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diff --git a/old/65015-h/65015-h.htm b/old/65015-h/65015-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index f27f327..0000000 --- a/old/65015-h/65015-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3203 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - Chambers’s Journal, by Various—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} - -.ph3{ - text-align: center; - font-size: large; - font-weight: bold; -} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } -hr.full {width: 95%; margin-left: 2.5%; margin-right: 2.5%;} - -.header {text-align: center; margin-top: 0;} -.header p {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} -.header .floatl {float: left;} -.header .floatr {float: right;} -.header .floatc {padding-top: .5em;} - -.x-ebookmaker .header {text-align: center; margin-top: 0;} -.x-ebookmaker .header p {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} -.x-ebookmaker .header .floatl {float: left;} -.x-ebookmaker .header .floatr {float: right;} -.x-ebookmaker .header .floatc {padding-top: .5em;} - - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -.blockquot_ans { - margin-left: 1em; - text-indent: -1em; -} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} /* page numbers */ - - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.right {text-align: right;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -/* Images */ - -img { - max-width: 100%; - height: auto; -} -img.w100 {width: 100%;} - - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnotes {border: 1px dashed;} - -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -/* Poetry */ -.poetry-container {text-align: center;} -.poetry {text-align: left; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;} -/* uncomment the next line for centered poetry in browsers */ - .poetry {display: inline-block;} -.poetry .stanza {margin: 1em auto;} -.poetry .verse {text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em;} -/* large inline blocks don't split well on paged devices */ -@media print { .poetry {display: block;} } -.x-ebookmaker .poetry {display: block;} - -/* Poetry indents */ -.poetry .indent0 {text-indent: -3em;} -.poetry .indent2 {text-indent: -2em;} - - -/* Illustration classes */ -.illowp100 {width: 100%;} -.x-ebookmaker .illowp100 {width: 100%;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, Fifth Series, No. 8, Vol. I, February 23, 1884, by Various</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, Fifth Series, No. 8, Vol. I, February 23, 1884</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Various</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: April 07, 2021 [eBook #65015]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Susan Skinner, Eric Hutton and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL OF POPULAR LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART, FIFTH SERIES, NO. 8, VOL. I, FEBRUARY 23, 1884 ***</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">{113}</span></p> - -<h1>CHAMBERS’S JOURNAL<br /> -OF<br /> -POPULAR<br /> -LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART.</h1> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak">CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<p class='center'> - - -<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. --> - -<a href="#OUR_HEALTH">OUR HEALTH.</a><br /> -<a href="#BY_MEAD_AND_STREAM">BY MEAD AND STREAM.</a><br /> -<a href="#THE_KITCHEN_KAFFIR">THE ‘KITCHEN KAFFIR.’</a><br /> -<a href="#TWO_DAYS_IN_A_LIFETIME">TWO DAYS IN A LIFETIME.</a><br /> -<a href="#THE_MONTH">THE MONTH: SCIENCE AND ARTS.</a><br /> -<a href="#OCCASIONAL_NOTES">OCCASIONAL NOTES.</a><br /> -<a href="#THE_CHURCHYARD_BY_THE_SEA">THE CHURCHYARD BY THE SEA.</a><br /> - -<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. --> - -</p> - - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="header" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/header.jpg" alt="Chambers’s Journal of Popular Literature, Science, -and Art. Fifth Series. Established by William and Robert Chambers, 1832. Conducted by R. Chambers (Secundus)." /> -</div> - - -<hr class="full" /> -<div class="center"> -<div class="header"> -<p class="floatl"><span class="smcap">No. 8.—Vol. I.</span></p> -<p class="floatr"><span class="smcap">Price</span> 1½<em>d.</em></p> -<p class="floatc">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 1884.</p> -</div></div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="OUR_HEALTH">OUR HEALTH.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="ph3">BY DR ANDREW WILSON, HEALTH-LECTURER.</p> - - -<h3>I. HEALTH AND ITS GENERAL CONDITIONS.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">A broad</span> and scientific view of life is that which -regards it as being composed, in its physical -aspects at least, of a series of actions or functions -more or less defined in their nature. These -functions, as the physiologist terms them, are -discharged, each, by a special organ or series of -organs; and health may therefore be viewed as -the result of the harmonious working of all the -organs of which the body is composed.</p> - -<p>Disturbances of health arise whenever the -natural equilibrium maintained between the functions -of the body is disturbed. For example, a -broken bone being an infringement of the functions -of a limb, is a disturbance of health equally -with the fever which runs riot through the blood, -and produces a general disturbance of the whole -system. An aching tooth equally with brain -disorder constitutes a disturbance of health. We -may therefore define health as the perfect pleasurable -or painless discharge of all the functions -through which life is maintained.</p> - -<p>Doubtless this bodily equilibrium of which we -have spoken is subject to many and varied causes -of disturbance. Life is after all a highly complex -series of actions, involving equally complicated -conditions for their due performance. Like all -other living beings, man is dependent upon his -surroundings for the necessities of life. These -surroundings, whilst ministering to his wants, -may under certain circumstances become sources -of disease. Thus we are dependent, like all other -animal forms, upon a supply of pure air, and -this condition of our lives may through impurities -prove a source of serious disease. The water we -drink, equally a necessity of life with air, is -likewise liable to cause disease, when either as -regards quantity or quality it is not supplied in -the requisite conditions. Man is likewise in the -matter of foods dependent upon his surroundings, -and numerous diseases are traceable both to a -lack of necessary foods and to over-indulgence -in special kinds of nourishment. The diseases -known to physicians as those of over-nutrition -belong to the latter class; and there are likewise -many ailments due to under-nutrition which also -receive the attention of medical science.</p> - -<p>In addition to these outward sources of health-disturbance, -which constitute the disease of mankind, -there are other and more subtle and internal -causes which complicate the problems of human -happiness. Thus, for example, each individual -inherits from his parents, and through them from -his more remote ancestors, a certain physical -constitution. This constitution, whilst no doubt -liable to modifications, yet determines wholly or -in greater part the physical life of the being -possessing it. We frequently speak of persons as -suffering from inherited weakness, and this inherited -weakness becomes the ‘transmitted disease’ -of the physician. Each individual, therefore, may -be viewed as deriving his chances of health, or -the reverse, from a double source—namely, from -the constitution he has inherited and from the -surroundings which make up the life he lives and -pursues. It is the aim and object of sanitary -science to deal as clearly and definitely as possible -with both sources of health and disease. In the -first instance, Hygiene, or the science of health, -devotes attention to the surroundings amid which -our lives are passed. It seeks to provide us with -the necessary conditions of life in a pure condition. -It would have us breathe pure air, consume pure -food, avoid excess of work, strike the golden -mean in recreation, and harbour and -conserve the powers of old age, so as to prolong -the period of life and secure a painless death. -In the second aspect of its teachings, this -important branch of human knowledge would -teach us that with an inherited constitution of -healthy kind we should take every means of -preserving its well-being; and when on the other -hand an enfeebled and physically weak frame has -fallen to our lot, the teachings of health-science -are cheering in the extreme.