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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0172c5e --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #65091 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65091) diff --git a/old/65091-0.txt b/old/65091-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 589ef06..0000000 --- a/old/65091-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2980 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Preliminary Report on Gowganda Mining -Division District of Nipissing Ontario, by W. H. Collins - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Preliminary Report on Gowganda Mining Division District of - Nipissing Ontario - -Author: W. H. Collins - -Release Date: April 17, 2021 [eBook #65091] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Sonya Schermann and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team - at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRELIMINARY REPORT ON GOWGANDA -MINING DIVISION DISTRICT OF NIPISSING ONTARIO *** - - - - - Transcriber’s Note - - -When italics were used in the original book, the corresponding text has -been surrounded by _underscores_. - -Some corrections have been made to the printed text. These are listed in -a second transcriber’s note at the end of the text. - - - - - CANADA - - DEPARTMENT OF MINES - - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BRANCH - - HON. W. TEMPLEMAN, MINISTER; A. P. LOW, LL.D., DEPUTY MINISTER; - R. W. BROCK, DIRECTOR. - - - - - PRELIMINARY REPORT - - ON - - GOWGANDA MINING DIVISION - - DISTRICT OF NIPISSING - - ONTARIO - - - BY - - W. H. COLLINS - -[Illustration: Colophon] - - - OTTAWA - - PRINTED BY C. H. PARMELEE, PRINTER TO THE KING’S MOST - EXCELLENT MAJESTY - - 1909 - -No. 1075 - - 13739-1 - - - - - CONTENTS - - - PAGE. - - I. Introduction. - - 1. Location and area 5 - - 2. Statement of work 5 - - 3. History of development 6 - - II. Summary and Conclusions 8 - - III. General Character of District 10 - - 1. Means of access 10 - - 2. Topography 11 - - 3. Drainage 14 - - 4. Flora and fauna 15 - - IV. General Geology 16 - - 1. Outline of Geological history 16 - - 2. Table of formations 18 - - 3. Keewatin 18 - - General features 18 - - Obushkong area 18 - - Duncan Lake area 20 - - Pigeon lake area 21 - - Unfinished areas 22 - - 4. Laurentian 23 - - General features 23 - - Relations to other formations 24 - - 5. Huronian 25 - - General features 25 - - Basal conglomerate 26 - - Greywacke slate and quartzite 27 - - Upper conglomerate 27 - - Arkose 28 - - Structural features and disturbances 28 - - Relations to other formations 29 - - Origin and correlation 31 - - 6. Post-Huronian eruptives 32 - - Quartz diabase 32 - - Character of intrusion and distribution - relative to older systems 32 - - Macroscopic character 33 - - Microscopic character 34 - - Local description 36 - - Age 37 - - Olivine diabase 38 - - 7. Pleistocene 38 - - V. Economic Geology 40 - - 1. Silver 40 - - Distribution 40 - - Surface indications 40 - - Structure of veins 41 - - Composition of veins 41 - - Local description 42 - - Future possibilities 44 - - 2. Copper 45 - - 3. Iron ores 45 - - Hematite 45 - - Magnetite 46 - - 4. Asbestos 46 - - Distribution 46 - - Origin 47 - - ILLUSTRATIONS. - - - 1. Frontispiece—View at Foot of Duncan Lake 5 - - 2. Diagram illustrating the structure of large hills 12 - - 3. Diagram illustrating geological relationships 16 - - 4. View looking north from middle of Duncan Lake, 550 ft. - hill in distance 20 - - 5. West Branch Montreal River, near Mosher Lake 22 - - 6. Fifth portage on West Branch of Montreal River, showing - Huronian slate 30 - - 7. Inclined Huronian Beds, Duncan Lake 32 - - -R. W. BROCK, Esq., - - Director Geological Survey Branch, - Department of Mines. - -SIR,—I beg to submit the following preliminary report upon work done in -the Gowganda Mining Division during the field season of 1908. - - I have the honour to be, sir, - Your obedient servant, - - W. H. COLLINS. - -CHICAGO, March 8, 1909. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1. View at foot of Duncan Lake.] - - - - - PRELIMINARY REPORT - - ON - - GOWGANDA MINING DIVISION - - DISTRICT OF NIPISSING, ONTARIO - - BY - - W. H. COLLINS. - - -------------- - - - - - INTRODUCTION. - - - LOCATION AND AREA. - -The portion of the Montreal River region with which the present report -deals lies in the extreme western part of the District of Nipissing, in -the neighbourhood of N. Lat. 47·45, and about 85 miles north of the town -of Sudbury. It includes an area of 350 square miles, most of which lies -between the two large branches of the Montreal river, which empties into -Lake Timiskaming on the west side. - - - STATEMENT OF WORK. - -The Algoma-Nipissing boundary line was run in 1897 by Alexander Niven, -O.L.S. These surveys, with representations of some of the larger lakes, -had been compiled by the Geological Survey of Canada on a scale of 16 -miles to one inch;[1] and on a scale of eight miles by the Crown Lands -Department of Ontario. With these as a guide and summary of the existing -geographical knowledge it was decided to make a micrometer and prismatic -compass survey of both branches. - -During the past season a prismatic compass and micrometer survey was -made of both branches of the Montreal river and all navigable waters -adjoining them. This work was done by Messrs. T. Firth, J. R. Marshall -and A. B. Moffatt. Most of the small ponds lying some distance from a -canoe route were located by rapid chain and compass methods, and in a -few instances west of Duncan lake by a compass triangulation from -hilltops; the larger ones have been measured by pacing or chaining, the -smaller ones sketched. Some of the more prominent hills were located by -triangulation, and their heights ascertained by aneroid determinations. -The water levels were obtained in the same way, but cannot as yet be -referred to sea-level. - -The geological work was performed by the writer, assisted by Mr. Firth. -Besides a thorough examination of all the surveyed routes, a systematic -examination of the intervening country was carried out as closely as the -time and varied requirements of the area would permit. As this was the -first season spent in the district and a continuation of the work is -anticipated, the present results are offered as incomplete and subject -to revision. - - - HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT. - -Since the discovery of silver cobalt ores at Cobalt in 1903, exploration -has shown the adjacent country to be locally enriched by mineral veins -of the same character and genesis. At the close of 1907 an area 65 miles -long in a north and south direction, and about 45 miles wide, extending -from Lake Timiskaming and the Ontario-Quebec boundary westward, was -known to include at least ten mineralized districts besides the -principal one at Cobalt, of which the most recently found lie near the -Montreal river. It has also become known gradually that these deposits -are closely connected with the post-Huronian quartz diabase of the -region. This diabase was known to extend for a very considerable -distance farther west, leading to the inference that more discoveries -were to be expected in that direction. The spring of 1908 saw interest -centred upon the Montreal River finds, and early in the season active -exploration had commenced. The Montreal river, up to that time, had not -been regarded with special favour, the diabase being considered of no -economic importance, but with the new conceptions gained by exploitation -of the silver-cobalt district, this formation in the west began to -attract attention. At the beginning of the field work, early in July, a -considerable number of prospecting parties were on the ground, as far -west as Duncan and Pigeon lakes. During July and August this movement, -encouraged by the succession of mineral discoveries that were being made -near Bloom and Everett lakes, increased steadily, in spite of the -scarcity of available topographical and geological information dealing -with the region. - -Early in August discoveries of native silver were made almost -simultaneously by Messrs. Mann and associates, and by Messrs. Crawford -and Dobie on the west side of Gowganda lake, but were not made public -until the first week in September when the claims were recorded at Elk -Lake and specimens were exhibited. Twenty-four hours later the leading -canoes of an inrushing body of prospectors had reached the new field, -and within two weeks most of the promising country between Gowganda and -Elkhorn lakes and northward had been staked, regardless of the mineral -discoveries necessary to validate the claims. Since then numerous -discoveries have been made, and the news of a new silver field, until -recently confined to the Montreal River and Cobalt districts, has spread -widely. As a consequence, a mid-winter rush is now in progress, and -hundreds of prospectors, regardless of deep snow and severe cold, are -entering the country. Much inadvisable staking will be done, no doubt, -before spring, but the disappearance of the snow and reopening of river -navigation will certainly be followed by an increased rush of -prospectors. - - - - - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. - - -The results obtained from the field work indicate that the Montreal -River district does not differ essentially from the Cobalt or other -neighbouring districts. The surface has the same rugged monotony of the -pre-Cambrian peneplain, relieved somewhat by ridges of Huronian, which -stand from 300 to 550 feet above the general level. The country is well -watered, and offers exceptional facilities for canoe travel. Pleistocene -deposits are thin, and nearly everywhere the rock formations are well -exposed. - -A basement complex underlies the entire region, either appearing at the -surface or hidden beneath areas of Huronian sediments. This basement -consists largely of Laurentian biotite and hornblende gneisses, with -patches of vertically foliated, Keewatin schists caught up in the -former; the intervening contacts forming indefinite zones, in which -intrusive action is manifested. In this report, for convenience, this -complex will be referred to as the Archæan. The Archæan possessed a -peneplanated surface, not greatly different from the present one, which -is well preserved where overlain by erosion remnants of Huronian -sedimentary rocks, but which at other points has been further denuded. -The Lower Huronian rocks are of clastic nature, consisting in ascending -order, of conglomerate, greywacke, slate and quartzite, which pass -conformably into an upper conglomerate; while a granite-like, arkose -member is believed from its similarity to rocks of the same character in -the Cobalt area, to be possibly of later, Middle Huronian age. They are -remarkably well preserved, and show only slight indication of -disturbance. A later intrusion of quartz diabase has developed a system -of dikes in the Archæan and large tongue-shaped areas in the Huronian -believed to represent sills of several hundred feet thickness, lying in -the bedding planes of the Huronian sediments. The diabase magma has been -notably differentiated, giving rise to forms ranging from gabbroid to -syenitic in composition, and to younger aplite dikes. With the diabase -is associated a group of veins containing an association of cobalt and -silver ore identical with that of Cobalt and vicinity. The veins cut -both diabase and aplite as well as the Huronian, and are therefore -younger, but probably not much younger than the aplite, since it -contains some of the minerals found in them. The distribution of the -veins so far as known is confined to the larger diabase areas, the dikes -and smaller bodies being undifferentiated and unmineralized; but the -Huronian adjacent to the diabase also contains veins, somewhat more -siliceous, yet evidently of the same age as the others. Alteration and -impregnation of the country rock has taken place to an unknown, but, -presumably, limited extent. Some of the veins are remarkably rich, and -many of them occupy persistent, well defined fissures. The cause of -these fissures is not yet known, but they appear to be too large and -continuous to have resulted from contraction alone. - - - - - GENERAL CHARACTER OF DISTRICT. - - - MEANS OF ACCESS. - -In 1908 the most used route to the Montreal River district started from -Latchford, a station on the Timiskaming and Northern Ontario railway, 93 -miles north of North Bay. From this village, situated on the Montreal -river, a line of small steamers made daily trips up the river for 56 -miles to Elk lake. This up-river terminus was then a rapidly growing -village. In the spring of 1907 it consisted of a single shack and a -cluster of prospectors’ tents; when seen in October, 1908, it had a -population of over 200 people and all the conveniences of a village of -that size, including a post office with regular mail service, a mining -recorder’s office, lately removed from Latchford, general stores, -hotels, etc. - -From this point, which forms the headquarters and point of departure for -Montreal River prospecting parties, a variety of routes lead westward. -The Montreal river may be ascended to the Forks, where its two branches -unite, but the stream is rapid, and, especially in high water, difficult -of ascent, besides offering a very indirect route to the most frequented -districts. The Bloom Lake route, a map of which accompanies the Report -of the Bureau of Mines, Ontario, 1907, was, during 1908, very commonly -used. This route, 9 miles in length and consisting of a chain of small -lakes and portages, leads, from a point on the main river 11 miles above -Elk Lake, directly west to the East branch. From the East branch a -multiplicity of courses are open. Both East and West branches are easily -navigable, being for the most part lake-like and sluggish, broken by -occasional swift river-like stretches in which rapids occur. Good -portages exist at all these places so that travel either up or down -stream presents no difficulty. Numerous good canoe routes connect the -two branches and Duncan and Pigeon lakes, and allow of easy access to -the country in the west. - -But since the writer left the field the great influx of prospectors has -caused marked improvements in the connexion of the area, especially the -Gowganda district, with outside railway points. A sleigh road has been -opened from Charlton on the Timiskaming and Northern Ontario railway to -Elk Lake, and thence about 32 miles south-westward to the east shore of -Gowganda lake. It is understood that heavy grades make travel somewhat -arduous, but the trip from Elk Lake is made easily in a day. - -On February 4, a sleigh road about 65 miles long was completed between -Gowganda and Sellwood, the present terminus of the northern extension -from Sudbury of the Canadian Northern railway. A regular stage route now -connects Sellwood, Phoenix, Burwash lake, Elkhorn lake, and Gowganda. -However, neither the road to Elk Lake nor that to Sellwood are yet -suitable for summer use, so that with the coming of spring, canoe travel -must be again resorted to. It is also reported that preliminary surveys -for the extension of the railway to Gowganda are in progress. Meanwhile -a business centre is springing up on the east side of Gowganda lake. A -sawmill was put in operation on February 3, but has since been stopped -owing to its location within a government timber reservation. A town -plot has been laid out at the foot of the lake and lots are now -purchasable from the Ontario Department of Lands, Forests and Mines. -Buildings are being erected as rapidly as the supply of material -permits. A branch of the Royal Bank of Canada has been opened, and the -Canadian Bank of Commerce and others propose to be on the ground within -a short time. Postal connexions have been established via Sellwood, and -as soon as possible a mining recorder’s office is to be opened. So -swiftly are events transpiring that before the present report takes -printed form, this paragraph will be in need of revision. However, only -the developments of a permanent nature and of essential interest to -prospective visitors to that region have been given. For the 1909 field -season Gowganda will probably be the headquarters for prospecting -parties in the neighbourhood of the East and West branches and Wapus -creek. - - - TOPOGRAPHY. - -Attention is given here rather to the details than the general aspect of -the country. It exhibits the usual monotonous succession of low rocky -hills and lake-containing depressions, the even horizon seen from the -summit of any large hill, being only rarely notched by a prominence of -unusual height. In the spring of 1908 virtually the whole area was -forested, but during September the extreme dryness of the country and -the unusually large number of camping parties combined to cause bush -fires over much of the country between the East and West branches. The -vegetable loam has been removed from extensive tracts leaving the rock -formations exposed, but the charred tree trunks have fallen so as to -cover the burnt districts with a ‘slash,’ which greatly impedes -cross-country travel, so that what has been gained in one respect is -more than counterbalanced in another. Especially is this the case in the -country west of Gowganda and Obushkong lakes, and near the Forks. - -The general surface may be characterized as of comparatively low-relief, -the hills not often rising over 200 feet, but here and there over the -country are conspicuous elevations, visible at long distances, which -form useful landmarks and from whose summits comprehensive birds-eye -impressions of the surrounding country are possible. Structurally they -appear to be, in a few cases, resistant knobs of Keewatin, which project -well above the general peneplain level, but more commonly they are -tilted ridges of Huronian. A characteristic representative of the latter -type forms a long ridge beginning a mile and a quarter north-east of -Duncan lake and extending thence for several miles in a north-easterly -direction. The south-east side of this ridge slopes gently at an angle -corresponding with the dip of the beds, but the north-west face is an -abrupt cliff dropping almost perpendicularly for about 400 feet to a -flat sandy plain which extends westward and northward for several miles, -beyond which are other monadnock-like knobs. The accompanying diagram is -intended to represent the structure in vertical cross-section. - -[Illustration: Fig. 2.—Vertical section across Huron Ridge, North of -Duncan Lake.] - -Another ridge of similar character, standing 550 feet above the level of -Duncan lake, is visible from the ridge just described and from points on -Duncan and Otto lakes, and adjoining country. Its position as indicated -on the map is about four miles north of the large island in the middle -of Duncan lake, a view of it from this point being shown in fig. 4. In -this case the east face is perpendicular. A prominent hill of the same -kind is visible from Obushkong lake, lying a short distance to the -north-west of that body. Just west of Mosher lake as represented in fig. -5, two round hills of about equal size rise 300 feet above the water -level. The more southerly of the two is of Keewatin, while that to the -north is composed wholly of diabase, Huronian lying around the base of -each. Bold, but less individualized elevations are common in the -neighbourhood of Kenisheong lake, and other localities. All these hills -are markedly rocky and free from soil. - -Less conspicuous than these great masses are certain minor, but -persistent features which are directly referable to geological -conditions. Within Huronian areas there is a distinct tendency toward -the development of a system of parallel ridges similar in structure and -mode of origin to the hill at the north-east of Duncan lake. This -feature is developed with special regularity in the southern part of the -wedge between Duncan lake and the West branch, where a succession of -north and south ridges alternate with strips of swampy ground. The -western faces of the ridge are bare and cliff-like, while the eastern -slopes are gentle, well soil-covered and forested. - -The post-Huronian diabase is an equally potent topographical factor. Its -surface is one of marked irregularity, but the peculiarly distinctive -features occur at its contacts with the Huronian. These contacts appear -to be zones of low erosive resistance, and are commonly coincident with -ravines, walled on one side by diabase, on the other by Huronian. Small -lakes may occur at intervals along them as, for example, between Firth -lake and the West branch. This erosion feature is well shown by the -configuration of Gowganda lake, where diabase bodies are unusually -abundant; both of the long arms to the north-west lie in trough-like -depressions marking the edges of the eastern diabase mass. The same -tendency in an incipient condition is observable on the east side of the -large peninsula where a series of three land-locked bays extend along -the contact between the eastern diabase mass and the Huronian. Near the -middle of Duncan lake, a diabase-Huronian contact which crosses the lake -diagonally is marked by two deep bays, one extending to the north, the -other southward. While this tendency is an evident one it is not to be -understood as invariable; the large island in Duncan lake between the -two above-mentioned bays is sufficient to indicate that contacts may lie -in high ground, yet even here there are minor features indicating the -contact zone to be structurally weak. - -Another less explicable topographic peculiarity becomes apparent only -upon scrutiny of the drainage system. A brief consideration of the map -shows that both East and West branches follow peculiar zig-zag courses -running north for a short distance, then turning abruptly east, this -feature recurring repeatedly. In some instances the east-west portion of -both branches lies in the same line. In the case of Zigzag lake and -adjacent portions of the West branch this feature is repeated with an -almost conventional regularity, which precludes attributing it to chance -causes. Many of the smaller lakes—Foot lake, for instance—exhibit the -same character on a small scale. This abnormality has been commented -upon by investigators in the country to the east, the courses there, -however, being N.E.-S.W. and N.W.-S.E. Regional faulting is suggested in -explanation. The canyon-like east and west walls of Zigzag lake suggest -such conditions, but a discussion of the matter must be deferred until -further data can be collected. - - - DRAINAGE. - -All the drainage water escapes by way of the Montreal river, whose two -chief tributaries are the East and West branches, the latter being -considerably the larger. The East branch is without feeders of important -size, but the West branch receives a large creek, the Wapus, from the -south, and a considerable volume of water enters through Duncan lake. - -In common with most rivers traversing the pre-Cambrian region, this -water system is marked by a volume of dormant water enormously greater -than that being transported at any given moment. With few exceptions the -many small tributary brooks rise in lakes or groups of lakes -surprisingly large in size, compared with the volume of the out-flowing -streams; Otto and Lehmann lakes are drained by a rather sluggish rivulet -8 feet wide and 6ʺ deep, although their combined area is about two -square miles. The larger streams themselves are only successions of -irregular lake expansions which empty from one to another by short, -river-like portions containing rapids and falls. The descent is -therefore accomplished by a succession of abrupt steps rather than an -evenly graded slope. This juvenile condition is directly ascribable to -the geological character of the country; soil deposits are insignificant -in quantity, leaving exposed a resistant and uneven rock floor in which -the streams are unable to carve channels for themselves. Failing to do -so they select the readiest egress by filling up impervious rock basins -and spilling over at the lowest points into lower ones. In consequence -of the scantiness of soils and frequency of natural settling basins, the -waters of the whole system are free from suspended matter, and hence -lack of an effective graving instrument. Exceptions to this general -character occur in the extensive sand plain to the north and west of -Duncan lake, where the several small creeks that traverse it are of -ordinary fluvial form and gradation, and the waters of which transport -large quantities of sand to Duncan lake. - - - FLORA AND FAUNA. - -Where not recently burned the country is fairly well forested, the -density and character of growth being dependent upon soil and drainage. -The best timber is in low ground and near watercourses where conditions -for growth are most favourable and the probability of fire least. Recent -fires have done much damage around Nest, Obushkong and Gowganda lakes. -Probably the best timber lies near Duncan lake. Trees do not grow very -large as a rule and are not especially good for making lumber, but -provide an abundant supply of materials for pulpwood, railway ties, fuel -and for mine use. - -White pine is the most valuable species, but although individuals attain -thicknesses of 20ʺ to 40ʺ they are too scarce to render this timber -worth the search. Good red pine is more abundant. Jack pine is a very -common tree, especially in sandy districts, _e.g._, north-west of Duncan -lake; but is small and worthless. The common and most widely distributed -species are spruce, balsam, cedar, poplar, white and yellow birch. -Tamarack is not abundant. Clumps of small red maples were seen to the -south-west of Pigeon lake. - -The East and West branches are not well suited for carrying logs as -there are extensive lake expansions without current on each and the -rapids are shallow. Excellent water-power is obtainable at the 40 foot -fall on the West branch above Fort Matachewan. - -Wild animals are not abundant, and will probably become less so as the -country is occupied by prospecting and mining camps. Moose were -plentiful in 1908 and some black bears were seen. As a source of food -the abundance of pickerel and pike is of much greater importance. Brook -trout do not occur in the Montreal River waters, but are caught farther -to the west and north. - - - - - GENERAL GEOLOGY. - - - OUTLINE OF GEOLOGICAL HISTORY. - -Though the geology of the region presents considerable complexity of -detail, the general historical facts are distinct and go to show that -the whole complex of formations and systems is capable of separation -into four major divisions widely different from one another. The mutual -relationships of these divisions, a knowledge of which is essential to a -thorough comprehension of the geology, are succinctly expressed by the -accompanying diagram. - -[Illustration: Fig. 3.—Diagram illustrating geological relationships of -Montreal River district.] - -The oldest division, the Keewatin, comprises a complex association of -metamorphosed rocks, principally eruptive, characterized by -well-developed, secondary schistosity and prevalently dark colours. They -dip at angles approaching 90° and range in texture from soft, fissile, -chorite schists to fine-grained gneisses or altered diabases. In the -Montreal River district the Keewatin areas are not entirely visible, -being overlain by other rocks, but they are thought to represent the -bottoms of trough-like folds, produced by the upward intrusion of -igneous matter which now constitutes the Laurentian. The latter forms -the second division, its origin being apparent from the foregoing -statement. It is wholly igneous, consisting of granite and allied -coarsely crystalline rocks essentially pale-coloured owing to their -richness in quartz and feldspars. Gneissic structure has been developed -in varying degrees, so that all gradations between granite and gneisses -exist; but it never attains the perfection found in the Keewatin. Near -their contacts with the Keewatin, the gneisses are apt to contain dark -bands and ribbons of the latter so highly crystalline as to conceal -their identity. - -Wherever visible the surface of the Keewatin and Laurentian presents an -irregular, deeply worn appearance, the result of extremely protracted -exposure to erosive agencies. To the best of geological knowledge the -same conditions hold where they lie buried under the Huronian, -indicating that a great period of denudation separates the latter from -the Archæan. The combined Keewatin and Laurentian, or Archæan system, is -therefore to be conceived as forming at all points in the district an -ancient denuded foundation or floor upon which rests the much younger -Huronian system. - -This third division is, in the Montreal River district, wholly -sedimentary and easily distinguished from the other rocks by its bedded -structure and clastic nature. As it is the only sedimentary system -represented, its members are not easily confused with any other, -especially as their original structure is not obscured by metamorphic -alteration. Locally this is not strictly true; in the vicinity of -diabase intrusions they have been hardened and shattered so as to -simulate the Keewatin, but the zones of alteration are narrow and -readily identified by their gradation into adjacent areas of less -altered types. At present the Huronian forms a discontinuous rock mantle -over the Archæan, formerly more complete, but now worn through in places -so as to expose portions of the crystalline basement. - -The fourth division includes all eruptives known to be younger than the -Huronian. Owing to the discontinuity of the latter it is not always easy -to decide what rocks should be included in this group, for in some cases -rather fresh-looking eruptives occur in the Keewatin which probably -would also intrude the Huronian were it present; lacking the necessary -information their chronological position can be only loosely fixed. By -far the most extensive and important of the post-Huronian eruptives is -the diabase with which the silver deposits are associated. This -penetrates both Archæan and Huronian, but is ordinarily distinguishable -by its unusual freshness, dark colour, and crystalline appearance. In -certain cases, to be described subsequently, it may be confused with -certain other diabases. Magmatic differentiative processes have evolved -diabase types of very dissimilar appearance and mineralogical -composition, of which a pink aplite occurring in dike form is the most -extreme. Olivine diabase dikes are also present in the region, but in -far less abundance. - -Of little importance are the sands and gravels of glacial origin which -lie thinly in the depressions and lower lands of the present glaciated -surface. - - - TABLE OF FORMATIONS. - -The geological events may be briefly enumerated in ascending order as -follows:— - -Deposits of glacial débris and weathering products of present surface. - -Erosive period with glaciation. - -Diabase intrusions. - -Huronian sedimentation. - -Erosion period. - -Laurentian intrusion. - -Keewatin. - - - KEEWATIN. - - - _General Features._ - -This system is considered as a complex assemblage of metamorphosed -igneous rocks whose common and marked characteristics are pronounced -alteration and deformation, accomplished in pre-Huronian times. A -limited amount of sedimentary material, such as the iron ore formation, -is also represented. These old diabases, porphyries and related types -are much altered and have developed a more or less uniform schistosity -through the secondary development of micaceous minerals, but in other -respects the complex shows extreme inconstancy and variety from point to -point. For this reason the various localities are separately described. -By inspection of the map three fairly well defined areas are -distinguishable, in addition to which are portions of several others. - - - _Obushkong area._ - -Much of the country between Obushkong and Firth lakes is underlain by -Keewatin. On the east, south and west sides, these rocks disappear -beneath the Huronian or are interrupted by masses of diabase, but on the -north they merge into Laurentian gneiss, the contact with which is -ill-defined. Although some of them retain much of their original massive -character, well defined schistosity is the dominant feature. The schists -stand vertically or at angles little less than 90° and trend in a -general east and west direction. A series of compass observations made -at points over the whole area show the strike to vary from N. 65° E. to -S. 75° E. - -One of the most abundant rock types is a stratiform, finely speckled -hornblende gneiss or schist, the black hornblende cleavage faces giving -it a glistening appearance on newly broken surfaces. It is quite fresh, -perfectly crystalline and usually eminently fissile, but sometimes -grades into a nearly massive dioritic form of undoubted igneous nature. -Extensive exposures occur around Gould lake where the gneiss is -traversed by numerous stringers of quartz, rusty in colour from the -oxidation of pyrite. It is also well exposed near McLaughlin and -McIntosh lakes and to the east and south-east of Foot lake. A fine -grained chlorite schist of dull greenish black colour is common in this -and all the other areas in the district. To the north-east of Serpentine -lake it appears as a sheared phase of a weathered diabase, but it has -also been derived from porphyry, exposures being seen between Foot and -Obushkong lakes, where feldspar phenocrysts appear on weathered surfaces -of the schist as pale, oblong spots. What is probably iron formation was -observed at points 25 chains south of Gould lake, and 10 chains south of -a little pond just east of Serpentine lake. Both outcrops consist of -banded, grey quartzite interlaminated with chlorite schist, but -magnetite-bearing bands were not found. Occasionally, narrow bands of -pale grey, felsitic schists may be seen among the more common darker -rocks. From evidence obtained at various points, these appear to have -resulted from the decomposition and shearing of granite porphyry dikes -probably connected with the Laurentian, and which