crucigera. - T. elliptica. - T. albinella. - T. rosea. - T. foliacea. - T. operculata. - T. chloraleuca. - T. remies. - T. sulcata. - T. crassa. - T. exilis. - T. donacina. - T. nitida. - T. striatula. - T. decussata. - T. obliqua. - T. nymphalis. - T. capsoides. - T. seradiata. - T. margaritina. - T. strigosa. - T. planata. - T. depressa. - T. pulchella. - T. fabula. - T. tenuis. - T. sulphurea. - T. cornuta. - T. iris. - T. levigata. - T. linguafelis. - T. rugosa. - T. lacunosa. - T. gargadia. - T. pristis. - T. gigas. - T. scalaris. - T. psammotella. - T. scobinata. - T. Brasiliana. - T. umbonella. - T. deltoidalis. - T. multangula. - T. solidula. - T. polygona. - - · · · · · - - T. ostracea.* - T. intastriata.* - T. polita.* - T. tenera.* - T. flexuosa.* - T. secta.* - T. decorate.* - T. lateralis.* - T. alternata.* - T. vimaculata.* - T. pumicea.* - T. alta.* - T. nasuta.* - T. lineata.* - T. sordida.* - - - 5. Genus _Tellinides_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -This genus is very nearly allied to the Psammobia, Tellina, and Lucina, -but upon close examination it will be found to be distinct from either. - -_Shell._ Equilateral, transverse, somewhat elongated, nearly without the -flexuous plait; two divergent cardinal teeth, of which the anterior is -but little distant from the summit. Inhabits the Bay of Naples. Two -species. One species is found on the shores of America. - - Tellinides Timorensis. - - · · · · · - - T. rosea.* - - - 6. Genus _Corbis_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ Differing slightly from the Lucina. - -This genus was classed by Lamarck with the Lucina, but the great -difference in the organization of the animals discovered by Cuvier, has -made this a distinct genus. - -_Shell._ Equivalve, transverse, without any irregular fold on the -anterior margin, having the beaks flexed inward and opposite; two -cardinal teeth; two lateral, the posterior of which is nearest the -hinge; muscular impressions simple, ligament external. Inhabits the -Indian Ocean. - - Corbis fimbriata. - C. maculata. - - - 7. Genus _Lucina_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ Very imperfectly known. - -_Shell._ Inequilateral, suborbicular, beaks small, pointed, and oblique; -two divergent cardinal teeth, one of which is bifid, and which vary or -disappear with age; two lateral teeth sometimes obsolete, the posterior -approaches nearest to the cardinal teeth; two muscular impressions far -apart, the posterior in shape of a band, sometimes very long; ligament -external. Inhabits the British and American seas. Twenty-six species. - - Lucina Jamaicensis. - L. edentula. - L. radula. - L. lactea. - L. circinaria. - L. columbella. - L. mutabilis. - L. squamosa. - L. Peruviana. - L. fimbriata. - L. undata. - L. divaricata. - L. scabra. - L. sinuata. - L. lutea. - L. globularis. - L. digitalis. - L. Pecten. - L. reticulata. - L. carmaria. - L. concentrica. - - · · · · · - - L. bella.* - L. Pennsylvania.* - L. sphæroides.* - L. Californica.* - L. Nuttallii.* - - - 8. Genus _Donax_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ As in Tellina. - -_Shell._ Transverse, inequilateral, equivalve; anterior side short and -obtuse; two primary teeth in one or both valves; one or two lateral -teeth varying in distance; two round muscular impressions; ligament, -external, short, and inserted at the posterior impression. Inhabits the -seas of Europe and America. Thirty-one species. - - Donax pubescens. - D. cuneata. - D. radians. - D. abbreviata. - D. ringens. - D. Cayennensis. - D. denticulata. - D. cinatina. - D. cardioides. - D. scorta. - D. compressa. - D. columbella. - D. Australis. - D. bicolor. - D. merois. - D. scripta. - D. trunculata. - D. fiabagella. - D. Martiniænsis. - D. triquetra. - D. rugosa. - D. elongata. - D. deltoides. - D. veneriformis. - D. Vittata. - D. granosa. - D. epidermia. - D. minima. - - · · · · · - - D. variabilis.* - D. fossar.* - D. Californica.* - - - 9. Genus _Capsa_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ Transverse, equivalve, valves approximate and close; three -primary teeth in the right valve, and a single bifid tooth in the left, -inserted into a cavity in the opposite one; no lateral teeth; ligament -external and on the short side, as in Donax, from which it was separated -by Lamarck, on account of the peculiarity of the hinge, inhabits the -Indian Ocean. Three species. - - Capsa levigata. - C. Braziliensis. - C. Donaoides. - - - 10. Genus _Crassina_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ Distinguished from the Venus by having only two teeth on each -valve, and from the crasatella by the position of the ligament; solid, -suborbicular, thick, hinge with two strong diverging primary teeth in -the right valve, and two unequal ones on the other; ligament external. -Inhabits the Scottish and Devonshire coasts. One species. - - Crassina Danmoniensis. - - - FAMILY IX. - - CONCHACEA. Seven Genera. - -This family is divided into _Conchæ Marinæ_, and _Conchæ Fluviatiles_. - - - CONCHÆ MARINÆ. Four Genera. - - - 1. _Cyprina._ Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ Thick, oval, foot compressed, falciform, geniculated mantle -closed behind, and pierced by two oval apertures with cirrous edges: no -veritable tubes. - -_Shell._ With epidermis; thick, regular, substriated longitudinally, -sub-cordiform, equivalved, inequilateral; summits strongly flexed to the -front and often contiguous; hinge thick, subsimilar, formed by three -slightly converging cardinal teeth, and by a posterior lateral tooth, -sometimes obsolete; ligament very thick; muscular impressions distant, -subcircular, and united by a narrow marginal band. Inhabits the Atlantic -Ocean and British seas. Two living species. Seven fossil. - - Cyprina tennistria. - C. Icelandica. - - - 2. Genus _Cytherea_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ Oval or round, generally but little compressed; edges of the -mantle undulous, and garnished with tentacular cirri in one row; foot -considerable, compressed, trenchant, in other respects diversiform; -tubes tolerably elongated, and most usually united; mouth small; labial -appendages quite small; branchiæ wide, short, free, or not united either -with one another or with those of the opposite side. - -_Shell._ Solid, equivalve, regular, inequilateral; summits equal, -reflexed, and slightly projecting; four primary teeth on one valve, of -which three are divergent, and approximating at the base, and one -remote—this circumstance easily distinguishing it from the Venus. On the -other valve are three primary divergent teeth with a distant cavity -parallel with the edge. Inhabits the British, Mediterranean, and -American seas. Eighty-three living species. Nine fossil. - - Cytherea petechialis. - C. morphina. - C. Castanea. - C. casta. - C. lusoria. - C. graphica. - C. impudica. - C. purpurata. - C. zonaria. - C. tigrina. - C. pulicaris. - C. numulina. - C. abbreviata. - C. pectinata. - C. flexuosa. - C. ranella. - C. lunularis. - C. divaricata. - C. corbicula. - C. meretrix. - C. tripla. - C. erycina. - C. impar. - C. Guiniensis. - C. pectoralis. - C. Arabica. - C. Florida. - C. immaculata. - C. Chione. - C. hepatica. - C. citrina. - C. lactea. - C. lata. - C. lincta. - C. trigonella. - C. prostrata. - C. Hebræa. - C. tigerina. - C. ornata. - C. umbonella. - C. castrensis. - C. picta. - C. scripta. - C. mixta. - C. muscaria. - C. plicatina. - C. dentaria. - C. nodulosa. - C. cuneata. - C. lunaris. - C. placunella. - C. cygnus. - C. juvenilis. - C. gigantea. - C. Venetiana. - C. lilacina. - C. rufa. - C. erycinella. - C. Dione. - C. planatella. - C. trimaculata. - C. nitidula. - C. pellucida. - C. maculata. - C. lucinalis. - C. albina. - C. exoleta. - C. mactroides. - C. concentrica. - C. sulcatina. - C. interrupta. - C. punctata. - C. undatina. - C. gibbia. - C. macrodon. - C. testudinalis. - C. rugifera. - C. aspergata. - C. squamosa. - C. cardilla. - - · · · · · - - C. occulta.* - C. callosa.* - C. crassatelloides.* - - - 3. Genus _Venus_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ Solid, thick, regular, perfectly equivalved and close, more or -less inequilateral; summits well marked and inclined to the front; hinge -subsimilar; the middle cardinal tooth forked, or three cardinal teeth -more or less contiguous and convergent towards the summits; ligament -thick, often arcuated, convex, exterior; two distant muscular -impressions; cordiform depressions beneath the beaks. Inhabits the -British and American seas. One hundred living species. Nine fossil. - - Venus reticulata. - V. rugosa. - V. corbis. - V. crebiscula. - V. discina. - V. cancellata. - V. marica. - V. sulcaria. - V. cardivides. - V. texturata. - V. elliptica. - V. rariflamma. - V. mercenaria. - V. pullastra. - V. gallina. - V. truncata. - V. pectinula. - V. anomala. - V. lamellata. - V. exilis. - V. rufa. - V. Scotica. - V. hiantina. - V. virginea. - V. corugata. - V. ovulæa. - V. papilionacea. - V. callipyga. - V. punctifera - V. nebulosa - V. literata - Venus floridella. - V. aphrodina. - V. pulchella. - V. aphrodinoides. - V. tristis. - V. flammea. - V. puerpera. - V. verrucosa. - V. pygmæa. - V. casina. - V. crenulata. - V. plicata. - V. granulata. - V. pectorina. - V. cingulata. - V. textilis. - V. grisea. - V. geographica. - V. Dombeii. - V. decussata. - V. lagopus. - V. glandina. - V. gallinula. - V. retifera. - V. sulcata. - V. galactites. - V. exalbida. - V. scalarina. - V. dorsata. - V. aurea. - V. crassisulca. - V. carneola. - V. petalina. - V. cornularis. - V. adspersa. - V. opima. - V. turgida. - V. flammiculata. - V. strigosa. - V. Perronii. - V. elegantina. - V. undulosa. - V. vermiculosa. - V. vulvina. - V. marmorata. - V. Malabarica. - V. laterisulca. - V. subrostrata. - V. phaseolina. - V. Florida. - V. bicolor. - V. catenifera. - V. sinuosa. - V. rimularis. - V. ovata. - V. pumila. - V. inquinata. - - · · · · · - - V. notata.* - V. præparea.* - V. elevata.* - V. inequalis.* - V. castanea.* - V. Nuttallii* - V. staminea.* - V. Californica.* - V. lamellifera.* - V. Mortoni.* - - - 4. Genus _Venericardia_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ Nearly as above. - -_Shell._ Suborbicular, inequilateral, equivalve, sides having usually -longitudinally rayed ribs; hinge with two oblique cardinal teeth in each -valve, turned in the same direction. Five living species. Ten fossil -species. - - Venericardia Australis. - V. imbricata. - V. flammea. - V. Tankervillii. - V. crassicosta. - - - CONCHÆ FLUVIATILES. Three Genera. - - - 5. Genus _Cyclas_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ Body oval, thick; edges of the mantle simple; tubes short and -united; foot wide, compressed at base, and terminated by a sort of leg -or appendage. - -The shells of this genus are very small, found buried in the mud of -fresh waters; summits never eroded, but some species are so thin as to -be transparent. - -_Shell._ With an epidermis, oval, or suborbicular, regular, equivalved, -inequilateral; summits obtuse, contiguous or turned anteriorly; hinge -similar, complex, formed by a slightly variable number of cardinal -teeth, and by two separated lateral teeth with a pit at the base; -ligament exterior, posterior, and inflated; two distant muscular -impressions, united by a faintly marked abdominal band, and without -posterior excavation. Fifteen species. - - Cyclas cornea. - C. obliqua. - C. obtusalis. - C. Australis. - C. striatina. - C. rivicola. - C. lacustris. - C. calyculata. - C. fontinalis. - C. sulcata. - - · · · · · - - C. Sarratogea.* - C. Rhomboidea.* - C. similis.* - C. Partumeia.* - C. dubia.* - - - 6. Genus _Cyrena_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ Rounded and trigonal, ventricose, inequilateral; hinge with -three teeth on each valve; two lateral teeth, one of which is near the -primary ones; ligament exterior, situated on the largest side. The -apices are always eroded or carious in shells of this genus. Inhabits -the rivers of China. One is found on the coast of Carolina. Ten living -species. One fossil. - - Cyrena orientalis. - C. depressa. - C. fuscata. - C. violacea. - C. Ceylonica. - C. trigonella. - C. cor. - C. fluminea. - C. Bengalensis. - - · · · · · - - C. Caroliniensis.* - - - 7. Genus _Galathea_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ Equivalve, subtrigonal, covered with a greenish epidermis; the -surface beneath is white, with several violet streaks radiating from the -summit to the margin; two furrowed cardinal teeth upon one valve, three -upon the other, the middle one being largest and callous; muscular -impressions double and lateral. Inhabits the rivers of Ceylon. One -species. - - Galathea radiata. - - - FAMILY X. - - CARDIACEA. Five Genera. - - - 1. Genus _Cardium_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ Body somewhat inflated; mantle edged with tentacular cirri in -all its inferior part; tubes united, of moderate size, and provided with -cirri at the extremity; mouth transverse, very wide, with moderate -labial appendages; foot very large, cylindrical, somewhat inclined -anteriorly; branchiæ thick, rather small, especially the external -laminæ: the internal united in all their extent. - -_Shell._ Inflated, equivalve, sub-cordiform (when viewed anteriorly, -usually costated from the apex to the circumference); summits very -evident, but slightly flexed to the front; hinge complex, similar, -formed of two oblique, conical cardinal teeth, and of two distant -lateral teeth, upon each valve; ligament dorsal, posterior and very -short. Inhabits the European and American seas. Fifty-seven living -species. Fourteen fossil. - - Cardium indicum. - C. Asiaticum. - C. fimbriatum. - C. aculeatum. - C. tuberculatum. - C. apertum. - C. bullatum. - C. echinatum. - C. biradiatum. - C. pectinatum. - C. isocardium. - C. angulatum. - C. serratum. - C. costatum. - C. ringens. - C. tennicostatum. - C. psudolima. - C. crinaceum. - C. Basilianum. - C. papyraceum. - C. ciliare. - C. levigatum. - C. eolicum. - C. elongatum. - C. rugosum. - C. unedo. - C. medinum. - C. tumotiferum. - C. retusum. - C. rusticum. - C. Greendlandicum. - C. crenulatum. - C. minotum. - C. scobinatum. - C. cardissum. - C. inversum. - C. ventricosum. - C. obtusum. - C. fragum. - C. lineatum. - C. edule. - C. latum. - C. exigunum. - C. rosenum. - C. hemicardium. - C. Junoniæ. - C. muricatum. - C. marmoreum. - C. sulcatum. - C. cifidium. - - · · · · · - - C. Mortonii.* - C. substriatum.* - C. Nuttallii.* - C. Californianum.* - C. quadragenarium.* - C. Pennulatum.* - C. pubescens.* - - - 2. Genus _Cardita_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ Body suborbicular, terminated superiorly by a sort of hook; -mantle but little open; foot terminated at its extremity by a part much -narrower than the base; superior lobes of the branchiæ very short. - -_Shell._ Thick, solid, equivalve, more or less inequilateral; summit -dorsal always much flexed anteriorly; hinge similar, formed by two -oblique teeth, one short, cardinal or apicial, the other postapicial, -long, lamellous and arcuated; ligament elongated, subexterior and -inserted; two very distinct muscular impressions, united by a palleal -band, narrow and semicircular. Inhabits the Mediterranean and American -seas. Twenty-three living species. Four fossil. - - Cardita Ajar. - C. squamosa. - C. crassicosta. - C. calyculata. - C. nodulosa. - C. trapezia. - C. sulcata. - C. turgida. - C. phrenetica. - C. rufescens. - C. subaspera. - C. intermedia. - C. depressa. - C. sinuata. - C. citrina. - C. orbularis. - C. bicolor. - C. concamerata. - C. aviculina. - C. sublevigata. - C. lithophagella. - - · · · · · - - C. borealis.* - C. incrassata.* - - - 3. Genus _Cypricardia_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ Obliquely elongated, equivalve, inequilateral; valves striated, -not ribbed; distinguished from the Cardita by having three teeth beneath -the apices, and a callous lengthened tooth or ridge. Inhabits the coast -of Guinea and California. Five living species. Three fossil. - - Cypricardia angulata. - C. Guinaica. - C. coralliophaga. - C. rostrata. - - · · · · · - - C. Californica.* - - - 4. Genus _Hiatella_. Pl. VII. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Thin, elongated, subrhomboidal, equivalve, very inequilateral, -gaping at its inferior edge, and at its posterior extremity; summit very -anterior, and much flexed to the front; hinge formed of a single tooth -upon one valve corresponding to an emargination in the opposite valve, -or of a small tooth with a cardinal pit upon each valve; ligament -exterior and dorsal. Inhabits the British seas. Two species. - - Hiatella Arctica. - H. biaperta. - - - 5. Genus _Isocardia_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ Body very thick: edges of the mantle finely papillaceous, -separated inferiorly, and united behind by a transverse band, pierced -with two orifices surrounded with radiating papillæ; foot small, -compressed, trenchant. - -_Shell._ Free, regular, inflated, equivalve, very inequilateral, with -diverging summits, strongly flexed anteriorly and outwardly, in a -commencing spiral, hinge dorsal, long, similar, formed of two flat -cardinal teeth and one lamellous behind the ligament; ligament dorsal, -exterior, diverging anteriorly towards the summit; muscular impressions -very distant and small. Inhabits the Mediterranean and British seas. -Four living species. One fossil. - - Isocardia Moltikana. - I. retusum. - I. cor. - I. semisulcata. - - - FAMILY XI. - - ARCACEA. Four Genera. - - - 1. Genus _Arca_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ Body thick, slightly variable in form; abdomen provided with a -pedunculated foot, compressed, fit for adhesion, and cleft throughout -its extent; mantle supplied with a simple row of cirri and slightly -prolonged posteriorly; buccal tentacula very small and very thin. - -_Shell._ Somewhat diversiform, but most usually elongated and more or -less oblique at the posterior extremity, often very inequilateral; -summits more or less distant and little flexed to the front; hinge -anomalous, straight, or a little flexed, long, and formed by a line of -short vertical teeth, decreasing from the extremities to the centre; -ligament exterior, wide, nearly as much before as behind the summit; two -muscular impressions united by a band or palleal impression, not very -distinct. Inhabits the American and British seas. Forty-one living -species. Nine fossil. - - Arca semitorta. - A. tetragona. - A. sinuata. - A. cardissa. - A. retusa. - A. ovata. - A. scapha. - A. fusca. - A. Domingensis. - A. trapezina. - A. inequivalvis. - A. tortuosa. - A. Noæ. - A. umbonata. - A. avellana. - A. ventricosa. - A. sulcata. - A. Helbingii. - A. barbata. - A. Magellanica. - A. pisolina. - A. callifera. - A. bisulcata. - A. senilis. - A. auriculata. - A. Cayennensis. - A. antiquata. - A. Braziliana. - A. lactea. - A. cancellaria. - A. irudina. - A. rhombea. - A. corbicula. - A. Indica. - A. granosa. - A. squamosa. - A. pistachia. - - · · · · · - - A. ponderosa.* - A. pexata.* - A. incongrua.* - A. transversa.* - - - 2. Genus _Cucullæa_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ Trapeziform, inequilateral, equivalve, heart-shaped; beaks far -apart, separated by the angular groove of the ligament, which is -altogether external; hinge linear, straight, with small transverse -teeth, having at its extremity from two to five parallel ribs; valves -minutely striated longitudinally; margins crenulated. The Cucullæa is -distinguished from the Arca by the muscular impression, to one side of -which is an auriform testaceous appendage; the shell also is more -trapeziform. Inhabits the Indian ocean. One living species. One fossil. - - Cucullæa auriculifera. - - - 3. Genus _Pectunculus_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ Body round, more or less compressed; mantle without cirri or -tubes; foot securiform, cleft at its inferior anterior edge; buccal -appendages linear. - -_Shell._ Orbicular, equivalve, subequilateral; summit nearly vertical, -and more or less distant; hinge formed upon each valve, of a numerous -series of small teeth disposed in a curved line, sometimes interrupted -beneath the summit; ligament as in Arca, but usually much narrower. -Inhabits the British and Mediterranean seas. Twenty-two living species. -Nine fossil. - - Pectunculus pilosus. - P. marmoratus. - P. Pennaceus. - P. castaneus. - P. angulatus. - P. palleus. - P. zonalis. - P. glycimeris. - P. undulatus. - P. scriptus. - P. stellatus. - P. violacescens. - P. aggregatus. - P. striatularis. - P. pectinatus. - P. rubeus. - P. pectiniformis. - P. nummarius. - P. radiatus. - P. vitreus. - P. inscriptus. - P. cinerosus. - - - 4. Genus _Nucula_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ Body subtriquetral; mantle open in its inferior half only, -with whole edges, denticulated throughout the extent of the back, -without posterior prolongation; foot very large, thin at the root, -enlarged into a wide oval disk, the edges of which are furnished with -tentacular digitations; anterior buccal appendages, pretty long, -pointed, stiff, and applied one against the other like jaws; the -posterior ones also stiff and vertical. - -_Shell._ More or less thick, subtriquetral, equivalved, inequilateral, -with summits contiguous and inclined anteriorly; hinge similar, formed -by a numerous series of very sharp teeth, pectinated and arranged in a -line interrupted under the summit; ligament internal, short, inserted in -a little oblique pit in each valve; two muscular impressions. Inhabits -the British and American seas. Forty-five living species. Four fossil. - - Nucula lanceolata. - N. pella. - N. obliqua. - N. elongata. - N. tellinoides. - N. crenifera. - N. Arctica. - N. curvirostra. - N. glacialis. - N. fluviatilis. - N. minuta. - N. para. - N. Mauritania. - N. rostrata. - N. Nicobarica. - N. Margaritacea. - N. Costellata. - N. gibbosa. - N. eburnea. - N. polita. - N. nasuta. - N. fabula. - N. Elenensis. - N. cuneata. - N. striata. - N. rugulosa. - N. Limatula. - N. lævis. - N. concentrica. - N. decussata. - N. exigua. - N. squamosa. - N. gigantea. - N. nitida. - N. tenuis. - N. convexa. - N. Pisum. - N. carinifera. - N. torta. - N. plicaria. - - · · · · · - - N. navicularis.