</p> - -<p>Even when an individual has been born into<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">{114}</span> -the world, handicapped, so to speak, in the -struggle for existence by physical infirmity and -inherited disease, health-science is found to convey -the cheering assurance that it is possible, even -under such circumstances, to prolong life, and -secure a measure of that full happiness which -the possession of health can alone bestow. In -illustration of this latter remark, we might cite -the case of a person born into the world with -a consumptive taint, or suffering from inherited -tendencies to such diseases as gout, rheumatism, -insanity, &c. Vital statistics prove beyond doubt, -in the case of the consumptive individual, that -if his life be passed under the guidance of health -laws, if he is warmly clad, provided with sufficient -nourishment, made to live in a pure atmosphere, -and excess of work avoided, he may -attain the age of thirty-six years without developing -the disease under which he labours, and once -past that period, may reasonably hope to attain -old age.</p> - -<p>In the case of the subject who inherits gout, -a similar attention to the special conditions of -healthy living suited to his case may insure great -or complete freedom from the malady of his -parent. Strict attention to dietary, the avoidance -of all stimulants, and the participation in active, -well-regulated exercise, form conditions which in -a marked degree, if pursued conscientiously during -youth, will ward off the tendency to develop the -disease in question. In the case of an inherited -tendency to mental disorders, mysterious and -subtle as such tendency appears to be, it has been -shown that strict attention to the education and -upbringing of the child, a judicious system of education, -the curbing of the passions, and the control -of emotions, added to ordinary care in the selection -of food and the physical necessities of life, may -again insure the prolongation of life, and its -freedom from one of the most terrible afflictions -which can beset the human race.</p> - -<p>These considerations in reality constitute veritable -triumphs of health-science; they show us -that in his war against disease and death, man -finds literally a saving knowledge in observance -of the laws which science has deduced for the -wise regulation of his life. It is ignorance or -neglect of this great teaching which sends thousands -of our fellow-mortals to an early grave, -and which destroys hopes, ambitions, and opportunities -that may contain in themselves the promise -of high excellence in every department of -human effort.</p> - -<p>The one great truth which health-reformers are -never weary of proclaiming, because they know -it is so true, consists in the declaration that the -vast majority of the diseases which affect and -afflict humanity are really of <i>preventable</i> nature. -Until this truth has been thoroughly driven -home, and accepted alike by individuals and -nations, no real progress in sanitary science can -be expected or attained. To realise fully the -immense power which the practical application -of this thought places in our hands, we may -briefly consider the causes of certain diseases, -which in themselves though powerful and widespread, -are nevertheless of <i>preventable</i> kind. -Amongst these diseases, those, popularly known -as infectious fevers, and scientifically as zymotic -diseases, stand out most prominently.</p> - -<p>We shall hereafter discuss the nature and origin, -as far as these have been traced, of those ailments. -Suffice it for the present to say, that science has -demonstrated in a very clear fashion the possibilities -of our escape from those physical terrors -by attention to the conditions to which they owe -their spread.</p> - -<p>Typhoid fever, also known as enteric and gastric -fever, is thus known to be produced, and its germs -to breed, amongst the insanitary conditions represented -by foul drains and collections of filth -wherever found. Experience amply proves that -by attention to those labours which have for their -object the secure trapping of drains, flushing of -sewers, and abolition of all filth-heaps, the chances -of this fever being produced are greatly decreased. -It has also been shown that even where this -fever has obtained a hold, attention to drains and -like conditions has resulted in the decrease of the -epidemic. Again, typhus fever is notoriously a -disease affecting the over-crowded, squalid, and -miserable slums of our great cities. Unlike -typhoid fever, which equally affects the palace of -the prince and the cottage of the peasant, typhus -fever is rarely found except in the courts and -alleys of our great cities. We know that the -germs of this fever, which in past days constituted -the ‘Plague’ and the ‘Jail Fever’ of John -Howard’s time, breed and propagate amongst the -foul air which accumulates in the ill-ventilated -dwellings of the poor. Attention to ventilation, -personal cleanliness, and the removal of all conditions -which militate against the ordinary health -of crowded populations, remove the liability to -epidemics of this fever. Again, the disease known -as ague has almost altogether disappeared from -this and other countries through the improved -drainage of the land; though it still occasionally -lingers in the neighbourhood of swamps and in -other situations which are wet and damp, and -which favour the decay of vegetable matter.</p> - -<p>Man holds in his own hands the power both -of largely increasing and decreasing his chances -of early death, and nowhere is this fact better -exemplified than in the lessened mortality which -follows even moderate attention to the laws of -health; the words of Dr Farre deserve to be -emblazoned in every household in respect of their -pungent utterance concerning the good which -mankind is able to effect by even slight attention -to sanitary requirements. ‘The hygienic problem,’ -says Dr Farre, ‘is how to free the English -people from hereditary disease ... and to develop -in the mass the athletical, intellectual, æsthetical, -moral, and religious qualities which have already -distinguished some of the breed. There is a divine -image in the future, to which the nation must -aspire. The first step towards it is to improve -the health of the present age; and improvement, -if as persistently pursued as it is in the cultivation -of inferior species, will be felt by their children -and their children’s children. A slight development -for the better in each generation, implies -progress in the geometrical progression which -yields results in an indefinite time, that if suddenly -manifested would appear miraculous.’