penetrated the -Keewatin during the time of Laurentian intrusion. Serpentine was -observed between Foot lake and Obushkong at 20 chains from the latter. -The surface is covered by a loose network of fine seams of asbestos -which weather white and render the rock somewhat conspicuous. Its -recognition is further simplified by the dull green, amorphous -appearance of fresh surfaces, the slight translucence of thin edges and -the glistening green seams of asbestos which traverse it abundantly. The -same rock is more extensively exposed on the south-west of Serpentine -lake and on Firth lake half a mile north of the portage leading to the -former, also at less than a quarter of a mile south of this portage. It -is associated with and derived from a dark green massive rock to which -the name wehrlite is applicable, and a more detailed description of -which appears later. - - - _Duncan Lake Area._ - -A Keewatin area of considerable extent lies between Duncan lake and the -West branch in the vicinity of L’Africain and Beaverhouse lakes. Unlike -the Obushkong area, the prevalent strike of the schists is nearly north -and south, the greatest divergence noted being 25° W. In the former case -Laurentian lies to the north, while in the present one it occurs on the -east; in both cases the schistosity coincides approximately with the -direction of the line of contact. On account of the swampy character of -the country just west of the river and the scarcity of outcrops, this -area was not completely explored, but wherever examined the Keewatin, as -in the Obushkong area, consists predominantly of hornblende and chlorite -schists, greenstone and decomposed diabase; but serpentine was not -found. A nearly black diabase containing small grains of pyrite was -observed 20 chains south-east of the southerly extending bay on Duncan -lake, and outcrops of the same material were traced for about half a -mile northward. Probably the same type was encountered just north of -Beaverhouse lake and at some other points. Its unfoliated condition and -fresher appearance than the adjacent rocks lead to the opinion that it -is really post-Keewatin and intrusive, but the absence of younger rocks -with which to correlate it, renders its exact age indeterminable. This -rock exhibits enough resemblance to fractured contact edges of the -post-Huronian diabase to make their distinction in the field rather -difficult. At half a mile east of the south end of L’Africain lake is -diabase which from lack of sufficient data has been mapped as Keewatin, -although it may be identical with the post-Huronian variety. L’Africain -lake lies in glistening hornblende gneiss with which are associated -ribbons of a coarser hornblende gneiss belonging to the Laurentian of -the area farther east. Greenstone and chlorite schists are the principal -rocks around Beaverhouse lake. Associated with them and to the -northward, are dikes of light coloured, granite porphyry, usually only a -few feet wide, in some of which the original massive structure remains, -while others show various gradations toward a felsitic, sericite-bearing -schist. The isolated patch of Keewatin indicated on the map as occurring -about half a mile east of the wide portion of Duncan lake, is a well -foliated green schist in which oval white spots represent squeezed -feldspar phenocrysts. - -[Illustration: Fig. 4. View looking north from middle of Duncan Lake, -550ʹ hill in distance.] - - - _Pigeon Lake Area._ - -West of Pigeon lake and the Montreal river, much of the country examined -is underlain by Keewatin. Schistosity is less developed than in either -of the preceding areas. The rocks are chiefly diabases and porphyry much -decomposed and locally squeezed. Diabase occurs on both sides of Pigeon -lake near its central islanded part and along the bay which extends -south to Brush lake. An original diabase structure is sufficiently well -preserved to show lath-like feldspars in hand specimens, but frequently -the rock is altered to a chloritic mass. Around the bay extending toward -Brush lake, this old diabase forms a rude wall intersected by a -reticulating system of fractures filled with calcite, the resultant -structure simulating that of a breccia. Shear zones seen on the east -shore exhibit a pseudo-conglomeratic structure, the more resistant -pieces of diabase having been partially rounded by the shearing movement -and embedded in a matrix of finely pulverized rock matter. The same -diabase apparently occurs all along the Montreal river where it follows -the Algoma-Nipissing line. About half a mile above Pigeon lake it forms -a 90 foot cliff on the west side of the river, near the top of which is -a fresher looking, unfoliated eruptive. The form of this body was not -ascertained, but microscopic examination of the specimen taken, -determines it to be a hornblende lamprophyre, so probably it is a dike -or thin sheet. The rock is fine-grained, dark green in colour and -characterized by stout prisms of hornblende about one-quarter of an inch -long, embedded in a finer, microcrystalline ground mass. Under the -microscope it appears much decomposed. This rock was also observed near -mile post 67 of the Algoma-Nipissing boundary, near the east end of the -63 chain portage leading to Breese lake and at other points, in all -cases the exposures being of small extent. - -In the last mentioned locality the predominant rock is an altered -porphyry of ash grey colour. Around Porphyry lake it occurs in a fairly -massive, easily recognizable condition, the feldspars showing as square -white spots one-quarter of an inch in diameter in a grey, ground mass. -On Breese lake it has been squeezed to a felsite schist, striking N. 20° -W. In small amounts it is associated with post-Huronian diabase on the -hills lying near the Montreal river and just south of the 63 chain -portage. - -The 300 foot hill south-west of Mosher lake is composed of a fine -Keewatin greenstone whose surface is curiously weathered so as to -suggest a spheroidal structure. It is marked off into round areas a foot -or more in diameter by a sinuous network of weathered-out grooves. The -main body of the rock is ordinary fine-grained greenstone, but the -enclosing grooves have been formed in porphyritic zones about an inch in -width. Among other types of less abundant distribution is an actinolite -rock seen by the unassisted eye to consist of a felty mass of acicular -crystals of actinolite, sometimes half an inch long. This rock was -observed 12 chains east of the islanded part of Pigeon lake; also at -points west of Montreal river below Pigeon lake. - - - _Unfinished Areas._ - -The Keewatin formation occupies the space between Near lake and the West -branch, only part of which has been mapped. The rocks of this area are -well foliated, standing as usual, vertically, and striking about N. 60° -E. The exposures on the east shore of Near lake are entirely of fissile, -chlorite schist, abundantly traversed by small barren quartz veins. -Farther east the chlorite schist gives place to glistening, stratiform -(laminated) hornblende gneiss with which are associated bands of a -coarser hornblende gneiss, evidently the equivalent of granite. In one -locality the stratiform rock contains subangular fragments of the -coarser variety, quartz and a greyish eruptive rock, the resultant -structure resembling that of a metamorphosed conglomerate or breccia. As -some of the brecciated fragments occur near by in continuous bands -within the stratiform gneiss, the clastic structure is to be ascribed to -deformative movement instead of original sedimentation. A number of -fine-grained quartz diabase dikes occur in the immediate vicinity. - -A considerable portion of the east shore of Kenisheong lake consists of -high, bare Keewatin hills, composed largely of chloritic schists, -vertically inclined and striking east and west. Secondary calcite is -richly disseminated, causing free effervescence when the rock is treated -with acid. Pyrite is also abundant, sometimes segregated to form a lean -ore, and at several points weathered superficially to limonite, -colouring the cliffs dull red. Much-altered diabase like that on Pigeon -lake is also present in subordinate amount. - -[Illustration: Fig. 5. West Branch Montreal River, near Mosher Lake.] - -Keewatin rocks also occur just east of Gowganda lake. A single brief -visit was paid for the purpose of observing the iron formation which -appears at this place, and further mention of which is made on a -subsequent page. - - - LAURENTIAN. - - - _General Features._ - -Practically all the Laurentian lies in a continuous area, east of the -West branch and extending beyond the limits of the map sheet. A smaller -body occurs just west of Pigeon lake. The foliation in the Laurentian is -less distinct than in the Keewatin and much less perfect. Its component -rocks are mainly granite and allied plutonic types which pass by easy -gradations into well-defined gneisses. Two principal granites are -distinguishable; one containing black mica as its chief coloured -constituent, the other hornblende. Both exhibit local variations in -composition and crystalline texture, but are always pale grey rocks of -ordinary granitic appearance. - -The hornblende granite is a medium grained, fresh looking rock of -speckled appearance, owing to the black hornblende crystals which lie -scattered through the main mass of light grey feldspar and quartz. It is -of uniform aspect, local variations of colour and texture being -insignificant. As revealed under the microscope by a single thin -section, it is an ordinary hornblende granite verging towards a syenite. -Common green hornblende of idiomorphic prismatic habit, and usually -twinned parallel to 100, is the principal ferromagnesian mineral. It is -quite fresh, hence a few flakes of chlorite in the section were taken to -represent an original small content of biotite; an acid oligoclase and -orthoclase are the most abundant constituents; quartz is subordinate. -Apatite, zircon and iron ore, probably magnetite, are accessory. - -Hornblende granite is the commonest Laurentian rock in the neighbourhood -of L’Africain and Sedge lakes, where it is in contact with the Keewatin. -It also occurs on the East branch just below Obushkong lake. The area -west of Pigeon lake seems to be composed wholly of this rock, outliers -of which extend to Brush lake, and the islands and east shore of Pigeon -lake. Here, however, it is distinctly syenitic, quartz being subordinate -or absent. A distinctly porphyritic structure is apparent on Pigeon -lake; the feldspars being well crystallized and lying in a finer -grained, holocrystalline ground mass. - -Biotite granite and gneiss are most prevalent in the northern and -eastern portions of the area. No microscopic examination of these rocks -has been made by the writer, consequently, little can be said regarding -their composition. They are of much the same texture as the hornblende -type, but show a somewhat higher degree of gneissification. Biotite is a -fairly abundant constituent, but is more or less altered to chlorite. -Sometimes, as may be seen on the East branch, two miles below Obushkong -lake, chloritized mica forms enclosing films about the large feldspar -grains, developing a slight ‘augen’ structure. Stockwork-like quartz -veins are frequent, particularly on the West branch between Near and -Sedge lakes and at the south end of Kenisheong lake. At the latter point -the biotite gneiss is well foliated and steeply tilted. A body of deep -red, biotite granite of undetermined extent and relationship was -observed on the east side of Kenisheong lake. Pegmatite dikes almost -certainly occur in this region, although not actually observed. Near -Crotch lake the granite is locally of unusually coarse texture, although -not truly pegmatitic. - -Although the two granites described appear to be the essential -constituents of the Laurentian they usually contain a variable -proportion of other material, some of which at least is not really -Laurentian. Over the entire area, but more noticeably in the vicinity of -contacts with the Keewatin, they include narrow ribbons or lenses of a -glistening stratiform hornblende gneiss, closely resembling the gneiss -of this sort described under the Keewatin system. In some cases these -bands are portions of the Keewatin caught up by the Laurentian material -at the time of its intrusion and highly metamorphosed by it. Excellent -examples of this may be seen on the East branch at the foot of the -marshy stretch two miles below Obushkong lake. These inclusions are -mapped as Laurentian, being an almost constant feature, and for map -purposes inseparable from it. They are to be distinguished—a difficult -matter—from other dark inclusions believed to be drawn out, basic -segregations of Laurentian magmas; the latter are commonly less sharply -defined. - -Like the other formations of the region, the Laurentian is cut by -diabase dikes of post-Huronian age which, owing to their dark colour, -are conspicuous among the lighter granite rocks. In the neighbourhood of -Zigzag lake they are abundant, and are usually from twenty to sixty feet -or more in width, the smaller of which are not large enough to map. - -The relationships of the Laurentian to the other systems of the region -are expressed by the contacts with them. Between Obushkong and Firth -lakes and toward L’Africain lake it is largely in contact with Keewatin. -This contact is a vaguely defined zone rather than a line, the -formations being separated by the intermediate strip containing mingled -portions of both. Proceeding across this strip from the Laurentian to -the Keewatin, the gneisses of the former become charged with ribbons of -highly crystalline schist, already described. Near the Keewatin edge -these increase in quantity and sometimes appear as tongue-like -protrusions of that system. This condition exists along the east of -L’Africain lake; on the shores of the lake the formation is dominantly -Keewatin, but the stratiform hornblende gneiss is traversed along the -strike by thin bands of Laurentian hornblende gneiss. A few chains -eastward the gneiss bands are wider, and, at a distance of 10 chains, -hornblende granite is continuous. - -Where terminated by diabase the contact is definite and not marked by -notable alteration on either side. Contacts with the Huronian are -equally sharp and unconformable, in every case the Laurentian -disappearing beneath the sedimentary formation; at the south end of -Kenisheong lake the Huronian has been trenched to a depth sufficient to -expose the underlying gneissic floor near the water’s edge. - - - HURONIAN. - - - _General Features._ - -Much of the area mapped, especially the north-western portion, is -composed of Huronian rocks. Originally they must have been much more -extensive, probably continuous, but erosion has removed them partially -or entirely, leaving irregular remnants distributed over the Archæan. -The top of the series is gone; consequently complete vertical sections -cannot be found. In other respects they are little changed and preserve -almost perfectly their bedding and clastic structure. Even their -positions assumed at the time of deposition have changed little for the -present strata seldom dip more steeply than 30°. They are overlain only -by unconsolidated Pleistocene materials. - - - _Basal Conglomerate._ - -The basal member of this system is a conglomerate, the areal exposure of -which is inconsiderable for the whole region or for any part, but -erosional sculpturing has brought it to light at many points. Both top -and bottom and probably all intermediate portions are visible, but a -complete section from which to determine the thickness could not be -found. The greatest continuous vertical section observed, in a hill -lying one mile south of the 550 foot hill north-west of Duncan lake, is -about 200 feet, but neither upper nor lower terminations were seen. In -the neighbouring Cobalt district an estimated thickness of 500 feet has -been assigned. - -From a study of the pebbles contained, this conglomerate appears to be -composed largely, or entirely, of Archæan materials, the majority of -which are rock types occurring in situ at many places in the district. -Both the hornblende and biotite granite and their gneissic phases are -abundant. Pegmatite pebbles are sometimes found, but more usually that -rock is represented by fragments of feldspar. Pieces of glistening -stratiform hornblende gneiss and similar stratiform mica gneiss or -schist, greenstone, fine-grained porphyroids and sheared basic rocks -represent the Keewatin. Vein quartz is also present, sometimes -mineralized. In addition to these some pebbles were observed which -closely resembled slate, and one which is undoubtedly conglomeratic. A -thin section of this pebble exhibits distinct clastic structure, and the -assembled fragments are heterogeneous, so far as distinguishable, -including an actinolite rock resembling that found in the Keewatin near -Pigeon lake, and a quartzitic type composed of a colourless, -microcrystalline mosaic. The cement has been altered largely to -chlorite, but small grains of quartz are discernible in it. It would -seem, therefore, that sedimentary deposits antedate the basal -conglomerate and supply a portion of its materials; most of these, -however, are recognizable as igneous members of the Archæan, such as -occur in the vicinity. - -The pebbles of the conglomerate exhibit remarkable variety in form, size -and abundance, as well as composition. Normally they are well rounded -and owe their form evidently to water action. But along with these are -others which are angular or sub-angular. The exposure near the north end -of Shallow lake shows all these forms, the materials also being quite -diverse. Ordinarily the pebbles range in size between 2ʺ and 3ʺ -diameter, frequently more, and are abundant; but, at points on Duncan -lake, on Wapus creek and the West branch, the conglomerate nature is -indicated only by occasional well-rounded pebbles, embedded in greywacke -cement at intervals of several feet or even yards. These isolated -pebbles are often 6ʺ or more in diameter, and in striking contrast with -the uniformly fine grain of the matrix. Sometimes the enclosed bodies -attain the dimensions of boulders; on an island in Duncan lake, 2-1/2 -miles from the foot, a granite boulder nearly 5 feet in diameter was -observed, the associated materials being of very much smaller size. - -The cementing material also presents some variety. Usually it ranges -from coarse grit to greywacke. The coarser material is less abundant -than cement of a finer type; near the foot of Pigeon lake, also at the -south end of Kenisheong lake the conglomerate is quite porous, the -interstices between the pebbles being incompletely filled. In the latter -instance these spaces are occupied by hematite. In other cases; a good -example of which occurs on the east side of Pigeon lake, half a mile -from its north end, the cementing substance is a fine black shale. On -the whole there appears to be little relationship between the texture of -enclosing and enclosed matter. - - - _Greywacke Slate and Quartzite._ - -By the disappearance of pebbles the basal conglomerate changes into a -greywacke or a shale according as the cement is one or the other. -Frequently this transition is marked by an alternation of lenticular -beds of conglomerate with the greywacke, probably indicating varying -conditions of depth or current in the water in which they were -deposited. With the greywacke and shale is associated an impure -quartzite or arkose, the whole forming a thick series whose members are -not sharply separable one from another and do not occupy definite -relative positions. For the well laminated finer grained beds the term -slate is in general use, although a secondary cleavage by which this -kind of rock is distinguished from shale does not exist. Nearly all the -prominent hills in the north-western part of the area are composed of -this series. - - - _Upper Conglomerate._ - -The greywacke-slate-quartzite series passes conformably upward into a -conglomerate differing little from that at the base. Indeed, where -conglomerate outcrops are small and isolated a distinction between the -two cannot be made with certainty. - - - _Arkose._ - -In addition to the above there is an arkose forming at least two well -defined areas, whose relations with the rest of the Huronian are in some -doubt. This rock is of distinctive appearance, resembling at first -glance an ordinary granite, but on closer inspection it is seen to -consist of clastic materials such as would result from the -disintegration of a granite. Occasional conglomerate streaks in which -pebbles of quartz and greenstone are recognizable, demonstrate its -bedded character, but ordinarily it is massive looking. Part of the -large island in the middle of Duncan lake and the shore to the south are -of this formation. It is much more widespread on Obushkong and Gowganda -lakes, the bedding being unusually well shown on the large island in the -latter body of water. - -From its apparent relationship in either of these localities it might be -taken to be a member of the Lower Huronian series just described, and -equivalent to the basal conglomerate. In the Obushkong area it is -probably underlain by Laurentian, for it lies nearly horizontally, and -Laurentian is known to occur a short distance east of the lake. In the -neighbourhood of Lake Timiskaming it is said to grade imperceptibly into -granite, and is believed to be derived from the latter by detrition in -situ. Arkose, apparently identical with that under consideration, occurs -in the Cobalt district, and is thought to lie unconformably with the -greywacke, and for this reason is classified as Middle Huronian. In -these pages it is given no definite position in the formational -succession, and as there is no field evidence of its Middle Huronian -position, is not differentiated from the lower series. - - - _Structural Features and Disturbances._ - -The Huronian has been subjected to no very severe disturbance, judging -by its present condition and attitude. Frequently the strata lie almost -horizontally, as for instance at the south end of Firth lake, and in the -vicinity of Lake Lehmann, but over the most of the region they rest at -inclinations as high as 30°, this attitude remaining constant over -extensive areas, and developing a characteristic topographical feature. -From Pigeon lake eastward the dip is uniformly to the east at angles -ranging between 15 and 30 degrees and the beds overlap one another after -the fashion of slates on a roof, the resultant topographical expression -of which is a succession of north and south ridges with gentle eastern -slopes, while the western sides form escarpments. This condition appears -constant over all the Huronian east of a line midway between Pigeon and -Duncan lakes. To the extreme north-west, however, a westerly dip was -observed; the strata forming the 550 foot hill west of Duncan lake are -also either horizontal or dip gently to the west. A confident statement -cannot be made until further work has been performed, but the condition -just outlined suggests a large anticlinal structure whose arch lies a -little west of Duncan lake. However, there seems reason to believe that -the structure is more complicated than would result from simple arching -and erosion. If the present overlapping system represents the original -succession of strata a total thickness of over two miles would be -necessary, and there would be not two but several conglomerate horizons, -which is improbable. A satisfactory solution is hindered by the general -fact that planes of possible dislocation occur in low ground and are -obscured by swamp or water, but it seems evident that tilting was -accompanied by lateral or vertical displacements. - -Certain abrupt disturbances of the general uniform attitude suggest -differential movements. Along the West branch below Wapus creek the dip -and strike of the shale and greywacke are constant, until where the -river’s course changes to due east. Along the shores of this stretch the -rocks are mostly hidden by swamp, but where they do outcrop they are -standing vertically or dipping steeply to the south, and the strike -corresponds with the course of the stream; that is, their positions are -at right angles to those farther south. Disturbances of this sort are -known, due to the contiguity of igneous intrusions, but at this point no -such intrusive is known. It will also be seen from the map that exactly -in the same line the East branch makes a similar abrupt change in -course. Whether a line of low relief is continuous across the interval -between the two streams at this point is not easily determined; however, -as a possible explanation of the conditions stated, faulting along this -line is suggested. A similar abrupt change from conditions of -approximate horizontality to a dip S. 60 W., < 80° and strike of S. 30° -E. was noted on the west side of Firth lake. - - - _Relations to other Formations._ - -The intrusion of the quartz diabase into the Huronian was gently -accomplished at most points, and the beds of the latter, both above and -below the intrusives, are inclined only a few degrees more steeply than -in localities where no diabase can be found. Evidence of intrusion, -however, is common, and at some points the Huronian next to the diabase -has suffered local but intense physical change. Near the middle of the -east shore of Firth lake a rocky islet only a few square yards in extent -consists of coarse diabase and conglomerate in intimate contact, little -tongues of the former being protruded into the sedimentary rock and -peripherally chilled. Most remarkable, however, is the change in -condition of the conglomerate; a few chains away on the main shore it is -of ordinary character, but on the islet the pebbles lie within a fairly -well foliated schist, standing vertically and striking about east and -west. An identical condition exists at the south end of a little pond -lying 40 chains west of Mosher lake. The vertical foliation of the -conglomerate suggests the neighbouring diabase intrusion to have been by -vertical ascension rather than lateral spread, so that these points may -represent portions of vents through which the diabase magma ascended, -and for that reason are more affected than where sills have been quietly -injected. - -Ordinarily these contacts occur in low ground, usually ravines, the -bottoms of which are soil filled and consequently unfavourable for -geological observation, but at some points on Duncan lake the contacts -are exposed and the Huronian is seen to be much fractured across a zone -extending many feet from the diabase. In addition to the fracturing the -greywacke is hardened and the bedding planes rendered obscure, the total -effect being to weaken its power of resistance to erosion. - -In the neighbourhood of these contacts the Huronian is well supplied -with quartz veins whose ‘comb’ structure and chalcopyrite-galena -mineralization identify them with similar veins in the diabase. Also the -sediments exhibit certain mineralogical alterations referable to action -of the diabase. West of Gowganda, on the West branch below Duncan lake -and at other places the greywacke for a width of about two feet from the -diabase has been hardened, bleached a light grey colour and filled with -circular black spots 1/16ʺ in diameter. Microscopic examination shows -the main portion to consist of a mosaic of small quartz, orthoclase and -acid plagioclase grains, through which are distributed patches of -chlorite. This spotted phase of the greywacke evidently represents an -early stage in the development of adinole, a characteristic contact -product of shales, intruded by basic rock. - -[Illustration: Fig. 6. Fifth Portage on the West Branch of Montreal -River, showing Huronian Slate.] - -The relations of the Huronian to the Archæan, exhibited in larger as -well as minor features, indicate that the surface of the latter had been -carved into a condition not greatly unlike the present topography, -before its submergence and sedimentation in Huronian times. Some of the -hills of this ancient land have been uncovered by the removal of their -sedimentary blanket, leaving vestiges of the latter around their bases -as in the case of the hills south-west of Mosher lake. There the dip of -the sedimentary beds is much less than the slope of the hills, so that -the latter must project up through them as cores. In the bay on the east -side of Pigeon lake Huronian shales dipping with an angle of about 15° -abut against the side of an Archæan hill composed of hornblende granite -and green schist. At almost any part of the region where both Huronian -and Archæan occur together, similar evidence is available concerning the -unevenness of the pre-Huronian land surface. The amount of topographical -relief cannot be estimated with any degree of accuracy, for tops of the -Keewatin hills now exposed have probably been removed by post-Huronian -erosion, the lowest depressions are still filled by Huronian and the -whole may have been disarranged by post-Archæan faulting. However, near -Mosher lake there was a minimum relief of 300 feet. - -This old pre-Huronian surface is not often accessible for study, the -contacts being vertical or hidden by soils and vegetation. At one point, -however, at the end of the portion of Wapus creek shown on the map, -exceptionally favourable circumstances were encountered. Here glaciation -has developed a rounded knoll of mixed Keewatin and Laurentian rocks -upon which are tightly fastened a few scale-like vestiges of Huronian -conglomerate. A few square feet of the original Archæan surface exposed -by chiseling away the Huronian, was found to be much more highly -polished than the immediately adjoining, recently glaciated surface -which had been exposed to the atmosphere. The protected material seemed -to be of about the same freshness as that exposed. This pre-Huronian -surface is evidently a water-worn one, or the result of Huronian -glaciation, but no characteristic markings were observed upon it. - - - _Origin and Correlation._ - -From the foregoing consideration of the Huronian as seen in the Montreal -River region it will be plain that it is composed at all points of -clastic sedimentary deposits. Fossils have never been found, so the -correlation of these rocks in various areas is based upon their -lithological similarities and continuity. Upon these grounds the -Huronian of the present district is considered to be equivalent to the -same formations in the Cobalt, Larder Lake, and other neighbouring -districts, known as the Lower Huronian. The succession and physical -character of the different formations are essentially identical. It is -not necessary to review the facts upon which the decision to so place -these formations is based, the evidence being the harmonious results of -years of investigation by capable geologists. Accepting their -conclusion, and calling the main sedimentary series of the Montreal -River district, Lower Huronian, it is of interest to note indication of -sedimentary materials still older. The conglomerate pebble found in the -basal conglomerate on Pigeon lake must have originated by the -destruction of a pre-Huronian conglomerate formation. - -It has also been stated that ground for differentiating between a Lower -and Middle Huronian in this area has not been obtained, although the -similarity of the arkose to a formation in the Cobalt district believed -to belong to the Middle Huronian suggests it to be of the same age. It -is, therefore, thought desirable to apply to the whole the term -Huronian. No clearness or additional truth would be gained by making a -distinction between Lower and Middle divisions in this district, and so -far as the economic exploitation of the district is concerned the arkose -seems to be as much a part of the Lower Huronian as the conglomerate or -greywacke. - - - POST-HURONIAN ERUPTIVES. - -There are two kinds of diabase known in the district, one of which -greatly exceeds the other in extent and economic importance. This -disparity is tacitly recognized by the common use of the generic term -diabase for the important quartz diabase, the other member of the family -being ignored or unknown. - - - _Quartz Diabase._ - -[Illustration: Fig. 7. Inclined Huronian Beds, Duncan Lake.] - -_Character of contacts and distribution._—Bodies of this rock are not -restricted to any one formation or locality; but, as may be seen by -reference to the map, occur with various dimensions over the whole area, -with the exception of the country lying north-west of Duncan lake. It -may be noted that virtually all the large areas are enclosed by -Huronian, the bodies within the Archæan being numerous but small. It is -not proposed to apply this distinction generally, but in the Montreal -River region it seems to be more than an expression of the law of -probability. In the Archæan practically all of the observed diabase -bodies are dikes, in approximately vertical positions, seldom 100 feet -in width and of undetermined length. A knowledge of all those in the -Huronian could not be obtained, but in some cases they are sills, whose -greater exposed dimensions are parallel to the bedding planes of the -enclosing sedimentaries. - -_Macroscopic character._—It is fortunate for the easy recognition of the -diabase that it is more or less continuously exposed, and that there are -not many other igneous rocks of similar character in its proximity, for -it presents a variety of types such that a representative collection of -hand specimens presents surprisingly great petrological differences. -During the process of solidification, magmatic differentiation evolved -from the cooling material a group of forms of different mineralogical -composition and physical appearance, the end members of which are very -unlike. - -The common type is a dark green massive diabase, ranging in texture from -one in which the individual minerals are barely distinguishable to -others containing amphibole crystals an inch in length. The combination -of black amphibole—an alteration product of augite—and grey or -flesh-coloured plagioclase give the surface of ordinary textured