* - N. tenuisulta.* - N. proxima.* - N. acuta.* - N. myalis.* - - - FAMILY XII. - - TRIGONACEA. Two genera. - - - 1. Genus _Trigonia_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ Entirely unknown. - -_Shell._ Subtrigonal or suborbicular, thick, regular, equivalve, -inequilateral; summits but slightly prominent, little flexed, -anterodorsal; hinge complex, dorsal, dissimilar; two thick oblong teeth -joined angularly under the summit, strongly furrowed upon the right -valve, penetrating into two excavations of the same form, also furrowed, -in the left valve; ligament postapicial; two distinct muscular -impressions, not united by a band. Inhabits the Australian seas. One -living species. Fifteen fossil. - - Trigonia pectinata. - - - 2. Genus _Castalia_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ Body large, slightly compressed, or moderately thick, more or -less oval; mantle with thick edges, simple or broken, open in all its -circumference except towards the back a kind of small, incomplete tube, -furnished with two rows of somewhat elongated cirri for the respiratory -cavity; flamelliform and trenchant. - -_Shell._ Subtrigonal, equivalve, inequilateral; umbones eroded, covered -with epidermis, and flexed anteriorly; hinge with two lamellar teeth -transversely striated, one distant, posterior and shortened, the other -anterior, long, and lateral; ligament exterior. Habitation unknown. One -species. - - Castalia ambigua. - - - FAMILY XIII. - - NAIADEA. Four genera. - - - 1. Genus _Unio_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ See _Castalia_. - -_Shell._ Usually very thick, nacred within, covered with epidermis, -corroded at the summits, which are dorsal and subanterior; dorsal hinge -formed by a double precardinal tooth, more or less compressed, -irregularly dentated on the left valve, and simple on the right, -together with a long lamellous tooth under the ligament: ligament -external, dorsal, and postapicial; two muscular impressions, well -marked, besides those of the retractile muscles. The species of this -genus grow more numerous daily; they are found in all countries, but -particularly in North America. One hundred and sixty-seven defined -species. Numerous fossil. - - Unio Batayus. - U. crassissimus. - U. elongatus. - U. litoralis. - U. pictorum. - U. platyrhynchus. - U. marginalis. - U. tigris. - U. Egyptiacus. - U. Niloticus. - U. Leaii. - U. crassidens. - U. obliquus. - U. plicatus. - U. purpuratus. - U. radiatus. - U. rectus. - U. retusus. - U. rotundatus. - U. Australis. - U. Nova Hollandica. - -The following species are American: - - Unio Bengalensis. _Lea._ - U. bilineatus. „ - U. lamellatus. _Lea._ - U. Morchisonianus. „ - U. cæruleus. _Lea._ - U. corrugatus. „ - U. Corrianus. „ - U. Graianus. „ - U. alatus. „ - U. andontoides. „ - U. Augustatus. „ - U. apiculatus. „ - U. arcæformis. „ - U. arctior. „ - U. asperimus. „ - U. asper. „ - U. Blandingianus. „ - U. Barnesianus. „ - U. brevidens. „ - U. camelus. „ - U. capsæformis. „ - U. carbonarius. „ - U. castanus. „ - U. Claibornensis. „ - U. circulus. „ - U. occineus. „ - U. compressus. „ - U. complanatus. „ - U. confertus. „ - U. congaræus. „ - U. contradens. „ - U. Cooperianus. „ - U. creperus. „ - U. cuprinus. „ - U. Cumberlandicus. „ - U. decisus. „ - U. dolabriformis. „ - U. donaciformis. „ - U. Dorfeuillianus. „ - U. uromas. „ - U. ebenus. „ - U. elegans. „ - U. olivarus. _Lea._ - U. ponderosus. „ - U. divaricatus. „ - U. acutissimus. „ - U. fabalis. „ - U. Fisherianus. „ - U. folliculatus. „ - U. fulvus. „ - U. gibber. „ - U. glaber. „ - U. glans. „ - U. globosus. „ - U. graniferus. „ - U. Griffithianus. „ - U. Haysianus. „ - U. heterodon. „ - U. Hildrethianus. „ - U. Hopetonensis. „ - U. Hydianus. „ - U. inflatus. „ - U. interruptus. „ - U. iris. „ - U. irroratus. „ - U. Jayensis. „ - U. jegunus. „ - U. Katherinæ. „ - U. Kirklandianus. „ - U. lævissimus. „ - U. lacrymosus. „ - U. lancolatus. „ - U. Lecontianus. „ - U. lens. „ - U. lugubris. „ - U. luteolus. „ - U. Medellinus. „ - U. Menkianus. „ - U. metanever. „ - U. Mühlfeldianus. „ - U. ellipsis. _Lea._ - U. multiradiatus. „ - U. modiolioformis. „ - U. notatus. „ - U. Novi-Eboraci. „ - U. obesus. „ - U. obscurus. „ - U. occidens. „ - U. palliatus. „ - U. patulus. „ - U. stapes. „ - U. perdix. „ - U. perplexus. „ - U. pictus. „ - U. pileus. „ - U. pliciferus. „ - U. pulcher. „ - U. pumilis. „ - U. pustulatus. „ - U. pustulosus. „ - U. pyramidatus. „ - U. Rangianus. „ - U. Ravenelianus. „ - U. Roanokensis. „ - U. rubiginosus. „ - U. Schoolcraftensis. „ - U. securis. „ - U. Shepardianus. „ - U. simus. „ - U. solidus. „ - U. Sowerbianus. „ - U. spinosus. „ - U. splendidus. „ - U. multiplicatus. _Lea._ - U. subovatus. „ - U. subrotundus. „ - U. sulcatus. „ - U. Taitianus. „ - U. Tampicoensis. „ - U. Tappanianus. „ - U. tenuissimus. „ - U. trapezoides. „ - U. trigonus. „ - U. Troostensis. „ - U. turgidus. „ - U. Vanuxemensis. „ - U. varicosus. „ - U. Vaughanianus. „ - U. venustus. „ - U. Watercensis. „ - U. Zeiglerianus. „ - U. zigzag. „ - U. alatus. _Say._ - U. apiculatus. „ - U. camptodon. „ - U. cariosus. „ - U. crassus. „ - U. cylindricus. „ - U. declivis. „ - U. dehiscens. „ - U. monodontus. „ - U. nasutus. „ - U. ovatus. „ - U. personatus. „ - U. subtentus. „ - U. tetralasmus. „ - - - 2. Genus _Hyria_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ Solid, nacred, equivalve, obliquely triangular, auriculated; -base straight and truncated; hinge with two projecting teeth, the -cardinal divided into numerous radiations, anterior ones smaller, the -others lamellar and long. Inhabits the lakes and rivers of America. Two -species. - - Hyria avicularis.* - Hyria corrugata.* - -NOTE.—_Alasmidonta._ Separated by Say from the Anodonta by its primary -tooth, and from the Unio by being destitute of the lamelliform teeth. - -_Shell._ Transverse, equivalve, inequilateral; hinge with a primary -tooth in each valve; cicatrices three. Four species. - - Alasmidonta undulata. - A. ambigua. - A. marginata. - A. confragosa. - - - 3. Genus _Anodonta_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ Rather thin, regular, close, equivalve, inequilateral; summit -anterodorsal; hinge entirely without teeth, with a postapicial lamina; -ligament external, dorsal, and postapicial, two well marked muscular -impressions, besides those of the retractile muscles. Inhabits -fresh-water lakes in Europe and America. Forty-nine living species; and -many fossil. - - Anodonta areolatus. - A. marginata. - A. rubens. - A. anatina. - A. fragilis. - A. trapezialis. - A. rufa. - A. uniopsis. - A. intermedia. - A. glauca. - A. anatina. - A. sinuosa. - A. Patagonica. - A. cygnæa. - A. sulcata. - A. cataracta. - A. exotica. - A. crispata. - A. Pennsylvanica. - A. maximus. - -The following species are American. - - Anodonta magnifica. _Lea._ - A. Woodiana. „ - A. angulata. „ - A. Benedictensis. „ - A. cylindracea. „ - A. decora. „ - A. edentula. „ - Anodonta gigantea. _Lea._ - A. incerta. „ - A. Pepiniana. „ - A. plana. „ - A. salmonia. „ - A. Stewartiana. „ - A. subcylindracea. „ - A. Ferussacina. _Lea._ - A. fluviatilis. „ - A. Newtonensis. „ - A. Nuttalliana. „ - A. Oregonensis. „ - A. ovata. „ - A. pavonia. „ - A. Wahlamatensis. „ - A. Wardiana. „ - A. gibbosa. _Say._ - A. grandis. „ - A. impura. „ - A. suborbiculata. „ - A. undulata. „ - A. lugubris. „ - - - 4. Genus _Iridina_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -The principal difference between the Anodonta and the Iridina, consists -in the tuberculated hinge of the latter. - -_Shell._ Thin, oval, much elongated, inauriculated; hinge very long, -linear, and crenulated throughout its length, ligament external and -marginal; two distinct muscular impressions. Inhabits the Nile and -American coasts. Six species. - - Iridina exotica. - I. Nilotica. - - · · · · · - - I. cælistis.* - I. rubens.* - I. elongata.* - I. McMurtria.* - - - FAMILY XIV. - - CHAMACEA. Three genera. - - - 1. Genus _Diceras_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ - -_Shell._ Inequivalve, adherent; beaks conical, very large, diverging in -irregular spiral contortions; hinge with a large, thick, concave, -subauricular tooth in the larger prominent valve; two muscular -impressions. One species. Fossil. - - Diceras arietina. - - - 2. Genus _Chama_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ Body suborbicular terminated superiorly by a sort of hook; -mantle very slightly opened for the passage of a foot, terminated at its -extremity by a part much narrower than the base; superior lobes of the -branchiæ very short. - -_Shell._ Irregular, adhering, inequivalve, inequilateral; summits more -or less twisted spirally, especially in the lower valve by which these -animals have the faculty of affixing themselves to other bodies; hinge -dissimilar, thick, formed by a single lamellous tooth arcuated, -subcrenulated, postcardinal and articulated in a furrow of the same -form; ligament anterior and postapicial; two large muscular impressions, -distant. British and American seas. Eighteen living species. - - Chama damæcornis. - C. crenulata. - C. arcinella. - C. cristella. - C. Lazarus. - C. gryphoides. - C. unicornis. - C. radians. - C. æruginosa. - C. decussata. - C. ruderalis. - C. Japonica. - C. limbula. - C. asperella. - C. albida. - C. croceata. - - · · · · · - - C. exogyra.* - C. Florida.* - - - 3. Genus _Etheria_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Adhering, irregular, thick, much nacred, inequilateral, -inequivalve; summits subcephalic, thick, indistinct, in a species of -heel, growing longer with age; hinge without teeth, callous, irregular -and thick; ligament subdorsal in the exterior portion of the shell, and -prolonged to a point internally; two irregular oblong muscular -impressions, one superior and subposterior, the other inferior and -anterior, with a marginal palleal impression. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. -Five species. - - Etheria elliptica. - E. trigonula. - E. semilunata. - E. transversa. - E. Carteronii. - - - FAMILY XV. - - TRIDACNEA. Two genera. - - - 1. Genus _Tridacna_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ Body somewhat thick; edges inflated, lobes of the mantle -adhering, and united in nearly all their circumference, so as to present -but three apertures, the first inferior and anterior, for the egress of -the foot; the second superior and posterior for the bronchial cavity, -the third much smaller and in the middle of the dorsal edge; two pairs -of labial appendages, thin, nearly filiform, in the middle of which is a -very small buccal orifice; branchiæ long and narrow; abdominal muscular -mass considerable, and giving issue, as if from a cup, to a thick bundle -of byssoid muscular fibres. - -_Shell._ Thick, solid, of variable size, regular, triangular, -inequilateral; summits inclined posteriorly, hinge dissimilar, entirely -anterior to the summit; a lamellous precardinal tooth and two distant -lateral teeth upon the left valve, corresponding with two precardinal -lamellous teeth, and one distant lateral tooth upon the right valve; -ligament anterior, elongated; a large, bifid, submedian muscular -impression; another anterior one smaller and less distinct. Inhabits the -Indian Ocean. Seven living species. One fossil. - - Tridacna gigas. - T. squamosa. - T. elongata. - T. crocea. - T. mutica. - T. serrifera. - T. pustulosa. - - - 2. Genus _Hippopus_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ More elongated and inequilateral than in the _Tridacna_, the -anterior side being longer than the posterior; the posterior slope -closed with a dentated margin. Inhabits the Indian seas. One species. - - Hippopus maculatus. - - - FAMILY XVI. - - MYTILACEA. Three genera. - - - 1. Genus _Mytilus_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ Body oval, somewhat inflated; mantle open in its inferior half -only, and terminated posteriorly by an oval cleft with fringed edges; a -linguiform, canaliculated, abdominal appendage, with a byssus at its -base behind, and several pairs of retractile muscles; mouth with simple -lips; two contractile muscles, of which the anterior is very small. - -_Shell._ Of a serrated tissue, elongated, more or less oval, sometimes -subtriangular, equivalve, summits anterior, more or less curved, sloping -inferiorly in a slight degree; hinge toothless, or with two very small -rudiments; ligament dorsal, linear, subinterior, inserted in a narrow -and very long furrow; two muscular impressions, of which the anterior is -very small, besides those of the retractile muscles. Inhabits the -British and American seas. Forty-two species. - - Mytilus erosus. - M. decussatus. - M. elongatus. - M. Zonarius. - M. violaceus. - M. smaragdinus. - M. edulis. - M. Hesperianus. - M. exustus. - M. ovalis. - M. Domingensis. - M. Afer. - M. ungularis. - M. borealis. - M. augustanus. - M. lacunatus. - M. incurvatus. - M. abbreviatus. - M. Magellicanus. - M. crenatus. - M. hirsutus. - M. latus. - M. ungulatus. - M. opalus. - M. corneus. - M. retusus. - M. perna. - M. bilocularis. - M. ustulatus. - M. Senegalensis. - M. achatinus. - M. planulatus. - M. Galloprovincialis. - M. lineatus. - M. canalis. - M. sanguineus. - - · · · · · - M. hamatus.* - M. croceus.* - M. cubitus.* - M. lateralis.* - M. Californianus.* - M. leucophœatus.* - - - 2. Genus _Modiola_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -Separated by Lamarck from the Mytilus, on account of its being more -transverse than longitudinal, the beaks instead of being terminal are -placed beneath the apex. - -_Shell._ Smooth, subtransverse, equivalve, regular, subtriangular, -posterior side short; summits nearly lateral; hinge toothless, linear -and lateral; ligament partly interior, situated in a marginal furrow; -one sublateral, elongated muscular impression in each valve. Inhabits -the British and American seas. Thirty-two species. - - Modiola Guyanensis. - M. pulex. - M. discors. - M. cinnamorea. - M. plicata. - M. lithophaga. - M. Adriatica. - M. discrepans. - M. trapezina. - M. silicula. - M. semen. - M. lævigata. - M. Papuana. - M. tulipa. - M. albicosta. - M. vagina. - M. picta. - M. sulcata. - M. plicatula. - M. semifusca. - M. purpurata. - M. barbata. - M. caudigera. - M. squamosa. - M. securis. - - · · · · · - - M. Americana.* - M. castanea* - M. opifex.* - M. capax.* - M. recta.* - M. Carolinensis.* - M. semi-costata.* - - - 3. Genus _Pinna_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ Body oval, elongated, moderately thick, enveloped in a mantle -closed above, open below, and especially to the rear, where it forms -sometimes a sort of tube furnished with tentacular cirri: a flabelliform -abdominal appendage, and a very considerable byssus; mouth provided with -double lips, beside two pairs of labial appendages; a single large -retractile muscle apparent. - -_Shell._ Subcornate, fibrous, brittle, regular, equivalve, longitudinal, -triangular, pointed anteriorly, in which direction is the summit, which -is straight, wide, and frequently truncated posteriorly; hinge dorsal, -longitudinal, linear, toothless; ligament occupying nearly all the -dorsal edge of the shell; a single and very wide muscular impression -posteriorly; a trace of the anterior in the summit. Inhabits the -Mediterranean Sea. Fifteen species. - - Pinna rudis. - P. seminuda. - P. nobilis. - P. marginata. - P. pectinata. - P. ingens. - P. varicosa. - P. flabellum. - P. angustina. - P. squamosa. - P. muricata. - P. saccata. - P. dolabrata. - P. vexillum. - P. nigrina. - - - FAMILY XVII. - - MALLEACEA. Five genera. - - - 1. Genus _Crenatula_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Irregular, much flattened, subrhomboidal, subequivalve, gaping -posteriorly; summit anterior; hinge longitudinal, dorsal, toothless; -ligament submultiple, or inflated from place to place, and inserted in a -series of round cavities corresponding with the dorsal edge; muscular -impression unique and subcentral. Inhabits the Red Sea. Seven species. - - Crenatula modiolaris. - C. avicularis. - C. nigrina. - C. bicostalis. - C. viridis. - C. mytiloides. - C. phasianoptera. - - - 2. Genus _Perna_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ Body much compressed, the mantle prolonged posteriorly in a -sort of lobe, and fringed at its inferior edge only; a byssus; a single -contractile muscle. - -_Shell._ Irregular, much compressed, subequivalve, form somewhat -variable, gaping at the anterior part of its inferior edge; summit very -small: hinge straight, vertical, buccal, toothless; ligament multiple, -and inserted in a series of longitudinal and parallel furrows; a -subcentral muscular impression. Inhabits the Indian seas. Ten species -living. Two fossil; one found in France and one in Virginia. - - Perna ephippium. - P. isognomon. - P. femoralis. - P. marsupium. - P. obliqua. - P. sulcata. - P. vulsella. - P. nuclea. - P. avicularis. - P. canina. - - - 3. Genus _Malleus_. Pl. VIII. - -_Animal._ Imperfectly known, but certainly byssiferous, with a single -retractile muscle. - -_Shell._ Subnacreous, irregular, subequivalve, inequilateral, generally -much auriculated anteriorly, and prolonged posteriorly into the body, so -as to present some resemblance to a hammer; summits entirely anterior; -between them and the inferior auricle, an oblique slope for the passage -of the byssus; hinge linear, very long, buccal, toothless; ligament -simple, triangular, inserted in a conical oblique pit, partly external; -a moderately large subcentral muscular impression. Inhabits the -Australian seas. Six species. - - Malleus normalis. - M. vulgaris. - M. albus. - M. vulsellatus. - M. anatinus. - M. decurtatus. - - - 4. Genus _Avicula_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body much compressed; mantle cleft throughout its -circumference, except along the back, and garnished at its free edge -with a double row of very short tentacular cirri; foot small, -canaliculated; a byssus; mouth surrounded with fringed lips, besides two -pair of labial appendages, a large contractile muscle, nearly posterior. - -_Shell._ Foliaceous or not; always nacred, subequivalve, of a subregular -form, but somewhat variable; valves oblique, the left one with a little -notch, through which the byssus passes; hinge linear, toothless, or with -two small rudimentary teeth; ligament more or less exterior, placed in a -narrow groove; one very large posterior muscular impression and one very -small anterior. Inhabits the British and American coasts. Nineteen -species. - - Avicula nudata. - A. macroptera. - A. semi-sagitta. - A. falcata. - A. Tarentina. - A. squamulosa. - A. Costellata. - A. lotaria. - A. heteroptera. - A. crocea. - A. Atlantica. - A. papilionacea. - A. physoides. - A. virens. - A. trigonata. - A. phalænacea. - - · · · · · - - A. hirundo.* - A. pallida.* - A. nebulosa.* - - - 5. Genus _Meleagrina_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ Subequivalve, rounded, squamous, a sinus posteriorly for the -passage of the byssus, at which place the left valve is notched and -narrow; hinge linear and destitute of teeth; ligament marginal, -elongated, partly exterior, and dilated in the centre. Inhabits the -Indian Ocean. Two species, of which the first is the pearl-oyster. - - Meleagrina margaritifera. - M. albina. - - - FAMILY XVIII. - - PECTINEA. Seven genera. - - - 1. Genus _Pedum_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Unknown, but probably byssiferous. - -_Shell._ Subtriangular, inequilateral, inequivalve, with rounded -summits, freely marked, unequal and distant: the right valve inflated, -widened at its inferior and posterior edge, sloped anteriorly, and -subauriculated, the left not being so; hinge toothless, anterior or -buccal; ligament inserted in an oblique cavity prolonged outwardly to -the summits, and carried within into a spoon-like cavity. Inhabits the -Indian Ocean. One species. - - Pedum spondyloideum. - - - 2. Genus _Lima_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body moderately compressed; a byssiferous abdominal appendage; -edges of the mantle furnished with tentacular cirri in several rows; -mouth surrounded with a very thick fringed lip. - -_Shell._ Oval, more or less oblique, nearly equivalve, subauriculated, -regularly gaping at the anterior portion of the inferior edge; summits -anterior and distant; hinge buccal, longitudinal, toothless; ligament -rounded, nearly exterior, inserted in an excavation in each valve; a -central muscular impression, divided into three very distinct parts. -Inhabits the Indian, Australasian, American, and Mediterranean seas. Six -living species. Eleven fossil. - - Lima inflata. - L. squamosa. - L. annulata. - L. glacialis. - L. fragilis. - L. linguatula. - - - 3. Genus _Pecten_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body more or less compressed, orbicular; mantle furnished with -a single row of tentacular papillæ, and with small oculiform, -pedunculated disks, with regular spaces between them; rudiment of a -canaliculated foot, and a byssus; mouth surrounded with fleshy -appendages, irregularly ramified. - -_Shell._ Free, regular, thin, solid, equivalve, equilateral, -auriculated; summits contiguous; hinge toothless, a ligamentous membrane -throughout all its extent, besides a short, thick, ligament, almost -altogether internal, and filling a triangular excavation under the -summit; a single subcentral muscular impression. Found in almost all -seas. Sixty-two species; and, according to Defrance, ninety-eight -fossil. - - Pecten maximus. - P. Jacobæus. - P. bifrons. - P. zigzag. - P. medius. - P. Latirentii. - P. pleuronectes. - P. purpuratus. - P. pallius. - P. impricatus. - P. asperimus. - P. varius. - P. glaber. - P. grisens. - P. flabellatus. - P. quadradiatus. - P. Tranquebaricus. - P. hybridus. - P. obliteratus. - P. Magellanicus. - P. lineolaris. - P. nodosus. - P. pusio. - P. gibbus. - P. ornatus. - P. florens. - P. opercularis. - P. tigris. - P. histrionicus. - P. turgidus. - P. aspersus. - P. plicus. - P. rastellus. - P. flagellatus. - P. flavidulus. - P. Japanicus. - P. radulus. - P. pes-felis. - P. sauciatus. - P. aurantius. - P. sinuosus. - P. virgo. - P. Isabella. - P. flexuosa. - P. inflexus. - P. miniaceous. - P. lividus. - P. sulcatus. - P. unicolor. - P. distans. - P. irradians. - P. dispar. - P. Islandicus. - P. sulphureus. - P. pellucidus. - P. sanguineous. - P. senatorius. - P. lunatus. - P. lineatus. - - · · · · · - - P. dislocatus.