</p> - -<p>In 1872, Mr Simon told us that the deaths -occurring in Great Britain were more numerous -by a third than they would have been, had the -existing knowledge of disease and its causes been -perfectly applied. He added that the number of -deaths in England and Wales which might reasonably<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">{115}</span> -be ascribed to causes of a truly preventable -nature, number about one hundred and twenty -thousand. Each of those deaths represents in -addition a number of other cases in which the -effects of preventable disease were more or less -distinctly found. Such an account of a mortality, -the greater part of which is unquestionably preventable, -may well startle the most phlegmatic -amongst us into activity in the direction of health-reform. -In order that the nation at large may -participate in this all-important work, it is necessary -that education in health-science should find a -place in the future training of the young as well -as in the practice of the old. And if there is one -consideration which more than another should be -prominently kept in view, it is that which urges -that the duty of acquiring information in the art -of living healthily and well is an individual duty. -It is only through individual effort that anything -like national interest in health-science can be fostered. -There is no royal road to the art which -places length of days within the right hand of a -nation, any more than there exists an easy pathway -to full and perfect knowledge in any other -branch of inquiry. It is the duty of each individual, -as a matter of self-interest, if on no higher -grounds, to conserve health; and the knowledge -which places within the grasp of each man and -woman the power of avoiding disease and prolonging -life, is one after all which must in time -repay a thousandfold the labour expended in its -study. It is with a desire of assisting in some -measure the advance of this all-important work, -that the present series of articles has been undertaken; -and we shall endeavour throughout these -papers to present to our readers plain, practical, -and readily understood details connected with the -great principles that regulate the prevention of -disease both in the person and in the home.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak x-ebookmaker-important" id="BY_MEAD_AND_STREAM">BY MEAD AND STREAM.</h2> -</div> - - -<h3>CHAPTER XII.—A FAIR ARBITER.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">There</span> was a little uneasiness in Madge’s mind -regarding the effect her note might have on Mr -Hadleigh. She had no doubt that she had given -the right answer, and was at rest on that score. -But she had divined something of the rich man’s -desolation, and she was grieved to be compelled -to add in any way to the gloom in which he -seemed to live. She wished that she could comfort -him: she hoped that there would come a day -when she would be able to do so.</p> - -<p>It was a relief to her when at length she -received this short missive:</p> - -<p>‘I am sorry. I know that your refusal is -dictated by the conviction that what you are -doing is best. I hope you will never have cause -to repent that you chose your way instead of -mine.’</p> - -<p>The foreboding which lurked in these words -was plainly the reflection of his own morbid -broodings, but like all strong emotion, it was -infectious, and, reason as she would, she could -not shake off its influence entirely. At every -unoccupied moment an indefinable shadow -seemed to cross the period between Philip’s -going and return. There was only one way of -getting rid of this impression—to be always -busy. Fortunately that was the remedy nearest -at hand; for with household duties, her uncle’s -accounts and correspondence—considerably multiplied -during harvest—and the preparation -with her own hands of sundry useful articles for -Philip to take with him on his travels, she had -plenty to do, without reckoning the hours her -lover himself occupied.</p> - -<p>It was during one of those happy hours that -Philip referred to the proposal made by his -father, and laughingly asked if she would agree -to it.</p> - -<p>This was a trial which Madge had anticipated, -and was yet unprepared to meet. She could not -make up her mind whether or not to tell Philip -about Mr Hadleigh’s letters. So, again she followed -her maxim, and did what was most disagreeable -to herself—kept the secret.</p> - -<p>‘You know what I think about it, Philip,’ she -answered; ‘and I know the answer you gave him.’</p> - -<p>‘You are sure?’</p> - -<p>‘Quite sure—you refused.’</p> - -<p>‘And you are not sorry? Cruel Madge—you -do not wish me to stay.’</p> - -<p>‘What we wish is not always best, Philip.’</p> - -<p>She looked at him with those quiet longing -eyes; and he wished they had not been at that -moment walking in the harvest-field, with the -reaping-machine coming at full swing towards -them, followed by its troop of men and women -gathering up the shorn grain, binding it into -sheaves and piling them into shocks for the -drying wind to do its part of the work. Had they -only been in the orchard, he would have given -her a lover’s token that he understood and appreciated -her sacrifice.</p> - -<p>‘I am not prepared to give unqualified assent -to that doctrine,’ he said, thinking of the inconvenient -neighbourhood of the harvesters. ‘However, -in this instance I did not do what I -wished.’</p> - -<p>‘And what did he say?’</p> - -<p>‘Oh, he gave me a lot of good advice.’</p> - -<p>‘Did you take it?’ she demanded, smiling.</p> - -<p>‘Well, you see if we were to take all the good -advice that is offered us, there would be no enterprise -in the world.’</p> - -<p>‘I am going to show you one man who will -take good advice.’</p> - -<p>‘Who is that?’</p> - -<p>‘There he is speaking to uncle.’</p> - -<p>‘Why, that is Caleb Kersey. I never heard of -him taking advice, as he is too much occupied -in giving it; and a nice mess he is making of the -harvest at our place.’</p> - -<p>‘That is what I am going to see him about. I -promised your father to make some arrangement -with him; but he has been away in Norfolk, and -I have had no opportunity of speaking to him -until now.’</p> - -<p>This Caleb Kersey’s name had suddenly become -known throughout the agricultural district of -the country—to the labourers as that of their -champion; to the farmers as that of their bane. -He was a man of short stature and muscular -frame; bushy black hair; square forehead and -chin; prominent nose and piercing gray eyes. -When in repose or speaking to his comrades, his -expression was one of earnest thoughtfulness; -but it became somewhat sulky when he was -addressing his superiors, and fierce with enthusiasm -when haranguing a crowd.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">{116}</span></p> - -<p>He was not more than thirty; yet he had -worked as a farm-labourer in all the northern -and in several southern counties, thus becoming -acquainted with the ways and customs of his class -in the various districts. On returning to Kingshope -he caused much consternation in the neighbourhood -of that quiet village, as well as in the -town of Dunthorpe, by forming an Agricultural -Labourers’ Union, the object of which was to -obtain better wages and better cottages.</p> - -<p>The Union did secure some advantages to the -mass of labourers; but it brought little to Caleb -Kersey. The farmers were afraid to employ him, -lest he should create some new agitation amongst -their people; and a large number of the men who -had been carried away by the first wave of this -little revolution having profited by it, settled down -into their old ways and their old habits of respect -for ‘the squire, the parson, and the master.’ But -Caleb remained their champion still, ready to -be their spokesman whenever a dispute arose -between them and their employers.</p> - -<p>He had picked up a little knowledge of cobbling, -and when he could not obtain farmwork, he -eked out a living by its help.</p> - -<p>‘It’s ’long ov them plaguy schools and papers,’ -said Farmer Trotman one day to Dick Crawshay. -‘There ain’t a better hand nowhere than Caleb; -but it was a black day for him and for us that -he larned reading and writing.’