phases -a colouration of sufficient determinative value. In a large diabase body -the coarseness is equal to that of ordinary granite, and the diabasic -structure is not readily perceptible. At the edge of the large dikes and -throughout the smaller ones the rock is black in colour and much finer -grained on account of its more rapid solidification. - -In the dikes the mineralogical composition is tolerably constant, and -specimens selected from different points show no notable difference -except that they are usually less decomposed than the coarse grained -varieties. Within the larger bodies, where cooling may be considered to -have been slower, a series of rock types differing from one another in -mineral composition, and consequently in physical appearance, are -associated. At many localities these differentiated varieties are -intimately intermingled, so that within an area of a few square yards -almost the whole series may be found. Conditions of this sort were first -and best observed in the Lett properties on Wapus creek, where the -extensive stripping and trenching greatly facilitated geological study. -A suite of specimens was obtained which exhibit an unbroken gradation -from ordinary gabbro to the fine grained pink rock known as aplite. With -a decreasing pyroxene content and increasing abundance of feldspar the -rock grades from a dark green diabase at the basic end through a reddish -phase into a type which, in the field, might be termed a syenite, being -of granitic texture, red colour, and without visible quartz. These -phases are cut by aplite dikes which at first glance do not very closely -resemble them, but their comparison has shown that they too include a -group whose coarsest and most basic form does not differ greatly from -the syenitic type of the diabase series. From a pale flesh-coloured rock -of fine granitic texture in which a little dark mineral is visible, the -successive phases of the aplite graduate toward a dike material of light -pink colour and saccharine texture almost devoid of ferromagnesian -constituents. - -_Microscopic character._—The consanguinity of diabase and aplite is -further established by microscopic study. It was intended to make a -somewhat complete comparative study; but, at the outset, the materials, -although fresh looking in the hand specimens, were found to be much -decomposed, sometimes so completely that the original composition could -not be satisfactorily inferred, and an outline must suffice therefore -until fresher material is secured. - -The common gabbro type consists essentially of long prisms of -plagioclase embedded in light reddish augite. This ophitic structure, -upon which the distinction between diabase and gabbro depends, is well -developed, but does not show in hand specimens, so that for field use -the distinction is impracticable; ordinarily the term gabbro is applied -to the coarse grained, and diabase to the medium and finer grained -varieties. The plagioclase of the coarse grained specimens could not be -identified, being entirely altered to a coarse saussurite in which the -epidote was aggregated into large grains. The augite is almost equally -changed to strongly pleochroic hornblende possessing green and blue -green pleochroic tints. This hornblende is not a fibrous variety but -forms compact individuals, hence in the specimens studied it could not -be certain that some of it was not primary. In some cases it is further -altered to chlorite. Reaction between plagioclase and pyroxene seems to -have taken place, for chlorite occurs among the plagioclase -decomposition products as well as those of the pyroxene. Next to these, -ilmenite is the most abundant constituent, occurring as irregular masses -largely altered to leucoxene in which the original ‘gridiron’ structure -is distinct. Quartz is present in subordinate amounts usually in -micrographic intergrowth with the plagioclase. Small, well defined -hexagonal rods of apatite, titanite crystals, and rare zircons are also -present. The structure and mineral constitution render the term -quartz-diabase appropriate. Finer grained specimens secured from dikes -were found to be much fresher than the coarser types and yielded more -satisfactory thin sections; the ophitic structure is more pronounced, -but the mineral composition is the same. The plagioclase laths of one -section were determined optically to be an intermediate labradorite. -Small flakes of biotite partially altered to chlorite occur accessorily. - -The aplite is also so much weathered that doubt sometimes exists as to -its original composition. Thin sections consist very largely of -plagioclase and quartz, coloured constituents being small in quantity. -The plagioclase is twinned according to albite, pericline, and carlsbad -laws, and in one case a baveno twin was observed; optically it behaves -as almost pure albite and is decomposed to sericite instead of epidote. -A poikilitic arrangement is more or less distinct; the feldspar is also -micrographically intergrown with quartz. No orthoclase could be -identified in any of the specimens. Quartz does not appear to be much -more abundant than in the diabase. The only recognizable ferro-magnesian -mineral is a strongly pleochroic reddish brown biotite, which occurs -sparingly in small ragged flakes, partly altered to chlorite. Leucoxene -representing ilmenite is surprisingly abundant considering the scarcity -of iron bearing silicates. Apatite is an abundant accessory mineral, -forming small prisms, while zircon crystals are rare. The rock in the -specimens examined is remarkably rich in calcite, which in amount ranks -next to the plagioclase. - -Comparison of sections from specimens intermediate between the aplite -and the ordinary diabase brings out some features of the differentiating -process. The governing changes are in the proportion of pyroxene, and in -the composition of the plagioclase. A specimen somewhat paler in colour -than the typical diabase was found to contain considerably less augite -and more abundant plagioclase, the other constituents remaining fairly -constant. The plagioclase was an acid andesine of the composition (Ab 65 -An 35). A still lighter coloured type possessed oligoclase (Ab 72 An 28) -and a small amount of blue green hornblende, representing the wholly -altered pyroxene. Orthoclase could not be found in any of the sections, -so that none of these rocks can be properly called syenite or granite. - -_Local description._—Diabase is most abundantly exposed in the area -between Gowganda lake and the portage route connecting Firth and Elkhorn -lakes, where it forms three parallel tongues of approximately equal -dimensions. Coarse grained types prevail in which the differentiation of -acid phases is pronounced. Aplite dikes up to 10 feet in width, fairly -coarse grained and sometimes tolerably rich in dark constituents, are -abundant. The rugged surface of this part of the country is largely due -to the presence of the diabase, the peculiar arrangement of which has -produced a constant system of north and south ridges. The contacts with -the Huronian occupy the bottoms of gullies, with the main body of -diabase forming high ground. This highly relieved and consequently well -exposed surface has greatly facilitated the exploitation of this area, -as indeed is the case for the whole district. Terminally each of the -three bodies tapers out or forks, but these details were not closely -mapped. In the case of the most easterly one the portions reaching the -east side of Firth lake are darker and more decomposed than the ordinary -diabase, and during the field operations were considered of other -character. Laboratory study of the specimens shows them, however, to be -basic diabase in which hornblende has completely replaced the pyroxene. -In consequence of this misconception the connexions of the exposures on -Firth lake were not well worked out, but they almost certainly lie as -shown in the map and may form a continuous connexion with the large -diabase body farther north. The two areas north-east of Firth lake -present much the same appearance as those of the Gowganda district. - -The most extensive body is that which coincides in direction with Duncan -lake, resembling a great hook, the shank of which is traceable for -twelve miles, the crooked end lying about midway between the West branch -and Firth lake. Neither termination was found, on account of the swampy -or sandy character of the country, so that the present representation -may not be complete. Just east of L’Africain lake there are some -diabases which may be continuations of it, but owing to their altered -appearance they could not be distinguished with certainty in the field -from similar Keewatin forms. Along Duncan lake it appears to represent -the edge of a sill about 300 feet thick lying in the bedding plane of -the Huronian sediments which lie both above and beneath it. From the -attitude of the latter the sill is believed to dip eastward at an angle -of 30 or 40 degrees. The exposed width is usually less than in the -Gowganda area and its composition is more homogeneous, but at the wider -portions the same intermingling of basic and acid phases and aplite -dikes obtains, as for example where it crosses Wapus creek. The full -extent of that portion which extends north-westward from Mosher lake is -not known. The formation at that point is obscured by gravelly soil; it -appears, however, to be unusually wide and well differentiated. An -apparently large body of diabase lies between the north part of Duncan -lake and the West branch. The mapping of this was left incomplete, so -that its total southern extent cannot be given. Its northern part -presents nothing unusual, but about Vipond lake a syenitic phase is -developed, probably indicating a mingling of differentiated rock -varieties as at Gowganda lake or Wapus creek. - -The remaining diabase bodies are dikes. Probably these are very numerous -and widespread, but this can only be determined by work of much more -widespread nature than the economic possibilities of such an -investigation warrant at present. They are most frequently seen in the -Laurentian, probably not so much because they are more numerous there, -but because they are more conspicuous in the granites than in the -Keewatin schists and Huronian, from which they differ less in colour. -They attain widths of 60, 100 or more feet, in which cases the texture -is like that of the large masses, but differentiated types and aplite -dikes do not seem to accompany them. The smaller dikes, diminishing to a -width of 1 foot, are compact black rocks of microcrystalline habit, but -like the gabbroid varieties mineralogically. - -_Age._—The time of intrusion of these rocks can only be defined as -post-Huronian or post Middle Huronian, there being no younger formations -with which to correlate them. They are identical with the diabase in -other parts of the Montreal River region and of Cobalt. As already noted -the larger masses have produced very limited metamorphic changes in the -adjoining rocks, developing incipient adinole zones in the Huronian -greywackes, besides hardening and fracturing them. Usually the contact -edge of the diabase has been deeply eroded along with the adjoining rock -to form narrow ravines, but wherever it persists a slight chilling is -perceptible. The fine grained edges are much more apparent in dikes -where the mass of hot material being much less was more susceptible to -the influence of cold surroundings. The intrusive nature is also -demonstrated by angular blocks of Huronian materials enclosed within the -diabase, instances of which may be seen on Wapus creek. - - - _Olivine Diabase._ - -At the first rapid above Kenisheong lake the Huronian is cut by a broad -dike of different character from those belonging to the quartz-diabase -intrusion. It is a remarkably fresh compact rock of dark grey colour and -medium texture in which an ophitic structure is prominent, acicular -prisms of glassy feldspar penetrating the dark main mass. Its density is -2·991. Under the microscope it is holocrystalline and the constituent -minerals occur in only one generation. The constituents as determined by -linear measurements were found to be plagioclase, 67·5 per cent; -olivine, 14 per cent; augite, 1·5 per cent; iron ore, probably ilmenite, -5 per cent; apatite, 1·8 per cent; biotite, 1·3 per cent; and zircon, -0·03 per cent. The rock is remarkably fresh, even the olivine showing no -signs of decomposition. The plagioclase was determined by optical -methods to be a labradorite of the composition Ab 1 An 1. It forms -laths, twinned according to albite, pericline and carlsbad laws, which -penetrate the ferromagnesian minerals. A few large crystals show fine -zonary lamellation. Olivine is in idiomorphic or rounded grains, -occasionally bordered by a little rim of biotite, possibly a product of -reaction during the period of crystallization. The augite is reddish -brown in colour and later than either olivine or plagioclase, filling -the interstices between the feldspar laths. Irregular masses of black -iron ore, probably ilmenite, are scattered throughout the section, in -some cases showing good crystal forms. A deep brown strongly pleochroic -biotite with a very small optical angle occurs accessorily in small -shreds. Apatite is mostly in slender but sometimes stout hexagonal -prisms. Minute crystals of zircon are rare. - -The rock may be designated an olivine diabase of markedly fresh aspect. -It penetrates the Huronian, but judging by its unusually fresh condition -it must be comparatively young. - - - PLEISTOCENE. - -The present glaciated pre-Cambrian surface is scantily covered by -unconsolidated glacial sands and gravel which are being collected by -natural agencies from the hills and more elevated parts into the -depressions. As a consequence the hills are bare, while the valleys and -ravines are soil-filled and support a strong forest growth. Neither sand -nor gravel show signs of stratified arrangement. They play an -unimportant part in the topographical appearance of the country; the -only elevation composed of such materials being a small gravel hill to -the east of Porphyry lake. Between that point and the hills near Mosher -lake is a considerable extent of flat sandy country, the gentle contour -of which contrasts with that of the surrounding hills. - -A rather peculiar low apron of sand occupies the very end of the -peninsula between Duncan lake and the West branch. It is of small -extent, and is probably due to river deposition, the West branch at this -point being sluggish and the surface of the sand showing indications of -shifting stream beds. - -An extensive area of sand lies at the end of Duncan lake, from whence it -extends northward for several miles, also westward and south-westward -toward the 550 foot hill shown on the map. Seen from any neighbouring -hill this plain appears flat in comparison with the ordinary surface of -the country. It consists of a fine, yellowish, unstratified sand. The -several brooks crossing it are distinguished from those of other parts -of the country by their tortuous courses which are constantly changing, -and which render them unfit for canoe travel. The shallow character and -sandy shores at the north end of Duncan lake have been caused largely by -the transportation of sand into it by these brooks. - -Glacial boulders are scattered over the whole district. - - - - - ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. - - - SILVER. - - - DISTRIBUTION. - -With the knowledge acquired from exploitation of James township, and -other of the more recently discovered silver-cobalt camps, prospectors -in the Montreal River district gave exclusive attention to the diabase -formation, recognizing it to be closely connected with mineralizations -of this kind. Some work was done in 1907 and more in the following -season, with the result that on August 4, the first native silver -discoveries were made, almost simultaneously and at short distances -apart, by Messrs. Mann and Dobie, in the diabase just west of Gowganda -lake. The remarkably rich surface showings at once attracted the -attention of the whole prospecting body in the Elk Lake country, and an -activity began which, since the spreading of information to outside -points, has developed into a ‘rush’ of large dimensions. - -The known silver bearing area is restricted as yet to about ten square -miles lying between Gowganda lake and the portage route from Elkhorn to -Firth lakes, and is commonly known as Gowganda. Extensive prospecting -only commenced in September, about the close of the field season, so -that only the earlier discoveries are known to the writer, and a -knowledge of the surface details could only be derived by examination of -the few beginnings of patient and continued exploration by claim owners. -The present account must accordingly be accepted as incomplete and by no -means representing the present status of the Gowganda camp. - - - SURFACE INDICATIONS. - -Conditions in the region are such as to demand exploration of the -closest and most intensive order, for the indications of mineralization -are negative rather than positive in character. The Gowganda area was -entirely forested at the beginning of 1908, and a carpet of moss and -vegetable mould covered most of the rock surface. Glacial materials are -also fairly abundant, and sometimes thick enough to render surface -exploration arduous and expensive. Added to this the veins are eroded -more deeply than the country rock, and are represented at the surface by -crevices filled with soil, and thereby rendered inconspicuous. Were the -country a flat one the difficulties in the way of successful prospecting -would be very serious, but fortunately it is rugged, especially near the -diabase. Steep ridges of this material are a regular topographical -feature. The sides of these ridges are bare or readily exposed and offer -fine opportunities for examination. It is significant that the first -silver discoveries were made in the sides of such rock walls. The pink -bloom found at the surfaces of the veins and the adjacent country rock -is also an indicator whose value is fully understood by those working in -the region. - - - STRUCTURE OF VEINS. - -The deposits are in the form of well-defined veins occupying fissures in -the diabase. The amount of surface work done in September was not enough -to throw much light on the continuity of the veins, but a few had been -traced for distances of 300 or 400 feet, and in one case across several -contiguous mining claims, so that they may be said to occupy persistent -fissures. They vary in width from 1ʺ up to 20ʺ. Little could be learned -concerning their attitudes except where they traverse hillsides; in such -cases they are approximately vertical. It is not yet known whether any -regularity exists in their arrangement, but some extend east and west -while others are north and south. The diabase shows no signs of -extensive deformation, all geological evidence indicating that since its -solidification its history has been uneventful, yet the cracks which the -veins occupy appear too persistent to be the result of contraction by -cooling. Besides the strong veins there are others of the gash type, but -the latter are small, not very continuous and poorly or not at all -mineralized. - - - COMPOSITION OF VEINS. - -From comparison of veins at Gowganda, Duncan lake, and Wapus creek a -general uniformity of structure, though not of mineralization, is found -to obtain. The whole mineral association is not found in any one vein, -nor are the relative proportions either of ore or gangue at all -constant. The gangue minerals are quartz and calcite, always mutually -arranged in definite manner. The sides of the veins are composed of -white quartz, which may form only an insignificant coating on the walls -or may occupy nearly the whole space, but in all cases there remains a -central cavity into which the pointed ends of quartz crystals project -freely. At the surface this central portion is empty owing to -weathering, but farther down it is filled by calcite. Veins with -predominant quartz filling seem especially abundant in the Huronian -adjacent to the diabase. The rich veins near Gowganda, so far as -ascertainable, are poor in quartz. - -Practically all of them carry chalcopyrite either as diffuse grains or -in considerable amounts. Pyrite is equally abundant but less constant. -Galena is not uncommon. All these occur with the quartz; their presence -in the calcite is not certainly known. Many of the veins show diffuse -stains of reddish pink colour due to cobalt bloom, which though not in -itself of value is important as a sign of the existence of smaltite from -which it is formed by oxidation. The minerals enumerated thus far are -widespread, but economically insignificant; the silver-cobalt -association is present in some cases, however. Little opportunity -existed in 1908 for favourable study of these minerals, so that only a -list of those found at the surface can be given. There native silver, -argentite, smaltite and cobalt bloom have been found, and a few feet -down small lumps of native bismuth. Because they occur either in calcite -or in loose decomposition materials filling the space which the calcite -formerly occupied they are believed to be associated with that gangue. -Infrequently gangue minerals are almost absent and the vein filled by -massive ore. - - - LOCAL DISTRIBUTION. - -Valuable argentiferous veins were known in 1908 only in the Gowganda -district, and, so far as yet known, discoveries have been confined to -the diabase west of that lake. Most of them occur in the southern -portion of the central diabase strip which lies a short distance from -the shore and extends northward for about seven miles from Elkhorn lake. -On one of the Mann claims (T.R. 1966), now owned by Messrs. Foster, an -east and west vein averaging 4ʺ or 5ʺ in width had been traced for 300 -feet, the original discovery being made in the exposed face of a low -diabase wall. At its surface the vein material had been weathered out -for a depth of about 15ʺ and the cavity filled by a brownish mass of the -decomposed matter mixed with vegetable mould and sand. Nuggets of mossy -or arborescent silver were scattered richly through this dirt, and a -fairly continuous spine of the same metal, sometimes an inch thick, -extended along the middle of the crevice. A test pit sunk about 8 feet, -but barricaded at the time of the writer’s visit, had exposed, according -to Mr. Mann, silver and smaltite in a calcite vein. On the adjoining -claim (T.R. 1982), a vein of massive smaltite about 1ʺ wide was seen; a -little silver had been found at its surface and streaks of argentite and -disseminated grains of smaltite were seen in the wall rock. Aplite dikes -on another claim were found to be stained by cobalt bloom, and full of -disseminated chalcopyrite. - -The properties owned by Messrs. Crawford and Dobie about half a mile -farther south were not visited, but were generally reported to be of -about the same richness as that in T.R. 1966. Immediately north of -Hanging-stone lake Mr. F. A. McIntosh was conducting active prospecting -in a coarse gabbroid, locally syenitic, form of the diabase, intersected -by aplite dikes. A discovery of native silver has been made since then -and the property sold to Messrs. F. R. Bartlett & Co., of Toronto, -together with other claims located between the north-east and north-west -arms. Other discoveries are reported just south-east, also a short -distance north of Milne lake. - -No silver had been obtained in the eastern diabase strip, although the -geological conditions appear identical and calcite veins are abundant. -An exceptionally large vein, about 18ʺ wide, and traceable across two -adjoining claims was seen on the property of Messrs. McLaughlin and -McIntosh, about half a mile north-east of the north-west arm. -Mineralization in it near the surface was very slight. Several veins -carrying small amounts of chalcopyrite, pyrite, bloom and smaltite were -seen on the properties of Messrs. Elstone and Reilly (T.R. 1961, 1962 -and 1903). In one of them small amounts of bismuth are present; another -contains an unusually heavy black substance which proved to be calcite -filled with minute crystals of magnetite. - -In the western strip less exploration had been performed and little -could be learned about the ore deposits. Loose pieces of native silver -had been found by W. H. Margueratt in narrow fissures on M.R. 1798, but -the vein material was not exposed. - -Outside the Gowganda area systematic prospecting was in progress at only -one point—Wapus creek. Under the management of Mr. Robert Lett a group -of nine claims was being stripped and trenched, with the result that -numerous calcite veins had been traced through a diabase showing the -same complex intermingling of basic and acid phases and aplite dikes as -at Gowganda. Chalcopyrite and cobalt bloom were abundant, and smaltite -had been found as disseminations in the wall rock. Lumps of native -bismuth weighing several ounces had been taken from a fissure in an -aplite dike, analyses of which showed it to contain silver. - -Tentative exploration was being conducted along Duncan lake and east of -Firth lake, but not with the closeness and persistence which the -topography of these veins require. In general the veins seen on Duncan -lake are exceptionally rich in quartz, and gash veins are common. -Chalcopyrite, pyrite and galena are the most noticeable metalliferous -minerals, but cobalt bloom stains are frequently observable. So far as -known no attention has been given to the large diabase body between -Duncan lake and the West branch, although its size and varied -composition are thought to make it a desirable prospecting ground. - - - FUTURE POSSIBILITIES. - -The present knowledge of the Gowganda area indicates it to be highly -mineralized, at least in so far as number of veins and surface showings -are concerned. The number of discoveries within its area of ten square -miles is steadily increasing. The area, character of the mineral -association and the richness of the surface showings are comparable with -those of Cobalt. There is a general similarity in the geological -conditions. The mineralized veins in Gowganda occur in the diabase as do -some of the good Cobalt veins. There are, it is true, local differences, -but the resemblances are more pronounced than the differences and lead -to the hope that exploitation will reveal similar underground -conditions. The well mineralized veins are sufficiently long and uniform -on the surface to suggest similarly persistent vertical dimensions. -Further geological work may reveal something definite concerning the -character and size of the diabase bodies which form the country rock, -and thus afford a basis for predicting their subterranean distribution. -While there are grounds for hoping that the veins will persist in depth, -this has not yet been proved, nor, if this is the case, that the -mineralization and values are also persistent. - -The relative importance of Gowganda is therefore a matter of uncertainty -as yet, but it may be confidently affirmed that for its state of -development the outlook is very favourable, and the number of veins, -area of mineralization and rich surface showings afford good grounds for -hoping that some at least of the veins will be found to be commercially -important. - -The details of igneous intrusion, differentiation and mineralization may -never be sufficiently understood to allow of accurate prediction -regarding the location of silver deposits, but a general conception of -the sequence of events culminating in their formation does permit of the -formulation of certain criteria useful in the search for ores. Evidence -is accumulating to show that the silver-cobalt mineralizations in the -Timiskaming region are connected with a late stage of differentiation in -the magma which supplied the quartz diabase and aplite. It seems -reasonable, therefore, to anticipate ore deposits in or near such -bodies, especially if they are of large size and have undergone -important chemical differentiation, that is, if they contain a varied -and extensive association of basic and acid phases of the diabase. -Pre-existing channels to receive the mineralizers are also necessary and -their distribution a matter of vital importance, but in this region they -appear to have been everywhere abundant. - -These conditions appear to exist quite as fully at several other -localities besides Gowganda. At Wapus creek they seem identical and, -indeed, results obtained thus far indicate that some mineralization of -the silver-cobalt type exists. Between Duncan lake and the West branch -the conditions require further study, but, as now known, are not -discouraging. - - - COPPER. - -The chalcopyrite, which seems a much more constant constituent of the -veins associated with the quartz diabase, is sometimes aggregated into -bunches which yield ore specimens of such excellent appearance as to -arouse interest. The ore is, however, confined to veins a few inches in -width and so scattered as to render them valueless. Occurrences of this -kind characterize most of the great diabase bodies, examples of which -occur on Mosher lake, between the North-east and North-west arms of -Gowganda lake and elsewhere. The chalcopyrite is sometimes superficially -altered to malachite and azurite. - - - IRON ORE. - -_Hematite._—Excellent specular and kidney ore is known to exist a short -distance east of Nest lake, but the locality was not visited owing to -the more urgent requirements of other portions of the district. -Specimens of the ore obtained, however, proved to be of excellent -character, with little admixture of silica or other foreign matter. The -ore body is thought to be of vertical tabular form, occupying a -fissure-like space. Its limits are not known, consequently nothing can -be yet stated regarding the commercial possibility of the deposit. - -Specular ore was seen on mining claim T.R. 2009, near the north-east end -of Firth lake, occupying a fissure in the Keewatin. The ore is of good -quality, but the outcrop is of insignificant size, the fissure being -only about 2 feet wide, and no ore occurring in either the chlorite -schist or reddish granite which lie on either side. - -Specular ore also occurs in the basal conglomerate of the Huronian -series, filling the interstices between the pebbles where an original -cement was deficient. At the south end of Kenisheong lake the -conglomerate appears at the water’s edge, and the hematite may be -observed while paddling near shore. The same thing occurs at the narrows -on Duncan lake, just south of the central expansion. In neither case is -the ore in commercially valuable quantity. - -_Magnetite._—Keewatin iron formation exists about one-half mile to the -north-east of Gowganda lake. A brief visit was paid to some claims -belonging to Mr. Cryderman where the formation is well exposed. The -Keewatin, which is partially overlain by Huronian and traversed by -diabase, consists of dark grey or black, banded chert or quartzite -associated with chlorite schist. The dark bands, usually only a few -inches in width, are full of disseminated magnetite grains. No -concentrations were noticed and the richest bands would probably yield -less than 30 per cent metallic iron, consequently the present showings -cannot be considered valuable. - - - ASBESTOS. - - - _Distribution._ - -In the Keewatin area between Firth and Obushkong lakes there occur -masses of a basic igneous rock through whose decomposition serpentine -and asbestos have been developed. The localities given in connexion with -the description of the Keewatin may be briefly restated. Two bodies were -found. One of these, lying east of Foot lake and 20 chains from -Obushkong was traced for a width of 4 chains, but nothing learned of its -north and south extent. It consists very largely of green serpentine -traversed by a network of fine, white weathering veins of asbestos. More -extensive outcrops exist along the east shore of Firth lake. At somewhat -more than a mile from the foot of the lake and near a small log shack at -the water’s edge a considerable mass of partially decomposed wehrlite, -serpentine, and asbestos is visible. The main mass is of dark green -colour, the asbestos traversing it abundantly as a series of glistening -bright green threads. The seams are small, none being found more than -1/4ʺ in width, but the asbestos fibres are fine and elastic. The -serpentine is often coarsely fibrous but brittle. - - - ORIGIN. - -Microscopic examination shows the serpentine and asbestos to be the -product of decomposition of the wehrlite, a nearly black medium grained -igneous type. Alteration has obscured its original character, but -sufficient of the primary constituents remain to admit of its -determination. It consisted of olivine, diallage, and common hornblende, -with considerable ilmenite and apatite, but plagioclase is apparently -absent. Hornblende and diallage form the basis of the section in which -lie abundant rounded or idiomorphic grains of olivine. The latter is -completely altered to a matted intergrowth of fibrous serpentine -containing scattered grains of black iron ore. Diallage persists as -colourless bi-refringent remnants enclosed by a felted mass of -decomposition products, chiefly long scales of talc. The hornblende is -fresher and strongly pleochroic, the tints being green; its alteration -begins by bleaching, followed by development of colourless fibres of low -bi-refringence, possibly serpentine. Primary ilmenite is replaced by -irregular patches of leucoxene, showing gridiron structure. The final -product of alteration is a soft green serpentine rock composed almost -wholly of that mineral. - -The limits of these masses are exceedingly difficult to define, owing to -the fact that they are associated with other Keewatin rock and basic -forms of the post-Huronian diabase, to which it presents considerable -resemblance. The asbestos actually seen is probably too short and small -in amount to be valuable, but the high commercial value of this material -renders delimitation of the wehrlite masses advisable. Asbestos of very -good quality has been found by Mr. George Rahn in the vicinity of -Sinclair mountain, so that this mineral may be one of the district’s -latent resources. - - - - - CANADA - - DEPARTMENT OF MINES - - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BRANCH - - HON. W. TEMPLEMAN, MINISTER; A. P. LOW, LL.D., DEPUTY MINISTER; - R. W. BROCK, DIRECTOR. - - ---------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - SELECTED LIST OF REPORTS AND MAPS - - (SINCE 1885) - - OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC INTEREST - - - PUBLISHED BY - - THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BRANCH - -* Publications marked thus are out of print. - -Reports of the Mines Section— - - No. 245. Report of Mines Section for 1886. - 272. " " 1887. - 300. " " 1888. - 301. " " 1889. - 334. " " 1890. - 335. " " 1891. - 360. " " 1892. - 572. " " 1893-4. - 602. " " 1895. - 625. " " 1896. - 662. " " 1897. - 698. " " 1898. - 718. " " 1899. - 744. " " 1900. - 800. " " 1901. - 835. " " 1902. - 893. " " 1903. - 928. " " 1904. - 971. " " 1905. - -Mineral Production of Canada— - - No. 414. For 1886. - 415. " 1887. - 416. " 1888. - 417. " 1889. - 418. " 1890. - 419. " 1891. - 420. " 1886-91. - 421. " 1892. - 422. " 1893. - 555. " 1894. - 577. " 1895. - 612. " 1896. - 623. " 1886-96. - 640. " 1897. - 671. " 1898. - 686. " 1899. - 719. " 1900. - 719a. " 1901. - 813. " 1902. - 861. " 1903. - 896. " 1904. - 924. " 1905. - 981. " 1906. - -Mineral Resources Bulletins— - - No. *818. Platinum. - 851. Coal. - *854. Asbestos. - 857. Infusorial Earth. - 858. Manganese. - 859. Salt. - 860. Zinc. - 869. Mica. - 872. Molybdenum and Tungsten. - 877. Graphite. - 880. Peat. - 881. Phosphate. - 882. Copper. - 913. Mineral Pigments. - 953. Barytes. - 984. Mineral Pigments (French). - -Reports of the Section of Chemistry and Mineralogy— - - No. *102. For 1874-5. - *110. " 1875-6. - *119. " 1876-7. - 126. " 1877-8. - 138. " 1878-9. - 148. " 1879-80. - 156. " 1880-1-2. - 169. " 1882-3-4. - 222. " 1885. - 246. " 1886. - 273. " 1887-8. - 299. " 1888-9. - 333. " 1890-1. - 359. " 1892-3. - 580. " 1894. - 616. " 1895. - 651. " 1896. - 695. " 1898. - 724. " 1899. - 821. " 1900. - *958. " 1906. - -745. Altitudes of Canada, by J. White. 