* - P. concentricus.* - P. monotimeris.* - P. Latiauratus* - P. Pealii.* - - - 4. Genus _Plagiostoma_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Entirely unknown. - -_Shell._ Moderately thick, regular, free, subequivalve, subauriculated, -the two valves nearly equally dilated, both provided with a distinct -summit reflexed to the middle of a plane surface, with a large -triangular slope in the middle; articulation transverse, straight, and -by two distant lateral condylæ. Ten species. Fossils only. - - - 5. Genus _Plicatula_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Solid, adhering, subirregular, inauriculated, inequivalve, -pointed at the summit, rounded and subplicated posteriorly; inferior -valve without heel; hinge cephalic, longitudinal, provided upon each -valve with two strong teeth, entering in corresponding cavities; -ligament altogether internal and inserted in a median cavity. Inhabits -the American seas. Five species. - - Plicatula ramosa. - P. depressa. - P. cristata. - P. Australis. - P. reniformis. - - - 6. Genus _Spondylus_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body moderately compressed, provided inferiorly with a -rudiment of a foot, without byssus; mantle open in all its inferior and -superior portion; mouth surrounded with very thick and fringed lips. - -_Shell._ Solid, adhering, subregular, more or less spined, -subauriculated, inequivalve; the right or inferior valve fixed, much -more excavated than the other, and having posteriorly at the summit a -triangular face enlarging, and elongating with age; hinge longitudinal, -provided in each valve with two strong teeth entering corresponding -cavities; ligament short, nearly median, partly exterior; muscular -impression single and subdorsal. Found in all the seas of hot climates, -and even in the Mediterranean. Four or five fossils are found in France, -one in South America. Twenty-one species. - - Spondylus candidus. - S. coccineus. - S. spathuliferus. - S. gædaropus. - S. arachnoides. - S. multilamellatus. - S. longitudinalis. - S. costatus. - S. longispinous. - S. regius. - S. variegatus. - S. avicularis. - S. zonalis. - S. crassisquama. - S. ducalis. - S. violascens. - S. microlepos. - S. crocens. - S. radians. - S. aurantius. - - · · · · · - - S. Americanus.* - - - 7. Genus _Podopsis_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Subregular, somewhat thick, equilateral, symmetrical, -inequivalve, adhering by the extremity of the shorter valve; the other -terminating in a pointed, reflexed, and median summit. Two fossil -species. - - - FAMILY XIX. - - OSTRACEA. Six genera. - - - 1. Genus _Ostrea_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body compressed, more or less orbicular; edges of the mantle -thick, not adhering or retractile, and provided with a double row of -short and numerous tentacular filaments; two pairs of elongated and -triangular labial appendages; a subcentral bipartite muscle. - -_Shell._ Irregular, inequivalve, inequilateral, roughly foliaceous, the -left or inferior valve adhering, larger and deeper than the other, its -summit prolonged with age into a sort of heel; the right or superior -valve more or less operculiform; hinge oral, toothless; ligament -subinterior, short, inserted in an oblong cardinal cavity increasing -with the summit; muscular impression single and subcentral. Found in all -seas near the mouths of rivers. Defrance enumerates one hundred and -twenty species. Lamarck thirty-three fossil, forty-nine living. - - Ostrea edulis. - O. ruscuriana. - O. borealis. - O. cochlear. - O. gallina. - O. lingua. - O. Braziliana. - O. rostralis. - O. denticulata. - O. cornucopiæ. - O. doridella. - O. Limacella. - O. hippopus. - O. Adriatica. - O. cristata. - O. numisma. - O. tulipa. - O. scabra. - O. parasitica. - O. spathulata. - O. cucullata. - O. rubella. - O. erucella. - O. labrella. - O. radiata. - O. Canadensis. - O. mytiloides. - O. trapezina. - O. rufa. - O. gibbosa. - O. eliptica. - O. deformis. - O. plicatula. - O. fusca. - O. cristagalli. - O. virginica. - O. excavata. - O. simuata. - O. tuberculata. - O. Magaritacea. - O. Australis. - O. haliotidæa. - O. fucorum. - O. glaucina. - O. turbinata. - O. folia. - O. hyotis. - O. imbricata. - - · · · · · - - O. semicylindrica.* - - - 2. Genus _Gryphæa_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ More finely lamellated than in the _Ostrea_, free, or slightly -adhering, subequilateral, very inequivalve; the inferior valve very -concave, with a summit more or less recurved in a hook; the superior -opiculiform and much smaller; hinge toothless; ligament inserted in an -elongated and arcuated cavity; a single muscular impression. Habitation -unknown. One species. - - Gryphæa augulata. - - - 3. Genus _Vulsella_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body elongated and compressed; mantle much prolonged -posteriorly, and edged with two rows of very close tubercular papillæ; a -moderately large abdominal foot, proboscidiform, canaliculated, without -byssus; a very large transversal mouth with well-developed triangular -labial appendages; branchiæ narrow, very long, and united in nearly all -their extent. - -_Shell._ Subnacred, irregular, flat, elongated, subequivalve, -inequilateral, with summits anterior, distant and flexed inferiorly; -hinge oral and toothless; ligament undivided, thick, inserted in a round -pit excavated in a projecting apophysis upon each valve; a moderately -large subcentral muscular impression, and two very small ones altogether -anterior. Inhabits the Indian and Australasian seas. Six living species. -One fossil. - - Vulsella hians. - V. rugosa. - V. spongiarum. - V. lingulata. - V. mytilina. - V. ævata. - - - 4. Genus _Placuna_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Entirely unknown. - -_Shell._ Free, subirregular, very fine, almost entirely translucid, -flat, subequivalve, subequilateral, slightly auriculated; hinge -altogether internal, formed upon the superior valve, which is the -smaller, by two elongated, unequal, oblique, crests; converging to the -summit, at the internal side of which a ligament is attached in the form -of a V, a single, small, subcentral muscular impression. Inhabits the -Indian seas. Two fossils in France. Three living species. - - Placuna sella. - P. papyracea. - P. placenta. - - - 5. Genus _Anomia_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Much compressed; edges of the mantle very fine; not adhering, -and furnished exteriorly with a row of tentacular filaments; contractile -muscle thick, divided into three parts, the largest of which passes -partially across a slope of the inferior valve, and often contains a -calcareous substance or small bone, adhering to marine bodies. - -_Shell._ Adhering, irregular, inequivalve, inequilateral, ostraceous; -inferior valve a little flatter than the superior, divided at the summit -into two sloping branches, whose approximation forms a large oval hole; -the superior valve, which is the larger, has an oval excavation under -the summit; a subcentral muscular impression, divided into three parts. -Inhabits the British coasts. Two beautiful species are found on the -shores of Rhode Island and New Jersey. Nine species. - - Anomia patellaris. - A. pyriformis. - A. lens. - A. cepa. - A. electrica. - A. membranacea. - A. squamula. - - · · · · · - - A. ephippium.* - A. fornicata.* - - - 6. Genus _Crania_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ See Anomia. - -_Shell._ Orbicular, the upper valve gibbous and conical; lower valve, -flat, with three perforations. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. One species. - - Crania orbicula. - - - FAMILY XX. - - BRACHIOPODA. Three genera. - - - 1. Genus _Orbicula_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body much compressed and rounded; mantle open throughout its -whole circumference; two ciliated tentacular appendages. - -_Shell._ Orbicular, much compressed, inequilateral, very inequivalve; -inferior valve very thin, adhering, imperforated, the superior -patelloid, with the summit more or less inclined towards the posterior -side. Inhabits the Norwegian seas. One living species. Two fossil. - - Orbicula Norwegica. - - - 2. Genus _Terebratula_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Depressed, circular or oval, more or less elongated, with two, -long, pectinated, labial tentacula. - -_Shell._ Thin, inequivalve, regular, subtrigonal; one of the valves -larger and more dilated than the other, which is sometimes operculiform; -hinge condyloid, in a straight line, and formed by two oblique articular -surfaces in one valve placed between corresponding projections in the -other. Inhabits the sea at the Zetland Islands. Two species are found in -America. Thirteen living species. Thirty-eight fossil. - - Terebratula dilatata. - T. flavescens. - T. dorsata. - T. Vitrea. - T. dentata. - T. globosa. - T. caput-serpentis. - T. psittacea. - T. rotunda. - T. pisa. - T. sanguinea. - - · · · · · - - T. septentrionalis.* - T. truncata.* - - - 3. Genus _Lingula_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Depressed, oval, somewhat elongated, inclosed between two -lobes of a mantle, slit throughout its anterior half, and having -pectinated branchiæ adhering to the internal surface; mouth simple, -having on each side a long tentacular appendage ciliated in all its -external edge, and rolling itself up spirally in the shell. - -_Shell._ With an epidermis, subequivalve, equilateral, depressed, -elongated, truncated anteriorly; the summit median and posterior; no -trace of ligament; a long fibro-gelatinous peduncle fixing the shell -vertically to submarine bodies; muscular impression multiple. Inhabits -the Indian Ocean. One species. - - Lingula anatina. - - - - - CLASS IV. - MOLLUSCA. - - -Animals soft, inarticulated, furnished with an anterior head, projecting -or salient; most frequently with eyes and tentaculæ, or possessing, at -their summit, arms disposed in the form of a coronet: their mouth either -short, elongated, or tubular, exsertile, and generally armed with hard -parts. Mantle diversified, having its edges free on the sides of the -body, or the lobes united, forming a sack, which in part envelopes the -animal; gills or respiratory organs various, circulation double, one -particular, the other general; heart unilocular, sometimes with the -auricles divided, and very distant; no medullary cord along the body, -but scattered nerves and ganglions. Twenty-two families. - - - FAMILY I. - - PTEROPODA. Six genera. - -Some genera of this family are without a testaceous covering, mentioned -only to preserve the family entire. - - - 1. Genus _Hyalæa_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body enclosed in a shell, winged before, two opposite wings, -somewhat retractile, inserted at the sides of the mouth, head distinct, -mouth terminal, placed at the junction of the fins; without eyes. - -_Shell._ Symmetrical, very thin and transparent, valves unequal, flat -above, convex below, open like a cleft anteriorly, summit truncated and -tridentated posteriorly. Inhabits the Mediterranean. Two species. - - Hyalæa tridentata. - H. cuspidata. - - - 2. Genus _Clio_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body free, naked, more or less elongated, tapering to the -rear, head very distinct; provided with six, long, conical, retractile -tentaculæ, separated into two groups of three each; mouth altogether -terminal and vertical, eyes sessile, rudiment of a foot under the neck. - -This is a molluscous animal without any testaceous covering, but is here -placed as leading to other genera which have shells. Inhabits the Indian -seas. Two species. - - Clio borealis. - C. Australis. - - - 3. Genus _Cleodora_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body oblong, gelatinous, contractile; a head in front with two -wings, and the posterior part enveloped in a shell, head distinct, -projecting and round; two eyes; mouth in the form of a small beak; -destitute of tentaculæ; two, opposite, membranaceous, pellucid, and -cordated wings, placed at the base of the neck. - -_Shell._ Pyramidal, triangular, of a gelatinous or cartilaginous -substance, very thin and transparent; aperture obliquely truncated. -Inhabits the South American seas. Two species. - - Cleodora pyramidata. - C. caudata. - - - 4. Genus _Limacina_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body soft, oblong, two branchial fins situated at the base of -the neck; posterior part of the body spiral, and enveloped in a shell. - -_Shell._ Thin, fragile, papyraceous, spiral, the whorls reunited in a -planorbis form, and deeply and largely umbilicated on one side; aperture -large and entire. Inhabits the North seas. One species. - - Limacina helicialis. - - - 5. Genus _Cymbulia_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body oblong, gelatinous, pellucid, enclosing a shell; head -sessile; two eyes, and two retractile tentacula; mouth with a retractile -proboscis; two, opposite, oblong, ovate, branched wings, connate at -their posterior base. - -_Shell._ Gelatinous, cartilaginous, very transparent, crystalline, -oblong, in shape of a shoe, from which it has derived the name of the -slipper, truncated at the summit; aperture lateral and anterior. -Inhabits the Mediterranean. One species. - - Cymbulia Peronii. - - - 6. Genus _Pneumodermon_. Pl. IX. - -A molluscous animal, without any testaceous covering, and much -resembling the genus Clio. Inhabits the Indian seas. One species. - - Pneumodermon Peronii. - - - FAMILY II. - - PHYLLIDIACEA. Six genera. - - - 1. Genus _Phyllidia_. Pl. IX. - -A mollusca similar to the preceding genus, without a shell, but its back -covered with a rough or coriaceous skin. Inhabits the Mediterranean. -Three species. - - Phyllidia varicosa. - P. pustulosa. - P. ocellata. - - - 2. Genus _Chitonellus_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body creeping, elongated; middle of the back provided its -entire length with a detached, multivalve shell; the alternate pieces -for the most part longitudinal; sides naked; branchiæ disposed around -the body; foot cleft longitudinally by a deep furrow. - -_Shell._ Each valve with striæ radiating from its apex; the margins -serrated; the base of the last valve obtuse. The testaceous plates of -this genus are never joined like those of the Chiton, so that the animal -can move in every direction. Upon the contraction of the animal after -death, however, these valves become nearly united. Inhabits the seas of -New Holland. Two species. - - Chitonellus striatus. - C. larvæformis. - - - 3. Genus _Chiton_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body creeping, ovate oblong, convex, round at both -extremities; marginated with a coriaceous skin: the back covered by a -longitudinal series of testaceous, transverse, imbricated, and moveable -plates; head before, sessile, with the mouth placed below, destitute of -tentacula or eyes; branchiæ placed round the body, under the margin of -the skin; and orifice at the posterior extremity. - -_Shell._ Eight imbricated valves, nearly smooth, slightly carinated, and -rounded at the margins: summit more or less marked and curved by -longitudinal elongations. Inhabits the British and American coasts. -Sixty-three species. - - Chiton fulvus. - C. pisceus. - C. ruber. - C. lævis. - C. spinosus. - C. fascicularis. - C. marginatus. - C. crinitus. - C. siculus. - C. niger. - C. spiniferous. - C. coquimbensis. - C. lumingii. - C. granosus. - C. glauco-sinctus. - C. disjunctus. - C. elegans. - C. lineatus. - C. sulcatus. - C. bicolor. - C. cerasimus. - C. Magellanicus. - C. marmoratus. - C. nebulosus. - C. olivaceous. - C. latus. - C. punctatus. - C. viridus. - C. cinerus. - C. tunicatus. - C. gigas. - C. squamosus. - C. Peruvianus. - C. tesselatus. - C. capensis. - C. Carmichaelis. - C. echinatus. - C. striatus. - C. lineolatus. - C. chilensis. - C. tuberculatus. - C. hispidus. - C. thalassimus. - C. porosus. - C. larvaformis. - C. undulatus. - C. luteolus. - C. fuscus. - C. minimus. - C. cimex. - C. ascellus. - C. Icelandicus. - C. fasciatus. - C. setosus. - C. variegatus. - C. asselloides. - C. indus. - C. albas. - C. castaneus. - - · · · · · - - C. Emersonii.* - C. fulminatus.* - C. amœna.* - C. alternata.* - C. sagrinatus.* - - - 4. Genus _Patella_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body completely covered by the shell; head with two acute -tentaculæ, and the eyes situated at their exterior base; branchiæ placed -under the mantle and around the body. - -_Shell._ This numerous and beautiful genus of Linnæus has been -subdivided into the several distinct genera of Fissurella, Emarginula, -Navicella, Umbrella, Pileopsis, Calyptrea, Crepidula, Parmophora, and -Ancylus; each of which possesses sufficiently well-defined characters to -authorize a separation, by which they may be more easily distinguished -from the still widely extended family of Patella. Oval, conic, or a -little depressed, outside green or brown, sometimes radiated with -various colours; having divergent striæ and concentric wrinkles, inside -glossy, iridescent, with yellow or fawn-coloured, purple, blue, or brown -radiations. Inhabits almost every coast. Forty-nine species. - - Patella safiana. - P. testitudinaria. - P. cochlear. - P. compressa. - P. granularis. - P. decaurata. - P. Magellanica. - P. stellifera. - P. vulgata. - P. mammillaris. - P. lineata. - P. leucopleura. - P. notata. - P. Tarentina. - P. punctata. - P. puncturata. - P. Javanica. - P. tuberculifera. - P. miniata. - P. pellucida. - P. tricostata. - P. Australis. - P. apicina. - P. granatina. - P. oculus. - P. Galathia. - P. pectinata. - P. viridula. - P. scutellar. - P. radians. - P. cærulea. - P. plumbia. - P. umbrella. - P. pyramidata. - P. luteola. - P. aspera. - P. spinifera. - P. longicosta. - P. barbata. - P. angulosa. - P. saccharina. - P. laciniosa. - P. plicata. - - · · · · · - P. amœna.* - P. alternata.* - P. alveus.* - P. candida.* - - - 5. Genus _Umbrella_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body very thick and oval, provided with a dorsal shell; foot -large, smooth, and flat, surrounded by a border, anteriorly notched, -attenuated behind; head indistinct; four tentacula, the two upper ones -thick, short, and truncated, the other two thin, and shaped like -pedunculated crests; having foliaceous branchiæ. - -_Shell._ External, orbicular, subirregular, nearly flat, slightly convex -above, white, with apex near the middle; margin acute, internal surface -rather concave; having a callous disk, coloured, depressed in the -centre, surrounded by a smooth border. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Two -species. - - Umbrella Indica. - U. Mediterranea. - - - 6. Genus _Pleurobranchus_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body creeping, fleshy; mantle and foot expanded; branchiæ -placed on the right side; cloak enveloping the shell; neck short, -contracted in some species, with an emarginate front, exhibiting the -commencement of the inferior tentacula, the upper ones tubular and -cloven; gills at the edge of the dorsal plait, mouth provided with a -short, retractile proboscis. - -_Shell._ Depressed, oval, oblong, concentrically wrinkled, almost -entirely open, rounded and convoluted; the vertex with a single turn. -Inhabits the coast of Devonshire in England. Two species. - - Pleurobranchus Peronii. - P. Laqueare. - - - FAMILY III. - - CALYPTRACEA. Seven genera. - - - 1. Genus _Parmophorus_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body creeping, thick, oblong-ovate, broad behind, obtuse at -the extremities; border of the mantle cleft before, and suspended -vertically around; head distinct, and slit below; two conical contracted -tentacula, at the base of which are placed the eyes, which are somewhat -pedunculated; mouth below, funnel-shaped, oblique, truncated, and -concealed; branchial cavity opening anteriorly behind the head by a -transverse fissure. - -_Shell._ Oblong, very depressed, slightly convex above, obtuse at -extremities, anteriorly channeled by a slight sinus, and having towards -the posterior part a small pointed apex, inclined backwards; the lower -surface slightly concave. Inhabits the Australian seas. Four species. -One fossil. - - Parmophorus Australis. - P. brevicula. - P. granulata. - P. ambigua. - - - 2. Genus _Emarginula_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ Body creeping, with two, conical, tentacular eyes at the -external base; mantle large, partly covering the margin of the shell; -foot very large and thick. - -_Shell._ Shield-like, conical; summit inclined; the cavity simple, -having a notch or hollow cut on its posterior margin; shells of this -genus are generally very small. Inhabits the British seas. Five species. - - Emarginula Blainvillii. - E. Cuvierii. - E. fissura. - E. rubra. - E. marginata. - - - 3. Genus _Fissurella_. Pl. IX. - -_Animal._ With the head truncated in front; two conical tentacula, with -eyes at their exterior base; mouth simple, terminal, and destitute of -jaws; two pectinated branchiæ projecting from the cavity; mantle large, -protruding beyond the shell. - -_Shell._ Shield-shaped, conical recurved, summit entire, depressed, -concave below, perforated at the summit in the form of a key hole, -without a spire; the exterior surface ribbed longitudinally. Inhabits -the European and American seas. Twenty-two species. - - Fissurella Cayennensis. - F. lilacina. - F. Javanicensis. - F. fascicularis. - F. rosea. - F. Barbadensis. - F. radiata. - F. nodosa. - F. nimbosa. - F. crassa. - F. Græca. - F. picta. - F. pustula. - F. hiantula. - F. viridula. - F. depressa. - F. Peruviana. - F. gibberula. - F. minuta. - F. plicata. - - · · · · · - - F. alternata.