</p> - -<p>The stout yeoman of Willowmere was scarcely -in a position to sympathise with this lamentation, -for he had been in no way disturbed by Caleb’s -doings. Most of his servants were the sons and -daughters of those who had served his father and -grandfather, and who would as soon have thought -of emigrating to the moon, as of quitting a place -of which they felt themselves to be a part, even -if it were only to move into the next parish. So, -Uncle Dick could say no more than:</p> - -<p>‘I don’t have any trouble with my people. -They seem to jog on pretty comfortable; and I -daresay you’d get on well enough with Caleb -if you only got the right side of him. I give him -a job whenever there is one to give and he wants -it; and he’s worth two any ordinary men. I -wouldn’t mind having him all the year round -if he’d agree. But that’s somehow against his -principles.’</p> - -<p>‘Ah! them principles are as bad as them schools -for upsetting ignorant folks. Look at me: all the -larning I got was to put down my name plain and -straight; and there ain’t nobody as’ll say I haven’t -done my duty by my land and cattle.’</p> - -<p>This was a proposition to which Uncle Dick -could cheerfully assent, and his neighbour was -satisfied.</p> - -<p>‘I want to speak to Caleb for a minute, uncle,’ -said Madge as she advanced.</p> - -<p>Uncle Dick nodded, and walked leisurely after -the harvesters, accompanied by Philip.</p> - -<p>‘Yes, miss,’ was the respectful observation of -the redoubtable champion.</p> - -<p>‘I am glad to see you back, because I have been -wanting you for several days.’</p> - -<p>‘What for, miss?’</p> - -<p>‘Well, I want to know in the first place, are -you engaged anywhere?’</p> - -<p>‘Not at present.’</p> - -<p>‘Then will you let me engage you for a friend -of mine?’</p> - -<p>‘I’d like to do anything to please you, miss; -but maybe your friend wouldn’t care to have -me.’</p> - -<p>He said this with a faint smile, as if regretting -that she had given herself any trouble on his -account.</p> - -<p>‘He is not only ready to take you, but is -willing to let you select the hands who are to work -under you for the whole of the harvest.’</p> - -<p>‘That would be agreeable, if there is no bother -about the wages.’</p> - -<p>‘They will be the same as here.’</p> - -<p>‘We wouldn’t want more than Master Crawshay -gives.’</p> - -<p>‘When can you get the hands together?’</p> - -<p>‘In a day or two. But you haven’t told me -where the place is, and I would have to know -how much there is to cut.’</p> - -<p>‘Now you are to remember that it is I who -am engaging you, Caleb, although the place is -not mine; and I want you to get people who -will consent to do without beer until after work.’</p> - -<p>‘You mean Ringsford,’ he said awkwardly. -‘I’m afeared’——</p> - -<p>There she stopped him by laying her hand on -his shoulder and saying with a bright smile: ‘I -know you don’t take beer yourself, and you know -how much the others will gain by dropping it. -I want you to get this work done, Caleb; and -there is somebody else who will be as much -pleased with you for doing it as I shall be. -Come now, shall I tell <i>her</i> that you refuse to be -near her, or that you are glad of the chance?’</p> - -<p>Caleb hung his head and consented. He knew -that she spoke of Pansy.</p> - - -<h3>CHAPTER XIII.—THE CARES OF STATE.</h3> - -<p>The ladies of the Manor were in the element -which delighted them most when preparing for -the dinner and the ‘little dance’ which were to -express the agony they experienced at the departure -of their brother for a distant land. But the -truth was that they did not think of the parting -at all: their whole minds were occupied with -the festival itself and with the ambition to make -it the most brilliant that had ever been known -at Ringsford.</p> - -<p>There are people who, whilst desirous of cultivating -a reputation for hospitality, regard the -preparations for the entertainment of their friends -as an affliction; and whilst distributing smiles of -welcome to their guests, are, without malice, -secretly wishing them far enough and the whole -thing well over. There are others who send out -invitations which they calculate will not be -accepted, and who feel chagrined if they are. -But these young ladies thoroughly enjoyed the -bustle of the necessary arrangements for a banquet—and -the larger its scale, the greater their -pleasure; and although they did send some -invitations out of deference to social obligations, -whilst hoping they would be declined, such -drawbacks affected neither their appetites nor -their enjoyment when the evening came.</p> - -<p>On the present occasion, Miss Hadleigh was of -course most anxious that everything should be -done in honour of Philip; but it was impossible -for her to escape a certain degree of gratification -in anticipating the impression which was to be -made on her betrothed of the importance of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">{117}</span> -Family. She had subscribed for a gorgeously -bound copy of a county history in which a page -was devoted to Ringsford Manor and its present -proprietor. It was remarkable how frequently -that book lay open on the drawing-room table at -that particular page.</p> - -<p>Caroline and Bertha had their private thoughts, -too, about the possibilities of the forthcoming -festival. They did not deliberately speculate -upon obtaining devoted lovers; but they did -count upon securing numerous admirers. And, -then, they were all to have new dresses for the -occasion. This was no special novelty for them: -but, however many dresses she may possess, there -is no woman who does not find interest and -excitement in getting a new one.</p> - -<p>With light hearts they attacked the business -of issuing invitations; and although ‘the little -dance’ was second in order, they began with it -first. They progressed rapidly and merrily: there -were a few discussions as to whether or not they -should include Mrs Brown and the Misses Brown, -or only have Miss Brown; whether they should -have Miss Jones alone, or Miss Jones and Miss -Sarah Jones; and so on. There were no discussions -about the gentlemen, even when it was -discovered that supposing two-thirds of those -invited came, it would be necessary to erect a -marquee on the lawn to allow room for dancing. -Indeed the discovery enhanced the glory of the -event and caused a marked increase in the number -of cards sent out.</p> - -<p>This was all smooth enough sailing; but they -had to haul in their colours at the first attempt -to make up the list of guests for the dinner. -They were limited to twelve or fourteen; and -there were so many of those asked to the second -part of the programme, who would feel slighted -and offended on hearing that they had been passed -over in the first part, that the girls were appalled -by the difficulty of arranging matters so as to -cause the least possible amount of heart-burning. -It was not as if this were an ordinary gathering: -the degree of friendship would be distinctly -marked by the line drawn between those who -were invited to the dinner and those who were -not.</p> - -<p>Their father had only mentioned Mr Wrentham -and the Crawshays: he left his daughters to select -the other guests.</p> - -<p>Miss Hadleigh had a vague sensation that she -wished she had not been so ready to call everybody -her ‘Dearest friend.’ That rendered her -position decidedly more awkward than it would -have been otherwise.</p> - -<p>‘Of course we must have Alfred,’ she said -decisively, as if relieved to have settled one part -of the difficulty.</p> - -<p>‘Of course we <i>must</i> have him,’ chimed her -sisters.</p> - -<p>‘And ... we ought to have his people,’ she -added meditatively; ‘they are—in a sort of way—connections -of the Family.’