1899. - -*972. Descriptive Catalogue of Minerals and Rocks, by R. A. A. Johnston - and G. A. Young. - - - YUKON. - -*260. Yukon district, by G. M. Dawson. 1887. Maps Nos. 274, scale 60 m. - = 1 in.; 275-277, scale 8 m. = 1 in. - -295. Yukon and Mackenzie basins, by R. G. McConnell. 1889. Map No. 304, - scale 48 m. = 1 in. - -687. Klondike gold fields (preliminary), by R. G. McConnell. 1900. Map - No. 688, scale 2 m. = 1 in. - -884. Klondike gold fields, by R. G. McConnell. 1901. Map No. 772, scale - 2 m. = 1 in. - -*909. Windy Arm, Tagish lake, by R. G. McConnell. 1906. Map No. 916, - scale 2 m. = 1 in. - -943. Upper Stewart river, by J. Keele. Map No. 938, } - scale 8 m. = 1 in. } - } Bound together. -951. Peel and Wind rivers, by Chas. Camsell. Map No. } - 942, scale 8 m. = 1 in. } - -979. Klondike gravels, by R. G. McConnell. Map No. 1011, scale 40 ch. = - 1 in. - -982. Conrad and Whitehorse mining districts, by D. D. Cairnes. 1901. Map - No. 990, scale 2 m. = 1 in. - -1016. Klondike Creek and Hill gravels, by R. G. McConnell. (French). Map - No. 1011, scale 40 ch. = 1 in. - - - BRITISH COLUMBIA. - -212. The Rocky mountains (between latitudes 49° and 51° 30ʹ), by G. M. - Dawson. 1885. Map No. 223, scale 6 m. = 1 in. Map No. 224, scale 1-1/2 - m. = 1 in. - -*235. Vancouver island, by G. M. Dawson. 1886. Map No. 247, scale 8 m. = - 1 in. - -236. The Rocky mountains, geological structure, by R. G. McConnell. - 1886. Map No. 248, scale 2 m. = 1 in. - -263. Cariboo mining district, by A. Bowman. 1887. Maps Nos. 278-281. - -*271. Mineral wealth, by G. M. Dawson. - -*294. West Kootenay district, by G. M. Dawson. 1888-9. Map No. 303, - scale 8 m. = 1 in. - -*573. Kamloops district, by G. M. Dawson. 1894. Maps Nos. 556-7, scale 4 - m. = 1 in. - -574. Finlay and Omineca rivers, by R. G. McConnell. 1894. Map No. 567, - scale 8 m. = 1 in. - -743. Atlin Lake mining division, by J. C. Gwillim. 1899. Map No. 742, - scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -939. Rossland district, by R. W. Brock. Map No. 941, scale 1,600 ft. = 1 - in. - -940. Graham island, by R. W. Ells. 1905. Map No. 921, scale 4 m. = 1 - in., and Map No. 922, scale 1 m. = 1 in. - -986. Similkameen district, by Chas. Camsell. Map. No. 987, scale 400 ch. - = 1 in. - -988. Telkwa river and vicinity, by W. W. Leach. Map No. 989, scale 2 m. - = 1 in. - -996. Nanaimo and New Westminster districts, by O. E. LeRoy. 1907. Map - No. 997, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - - - ALBERTA. - -*237. Central portion, by J. B. Tyrrell. 1886. Maps Nos. 249 and 250, - scale 8 m. = 1 in. - -324. Peace and Athabaska Rivers district, by R. G. McConnell. 1890-1. - Map No. 336, scale 48 m. = 1 in. - -703. Yellowhead Pass route, by J. McEvoy. 1898. Map No. 676, scale 8 m. - = 1 in. - -949. Cascade coal-field, by D. B. Dowling. Maps (8 sheets) Nos. 929-936, - scale 1 m. = 1 in. - -968. Moose Mountain district, by D. D. Cairnes. Maps No. 963, scale 2 m. - = 1 in.; No. 966, scale 1 m. = 1 in. - - - SASKATCHEWAN. - -213. Cypress hills and Wood mountain, by R. G. McConnell. 1885. Maps - Nos. 225 and 226, scale 8 m. = 1 in. - -601. Country between Athabaska lake and Churchill river, by J. B. - Tyrrell and D. B. Dowling. 1895. Map No. 957, scale 25 m. = 1 in. - -868. Souris River coal-field, by D. B. Dowling. 1902. - - - MANITOBA. - -264. Duck and Riding mountains, by J. B. Tyrrell. 1887-8. Map No. 282, - scale 8 m. = 1 in. - -296. Glacial Lake Agassiz, by W. Upham. 1889. Maps Nos. 314, 315, 316. - -325. North-western portion, by J. B. Tyrrell. 1898. Maps Nos. 339 and - 350, scale 8 m. = 1 in. - -704. Lake Winnipeg (west shore), by D. B. Dowling. } - 1898. Map No. 664, scale 8 m. = 1 in. } - } Bound together. -705. Lake Winnipeg (east shore), by J. B. Tyrrell. } - 1898. Map No. 664, scale 8 m. = 1 in. } - - - NORTH WEST TERRITORIES. - -217. Hudson bay and strait, by R. Bell. 1885. Map No. 229, scale 4 m. = - 1 in. - -238. Hudson bay, south of, by A. P. Low. 1886. - -239. Attawapiskat and Albany rivers, by R. Bell. 1886. - -244. Northern portion of the Dominion, by G. M. Dawson. 1886. Map No. - 255, scale 200 m. = 1 in. - -267. James bay and country east of Hudson bay, by A. P. Low. - -578. Red lake and part of Berens river, by D. B. Dowling. 1894. Map No. - 576, scale 8 m. = 1 in. - -*584. Labrador peninsula, by A. P. Low. 1895. Maps Nos. 585-588, scale - 25 m. = 1 in. - -618. Dubawnt, Kazan and Ferguson rivers, by J. B. Tyrrell. 1896. Map No. - 603, scale 25 m. = 1 in. - -657. Northern portion of the Labrador peninsula, by A. P. Low. - -680. South Shore Hudson strait and Ungava bay, by A. P. } - Low. Map No. 699, scale 25 m. = 1 in. } - } Bound together. -713. North Shore Hudson strait and Ungava bay, by R. } - Bell. Map No. 699, scale 25 m. = 1 in. } - -725. Great Bear lake to Great Slave lake, by J. M. Bell. 1900. - -778. East Coast Hudson bay, by A. P. Low. 1900. Maps Nos. 779, 780, 781, - scale 8 m. = 1 in. - -786-787. Grass River region, by J. B. Tyrrell and D. B. Dowling. 1900. - -815. Ekwan river and Sutton lakes, by D. B. Dowling. 1901. Map No. 751, - scale 50 m. = 1 in. - -819. Nastapoka islands, Hudson bay, by A. P. Low. 1900. - -905. The Cruise of the _Neptune_, by A. P. Low. 1905. - - - ONTARIO. - -215. Lake of the Woods region, by A. C. Lawson. 1885. Map No. 227, scale - 2 m. = 1 in. - -*265. Rainy Lake region, by A. C. Lawson. 1887. Map No. 283, scale 4 m. - = 1 in. - -266. Lake Superior, mines and mining, by E. D. Ingall. 1888. Maps Nos. - 285, scale 4 m. = 1 in.; 286, scale 20 ch. = 1 in. - -326. Sudbury mining district, by R. Bell. 1890-1. Map No. 343, scale 4 - m. = 1 in. - -327. Hunter island, by W. H. C. Smith. 1890-1. Map No. 342, scale 4 m. = - 1 in. - -332. Natural Gas and Petroleum, by H. P. H. Brumell. 1890-1. Maps Nos. - 344-349. - -357. Victoria, Peterborough and Hastings counties, by F. D. Adams. - 1892-3. - -627. On the French River sheet, by R. Bell. 1896. Map No. 570, scale 4 - m. = 1 in. - -678. Seine river and Lake Shebandowan map-sheets, by W. McInnes. 1897. - Maps Nos. 589 and 560, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -723. Iron deposits along Kingston and Pembroke railway, by E. D. Ingall. - 1900. Map No. 626, scale 2 m. = 1 in; and plans of 13 mines. - -739. Carleton, Russell and Prescott counties, by R. W. Ells. 1899. (See - No. 739, Quebec.) - -741. Ottawa and vicinity, by R. W. Ells. 1900. - -790. Perth sheet, by R. W. Ells. 1900. Map No. 789, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -961. Sudbury Nickel and Copper deposits, by A. E. Barlow. (Reprint). - Maps Nos. 775, 820, scale 1 m. = 1 in.; 824, 825, 864, scale 400 ft. = - 1 in. - -962. Nipissing and Timiskaming map-sheets, by A. E. Barlow. (Reprint). - Maps Nos. 599, 606, scale 4 m. = 1 in.; No. 944, scale 1 m. = 1 in. - -965. Sudbury Nickel and Copper deposits, by A. E. Barlow. (French). - -970. Report on Niagara Falls, by J. W. Spencer. Maps Nos. 926, 967. - -977. Report on Pembroke sheet, by R. W. Ells. Map No. 660, scale 4 m. = - 1 in. - -992. Report on North-western Ontario, traversed by National - Transcontinental railway, between Lake Nipigon and Sturgeon lake, by - W. H. Collins. Map No. 993, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -998. Report on Pembroke sheet, by R. W. Ells. (French). Map No. 660, - scale 4 m. = 1 in. - - - QUEBEC. - -216. Mistassini expedition, by A. P. Low. 1884-5. Map No. 228, scale 8 - m. = 1 in. - -240. Compton, Stanstead, Beauce, Richmond and Wolfe counties, by R. W. - Ells. 1886. Map No. 251 (Sherbrooke sheet), scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -268. Megantic, Beauce, Dorchester, Levis, Bellechasse and Montmagny - counties, by R. W. Ells. 1887-8. Map No. 287, scale 40 ch. = 1 in. - -297. Mineral resources, by R. W. Ells. 1889. - -328. Portneuf, Quebec and Montmagny counties, by A. P. Low. 1890-1. - -579. Eastern Townships, Montreal sheet, by R. W. Ells and F. D. Adams. - 1894. Map No. 571, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -591. Laurentian area north of the Island of Montreal, by F. D. Adams. - 1895. Map No. 590, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -670. Auriferous deposits, South-eastern portion, by R. Chalmers. 1895. - Map No. 667, scale 8 m. = 1 in. - -707. Eastern Townships, Three Rivers sheet, by R. W. Ells. 1898. - -739. Argenteuil, Ottawa and Pontiac counties, by R. W. Ells. 1899. (See - No. 739, Ontario). - -788. Nottaway basin, by R. Bell. 1900. *Map No. 702, scale 10 m. = 1 in. - -863. Wells on Island of Montreal, by F. D. Adams. 1901. Maps Nos. 874, - 875, 876. - -923. Chibougamau region, by A. P. Low. 1905. - -962. Timiskaming map-sheet, by A. E. Barlow. (Reprint). Maps Nos. 599, - 606, scale 4 m. = 1 in.; 944, scale 1 m. = 1 in. - -974. Report on Copper-bearing rocks of Eastern Townships, by J. A. - Dresser. Map No. 976, scale 8 m. = 1 in. - -975. Report on Copper-bearing rocks of Eastern Townships, by J. A. - Dresser. (French). - -998. Report on the Pembroke sheet, by R. W. Ells. (French). - -1028. Report on a Recent Discovery of Gold near Lake Megantic, Que., by - J. A. Dresser. Map No. 1029, scale 2 m. = 1 in. - -1032. Report on a Recent Discovery of Gold near Lake Megantic, Que., by - J. A. Dresser. (French). Map No. 1029, scale 2 m. = 1 in. - - - NEW BRUNSWICK. - -218. Western New Brunswick and Eastern Nova Scotia, by R. W. Ells. 1885. - Map No. 230, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -219. Carleton and Victoria counties, by L. W. Bailey. 1885. Map No. 231, - scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -242. Victoria, Restigouche and Northumberland counties, N.B., by L. W. - Bailey and W. McInnes. 1886. Map No. 254, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -269. Northern portion and adjacent areas, by L. W. Bailey and W. - McInnes. 1887-88. Map No. 290, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -330. Temiscouata and Rimouski counties, by L. W. Bailey and W. McInnes. - 1890-1. Map No. 350, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -661. Mineral resources, by L. W. Bailey. 1897. Map No. 675, scale 10 m. - = 1 in. New Brunswick geology, by R. W. Ells. 1887. - -799. Carboniferous system, by L. W. Bailey. 1900. } - } Bound together. -803. Coal prospects in, by H. S. Poole. 1900. } - -983. Mineral resources, by R. W. Ells. Map No. 969, scale 16 m. = 1 in. - - - NOVA SCOTIA. - -243. Guysborough, Antigonish, Pictou, Colchester and Halifax counties, - by Hugh Fletcher and E. R. Faribault. 1886. - -331. Pictou and Colchester counties, by H. Fletcher. 1890-1. - -358. South-western Nova Scotia (preliminary), by L. W. Bailey. 1892-3. - Map No. 362, scale 8 m. = 1 in. - -628. South-western Nova Scotia, by L. W. Bailey. 1896. Map No. 641, - scale 8 m. = 1 in. - -685. Sydney coal-field, by H. Fletcher. Maps Nos. 652, 653, 654, scale 1 - m. = 1 in. - -797. Cambrian rocks of Cape Breton, by G. F. Matthew. 1900. - -871. Pictou coal-field, by H. S. Poole. 1902. Map No. 833, scale 25 ch. - = 1 in. - - - MAPS. - -1042. Dominion of Canada. Minerals. Scale 100 m. = 1 in. - - - YUKON. - -805. Explorations on MacMillan, Upper Pelly and Stewart rivers, scale 8 - m. = 1 in. - -891. Portion of Duncan Creek Mining district, scale 6 m. = 1 in. - -894. Sketch Map Kluane Mining district, scale 6 m. = 1 in. - -916. Windy Arm Mining district, Sketch Geological Map, scale 2 m. = 1 - in. - -991. Tantalus and Five Fingers coal mines, scale 1 m. = 1 in. - - - BRITISH COLUMBIA. - -278. Cariboo Mining district, scale 2 m. = 1 in. - -604. Shuswap Geological sheet, scale 4 m.= 1 in. - -771. Preliminary Edition, East Kootenay, scale 4 m.= 1 in. - -767. Geological Map of Crowsnest coal-fields, scale 2 m. = 1 in. - -791. West Kootenay Minerals and Striæ, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -792. West Kootenay Geological sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -828. Boundary Creek Mining district, scale 1 m.= 1 in. - -890. Nicola Coal basins, scale 1 m. = 1 in. - -941. Preliminary Geological Map of Rossland and vicinity, scale 1,600 - ft. = 1 in. - -1001. Topographical Map of Rossland, scale 400 ft. = 1 in. - -1003. Rossland Mining camp, scale 1,200 ft. = 1 in. - - - ALBERTA. - -594-596. Peace and Athabaska rivers, scale 10 m. = 1 in. - -808. Blairmore-Frank coal-fields, scale 180 ch. = 1 in. - -892. Costigan coal basin, scale 40 ch. = 1 in. - -1010. Coal Areas of Peace and Athabaska rivers, scale 35 m. = 1 in. - - - MANITOBA. - -804. Map of part of Turtle mountain showing coal areas, scale 1-1/2 m. = - 1 in. - - - ONTARIO. - -227. Lake of the Woods sheet, scale 2 m. = 1 in. - -*283. Rainy Lake sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -*342. Hunter Island sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -343. Sudbury sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -373. Rainy River sheet, scale 2 m. = 1 in. - -560. Seine River sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -570. French River sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -589. Lake Shebandowan sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -599. Timiskaming sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. (New Edition 1907). - -605. Manitoulin Island sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -606. Nipissing sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. (New Edition 1907). - -660. Pembroke sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -663. Ignace sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -708. Haliburton sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -720. Manitou Lake sheet, scale 4 in. = 1 in. - -*750. Grenville sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -770. Bancroft sheet, scale 2 m. = 1 in. - -775. Sudbury district, Victoria mines, scale 1 m. = 1 in. - -789. Perth sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -820. Sudbury district, Sudbury, scale 1 m. = 1 in. - -824-825. Sudbury district, Copper Cliff mines, scale 400 ft. = 1 in. - -852. North-east Arm of Vermilion Iron ranges, Timagami, scale 40 ch. = 1 - in. - -864. Sudbury district, Elsie and Murray mines, scale 400 ft. = 1 in. - -903. Ottawa and Cornwall sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -944. Preliminary Map of Timagami and Rabbit lakes, scale 1 m. = 1 in. - -964. Geological Map of parts of Algoma and Thunder bay, scale 8 m. = 1 - in. - - - QUEBEC. - -251. Sherbrooke sheet, Eastern Townships Map, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -287. Thetford and Coleraine Asbestos district, scale 40 ch. = 1 in. - -375. Quebec sheet, Eastern Townships Map, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -571. Montreal sheet, Eastern Townships sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -665. Three Rivers sheet, Eastern Townships Map, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -667. Gold Areas in south-eastern part, scale 8 m. = 1 in. - -668. Graphite districts in Labelle county, scale 40 ch. = 1 in. - -918. Chibougamau region, scale 4 m. = 1 in. - -976. The Older Copper-bearing Rocks of the Eastern Townships, scale 8 m. - = 1 in. - -1007. Preliminary Map of townships east of Lake Timiskaming, scale 2 m. - = 1 m. - - - NEW BRUNSWICK. - -675. Map of Principal Mineral Occurrences. Scale 10 m. = 1 in. - -969. Map of Principal Mineral Localities. Scale 16 m. = 1 in. - - - NOVA SCOTIA. - -812. Preliminary Map of Springhill coal-field, scale 50 ch. = 1 in. - -833. Pictou coal-field, scale 25 ch. = 1 in. - -897. Preliminary Geological Plan of Nictaux and Torbrook Iron district, - scale 25 ch. = 1 in. - -927. General Map of Province showing gold districts, scale 12 m. = 1 in. - -937. Leipsigate Gold district, scale 500 ft. = 1 in. - -945. Harrigan Gold district, scale 400 ft. = 1 in. - -995. Malaga Gold district, scale 250 ft. = 1 in. - -1012. Brookfield Gold district, scale 250 ft. = 1 in. - -NOTE.—Individual Maps or Reports will be furnished free to _bona fide_ -Canadian applicants. - -Applications should be addressed to the Director, Geological Survey -Branch, Department of Mines, Ottawa. - -Reports and Maps may be ordered by the numbers prefixed to titles. - -Footnote 1: - - Sketch map of Abitibi region, 1901. No. 760. - - - - - Transcriber’s Note - - -This book uses inconsistent spelling and hyphenation, which were -retained in the ebook version. Some corrections have been made to the -text, including normalizing punctuation. - -Further corrections are noted below: - - p. 33: so that withtin an area -> so that within an area - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRELIMINARY REPORT ON GOWGANDA -MINING DIVISION DISTRICT OF NIPISSING ONTARIO *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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text-indent: -1em; - padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 1em; } - .hang2 { vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-indent: -1em; - padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 1em; } - .hang3 { vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-indent: -1em; - padding-left: 4em; padding-right: 1em; } - .hang4 { vertical-align: top; text-align: left; text-indent: -1em; - padding-left: 5em; padding-right: 1em; } - .ri { vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right; } - .nobreak { white-space: nowrap; } - .covercaption { display: none; } - @media handheld { .covercaption {display: block;} } - </style> - </head> - <body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Preliminary Report on Gowganda Mining Division District of Nipissing Ontario, by W. H. Collins</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Preliminary Report on Gowganda Mining Division District of Nipissing Ontario</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: W. H. Collins</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: April 17, 2021 [eBook #65091]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Sonya Schermann and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRELIMINARY REPORT ON GOWGANDA MINING DIVISION DISTRICT OF NIPISSING ONTARIO ***</div> - -<div class='covercaption'> - -<p class='c000'>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> - -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div>CANADA</div> - <div class='c002'>DEPARTMENT OF MINES</div> - <div class='c002'>GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BRANCH</div> - <div class='c002'><span class='sc'>Hon. W. Templeman, Minister</span>; <span class='sc'>A. P. Low, LL.D., Deputy Minister</span>;</div> - <div><span class='sc'>R. W. Brock, Director</span>.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div> - <h1 class='c003'>PRELIMINARY REPORT<br /> <br />ON<br /> <br />GOWGANDA MINING DIVISION<br /> <br />DISTRICT OF NIPISSING<br /> <br />ONTARIO</h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div>BY</div> - <div class='c002'>W. H. COLLINS</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/title.jpg' alt='Colophon' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div>OTTAWA</div> - <div class='c002'>PRINTED BY C. H. PARMELEE, PRINTER TO THE KING’S MOST</div> - <div>EXCELLENT MAJESTY</div> - <div class='c002'>1909</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>No. 1075</p> -<div class='c005'>13739-1</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_i'>i</span> - <h2 class='c006'>CONTENTS</h2> -</div> -<div class='c004'></div> -<table class='mytable' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='hang1'> </th> - <th class='ri'><span class='sc'>Page.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang1'><a href='#int'>I. Introduction.</a></td> - <td class='ri'> </td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#loc'>1. Location and area</a></td> - <td class='ri'>5</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#sta'>2. Statement of work</a></td> - <td class='ri'>5</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#his'>3. History of development</a></td> - <td class='ri'>6</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang1'><a href='#sum'>II. Summary and Conclusions</a></td> - <td class='ri'>8</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang1'><a href='#gen'>III. General Character of District</a></td> - <td class='ri'>10</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#mea'>1. Means of access</a></td> - <td class='ri'>10</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#top'>2. Topography</a></td> - <td class='ri'>11</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#dra'>3. Drainage</a></td> - <td class='ri'>14</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#flo'>4. Flora and fauna</a></td> - <td class='ri'>15</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang1'><a href='#gen2'>IV. General Geology</a></td> - <td class='ri'>16</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#out'>1. Outline of Geological history</a></td> - <td class='ri'>16</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#tab'>2. Table of formations</a></td> - <td class='ri'>18</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#kee'>3. Keewatin</a></td> - <td class='ri'>18</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#gen3'>General features</a></td> - <td class='ri'>18</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#obu'>Obushkong area</a></td> - <td class='ri'>18</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#dun'>Duncan Lake area</a></td> - <td class='ri'>20</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#pig'>Pigeon lake area</a></td> - <td class='ri'>21</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#unf'>Unfinished areas</a></td> - <td class='ri'>22</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#lau'>4. Laurentian</a></td> - <td class='ri'>23</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#gen4'>General features</a></td> - <td class='ri'>23</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#rel'>Relations to other formations</a></td> - <td class='ri'>24</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#hur'>5. Huronian</a></td> - <td class='ri'>25</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#gen5'>General features</a></td> - <td class='ri'>25</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#bas'>Basal conglomerate</a></td> - <td class='ri'>26</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#gre'>Greywacke slate and quartzite</a></td> - <td class='ri'>27</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#upp'>Upper conglomerate</a></td> - <td class='ri'>27</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#ark'>Arkose</a></td> - <td class='ri'>28</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#str'>Structural features and disturbances</a></td> - <td class='ri'>28</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#rel2'>Relations to other formations</a></td> - <td class='ri'>29</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#ori'>Origin and correlation</a></td> - <td class='ri'>31</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#pos'>6. Post-Huronian eruptives</a></td> - <td class='ri'>32</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#qua'>Quartz diabase</a></td> - <td class='ri'>32</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang4'><a href='#cha'>Character of intrusion and distribution relative to older systems</a></td> - <td class='ri'>32</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang4'><a href='#mac'>Macroscopic character</a></td> - <td class='ri'>33</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang4'><a href='#mic'>Microscopic character</a></td> - <td class='ri'>34</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang4'><a href='#loc2'>Local description</a></td> - <td class='ri'>36</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang4'><a href='#age'>Age</a></td> - <td class='ri'>37</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#oli'>Olivine diabase</a></td> - <td class='ri'>38</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#ple'>7. Pleistocene</a></td> - <td class='ri'>38</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang1'><span class='pageno' id='Page_ii'>ii</span><a href='#eco'>V. Economic Geology</a></td> - <td class='ri'>40</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#sil'>1. Silver</a></td> - <td class='ri'>40</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#dis'>Distribution</a></td> - <td class='ri'>40</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#sur'>Surface indications</a></td> - <td class='ri'>40</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#str2'>Structure of veins</a></td> - <td class='ri'>41</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#com'>Composition of veins</a></td> - <td class='ri'>41</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#loc3'>Local description</a></td> - <td class='ri'>42</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#fut'>Future possibilities</a></td> - <td class='ri'>44</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#cop'>2. Copper</a></td> - <td class='ri'>45</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#iro'>3. Iron ores</a></td> - <td class='ri'>45</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#hem'>Hematite</a></td> - <td class='ri'>45</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#mag'>Magnetite</a></td> - <td class='ri'>46</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang2'><a href='#asb'>4. Asbestos</a></td> - <td class='ri'>46</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#dis2'>Distribution</a></td> - <td class='ri'>46</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang3'><a href='#ori2'>Origin</a></td> - <td class='ri'>47</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c012' colspan='2'>ILLUSTRATIONS.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang1'><a href='#fig1'>1. Frontispiece—View at Foot of Duncan Lake</a></td> - <td class='ri'>5</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang1'><a href='#fig2'>2. Diagram illustrating the structure of large hills</a></td> - <td class='ri'>12</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang1'><a href='#fig3'>3. Diagram illustrating geological relationships</a></td> - <td class='ri'>16</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang1'><a href='#fig4'>4. View looking north from middle of Duncan Lake, 550 ft. hill in distance</a></td> - <td class='ri'>20</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang1'><a href='#fig5'>5. West Branch Montreal River, near Mosher Lake</a></td> - <td class='ri'>22</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang1'><a href='#fig6'>6. Fifth portage on West Branch of Montreal River, showing Huronian slate</a></td> - <td class='ri'>30</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='hang1'><a href='#fig7'>7. Inclined Huronian Beds, Duncan Lake</a></td> - <td class='ri'>32</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_iii'>iii</span><span class='sc'>R. W. Brock</span>, Esq.,</p> - -<div class='lg-container-l'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'> Director Geological Survey Branch,</div> - <div class='line'> Department of Mines.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='sc'>Sir</span>,—I beg to submit the following preliminary report upon work -done in the Gowganda Mining Division during the field season of -1908.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-r'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>I have the honour to be, sir,</div> - <div class='line'> Your obedient servant,</div> - </div> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'> W. H. COLLINS.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Chicago</span>, March 8, 1909.</p> - -<div id='fig1' class='figcenter id002'> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_iv'>iv</span> -<img src='images/i_fp1.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>Fig. 1. View at foot of Duncan Lake.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span><span class='large'>PRELIMINARY REPORT</span></div> - <div class='c002'>ON</div> - <div class='c002'><span class='xlarge'>GOWGANDA MINING DIVISION</span></div> - <div class='c002'><span class='large'>DISTRICT OF NIPISSING, ONTARIO</span></div> - <div class='c002'>BY</div> - <div class='c002'><span class='sc'>W. H. Collins</span>.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c009' /> - -<div> - <h2 id='int' class='c006'>INTRODUCTION.</h2> -</div> - -<h3 id='loc' class='c010'>LOCATION AND AREA.</h3> - -<p class='c011'>The portion of the Montreal River region with which the present -report deals lies in the extreme western part of the District of -Nipissing, in the neighbourhood of N. Lat. 47·45, and about 85 miles -north of the town of Sudbury. It includes an area of 350 square -miles, most of which lies between the two large branches of the -Montreal river, which empties into Lake Timiskaming on the west -side.</p> - -<h3 id='sta' class='c010'>STATEMENT OF WORK.</h3> - -<p class='c011'>The Algoma-Nipissing boundary line was run in 1897 by Alexander -Niven, O.L.S. These surveys, with representations of some of the -larger lakes, had been compiled by the Geological Survey of Canada -on a scale of 16 miles to one inch;<a id='r1' /><a href='#f1' class='c012'><sup>[1]</sup></a> and on a scale of eight miles -by the Crown Lands Department of Ontario. With these as a guide -and summary of the existing geographical knowledge it was decided -to make a micrometer and prismatic compass survey of both branches.</p> - -<p class='c000'>During the past season a prismatic compass and micrometer -survey was made of both branches of the Montreal river and all -navigable waters adjoining them. This work was done by Messrs. -T. Firth, J. R. Marshall and A. B. Moffatt. Most of the small ponds -lying some distance from a canoe route were located by rapid chain -and compass methods, and in a few instances west of Duncan lake -by a compass triangulation from hilltops; the larger ones have been -<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>measured by pacing or chaining, the smaller ones sketched. Some of -the more prominent hills were located by triangulation, and their -heights ascertained by aneroid determinations. The water levels were -obtained in the same way, but cannot as yet be referred to sea-level.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The geological work was performed by the writer, assisted by -Mr. Firth. Besides a thorough examination of all the surveyed -routes, a systematic examination of the intervening country was -carried out as closely as the time and varied requirements of the -area would permit. As this was the first season spent in the district -and a continuation of the work is anticipated, the present results are -offered as incomplete and subject to revision.</p> - -<h3 id='his' class='c010'>HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT.</h3> - -<p class='c011'>Since the discovery of silver cobalt ores at Cobalt in 1903, exploration -has shown the adjacent country to be locally enriched by mineral -veins of the same character and genesis. At the close of 1907 an -area 65 miles long in a north and south direction, and about 45 miles -wide, extending from Lake Timiskaming and the Ontario-Quebec -boundary westward, was known to include at least ten mineralized -districts besides the principal one at Cobalt, of which the most -recently found lie near the Montreal river. It has also become -known gradually that these deposits are closely connected with the -post-Huronian quartz diabase of the region. This diabase was known -to extend for a very considerable distance farther west, leading to -the inference that more discoveries were to be expected in that direction. -The spring of 1908 saw interest centred upon the Montreal -River finds, and early in the season active exploration had commenced. -The Montreal river, up to that time, had not been regarded with -special favour, the diabase being considered of no economic importance, -but with the new conceptions gained by exploitation of the -silver-cobalt district, this formation in the west began to attract -attention. At the beginning of the field work, early in July, a -considerable number of prospecting parties were on the ground, as -far west as Duncan and Pigeon lakes. During July and August this -movement, encouraged by the succession of mineral discoveries that -were being made near Bloom and Everett lakes, increased steadily, -in spite of the scarcity of available topographical and geological -information dealing with the region.