* - F. redimicula.* - - - 4. Genus _Pileopsis_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ With two conical tentacula, and the eyes at their base; -branchiæ formed in a row under the anterior margin of the cavity, near -the neck. - -_Shell._ Obliquely conical, anteriorly recurved, apex bent, almost -spiral; aperture rounded, elliptical, the anterior margin shortest, -acute, slightly sinuated; the posterior largest and rounded. One -elongated and arched muscular impression, situated under the posterior -margin. Inhabits the seas of Europe. Nine species. - - Pileopsis intorta. - P. subrufa. - P. spirirostris. - P. retortella. - P. ungarica. - P. mitula. - P. pennata. - P. squamæformis. - P. depressa. - - - 5. Genus _Calyptrea_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ The same as preceding genus. - -_Shell._ This genus derives its common name, “the Cup-and-Saucer -Limpit,” by having in the interior cavity a cup-shaped appendage, which -is sometimes vertical, and sometimes like a horse-shoe, with a muscular -impression of variable form, vertex ending in a small volution; smooth, -margin entire, very glossy within, and provided with a laminar plate. -Inhabits the Chinese and S. American seas. Nine species. - - Calyptrea porcellana. - C. equestris. - C. fornicata. - C. peziza. - C. angulata. - C. tecum-sinense. - C. scutellata. - C. poculum. - - · · · · · - - C. striata.* - - - 6. Genus _Crepidula_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ Head anteriorly forked, having two conical tentacula, with the -eyes placed at their exterior base; mouth simple, destitute of jaws, and -situated in the bifurcation of the head; branchiæ with tufts and -projecting from the branchial cavity; the mantle never bordering the -shell; foot minute, orifice lateral. - -_Shell._ Ovate, or oblong; the back almost always convex, concave -beneath; the spire very much inclined towards the margin; the aperture -partly closed by a horizontal lamina. Inhabits the American seas. -Thirteen species. - - Crepidula extinctorum. - C. aculeata. - C. lævigata. - C. uguiformis. - C. dilata. - C. Peruviana. - C. gigas. - - · · · · · - - C. fornicata.* - C. depressa.* - C. glauca.* - C. plana.* - C. intorta.* - C. convexa.* - - - 7. Genus _Ancylus_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ Body creeping, enveloped in the shell; two compressed -subtruncated tentacular, with eyes situated at their internal base; foot -short, elliptical; somewhat narrower than the body. - -_Shell._ Thin, obliquely conical; aperture oval, with a pointed apex, -which very much inclines backwards; margins simple. This is a fresh -water shell, found in the lakes of Europe and rivers of America. Five -species. - - Ancylus lacustris. - A. fluviatilis. - A. spinarosæ. - - · · · · · - - A. rivularis. - A. filosus. - - - FAMILY IV. - - BULLACEA. Three genera. - - - 1. Genus _Acera_. - -_Animal._ Body ovate, convex, transversely divided above into two parts; -the foot with dilations in the form of wings below; head indistinct; -branchiæ situated on the back, greatly behind, and covered by a mantle -destitute of a shell. Inhabits the Mediterranean. One species. - - Acera carnosa. - - - 2. Genus _Bullæa_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ Body ovate, somewhat convex above, and divided into two parts -transversely; lateral lobes of the foot very thick; head indistinct, and -without tentacula; branchiæ placed on the back. - -_Shell._ Concealed in the mantle, very thin, rolled and spiral on one -side; without a columella and spire; aperture very large and wide, -dilated at the upper part. Inhabits the British seas. Two species. - - Bullæa aperta. - B. striata. - - - 3. Genus _Bulla_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ Body oblong-ovate, slight convexity; divided into two portions -transverse above, mantle slightly folded posteriorly; visible tentacula; -branchiæ dorsal and covered, opening only on the right side. - -_Shell._ Univalve, ovate globular, convolute, no columella, spire not -projecting but visible, aperture the whole length of the shell, external -margin sharp and smooth. Inhabits the British and American seas. -Nineteen species. - - Bulla physis. - B. naucum. - B. hydatis. - B. rugosa. - B. fragilis. - B. aplustre. - B. ampulla. - B. lignaria. - B. fasciata. - B. striata. - B. Wyatii. - B. solida. - B. cornea. - B. lactea. - - · · · · · - - B. solitaria.* - B. triticea.* - B. hiemalis.* - B. Gouldii.* - B. lineolata.* - - - FAMILY V. - - APLYSIACEA. Two genera. - - - 1. Genus _Dolabella_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ Body creeping, oblong, narrowed in front; and posteriorly -widened; area round, sloping, and truncated obliquely; margins folded -over the back; four tubular tentacula, disposed in pairs; bronchial -operculum inclosing a shell; orifice dorsal, near the branchiæ. - -_Shell._ Oblong, slightly arcuated, thick, callous, and somewhat spiral -on both sides, singular in formation, and its characteristic unlike most -other shells. Inhabits the Isle of France. Two species. - - Dolabella Rumphii. - D. fragilis. - - - 2. Genus _Aplysia_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ Body creeping, oblong, convex above; bordered on each side by -a broad mantle, which covers the back when the animal is in repose; head -and neck elevated, with four tentacula, the two upper ones ear-shaped, -eyes situated near the mouth; dorsal shield semicircular, -subcartilaginous, adhering on one side, and covering the branchial -cavity. - -_Shell._ Nearly round, left margin somewhat reflected; outer lip acute; -yellowish horn colored, with brown radiations, and two concentric bands. -Inhabits the Indian seas. Thirty-seven species. - - Aplysia depilans. - A. teremida. - A. gigas. - A. hassetlii. - A. punctata. - A. marmorata. - A. dolabrifera. - A. ascifera. - A. petalifera. - A. unguifera. - A. Limacina. - A. Jeachii. - A. saviguana. - A. fasciata. - A. bresili. - A. dactycomela. - A. protea. - A. sorex. - A. tigrina. - A. maculauta. - A. longicauda. - A. Kerandrenii. - A. lessonii. - A. camelus. - A. alba. - A. Napolitana. - A. viridis. - A. longicornis. - A. ecaudata. - A. virescens. - A. poliana. - A. fusca. - A. pleii. - A. citrini. - A. undata. - A. rosea. - A. Ferrusacii. - - - FAMILY VI. - - LIMACINA. Five genera. - - - 1. Genus _Limax_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ Cuvier merely mentions that the animal is “furnished with a -coriaceous, subrogose shield, with a flat, longitudinal disk beneath; -four tentacula retractile, eyes at the tips; orifice for respiration on -the right side.” - -_Shell._ Ovate oblong, both margins reflected; very thin, diaphanous, -slightly wrinkled, of a pale yellow colour. Inhabits the gardens in -Britain and France. Five species. - - Limax rufus. - L. cinerus. - L. albus. - L. agrestis. - L. punctata. - - - 2. Genus _Vitrina_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ Body creeping, elongated, snail shaped, nearly straight; -posteriorly separated from the foot, and spirally wound into a shell. - -_Shell._ Small, very thin, depressed, terminated above by a very short -spire, the last whorl very large; aperture large, rounded oval; the left -margin arched, slightly involute. Inhabits dry places of Europe. Three -species. - - Vitrina parilis. - V. dentilis. - V. pellucida. - - - 3. Genus _Testacella_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ Body creeping, elongated, snail shaped, having a shell placed -on the posterior extremity; four tentacula, the two longest with their -eyes at their tips; respiratory organs behind. - -_Shell._ Very small, external, ear-shaped, apex absolutely spiral, -aperture very large and oval, left edge sharp and rolled inward behind. -Inhabits the middle provinces of France. Two species. - - Testacella Haliotidea. - T. Neritoidea. - - - 4. Genus _Parmacella_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ Body creeping oblong; middle of the back moderately convex, -and shield-shaped; hind part in form of a tail, laterally compressed, -acute above; shield ovate, fleshy, adhering at its posterior part, free -before, enveloping a shell, with a notch in the centre of its right -margin; four tentacula, two posterior largest; respiratory organs, under -the notch of the shield, placed between the two tentacula of the right -side. - -_Shell._ Ovate, left margin broad and reflected; right margin reflected -at top and acute beneath; very thin and pellucid, of a pale -yellowish-brown. Inhabits the gardens of Europe. Two species. - - Parmacella Olivieri. - P. Cuvierii. - - - 5. Genus _Onchidium_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ Body oblong, creeping, marginated on all sides; head -projecting, the lower part with a prominent margin, two retractile, -cylindrical tentacula; two auriform appendages, nearly lateral; mouth -beneath, destitute of maxillary processes; respiratory orifices -distinct, under the extremity of the body. - -Destitute of a shell. Inhabits the gardens of Europe. Two species. - - Onchidium Typhæ. - O. Peronii. - - - FAMILY VII. - - COLIMACEA. Eleven genera. - - - 1. Genus _Helix_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ Of a slightly variable form, the mantle forming at its free -edge a kind of ring or thick collar, especially in front, and faintly -divided into two lips; foot oval, plane, smooth beneath, inflated and -granular below, joined to the visceral club by a narrow peduncle; head -sufficiently distinct; anterior tentacula very evident and inflated at -top, the posterior very long; the mouth a vertical cleft provided with -two labial lobes, a sort of marginal tooth, with a small, oval, lingual -club. - -_Shell._ The name Helix was given to this genus from the spiral shape of -the shell, which varies much in form, but generally globular, and -ventricose, conoid but never turriculated; summit generally obtuse, -aperture varying much in size, sometimes very large, sometimes small, -always regulated by the turn of the spire; oval, semilunar, more wide -than long, edges disunited, entering little into the interior; right lip -or margin thickened or reflected inwards. Inhabits the groves and woods -both of America and Europe. Two hundred and three species. - - Helix vesicalis. - H. gigantea. - H. polyzonalis. - H. monozonalis. - H. pulla. - H. lineolata. - H. mutata. - H. pomatia. - H. aspersa. - H. vermiculata. - H. Alonensis. - H. vesicolor. - H. naticoides. - H. picta. - H. galactites. - H. cepa. - H. heteroclites. - H. discolor. - H. lactea. - H. zonaria. - H. guttata. - H. Madagascarensis. - H. Javanica. - H. Peruviana. - H. simplex. - H. cidaris. - H. citrina. - H. algira. - H. verticellus. - H. olivetorum. - H. hæmastoma. - H. melanotragus. - H. extensa. - H. lucana. - H. globulus. - H. melanostoma. - H. cœlatura. - H. microstoma. - H. maculsa. - H. Richardi. - H. Bonplandii. - H. planulata. - H. labrella. - H. unguina. - H. pellis-serpentis. - H. senegalensis. - H. unidentata. - H. fructicum. - H. neglecta. - H. crespitum. - H. ericetorum. - H. intersecta. - H. Carthusianella. - H. diaphana. - H. concolor. - H. velutina. - H. obvuluta. - H. Cookiana. - H. pileus. - H. papilla. - H. punctifera. - H. plicatula. - H. planorbella. - H. scabra. - H. cariosa. - H. crenulata. - H. planorbula. - H. macularia. - H. planospira. - H. Barbadensis. - H. sinuata. - H. hippocastanum. - H. bidentalis. - H. argilacea. - H. vittata. - H. arbustorum. - H. candidissima. - H. memoralis. - H. Hortensis. - H. sylvatica. - H. pisana. - H. splendida. - H. serpentina. - H. niciensis. - H. variabilis. - H. auriculata. - H. turgidula. - H. helicella. - H. zonula. - H. tridentata. - H. septemvalva. - H. monodan. - H. fraterna. - H. coniformis. - H. concamerata. - H. nigrescens. - H. Tripolitana. - H. Sayii. - H. globulosa. - H. Caffra. - H. conformis. - H. prunum. - H. Pouzolzii. - H. contusa. - H. bicarinata. - H. vitrinoides. - H. maritima. - H. strigata. - H. muralis. - H. rugosa. - H. cornea. - H. liquifera. - H. incarnata. - H. cinctella. - H. cellaria. - H. Gaymardii. - H. nitidia. - H. plebuim. - H. personata. - H. hispidia. - H. rotundata. - H. apicina. - H. striata. - H. conspurcata. - H. conica. - H. conoidea. - H. pulchella. - H. formosa. - H. orbiculata. - H. squamosa. - H. tectiformis. - H. Madeirensis. - H. unbeculata. - H. deformis. - H. Nicæensis. - H. meridionalis. - H. melitensis. - H. circumornata. - H. gronosa. - H. Lima. - H. dentiens. - H. parilis. - H. imperator. - H. zodiaca. - H. concisa. - H. pellicuta. - H. strobilus. - H. alanda. - H. carina. - H. Bulverii. - H. pileolus. - H. vipartita. - H. sinistrorsa. - H. fibula. - H. supplicata. - H. Porto-santara. - H. punctulata. - H. exalbida. - - · · · · · - - H. Mitchelliana.* - H. Vancouverensis.* - H. Caroliniensis.* - H. Nuttaliana.* - H. Columbiana.* - H. hirsuta.* - H. perspectiva.* - H. lineata.* - H. multilineata.* - H. appressa.* - H. palliata.* - H. Californiensis.* - H. Townsendiana.* - H. Nichliniana.* - H. Oregonensis.* - H. magnifica.* - H. profunda.* - H. albolabris.* - H. alternata.* - H. irrorata.* - H. inorata.* - H. indentata.* - H. inflecta.* - H. clausa.* - H. obstricta.* - H. elevata.* - H. interna.* - H. chersina.* - H. gularis.* - H. ligera.* - H. solitaria.* - H. jejuna.* - H. concava.* - H. fallax.* - H. egena.* - H. arboreus.* - H. glaphyra.* - H. Thyroides.* - H. labyrinthica.* - H. major.* - H. Pennsylvanica.* - H. subglobosa.* - H. Zaleta* - H. dentifera.* - H. delabata.* - - - 2. Genus _Carocolla_. Pl. X. - -The _Animal_ of this and the following genera of this family are -precisely the same as in Helix. - -_Shell._ Orbicular, more or less convex or conoidal above; the -circumference or periphery angulated or keeled; aperture transverse, -contiguous to the axis of the shell; the right margin or lip subangular, -often toothed or plaited beneath. Inhabits dry situations in Europe and -America. Twenty-two species. - - Carocolla acutistima. - C. albilabris. - C. angistoma. - C. labyrinthus. - C. lucerna. - C. inflata. - C. hispidula. - C. Gaulteriana. - C. albella. - C. bicolor. - C. Mauritiana. - C. Madagascarensis. - C. marginata. - C. lychnuchus. - C. planata. - C. planaria. - C. lapicida. - C. elegans. - - · · · · · - - C. Hydiana.* - C. helicoides* (new species) _Lea_. - C. grata.* - C. Spinosa* (new species) _Lea_. - - - 3. Genus _Achatina_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ See Helix. - -_Shell._ Variable in form, but generally subturriculated, oval or -oblong, aperture entire, the right lip sharp, never reflected, columella -smooth, of which the anterior extremity is always open and truncated. -Inhabits South America. Twenty-four species. - - Achatina perdix. - A. immaculata. - A. acuta. - A. Mauritania. - A. ustulata. - A. virginea. - A. Marminii. - A. fusco-lineata. - A. columnaria. - A. acicula. - A. zebra. - A. purpurea. - A. bicarinata. - A. castanea. - A. vexillum. - A. Priamus. - A. Peruviana. - A. albo-lineata. - A. fulminea. - A. folliculus. - A. oleacea. - - · · · · · - - A. glans.* - A. Vanuxemensis.* - A. solida.* - - - 4. Genus _Anostoma_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ See Helix. - -_Shell._ Somewhat extraordinary in its formation, orbicular, the spire -convex and obtuse, aperture round, dentated grinning, turned upwards to -the side of the spire, margin of the lip reflected. Lakes in America and -the Sandwich Islands. Three species. - - Anostoma dentata. - Anostoma depressa. - - · · · · · - - A. globosa.* - - - 5. Genus _Helicina_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ See Helix. - -_Shell._ Terrestrial, distinguished only from the Helix by its columella -being transverse callous; much depressed and diminished in thickness at -the lower part, subliglobular, imperforate; aperture entire, demioval, -margin acute, forming an angle at the lower base of the right lip; -operculum corneous. Inhabits groves in Europe. Nineteen species. - - Helicina neritella. - H. rhodostoma. - H. striata. - H. fasciata. - H. virida. - H. pulchella. - H. substriata. - H. Braziliensis. - H. costata. - H. aurantia. - H. major. - H. minima. - H. submarginata. - H. unifasciata. - H. Brownii. - H. depressa. - H. aureola. - H. orbiculata. - H. Tankervillii. - - - 6. Genus _Pupa_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ See Helix. - -_Shell._ Cylindrical, generally thick; aperture irregular, semi-ovate, -rounded, and subangulated beneath; margins of outer lip nearly equal and -reflected outwardly, unconnected at their upper parts; the plait of the -columella interposed between them. Most frequently found in moss in -Europe and America. Forty species. - - Pupa numia. - P. uva. - P. sulcata. - P. candida. - P. labrossa. - P. fusus. - P. tridentata. - P. fasciolata. - P. zebra. - P. unicarinata. - P. maculosa. - P. clavulata. - P. ovularis. - P. Germanica. - P. cinerea. - P. tridens. - P. quadridens. - P. polyodon. - P. variabilis. - P. frumentum. - P. secale. - P. avena. - P. granum. - P. fragilis. - P. dolium. - P. umbilicata. - P. muscorum. - P. angilicus. - P. rufescens. - P. edontulis. - P. odontostoma. - P. petiveriana. - P. dentata. - - · · · · · - - P. contracta.* - P. rupicola.* - P. exigua.* - P. armifera.* - P. fallax.* - P. ovata* - P. pentadon.* - - - 7. Genus _Clausilia_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ See Helix. - -_Shell._ Cylindrical, generally fusiform; summit obtuse, the last whorl -smaller than the preceding; aperture irregular, rounded, oval; margin -united, and externally reflected. Inhabits dry situations both in Europe -and America. Fifteen species. - - Clausilia torticollis. - C. truncatula. - C. retusa. - C. costulata. - C. corrugata. - C. inflata. - C. Mediterranea. - C. denticulata. - C. collaris. - C. papillaris. - C. plicatula. - C. rugosa. - C. gracilis. - C. chrysalis. - - · · · · · - - C. teres.* - - - 8. Genus _Bulimus_. Pl. X. - -_Animals_ of this genus in formation are precisely as the Helix; they -are, however, oviparous, producing eggs with the shell containing the -animal perfectly matured; they are frequently as large as a pigeon’s -egg. - -_Shell._ Oval, sometimes turriculated, oblong; the summit of the spire -obtuse, and the last whorl larger than all the others together; aperture -oblong, oval, edge disunited; in adults the lip much reflected; -columella smooth, with an inflection in the middle, the base entire, not -channeled. Inhabits mountainous situations in Europe and America; some -beautiful specimens have been found in the woods of Ohio. Sixty-three -species. - - Bulimus ovatus. - B. hæmastomus. - B. gallina. - B. sultana. - B. zigzag. - B. multifasciatus. - B. Bengalensis. - B. Caribæorum. - B. octonus. - B. terebraster. - B. undatus. - B. Richii. - B. inversus. - B. citrinus. - B. sultanus. - B. Pythogaster. - B. ovoideus. - B. interruptus. - B. Peruvianus. - B. Favannii. - B. Kambeul. - B. papyraceus. - B. calcareus. - B. decollatus. - B. Lyonetianus. - B. inflatus. - B. radiatus. - B. fragilis. - B. Guadalupensis. - B. Mexicanus. - B. articulatus. - B. acutus. - B. scobinatus. - B. planidens. - B. ventricosus. - B. montanus. - B. hordaceus. - B. lubricus. - B. iostoma. - B. geniostoma. - B. odontostoma. - B. formosus. - B. Listeri. - B. Kingii. - B. Dufresnii. - B. pulcher. - B. maugeri. - B. lævis. - B. auris leporis. - B. vexillum. - - · · · · · - - B. glandiformis.* - B. parvus.* - B. virgo.* - B. gracilis.* - B. Gibbonius.* - B. multilatus.* - B. maculatus.* - B. Pealianus.* - B. lacteus.* - B. decoratus.* - B. Columbianus.* - B. multilineatus.* - B. corneus.* - - - 9. Genus _Succinea_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ See Helix. - -_Shell._ Terrestrial, very thin, pellucid, ovate oblong, with a conical, -pointed spire, formed of only one or two whorls; aperture very large and -oval, edges disunited; right edge always acute, the left arched, formed -by a smooth attenuated columella. The shells of this genus never having -their lip thickened or reflected, distinguish them from those of the -genus Bulimus, to which they bear a strong resemblance. Inhabits the -sides of ditches and lakes, both in Europe and America. Seven species. - - Succinea cuculata. - S. amphibia. - S. rubescens. - S. oblonga. - S. patula. - S. pellucida. - - · · · · · - - S. aperta.* - - - 10. Genus _Auricula_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ See Helix. - -_Shell._ Solid, thick, and smooth, oval, oblong spire very obtuse, -aperture entire, enlarged, ear-shaped, much contracted behind; edges not -united, right lip thick and generally reflected outwardly; the left or -columella with one or more teeth or callous plaits. This genus derives -its name from its resemblance to the ears of certain animals. It is a -land shell found chiefly in the East and West India Islands. Sixteen -species. - - Auricula Midæ. - A. Judæ. - A. sileni. - A. leporis. - A. felis. - A. Dombeiana. - A. nitens. - A. angiostoma. - A. scarabæus. - A. bovina. - A. caprella. - A. myosotis. - A. minima. - A. coniformis. - A. monill. - A. labrella. - - - 11. Genus _Cyclostoma_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ See Helix. - -_Shell._ Terrestrial, distinguished from the preceding genera by a -perfectly round aperture, reflected lip, and horny operculum, summit -papillose; left edge having its origin very detached from the spire. -Inhabits the East Indies. A few species are found in America. -Thirty-eight species. - - Cyclostoma planorbula. - C. volvulus. - C. carinata. - C. sulcata. - C. unicarinata. - C. rugosa. - C. labeo. - C. interrupta. - C. ambigua. - C. semilabris. - C. tricarinata. - C. obsoleta. - C. patulum. - C. truncatum, - C. pulchrum. - C. Jamaicense. - C. lineolata. - C. elongatum. - C. mirabile. - C. orbella. - C. aurantium. - C. flavula. - C. fasciata. - C. mumia. - C. quarternata. - C. ferruginea. - C. decussata. - C. mammillaris. - C. maculatum. - C. ligata. - C. elegans. - C. tortum. - C. mirabile. - - · · · · · - - C. maculata.