</p> - -<p>‘Alfred’ was Mr Crowell, the young merchant -to whom she was engaged.</p> - -<p>‘Yes, we ought to ask them,’ observed Caroline, -with a suggestion in voice and look that she would -not be sorry if something should prevent them -from accepting.</p> - -<p>‘Then we must ask old Dr Guy—he is such -a friend of Philip’s; and if we ask him, I don’t -see how we can avoid sending cards to Fanny -and her stupid husband.’</p> - -<p>Dr Guy was the oldest medical man of the -Kingshope district: Fanny was his daughter, -married to his partner, Dr Edwin Joy.</p> - -<p>‘I have it!’ cried Bertha, clapping her hands -with glee at the notion that she had solved the -problem: ‘we’ll go and find out the evenings -that the people we don’t want are engaged, and -invite them for those very evenings.’</p> - -<p>‘Foolish child,’ said the eldest sister majestically; -‘they would not be all engaged for the -same evening, and our date is fixed.’</p> - -<p>‘Oh!—I did not think of that,’ rejoined Bertha, -crestfallen.</p> - -<p>‘How many have we got, Caroline?’</p> - -<p>Caroline was believed to have a head for -figures; and being glad to be credited with a -head for anything, she endeavoured to sustain the -character by making prompt guesses at totals -which were generally found to be wrong. Nevertheless, -the promptitude of her replies and an -occasional lucky hit sufficed to keep up the -delusion as to her special faculty. She was lucky -this time, for she had been reckoning them all -the time.</p> - -<p>‘Ten; and the vicar will make eleven.’</p> - -<p>‘Ah, yes—I had almost forgotten the dear old -vicar. Thank you, Caroline. That leaves us -with only three places; and I suppose Philip and -Coutts will want to have some of their friends -at dinner.’</p> - -<p>The list of particular guests occupied four days -of anxious thought and much re-arrangement, with -the result that room for two additional places had -to be made at the table. Even when all this was -done, they had not quite made up their minds -who were really the most intimate friends of the -Family.</p> - -<p class="center">(<i>To be continued.</i>)</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_KITCHEN_KAFFIR">THE ‘KITCHEN KAFFIR.’</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Fortune</span>, for good or ill, has cast my lot in the -little Crown colony of Natal. Let me at once -say that I have no intention of going over ground -already but too well trodden. What with wars -and rumours of wars upon its borders, Natal has -lately been ‘written up’ to a considerable extent -by enterprising travellers and newspaper correspondents. -Minerva has been treading closely on -the heels of Mars, and at the first blush, there -would seem but little more to tell. However, -the hasty grasp at things made by dashing -‘specials’ and travellers may have left some -grains of information that will perhaps prove -interesting.</p> - -<p>It is only necessary to my subject to state, by -way of introduction, that Natal has a population -of about thirty thousand whites and three -hundred thousand blacks—the latter, as will be -seen, in a proportion of ten to one. These -are, of course, round numbers. The city of -Pietermaritzburg, the capital of the colony—where -my afore-mentioned lot is cast—contains -between six and seven thousand Europeans, a -large number of Indian coolies, and a much -larger number of natives. A considerable proportion -of the last-named fall to be spoken of -under the heading of this article—the ‘Kitchen -Kaffir.’ Most of the domestic work of the colony<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">{118}</span> -is performed by the natives. They come into -the town from the surrounding country from -distances of twenty, fifty, or a hundred miles, -sometimes farther. The Kaffirs, thanks to the -indulgence of our paternal government, are -allowed to settle and thrive on the available -Crown lands of the colony, and their kraals form -a frequent feature of the up-country landscape. -Though these natives enjoy the protection of the -British government, polygamy is allowed under -the Native Law. Wives have to be bought with -bullocks. The young natives, ambitious to wed, -leave the ancestral kraal, and work for wages in -the town until they have saved enough money -to buy the requisite oxen. Hence the Kitchen -Kaffir.</p> - -<p>My wife is now sitting at my elbow, sub-editing -my remarks. This is needful; for although we -have been three years in the colony, I stand -second to her in knowledge of Kaffir character, -and particularly of Kaffir language. This cannot, -of course, be referred to any inferiority in my -mental calibre, but to the fact that I am engaged -in business in the town all day; while my wife is -brought more in contact with the domestic Kaffir. -He is named Sam, and has been with us for over -two years and a half. Well do I remember the -first time I saw him. He was drawing water, -for an ungracious mistress, out of the <i>sluit</i> or -rivulet-gutter that runs down the side of the -Pietermaritzburg streets or roads. I thought I -had never seen a happier mortal. He was dressed -in an old shirt and trousers. In the latter, -appeared a great rent; frayed patches were -visible all over his raiment; yet his face -beamed with a grin unrivalled in expressive -extent by anything outside of a Christy -Minstrel entertainment. Our hearts instantly -warmed towards Sam, and we invited him to our -hearth at the munificent rate of one pound a -month. He posed as bashfully as a maiden -receiving an offer of marriage. He shoved the -back of his horny hand into his capacious mouth, -coquettishly paddled in the dust with his right -big toe, and took sly, sidelong glances at us with -his large and rolling left eye. All this we took -to mean ‘Yes.’ A few days afterwards, Sam -appeared at the back of our cottage, carrying -his sticks—no Kaffir ever goes about without two -or three <i>knobkerries</i> in his hand—a rolled-up mat -to sleep on, and a wooden pillow. His attire -was as ragged as ever; but by means of some of -my old clothes he assumed a more respectable -air. I must explain that, to suit European ideas -of decency, the Kaffirs are not permitted to wear -their kraal costume in the town. Whenever they -come within the municipal boundary, they have -to doff the <i>moochee</i> or fur-kilt and don trousers. -They do so with great reluctance. If you happen -to be on the outskirts of the town, you will see -the departing Kaffirs joyfully throwing off shirt -and trousers, tying these in a bundle, re-assuming -their <i>moochee</i>, and trotting happily homewards.</p> - -<p>The duties of the Kitchen Kaffir are multifarious -and fairly well performed. He chops the wood, -lights the fire, serves at table, cleans the rooms, -goes messages, and nurses the baby. He has -weaknesses, of course; but these he possesses in -common with the rest of the human family. He -smokes and snuffs, and is fully alive to the benefits -of frequent leisure. At periodic intervals, generally -of six months, he shows a strong desire to -go home, to <i>hamba lo kaya</i>. But this intermittent -home-sickness, while the gratifying of it may -entail some inconvenience on the <i>baas</i> (master) -or the <i>meesis</i>, is not an unpleasing feature in the -native character. Kraal-life is very patriarchal, -and the Kaffirs have strong home-instincts. They -are a social race, and the sociality is abundantly -visible in the manners and habits of the Kitchen -Kaffir. In the ‘Kaffir house’—the outbuilding to -be found in the rear of nearly all colonial villas -and cottages—there is many a jovial evening spent -by the ‘boys.’ When the toil of day is over—few -domestic natives work after six or seven o’clock -in the evening—they gather together and gossip -on the events of the day. They retail all the -private life of their masters and mistresses; for -they have a wonderful faculty, distinct from -prying, of shrewdly finding out everything that -is going on. News travels with astonishing speed -amongst the native population. The ‘boys’ apparently -take it in turn to invite each other to spend -the evening and share the porridge supper. Concurrently -with the gossiping, they smoke. The -pipe is a small bowl fitted into a bullock’s horn, -partly filled with water, through which the smoke -is drawn. The ‘boys’ generally sit in a circle; -and by the light of a stump of candle stuck in a -corner, you can see their forms dimly through the -stiff clouds which they are blowing. The smoke -seems to be continually getting into the Kaffirs’ -air-passages, as a loud chorus of coughs is incessantly -kept up. So the night wears on. At nine -o’clock a bell rings at the police-station, the signal -for all Kaffirs to go home. Any native found on -the streets after that hour, unless he have a written -‘pass’ from his master, is apprehended and fined -half-a-crown.</p> - -<p>Sam, when solitary, amuses his evenings by -playing on what I may call a one-stringed harp. -It consists of a wire strung on a wooden bow -about four feet long, near one extremity of which -is fastened a hollow gourd to give resonance. It -is played by being struck with a stick; and by -pressing the wire, Sam can increase the range of -the instrument to two notes—‘tim-tum, tim-tum,’ -by the hour together. He also, to its accompaniment, -sings certain wild melodies, probably -with impromptu words. The Kaffirs are noted -<i>improvisatores</i>. You cannot even send one on an -errand without his chanting the object of his -mission in loud tones all down the street. It -certainly goes against all ideas of fitness to hear -your Kaffir, as he ambles along, singing out in -Zulu, with endless repetitions, and to an incoherent -melody: ‘Oh! missis is going to make -soup, and I’m off to buy the peas;’ or, ‘We’re -right out of firewood, and I’m to borrow some -from Mrs Jones;’ or, ‘Master’s sick, and I’m -hurrying for the physic!’ If these domestic -revelations were only heard by the Kaffir population, -it would not matter so much; but the -words are almost equally patent to the white -people. However, as everybody’s Kaffir sings -his errands, there is a certain compensation!</p> - -<p>It should now be remarked that Kitchen Kaffir -is also the name of the modified Zulu spoken by -the domesticated native. It is as peculiar in its -way as ‘Pidgin English,’ or any other of those -<i>langues de convenance</i> which have originated in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">{119}</span> -the intimate relations existing between the British -and some ultra-continental peoples. The Zulu -language proper is a well-developed tongue, elaborate -in mood, tense, and case, as can be seen in the -erudite volume of the late Bishop Colenso, who -was as great an authority in Ethiopian grammar -as in arithmetic. Here and there, one may find -old colonists, traders, or missionaries who have -a thorough knowledge of ‘Zulu;’ but the settlers -in general have neither the opportunity nor -perhaps the inclination to learn it. The prevailing -custom of England seems to be to restrict her -subject races to their own tongue.</p> - -<p>The Kitchen Kaffir is slightly heterogeneous. -A number of English and Dutch words have crept -into it, with certain modifications to adapt them -to the genius of the Zulu language. Amongst -the former we would cite <i>callidge</i> (carriage), <i>follik</i> -(fork), <i>nquati</i> (note, or letter), <i>lice</i> (rice), and so -on, the pronunciation being governed by the fact -that the Kaffirs experience difficulty in articulating -<i>r</i>. The letter <i>x</i> is also a stumbling-block. -Hence ‘box’ is transformed into <i>bogus</i>, and a -popular English Christmas institution transplanted -to the colony is known as a ‘Kissmiss -bogus.’ ‘Sunday,’ again, is spoken of as <i>Sonda</i> -or <i>Sonto</i>; and ‘horse’ is <i>ihashi</i>. In denoting -money there are also some peculiar terms. A -threepenny piece is known as a <i>pen</i>, and the -latter word is pretty generally used amongst the -Europeans themselves. I may here interject the -remark that the threepenny piece is about the -lowest coin in circulation in the colony. Pennies -are scarce, and farthings an unknown quantity. -I was told by a Natal schoolmistress -that one of the greatest difficulties she met with -was in teaching the children how many farthings -made up a penny; and a little colonial-born girl -once said to me: ‘Oh! how I would like to go -to England to see farthings!’ The Kaffirs look -down with contempt upon coppers. A half-crown -is called, by a strange phonetic twist, a -<i>facquelin</i>, and a florin—well, thereby hangs a -tale. Some years ago, a contractor in Natal, who -hailed from the north of the Tweed, hit upon a -brilliant idea, which he thought would result in -a great saving of expenditure. In giving his -Kaffir labourers their weekly payment, he substituted -two-shilling pieces—till then unknown -among the natives—for half-crowns, thinking the -‘untutored savage’ would not detect the difference. -They went away contented; but it was not long -ere the storekeepers had enlightened their minds -as to the true value of the money. I forget how -the matter ended; but it is a sad fact that to -this day the Kaffirs always speak of a florin as -a ‘Scotchman.’ Traces of Dutch in Kitchen -Kaffir are numerous.</p> - -<p>As to the Zulu element in Kitchen Kaffir, -I would premise that the written Zulu bears -no very great resemblance to the spoken language. -This is partly owing to the number -of ‘clicks,’ which originally formed no characteristic -of the Zulu tongue, but were many years -ago borrowed from the Hottentots, who revel in -these verbal impediments. There are three clicks, -represented on paper by <i>c</i>, <i>q</i>, and <i>x</i>. The <i>c</i> is -made by pressing the tongue against the teeth, -as when one is slightly annoyed; while <i>q</i> is like -a ‘cluck,’ and <i>x</i> like the ‘chick’ made to start -a horse. These, however, are what musicians -would term ‘accidentals,’ and but little interrupt -the sonorous, melodic flow of Kaffir utterance. -To those who know the Zulu language only -through books, such words as <i>gqugquza</i> (to stir -up) and <i>uqoqoqo</i> (windpipe) may seem next to -unpronounceable; but in the native’s lips they -lose much of their angularity. So, too, with such -combinations as <i>ubugwigwigwi</i> (whizzing-sound) -and <i>ikitwityikwityi</i> (whirlwind).</p> - -<p>But now to return briefly to Sam. In many -respects he is an excellent servant, and like most -of the unsophisticated Kaffirs, could be trusted -with untold gold. The average Kitchen Kaffir -is frequently left in charge of a house during the -absence of the family, and would no more think -of making away with the valuables than would -a watch-dog. One evening Sam asked and received -permission to go to the ‘school,’ by which is -meant the mission-school, where the Kaffirs are -taught to read and write, and where they also -receive religious instruction. The effect upon -Sam was instantaneous. He invested in a new -coat and trousers, a waistcoat, and a white shirt -with long cuffs. Big boots adorned his feet, and -a felt hat his head. A few days later he had -acquired a paper collar, gloves, and leggings, and -finally he blossomed out into an umbrella. His -evenings are now spent in laborious <i>vivâ voce</i> -attempts to master the alphabet, and the rude -scrawls upon the whitewashed wall testify to his -efforts at caligraphy.