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Early in August discoveries of native silver were made almost -<span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>simultaneously by Messrs. Mann and associates, and by Messrs. Crawford -and Dobie on the west side of Gowganda lake, but were not -made public until the first week in September when the claims were -recorded at Elk Lake and specimens were exhibited. Twenty-four -hours later the leading canoes of an inrushing body of prospectors -had reached the new field, and within two weeks most of the promising -country between Gowganda and Elkhorn lakes and northward -had been staked, regardless of the mineral discoveries necessary to -validate the claims. Since then numerous discoveries have been -made, and the news of a new silver field, until recently confined to -the Montreal River and Cobalt districts, has spread widely. As a -consequence, a mid-winter rush is now in progress, and hundreds of -prospectors, regardless of deep snow and severe cold, are entering the -country. Much inadvisable staking will be done, no doubt, before -spring, but the disappearance of the snow and reopening of river -navigation will certainly be followed by an increased rush of prospectors.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span> - <h2 id='sum' class='c006'>SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c013'>The results obtained from the field work indicate that the Montreal -River district does not differ essentially from the Cobalt or other -neighbouring districts. The surface has the same rugged monotony -of the pre-Cambrian peneplain, relieved somewhat by ridges of -Huronian, which stand from 300 to 550 feet above the general level. -The country is well watered, and offers exceptional facilities for -canoe travel. Pleistocene deposits are thin, and nearly everywhere -the rock formations are well exposed.</p> - -<p class='c000'>A basement complex underlies the entire region, either appearing -at the surface or hidden beneath areas of Huronian sediments. This -basement consists largely of Laurentian biotite and hornblende -gneisses, with patches of vertically foliated, Keewatin schists caught -up in the former; the intervening contacts forming indefinite zones, -in which intrusive action is manifested. In this report, for convenience, -this complex will be referred to as the Archæan. The Archæan -possessed a peneplanated surface, not greatly different from the -present one, which is well preserved where overlain by erosion remnants -of Huronian sedimentary rocks, but which at other points has -been further denuded. The Lower Huronian rocks are of clastic -nature, consisting in ascending order, of conglomerate, greywacke, -slate and quartzite, which pass conformably into an upper conglomerate; -while a granite-like, arkose member is believed from its -similarity to rocks of the same character in the Cobalt area, to be -possibly of later, Middle Huronian age. They are remarkably well -preserved, and show only slight indication of disturbance. A later -intrusion of quartz diabase has developed a system of dikes in the -Archæan and large tongue-shaped areas in the Huronian believed to -represent sills of several hundred feet thickness, lying in the bedding -planes of the Huronian sediments. The diabase magma has been -notably differentiated, giving rise to forms ranging from gabbroid -to syenitic in composition, and to younger aplite dikes. With the -diabase is associated a group of veins containing an association of -cobalt and silver ore identical with that of Cobalt and vicinity. The -veins cut both diabase and aplite as well as the Huronian, and are -therefore younger, but probably not much younger than the aplite, -since it contains some of the minerals found in them. The distribution -<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>of the veins so far as known is confined to the larger diabase -areas, the dikes and smaller bodies being undifferentiated and unmineralized; -but the Huronian adjacent to the diabase also contains -veins, somewhat more siliceous, yet evidently of the same age as the -others. Alteration and impregnation of the country rock has taken -place to an unknown, but, presumably, limited extent. Some of the -veins are remarkably rich, and many of them occupy persistent, well -defined fissures. The cause of these fissures is not yet known, but -they appear to be too large and continuous to have resulted from -contraction alone.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span> - <h2 id='gen' class='c006'>GENERAL CHARACTER OF DISTRICT.</h2> -</div> - -<h3 id='mea' class='c010'>MEANS OF ACCESS.</h3> - -<p class='c011'>In 1908 the most used route to the Montreal River district started -from Latchford, a station on the Timiskaming and Northern Ontario -railway, 93 miles north of North Bay. From this village, situated -on the Montreal river, a line of small steamers made daily trips up -the river for 56 miles to Elk lake. This up-river terminus was then -a rapidly growing village. In the spring of 1907 it consisted of a -single shack and a cluster of prospectors’ tents; when seen in -October, 1908, it had a population of over 200 people and all the -conveniences of a village of that size, including a post office with -regular mail service, a mining recorder’s office, lately removed from -Latchford, general stores, hotels, etc.</p> - -<p class='c000'>From this point, which forms the headquarters and point of -departure for Montreal River prospecting parties, a variety of routes -lead westward. The Montreal river may be ascended to the Forks, -where its two branches unite, but the stream is rapid, and, especially -in high water, difficult of ascent, besides offering a very indirect route -to the most frequented districts. The Bloom Lake route, a map of -which accompanies the Report of the Bureau of Mines, Ontario, 1907, -was, during 1908, very commonly used. This route, 9 miles in length -and consisting of a chain of small lakes and portages, leads, from a -point on the main river 11 miles above Elk Lake, directly west to the -East branch. From the East branch a multiplicity of courses are open. -Both East and West branches are easily navigable, being for the most -part lake-like and sluggish, broken by occasional swift river-like -stretches in which rapids occur. Good portages exist at all these places -so that travel either up or down stream presents no difficulty. Numerous -good canoe routes connect the two branches and Duncan and -Pigeon lakes, and allow of easy access to the country in the west.</p> - -<p class='c000'>But since the writer left the field the great influx of prospectors -has caused marked improvements in the connexion of the area, -especially the Gowganda district, with outside railway points. A -sleigh road has been opened from Charlton on the Timiskaming -and Northern Ontario railway to Elk Lake, and thence about 32 -miles south-westward to the east shore of Gowganda lake. It is understood -<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>that heavy grades make travel somewhat arduous, but the trip -from Elk Lake is made easily in a day.</p> - -<p class='c000'>On February 4, a sleigh road about 65 miles long was completed -between Gowganda and Sellwood, the present terminus of the -northern extension from Sudbury of the Canadian Northern railway. -A regular stage route now connects Sellwood, Phoenix, Burwash -lake, Elkhorn lake, and Gowganda. However, neither the road -to Elk Lake nor that to Sellwood are yet suitable for summer use, so -that with the coming of spring, canoe travel must be again resorted -to. It is also reported that preliminary surveys for the extension of -the railway to Gowganda are in progress. Meanwhile a business -centre is springing up on the east side of Gowganda lake. A sawmill -was put in operation on February 3, but has since been stopped -owing to its location within a government timber reservation. A -town plot has been laid out at the foot of the lake and lots are now -purchasable from the Ontario Department of Lands, Forests and -Mines. Buildings are being erected as rapidly as the supply of -material permits. A branch of the Royal Bank of Canada has been -opened, and the Canadian Bank of Commerce and others propose to -be on the ground within a short time. Postal connexions have been -established via Sellwood, and as soon as possible a mining recorder’s -office is to be opened. So swiftly are events transpiring that before -the present report takes printed form, this paragraph will be in need -of revision. However, only the developments of a permanent nature -and of essential interest to prospective visitors to that region have -been given. For the 1909 field season Gowganda will probably be the -headquarters for prospecting parties in the neighbourhood of the East -and West branches and Wapus creek.</p> - -<h3 id='top' class='c010'>TOPOGRAPHY.</h3> - -<p class='c011'>Attention is given here rather to the details than the general -aspect of the country. It exhibits the usual monotonous succession -of low rocky hills and lake-containing depressions, the even horizon -seen from the summit of any large hill, being only rarely notched by -a prominence of unusual height. In the spring of 1908 virtually -the whole area was forested, but during September the extreme -dryness of the country and the unusually large number of camping -parties combined to cause bush fires over much of the country between -the East and West branches. The vegetable loam has been -<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>removed from extensive tracts leaving the rock formations exposed, -but the charred tree trunks have fallen so as to cover the burnt -districts with a ‘slash,’ which greatly impedes cross-country travel, -so that what has been gained in one respect is more than counterbalanced -in another. Especially is this the case in the country west -of Gowganda and Obushkong lakes, and near the Forks.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The general surface may be characterized as of comparatively -low-relief, the hills not often rising over 200 feet, but here and there -over the country are conspicuous elevations, visible at long distances, -which form useful landmarks and from whose summits comprehensive -birds-eye impressions of the surrounding country are possible. -Structurally they appear to be, in a few cases, resistant knobs of -Keewatin, which project well above the general peneplain level, but -more commonly they are tilted ridges of Huronian. A characteristic -representative of the latter type forms a long ridge beginning a mile -and a quarter north-east of Duncan lake and extending thence for -several miles in a north-easterly direction. The south-east side of this -ridge slopes gently at an angle corresponding with the dip of the -beds, but the north-west face is an abrupt cliff dropping almost perpendicularly -for about 400 feet to a flat sandy plain which extends -westward and northward for several miles, beyond which are other -monadnock-like knobs. The accompanying diagram is intended to -represent the structure in vertical cross-section.</p> - -<div id='fig2' class='figcenter id003'> -<img src='images/i_12.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>Fig. 2.—Vertical section across Huron Ridge, North of Duncan Lake.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>Another ridge of similar character, standing 550 feet above the -level of Duncan lake, is visible from the ridge just described and -from points on Duncan and Otto lakes, and adjoining country. Its -position as indicated on the map is about four miles north of the -large island in the middle of Duncan lake, a view of it from this -<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>point being shown in <a href='#fig4'>fig. 4</a>. In this case the east face is perpendicular. -A prominent hill of the same kind is visible from Obushkong -lake, lying a short distance to the north-west of that body. Just west -of Mosher lake as represented in <a href='#fig5'>fig. 5</a>, two round hills of about equal -size rise 300 feet above the water level. The more southerly of the -two is of Keewatin, while that to the north is composed wholly of -diabase, Huronian lying around the base of each. Bold, but less -individualized elevations are common in the neighbourhood of Kenisheong -lake, and other localities. All these hills are markedly rocky -and free from soil.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Less conspicuous than these great masses are certain minor, but -persistent features which are directly referable to geological conditions. -Within Huronian areas there is a distinct tendency toward -the development of a system of parallel ridges similar in structure -and mode of origin to the hill at the north-east of Duncan lake. This -feature is developed with special regularity in the southern part of -the wedge between Duncan lake and the West branch, where a succession -of north and south ridges alternate with strips of swampy -ground. The western faces of the ridge are bare and cliff-like, while -the eastern slopes are gentle, well soil-covered and forested.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The post-Huronian diabase is an equally potent topographical -factor. Its surface is one of marked irregularity, but the peculiarly -distinctive features occur at its contacts with the Huronian. These -contacts appear to be zones of low erosive resistance, and are commonly -coincident with ravines, walled on one side by diabase, on the -other by Huronian. Small lakes may occur at intervals along them -as, for example, between Firth lake and the West branch. This -erosion feature is well shown by the configuration of Gowganda lake, -where diabase bodies are unusually abundant; both of the long arms -to the north-west lie in trough-like depressions marking the edges of -the eastern diabase mass. The same tendency in an incipient condition -is observable on the east side of the large peninsula where a -series of three land-locked bays extend along the contact between the -eastern diabase mass and the Huronian. Near the middle of Duncan -lake, a diabase-Huronian contact which crosses the lake diagonally is -marked by two deep bays, one extending to the north, the other southward. -While this tendency is an evident one it is not to be understood -as invariable; the large island in Duncan lake between the two -above-mentioned bays is sufficient to indicate that contacts may lie -<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>in high ground, yet even here there are minor features indicating -the contact zone to be structurally weak.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Another less explicable topographic peculiarity becomes apparent -only upon scrutiny of the drainage system. A brief consideration of -the map shows that both East and West branches follow peculiar -zig-zag courses running north for a short distance, then turning -abruptly east, this feature recurring repeatedly. In some instances -the east-west portion of both branches lies in the same line. In the -case of Zigzag lake and adjacent portions of the West branch this -feature is repeated with an almost conventional regularity, which -precludes attributing it to chance causes. Many of the smaller lakes—Foot -lake, for instance—exhibit the same character on a small scale. -This abnormality has been commented upon by investigators in the -country to the east, the courses there, however, being N.E.-S.W. -and N.W.-S.E. Regional faulting is suggested in explanation. -The canyon-like east and west walls of Zigzag lake suggest such -conditions, but a discussion of the matter must be deferred until -further data can be collected.</p> - -<h3 id='dra' class='c010'>DRAINAGE.</h3> - -<p class='c011'>All the drainage water escapes by way of the Montreal river, -whose two chief tributaries are the East and West branches, the latter -being considerably the larger. The East branch is without feeders of -important size, but the West branch receives a large creek, the -Wapus, from the south, and a considerable volume of water enters -through Duncan lake.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In common with most rivers traversing the pre-Cambrian region, -this water system is marked by a volume of dormant water enormously -greater than that being transported at any given moment. With few -exceptions the many small tributary brooks rise in lakes or groups of -lakes surprisingly large in size, compared with the volume of the -out-flowing streams; Otto and Lehmann lakes are drained by a -rather sluggish rivulet 8 feet wide and 6ʺ deep, although their -combined area is about two square miles. The larger streams themselves -are only successions of irregular lake expansions which empty -from one to another by short, river-like portions containing rapids -and falls. The descent is therefore accomplished by a succession of -abrupt steps rather than an evenly graded slope. This juvenile condition -is directly ascribable to the geological character of the country; -soil deposits are insignificant in quantity, leaving exposed a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>resistant and uneven rock floor in which the streams are unable to -carve channels for themselves. Failing to do so they select the -readiest egress by filling up impervious rock basins and spilling over -at the lowest points into lower ones. In consequence of the scantiness -of soils and frequency of natural settling basins, the waters of -the whole system are free from suspended matter, and hence lack of -an effective graving instrument. Exceptions to this general character -occur in the extensive sand plain to the north and west of Duncan -lake, where the several small creeks that traverse it are of ordinary -fluvial form and gradation, and the waters of which transport large -quantities of sand to Duncan lake.</p> - -<h3 id='flo' class='c010'>FLORA AND FAUNA.</h3> - -<p class='c011'>Where not recently burned the country is fairly well forested, the -density and character of growth being dependent upon soil and -drainage. The best timber is in low ground and near watercourses -where conditions for growth are most favourable and the probability -of fire least. Recent fires have done much damage around Nest, -Obushkong and Gowganda lakes. Probably the best timber lies near -Duncan lake. Trees do not grow very large as a rule and are not -especially good for making lumber, but provide an abundant supply -of materials for pulpwood, railway ties, fuel and for mine use.</p> - -<p class='c000'>White pine is the most valuable species, but although individuals -attain thicknesses of 20ʺ to 40ʺ they are too scarce to render this -timber worth the search. Good red pine is more abundant. Jack pine -is a very common tree, especially in sandy districts, <i>e.g.</i>, north-west -of Duncan lake; but is small and worthless. The common and most -widely distributed species are spruce, balsam, cedar, poplar, white and -yellow birch. Tamarack is not abundant. Clumps of small red -maples were seen to the south-west of Pigeon lake.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The East and West branches are not well suited for carrying logs -as there are extensive lake expansions without current on each and -the rapids are shallow. Excellent water-power is obtainable at the -40 foot fall on the West branch above Fort Matachewan.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Wild animals are not abundant, and will probably become less so -as the country is occupied by prospecting and mining camps. Moose -were plentiful in 1908 and some black bears were seen. As a source -of food the abundance of pickerel and pike is of much greater importance. -Brook trout do not occur in the Montreal River waters, -but are caught farther to the west and north.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span> - <h2 id='gen2' class='c006'>GENERAL GEOLOGY.</h2> -</div> - -<h3 id='out' class='c010'>OUTLINE OF GEOLOGICAL HISTORY.</h3> - -<p class='c011'>Though the geology of the region presents considerable complexity -of detail, the general historical facts are distinct and go to -show that the whole complex of formations and systems is capable -of separation into four major divisions widely different from one -another. The mutual relationships of these divisions, a knowledge -of which is essential to a thorough comprehension of the geology, are -succinctly expressed by the accompanying diagram.</p> - -<div id='fig3' class='figcenter id003'> -<img src='images/i_16.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>Fig. 3.—Diagram illustrating geological relationships of Montreal River district.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The oldest division, the Keewatin, comprises a complex association -of metamorphosed rocks, principally eruptive, characterized by -well-developed, secondary schistosity and prevalently dark colours. -They dip at angles approaching 90° and range in texture from soft, -fissile, chorite schists to fine-grained gneisses or altered diabases. -In the Montreal River district the Keewatin areas are not entirely -visible, being overlain by other rocks, but they are thought to represent -the bottoms of trough-like folds, produced by the upward intrusion -of igneous matter which now constitutes the Laurentian. The -latter forms the second division, its origin being apparent from the -foregoing statement. It is wholly igneous, consisting of granite and -allied coarsely crystalline rocks essentially pale-coloured owing to -their richness in quartz and feldspars. Gneissic structure has been -developed in varying degrees, so that all gradations between granite -and gneisses exist; but it never attains the perfection found in the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>Keewatin. Near their contacts with the Keewatin, the gneisses are -apt to contain dark bands and ribbons of the latter so highly crystalline -as to conceal their identity.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Wherever visible the surface of the Keewatin and Laurentian -presents an irregular, deeply worn appearance, the result of extremely -protracted exposure to erosive agencies. To the best of geological -knowledge the same conditions hold where they lie buried under the -Huronian, indicating that a great period of denudation separates the -latter from the Archæan. The combined Keewatin and Laurentian, -or Archæan system, is therefore to be conceived as forming at all -points in the district an ancient denuded foundation or floor upon -which rests the much younger Huronian system.</p> - -<p class='c000'>This third division is, in the Montreal River district, wholly -sedimentary and easily distinguished from the other rocks by its -bedded structure and clastic nature. As it is the only sedimentary -system represented, its members are not easily confused with any -other, especially as their original structure is not obscured by metamorphic -alteration. Locally this is not strictly true; in the vicinity -of diabase intrusions they have been hardened and shattered so as to -simulate the Keewatin, but the zones of alteration are narrow and -readily identified by their gradation into adjacent areas of less -altered types. At present the Huronian forms a discontinuous rock -mantle over the Archæan, formerly more complete, but now worn -through in places so as to expose portions of the crystalline basement.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The fourth division includes all eruptives known to be younger -than the Huronian. Owing to the discontinuity of the latter it is not -always easy to decide what rocks should be included in this group, -for in some cases rather fresh-looking eruptives occur in the Keewatin -which probably would also intrude the Huronian were it -present; lacking the necessary information their chronological position -can be only loosely fixed. By far the most extensive and important -of the post-Huronian eruptives is the diabase with which the -silver deposits are associated. This penetrates both Archæan and -Huronian, but is ordinarily distinguishable by its unusual freshness, -dark colour, and crystalline appearance. In certain cases, to be -described subsequently, it may be confused with certain other diabases. -Magmatic differentiative processes have evolved diabase types -of very dissimilar appearance and mineralogical composition, of which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>a pink aplite occurring in dike form is the most extreme. Olivine -diabase dikes are also present in the region, but in far less abundance.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Of little importance are the sands and gravels of glacial origin -which lie thinly in the depressions and lower lands of the present -glaciated surface.</p> - -<h3 id='tab' class='c010'>TABLE OF FORMATIONS.</h3> - -<p class='c011'>The geological events may be briefly enumerated in ascending -order as follows:—</p> - -<p class='c000'>Deposits of glacial débris and weathering products of present -surface.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Erosive period with glaciation.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Diabase intrusions.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Huronian sedimentation.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Erosion period.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Laurentian intrusion.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Keewatin.</p> - -<h3 id='kee' class='c010'>KEEWATIN.</h3> - -<h4 id='gen3' class='c010'><i>General Features.</i></h4> - -<p class='c011'>This system is considered as a complex assemblage of metamorphosed -igneous rocks whose common and marked characteristics are -pronounced alteration and deformation, accomplished in pre-Huronian -times. A limited amount of sedimentary material, such as the -iron ore formation, is also represented. These old diabases, porphyries -and related types are much altered and have developed a more or -less uniform schistosity through the secondary development of micaceous -minerals, but in other respects the complex shows extreme inconstancy -and variety from point to point. For this reason the -various localities are separately described. By inspection of the map -three fairly well defined areas are distinguishable, in addition to -which are portions of several others.</p> - -<h4 id='obu' class='c010'><i>Obushkong area.</i></h4> - -<p class='c011'>Much of the country between Obushkong and Firth lakes is -underlain by Keewatin. On the east, south and west sides, these -rocks disappear beneath the Huronian or are interrupted by masses -of diabase, but on the north they merge into Laurentian gneiss, the -contact with which is ill-defined. Although some of them retain -<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>much of their original massive character, well defined schistosity is -the dominant feature. The schists stand vertically or at angles little -less than 90° and trend in a general east and west direction. A -series of compass observations made at points over the whole area -show the strike to vary from N. 65° E. to S. 75° E.</p> - -<p class='c000'>One of the most abundant rock types is a stratiform, finely -speckled hornblende gneiss or schist, the black hornblende cleavage -faces giving it a glistening appearance on newly broken surfaces. -It is quite fresh, perfectly crystalline and usually eminently fissile, -but sometimes grades into a nearly massive dioritic form of undoubted -igneous nature. Extensive exposures occur around Gould -lake where the gneiss is traversed by numerous stringers of quartz, -rusty in colour from the oxidation of pyrite. It is also well exposed -near McLaughlin and McIntosh lakes and to the east and south-east -of Foot lake. A fine grained chlorite schist of dull greenish black -colour is common in this and all the other areas in the district. To -the north-east of Serpentine lake it appears as a sheared phase of a -weathered diabase, but it has also been derived from porphyry, exposures -being seen between Foot and Obushkong lakes, where feldspar -phenocrysts appear on weathered surfaces of the schist as pale, -oblong spots. What is probably iron formation was observed at -points 25 chains south of Gould lake, and 10 chains south of a little -pond just east of Serpentine lake. Both outcrops consist of banded, -grey quartzite interlaminated with chlorite schist, but magnetite-bearing -bands were not found. Occasionally, narrow bands of pale -grey, felsitic schists may be seen among the more common darker -rocks. From evidence obtained at various points, these appear to -have resulted from the decomposition and shearing of granite porphyry -dikes probably connected with the Laurentian, and which -penetrated the Keewatin during the time of Laurentian intrusion. -Serpentine was observed between Foot lake and Obushkong at 20 -chains from the latter. The surface is covered by a loose network of -fine seams of asbestos which weather white and render the rock somewhat -conspicuous. Its recognition is further simplified by the dull -green, amorphous appearance of fresh surfaces, the slight translucence -of thin edges and the glistening green seams of asbestos -which traverse it abundantly. The same rock is more extensively -exposed on the south-west of Serpentine lake and on Firth lake half -<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>a mile north of the portage leading to the former, also at less than a -quarter of a mile south of this portage. It is associated with and -derived from a dark green massive rock to which the name wehrlite -is applicable, and a more detailed description of which appears later.</p> - -<h4 id='dun' class='c010'><i>Duncan Lake Area.</i></h4> - -<p class='c011'>A Keewatin area of considerable extent lies between Duncan lake -and the West branch in the vicinity of L’Africain and Beaverhouse -lakes. Unlike the Obushkong area, the prevalent strike of the schists -is nearly north and south, the greatest divergence noted being 25° W. -In the former case Laurentian lies to the north, while in the present -one it occurs on the east; in both cases the schistosity coincides -approximately with the direction of the line of contact. On account -of the swampy character of the country just west of the river and the -scarcity of outcrops, this area was not completely explored, but wherever -examined the Keewatin, as in the Obushkong area, consists predominantly -of hornblende and chlorite schists, greenstone and decomposed -diabase; but serpentine was not found. A nearly black diabase -containing small grains of pyrite was observed 20 chains south-east -of the southerly extending bay on Duncan lake, and outcrops of the -same material were traced for about half a mile northward. Probably -the same type was encountered just north of Beaverhouse lake -and at some other points. Its unfoliated condition and fresher -appearance than the adjacent rocks lead to the opinion that it is -really post-Keewatin and intrusive, but the absence of younger rocks -with which to correlate it, renders its exact age indeterminable. This -rock exhibits enough resemblance to fractured contact edges of the -post-Huronian diabase to make their distinction in the field rather -difficult. At half a mile east of the south end of L’Africain lake is -diabase which from lack of sufficient data has been mapped as -Keewatin, although it may be identical with the post-Huronian -variety. L’Africain lake lies in glistening hornblende gneiss with -which are associated ribbons of a coarser hornblende gneiss belonging -to the Laurentian of the area farther east. Greenstone and chlorite -schists are the principal rocks around Beaverhouse lake. Associated -with them and to the northward, are dikes of light coloured, granite -porphyry, usually only a few feet wide, in some of which the original -massive structure remains, while others show various gradations -toward a felsitic, sericite-bearing schist. The isolated patch of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>Keewatin indicated on the map as occurring about half a mile east -of the wide portion of Duncan lake, is a well foliated green schist -in which oval white spots represent squeezed feldspar phenocrysts.</p> - -<div id='fig4' class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_fp20.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>Fig. 4. View looking north from middle of Duncan Lake, 550ʹ hill in distance.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<h4 id='pig' class='c010'><i>Pigeon Lake Area.</i></h4> - -<p class='c011'>West of Pigeon lake and the Montreal river, much of the country -examined is underlain by Keewatin. Schistosity is less developed -than in either of the preceding areas. The rocks are chiefly diabases -and porphyry much decomposed and locally squeezed. Diabase -occurs on both sides of Pigeon lake near its central islanded part -and along the bay which extends south to Brush lake. An original -diabase structure is sufficiently well preserved to show lath-like -feldspars in hand specimens, but frequently the rock is altered to a -chloritic mass. Around the bay extending toward Brush lake, this -old diabase forms a rude wall intersected by a reticulating system of -fractures filled with calcite, the resultant structure simulating that -of a breccia. Shear zones seen on the east shore exhibit a pseudo-conglomeratic -structure, the more resistant pieces of diabase having -been partially rounded by the shearing movement and embedded in a -matrix of finely pulverized rock matter. The same diabase apparently -occurs all along the Montreal river where it follows the Algoma-Nipissing -line. About half a mile above Pigeon lake it forms a 90 foot -cliff on the west side of the river, near the top of which is a fresher -looking, unfoliated eruptive. The form of this body was not ascertained, -but microscopic examination of the specimen taken, determines -it to be a hornblende lamprophyre, so probably it is a dike or -thin sheet. The rock is fine-grained, dark green in colour and -characterized by stout prisms of hornblende about one-quarter of an -inch long, embedded in a finer, microcrystalline ground mass. Under -the microscope it appears much decomposed. This rock was also -observed near mile post 67 of the Algoma-Nipissing boundary, near -the east end of the 63 chain portage leading to Breese lake and at -other points, in all cases the exposures being of small extent.