* - C. Popayana.* - C. lapidaria.* - C. marginata.* - C. dentata.* - - - FAMILY VIII. - - LYMNACEA. Three genera. - - - 1. Genus _Lymnea_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ See Helix. - -_Shell._ Aquatic, oval, sometimes turreted; spire produced, thin, -smooth, edges disunited, the left with a very oblique plait rising on -the columella, forming an oval aperture, destitute of an operculum. -Inhabits the ponds of America and Europe. Thirty-three species. - - Lymnea columnaris. - L. stagnelis. - L. palustris. - L. auricularia. - L. ovata. - L. minuta. - L. luteola. - L. acuminata. - L. intermedia. - L. leucostoma. - L. peregra. - - · · · · · - - L. rubiginosus.* - L. solida.* - L. Virginiana.* - L. Emmoniensis.* - L. lessoni.* - L. apacina.* - L. catascopium.* - L. columella.* - L. elongatus.* - L. reflexus.* - L. appressus.* - L. elodes.* - L. limosa.* - L. lapidaria.* - L. dissimilis.* - L. ponderosa.* - L. integra.* - L. porata.* - L. lustrica.* - L. grana.* - L. subglobosa.* - - - 2. Genus _Physa_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ See Helix. - -_Shell._ General sinistral, oval, oblong, or globular, very smooth, -spire prominent, aperture oval, contracted posteriorly, right edge -sharp, columella twisting obliquely, and enlarging to join itself to the -anterior part of the margin, the whorls turning to the left hand gives -this shell the appellation of heterostrophe. Inhabits the ditches of -America and Europe. Ten species. - - Physa fontinalis. - P. hypnorum. - P. subopaca. - - · · · · · - - P. castanea.* - P. decisa.* - P. elongata.* - P. aurea.* - P. gyrina.* - P. heterostropha.* - P. ancillaria.* - - - 3. Genus _Planorbis_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ See Helix. - -_Shell._ Discoid, spire depressed, or involuted almost in the same -vertical plane, causing the shell to be depressed on each side, aperture -oblong, luniform, axis remote, margin not reflected; no operculum. -Inhabits the lakes of America and Europe. Twenty-two species. - - Planorbis cornu-arietis. - P. corneus. - P. spirorbis. - P. hispidus. - P. orientalis. - P. carinatus. - P. lutescens. - P. nitidus. - P. angulatus. - P. deformis. - P. imbricatus. - P. contortus. - P. vortex. - - · · · · · - - P. lens.* - P. glabratus.* - P. armigerus.* - P. parallellus.* - P. exacuous.* - P. campanulatus.* - P. trivolvis.* - P. bicarinatus.* - P. parvus.* - - - FAMILY IX. - - MELANIANA. Three genera. - - - 1. Genus _Melania_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ See Helix. - -_Shell._ Turreted; aperture entire, spire slightly pointed, margin of -the whorls often surmounted by spires, columella smooth and arched, -closed by a thin horn-like operculum; this is a fluviatile shell, often -covered by a thick epidermis. Inhabits the rivers of India. Many fine -species are found in America. Fifty-four species. - - Melania inquinata. - M. asperata. - M. spinolusa. - M. gronifera. - M. aurita. - M. lineolata. - M. trunculata. - M. carinefera. - M. truncata. - M. coarctata. - M. punctata. - M. subulata. - M. Helvetica. - M. lineata. - M. Byronensis. - M. sulcata. - M. lævigata. - M. clavis. - M. decollata. - M. amarula. - M. thiarella. - M. fasciolata. - M. lævissima. - M. corrugata. - - · · · · · - - M. Troostiana.* - M. plicifera.* - M. Sayii.* - M. elevata.* - M. armigera.* - M. multilineata.* - M. proxima.* - M. Hydeii.* - M. salebrosa.* - M. bitaeniata.* - M. lema.* - M. nassula.* - M. trochiformis.* - M. elevata.* - M. laqueata.* - M. semicarinata.* - M. subularis* (_Lea_). - M. acuta.* „ - M. plicata.* - M. inflata.* - N. conica.* - M. catenaria.* - M. simplex.* - M. excurta.* - M. annulifera.* - M. pyrenella.* - M. coma.* - M. alveare.* - M. cylindracea.* - M. vestita.* - M. caniculata.* - M. Virginica.* - M. tuberculata* (_Lea_). - M. elongata.* „ - - - 2. Genus _Pirena_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ Much elongated, mantle prolonged into a canal at the left -side, but without distinct tube; foot short, oval, with an anterior -marginal furrow; head terminated by a depressed proboscidiform muzzle; -tentacula very distant, thickly annulated, dilated in the inferior half -of their length, and having the eyes at the summit of this dilation; -mouth a terminal and vertical slit, without labial tooth, and with a -very small tongue; a single long and narrow branchia. - -_Shell._ Distinguished from the preceding genus by having a sinus at the -base, and another at the summit; turreted; aperture longitudinal, right -lip sharp, base of the columella inclined to the right. Inhabits the -rivers of India and Africa. One species is found in America. Six -species. - - Pirena terebralis. - P. cancellata. - P. aurita. - P. spinosa. - P. granulosa. - - · · · · · - - P. scalariformis.* - - - 3. Genus _Melanopsis_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ As preceding genus. - -_Shell._ The Melanopsis is distinguished from the Melanaia, by the -columella being callous in the upper part, and the base truncated as in -the Achatina, and differs from the Pirena in having only a sinus or -widened opening at the base of the shell; aperture covered by a horny -operculum. Inhabits the rivers of the Archipelago. Three species. - - Melanopsis costata. - M. lævigata. - M. prærosa. - - - FAMILY X. - - PERISTOMIANA. Three genera. - - - 1. Genus _Valvata_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ See Helix. - -_Shell._ Found only in fresh water; subdiscoid or conoid, umbilicated, -spiral, whorls, rounded; angular at the summit; aperture round, not -modified by the penultimate whorl; the margins sharp and united; -operculum orbicular and horny. Inhabits the rivers of Europe and -America. Three species. - - Valvata piscinalis. - - · · · · · - - V. arcnifera.* (_Lea_.) - V. tricarinata.* - - - 2. Genus _Paludina_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ See Helix. - -_Shell._ Generally found in fresh water, though some species have been -found where it is salt; conoid covered with a greenish epidermis; the -whorls rounded or convex, spiral cavity modified by the last whorl; -aperture rounded, oval, oblong, angular at the summit; margins united, -acute, never reflected outwards; operculum orbicular and horny. Inhabits -the rivers of America and Europe. Thirty-one species. - - Paludina vivipara. - P. Bengalensis. - P. viridis. - P. Francesii. - P. achatina. - P. Australis. - P. impura. - P. muriatica. - - · · · · · - P. sinistrosa.* - P. Nuttaliana.* - P. virens.* - P. pallida.* - P. subcarinata.* - P. genicula.* - P. magnifica.* - P. limosa.* - P. subglobosa.* - P. lapidaria.* - P. Virginica.* - P. hyalina.* - P. unicolor.* - P. nuclea.* - P. decisa.* - P. fuscus.* - P. dissimilis.* - P. ponderosa.* - P. integra.* - P. porata.* - P. lustrica.* - P. grana.* - P. Nickliniana.* - - - 3. Genus _Ampullaria_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ Inflated, globular, spiral; foot oval, with a transverse -furrow at its anterior edge; head wide; tentacula superior, very long, -conical, and pointed; eyes situated at their external base, and -supported upon a very apparent peduncle; mouth vertical, situated -between two lips disposed in form of a horse-shoe and forming a kind of -muzzle; no superior tooth; a bristly lingual band, but not prolonged -into the abdominal cavity; a very large respiratory cavity, divided in -two by an incomplete horizontal partition. - -Animals of this genus are oviparous; producing an egg nearly as large as -that of a pigeon, in which is found the young animal complete, and in a -perfectly formed shell. - -_Shell._ This genus appears to partake of the characteristics, both of -the Paludina and the Natica, being fluviatile and frequently attaining a -large size; spire very short, the last whorl much larger than all the -others together; globular, very ventricose, umbilicus small, forming a -compressed funnel-shaped aperture, without interior callosity; aperture -longer than broad, with margins united; columellar lip thickened, -projecting and reflected over the umbilicus; operculum horny. Inhabits -the rivers of Europe. Thirteen species. - - Ampullaria vivipara. - A. fasciata. - A. rugosa. - A. canaliculata. - A. effusa. - A. virens. - A. avellana. - A. fragilis. - A. Guinica. - A. carinata. - A. intorta. - A. conica. - - · · · · · - - A. Pealiana.* - - - FAMILY XI. - - NERITACEA. Four genera. - - - 1. Genus _Neritina_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ Globular; foot circular, thick, without a furrow anteriorly, -or a lobe for the operculum posteriorly, with a bipartite columellar -muscle; conical tentacula; eyes subpedunculate at their external side; -mouth without labial tooth, but with a denticulated tongue prolonged -into the visceral cavity; a single large pectiniform branchia. - -_Shell._ This genus was formerly classed with the Nerita, which in form -it much resembles, but from the circumstance of the latter inhabiting -the sea, and Neritinæ fresh water, it now forms a separate genus. Thin, -smooth, or finely striated, in all the species known, the right side of -the aperture does not possess any crenulations or teeth; the operculum -is provided with a lateral tooth on one side. Some species are armed -with spines; aperture semicircular; left margin smooth and sharp; spire -imperfect, generally dissolved by the animal. Inhabits the fresh water -rivers of Europe. Twenty-seven species. - - Neritina perversa. - N. pulligera. - N. dubia. - N. zebra. - N. zigzag. - N. gagates. - N. lugubris. - N. lineolata. - N. fasciata. - N. semiconica. - N. strigilata. - N. meleagris. - N. virginea. - N. fluviatilis. - N. viridis. - N. Bætica. - N. careosa. - N. caffra. - N. Domingensis. - N. auriculata. - N. crepidularia. - N. brevispina. - N. Smithii. - N. spinosa. - N. Oweni. - N. pulchella. - N. corona. - - - 2. Genus _Nerita_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ See Neritina. - -_Shell._ Marine, but never spined, solid, semiglobular, flattened -beneath, not imbilicated; aperture large, entire, semilunar, the -external margin much hollowed; the columella sharp and often dentated, -operculum horny, subspiral, with a projecting tooth. Inhabits the seas -of S. America and W. Indies. Twenty species. - - Nurita exuvia. - N. textilis. - N. undata. - N. peloronta. - N. chlorostoma. - N. atrata. - N. polita. - N. albicella. - N. chamæleon. - N. versicolor. - N. lineata. - N. scabricosta. - N. plicata. - N. tassellata. - N. signata. - N. ornata. - N. Australis. - N. rudis. - N. Ascensionis. - N. Malaccensis. - - - 3. Genus _Navicella_. Pl. X. - -_Animal._ Oval, not spiral, foot elliptical, very large, with a thin -subpapillary edge, advanced rather anteriorly, without marginal furrow, -but attached on each side to the visceral mass in all its posterior -portion so as to form a sort of cavity open transversely behind; head -very broad and semilunate; tentacula conical, contractile and distant; -eyes subpedunculated at the external root of the tentacula; mouth large -and longitudinal. - -_Shell._ Fluviatile, elliptical, or oblong, convex above, summit -straight, depressed to the margin, concave beneath; no columella; the -columellar edge replaced by a sharp partition, covering part of the -aperture; a sinus at its left extremity; muscular impression horse-shoe -shaped, open in front and interrupted behind; thin, calcareous -operculum, with a subulate, lateral tooth adhering to the posterior -margin. Inhabits rivers in the Isle of France. Four species. - - Navicella elliptica. - N. tesselatus. - N. lineata. - N. porcelanica. - - - 4. Genera _Natica_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Oval, subspiral; foot profoundly and transversely bilobed -anteriorly, and having a horny or calcareous operculum; head provided -with long setaceous tentacula, flat, and auriculated at the base; eyes -sessile at the external side of the root of the tentacula; mouth armed -with a labial tooth. - -_Shell._ Marine, distinguished from the Nerita by having no teeth, and -having an umbilicus modified by a callosity; very smooth and glossy; no -epidermis; spire evident, but low; columellar edge not toothed; right -edge without teeth; operculum calcareous and smooth, semi-spiral, with -concentrical ribs, fitting a groove on the columella. Inhabits the W. -Indian Ocean and American seas. Thirty-six species. - - Natica ampullaria. - N. plumbea. - N. conica. - N. aurantia. - N. melanostoma. - N. mamilla. - N. mamillaris. - N. albumen. - N. glaucina. - N. canrena. - N. cruentata. - N. millepunctata. - N. vitellus. - N. helvacca. - N. collaria. - N. monilifera. - N. labrella. - N. unifasciata. - N. lineata. - N. fulminata. - N. maculosa. - N. vitata. - N. castanea. - N. arachnoidea. - N. zebra. - N. Marochiensis. - N. Javanica. - N. zonaria. - N. cancellata. - N. patula. - N. duplicata. - N. intricata. - N. glabrata. - N. Chinensis. - N. rufa. - - · · · · · - N. consolidata.* - N. duplicata.* - N. heros.* - N. pusilla.* - N. triseriata.* - N. rugosa.* - - - FAMILY XII. - - JANTHINEA. One genus. - - - 1. Genus _Janthina_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Of oval form, spiral, provided with a circular concave foot, -accompanied with a vesicular subcartilaginous mass, and natatory -appendages on each side; head very thick; tentacula scarcely at all -contractile; eyes situated beneath the extremity of long peduncles -placed at the external side of the tentacula, and appearing to form a -part of them; mouth at the extremity of a very thick proboscidiform -muzzle, between two vertical, subcartilaginous lips furnished with sharp -spines. - -_Shell._ Of a beautiful violet colour, found in numbers floating on the -surface of the ocean, suspended by a vesicular appendage which gives a -rich purple stain. Extremely thin and fragile, spire low, lateral, -pointed, with subcarinated whorls; aperture large, subangular, modified -by the last whorl of the spire, edges disunited, the left formed by the -columella, which is straight, continuing beyond the base, right edge -sharp, with a sinus in the middle. Inhabits the Atlantic Ocean. Three -species. - - Janthina naticoides. - J. communis. - J. exigua. - - - FAMILY XIII. - - MACROSTOMIANA. Four genera. - - - 1. Genus _Sigaretus_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Body oval, flat beneath; edges of the mantle vertical, thin, -extending beyond the body in all directions, sloped anteriorly; the -mantle itself dilated superiorly. - -_Shell._ More or less thick, internal, without colour, much depressed, -with a short, low, lateral spire; left edge of the aperture trenchant; -two lateral muscular impressions very distant. Inhabits the Indian -Ocean. Two species are found in S. America. Six species. - - Sigaretus convexus. - S. Haliotoideus. - S. cancellatus. - S. lævigatus. - - · · · · · - - S. perspectivus.* - S. maculatus.* - - - 2. Genus _Stomatella_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Distinguished from the Stomatia by being destitute of a -transverse rib, orbicular, oblong ear-shaped, imperforate; aperture -entire, large, sublongitudinal; right lip effuse, dilated, open. -Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Five species. - - Stomatella imbricata. - S. rubra. - S. sulcifera. - S. auricula. - S. planulata. - - - 3. Genus _Stomatia_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Ear-shaped, imperforate, spire prominent; aperture entire, -large, oblong; right margin and columella equally raised; a transverse -and tuberculated rib on the back. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Two -species. - - Stomatia phymotis. - S. obscurata. - - - 4. Genus _Haliotis_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Body oval, much depressed, slightly spiral posteriorly, -provided with a large foot doubly fringed at its circumference; head -depressed; tentacula a little flattened; eyes at the summit of prismatic -peduncles situated at the external side of the tentacula; mantle very -thin, deeply slit at the left side; the two lobes pointed, and forming -by their union a kind of canal to conduct water into the branchial -cavity, and including two very long unequal branchial combs. - -_Shell._ This beautiful genus derives its name from its resemblance to -the human ear. The exterior, tuberculated, and generally loaded with -marine substances, giving it an uncouth appearance, but its iridescent -interior forms a magnificent contrast; it is pearly, with all the hues -of the rainbow, recurving very depressed, oval, spire very small, -sometimes eroded, almost posterior, aperture as large as the shell, with -margins reflected inwards, the right sharp, left flat, and enlarged; -disk pierced with holes, disposed in a line parallel to and near the -left margin, the last commencing with a notch. These holes formed by the -animal, as it increases the size of the shell, to admit the passage of a -short syphon; they adhere to rocks, and are removed with much -difficulty. Inhabits the sea at Molucca. Nineteen species. - - Haliotis tuberculata. - H. striata. - H. asinina. - H. glabia. - H. lamellosa. - H. unilateralis. - H. rugosa. - H. canaliculata. - H. tricostalis. - H. dubia. - H. iris. - H. tubifera. - H. excavata. - H. Australis. - H. Midæ. - H. rubra. - H. tricostata. - H. corrugata. - H. Mariæ. - - - FAMILY XIV. - - PLICACEA. Two genera. - - - 1. Genus _Tornatella_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Body oval, subspiral; foot divided into two heels by a wide -transverse furrow; head provided with two vertical cylindrical -tentacula, having the eyes placed sessilely upon their interior side. - -_Shell._ Convolute, oval, cylindrical, mostly striated transversely; no -epidermis; spire very short, last whorl much larger than all the others -together; one or two large plaits on the columella. Inhabits the coast -of Britain. Six species. - - Tornatella fasciata. - T. solidula. - T. auricula. - T. nitidula. - T. pedipes. - T. flammea. - - - 2. Genus _Pyramidella_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ As preceding genus. - -_Shell._ Smooth and turreted, without epidermis; elongated, conical, or -subturriculated; aperture entire, demioval; the outer lip sharp and -dentated within, columella produced, subperforate at the base, furnished -with transverse plaits. Inhabits the American and W. Indian seas. Six -species. - - Pyramidella terrebellum. - - · · · · · - - Pyramidella maculosa.* - P. dolabrata.* - Pyramidella plicata.* - P. ventricosa.* - P. corrugata.* - - - FAMILY XV. - - SCALARINA. Three genera. - - - 1. Genus _Scalaria_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Spiral; foot short, oval, and inserted beneath the neck; two -tentacula terminated by a filament, and having the eyes at the extremity -of the dilated portion; a proboscis. - -_Shell._ Marine, aperture circular, spire more or less pressed and -furnished with longitudinal ribs, formed by the preservation of the -reflected margin of the aperture; edges united, thickened, and outwardly -reflected; operculum horny and thin. Inhabits the American and Indian -seas. Fourteen living species, and three fossil. - - Scalaria coronata. - S. communis. - S. Australis. - S. tenebralis. - S. varicosa. - S. raricosta. - S. lamellosa. - S. pretiosa. - - · · · · · - - S. Martinii.* - S. Novanglia.* - S. lineata.* - S. subulata.* - S. multistriata.* - S. turbinata.* - - - 2. Genus _Vermetus_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ As preceding genus. - -_Shell._ Very similar to the Serpula, but the organization of the animal -makes it a distinct genus; often found clustered together, and attached -to marine substances; conical, thin, tubular, loosely spiral, aperture -straight, circular, edges sharp and complete, several partitions not -perforated towards the summit, operculum horny and complete. Inhabits -the sandy shores of the W. Indies and Africa. Two species. - - Vermetus lumbricalis. - V. maximus. - - - 3. Genus _Delphinula_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ See Scalaria. - -_Shell._ Thick, and pearly in the interior, subdiscoid or conical; -spiral whorls rough or angular, often detached, spiny; large umbilicus, -sometimes triangular; the margins united, mostly fringed or ventricose. -Inhabits the Indian and American seas. Five living species. Seven -fossil. - - Delphinula laciniata. - D. turbinopsis. - D. distorta. - D. rugosa. - - · · · · · - - D. laxa.