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In the last mentioned locality the predominant rock is an altered -porphyry of ash grey colour. Around Porphyry lake it occurs in a -fairly massive, easily recognizable condition, the feldspars showing -as square white spots one-quarter of an inch in diameter in a grey, -ground mass. On Breese lake it has been squeezed to a felsite schist, -striking N. 20° W. In small amounts it is associated with post-Huronian -<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>diabase on the hills lying near the Montreal river and just -south of the 63 chain portage.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The 300 foot hill south-west of Mosher lake is composed of a fine -Keewatin greenstone whose surface is curiously weathered so as to -suggest a spheroidal structure. It is marked off into round areas a foot -or more in diameter by a sinuous network of weathered-out grooves. -The main body of the rock is ordinary fine-grained greenstone, but -the enclosing grooves have been formed in porphyritic zones about -an inch in width. Among other types of less abundant distribution -is an actinolite rock seen by the unassisted eye to consist of a felty -mass of acicular crystals of actinolite, sometimes half an inch long. -This rock was observed 12 chains east of the islanded part of Pigeon -lake; also at points west of Montreal river below Pigeon lake.</p> - -<h4 id='unf' class='c010'><i>Unfinished Areas.</i></h4> - -<p class='c011'>The Keewatin formation occupies the space between Near lake -and the West branch, only part of which has been mapped. The -rocks of this area are well foliated, standing as usual, vertically, and -striking about N. 60° E. The exposures on the east shore of Near -lake are entirely of fissile, chlorite schist, abundantly traversed by -small barren quartz veins. Farther east the chlorite schist gives -place to glistening, stratiform (laminated) hornblende gneiss with -which are associated bands of a coarser hornblende gneiss, evidently -the equivalent of granite. In one locality the stratiform rock contains -subangular fragments of the coarser variety, quartz and a -greyish eruptive rock, the resultant structure resembling that of a -metamorphosed conglomerate or breccia. As some of the brecciated -fragments occur near by in continuous bands within the stratiform -gneiss, the clastic structure is to be ascribed to deformative movement -instead of original sedimentation. A number of fine-grained -quartz diabase dikes occur in the immediate vicinity.</p> - -<p class='c000'>A considerable portion of the east shore of Kenisheong lake consists -of high, bare Keewatin hills, composed largely of chloritic schists, -vertically inclined and striking east and west. Secondary calcite is -richly disseminated, causing free effervescence when the rock is -treated with acid. Pyrite is also abundant, sometimes segregated -to form a lean ore, and at several points weathered superficially to -limonite, colouring the cliffs dull red. Much-altered diabase like that -on Pigeon lake is also present in subordinate amount.</p> - -<div id='fig5' class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_fp22.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>Fig. 5. West Branch Montreal River, near Mosher Lake.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>Keewatin rocks also occur just east of Gowganda lake. A single -brief visit was paid for the purpose of observing the iron formation -which appears at this place, and further mention of which is made on -a subsequent page.</p> - -<h3 id='lau' class='c010'>LAURENTIAN.</h3> - -<h4 id='gen4' class='c010'><i>General Features.</i></h4> - -<p class='c011'>Practically all the Laurentian lies in a continuous area, east of -the West branch and extending beyond the limits of the map sheet. -A smaller body occurs just west of Pigeon lake. The foliation in the -Laurentian is less distinct than in the Keewatin and much less perfect. -Its component rocks are mainly granite and allied plutonic -types which pass by easy gradations into well-defined gneisses. Two -principal granites are distinguishable; one containing black mica as -its chief coloured constituent, the other hornblende. Both exhibit -local variations in composition and crystalline texture, but are -always pale grey rocks of ordinary granitic appearance.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The hornblende granite is a medium grained, fresh looking rock -of speckled appearance, owing to the black hornblende crystals which -lie scattered through the main mass of light grey feldspar and quartz. -It is of uniform aspect, local variations of colour and texture being -insignificant. As revealed under the microscope by a single thin -section, it is an ordinary hornblende granite verging towards a -syenite. Common green hornblende of idiomorphic prismatic habit, -and usually twinned parallel to 100, is the principal ferromagnesian -mineral. It is quite fresh, hence a few flakes of chlorite in the -section were taken to represent an original small content of biotite; -an acid oligoclase and orthoclase are the most abundant constituents; -quartz is subordinate. Apatite, zircon and iron ore, probably magnetite, -are accessory.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Hornblende granite is the commonest Laurentian rock in the -neighbourhood of L’Africain and Sedge lakes, where it is in contact -with the Keewatin. It also occurs on the East branch just below -Obushkong lake. The area west of Pigeon lake seems to be composed -wholly of this rock, outliers of which extend to Brush lake, and the -islands and east shore of Pigeon lake. Here, however, it is distinctly -syenitic, quartz being subordinate or absent. A distinctly -porphyritic structure is apparent on Pigeon lake; the feldspars being -<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>well crystallized and lying in a finer grained, holocrystalline ground -mass.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Biotite granite and gneiss are most prevalent in the northern and -eastern portions of the area. No microscopic examination of these -rocks has been made by the writer, consequently, little can be said -regarding their composition. They are of much the same texture as -the hornblende type, but show a somewhat higher degree of gneissification. -Biotite is a fairly abundant constituent, but is more or less -altered to chlorite. Sometimes, as may be seen on the East branch, -two miles below Obushkong lake, chloritized mica forms enclosing -films about the large feldspar grains, developing a slight ‘augen’ -structure. Stockwork-like quartz veins are frequent, particularly on -the West branch between Near and Sedge lakes and at the south end -of Kenisheong lake. At the latter point the biotite gneiss is well -foliated and steeply tilted. A body of deep red, biotite granite of -undetermined extent and relationship was observed on the east side of -Kenisheong lake. Pegmatite dikes almost certainly occur in this -region, although not actually observed. Near Crotch lake the granite -is locally of unusually coarse texture, although not truly pegmatitic.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Although the two granites described appear to be the essential -constituents of the Laurentian they usually contain a variable proportion -of other material, some of which at least is not really Laurentian. -Over the entire area, but more noticeably in the vicinity of -contacts with the Keewatin, they include narrow ribbons or lenses of -a glistening stratiform hornblende gneiss, closely resembling the -gneiss of this sort described under the Keewatin system. In some -cases these bands are portions of the Keewatin caught up by the -Laurentian material at the time of its intrusion and highly metamorphosed -by it. Excellent examples of this may be seen on the -East branch at the foot of the marshy stretch two miles below -Obushkong lake. These inclusions are mapped as Laurentian, being -an almost constant feature, and for map purposes inseparable from -it. They are to be distinguished—a difficult matter—from other dark -inclusions believed to be drawn out, basic segregations of Laurentian -magmas; the latter are commonly less sharply defined.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Like the other formations of the region, the Laurentian is cut by -diabase dikes of post-Huronian age which, owing to their dark colour, -are conspicuous among the lighter granite rocks. In the neighbourhood -of Zigzag lake they are abundant, and are usually from twenty -<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>to sixty feet or more in width, the smaller of which are not large -enough to map.</p> - -<p class='c000'><a id='rel'></a>The relationships of the Laurentian to the other systems of the -region are expressed by the contacts with them. Between Obushkong -and Firth lakes and toward L’Africain lake it is largely in contact -with Keewatin. This contact is a vaguely defined zone rather than -a line, the formations being separated by the intermediate strip containing -mingled portions of both. Proceeding across this strip from -the Laurentian to the Keewatin, the gneisses of the former become -charged with ribbons of highly crystalline schist, already described. -Near the Keewatin edge these increase in quantity and sometimes -appear as tongue-like protrusions of that system. This condition -exists along the east of L’Africain lake; on the shores of the lake -the formation is dominantly Keewatin, but the stratiform hornblende -gneiss is traversed along the strike by thin bands of Laurentian hornblende -gneiss. A few chains eastward the gneiss bands are wider, -and, at a distance of 10 chains, hornblende granite is continuous.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Where terminated by diabase the contact is definite and not -marked by notable alteration on either side. Contacts with the -Huronian are equally sharp and unconformable, in every case the -Laurentian disappearing beneath the sedimentary formation; at the -south end of Kenisheong lake the Huronian has been trenched to a -depth sufficient to expose the underlying gneissic floor near the -water’s edge.</p> - -<h3 id='hur' class='c010'>HURONIAN.</h3> - -<h4 id='gen5' class='c010'><i>General Features.</i></h4> - -<p class='c011'>Much of the area mapped, especially the north-western portion, is -composed of Huronian rocks. Originally they must have been much -more extensive, probably continuous, but erosion has removed them -partially or entirely, leaving irregular remnants distributed over the -Archæan. The top of the series is gone; consequently complete -vertical sections cannot be found. In other respects they are little -changed and preserve almost perfectly their bedding and clastic -structure. Even their positions assumed at the time of deposition -have changed little for the present strata seldom dip more steeply -than 30°. They are overlain only by unconsolidated Pleistocene -materials.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span> - <h4 id='bas' class='c010'><i>Basal Conglomerate.</i></h4> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>The basal member of this system is a conglomerate, the areal -exposure of which is inconsiderable for the whole region or for any -part, but erosional sculpturing has brought it to light at many points. -Both top and bottom and probably all intermediate portions are -visible, but a complete section from which to determine the thickness -could not be found. The greatest continuous vertical section -observed, in a hill lying one mile south of the 550 foot hill north-west -of Duncan lake, is about 200 feet, but neither upper nor lower -terminations were seen. In the neighbouring Cobalt district an -estimated thickness of 500 feet has been assigned.</p> - -<p class='c000'>From a study of the pebbles contained, this conglomerate appears -to be composed largely, or entirely, of Archæan materials, the -majority of which are rock types occurring in situ at many places in -the district. Both the hornblende and biotite granite and their -gneissic phases are abundant. Pegmatite pebbles are sometimes -found, but more usually that rock is represented by fragments of feldspar. -Pieces of glistening stratiform hornblende gneiss and similar -stratiform mica gneiss or schist, greenstone, fine-grained porphyroids -and sheared basic rocks represent the Keewatin. Vein quartz -is also present, sometimes mineralized. In addition to these some -pebbles were observed which closely resembled slate, and one which -is undoubtedly conglomeratic. A thin section of this pebble exhibits -distinct clastic structure, and the assembled fragments are heterogeneous, -so far as distinguishable, including an actinolite rock resembling -that found in the Keewatin near Pigeon lake, and a quartzitic -type composed of a colourless, microcrystalline mosaic. The cement -has been altered largely to chlorite, but small grains of quartz are -discernible in it. It would seem, therefore, that sedimentary deposits -antedate the basal conglomerate and supply a portion of its materials; -most of these, however, are recognizable as igneous members -of the Archæan, such as occur in the vicinity.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The pebbles of the conglomerate exhibit remarkable variety in -form, size and abundance, as well as composition. Normally they -are well rounded and owe their form evidently to water action. But -along with these are others which are angular or sub-angular. The -exposure near the north end of Shallow lake shows all these forms, -the materials also being quite diverse. Ordinarily the pebbles range -in size between 2ʺ and 3ʺ diameter, frequently more, and are -<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>abundant; but, at points on Duncan lake, on Wapus creek and the -West branch, the conglomerate nature is indicated only by occasional -well-rounded pebbles, embedded in greywacke cement at intervals of -several feet or even yards. These isolated pebbles are often 6ʺ or -more in diameter, and in striking contrast with the uniformly fine -grain of the matrix. Sometimes the enclosed bodies attain the -dimensions of boulders; on an island in Duncan lake, -<span class='nobreak'>2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></span> -miles from -the foot, a granite boulder nearly 5 feet in diameter was observed, -the associated materials being of very much smaller size.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The cementing material also presents some variety. Usually it -ranges from coarse grit to greywacke. The coarser material is less -abundant than cement of a finer type; near the foot of Pigeon lake, -also at the south end of Kenisheong lake the conglomerate is quite -porous, the interstices between the pebbles being incompletely filled. -In the latter instance these spaces are occupied by hematite. In -other cases; a good example of which occurs on the east side of -Pigeon lake, half a mile from its north end, the cementing substance -is a fine black shale. On the whole there appears to be little relationship -between the texture of enclosing and enclosed matter.</p> - -<h4 id='gre' class='c010'><i>Greywacke Slate and Quartzite.</i></h4> - -<p class='c011'>By the disappearance of pebbles the basal conglomerate changes -into a greywacke or a shale according as the cement is one or the -other. Frequently this transition is marked by an alternation of -lenticular beds of conglomerate with the greywacke, probably indicating -varying conditions of depth or current in the water in which -they were deposited. With the greywacke and shale is associated an -impure quartzite or arkose, the whole forming a thick series whose -members are not sharply separable one from another and do not -occupy definite relative positions. For the well laminated finer -grained beds the term slate is in general use, although a secondary -cleavage by which this kind of rock is distinguished from shale does -not exist. Nearly all the prominent hills in the north-western part -of the area are composed of this series.</p> - -<h4 id='upp' class='c010'><i>Upper Conglomerate.</i></h4> - -<p class='c011'>The greywacke-slate-quartzite series passes conformably upward -into a conglomerate differing little from that at the base. Indeed, -where conglomerate outcrops are small and isolated a distinction -between the two cannot be made with certainty.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span> - <h4 id='ark' class='c010'><i>Arkose.</i></h4> -</div> - -<p class='c011'>In addition to the above there is an arkose forming at least two -well defined areas, whose relations with the rest of the Huronian -are in some doubt. This rock is of distinctive appearance, resembling -at first glance an ordinary granite, but on closer inspection it is seen -to consist of clastic materials such as would result from the disintegration -of a granite. Occasional conglomerate streaks in which -pebbles of quartz and greenstone are recognizable, demonstrate its -bedded character, but ordinarily it is massive looking. Part of the -large island in the middle of Duncan lake and the shore to the south -are of this formation. It is much more widespread on Obushkong -and Gowganda lakes, the bedding being unusually well shown on the -large island in the latter body of water.</p> - -<p class='c000'>From its apparent relationship in either of these localities it -might be taken to be a member of the Lower Huronian series just -described, and equivalent to the basal conglomerate. In the Obushkong -area it is probably underlain by Laurentian, for it lies nearly -horizontally, and Laurentian is known to occur a short distance -east of the lake. In the neighbourhood of Lake Timiskaming it is -said to grade imperceptibly into granite, and is believed to be derived -from the latter by detrition in situ. Arkose, apparently identical -with that under consideration, occurs in the Cobalt district, and is -thought to lie unconformably with the greywacke, and for this -reason is classified as Middle Huronian. In these pages it is given -no definite position in the formational succession, and as there is no -field evidence of its Middle Huronian position, is not differentiated -from the lower series.</p> - -<h4 id='str' class='c010'><i>Structural Features and Disturbances.</i></h4> - -<p class='c011'>The Huronian has been subjected to no very severe disturbance, -judging by its present condition and attitude. Frequently the strata -lie almost horizontally, as for instance at the south end of Firth lake, -and in the vicinity of Lake Lehmann, but over the most of the region -they rest at inclinations as high as 30°, this attitude remaining -constant over extensive areas, and developing a characteristic topographical -feature. From Pigeon lake eastward the dip is uniformly -to the east at angles ranging between 15 and 30 degrees and the beds -overlap one another after the fashion of slates on a roof, the -resultant topographical expression of which is a succession of north -<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>and south ridges with gentle eastern slopes, while the western sides -form escarpments. This condition appears constant over all the -Huronian east of a line midway between Pigeon and Duncan lakes. -To the extreme north-west, however, a westerly dip was observed; the -strata forming the 550 foot hill west of Duncan lake are also either -horizontal or dip gently to the west. A confident statement cannot -be made until further work has been performed, but the condition -just outlined suggests a large anticlinal structure whose arch lies a -little west of Duncan lake. However, there seems reason to believe -that the structure is more complicated than would result from simple -arching and erosion. If the present overlapping system represents -the original succession of strata a total thickness of over two miles -would be necessary, and there would be not two but several conglomerate -horizons, which is improbable. A satisfactory solution is -hindered by the general fact that planes of possible dislocation occur -in low ground and are obscured by swamp or water, but it seems -evident that tilting was accompanied by lateral or vertical displacements.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Certain abrupt disturbances of the general uniform attitude suggest -differential movements. Along the West branch below Wapus -creek the dip and strike of the shale and greywacke are constant, -until where the river’s course changes to due east. Along the shores -of this stretch the rocks are mostly hidden by swamp, but where they -do outcrop they are standing vertically or dipping steeply to -the south, and the strike corresponds with the course of the stream; -that is, their positions are at right angles to those farther south. -Disturbances of this sort are known, due to the contiguity of igneous -intrusions, but at this point no such intrusive is known. It will also -be seen from the map that exactly in the same line the East branch -makes a similar abrupt change in course. Whether a line of low -relief is continuous across the interval between the two streams at -this point is not easily determined; however, as a possible explanation -of the conditions stated, faulting along this line is suggested. -A similar abrupt change from conditions of approximate horizontality -to a dip S. 60 W., -< -80° and strike of S. 30° E. was noted on -the west side of Firth lake.</p> - -<h4 id='rel2' class='c010'><i>Relations to other Formations.</i></h4> - -<p class='c011'>The intrusion of the quartz diabase into the Huronian was gently -accomplished at most points, and the beds of the latter, both above -<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>and below the intrusives, are inclined only a few degrees more -steeply than in localities where no diabase can be found. Evidence -of intrusion, however, is common, and at some points the Huronian -next to the diabase has suffered local but intense physical change. -Near the middle of the east shore of Firth lake a rocky islet only a -few square yards in extent consists of coarse diabase and conglomerate -in intimate contact, little tongues of the former being -protruded into the sedimentary rock and peripherally chilled. Most -remarkable, however, is the change in condition of the conglomerate; -a few chains away on the main shore it is of ordinary character, but -on the islet the pebbles lie within a fairly well foliated schist, standing -vertically and striking about east and west. An identical condition -exists at the south end of a little pond lying 40 chains west of -Mosher lake. The vertical foliation of the conglomerate suggests the -neighbouring diabase intrusion to have been by vertical ascension -rather than lateral spread, so that these points may represent portions -of vents through which the diabase magma ascended, and for -that reason are more affected than where sills have been quietly injected.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Ordinarily these contacts occur in low ground, usually ravines, -the bottoms of which are soil filled and consequently unfavourable -for geological observation, but at some points on Duncan lake the -contacts are exposed and the Huronian is seen to be much fractured -across a zone extending many feet from the diabase. In addition to -the fracturing the greywacke is hardened and the bedding planes -rendered obscure, the total effect being to weaken its power of resistance -to erosion.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In the neighbourhood of these contacts the Huronian is well -supplied with quartz veins whose ‘comb’ structure and chalcopyrite-galena -mineralization identify them with similar veins in the diabase. -Also the sediments exhibit certain mineralogical alterations -referable to action of the diabase. West of Gowganda, on the West -branch below Duncan lake and at other places the greywacke for a -width of about two feet from the diabase has been hardened, bleached -a light grey colour and filled with circular black spots -<span class='nobreak'><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>16</sub>ʺ</span> -in -diameter. Microscopic examination shows the main portion to consist -of a mosaic of small quartz, orthoclase and acid plagioclase -grains, through which are distributed patches of chlorite. This -spotted phase of the greywacke evidently represents an early stage -<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>in the development of adinole, a characteristic contact product of -shales, intruded by basic rock.</p> - -<div id='fig6' class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/fp_30.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>Fig. 6. Fifth Portage on the West Branch of Montreal River, showing Huronian Slate.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>The relations of the Huronian to the Archæan, exhibited in larger -as well as minor features, indicate that the surface of the latter had -been carved into a condition not greatly unlike the present topography, -before its submergence and sedimentation in Huronian -times. Some of the hills of this ancient land have been uncovered -by the removal of their sedimentary blanket, leaving vestiges of the -latter around their bases as in the case of the hills south-west of -Mosher lake. There the dip of the sedimentary beds is much less -than the slope of the hills, so that the latter must project up through -them as cores. In the bay on the east side of Pigeon lake Huronian -shales dipping with an angle of about 15° abut against the side of -an Archæan hill composed of hornblende granite and green schist. -At almost any part of the region where both Huronian and Archæan -occur together, similar evidence is available concerning the unevenness -of the pre-Huronian land surface. The amount of topographical -relief cannot be estimated with any degree of accuracy, for tops of -the Keewatin hills now exposed have probably been removed by post-Huronian -erosion, the lowest depressions are still filled by Huronian -and the whole may have been disarranged by post-Archæan faulting. -However, near Mosher lake there was a minimum relief of 300 feet.</p> - -<p class='c000'>This old pre-Huronian surface is not often accessible for study, -the contacts being vertical or hidden by soils and vegetation. At one -point, however, at the end of the portion of Wapus creek shown on -the map, exceptionally favourable circumstances were encountered. -Here glaciation has developed a rounded knoll of mixed Keewatin -and Laurentian rocks upon which are tightly fastened a few scale-like -vestiges of Huronian conglomerate. A few square feet of the -original Archæan surface exposed by chiseling away the Huronian, -was found to be much more highly polished than the immediately -adjoining, recently glaciated surface which had been exposed to the -atmosphere. The protected material seemed to be of about the same -freshness as that exposed. This pre-Huronian surface is evidently -a water-worn one, or the result of Huronian glaciation, but no characteristic -markings were observed upon it.</p> - -<h4 id='ori' class='c010'><i>Origin and Correlation.</i></h4> - -<p class='c011'>From the foregoing consideration of the Huronian as seen in the -Montreal River region it will be plain that it is composed at all points -<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>of clastic sedimentary deposits. Fossils have never been found, so -the correlation of these rocks in various areas is based upon their -lithological similarities and continuity. Upon these grounds the -Huronian of the present district is considered to be equivalent to the -same formations in the Cobalt, Larder Lake, and other neighbouring -districts, known as the Lower Huronian. The succession and -physical character of the different formations are essentially identical. -It is not necessary to review the facts upon which the decision -to so place these formations is based, the evidence being the harmonious -results of years of investigation by capable geologists. -Accepting their conclusion, and calling the main sedimentary series -of the Montreal River district, Lower Huronian, it is of interest to -note indication of sedimentary materials still older. The conglomerate -pebble found in the basal conglomerate on Pigeon lake -must have originated by the destruction of a pre-Huronian conglomerate -formation.</p> - -<p class='c000'>It has also been stated that ground for differentiating between a -Lower and Middle Huronian in this area has not been obtained, -although the similarity of the arkose to a formation in the Cobalt -district believed to belong to the Middle Huronian suggests it to be -of the same age. It is, therefore, thought desirable to apply to the -whole the term Huronian. No clearness or additional truth would -be gained by making a distinction between Lower and Middle divisions -in this district, and so far as the economic exploitation of the -district is concerned the arkose seems to be as much a part of the -Lower Huronian as the conglomerate or greywacke.</p> - -<h3 id='pos' class='c010'>POST-HURONIAN ERUPTIVES.</h3> - -<p class='c011'>There are two kinds of diabase known in the district, one of which -greatly exceeds the other in extent and economic importance. This -disparity is tacitly recognized by the common use of the generic term -diabase for the important quartz diabase, the other member of the -family being ignored or unknown.</p> - -<h4 id='qua' class='c010'><i>Quartz Diabase.</i></h4> - -<div id='fig7' class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/fp_32.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>Fig. 7. Inclined Huronian Beds, Duncan Lake.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c011'><a id='cha'></a><i>Character of contacts and distribution.</i>—Bodies of this rock are -not restricted to any one formation or locality; but, as may be seen -by reference to the map, occur with various dimensions over the -whole area, with the exception of the country lying north-west of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>Duncan lake. It may be noted that virtually all the large areas are -enclosed by Huronian, the bodies within the Archæan being numerous -but small. It is not proposed to apply this distinction generally, but -in the Montreal River region it seems to be more than an expression -of the law of probability. In the Archæan practically all of the -observed diabase bodies are dikes, in approximately vertical positions, -seldom 100 feet in width and of undetermined length. A knowledge -of all those in the Huronian could not be obtained, but in some cases -they are sills, whose greater exposed dimensions are parallel to the -bedding planes of the enclosing sedimentaries.</p> - -<p class='c000'><a id='mac'></a><i>Macroscopic character.</i>—It is fortunate for the easy recognition -of the diabase that it is more or less continuously exposed, and that -there are not many other igneous rocks of similar character in its -proximity, for it presents a variety of types such that a representative -collection of hand specimens presents surprisingly great petrological -differences. During the process of solidification, magmatic -differentiation evolved from the cooling material a group of forms -of different mineralogical composition and physical appearance, the -end members of which are very unlike.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The common type is a dark green massive diabase, ranging in -texture from one in which the individual minerals are barely distinguishable -to others containing amphibole crystals an inch in -length. The combination of black amphibole—an alteration product -of augite—and grey or flesh-coloured plagioclase give the surface of -ordinary textured phases a colouration of sufficient determinative -value. In a large diabase body the coarseness is equal to that of -ordinary granite, and the diabasic structure is not readily perceptible. -At the edge of the large dikes and throughout the smaller ones the -rock is black in colour and much finer grained on account of its more -rapid solidification.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In the dikes the mineralogical composition is tolerably constant, -and specimens selected from different points show no notable difference -except that they are usually less decomposed than the coarse -grained varieties. Within the larger bodies, where cooling may be -considered to have been slower, a series of rock types differing from -one another in mineral composition, and consequently in physical -appearance, are associated. At many localities these differentiated -varieties are intimately intermingled, so that <a id='wit'></a>within an area of a few -<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>square yards almost the whole series may be found. Conditions of -this sort were first and best observed in the Lett properties on Wapus -creek, where the extensive stripping and trenching greatly facilitated -geological study. A suite of specimens was obtained which exhibit -an unbroken gradation from ordinary gabbro to the fine grained pink -rock known as aplite. With a decreasing pyroxene content and -increasing abundance of feldspar the rock grades from a dark green -diabase at the basic end through a reddish phase into a type which, -in the field, might be termed a syenite, being of granitic texture, red -colour, and without visible quartz. These phases are cut by aplite -dikes which at first glance do not very closely resemble them, but -their comparison has shown that they too include a group whose -coarsest and most basic form does not differ greatly from the syenitic -type of the diabase series. From a pale flesh-coloured rock of fine -granitic texture in which a little dark mineral is visible, the successive -phases of the aplite graduate toward a dike material of light -pink colour and saccharine texture almost devoid of ferromagnesian -constituents.