* - - - FAMILY XVI. - - TURBINACEA. Eight genera. - - - 1. Genus _Solarium_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Orbicular, depressed, umbilicus large and conical, crenulated -or dentated on the inner margin of the whorls; aperture not modified by -the last whorl of the spire, which is entirely flat; no columella. -Inhabits the Indian seas. Seven living species. E. fossil. - - Solarium granulatum. - S. perspectivum. - S. hybridum. - S. lævigatum. - S. stramineum. - S. variegatum. - S. luteum. - - - 2. Genus _Trochus_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Spiral, having the sides of the body often ornamented with -digitated or lobed appendages, and provided with a short foot, rounded -at its two extremities; head provided with two tentacula more or less -elongated, having the eyes upon a dilation of their external base; mouth -without superior tooth, but furnished with a spiral lingual band. - -_Shell._ Marine, found in almost all parts of the world, some smooth, -others knotted, spined, tuberculated, or undulated; thick, generally -pearly, spire sometimes depressed, at others elevated and pointed at the -summit, sharp or carinated at its circumference, frequently umbilicated, -not always; aperture transversely depressed, the margins not united at -the upper part; columella arched and twisted, often projecting forward; -operculum horny, thin, with numerous spiral whorls, increasing from the -centre to the circumference. Inhabits the European seas. Ninety-nine -living species. Eight fossil. - - Trochus imperialis. - T. longispina. - T. solaris. - T. Indicus. - T. radians. - T. pileus. - T. calyptræformis. - T. fimbriatus. - T. brevispina. - T. rotularius. - T. stella. - T. stellarius. - T. asperatus. - T. rhodostomus. - T. spinulosus. - T. jujubinus. - T. Javanicus. - T. annulatus. - T. doliarius. - T. granulatus. - T. granatum. - T. moniliferus. - T. iris. - T. ornatus. - T. bicingulatus. - T. calliferus. - T. umbilicaris. - T. undatus. - T. Pharaonis. - T. sagittiferus. - T. costulatus. - T. inermis. - T. agglutinans. - T. coelatus. - T. tuber. - T. magus. - T. merula. - T. argyrostomus. - T. Cookii. - T. niloticus. - T. pyramidalis. - T. noduliferus. - T. cærulescens. - T. obeliscus. - T. virgatus. - T. maculatus. - T. granosus. - T. squarrosus. - T. incrassatus. - T. flamulatus. - T. elatus. - T. marmoreus. - T. Mauritianus. - T. imbricatus. - T. triseliatus. - T. crenulatus. - T. asperulus. - T. acutus. - T. concavus. - T. lineatus. - T. zizyphinus. - T. conuloides. - T. conulus. - T. zonatus. - T. carneolus. - T. cinerarius. - T. excavatus. - T. nanus. - T. pyramidatus. - T. erythroleucos. - T. undosus. - T. unguis. - T. olivaceus. - T. Smithii. - T. maugeri. - T. Mediterraneus. - T. reticulatus. - T. indistinctus. - T. pellioserpentis. - T. armillatus. - T. acuminatus. - T. elegantus. - T. granosus. - T. tæniatus. - T. articulatus. - T. pictus. - T. callosus. - T. clanguloides. - T. interruptus. - T. lævis. - T. albidus. - T. celandii. - T. quadricostatus. - T. Byronianus. - T. elongatus. - T. filosus. - T. clangulus. - T. sulcatus. - T. Montagui. - - - 3. Genus _Monodonta_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ See Trochus. - -_Shell._ This genus appears to be the connecting link between the -Trochus and Turbo; distinguished from the former, by an entirely rounded -aperture, slightly depressed; from the latter, by the toothlike -projecting angle the truncated columella occasions at the base; an -operculum. Inhabits the Chinese seas. Thirty-four species. - - Monodonta bicolor. - M. pagodus. - M. tectum-persicum. - M. papillosa. - M. coronaria. - M. Ægyptiacea. - M. carchedonius. - M. modulus. - M. Listeri. - M. tectum. - M. labio. - M. Australis. - M. canalifera. - M. viridis. - M. fragarioides. - M. constricta. - M. tricarinata. - M. badia. - M. articulata. - M. lugubris. - M. punctulata. - M. caniculata. - M. seminigra. - M. rosea. - M. lineata. - M. rugosa. - M. zebra. - M. reticularis. - M. trochlea. - M. atrata. - M. obscura. - M. concamerata. - M. odontis. - M. pulcherrima. - - - 4. Genus _Turbo_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Very similar to that of Trochus, the sides sometimes -ornamented with tentacular appendages, varying in number and form; head -proboscidiform; tentacula thin and setaceous. - -_Shell._ Depressed conical, or subturreted; sometimes umbilicated, -frequently carinated at its circumference; interior pearly; aperture -round or depressed, the middle of external edge hollowed; edges rarely -joined by a callosity; columella arched, rarely twisted, not truncated -at the base; an operculum. Inhabits the Indian and American seas. -Fifty-one species. - - Turbo marmoratus. - T. imperialis, - T. torquatus. - T. muricatus. - T. littoreus. - T. ustulatus. - T. Sarmaticus. - T. cornutus. - T. argyrostomus. - T. chrysostomus. - T. radiatus. - T. setosus. - T. Spenglerianus. - T. petholatus. - T. undulatus. - T. pica. - T. versicolor. - T. smaragdus. - T. cidaris. - T. diaphanus. - T. rugosus. - T. coronatus. - T. crenulatus. - T. margaritaceus. - T. vestitus. - T. incarnatus. - T. Nicobaricus. - T. neritoides. - T. retusus. - T. bicarinatus. - T. rudis. - T. obtusus. - T. pullus. - T. cærulescens. - T. cancellatus. - T. costatus. - T. niger. - T. minimus. - T. tuberculatus. - T. zebra. - T. pintado. - T. crassus. - T. fluctuatus. - T. hippocastanum. - T. cineræus. - T. obscurus. - T. saxosus. - - · · · · · - - T. irroratus.* - T. canaliculatus.* - T. palliatus.* - T. obligatus.* - - - 5. Genus _Planaxis_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Ovate conical, solid; aperture ovate, sublongitudinal, -columella flat and truncated at the base, separated from the right -margin by a narrow sinus. Interior surface of the right margin furrowed -or lineated, and a callosity running under the summit. Inhabits the -American and W. Indian seas. Four species. - - Planaxis sulcata. - P. bicolor. - P. undulata. - - · · · · · - - P. lævigatum.* - - - 6. Genus _Phasianella_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Spiral; foot oval; upon each side an appendage ornamented with -filaments; head edged anteriorly with a kind of veil formed by a double, -bifid, fringed lip; two, long, conical tentacula; eyes borne upon short -peduncles and situated at the external part of their base; mouth between -two vertical subcornate lips. - -_Shell._ Marine; many of them very rare and valuable; their beauty of -colouring disposed so as to resemble the plumage of a pheasant. Oval, -rather thick, smooth and glossy, spire pointed; columella uniting itself -with the left edge, forming interiorly a longitudinal callosity; -aperture oval, larger before, with edges disunited; operculum -calcareous, oval, oblong, subspiral, the summit at one extremity. -Inhabits the British coast. Twelve species. - - Phasianella variegata. - P. rubens. - P. bulimoides. - P. elegans. - P. lineata. - P. nebulosa. - P. sulcata. - P. angulifera. - P. lineolata. - P. perdix. - P. Mauritania. - P. Peruviana. - - - 7. Genus _Turritella_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Spiral; foot fringed anteriorly by a transversely wrinkled -band; tentacula long, very fine towards their extremity, somewhat thick -at their base, and having the eyes upon an inflation; the head skirted -with a veil or fringe garnished with filaments. - -_Shell._ Turreted, not nacred, rather thin, striated in the direction of -the decurrence of the spire; very pointed, and with numerous whorls; -aperture rounded; the edges posteriorly, the right exceedingly thin, and -slightly sinuous towards the middle; operculum horny. Inhabits the -Indian and American Oceans. Twenty-one living species. Thirty-seven -fossil. - - Turritella duplicata. - T. imbricata. - T. terebra. - T. replicata. - T. fuscata. - T. brevialis. - T. trisulcata. - T. carinifera. - T. cornea. - T. bicingulata. - T. exoleta. - T. Australis. - - · · · · · - - T. Virginiana.* - T. alternata.* - T. impressa.* - T. concava.* - T. saturalis.* - T. equalis.* - T. erosa.* - T. reticulata.* - T. bisuturalis.* - - - 8. Genus _Rotella_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ See Turbo. - -_Shell._ Orbicular, glossy, destitute of epidermis; spire short, -subconic; lower parts convex and callous; aperture half round. Indian -Ocean. Seven species. - - Rotella lineolata. - R. Javanica. - R. rosea. - R. formosa. - R. saturalis. - R. equalis. - R. monolifera. - - - FAMILY XVII. - - CANALIFERA. Eleven genera. - - - 1. Genus _Cerithium_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Much elongated; the mantle prolonged into a canal at its left -side, but without a distinct tube; the foot short, oval, with an -anterior marginal furrow; the head terminated by a depressed -proboscidiform muzzle. - -_Shell._ More or less turriculated and tuberculous; aperture small, -oval, and oblique; the columellar edge much excavated and callous, the -right edge trenchant, and slightly dilating with age. Operculum horny, -oval, round, subspiral, and striated, upon the external face. They are -found in almost every sea. Forty-five living species. Sixty fossil. - - Cerithium palustre. - C. telescopium. - C. nodulosum. - C. obeliscum. - C. aluco. - C. giganteum. - C. sulcatum. - C. ebeninum. - C. vulgatum. - C. granulatum. - C. echinatum. - C. subulatum. - C. zonale. - C. tortulosum. - C. morus. - C. erythræonense. - C. radula. - C. decollatum. - C. semigranosum. - C. lineatum. - C. fasciatum. - C. muricatum. - C. crassum. - C. obtusum. - C. asperum. - C. vertagum. - C. literatum. - C. heteroclites. - C. semiferrugineum. - C. tuberculatum. - C. ocellatum. - C. atratum. - C. eburneum. - C. lima. - C. zonatum. - C. rugosum. - C. mitriforme. - C. punctatum. - C. perversum. - C. petrosum. - - · · · · · - - C. exasperatum.* - C. dislocatum.* - C. Emersonii.* - C. Nigrocinctum.* - C. Greenii.* - - - 2. Genus _Pleurotoma_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Body oval, spiral above, enveloped in a mantle of which the -right edge is furnished with lobes; foot oval and somewhat short; eyes -situated at the external base of long, conical, retractile tentacula; -mouth having a long extensible proboscis armed with hooked teeth; organs -of respiration formed by two unequal branchiæ. - -_Shell._ Fusiform, a little wrinkled, with a turriculated spire; a small -oval aperture, terminated by a straight canal more or less long, with -the right edge trenchant; a horny operculum. Distinguished from the -Cerithium by having a notch in the margin. Twenty-nine living species. -Thirty fossil. - - Pleurotoma muricata. - P. echinata. - P. flavidula. - P. imperialis. - P. auriculifera. - P. spirata. - P. bimarginata. - P. cingulifera. - P. Babylonia. - P. marmorata. - P. crispa. - P. nodifera. - P. maculata. - P. interrupta. - P. cincta. - P. crenularis. - P. unizonalis. - P. lineata. - P. fascialis. - P. buccinoides. - P. virgo. - P. undosa. - P. tigrina. - P. albina. - P. mitra. - P. elegans. - P. curvirostris. - - · · · · · - - P. decussata.* - P. bicarinata.* - - - 3. Genus _Turbinella_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Imperfectly known. - -_Shell._ Usually turbinated (but sometimes turriculated), wrinkled, -thick; spire slightly variable in form; aperture elongated, terminated -by a straight canal, and often rather short; the left edge nearly -straight and formed by a callosity concealing the columella, which has -two or three nearly transverse and unequal folds; the right edge entire -and trenchant. Found in the Equatorial or Australian seas. Twenty-three -species. - - Turbinella scolymus. - T. napus. - T. pugillaris. - T. rapa. - T. pyrum. - T. leucozonalis. - T. cingulifera. - T. mitis. - T. infundibulum. - T. lineata. - T. triserialis. - T. ocellata. - T. rustica. - T. polygonia. - T. carinifera. - T. rhinoceros. - T. cornigera. - T. ceramica. - T. capitella. - T. globulus. - T. craticulata. - T. nassatula. - T. variolaris. - - - 4. Genus _Cancellaria_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ See _Purpura_, hereafter. - -_Shell._ Oval or globular, wrinkled; spire middling and pointed; -aperture wide, ovate, grooved, and sometimes canaliculated anteriorly; -the right edge concave and trenchant; the left nearly straight and -marked in the middle with two or three folds; operculum horny. Inhabits -the Indian Ocean. One species only is found in America. Forty-nine -living species. Twenty fossil. - - Cancellaria crispa. - C. costifera. - C. articularis. - C. brevis. - C. pusilla. - C. bullata. - C. tuberculosa. - C. pulchra. - C. cancellata. - C. similis. - C. chrysostoma. - C. rugosa. - C. hæmastoma. - C. rigida. - C. costata. - C. goniostoma. - C. trigonostoma. - C. levigata. - C. spirata. - C. obliquata. - C. scalata. - C. contabulata. - C. crenifera. - C. scalarina. - C. littoriniformis. - C. elegans. - C. asperella. - C. oblonga. - C. tesselata. - C. nodulifera. - C. cassidiformis. - C. Australis. - C. reticulata. - C. candida. - C. ovata. - C. Obesa. - C. acuminata. - C. solida. - C. gemmulata. - C. decussata. - C. indentata. - C. alba. - C. clavatula. - C. uniplicata. - C. mitriformis. - C. tritonis. - C. granosa. - C. piscatoria. - - · · · · · - - C. buccinoides.* - - - 5. Genus _Fasciolaria_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Entirely unknown. - -_Shell._ Separated from the Murex on account of having no varix fusiform -or subfusiform; spire middling; aperture oval, elongated, nearly -symmetrical, terminated by a rather long, straight tube, the external -edge trenchant, the columellar edge having two or three oblique folds. -Inhabits the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Eight living species. -Seven fossil. - - Fasciolaria trapezium. - F. aurantica. - F. filamentosa. - F. coronata. - F. ferruginea. - F. tarentina. - F. tulipa. - F. distans. - - - 6. Genus _Fusus_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Entirely unknown. - -_Shell._ With an epidermis, wrinkled, fusiform or dilated in the middle, -prolonged posteriorly by the spire, and still more so anteriorly by the -canal; aperture oval; the columellar edge straight or nearly so, the -exterior trenchant; a horny and oval operculum. Inhabits the Indian and -American seas. Forty-six living species. Thirty-seven fossil. - - Fusus aculeiformis. - F. contrarius. - F. longissimus. - F. laticosta. - F. collosseus. - F. tuberculatus. - F. distans. - F. incrassatus. - F. sulcatus. - F. despectus. - F. proboscidiferus. - F. morio. - F. cochlidium. - F. raphanus. - F. polygonoides. - F. lignarius. - F. strigosus. - F. crebricostatus. - F. colus. - F. Nicobaricus. - F. tortulosus. - F. multicarinatus. - F. antiquirus. - F. carinatus. - F. Islandicus. - F. coronatus. - F. corona. - F. filosus. - F. verruculatus. - F. Syracusanus. - F. varius. - F. afer. - F. rubens. - F. Nifat. - F. buccinatus. - F. scalarinus. - F. curvirostris. - F. inconstans. - F. sinistralis. - F. articulatus. - - · · · · · - - F. pleurotomarius.* - F. harpularis.* - F. cinereus.* - F. fluviatilis.* - F. decemcostatus.* - F. bicolor.* - - - 7. Genus _Pyrula_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Pyriform on account of the depression of the spire, which -distinguishes it from the Fusus; the canal conical, very long or -middling, sometimes a little sloped; aperture oval, rather large; the -columella edge somewhat excavated, entire and trenchant; an operculum. -Found in the Northern and American seas. Twenty-nine living species. Six -fossil. - - Pyrula salmo. - P. carica. - P. candelabrum. - P. tuba. - P. melongena. - P. ficus. - P. spirata. - P. elongata. - P. bezoar. - P. angulata. - P. nodosa. - P. abbreviata. - P. deformis. - P. lineata. - P. plicata. - P. canaliculata. - P. perversa. - P. bucephala. - P. vespertilio. - P. reticulata. - P. ficoides. - P. spirillus. - P. ternatana. - P. rapa. - P. galeodes. - P. squamosa. - P. citrina. - P. neritoidea. - - · · · · · - - P. papyracea.* - - - 8. Genus _Struthiolaria_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ See Triton, hereafter. - -_Shell._ Ovate; spire prolonged; aperture sinuous, terminated at the -base by a very short, straight canal: columellar edge callous; right -edge having a thickened varix. Inhabits the Mediterranean and Northern -Seas. Two species. - - Struthiolaria nodulosa. - S. crenulata. - - - 9. Genus _Ranella_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Oval, and, as it were, depressed by the preservation of each -side of a longitudinal thickened band; aperture oval, almost symmetrical -by the excavation of the columellar edge, terminating anteriorly by a -short canal, often a little sloping; a sinus at the posterior junction -of the two edges. This genus forms a distinct division between the Murex -and Struthiolaria. Inhabits the Northern and Mediterranean Seas. One -species is found in America. Fifteen living species. Five fossil. - - Ranella gigantea. - R. candisata. - R. ranina. - R. bufonia. - R. granifera. - R. bitubercularis. - R. anceps. - R. leucostoma. - R. Argus. - R. spinosa. - R. granulata. - R. semigranosa. - R. crumena. - R. pygmæa. - - · · · · · - - R. caudata*. - - - 10. Genus _Murex_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ See _Pleurotoma_, above. - -_Shell._ Usually oval; the spire but slightly elevated, roughened with -longitudinal, transversal bands or varices; aperture small, quite oval, -and symmetrical by the excavation of the left edge, formed by a lamina -applied upon the columella, terminated anteriorly by a middling canal -sometimes very long and closed; the right edge more or less furnished -with varices. Operculum horny, complete, oval, nearly circular, with -sub-concentric partitions; summit terminal. This genus comprehends only -such shells as have only three or more varices on each whorl. These -varices show how often the animal has increased the size of its shell. -F. in all seas. Seventy-three living species. Two fossil. - - Murex cornutus. - M. tenuispina. - M. ternispina. - M. motacilla. - M. palmarosæ. - M. adustus. - M. crevicornis. - M. microphyllus. - M. phylopterus. - M. trigonularis. - M. brandaris. - M. rarispina. - M. haustellum. - M. inflatus. - M. brevifrons. - M. rufus. - M. acaleatus. - M. capucinus. - M. acanthopterus. - M. ucinarius. - M. crassispina. - M. brevispina. - M. tenuirostrum. - M. elongatus. - M. calcitrassa. - M. axicornis. - M. longispina. - M. asperrimus. - M. tripterus. - M. hemitripterus. - M. gibbosus. - M. brassica. - M. radix. - M. scorpico. - M. turbinatus. - M. melonulus. - M. erinaceus. - M. costularis. - M. angularis. - M. cingulatus. - M. torosus. - M. granarius. - M. aciculatus. - M. ferrugo. - M. pinnatus. - M. triqueter. - M. saxatilis. - M. melanomathos. - M. secundus. - M. trunculus. - M. Magellanicus. - M. tarentinus. - M. polygonulus. - M. crispatus. - M. cinguliferus. - M. lyratus. - M. fimbriatus. - M. regius. - M. funiculus. - M. pictus. - M. trigonulus. - M. endivia. - M. hexagonus. - M. quadrifrons. - M. anguliferus. - M. lamellosus. - M. scaber. - M. vitulinus. - M. fenestratus. - M. subcarinatus. - M. concatenatus. - M. pulchellus. - M. cristata. - M. lubiosus. - - - 11. Genus _Triton_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ Oval with straight spire and canal, middling generally -wrinkled, furnished with varices, rare, scattered, and preserved in -longitudinal rows; aperture suboval, elongated, terminated by a short -open canal; the columellar edge less excavated than the right and -covered by a callosity; operculum horny, oval, round, and rather large. -Found in the Northern and Mediterranean seas. Thirty-one living species. -Three fossil. - - Triton variegatum. - T. lampas. - T. corrugatum. - T. lotorium. - T. cynocephalum. - T. retusum. - T. vespaceum. - T. clathratum. - T. maculosum. - T. cutaceum. - T. undosum. - T. nodiferum. - T. scorbiculator. - T. succinctum. - T. femorale. - T. tripus. - T. clavator. - T. chlorostomum. - T. subdistortum. - T. clandestinum. - T. dolarium. - T. australe. - T. Splengleri. - T. pileare. - T. pigrum. - T. canaliferum. - T. tuberosum. - T. anus. - T. cancellatum. - T. rubecula. - T. tranquebaricum. - - - FAMILY XVIII. - - ALATA. Three genera. - - - 1. Genus _Rostellaria_. Pl. XI. - -_Animal._ Entirely unknown. - -_Shell._ Subdepressed, turriculated, with a produced and pointed spire; -aperture oval on account of a rather large excavation of the columellar -edge, the right margin dilating with age and having a sinus contiguous -to the pointed canal which terminates the shell; an operculum. This -genus is distinguished from the Strombus by having a sinus in the lower -part of the right margin contiguous to the canal. Inhabits the European -seas; four living species. Three fossil. - - Rostellaria curvirostris. - R. rectirostris. - R. pespelicani. - R. cancellata. - - - 2. Genus _Pteroceras_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ See Strombus, below. - -_Shell._ Oblong-ovate; canal elongated, attenuated and often closed; -right margin dilating by age into an expanded digitated wing, attached -to and covering a short spire with a sinus in the lower part not -contiguous to the body. Distinguished from the Strombus by not having -the canal at the base shortened or truncated, and from the Rostellaria -by having the sinus of the right margin distant from the body. Found in -the Equatorial seas. Seven species. Five fossil. - - Pteroceras truncata. - P. lambio. - P. scorpio. - P. chiragra. - P. millepeda. - P. pseudoscorpia. - P. aurantia. - - - 3. Genus _Strombus_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Spiral; the foot rather wide anteriorly, compressed -posteriorly; mantle thin, forming a prolonged fold anteriorly, whence -issues a sort of canal; head very distinct; mouth a vertical slit at the -extremity of a proboscis, provided in the inferior median line with a -lingual band having prickles flexed posteriorly; tentacular appendages -cylindrical, thick, and long, with the eyes at their extremity. - -_Shell._ Thick, subinvolute, dilated in the middle, terminating in a -cone anteriorly and posteriorly; aperture very long and narrow; -terminated anteriorly by a canal more or less elongated and flexed; -edges parallel, the external dilating with age, presenting posteriorly a -gutter at its point of attachment with the spire, and, anteriorly, a -sinus behind the canal, through which the head of the animal passes; -operculum horny, long, and narrow; summit terminal. Found in the Indian -and Equatorial seas, and one species in Florida. Thirty-two living -species. Five fossil. - - Strombus gigas. - S. latissimus. - S. Canarium. - S. vittatus. - S. gallus. - S. cristatus. - S. bubonius. - S. auris-Dianæ. - S. pyrulatus. - S. Luhuanus. - S. colomba. - S. troglodytes. - S. urceus. - S. lineatus. - S. turritus. - S. accipitrimus. - S. tricornis. - S. Isabella. - S. epidromis. - S. bituberculatus. - S. dilatus. - S. lentiginosus. - S. pugilis. - S. gibberulus. - S. Mauritianus. - S. succinctus. - S. tridentatus. - S. plicatus. - S. papilio. - S. marginatus. - S. cancellatus. - - · · · · · - - S. Floridus.* - - - FAMILY XIX. - - PURPURIFERA. Eleven genera. - - - 1. Genus _Cassidaria_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Somewhat elongated, widened anteriorly; mantle with simple -edges and provided with a distinct tube; foot very wide, elliptical, -sub-biolate anteriorly, and having a large operculum upon the dorsal -face of its posterior part; head wide and indistinct; tentacula -anterior, approximating at base, subcylindrical, and having the eyes at -two-thirds of their length; mouth inferior, concealed by the foot; two -pectiniform branchiæ, nearly parallel. - -_Shell._ Subglobular, tuberculated or channeled, with a short, pointed -spire; aperture long, ovate, subcanaliculated anteriorly; right edge -folded back; columella covered by a wide, smooth callosity, uniting -posteriorly with the right edge. Inhabits all seas except the Northern. -Five living species. Seven fossil. - - Cassidaria echinophora. - C. Tyrrhena. - C. striata. - C. oniscus. - C. cingulata. - - - 2. Genus _Cassis_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Spiral, with the foot (which is shorter than the shell) -rounded anteriorly; mantle provided, before the respiratory cavity, with -a long open canal, used as an organ of prehension; head furnished; a -single pair of blackish tentacula, having the eyes at an inflation about -half way from the base; mouth armed with a proboscis. - -_Shell._ Inflated, oval, subinvolute; spire slightly projecting; -aperture long, oval, sometimes very narrow, terminated anteriorly by a -very short canal, sloped, and flexed obliquely towards the back; -columella covered by a large callosity, indented throughout its length; -operculum horny. Found in the Indian, Mediterranean, and Equatorial -seas. Twenty-five living species. Eight fossil. - - Cassis cornuta. - C. flammea. - C. rufa. - C. achatina. - C. areola. - C. abbreviata. - C. saburon. - C. Ceylonica. - C. erinaceus. - C. tuberosa. - C. fascinata. - C. pennata. - C. crumena. - C. zebra. - C. sulcosa. - C. canaliculata. - C. semigranosa. - C. Madagascariensis. - C. glauca. - C. testiculus. - C. plicaria. - C. decussata. - C. granulosa. - C. pyrum. - C. vibex. - - - 3. Genus _Ricinula_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ Oval or subglobular, thick, armed with points and with a -depressed spire; aperture narrow, elongated, notched, sometimes -canaliculated anteriorly and digitated exteriorly; left edge more or -less callous; operculum horny, oval, and transverse. Found in the Indian -seas. Nine living species. - - Ricinula horrida. - R. arachnoidea. - R. digitata. - R. aspera. - R. clathrata. - R. miticula. - R. pisolina. - R. morus. - R. mutica. - - - 4. Genus _Purpura_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ Oval, tuberculated, thick; spire short, the last whorl much -larger than all the others united; aperture oval, greatly dilated, -terminated anteriorly by a short, oblique canal notched at the -extremity; the columellar edge nearly straight, covered with a -callosity; operculum horny, flat, nearly semicircular, with faintly -marked transverse striæ. Found in the European and South American seas. -Sixty-two species. - - Purpura Persica. - P. columellaria. - P. armigera. - P. undata. - P. bufo. - P. planospira. - P. carinifera. - P. squamosa. - P. sertum. - P. ligata. - P. imbricata. - P. bicostalis. - P. thiarella. - P. echinulata. - P. unifascialis. - P. clavus. - P. bizonalis. - P. Francolinus. - P. cruentata. - P. lagenaria. - P. plicata. - P. rustica. - P. hystrix. - P. retusa. - P. fasciolaris. - P. nucleus. - P. subrostrata. - P. patula. - P. consul. - P. hippocastana. - P. mancinella. - P. neritoides. - P. coronata. - P. sacella. - P. bulbus. - P. cariosa. - P. Rudolphi. - P. succincta. - P. bitubercularis. - P. hæmastoma. - P. callosa. - P. callifera. - P. scalariformis. - P. rugosa. - P. textilosa. - P. lambosa. - P. lapillus. - P. cateracta. - P. fiscella. - P. semi-imbricata. - P. deltoides. - P. trochlea. - P. vexillum. - P. distorta. - P. tectum. - - · · · · · - - P. engonata.* - P. brevidens.* - P. lapilloidis.* - P. harpa.* - P. Floridana.* - P. dumosa.* - P. macrostoma.* - - - 5. Genus _Monoceros_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ Differs only from the _Purpura_ by a long, conical pointed, -somewhat reflexed tooth in the outer lip. Five species. - - Monoceros cingulatum. - M. imbricatum. - M. striatum. - M. glabratum. - M. crassilabrum. - - - 6. Genus _Concholepas_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Entirely unknown. - -_Shell._ Wide, rough, ovate; spire very short; aperture very large, oval -and sloped anteriorly; the edges united, the right very thick and -dentated; muscular impression almost in form of a horse-shoe; operculum -horny and rudimentary. It was formerly considered a Patella, from which -it differs by the operculum. One species. - - Concholepas Peruvianus. - - - 7. Genus _Harpa_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Oval, inflated, rather thin, with longitudinal parallel ribs, -formed by the preservation of the band of the right margin; the spire -very short and pointed, the last whorl much longer than all the others -together; aperture large, ovate, with a wide slope anteriorly; the right -edge much hollowed, and thickened outwardly; the columella smooth and -terminated in a point anteriorly. A beautiful genus. Found in the Indian -Ocean. Nine species. - - Harpa imperialis. - H. ventricosa. - H. conoidalis. - H. minor. - H. nobilis. - H. articularis. - H. rosea. - H. striata. - H. mutica. - - - 8. Genus _Dolium_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ As in _Purpura_. - -_Shell._ Subglobular, thin, surrounded by decurrent flutings; spire very -short, the last whorl much larger than all the others together; aperture -oblong, very large, on account of the great excavation of the right -edge, which is crenated throughout its length; columella twisted. Found -in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean seas. Seven species. - - Dolium galea. - D. fasciatum. - D. pomum. - D. variegatum. - D. perdix. - D. olearium. - D. maculatum. - - - 9. Genus _Buccinum_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ See _Purpura_. - -_Shell._ With a light epidermis, oval, elongated; the spire moderately -elevated; aperture oblong, oval, notched, sometimes subcanaliculated -anteriorly; right edge thick, not reflexed; columella simple and dilated -superiorly; operculum horny, complete, and oval. Found in all seas. -Sixty-six living. Fourteen fossil. - - Buccinum undatum. - B. papyraceum. - B. tenniplicatum. - B. levigatum. - B. crenulatum. - B. lineatum. - B. maculosum. - B. mutabile. - B. ventricosum. - B. fasciatum. - B. arcularia. - B. pauperatum. - B. achatinum. - B. olivaceum. - B. Brazilianum. - B. vinosum. - B. Ascanias. - B. aciculatum. - B. glaciale. - B. annulatum. - B. reticulatum. - B. fuscatum. - B. politum. - B. inflatum. - B. gemmulatum. - B. miga. - B. coronatum. - B. neriteum. - B. glans. - B. canaliculatum. - B. semiconvexum. - B. corniculatum. - B. Anglicanum. - B. lævissimum. - B. Tranquebaricum. - B. lineolatum. - B. suturale. - B. retusum. - B. Coromandelianum. - B. lyratum. - B. Thersites. - B. testudineum. - B. papillosum. - B. tricarinatum. - B. fasciolatum. - B. subspinosum. - B. flexuosum. - B. cribarium. - B. grana. - B. zebra. - B. aurantium. - B. gibbolusum. - B. marginulatum. - B. coccinella. - B. dermestoideum. - B. pediculare. - B. pullus. - B. polygonatum. - - · · · · · - - B. ornatum.* - B. trivittata.* - B. acuta.* - B. alba.* - B. vibex.* - B. obsoleta.* - B. unicincta.* - B. lunata.* - - - 10. Genus _Eburna_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Entirely unknown. - -_Shell._ Oval or elongated, smooth; spire pointed, its whorls as if -softened off; aperture ovate, elongated, widely notched anteriorly; the -right margin entire; columella callous posteriorly, umbilicated, and -subcanaliculated at its left side; an operculum. Found in the Indian and -South American seas. Five species. - - Eburna glabrata. - E. Ceylonica. - E. spirata. - E. areolata. - E. lutosa. - - - 11. Genus _Terebra_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Spiral and high; foot oval with a transverse anterior furrow, -and two lateral auricles; head bordered with a small fringe; tentacula -cylindrical, terminating in a point and very distant; eyes indistinct, -situated at the foot, and at the external side of the tentacula; mouth -without proboscis; tube of the respiratory cavity very long. - -_Shell._ Without epidermis, ovate, with a pointed spire, low, or -subturriculated; aperture wide, oval, with a strong slope anteriorly; -lower end of the columella twisted. Found in tropical seas. Twenty-four -species. - - Terebra macalata. - T. crenulata. - T. dimidiata. - T. raphanula. - T. muscaria. - T. flammea. - T. striatula. - T. chlorata. - T. cerithina. - T. subulata. - T. oculata. - T. Babylonica. - T. Senegalensis. - T. cingulifera. - T. scabrella. - T. lanceata. - T. granulosa. - T. duplicata. - T. corrugata. - T. cærulescens. - T. myuros. - T. strigilata. - T. aciculina. - T. vittata. - - - FAMILY XX. - - COLUMELLARIA. Five genera. - - - 1. Genus _Columbella_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Imperfectly known; eyes placed much below the middle of the -tentacula. - -_Shell._ Thick, turbinated, with a short obtuse spire; aperture narrow, -elongated and terminated by a very short canal, narrowed by an inflation -at the inner side of the right edge, and by some folds on the columella; -a very small horny operculum. Inhabits the Indian and American seas. -Twenty species. - - Columbella rustica. - C. Hebræa. - C. semipunctata. - C. reticulata. - C. strombiformis. - C. mercatoria. - C. flavida. - C. bizonalis. - C. turturina. - C. pardalina. - C. ovulata. - C. zonalis. - C. mendicaria. - C. punctata. - C. scripta. - C. nitida. - C. fulgurans. - C. unifascialis. - - · · · · · - - C. labiosa.* - C. avara.* - - - 2. Genus _Mitra_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Entirely unknown. - -_Shell._ Turriculated, subfusiform and oval; spire always pointed at the -summit; aperture small, triangular, widest anteriorly where it is -strongly emarginated; external edge trenchant, nearly straight, always -longer than the columella, which is formed by a very thin callosity, and -marked with oblique parallel folds, the anterior of which are the -shortest; no operculum. Inhabits the Chinese seas. Eighty species. - - Mitra papalis. - M. puncticulata. - M. cardinalis. - M. versicolor. - M. pedicula. - M. cornicularis. - M. striatula. - M. cornea. - M. melaniana. - M. episcopalis. - M. pontificalis. - M. crocata. - M. nexilis. - M. scabrinscrula. - M. crenifera. - M. tæniata. - M. corrugata. - M. lyrata. - M. cinctella. - M. Caffra. - M. stigmataria. - M. fissurata. - M. millepora. - M. archiepiscopalis. - M. sanguinolenta. - M. lactea. - M. lutescens. - M. subulata. - M. tringa. - M. ferruginea. - M. adusta. - M. plicaria. - M. costellaris. - M. melongena. - M. vulpecula. - M. sanguisuga. - M. filosa. - M. ampliorella. - M. patriarchalis. - M. harpæformis. - M. ficulina. - M. conularis. - M. dermestina. - M. dactylus. - M. conulus. - M. coronata. - M. muriculata. - M. semifasciata. - M. nucleola. - M. plumbea. - M. granulifera. - M. clavula. - M. Peronii. - M. oniscina. - M. terebralis. - M. granulosa. - M. costa. - M. olivaria. - M. granatina. - M. serpentina. - M. arenosa. - M. literata. - M. obliquata. - M. scutulata. - M. fenestrata. - M. texturata. - M. limbifera. - M. paupercula. - M. torulosa. - M. retusa. - M. unifascialis. - M. larva. - M. tabanula. - M. crenulata. - M. aurantiaca. - M. cucumerina. - M. ebena. - M. microzonias. - M. bacilla. - M. pisolina. - - - 3. Genus _Voluta_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Oval, involuted, provided with a very broad foot; head very -distinct; tentacula rather short and triangular; eyes large, altogether -sessile, and situated a little posteriorly; a thick trunk furnished with -hooked teeth at its extremity; two pectiniform branchiæ. - -_Shell._ Oval, more or less ventricose; the first whorls of the spire -rounded into a teat; aperture generally much longer than wide and -sloping anteriorly; the right edge bent outwardly, entire and soft; the -columellar edge garnished with large folds more or less oblique, and -slightly varying in number with age. Found chiefly in the seas of the -Torrid Zone. Forty-four species. - - Voluta nautica. - V. armata. - V. tesselata. - V. cymbia. - V. proboscidalis. - V. diadema. - V. ducalis. - V. Neptuni. - V. olla. - V. porcina. - V. pellis-serpentis. - V. chlorosina. - V. polyzonalis. - V. magnifica. - V. Magellanica. - V. fulminata. - V. scapha. - V. mitis. - V. Braziliana. - V. Guinaica. - V. undulata. - V. festiva. - V. Æthiopica. - V. imperialis. - V. vespertilio. - V. musica. - V. levigata. - V. nodulosa. - V. ancilla. - V. Pacifica. - V. Junonia. - V. melo. - V. Hebræa. - V. serpentina. - V. carneolata. - V. fulva. - V. nuclea. - V. Lapponica. - V. volvacea. - V. mitræformis. - V. nivosa. - V. thiarella. - V. sulcata. - V. vexilla. - - - 4. Genus _Marginella_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Oval, involuted; foot elliptical, very large, and widest in -front, where its edge presents a transverse furrow; head small, -distinct, with two long, very sharp tentacula, the eyes at the external -part of their base; mouth provided with a trunk. - -_Shell._ Smooth, polished, oval-oblong, a little conical, with a short -mammelonated spire; aperture somewhat narrow, slightly oval on account -of a light curve of the right edge, which is dilated outwardly; the -columellar edge marked with three oblique distinct folds. Inhabits the -Indian Ocean. Twenty-four living species and nine fossil, according to -Defrance. - - Marginella radiata. - M. limbata. - M. lifasciata. - M. dentifera. - M. bullata. - M. avellana. - M. glabrella. - M. quinqueplicata. - M. rosea. - M. faba. - M. dactylus. - M. cornea. - M. nubeculata. - M. aurantia. - M. longivaricosa. - M. eburnea. - M. persicula. - M. tessellata. - M. cærulescens. - M. bivaricosa. - M. muscaria. - M. formicula. - M. lineata. - M. interrupta. - - - 5. Genus _Volvaria_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ Cylindrical, convolute; spire obsolete or concealed; aperture -narrow, extending the whole length of the shell, with one or more folds -on the lower portion of the columella. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Seven -species. - - Volvaria pallida. - V. monilis. - V. miliacea. - V. triticea. - V. oryza. - V. bulloides. - V. canaliculata. - - - FAMILY XXI. - - CONVOLUTA. Six genera. - - - 1. Genus _Cypræa_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Oval, elongated, involute; head provided with two very long -conical tentacula; eyes at the extremity of an inflation which forms a -part of them; a transverse buccal orifice at the extremity of a kind of -cavity, at the bottom of which is the true mouth between two thick -vertical lips; a lingual band, bristled with small teeth, and prolonged -into the abdomen. - -_Shell._ Oval, convex, very smooth, involute; spire entirely posterior, -very small, often concealed by a calcareous layer deposited by the lobes -of the mantle; aperture longitudinal, very narrow, slightly arcuated, as -long as the shell, and with the edges internally dentated, and notched -at each extremity. Inhabits the W. Indian seas and Sandwich Islands. One -hundred and eighteen species. - - Cypræa princeps. - C. mappa. - C. tigris. - C. pantherina. - C. mauritania. - C. stercoraria. - C. aurora. - C. leucodon. - C. sulcidentata. - C. Arabica. - C. lynx. - C. vitellus. - C. carneola. - C. cinerea. - C. Reevi. - C. obscurus. - C. achatina. - C. arenosa. - C. nivosa. - C. Broderipii. - C. exanthema. - C. cervus. - C. testudinaria. - C. talpa. - C. exusta. - C. argus. - C. scurra. - C. pulchra. - C. Isabella. - C. controversa. - C. lurida. - C. dediculus. - C. oryza. - C. coccinella. - C. Australis. - C. Childrini. - C. depauparata. - C. solandri. - C. Californica. - C. suffusa. - C. Pacifica. - C. pediculus. - C. nivea. - C. oryxa. - C. stercus-muscarum. - C. pulex. - C. fusca. - C. Europea. - C. sanguinea. - C. quadripunctata. - C. rufescens. - C. maugeriæ. - C. aperta. - C. Adansonii. - C. caput-serpentis. - C. Lamarchii. - C. Cumingii. - C. Goodalii. - C. Humphreysii. - C. Walkeri. - C. Listeri. - C. pulchella. - C. microdon. - C. Scottii. - C. mus. - C. tessellata. - C. annulata. - C. Margarita. - C. cicercula. - C. globulus. - C. staphylæa. - C. tigrina. - C. cerina. - C. Argus. - C. histrio. - C. alba. - C. zonata. - C. icterina. - C. lota. - C. ovulata. - C. helvola. - C. Arabicula. - C. pustulata. - C. nucleus. - C. limacina. - C. moneta. - C. obvelata. - C. annulus. - C. radians. - C. oniscus. - C. pyriformis. - C. piperita. - C. algoensis. - C. edentula. - C. similis. - C. fusco-dentata. - C. gangrenosa. - C. bicallosa. - C. poraria. - C. guttata. - C. Xanthodon. - C. nigro-punctata. - C. pallida. - C. zigzag. - C. moneta. - C. aurantia. - C. fimbriata. - C. variolaria. - C. erosa. - C. miliaris. - C. ratta. - C. asella. - C. turda. - C. adusta. - C. moniliaris. - C. ursella. - C. hirundo. - C. olivacea. - - - 2. Genus _Ovula_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ As above. - -_Shell._ Oblong, convex, distinguished from the Cypræa by the want of a -spire, and by not having teeth on the columellar lip; the two -extremities of the aperture notched, and more or less prolonged like a -tube; left margin dentated. Inhabits the Indian seas. Twelve species. - - Ovula oviformis. - O. carnea. - O. verrucosa. - O. spelta. - O. angulosa. - O. hordacea. - O. birostris. - O. gibbosa. - O. volva. - O. lactea. - O. triticea. - O. acicularis. - - - 3. Genus _Terebellum_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Entirely unknown. - -_Shell._ Thin, shining, subcylindrical, involute, pointed posteriorly, -truncated anteriorly; aperture longitudinal, triangular; edges entire; -columella truncated, and prolonged beyond the aperture. Inhabits the -Indian Ocean. Three living species and two fossil. - - Terebellum subulatum. - T. convolutum. - T. fusiforme. - - - 4. Genus _Ancillaria_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Unknown. - -_Shell._ Smooth, oval, oblong posteriorly, widened and truncated -anteriorly; aperture oval, somewhat elongated, angular posteriorly; a -wide but not deep slope anteriorly; columella covered anteriorly with an -oblique callous band; right lip obtuse, Inhabits the Australian seas. -Four living species, and five fossil. - - Ancillaria cinnamonea. - A. ventricosa. - A. candida. - A. marginata. - - - 5. Genus _Oliva_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Oval, involute, mouth somewhat thin at its edges, prolonged to -the two angles of the branchial aperture in a tentacular band, and, -anteriorly, by a long branchial tube; foot very large, oval, -subauriculated, with a transverse cleft anteriorly; head small, with a -labial proboscis. - -_Shell._ Thick, solid, smooth, oval, elongated, subcylindrical; the -whorls of the spire very small, and separated by a canal; aperture long -and narrow, the columellar edge dilated anteriorly by a band striated -obliquely in all its length. Found in the Australian and Equatorial -seas. Only one species has been found in America. Sixty-three species. -Six fossil. - - Oliva textilina. - O. pica. - O. angulata. - O. sepulturalis. - O. irrisans. - O. episcopalis. - O. venulata. - O. leucophœa. - O. inflata. - O. harpularia. - O. ustulata. - O. tessellata. - O. espidula. - O. candida. - O. tigrina. - O. utricula. - O. porphyria. - O. erythrostoma. - O. themulina. - O. maura. - O. fulminans. - O. elegans. - O. guttata. - O. undata. - O. bicincta. - O. hepatica. - O. avellana. - O. carneola. - O. oriola. - O. volutella. - O. Brazilliana. - O. reticularis. - O. granitella. - O. literata. - O. tricolor. - O. mustelina. - O. funebralis. - O. Peruviana. - O. fusiformis. - O. acuminata. - O. luteola. - O. hiatula. - O. Ceylonica. - O. fabagina. - O. undatella. - O. nana. - O. oryza. - O. flammulata. - O. araneosa. - O. scripta. - O. sanguinolenta. - O. lugubris. - O. glandiformis. - O. senagalensis. - O. auricularis. - O. subulata. - O. testacea. - O. obtusaria. - O. nebulosa. - O. conordalis. - O. eburnea. - O. Zonalis. - - · · · · · - - O. mutica.