</p> - -<p class='c000'><a id='mic'></a><i>Microscopic character.</i>—The consanguinity of diabase and aplite -is further established by microscopic study. It was intended to make -a somewhat complete comparative study; but, at the outset, the -materials, although fresh looking in the hand specimens, were found -to be much decomposed, sometimes so completely that the original -composition could not be satisfactorily inferred, and an outline must -suffice therefore until fresher material is secured.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The common gabbro type consists essentially of long prisms of -plagioclase embedded in light reddish augite. This ophitic structure, -upon which the distinction between diabase and gabbro depends, is -well developed, but does not show in hand specimens, so that for field -use the distinction is impracticable; ordinarily the term gabbro is -applied to the coarse grained, and diabase to the medium and finer -grained varieties. The plagioclase of the coarse grained specimens -could not be identified, being entirely altered to a coarse saussurite -in which the epidote was aggregated into large grains. The augite -is almost equally changed to strongly pleochroic hornblende possessing -green and blue green pleochroic tints. This hornblende is not a -fibrous variety but forms compact individuals, hence in the specimens -studied it could not be certain that some of it was not primary. -In some cases it is further altered to chlorite. Reaction between -<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>plagioclase and pyroxene seems to have taken place, for chlorite -occurs among the plagioclase decomposition products as well as those -of the pyroxene. Next to these, ilmenite is the most abundant constituent, -occurring as irregular masses largely altered to leucoxene -in which the original ‘gridiron’ structure is distinct. Quartz is -present in subordinate amounts usually in micrographic intergrowth -with the plagioclase. Small, well defined hexagonal rods of apatite, -titanite crystals, and rare zircons are also present. The structure -and mineral constitution render the term quartz-diabase appropriate. -Finer grained specimens secured from dikes were found to be much -fresher than the coarser types and yielded more satisfactory thin -sections; the ophitic structure is more pronounced, but the mineral -composition is the same. The plagioclase laths of one section were -determined optically to be an intermediate labradorite. Small flakes -of biotite partially altered to chlorite occur accessorily.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The aplite is also so much weathered that doubt sometimes exists -as to its original composition. Thin sections consist very largely of -plagioclase and quartz, coloured constituents being small in quantity. -The plagioclase is twinned according to albite, pericline, and carlsbad -laws, and in one case a baveno twin was observed; optically it -behaves as almost pure albite and is decomposed to sericite instead -of epidote. A poikilitic arrangement is more or less distinct; the -feldspar is also micrographically intergrown with quartz. No orthoclase -could be identified in any of the specimens. Quartz does not -appear to be much more abundant than in the diabase. The -only recognizable ferro-magnesian mineral is a strongly pleochroic -reddish brown biotite, which occurs sparingly in small ragged flakes, -partly altered to chlorite. Leucoxene representing ilmenite is surprisingly -abundant considering the scarcity of iron bearing silicates. -Apatite is an abundant accessory mineral, forming small prisms, -while zircon crystals are rare. The rock in the specimens examined -is remarkably rich in calcite, which in amount ranks next to the -plagioclase.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Comparison of sections from specimens intermediate between the -aplite and the ordinary diabase brings out some features of the differentiating -process. The governing changes are in the proportion of -pyroxene, and in the composition of the plagioclase. A specimen -somewhat paler in colour than the typical diabase was found to -contain considerably less augite and more abundant plagioclase, the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>other constituents remaining fairly constant. The plagioclase was -an acid andesine of the composition (Ab 65 An 35). A still lighter -coloured type possessed oligoclase (Ab 72 An 28) and a small amount -of blue green hornblende, representing the wholly altered pyroxene. -Orthoclase could not be found in any of the sections, so that none of -these rocks can be properly called syenite or granite.</p> - -<p class='c000'><a id='loc2'></a><i>Local description.</i>—Diabase is most abundantly exposed in the -area between Gowganda lake and the portage route connecting Firth -and Elkhorn lakes, where it forms three parallel tongues of approximately -equal dimensions. Coarse grained types prevail in which the -differentiation of acid phases is pronounced. Aplite dikes up to 10 -feet in width, fairly coarse grained and sometimes tolerably rich in -dark constituents, are abundant. The rugged surface of this part of -the country is largely due to the presence of the diabase, the peculiar -arrangement of which has produced a constant system of north and -south ridges. The contacts with the Huronian occupy the bottoms -of gullies, with the main body of diabase forming high ground. This -highly relieved and consequently well exposed surface has greatly -facilitated the exploitation of this area, as indeed is the case for the -whole district. Terminally each of the three bodies tapers out or -forks, but these details were not closely mapped. In the case of the -most easterly one the portions reaching the east side of Firth lake -are darker and more decomposed than the ordinary diabase, and -during the field operations were considered of other character. -Laboratory study of the specimens shows them, however, to be basic -diabase in which hornblende has completely replaced the pyroxene. -In consequence of this misconception the connexions of the exposures -on Firth lake were not well worked out, but they almost certainly -lie as shown in the map and may form a continuous connexion -with the large diabase body farther north. The two areas north-east -of Firth lake present much the same appearance as those of the -Gowganda district.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The most extensive body is that which coincides in direction with -Duncan lake, resembling a great hook, the shank of which is traceable -for twelve miles, the crooked end lying about midway between -the West branch and Firth lake. Neither termination was found, on -account of the swampy or sandy character of the country, so that -the present representation may not be complete. Just east of -L’Africain lake there are some diabases which may be continuations of -it, but owing to their altered appearance they could not be distinguished -<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>with certainty in the field from similar Keewatin forms. Along -Duncan lake it appears to represent the edge of a sill about 300 feet -thick lying in the bedding plane of the Huronian sediments which -lie both above and beneath it. From the attitude of the latter the -sill is believed to dip eastward at an angle of 30 or 40 degrees. The -exposed width is usually less than in the Gowganda area and its -composition is more homogeneous, but at the wider portions the same -intermingling of basic and acid phases and aplite dikes obtains, as -for example where it crosses Wapus creek. The full extent of that -portion which extends north-westward from Mosher lake is not known. -The formation at that point is obscured by gravelly soil; it appears, -however, to be unusually wide and well differentiated. An apparently -large body of diabase lies between the north part of Duncan -lake and the West branch. The mapping of this was left incomplete, -so that its total southern extent cannot be given. Its northern part -presents nothing unusual, but about Vipond lake a syenitic phase is -developed, probably indicating a mingling of differentiated rock -varieties as at Gowganda lake or Wapus creek.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The remaining diabase bodies are dikes. Probably these are very -numerous and widespread, but this can only be determined by work -of much more widespread nature than the economic possibilities of -such an investigation warrant at present. They are most frequently -seen in the Laurentian, probably not so much because they are more -numerous there, but because they are more conspicuous in the -granites than in the Keewatin schists and Huronian, from which -they differ less in colour. They attain widths of 60, 100 or more feet, -in which cases the texture is like that of the large masses, but differentiated -types and aplite dikes do not seem to accompany them. The -smaller dikes, diminishing to a width of 1 foot, are compact black -rocks of microcrystalline habit, but like the gabbroid varieties -mineralogically.</p> - -<p class='c000'><a id='age'></a><i>Age.</i>—The time of intrusion of these rocks can only be defined as -post-Huronian or post Middle Huronian, there being no younger -formations with which to correlate them. They are identical with -the diabase in other parts of the Montreal River region and of -Cobalt. As already noted the larger masses have produced very -limited metamorphic changes in the adjoining rocks, developing -incipient adinole zones in the Huronian greywackes, besides hardening -and fracturing them. Usually the contact edge of the diabase -has been deeply eroded along with the adjoining rock to form narrow -ravines, but wherever it persists a slight chilling is perceptible. The -<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>fine grained edges are much more apparent in dikes where the mass -of hot material being much less was more susceptible to the influence -of cold surroundings. The intrusive nature is also demonstrated -by angular blocks of Huronian materials enclosed within the diabase, -instances of which may be seen on Wapus creek.</p> - -<h4 id='oli' class='c010'><i>Olivine Diabase.</i></h4> - -<p class='c011'>At the first rapid above Kenisheong lake the Huronian is cut by -a broad dike of different character from those belonging to the -quartz-diabase intrusion. It is a remarkably fresh compact rock of -dark grey colour and medium texture in which an ophitic structure -is prominent, acicular prisms of glassy feldspar penetrating the dark -main mass. Its density is 2·991. Under the microscope it is holocrystalline -and the constituent minerals occur in only one generation. -The constituents as determined by linear measurements were -found to be plagioclase, 67·5 per cent; olivine, 14 per cent; augite, -1·5 per cent; iron ore, probably ilmenite, 5 per cent; apatite, 1·8 -per cent; biotite, 1·3 per cent; and zircon, 0·03 per cent. The rock -is remarkably fresh, even the olivine showing no signs of decomposition. -The plagioclase was determined by optical methods to be a -labradorite of the composition Ab 1 An 1. It forms laths, twinned -according to albite, pericline and carlsbad laws, which penetrate the -ferromagnesian minerals. A few large crystals show fine zonary -lamellation. Olivine is in idiomorphic or rounded grains, occasionally -bordered by a little rim of biotite, possibly a product of reaction -during the period of crystallization. The augite is reddish brown -in colour and later than either olivine or plagioclase, filling the -interstices between the feldspar laths. Irregular masses of black iron -ore, probably ilmenite, are scattered throughout the section, in some -cases showing good crystal forms. A deep brown strongly pleochroic -biotite with a very small optical angle occurs accessorily in small -shreds. Apatite is mostly in slender but sometimes stout hexagonal -prisms. Minute crystals of zircon are rare.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The rock may be designated an olivine diabase of markedly fresh -aspect. It penetrates the Huronian, but judging by its unusually -fresh condition it must be comparatively young.</p> - -<h3 id='ple' class='c010'>PLEISTOCENE.</h3> - -<p class='c011'>The present glaciated pre-Cambrian surface is scantily covered -by unconsolidated glacial sands and gravel which are being collected -by natural agencies from the hills and more elevated parts into the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>depressions. As a consequence the hills are bare, while the valleys -and ravines are soil-filled and support a strong forest growth. -Neither sand nor gravel show signs of stratified arrangement. They -play an unimportant part in the topographical appearance of the -country; the only elevation composed of such materials being a small -gravel hill to the east of Porphyry lake. Between that point and the -hills near Mosher lake is a considerable extent of flat sandy country, -the gentle contour of which contrasts with that of the surrounding -hills.</p> - -<p class='c000'>A rather peculiar low apron of sand occupies the very end of the -peninsula between Duncan lake and the West branch. It is of -small extent, and is probably due to river deposition, the West branch -at this point being sluggish and the surface of the sand showing -indications of shifting stream beds.</p> - -<p class='c000'>An extensive area of sand lies at the end of Duncan lake, from -whence it extends northward for several miles, also westward and -south-westward toward the 550 foot hill shown on the map. Seen -from any neighbouring hill this plain appears flat in comparison -with the ordinary surface of the country. It consists of a fine, -yellowish, unstratified sand. The several brooks crossing it are distinguished -from those of other parts of the country by their tortuous -courses which are constantly changing, and which render them unfit -for canoe travel. The shallow character and sandy shores at the -north end of Duncan lake have been caused largely by the transportation -of sand into it by these brooks.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Glacial boulders are scattered over the whole district.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span> - <h2 id='eco' class='c006'>ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.</h2> -</div> - -<h3 id='sil' class='c010'><span class='sc'>Silver.</span></h3> - -<h4 id='dis' class='c010'>DISTRIBUTION.</h4> - -<p class='c011'>With the knowledge acquired from exploitation of James township, -and other of the more recently discovered silver-cobalt camps, -prospectors in the Montreal River district gave exclusive attention -to the diabase formation, recognizing it to be closely connected with -mineralizations of this kind. Some work was done in 1907 and more -in the following season, with the result that on August 4, the first -native silver discoveries were made, almost simultaneously and at -short distances apart, by Messrs. Mann and Dobie, in the diabase -just west of Gowganda lake. The remarkably rich surface showings -at once attracted the attention of the whole prospecting body in -the Elk Lake country, and an activity began which, since the spreading -of information to outside points, has developed into a ‘rush’ of -large dimensions.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The known silver bearing area is restricted as yet to about ten -square miles lying between Gowganda lake and the portage route -from Elkhorn to Firth lakes, and is commonly known as Gowganda. -Extensive prospecting only commenced in September, about the close -of the field season, so that only the earlier discoveries are known to -the writer, and a knowledge of the surface details could only be -derived by examination of the few beginnings of patient and continued -exploration by claim owners. The present account must -accordingly be accepted as incomplete and by no means representing -the present status of the Gowganda camp.</p> - -<h4 id='sur' class='c010'>SURFACE INDICATIONS.</h4> - -<p class='c011'>Conditions in the region are such as to demand exploration of -the closest and most intensive order, for the indications of mineralization -are negative rather than positive in character. The Gowganda -area was entirely forested at the beginning of 1908, and a carpet of -moss and vegetable mould covered most of the rock surface. Glacial -materials are also fairly abundant, and sometimes thick enough to -render surface exploration arduous and expensive. Added to this -the veins are eroded more deeply than the country rock, and are -represented at the surface by crevices filled with soil, and thereby -<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>rendered inconspicuous. Were the country a flat one the difficulties -in the way of successful prospecting would be very serious, but fortunately -it is rugged, especially near the diabase. Steep ridges of -this material are a regular topographical feature. The sides of these -ridges are bare or readily exposed and offer fine opportunities for -examination. It is significant that the first silver discoveries were -made in the sides of such rock walls. The pink bloom found at the -surfaces of the veins and the adjacent country rock is also an indicator -whose value is fully understood by those working in the region.</p> - -<h4 id='str2' class='c010'>STRUCTURE OF VEINS.</h4> - -<p class='c011'>The deposits are in the form of well-defined veins occupying -fissures in the diabase. The amount of surface work done in September -was not enough to throw much light on the continuity of the -veins, but a few had been traced for distances of 300 or 400 feet, and -in one case across several contiguous mining claims, so that they -may be said to occupy persistent fissures. They vary in width from -1ʺ up to 20ʺ. Little could be learned concerning their attitudes -except where they traverse hillsides; in such cases they are -approximately vertical. It is not yet known whether any -regularity exists in their arrangement, but some extend east and -west while others are north and south. The diabase shows no signs -of extensive deformation, all geological evidence indicating that since -its solidification its history has been uneventful, yet the cracks which -the veins occupy appear too persistent to be the result of contraction -by cooling. Besides the strong veins there are others of the gash -type, but the latter are small, not very continuous and poorly or not -at all mineralized.</p> - -<div> - <h2 id='com' class='c014'>COMPOSITION OF VEINS.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c013'>From comparison of veins at Gowganda, Duncan lake, and Wapus -creek a general uniformity of structure, though not of mineralization, -is found to obtain. The whole mineral association is not found -in any one vein, nor are the relative proportions either of ore or -gangue at all constant. The gangue minerals are quartz and calcite, -always mutually arranged in definite manner. The sides of the veins -are composed of white quartz, which may form only an insignificant -coating on the walls or may occupy nearly the whole space, but in all -cases there remains a central cavity into which the pointed ends of -quartz crystals project freely. At the surface this central portion is -empty owing to weathering, but farther down it is filled by calcite. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>Veins with predominant quartz filling seem especially abundant in -the Huronian adjacent to the diabase. The rich veins near Gowganda, -so far as ascertainable, are poor in quartz.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Practically all of them carry chalcopyrite either as diffuse grains -or in considerable amounts. Pyrite is equally abundant but less -constant. Galena is not uncommon. All these occur with the quartz; -their presence in the calcite is not certainly known. Many of the -veins show diffuse stains of reddish pink colour due to cobalt bloom, -which though not in itself of value is important as a sign of the -existence of smaltite from which it is formed by oxidation. The minerals -enumerated thus far are widespread, but economically insignificant; -the silver-cobalt association is present in some cases, however. -Little opportunity existed in 1908 for favourable study of these -minerals, so that only a list of those found at the surface can be -given. There native silver, argentite, smaltite and cobalt bloom have -been found, and a few feet down small lumps of native bismuth. -Because they occur either in calcite or in loose decomposition -materials filling the space which the calcite formerly occupied they -are believed to be associated with that gangue. Infrequently gangue -minerals are almost absent and the vein filled by massive ore.</p> - -<h4 id='loc3' class='c010'>LOCAL DISTRIBUTION.</h4> - -<p class='c011'>Valuable argentiferous veins were known in 1908 only in the -Gowganda district, and, so far as yet known, discoveries have been -confined to the diabase west of that lake. Most of them occur in -the southern portion of the central diabase strip which lies a short -distance from the shore and extends northward for about seven miles -from Elkhorn lake. On one of the Mann claims (T.R. 1966), now -owned by Messrs. Foster, an east and west vein averaging 4ʺ or -5ʺ in width had been traced for 300 feet, the original discovery -being made in the exposed face of a low diabase wall. At its -surface the vein material had been weathered out for a depth of -about 15ʺ and the cavity filled by a brownish mass of the decomposed -matter mixed with vegetable mould and sand. Nuggets of -mossy or arborescent silver were scattered richly through this dirt, -and a fairly continuous spine of the same metal, sometimes an inch -thick, extended along the middle of the crevice. A test pit sunk -about 8 feet, but barricaded at the time of the writer’s visit, had -exposed, according to Mr. Mann, silver and smaltite in a calcite vein. -On the adjoining claim (T.R. 1982), a vein of massive smaltite about -<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>1ʺ wide was seen; a little silver had been found at its surface -and streaks of argentite and disseminated grains of smaltite were -seen in the wall rock. Aplite dikes on another claim were found to -be stained by cobalt bloom, and full of disseminated chalcopyrite.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The properties owned by Messrs. Crawford and Dobie about half -a mile farther south were not visited, but were generally reported to -be of about the same richness as that in T.R. 1966. Immediately -north of Hanging-stone lake Mr. F. A. McIntosh was conducting -active prospecting in a coarse gabbroid, locally syenitic, form of the -diabase, intersected by aplite dikes. A discovery of native silver has -been made since then and the property sold to Messrs. F. R. Bartlett -& Co., of Toronto, together with other claims located between the -north-east and north-west arms. Other discoveries are reported just -south-east, also a short distance north of Milne lake.</p> - -<p class='c000'>No silver had been obtained in the eastern diabase strip, although -the geological conditions appear identical and calcite veins are -abundant. An exceptionally large vein, about 18ʺ wide, and -traceable across two adjoining claims was seen on the property of -Messrs. McLaughlin and McIntosh, about half a mile north-east of -the north-west arm. Mineralization in it near the surface was very -slight. Several veins carrying small amounts of chalcopyrite, pyrite, -bloom and smaltite were seen on the properties of Messrs. Elstone -and Reilly (T.R. 1961, 1962 and 1903). In one of them small -amounts of bismuth are present; another contains an unusually -heavy black substance which proved to be calcite filled with minute -crystals of magnetite.</p> - -<p class='c000'>In the western strip less exploration had been performed and little -could be learned about the ore deposits. Loose pieces of native silver -had been found by W. H. Margueratt in narrow fissures on M.R. -1798, but the vein material was not exposed.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Outside the Gowganda area systematic prospecting was in progress -at only one point—Wapus creek. Under the management of -Mr. Robert Lett a group of nine claims was being stripped and -trenched, with the result that numerous calcite veins had been -traced through a diabase showing the same complex intermingling -of basic and acid phases and aplite dikes as at Gowganda. Chalcopyrite -and cobalt bloom were abundant, and smaltite had been -found as disseminations in the wall rock. Lumps of native bismuth -weighing several ounces had been taken from a fissure in an aplite -dike, analyses of which showed it to contain silver.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>Tentative exploration was being conducted along Duncan lake -and east of Firth lake, but not with the closeness and persistence -which the topography of these veins require. In general the veins -seen on Duncan lake are exceptionally rich in quartz, and gash veins -are common. Chalcopyrite, pyrite and galena are the most noticeable -metalliferous minerals, but cobalt bloom stains are frequently -observable. So far as known no attention has been given to the -large diabase body between Duncan lake and the West branch, -although its size and varied composition are thought to make it a -desirable prospecting ground.</p> - -<h4 id='fut' class='c010'>FUTURE POSSIBILITIES.</h4> - -<p class='c011'>The present knowledge of the Gowganda area indicates it to be -highly mineralized, at least in so far as number of veins and surface -showings are concerned. The number of discoveries within its area -of ten square miles is steadily increasing. The area, character of the -mineral association and the richness of the surface showings are -comparable with those of Cobalt. There is a general similarity in -the geological conditions. The mineralized veins in Gowganda occur -in the diabase as do some of the good Cobalt veins. There are, it is -true, local differences, but the resemblances are more pronounced -than the differences and lead to the hope that exploitation will reveal -similar underground conditions. The well mineralized veins are -sufficiently long and uniform on the surface to suggest similarly -persistent vertical dimensions. Further geological work may reveal -something definite concerning the character and size of the diabase -bodies which form the country rock, and thus afford a basis for -predicting their subterranean distribution. While there are grounds -for hoping that the veins will persist in depth, this has not yet been -proved, nor, if this is the case, that the mineralization and values are -also persistent.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The relative importance of Gowganda is therefore a matter of -uncertainty as yet, but it may be confidently affirmed that for its -state of development the outlook is very favourable, and the number -of veins, area of mineralization and rich surface showings afford -good grounds for hoping that some at least of the veins will be found -to be commercially important.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The details of igneous intrusion, differentiation and mineralization -may never be sufficiently understood to allow of accurate prediction -regarding the location of silver deposits, but a general conception -of the sequence of events culminating in their formation does -<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>permit of the formulation of certain criteria useful in the search for -ores. Evidence is accumulating to show that the silver-cobalt -mineralizations in the Timiskaming region are connected with a late -stage of differentiation in the magma which supplied the quartz diabase -and aplite. It seems reasonable, therefore, to anticipate ore -deposits in or near such bodies, especially if they are of large size -and have undergone important chemical differentiation, that is, if they -contain a varied and extensive association of basic and acid phases of -the diabase. Pre-existing channels to receive the mineralizers are also -necessary and their distribution a matter of vital importance, but in -this region they appear to have been everywhere abundant.</p> - -<p class='c000'>These conditions appear to exist quite as fully at several other -localities besides Gowganda. At Wapus creek they seem identical -and, indeed, results obtained thus far indicate that some mineralization -of the silver-cobalt type exists. Between Duncan lake and the -West branch the conditions require further study, but, as now known, -are not discouraging.</p> - -<h3 id='cop' class='c010'>COPPER.</h3> - -<p class='c011'>The chalcopyrite, which seems a much more constant constituent -of the veins associated with the quartz diabase, is sometimes aggregated -into bunches which yield ore specimens of such excellent -appearance as to arouse interest. The ore is, however, confined to -veins a few inches in width and so scattered as to render them valueless. -Occurrences of this kind characterize most of the great diabase -bodies, examples of which occur on Mosher lake, between the North-east -and North-west arms of Gowganda lake and elsewhere. The -chalcopyrite is sometimes superficially altered to malachite and -azurite.</p> - -<h3 id='iro' class='c010'>IRON ORE.</h3> - -<p class='c011'><a id='hem'></a><i>Hematite.</i>—Excellent specular and kidney ore is known to exist -a short distance east of Nest lake, but the locality was not visited -owing to the more urgent requirements of other portions of the -district. Specimens of the ore obtained, however, proved to be of -excellent character, with little admixture of silica or other foreign -matter. The ore body is thought to be of vertical tabular form, -occupying a fissure-like space. Its limits are not known, consequently -nothing can be yet stated regarding the commercial possibility -of the deposit.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>Specular ore was seen on mining claim T.R. 2009, near the north-east -end of Firth lake, occupying a fissure in the Keewatin. The ore -is of good quality, but the outcrop is of insignificant size, the fissure -being only about 2 feet wide, and no ore occurring in either the -chlorite schist or reddish granite which lie on either side.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Specular ore also occurs in the basal conglomerate of the -Huronian series, filling the interstices between the pebbles where an -original cement was deficient. At the south end of Kenisheong lake -the conglomerate appears at the water’s edge, and the hematite may -be observed while paddling near shore. The same thing occurs at -the narrows on Duncan lake, just south of the central expansion. -In neither case is the ore in commercially valuable quantity.</p> - -<p class='c000'><a id='mag'></a><i>Magnetite.</i>—Keewatin iron formation exists about one-half mile -to the north-east of Gowganda lake. A brief visit was paid to some -claims belonging to Mr. Cryderman where the formation is well -exposed. The Keewatin, which is partially overlain by Huronian and -traversed by diabase, consists of dark grey or black, banded chert or -quartzite associated with chlorite schist. The dark bands, usually -only a few inches in width, are full of disseminated magnetite grains. -No concentrations were noticed and the richest bands would probably -yield less than 30 per cent metallic iron, consequently the present -showings cannot be considered valuable.</p> - -<h3 id='asb' class='c010'>ASBESTOS.</h3> - -<h4 id='dis2' class='c010'><i>Distribution.</i></h4> - -<p class='c011'>In the Keewatin area between Firth and Obushkong lakes there -occur masses of a basic igneous rock through whose decomposition -serpentine and asbestos have been developed. The localities given in -connexion with the description of the Keewatin may be briefly -restated. Two bodies were found. One of these, lying east of Foot -lake and 20 chains from Obushkong was traced for a width of 4 -chains, but nothing learned of its north and south extent. It consists -very largely of green serpentine traversed by a network of fine, white -weathering veins of asbestos. More extensive outcrops exist along -the east shore of Firth lake. At somewhat more than a mile from -the foot of the lake and near a small log shack at the water’s edge a -considerable mass of partially decomposed wehrlite, serpentine, and -asbestos is visible. The main mass is of dark green colour, the -asbestos traversing it abundantly as a series of glistening bright -<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>green threads. The seams are small, none being found more than -<span class='nobreak'><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>ʺ</span> -in width, but the asbestos fibres are fine and elastic. The serpentine -is often coarsely fibrous but brittle.</p> - -<h4 id='ori2' class='c010'>ORIGIN.</h4> - -<p class='c011'>Microscopic examination shows the serpentine and asbestos to be -the product of decomposition of the wehrlite, a nearly black medium -grained igneous type. Alteration has obscured its original character, -but sufficient of the primary constituents remain to admit of its -determination. It consisted of olivine, diallage, and common hornblende, -with considerable ilmenite and apatite, but plagioclase is -apparently absent. Hornblende and diallage form the basis of the -section in which lie abundant rounded or idiomorphic grains of -olivine. The latter is completely altered to a matted intergrowth -of fibrous serpentine containing scattered grains of black iron ore. -Diallage persists as colourless bi-refringent remnants enclosed by a -felted mass of decomposition products, chiefly long scales of talc. -The hornblende is fresher and strongly pleochroic, the tints being -green; its alteration begins by bleaching, followed by development -of colourless fibres of low bi-refringence, possibly serpentine. -Primary ilmenite is replaced by irregular patches of leucoxene, showing -gridiron structure. The final product of alteration is a soft -green serpentine rock composed almost wholly of that mineral.</p> - -<p class='c000'>The limits of these masses are exceedingly difficult to define, -owing to the fact that they are associated with other Keewatin rock -and basic forms of the post-Huronian diabase, to which it presents -considerable resemblance. The asbestos actually seen is probably too -short and small in amount to be valuable, but the high commercial -value of this material renders delimitation of the wehrlite masses -advisable. Asbestos of very good quality has been found by Mr. -George Rahn in the vicinity of Sinclair mountain, so that this -mineral may be one of the district’s latent resources.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_A-1'>A-1</span>CANADA</div> - <div class='c002'>DEPARTMENT OF MINES</div> - <div class='c002'>GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BRANCH</div> - <div class='c002'><span class='sc'>Hon. W. Templeman, Minister; A. P. Low, LL.D., Deputy Minister;</span></div> - <div><span class='sc'>R. W. Brock, Director.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class='c015' /> -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c006'>SELECTED LIST OF REPORTS AND MAPS<br /> <br />(SINCE 1885)<br /> <br />OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC INTEREST</h2> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div>PUBLISHED BY</div> - <div class='c002'>THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BRANCH</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c000'>* Publications marked thus are out of print.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Reports of the Mines Section—</p> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>No. 245.</td> - <td class='c017'>Report of Mines Section for</td> - <td class='c018'>1886.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>272.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1887.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>300.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1888.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>301.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1889.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>334.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1890.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>335.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1891.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>360.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1892.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>572.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1893-4.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>602.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1895.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>625.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1896.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>662.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1897.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>698.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1898.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>718.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1899.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>744.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1900.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>800.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1901.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>835.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1902.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>893.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1903.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>928.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1904.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>971.</td> - <td class='c017'>" "</td> - <td class='c018'>1905.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c000'>Mineral Production of Canada—</p> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>No. 414.</td> - <td class='c017'>For</td> - <td class='c018'>1886.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>415.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1887.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>416.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1888.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>417.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1889.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>418.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1890.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>419.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1891.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>420.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1886-91.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>421.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1892.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>422.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1893.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>555.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1894.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>577.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1895.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>612.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1896.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>623.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1886-96.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>640.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1897.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>671.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1898.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>686.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1899.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>719.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1900.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>719a.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1901.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>813.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1902.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>861.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1903.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>896.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1904.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>924.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1905.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>981.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1906.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c000'>Mineral Resources Bulletins—</p> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>No. *818.</td> - <td class='c019'>Platinum.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>851.</td> - <td class='c019'>Coal.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>*854.</td> - <td class='c019'>Asbestos.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>857.</td> - <td class='c019'>Infusorial Earth.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>858.</td> - <td class='c019'>Manganese.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>859.</td> - <td class='c019'>Salt.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>860.</td> - <td class='c019'>Zinc.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>869.</td> - <td class='c019'>Mica.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>872.</td> - <td class='c019'>Molybdenum and Tungsten.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>877.</td> - <td class='c019'>Graphite.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>880.</td> - <td class='c019'>Peat.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>881.</td> - <td class='c019'>Phosphate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>882.</td> - <td class='c019'>Copper.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>913.</td> - <td class='c019'>Mineral Pigments.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>953.</td> - <td class='c019'>Barytes.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>984.</td> - <td class='c019'>Mineral Pigments (French).</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c000'>Reports of the Section of Chemistry and Mineralogy—</p> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>No. *102.</td> - <td class='c017'>For</td> - <td class='c018'>1874-5.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>*110.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1875-6.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>*119.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1876-7.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>126.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1877-8.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>138.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1878-9.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>148.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1879-80.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>156.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1880-1-2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>169.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1882-3-4.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>222.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1885.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>246.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1886.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>273.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1887-8.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>299.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1888-9.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>333.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1890-1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>359.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1892-3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>580.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1894.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>616.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1895.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>651.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1896.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>695.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1898.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>724.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1899.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>821.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1900.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c016'>*958.</td> - <td class='c017'>"</td> - <td class='c018'>1906.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_A-2'>A-2</span>745. Altitudes of Canada, by J. White. 1899.</p> - -<p class='c020'>*972. Descriptive Catalogue of Minerals and Rocks, by R. A. A. Johnston and G. A. -Young.</p> - -<h3 class='c010'>YUKON.</h3> - -<p class='c021'>*260. Yukon district, by G. M. Dawson. 1887. Maps Nos. 274, scale 60 m. = 1 in.; -275-277, scale 8 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>295. Yukon and Mackenzie basins, by R. G. McConnell. 1889. Map No. 304, scale -48 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>687. Klondike gold fields (preliminary), by R. G. McConnell. 1900. Map No. 688, -scale 2 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>884. Klondike gold fields, by R. G. McConnell. 1901. Map No. 772, scale 2 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>*909. Windy Arm, Tagish lake, by R. G. McConnell. 1906. Map No. 916, scale 2 -m. = 1 in.</p> - -<div class='pd fl br'> - -<p class='c022'>943. Upper Stewart river, by J. Keele. Map No. 938, scale 8 m. = 1 in.<br /> -951. Peel and Wind rivers, by Chas. Camsell. Map No. 942, scale 8 m. = 1 in.</p> - -</div> -<div class='pd'> - -<p class='c023'>Bound together.</p> - -</div> -<div class='clear'> - -</div> - -<p class='c020'>979. Klondike gravels, by R. G. McConnell. Map No. 1011, scale 40 ch. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>982. Conrad and Whitehorse mining districts, by D. D. Cairnes. 1901. Map No. 990, -scale 2 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>1016. Klondike Creek and Hill gravels, by R. G. McConnell. (French). Map No. 1011, -scale 40 ch. = 1 in.</p> - -<h3 class='c010'>BRITISH COLUMBIA.</h3> - -<p class='c021'>212. The Rocky mountains (between latitudes 49° and 51° 30ʹ), by G. M. Dawson. 1885. -Map No. 223, scale 6 m. = 1 in. Map No. 224, scale -<span class='nobreak'>1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></span> -m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>*235. Vancouver island, by G. M. Dawson. 1886. Map No. 247, scale 8 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>236. The Rocky mountains, geological structure, by R. G. McConnell. 1886. Map No. -248, scale 2 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>263. Cariboo mining district, by A. Bowman. 1887. Maps Nos. 278-281.</p> - -<p class='c020'>*271. Mineral wealth, by G. M. Dawson.</p> - -<p class='c020'>*294. West Kootenay district, by G. M. Dawson. 1888-9. Map No. 303, scale 8 m. = -1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>*573. Kamloops district, by G. M. Dawson. 1894. Maps Nos. 556-7, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>574. Finlay and Omineca rivers, by R. G. McConnell. 1894. Map No. 567, scale 8 -m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>743. Atlin Lake mining division, by J. C. Gwillim. 1899. Map No. 742, scale 4 m. = -1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>939. Rossland district, by R. W. Brock. Map No. 941, scale 1,600 ft. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>940. Graham island, by R. W. Ells. 1905. Map No. 921, scale 4 m. = 1 in., and Map -No. 922, scale 1 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>986. Similkameen district, by Chas. Camsell. Map. No. 987, scale 400 ch. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>988. Telkwa river and vicinity, by W. W. Leach. Map No. 989, scale 2 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>996. Nanaimo and New Westminster districts, by O. E. LeRoy. 1907. Map No. 997, -scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<h3 class='c010'>ALBERTA.</h3> - -<p class='c021'>*237. Central portion, by J. B. Tyrrell. 1886. Maps Nos. 249 and 250, scale 8 m. = -1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>324. Peace and Athabaska Rivers district, by R. G. McConnell. 1890-1. Map No. -336, scale 48 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>703. Yellowhead Pass route, by J. McEvoy. 1898. Map No. 676, scale 8 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>949. Cascade coal-field, by D. B. Dowling. Maps (8 sheets) Nos. 929-936, scale 1 m. = -1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>968. Moose Mountain district, by D. D. Cairnes. Maps No. 963, scale 2 m. = 1 in.; No. -966, scale 1 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<h3 class='c010'>SASKATCHEWAN.</h3> - -<p class='c021'>213. Cypress hills and Wood mountain, by R. G. McConnell. 1885. Maps Nos. 225 -and 226, scale 8 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>601. Country between Athabaska lake and Churchill river, by J. B. Tyrrell and D. B. -Dowling. 1895. Map No. 957, scale 25 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>868. Souris River coal-field, by D. B. Dowling. 1902.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_A-3'>A-3</span> - <h3 class='c010'>MANITOBA.</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c021'>264. Duck and Riding mountains, by J. B. Tyrrell. 1887-8. Map No. 282, scale 8 -m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>296. Glacial Lake Agassiz, by W. Upham. 1889. Maps Nos. 314, 315, 316.</p> - -<p class='c020'>325. North-western portion, by J. B. Tyrrell. 1898. Maps Nos. 339 and 350, scale 8 -m. = 1 in.</p> - -<div class='pd fl br'> - -<p class='c022'>704. Lake Winnipeg (west shore), by D. B. Dowling. 1898. Map No. 664, scale 8 m. = 1 in.<br /> -705. Lake Winnipeg (east shore), by J. B. Tyrrell. 1898. Map No. 664, scale 8 m. = 1 in.</p> - -</div> -<div class='pd'> - -<p class='c023'>Bound together.</p> - -</div> -<div class='clear'> - -</div> - -<h3 class='c010'>NORTH WEST TERRITORIES.</h3> - -<p class='c021'>217. Hudson bay and strait, by R. Bell. 1885. Map No. 229, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>238. Hudson bay, south of, by A. P. Low. 1886.</p> - -<p class='c020'>239. Attawapiskat and Albany rivers, by R. Bell. 1886.</p> - -<p class='c020'>244. Northern portion of the Dominion, by G. M. Dawson. 1886. Map No. 255, scale -200 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>267. James bay and country east of Hudson bay, by A. P. Low.</p> - -<p class='c020'>578. Red lake and part of Berens river, by D. B. Dowling. 1894. Map No. 576, scale -8 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>*584. Labrador peninsula, by A. P. Low. 1895. Maps Nos. 585-588, scale 25 m. = -1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>618. Dubawnt, Kazan and Ferguson rivers, by J. B. Tyrrell. 1896. Map No. 603, scale -25 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>657. Northern portion of the Labrador peninsula, by A. P. Low.</p> - -<div class='pd fl br'> - -<p class='c022'>680. South Shore Hudson strait and Ungava bay, by A. P. Low. Map No. 699, scale 25 m. = 1 in.<br /> -713. North Shore Hudson strait and Ungava bay, by R. Bell. Map No. 699, scale 25 m. = 1 in.</p> - -</div> -<div class='pd'> - -<p class='c023'>Bound together.</p> - -</div> -<div class='clear'> - -</div> - -<p class='c020'>725. Great Bear lake to Great Slave lake, by J. M. Bell. 1900.</p> - -<p class='c020'>778. East Coast Hudson bay, by A. P. Low. 1900. Maps Nos. 779, 780, 781, scale -8 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>786-787. Grass River region, by J. B. Tyrrell and D. B. Dowling. 1900.</p> - -<p class='c020'>815. Ekwan river and Sutton lakes, by D. B. Dowling. 1901. Map No. 751, scale -50 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>819. Nastapoka islands, Hudson bay, by A. P. Low. 1900.</p> - -<p class='c020'>905. The Cruise of the <i>Neptune</i>, by A. P. Low. 1905.</p> - -<h3 class='c010'>ONTARIO.</h3> - -<p class='c021'>215. Lake of the Woods region, by A. C. Lawson. 1885. Map No. 227, scale 2 m. = -1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>*265. Rainy Lake region, by A. C. Lawson. 1887. Map No. 283, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>266. Lake Superior, mines and mining, by E. D. Ingall. 1888. Maps Nos. 285, scale -4 m. = 1 in.; 286, scale 20 ch. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>326. Sudbury mining district, by R. Bell. 1890-1. Map No. 343, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>327. Hunter island, by W. H. C. Smith. 1890-1. Map No. 342, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>332. Natural Gas and Petroleum, by H. P. H. Brumell. 1890-1. Maps Nos. -344-349.</p> - -<p class='c020'>357. Victoria, Peterborough and Hastings counties, by F. D. Adams. 1892-3.</p> - -<p class='c020'>627. On the French River sheet, by R. Bell. 1896. Map No. 570, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>678. Seine river and Lake Shebandowan map-sheets, by W. McInnes. 1897. Maps -Nos. 589 and 560, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>723. Iron deposits along Kingston and Pembroke railway, by E. D. Ingall. 1900. -Map No. 626, scale 2 m. = 1 in; and plans of 13 mines.</p> - -<p class='c020'>739. Carleton, Russell and Prescott counties, by R. W. Ells. 1899. (See No. 739, -Quebec.)</p> - -<p class='c020'>741. Ottawa and vicinity, by R. W. Ells. 1900.</p> - -<p class='c020'>790. Perth sheet, by R. W. Ells. 1900. Map No. 789, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>961. Sudbury Nickel and Copper deposits, by A. E. Barlow. (Reprint). Maps Nos. -775, 820, scale 1 m. = 1 in.; 824, 825, 864, scale 400 ft. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>962. Nipissing and Timiskaming map-sheets, by A. E. Barlow. (Reprint). Maps Nos. -599, 606, scale 4 m. = 1 in.; No. 944, scale 1 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>965. Sudbury Nickel and Copper deposits, by A. E. Barlow. (French).</p> - -<p class='c020'>970. Report on Niagara Falls, by J. W. Spencer. Maps Nos. 926, 967.</p> - -<p class='c020'>977. Report on Pembroke sheet, by R. W. Ells. Map No. 660, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>992. Report on North-western Ontario, traversed by National Transcontinental railway, -between Lake Nipigon and Sturgeon lake, by W. H. Collins. Map No. 993, -scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>998. Report on Pembroke sheet, by R. W. Ells. (French). Map No. 660, scale 4 -m. = 1 in.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_A-4'>A-4</span> - <h3 class='c010'>QUEBEC.</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c021'>216. Mistassini expedition, by A. P. Low. 1884-5. Map No. 228, scale 8 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>240. Compton, Stanstead, Beauce, Richmond and Wolfe counties, by R. W. Ells. 1886. -Map No. 251 (Sherbrooke sheet), scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>268. Megantic, Beauce, Dorchester, Levis, Bellechasse and Montmagny counties, by -R. W. Ells. 1887-8. Map No. 287, scale 40 ch. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>297. Mineral resources, by R. W. Ells. 1889.</p> - -<p class='c020'>328. Portneuf, Quebec and Montmagny counties, by A. P. Low. 1890-1.</p> - -<p class='c020'>579. Eastern Townships, Montreal sheet, by R. W. Ells and F. D. Adams. 1894. Map -No. 571, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>591. Laurentian area north of the Island of Montreal, by F. D. Adams. 1895. Map -No. 590, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>670. Auriferous deposits, South-eastern portion, by R. Chalmers. 1895. Map No. 667, -scale 8 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>707. Eastern Townships, Three Rivers sheet, by R. W. Ells. 1898.</p> - -<p class='c020'>739. Argenteuil, Ottawa and Pontiac counties, by R. W. Ells. 1899. (See No. 739, -Ontario).</p> - -<p class='c020'>788. Nottaway basin, by R. Bell. 1900. *Map No. 702, scale 10 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>863. Wells on Island of Montreal, by F. D. Adams. 1901. Maps Nos. 874, 875, 876.</p> - -<p class='c020'>923. Chibougamau region, by A. P. Low. 1905.</p> - -<p class='c020'>962. Timiskaming map-sheet, by A. E. Barlow. (Reprint). Maps Nos. 599, 606, scale -4 m. = 1 in.; 944, scale 1 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>974. Report on Copper-bearing rocks of Eastern Townships, by J. A. Dresser. Map -No. 976, scale 8 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>975. Report on Copper-bearing rocks of Eastern Townships, by J. A. Dresser. (French).</p> - -<p class='c020'>998. Report on the Pembroke sheet, by R. W. Ells. (French).</p> - -<p class='c020'>1028. Report on a Recent Discovery of Gold near Lake Megantic, Que., by J. A. -Dresser. Map No. 1029, scale 2 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>1032. Report on a Recent Discovery of Gold near Lake Megantic, Que., by J. A. -Dresser. (French). Map No. 1029, scale 2 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<h3 class='c010'>NEW BRUNSWICK.</h3> - -<p class='c021'>218. Western New Brunswick and Eastern Nova Scotia, by R. W. Ells. 1885. Map -No. 230, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>219. Carleton and Victoria counties, by L. W. Bailey. 1885. Map No. 231, scale 4 -m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>242. Victoria, Restigouche and Northumberland counties, N.B., by L. W. Bailey and -W. McInnes. 1886. Map No. 254, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>269. Northern portion and adjacent areas, by L. W. Bailey and W. McInnes. 1887-88. -Map No. 290, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>330. Temiscouata and Rimouski counties, by L. W. Bailey and W. McInnes. 1890-1. -Map No. 350, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>661. Mineral resources, by L. W. Bailey. 1897. Map No. 675, scale 10 m. = 1 in. -New Brunswick geology, by R. W. Ells. 1887.</p> - -<div class='pd fl br'> - -<p class='c022'>799. Carboniferous system, by L. W. Bailey. 1900.<br /> -803. Coal prospects in, by H. S. Poole. 1900.</p> - -</div> -<div class='pd'> - -<p class='c023'>Bound together.</p> - -</div> -<div class='clear'> - -</div> - -<p class='c020'>983. Mineral resources, by R. W. Ells. Map No. 969, scale 16 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<h3 class='c010'>NOVA SCOTIA.</h3> - -<p class='c021'>243. Guysborough, Antigonish, Pictou, Colchester and Halifax counties, by Hugh -Fletcher and E. R. Faribault. 1886.</p> - -<p class='c020'>331. Pictou and Colchester counties, by H. Fletcher. 1890-1.</p> - -<p class='c020'>358. South-western Nova Scotia (preliminary), by L. W. Bailey. 1892-3. Map No. 362, -scale 8 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>628. South-western Nova Scotia, by L. W. Bailey. 1896. Map No. 641, scale 8 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>685. Sydney coal-field, by H. Fletcher. Maps Nos. 652, 653, 654, scale 1 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>797. Cambrian rocks of Cape Breton, by G. F. Matthew. 1900.</p> - -<p class='c020'>871. Pictou coal-field, by H. S. Poole. 1902. Map No. 833, scale 25 ch. = 1 in.</p> - -<h3 class='c010'>MAPS.</h3> - -<p class='c021'>1042. Dominion of Canada. Minerals. Scale 100 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<h3 class='c010'>YUKON.</h3> - -<p class='c021'>805. Explorations on MacMillan, Upper Pelly and Stewart rivers, scale 8 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>891. Portion of Duncan Creek Mining district, scale 6 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>894. Sketch Map Kluane Mining district, scale 6 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>916. Windy Arm Mining district, Sketch Geological Map, scale 2 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>991. Tantalus and Five Fingers coal mines, scale 1 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_A-5'>A-5</span> - <h3 class='c010'>BRITISH COLUMBIA.</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c021'>278. Cariboo Mining district, scale 2 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>604. Shuswap Geological sheet, scale 4 m.= 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>771. Preliminary Edition, East Kootenay, scale 4 m.= 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>767. Geological Map of Crowsnest coal-fields, scale 2 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>791. West Kootenay Minerals and Striæ, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>792. West Kootenay Geological sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>828. Boundary Creek Mining district, scale 1 m.= 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>890. Nicola Coal basins, scale 1 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>941. Preliminary Geological Map of Rossland and vicinity, scale 1,600 ft. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>1001. Topographical Map of Rossland, scale 400 ft. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>1003. Rossland Mining camp, scale 1,200 ft. = 1 in.</p> - -<h3 class='c010'>ALBERTA.</h3> - -<p class='c021'>594-596. Peace and Athabaska rivers, scale 10 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>808. Blairmore-Frank coal-fields, scale 180 ch. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>892. Costigan coal basin, scale 40 ch. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>1010. Coal Areas of Peace and Athabaska rivers, scale 35 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<h3 class='c010'>MANITOBA.</h3> - -<p class='c021'>804. Map of part of Turtle mountain showing coal areas, scale -<span class='nobreak'>1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></span> -m. = 1 in.</p> - -<h3 class='c010'>ONTARIO.</h3> - -<p class='c021'>227. Lake of the Woods sheet, scale 2 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>*283. Rainy Lake sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>*342. Hunter Island sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>343. Sudbury sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>373. Rainy River sheet, scale 2 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>560. Seine River sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>570. French River sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>589. Lake Shebandowan sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>599. Timiskaming sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. (New Edition 1907).</p> - -<p class='c020'>605. Manitoulin Island sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>606. Nipissing sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in. (New Edition 1907).</p> - -<p class='c020'>660. Pembroke sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>663. Ignace sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>708. Haliburton sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>720. Manitou Lake sheet, scale 4 in. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>*750. Grenville sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>770. Bancroft sheet, scale 2 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>775. Sudbury district, Victoria mines, scale 1 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>789. Perth sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>820. Sudbury district, Sudbury, scale 1 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>824-825. Sudbury district, Copper Cliff mines, scale 400 ft. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>852. North-east Arm of Vermilion Iron ranges, Timagami, scale 40 ch. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>864. Sudbury district, Elsie and Murray mines, scale 400 ft. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>903. Ottawa and Cornwall sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>944. Preliminary Map of Timagami and Rabbit lakes, scale 1 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>964. Geological Map of parts of Algoma and Thunder bay, scale 8 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<h3 class='c010'>QUEBEC.</h3> - -<p class='c021'>251. Sherbrooke sheet, Eastern Townships Map, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>287. Thetford and Coleraine Asbestos district, scale 40 ch. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>375. Quebec sheet, Eastern Townships Map, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>571. Montreal sheet, Eastern Townships sheet, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>665. Three Rivers sheet, Eastern Townships Map, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>667. Gold Areas in south-eastern part, scale 8 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>668. Graphite districts in Labelle county, scale 40 ch. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>918. Chibougamau region, scale 4 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>976. The Older Copper-bearing Rocks of the Eastern Townships, scale 8 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>1007. Preliminary Map of townships east of Lake Timiskaming, scale 2 m. = 1 m.</p> - -<h3 class='c010'>NEW BRUNSWICK.</h3> - -<p class='c021'>675. Map of Principal Mineral Occurrences. Scale 10 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>969. Map of Principal Mineral Localities. Scale 16 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_A-6'>A-6</span> - <h3 class='c010'>NOVA SCOTIA.</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c021'>812. Preliminary Map of Springhill coal-field, scale 50 ch. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>833. Pictou coal-field, scale 25 ch. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>897. Preliminary Geological Plan of Nictaux and Torbrook Iron district, scale 25 ch. = -1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>927. General Map of Province showing gold districts, scale 12 m. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>937. Leipsigate Gold district, scale 500 ft. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>945. Harrigan Gold district, scale 400 ft. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>995. Malaga Gold district, scale 250 ft. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c020'>1012. Brookfield Gold district, scale 250 ft. = 1 in.</p> - -<p class='c000'><span class='sc'>Note.</span>—Individual Maps or Reports will be furnished free to <i>bona fide</i> Canadian -applicants.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Applications should be addressed to the Director, Geological Survey Branch, -Department of Mines, Ottawa.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Reports and Maps may be ordered by the numbers prefixed to titles.</p> - -<div class='footnote' id='f1'> -<p class='c000'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. Sketch map of Abitibi region, 1901. No. 760.</p> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div>Transcriber’s Note</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c013'>This book uses inconsistent spelling and hyphenation, which were retained -in the ebook version. Some corrections have been made to the text, including -normalizing punctuation.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Page numbering is restarted in the appendix so to distinguish page numbers in the appendix have been prefixed with A.</p> - -<p class='c000'>Further corrections are noted below:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>p. <a href='#wit'>33</a>: so that withtin an area -> so that within an area</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRELIMINARY REPORT ON GOWGANDA MINING DIVISION DISTRICT OF NIPISSING ONTARIO ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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