* - - - 6. Genus _Conus_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Elongated, much compressed, involute; foot small, oval, long, -widest in front, where it is edged by a transverse furrow; head -tolerably distinct; tentacula cylindrical, having the eyes near their -summit, which is setaceous; mouth at the bottom of a long labial trunk; -a somewhat short tongue, although projecting into the visceral cavity, -and bristled with long styliform hooks in two rows. - -_Shell._ Covered with a periosteal membrane, thick, solid, involute, -conical; summit of the cone anterior, spire slightly projecting, or not -at all; a very narrow longitudinal aperture; external edge straight and -trenchant; the internal also straight with oblique folds in its anterior -portion; a very small horny operculum, subspirated, with a terminal -summit. Found in the Australian and Mediterranean seas. One hundred and -eighty-one species. - - Conus Bandanus. - C. Nicobaricus. - C. zonatus. - C. fuscatus. - C. regius. - C. marmoreus. - C. nocturnus. - C. araneosus. - C. imperialis. - C. viridulus. - C. tulipa. - C. punctatus. - C. musicus. - C. mus. - C. Barbadensis. - C. geographicus. - C. tæniatus. - C. miliaris. - C. lividus. - C. roseus. - C. cedo-nulli. - C. nebulosus. - C. betulinus. - C. puncticulatus. - C. Proteus. - C. augur. - C. nivosus. - C. acuminatus. - C. Janus. - C. lithoglyphus. - C. venulatus. - C. muscosus. - C. Mozambicus. - C. Franciscanus. - C. rattus. - C. amabilis. - C. nobilis. - C. terminus. - C. gubernator. - C. terebra. - C. raphanus. - C. spectrum. - C. leoninus. - C. pertusus. - C. sulcatas. - C. vermiculatus. - C. pulicarius. - C. obesus. - C. millepunctatus. - C. eburneus. - C. generalis. - C. Malacanus. - C. monile. - C. vitulinus. - C. flavidus. - C. daucus. - C. capitaneus. - C. vittatus. - C. vexillus. - C. figulinus. - C. aurantius. - C. minimus. - C. Hebræus. - C. arenatus. - C. fustigatus. - C. varius. - C. literatus. - C. tesselatus. - C. Maldivus. - C. lineatus. - C. centurio. - C. vulpinus. - C. virgo. - C. pastinacus. - C. classiarius. - C. mustelinus. - C. Sumatrensis. - C. quercinus. - C. cardinalis. - C. distans. - C. Caledonicus. - C. puncturatus. - C. fulgurans. - C. amadis. - C. flammeus. - C. testiludinarius. - C. quæstor. - C. Narcissus. - C. guinaicus. - C. informis. - C. Jamaicensis. - C. Omaicus. - C. aurisiacus. - C. striatus. - C. grannulatus. - C. verulosus. - C. magus. - C. Bullatus. - C. auratus. - C. omaria. - C. panniculus. - C. Timorensis. - C. præfectus. - C. nimbosus. - C. archiepiscopus. - C. legatus. - C. canonicus. - C. textilis. - C. Australis. - C. Mauritianus. - C. eques. - C. catus. - C. acutangulus. - C. Japonicus. - C. columba. - C. memocanus. - C. fusiformis. - C. Aurora. - C. Adansonii. - C. Portoricanus. - C. lamellosus. - C. exiguus. - C. hyæna. - C. ammiralis. - C. papilionaceus. - C. Promethæus. - C. Suratensis. - C. ranunculus. - C. achatinus. - C. stramineus. - C. lacteus. - C. vicarius. - C. ochraceus. - C. Mediterraneus. - C. Magellanicus. - C. pontificalis. - C. sponsalis. - C. Ceylonensis. - C. pusillus. - C. asper. - C. miles. - C. genuanus. - C. siamensis. - C. glaucus. - C. monachus. - C. anemone. - C. cinereus. - C. zebra. - C. cingulatus. - C. mercator. - C. strigatus. - C. mitratus. - C. aulicus. - C. colubrinus. - C. auricomus. - C. rubiginosus. - C. prælatus. - C. fumigatus. - C. luzonicus. - C. verrucosus. - C. mindanus. - C. pusio. - C. madurensis. - C. cancellatus. - C. cærulescens. - C. Taitensis. - C. tinianus. - C. crocatus. - C. glans. - C. nussatella. - C. clavous. - C. pennaceus. - C. cervus. - C. dux. - C. stercus-muscarum. - C. tendineus. - C. melancholicus. - C. episcopus. - C. pyramidalis. - C. abbas. - C. gloria-maris. - - - FAMILY XXII. - - NAUTILACEA. Two genera. - - - 1. Genus _Spirula_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Body elongated, cylindrical, terminated posteriorly by two -lateral lobes partially concealing the shell; head provided with five -pairs of tentacula, of which two are longer than the others. - -_Shell._ Very symmetrical, longitudinally twisted throughout nearly all -its extent; the cone spiral, conical, regular, circular; whorls of the -spire very evident; partitions simple, concave, and pierced by a single -syphon. Inhabits the West Indian seas. One species. - - Spirula Peronii. (Nautilus spirula. _Lin._) - - - 2. Genus _Nautilus_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Body round and terminated posteriorly by a tendinous or -muscular filament, attaching itself to the syphon, by which the -partitions of the shell are pierced; the mantle opening obliquely, and -prolonged into a sort of hood above the head (which is provided with -digitated tentacula), and surrounding the aperture of the mouth. - -_Shell._ Discoid, but slightly compressed, with a rounded or -subcarinated back, umbilicated or not, but never mammelonated, the -partitions simple, not visible exteriorly; the last profoundly sunk, and -perforated by a syphon running through them all. Inhabits the Indian -Ocean. Two living species. Fifteen fossil. - - Nautilus Pompilius. - N. umbilicatus. - - - FAMILY XXIII. - - HETEROPODA. Two genera. - - - 1. Genus _Argonauta_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Body conical, elongated, enrolled longitudinally, widened -anteriorly, and provided on each side with an arcuated subtriangular, -aliform appendage; mouth at the extremity of the angle formed by two -inferior lips. De Blainville denies that this animal is at all known, -and speaks of one described by M. Oken as a small polypus of the genus -Ocythoe. - -_Shell._ Navicular, symmetrical, very thin, compressed, bicarinated, -longitudinally subinvolute in the same plane; aperture very wide, -symmetrical, complete, square anteriorly, slightly modified by the turn -of the summit, and provided on each side with an ear-like appendage -having thick and smooth edges. Inhabits the Mediterranean. Three -species. - - Argonauta argo. - A. tuberculosa. - A. nitida. - - - 2. Genus _Carinaria_. Pl. XII. - -_Animal._ Body elongated, prolonged behind the nucleus into a veritable -tail, edged at its extremity by a vertical fin; head sufficiently -distinct; two, long, conical tentacula; two sessile eyes; the organs of -respiration and the nucleus entirely enveloped in a mantle with lobed -edges. - -_Shell._ Very thin, symmetrical, a little compressed, without spire, but -with the summit a little reflexed posteriorly; aperture oval and entire. -Inhabits the African, Mediterranean, and Australian seas. Three species. - - Carinaria vitrea. - C. fragilis. - C. cymbium. - - - - - GLOSSARY - OF TERMS USED IN CONCHOLOGY. - - - A. - - Abbreviated, cut short. - - Abdomen, the belly. - - Acuminated, sharp pointed. - - Aculeated, prickly. - - Alated, winged. - - Annulated, divided into rings. - - Annulations, rings. - - Aperture, the orifice or opening of the shell. - - Apex, the point of the spire. - - Approximating, approaching together. - - Arcuated, of an arch form. - - Area, surface between the lines. - - Articulations, junctures or joints. - - Attenuated, thin, slender. - - Aurated, having ears, as the Pecten. - - Auricled, having ear-like appendages. - - Auriform, ear-shaped. - - - B. - - Barbed, bearded. - - Base, lower extremity of the shell. - - Beak, prolongation at the base. - - Beard, see Byssus. - - Bi, signifying two. - - Biangulated, having two corners or angles. - - Bidentate, having two teeth. - - Bifid, opening with a cleft. - - Bilobate, divided into two lobes. - - Bimarginate, two margins or lips. - - Biradiate, having two rays. - - Bivalve, having two valves. - - Blunt, obtuse, opposed to acute. - - Borer, a piercer. - - Bulging, gibbous, swollen out. - - Byssus, common in the Mytilus and Pinna, by which they attach - themselves to objects. - - - C. - - Callous, indurated. - - Callosity, a protuberance. - - Calcareous, relating to lime. - - Canal, the prolongation of the beak. - - Canaliculated, channeled or grooved. - - Cardinal, see Teeth. - - Carinated, like a boat’s keel. - - Cartilage, a flexible fibrous substance by which the valves are - united. - - Cartilaginous, resembling a ligament. - - Chambered, divided by partitions. - - Cicatrix, the muscular impression. - - Ciliated, edged with bristles or hairs. - - Cinerous, of an ash colour. - - Clavate, club-shaped. - - Columella, the upright pillar of the shell. - - Complicated, doubled together. - - Compressed, flattened. - - Concave, hollowed out. - - Concentric, running to the centre. - - Cone, the form of a sugar loaf. - - Convolute, whorls running round. - - Confluent, running together. - - Conoid, figure like a cone. - - Contorted, twisted in oblique direction. - - Contracted, shortened, shrunk up. - - Cordate, heart shape. - - Cordiform, form of a heart. - - Coriaceous, leather-like consistence. - - Corneus, resembling horn. - - Coronal, resembling a crown. - - Coronated, crowned towards the apex. - - Costated, ribbed. - - Cortex, anterior skin. - - Crenulated, notched at the margin. - - Crispated, with waving lines. - - Cuneiform, wedge form. - - Cylindrical, round like a roller. - - Cybiform, boat-shaped. - - - D. - - Decollated, truncated transversely. - - Decorticated, divested of epidermis. - - Decussated, lines intersecting each other. - - Deflexed, bent aside. - - Dentated, having teeth. - - Depressed, shallow, flat. - - Diaphanous, clear, pellucid. - - Digitated, having finger-like claws. - - Disk, the highest part of the valves. - - Divaricated, spreading out. - - Divergent, tending to a point. - - Dorsal, belonging to the back. - - Dotted, punctured like a thimble. - - Duplicated, divided into plaits or folds. - - - E. - - Ears, projections on the sides of the hinge. - - Echinated, set with spires. - - Effuse, spread out. - - Elliptical, oval. - - Elongated, drawn out. - - Emarginated, with the edge notched. - - Ensisform, sabre-shaped. - - Entire, whole. - - Epidermis, the outer coating of a shell. - - Equilateral, all sides alike. - - Equivalve, both sides alike. - - Exserted, protruding. - - - F. - - Falcated, hooped like a scythe. - - Fasciated, covered with bands. - - Ferruginous, of an iron colour. - - Filament, a thread-like process. - - Filiform, thread-shaped, slender. - - Fimbriated, fringed. - - Fissure, a cleft or slit. - - Flexuous, zigzag, with angles widening. - - Flexure, a bending. - - Fluviatile, belonging to fresh water. - - Foliaceous, lamina or leave-shaped. - - Fragile, brittle, easily broken. - - Front, the aperture next the observer. - - Furcated, forked. - - Furrow, a trench or hollow. - - Fuscated, darkened, obscured. - - Fusiform, spindle-shaped, conical, or oval. - - - G. - - Gaping, when the valves do not close. - - Geniculate, keeled. - - Genus, characters by which they are distinguished from others. - - Genera, plural of genus. - - Gibbous, bulged. - - Glabrous, having a smooth surface. - - Globose, globular, round. - - - H. - - Hemispherical, in the shape of a half globe. - - Heterostrophe, shells whose spires reverse. - - Hispid, hairy. - - Hinge, the part where the valves are united. - - - I & J. - - Jagged, denticulated, uneven. - - Imbricate, covered with scales. - - Imperforate, having no umbilicus. - - Inequilateral, when the anterior and posterior parts of the shell are - dissimilar. - - Inequivalve, when the valves are dissimilar. - - Inarticulate, indistinct. - - Incumbent, one lying over the other. - - Incurved, bent backward. - - Indented, unequally marked. - - Inflated, tumid, swollen. - - Inflected, bent inward. - - Inflexed, bent towards each other. - - Intercostal, placed between the ribs. - - Interrupted, divided, separated. - - Interstice, space between. - - Intortion, turning or twisting. - - Involute, without a spire. - - Involution, that part which involves another. - - Juncture, the joining of the whorl in univalves. - - - K. - - Keel, the longitudinal prominence in the Argonauta. - - Keeled, see Carinated. - - - L. - - Labra, the lips. - - Laciniate, cut in irregular segments. - - Lacunose, surface covered with pits. - - Lamellar, films on plates. - - Lamellated, divided into distinct plaits or foliations. - - Laminæ, thin plates, laid one above another. - - Lanceolate, oblong, tapering like the head of a lance. - - Lateral, extending to one side from the centre. - - Latticed, see Decussated. - - Lenticulate, doubly convex. - - Ligament, a solid body which connects the valves in bivalves. - - Linear, composed of lines. - - Linguiformed, tongue-shaped. - - Lip, the outer edge of the aperture of univalves. - - Lobated, rounded at the edges. - - Longitudinal, the length of the shell. - - Lunated, formed like a half moon. - - Lunule, crescent-like. - - Luniform, shape of a crescent. - - - M. - - Margin, the whole circumference or outline of the shell in bivalves. - - Marginated, having a prominent margin or border. - - Membrane, a web of fibres. - - Mouth, see Aperture. - - Muscular impressions, marks made by the animal in adhering to the - shell. - - Mottled, clouded or spotted. - - Mucronate, ending in a sharp point. - - Multilocular, many chambered. - - Muricated, clothed with sharp spines. - - - N. - - Nacred, pearly. - - Nemoral, belonging to a wood. - - Nited, glossy. - - Nodose, knotty. - - Nucleus, a kernel. - - - O. - - Obsolete, obliterated. - - Oblong, oval. - - Ocellated, eye-like spots. - - Ochreous, colour of yellow ochre. - - Offuscated, darkened, clouded. - - Olivaceous, of a greenish olive colour. - - Operculum, which closes the aperture of the shell. - - Orbicular, circular, round. - - Orifice, an opening or perforation. - - Ovate, shaped like an egg. - - Ovoid, oval. - - - P. - - Papillose, pimple, dotted. - - Papyraceous, thin as paper. - - Patulous, with a gap or opening. - - Partitions, processes dividing the shells of the Nautilus, Serpula, - &c. - - Pectinated, resembling the teeth of a comb. - - Pedicle, the support of the Anatifera and its corresponding species. - - Peduncle, a tube on which any thing is seated. - - Pellucid, transparent, clear, bright. - - Pentagonal, having five sides. - - Perforated, pierced with holes. - - Pervious, admitting passage. - - Pillar, in univalves the internal continuation of the columella or - inner lips, extending from the _base_ to the _apex_. - - Pinnated, winged. - - Plaited, folded. - - Plaits, folds. - - Plicated, folded or plaited. - - Posterior, see Margin. - - Produced, lengthened out. - - Protrude, to thrust forward. - - Punctuated, like the punctures of a thimble. - - Pyriform, pear-shaped. - - - Q. - - Quadrangular, having four right angles. - - Quadruplicated, having four plaits. - - - R. - - Radiated, furnished with rays. - - Radicated, fixed by the base to another body. - - Rectangular, having right angles. - - Recurvated, turned backward. - - Recurved, bowed back. - - Reflected, bent backward. - - Refracted, abruptly bent. - - Reniform, kidney-shaped. - - Replicated, folded or plaited. - - Reticulated, formed like a piece of net-work. - - Retuse, ending in an obtuse sinus. - - Reversed spire, see Heterostrophe. - - Revolute, rolled backward. - - Ribbed, having longitudinal ribs. - - Ridge, the upper part of a slope. - - Rostrum, the beak. - - Rugose, wrinkled. - - - S. - - Sanguinaceous, divided into chambers. - - Scabious, rough, rugged. - - Scalloped, indented at the edges. - - Scutellated, shield-shaped. - - Seam, line formed by the union of the valves. - - Semi, the half. - - Semi-cordate, half heart-shaped. - - Semi-orbicular, shape of a half globe. - - Semi-lunar, shape of a half moon. - - Septiform, shape of a partition. - - Serrated, like the teeth of a saw. - - Sessile, sitting or seated. - - Seta, a bristle. - - Setaceous, covered with bristles. - - Setiferous, bearing bristles. - - Sinister valve, is the left valve. - - Sinus, a groove or cavity. - - Siphunculus, a cylindrical perforation as in the Nautilus, Spirula, - &c. - - Spatulate, rounded and broad at the top. - - Species, the division of a family or genus. - - Spiny, thorny. - - Spinous, like a hedgehog. - - Spire, all the whorls in univalves except the one in which the - aperture is situated, which is termed the body. - - Spiral, twisted like a corkscrew. - - Squamose, scaly. - - Striated, covered with thread-like lines. - - Sub, almost. - - Subarcuated, somewhat arched. - - Subconic, somewhat conical. - - Subulate, awl-shaped. - - Sulcated, furrowed. - - Summit, the tip or apex. - - Suture, a hollow line of division in univalves, the spiral line of - which separates the wreaths. - - - T. - - Teeth, pointed protuberances within the hinge in bivalves by which the - valves are united. - - Tentacula, the feelers of snails, which inhabit shells. - - Tessellated, chequered like a chess board. - - Testacea, that order of animals covered with a testaceous shell. - Testaceous, consisting of carbonate of lime and animal matter. - - Tortuosity, flexure. - - Tortuous, twisted. - - Transverse, crossways. - - Trapeziform, shaped like a trapezium. - - Trigonal, having three angles. - - Truncated, cut short, ending abruptly. - - Tubercle, knot or pimple. - - Tuberculated, knotted, pimpled. - - Tubular, in the shape of a hollow tube. - - Tunicated, coated. - - Turbinated, shape like a top or pear. - - Turgid, swollen. - - U and V. - - Valves, the various pieces which compose the shell. - - Varices, longitudinal ribs in univalve shells. - - Variety, difference in species. - - Vaulted, roofed. - - Ventral, belonging to the belly. - - Ventricose, inflated, swelled in the middle. - - Vermiform, worm-shaped. - - Vertex, the top of a most prominent part. - - Verrucose, warted. - - Verticulated, whorled. - - Umbilicated, having a depression in the centre. - - Umbo, the round part which turns over the hinge. - - Undulated, waved. - - Ungulata, shaped like a horse’s hoof. - - Unilocular, chambered singly. - - Univalve, shells of one valve only. - - Volutions, the turnings of univalves. - - - W. - - Whorl, a spiral convolution. - - - Z. - - Zigzag, having reverse turnings and windings. - - Zoned, surrounded by belts or girdles. - - - - - INDEX - - - A. - - Acasta, 32 - - Acera, 95 - - Achatina, 102 - - _Alata_, 135 - - Amphidesma, 44 - - _Amphitritea_, 27 - - Amphitrite, 28 - - Ampullaria, 113 - - Anostoma, 103 - - Anatifera, 33 - - Anatina, 40 - - Ancillaria, 150 - - Ancylus, 94 - - ANNULATA, 25 - - Anodonta, 69 - - Anomia, 83 - - _Aplysiacea_, 96 - - Aplysia, 96 - - Arca, 62 - - Arenicola, 25 - - _Arcacea_, 62 - - Argonauta, 155 - - Aspergillum, 35 - - Auricula, 107 - - Avicula, 76 - - - B. - - Balanus, 31 - - Bivalve shells, 10 - - _Brachiopoda_, 84 - - Buccinum, 141 - - Bulimus, 105 - - Bulla, 95 - - _Bullacea_, 95 - - Bullæa, 95 - - - C. - - _Calyptracea_, 91 - - Calyptræa, 93 - - _Canalifera_, 127 - - Cancellaria, 130 - - Capsa, 53 - - _Cardiacea_, 59 - - Cardita, 60 - - Cardium, 59 - - Carinaria, 156 - - Carocolla, 102 - - Cassidaria, 137 - - Cassis, 138 - - Castalia, 65 - - Chama, 70 - - Cerithium, 127 - - _Chamacea_, 70 - - Chiton, 88 - - Chitonellus, 88 - - Cineras, 33 - - CIRRHIPEDA, 30 - - _Cirrhipeda_, 30 - - Classification, 21 - - Clausilia, 105 - - Clavagella, 35 - - Cleodora, 87 - - Clio, 86 - - Clymene, 26 - - _Colimacea_, 99 - - Columbella, 143 - - _Columellaria_, 143 - - _Conchacea_, 53 - - _Convoluta_, 147 - - CONCHIFERA, 34 - - Conus, 152 - - Corbis, 51 - Corbula, 45 - - _Corbulacea_, 45 - - Concholepas, 140 - - Coronula, 31 - - Crania, 84 - - Crassatella, 43 - - Crassina, 53 - - Crenatula, 75 - - Crepidula, 94 - - Creusia, 32 - - Cucullæa, 63 - - Cyclas, 57 - - Cyclostoma, 107 - - Cymbulia, 87 - - Cyrena, 58 - - Cypræa, 147 - - Cypricardia, 61 - - Cyprina, 53 - - Cytherea, 54 - - - D. - - Delphinula, 121 - - Dentalium, 26 - - Diceras, 70 - - Dolabella, 96 - - Dolium, 141 - - Donax, 52 - - _Dorsalia_, 25 - - - E. - - Eburna, 142 - - Emarginula, 92 - - Erycina, 43 - - Etheria, 71 - - - F. - - Fasciolaria, 130 - - Fissurella, 92 - - Fistulana, 35 - - Fusus, 131 - - - G. - - Galathea, 58 - - Galeolaria, 29 - - Gastrochæna, 37 - - Glycimeris, 39 - - Gryphea, 82 - - - H. - - Haliotis, 118 - - Harpa, 140 - - Helicina, 103 - - Helix, 99 - - _Heteropoda_, 155 - - Hiatella, 61 - - Hippopus, 72 - - Hyalea, 86 - - Hyria, 68 - - - I. - - Iridina, 70 - - Isocardia, 61 - - - J. - - _Janthinea_, 117 - - Janthina, 117 - - - L. - - Lima, 78 - - _Limacina_, 97 - - Limacina, 87 - - Limax, 97 - - Lingula, 85 - - _Lithophaga_, 46 - - Lucina, 51 - - Lutraria, 41 - - _Lymnacea_, 108 - - Lymnea, 108 - - - M. - - _Mactracea_, 41 - - Mactra, 41 - - _Macrostomiana_, 117 - - Magilus, 30 - - _Malleacea_, 75 - - Malleus, 76 - - _Maldania_, 26 - - Marginella, 146 - - _Melaniana_, 110 - - Melania, 110 - Melanopsis, 111 - - Meleagrina, 77 - - Mitra, 144 - - Modiola, 74 - - MOLLUSCA, 85 - - Monoceros, 140 - - Monodonta, 123 - - Murex, 133 - - Multivalves, 9 - - _Myaria_, 40 - - Mya, 40 - - Mytilus, 73 - - _Mytilacea_, 73 - - - N. - - Naiadea, 66 - - Natica, 116 - - _Nautilacea_, 150 - - Nautilus, 155 - - Navicella, 115 - - Nerita, 115 - - Neritina, 114 - - _Neritacea_, 114 - - Nucula, 64 - - _Nymphacea_, 48 - - - O. - - Oliva, 150 - - Onchidium, 98 - - Orbicula, 84 - - Ostrea, 80 - - _Ostracea_, 80 - - Otion, 34 - - Ovula, 149 - - - P. - - Paludina, 112 - - Parmacella, 98 - - Parmophorus, 91 - - Patella, 90 - - Pandora, 45 - - Panopea, 38 - - Pecten, 78 - - Pectinaria, 27 - - Pectunculus, 63 - - Pedum, 77 - - _Pectinea_, 77 - - _Peristomiana_, 112 - - Perna, 76 - - Petricola, 47 - - Phasianella, 126 - - Pholas, 37 - - _Pholadaria_, 37 - - Physa, 109 - - Phyllidia, 88 - - _Phyllidiacea_, 88 - - Pirena, 111 - - Pinna, 74 - - Pileopsis, 93 - - Planorbis, 109 - - _Plicacea_, 119 - - Planaxis, 125 - - Placuna, 83 - - Pleurotoma, 128 - - Pleurobranchus, 91 - - Plicatula, 80 - - Plagiostoma, 79 - - Pneumodermon, 87 - - Pollicipes, 33 - - Podopsis, 80 - - Psammobia, 48 - - Psammotea, 49 - - Pteroceras, 136 - - _Pteropoda_, 86 - - Pupa, 104 - - Purpura, 139 - - _Purpurifera_, 137 - - Pyramidella, 120 - - Pyrula, 132 - - Pyrgoma, 32 - - - R. - - Ranella, 133 - - Ricinula, 138 - - Rostellaria, 135 - - Rotella, 127 - - - S. - - Sabellaria, 27 - - Sanguinolaria, 48 - - Saxicava, 46 - - Scalaria, 120 - - _Scalarina_, 120 - - Septaria, 36 - - Serpula, 28 - - _Serpulacea_, 28 - - Sigaretus, 117 - - Siliquaria, 25 - - Solarium, 121 - - Solecurtus, 39 - - Solen, 38 - - _Solenea_, 38 - - Solenaria, 48 - - Solemya, 44 - - Spirorbis, 28 - - Spirula, 154 - - Spondylus, 80 - - Stomatella, 118 - - Stomatia, 118 - - Strombus, 136 - - Struthiolaria, 132 - - Succinea, 106 - - - T. - - Tellina, 49 - - Tellinides, 51 - - Terebella, 27 - - Terebellum, 150 - - Terebra, 143 - - Terebratula, 84 - - Teredo, 36 - - Teredina, 36 - - Testacella, 98 - - Tornatella, 119 - - Trochus, 122 - - Tridacna, 72 - - _Tridacnea_, 72 - - Trigonia, 65 - - _Trigonacea_, 65 - - Triton, 135 - - _Tubicola_, 35 - - Tubicinella, 30 - - Turbo, 124 - - _Turbinacea_, 121 - - Turbinella, 129 - - Turritella, 126 - - - U & V. - - Umbrella, 91 - - Ungulina, 43 - - Unio, 66 - - Univalves, 14 - - Valvata, 112 - - Venericardia, 57 - - Venerirupis, 47 - - Venus, 55 - - Vermilia, 29 - - Vermetus, 121 - - Vitrina, 97 - - Voluta, 145 - - Volvaria, 147 - - Vulsella, 80 - - - THE END. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. 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