</p> - -<p>There is much diversity of opinion in Natal as -to the results attending the religious training of -the native, and perhaps it would be well if a little -more of the ‘sweet reasonableness’ of Matthew -Arnold were imported into the discussion. There -is, however, the fact that many of the Kaffirs are -taught to read and write, and this cannot in the -long-run be an evil. What has yet been accomplished, -even at such institutions as that founded -by Bishop Colenso at Bishopstowe, and that at -Lovedale in the Cape Colony, is perhaps comparatively -small; but it may be as pregnant with -encouragement as the humble blue flower that -cheered the heart of Mungo Park in the African -desert.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="TWO_DAYS_IN_A_LIFETIME">TWO DAYS IN A LIFETIME.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="ph3">A STORY IN EIGHT CHAPTERS.</p> - - -<h3>CONCLUSION.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Presently</span> the nurse came and carried off Miss -Lucy and her doll. Lady Dimsdale rose and -joined Mrs Bowood.</p> - -<p>A minute later, a servant came and presented -Captain Bowood with a card. The latter put on -his spectacles, and read what was written on the -card aloud: ‘“<span class="smcap">Mr Garwood Brooker</span>, Theatre -Royal, Ryde.” Don’t know him. Never heard -of the man before,’ said the Captain emphatically.</p> - -<p>‘The gentleman is waiting in the library, sir,’ -said the servant. ‘Says he wants to see you on -very particular business.’</p> - -<p>‘Humph! Too hot for business of any kind. -Too many flies about. Must see him though, I -suppose.’</p> - -<p>The servant retired; and presently the Captain -followed him into the house. Mrs Bowood and -Lady Dimsdale lingered for a few minutes, and -then they too went indoors.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">{120}</span></p> - -<p>As Captain Bowood entered the library, Mr -Brooker rose and made him a profound bow. He -was a stoutly-built man, between fifty and sixty -years of age. He wore shoes; gray trousers, very -baggy at the knees; a tightly buttoned frock-coat, -with a velvet collar; and an old-fashioned black -satin stock, the ends of which hid whatever portion -of his linen might otherwise have been -exposed to view. A jet black wig covered his -head, the long tangled ends of which floated -mazily over his velvet collar behind. His closely -shaven face was blue-black round the mouth and -chin, where the razor had passed over its surface -day after day for forty years. The rest of his -face looked yellow and wrinkled, the continual -use of pigments for stage purposes having long -ago spoiled whatever natural freshness it might -once have possessed. Mr Brooker had a bold -aquiline nose and bushy brows, and at one time -had been accounted an eminently handsome man, -especially when viewed from before the footlights; -but his waist had disappeared years ago, -and there was a general air about him of running -to seed. When Mr Brooker chose to put on his -dignified air, he was very dignified. Finally, it -may be said that every one in ‘the profession’ who -knew ‘old Brooker,’ liked and esteemed him, and -that at least he was a thorough gentleman.</p> - -<p>Having made his bow, Mr Brooker advanced -one foot a little, buried one hand in the breast -of his frock-coat, and let the other rest gracefully -on his hip. It was one of his favourite stage -attitudes.</p> - -<p>‘Mr Brooker?’ said Captain Bowood interrogatively, -as he came forward with the other’s card -in his hand.</p> - -<p>‘At your service, Captain Bowood.’ The voice -was deep, almost sepulchral in its tones. It was -the voice of Hamlet in his gloomier moments.</p> - -<p>‘Pray, be seated,’ said the Captain in his offhand -way as he took a chair himself.</p> - -<p>Mr Brooker slowly deposited himself upon -another chair. He would have preferred saying -what he had to say standing, as giving more scope -for graceful and appropriate gestures; but he -gave way to circumstances. He cleared his voice, -and then he said: ‘I am here, sir, this morning -as an ambassador on the part of your nephew, -Mr Charles Warden.’</p> - -<p>‘Don’t know any such person,’ replied the -Captain shortly.</p> - -<p>‘Pardon me—I ought to have said your nephew, -Mr Charles Summers.’</p> - -<p>‘Then it’s a pity you did not come on a better -errand. I want nothing to do with the young -vagabond in any way. He and I are strangers. -Eh, now?’</p> - -<p>‘He is a very clever and talented young gentleman; -and let me tell you, sir, that you ought -to be very proud of him.’</p> - -<p>‘Proud of my nephew, who is an actor!—an -actor! Pooh!’ The Captain spoke with -a considerable degree of contempt.</p> - -<p>‘<i>I</i> am an actor, sir,’ was Mr Brooker’s withering -reply, in his most sepulchral tones.</p> - -<p>The Captain turned red, coughed, and fidgeted. -‘Nothing personal, sir—nothing personal,’ he -spluttered. ‘I only spoke in general terms.’</p> - -<p>‘You spoke in depreciatory terms, sir, respecting -something about which you evidently know little -or nothing.’</p> - -<p>The Captain winced. He was not in the habit -of being lectured, and the sensation was not a -pleasant one, but he felt the justice of the -reproof.</p> - -<p>‘Ah, sir, the actor’s profession is one of the -noblest in the world,’ resumed Mr Brooker, changing -from his Hamlet to his Mercutio voice; ‘and -your nephew bids fair to become a shining ornament -in it. I know of few young men who have -progressed so rapidly in so short a time, and -the press notices he has had are something -remarkable. Here are a few of them, sir, only -a few of them, which I have brought together. -Oblige me by casting your eye over them, sir, -and then tell me what you think.’ Speaking -thus, Mr Brooker produced from his pocket-book -three or four sheets of paper, on which had been -gummed sundry cuttings from different newspapers, -and handed them to the Captain.</p> - -<p>That gentleman having put on his glasses, -read the extracts through deliberately and carefully. -‘Bless my heart! this is most extraordinary!’ -he remarked when he had done. ‘And -do all these fine words refer to that graceless -young scamp of a nephew of mine?’</p> - -<p>‘Every one of them, sir; and he deserves all -that’s said of him.’</p> - -<p>Like many other people, Captain Bowood had -a great respect for anything that he saw in print, -more especially for any opinion enunciated by the -particular daily organ whose political views happened -to coincide with his own, and by whose -leading articles he was, metaphorically, led by the -nose. When, therefore, he came across a laudatory -notice anent his nephew’s acting extracted from -his favourite <i>Telephone</i>, he felt under the necessity -of taking out his handkerchief and rubbing his -spectacles vigorously. ‘There must be something -in the lad after all,’ he muttered to himself, ‘or -the <i>Telephone</i> wouldn’t think it worth while to -make such a fuss about him. But why didn’t -he keep to tea-broking?’</p> - -<p>‘I am much obliged to you, sir,’ said the -Captain, as he handed the extracts back to Mr -Brooker.</p> - -<p>‘I am afraid that I make but a poor envoy, sir,’ -said the latter, ‘seeing that as yet I have furnished -you with no reason for venturing to intrude upon -you this morning.’</p> - -<p>‘You have a message for me?’ remarked the -Captain.</p> - -<p>‘I have, sir; and I doubt not you can readily -guess from whom. Sir, I have the honour to be -the manager of the travelling theatrical company -of which your nephew forms a component part. -I am old enough to be the young man’s father, -and that may be one reason why he has chosen to -confide his troubles to me. In any case, I have -taken the liberty of coming here to intercede for -him. There are two points, sir, that he wishes me -to lay before you. The first is his desire—I might, -without exaggeration, say his intense longing—to -be reconciled to you, who have been to him -as a second father, since his own parents died. -He acknowledges and regrets that in days gone -by he was a great trouble to you—a great worry -and a great expense. But he begs me to assure -you that he has now sown his wild-oats; that -he is working hard in his profession; that he is -determined to rise in it; and that he will yet -do credit to you and every one connected with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">{121}</span> -him—all of which I fully indorse. But he cannot -feel happy, sir, till he has been reconciled to you—till -you have accorded him your forgiveness, -and—and’——</p> - -<p>Here the Captain sneezed violently, and then -blew his nose. ‘I knew it—I said so,’ he -remarked aloud. ‘Those confounded draughts—give -everybody cold. Why not?’ Then addressing -himself directly to Mr Brooker, he said: -‘Well, sir, well. I have listened to your remarks -with a considerable degree of patience, and I am -glad to find that my graceless nephew has some -sense of compunction left in him. But as for -reconciliation and forgiveness and all that nonsense—pooh, -pooh!—not to be thought of—not -to be thought of!’</p> - -<p>‘I am sorry to hear that, Captain Bowood—very -sorry indeed.’</p> - -<p>‘You made mention of some other point, sir, -that Mr Summers wished you to lay before me. -Eh, now?’</p> - -<p>‘I did, sir. It is that of his attachment to a -young lady at present staying under your roof—Miss -Brandon by name.’</p> - -<p>‘Ah, I guessed as much!’</p> - -<p>‘He desires your sanction to his engagement -to the young lady in question, not with any view -to immediate marriage, Miss Brandon being a -ward in Chancery, but’——</p> - -<p>‘Confound his impudence, sir!’ burst out the -Captain irately. ‘How dare he, sir—how dare -he make love to a young lady who is placed -under my charge by her nearest relative? What -will Miss Hoskyns say and think, when she comes -back and finds her niece over head and ears in -love with my worthless nephew? Come now.’</p> - -<p>‘It may perchance mitigate to some extent the -severity of your displeasure, sir,’ remarked Mr -Brooker in his blandest tones, ‘when I tell you -that in my pocket I have a letter written by Miss -Hoskyns, in which that lady sanctions your -nephew’s engagement to Miss Brandon.’</p> - -<p>The Captain stared in open-mouthed wonder -at the veteran actor. This was the strangest turn -of all. He felt that the situation was getting -beyond his grasp, so he did to-day what he -always did in cases of difficulty—he sent for his -wife.</p> - -<p>Mrs Bowood was almost as much surprised as -her husband when she heard the news. Mr -Brooker produced Miss Hoskyns’ letter, the genuineness -of which could not be disputed; but -she was still as much at a loss as before to -imagine by what occult means Master Charley -had succeeded in causing such a document to be -written. Nor did she find out till some time -afterwards.</p> - -<p>It would appear that our two young people had -fallen in love with each other during the month -they had spent at Rosemount the preceding -summer, and that, during the ensuing winter, -Charley had contrived to worm his way into the -good graces of Miss Hoskyns by humouring her -weaknesses and playing on some of her foibles, -of which the worthy lady had an ample stock-in-trade. -But no one could have been more -surprised than the young man himself was when, -in answer to his letter, which he had written -without the remotest hope of its being favourably -considered, there came a gracious response, sanctioning -his engagement to Miss Brandon. The fact was -that, while in Italy, Miss Hoskyns had allowed -her elderly affections to become entangled with -a good-looking man some years younger than -herself, to whom she was now on the point of -being married. The first perusal of Charley’s -letter had thrown her into a violent rage; but at -the end of twenty-four hours her views had -become considerably modified. After all, as she -argued to herself, why shouldn’t young Summers -and her niece make a match of it? He came of -a good family, and would incontestably be his -uncle’s heir; and Captain Bowood was known to -be a very rich man. And then came in another -argument, which had perhaps more weight than -all the rest. Would it be wise, would it be advisable, -to keep herself hampered with a niece who -was fast developing into a really handsome young -woman, when she, the aunt, was about to take -a good-looking husband so much younger than -herself? No; she opined that such a course would -neither be wise nor advisable. Hence it came to -pass that the letter was written which was such -a source of surprise to every one at Rosemount.</p> - -<p>‘What am I to do now?’ asked the Captain -a little helplessly, as Mrs Bowood gave back the -letter to Mr Brooker.</p> - -<p>That lady’s mind was made up on the instant. -‘There is only one thing for you to do,’ she said -with decision, ‘and that is, to forgive the boy -all his past faults and follies, and sanction his -engagement to Elsie Brandon.’</p> - -<p>‘What—what! Eat my own words—swallow -my own leek—when I’ve said a hundred times -that’——</p> - -<p>‘Remember, dear, what you said in the -drawing-room last evening,’ interposed Mrs -Bowood in her quietest tones.</p> - -<p>Then the Captain called to mind how, in -conversation the previous evening with his wife -and Lady Dimsdale, he had chuckled over the -tricks played him by his nephew, and had -admitted that that young gentleman’s falling in -love with Miss Brandon was the very thing he -would have wished for, had he been consulted -in the matter.</p> - -<p>The Captain was crestfallen when these things -were brought to his mind.</p> - -<p>Mrs Bowood gave him no time for further -reflection. Rightly assuming that the young -people were not far away, she opened a door -leading to an inner room, and there found them -in close proximity to each other on the sofa. -‘Come along, you naughty children,’ she said, -‘and receive the sentence due for your many -crimes.’</p> - -<p>They came forward shamefacedly enough. -Master Charles looked a little paler than ordinary; -on Elsie’s face there was a lovely wild-rose -blush.</p> - -<p>Mr Brooker rose to his feet, ran the fingers -of one hand lightly through his wig, and posed -himself in his favourite attitude. He felt that -just at this point a little slow music might have -been effectively introduced.</p> - -<p>The Captain also rose to his feet.</p> - -<p>Charley came forward quickly and grasped one -of the old man’s hands in both of his. ‘Uncle!’ -he said, looking straight into his face through -eyes that swam in tears.</p> - -<p>For a moment or two the Captain tried to -look fierce, but failed miserably. Then bending<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">{122}</span> -his white head, and laying a hand on his nephew’s -shoulder, he murmured in a broken voice: -‘M—m—my boy!’</p> - - -<p class="p2">Sir Frederick Pinkerton was slowly pacing the -sunny south terrace, smoking one cigarette after -another in a way that with him was very unusual. -He was only half satisfied with himself—only -half satisfied with the way he had treated Lady -Dimsdale. The instincts of a gentleman were at -work within him, and those instincts whispered -to him that he had acted as no true gentleman -ought to act. And yet his feelings were very -bitter. Had not Lady Dimsdale rejected him?—had -she not scorned him?—had she not treated -him with a contumely that was only half veiled? -Still more bitter was the thought that if he acted -as his conscience told him he ought to act, he -would release Lady Dimsdale from the promise -he had imposed on her, and stand quietly on -one side, while another snatched away the prize -which, only a few short hours ago, he had fondly -deemed would be all his own. But this was a -sacrifice which he felt that he was not magnanimous -enough to make. ‘I have done the man a -great—an inestimable—service,’ he said to himself -more than once; ‘let that suffice. They are not -lovesick children—he and Lady Dimsdale—that -they should cry for the moon, and vow there is -no happiness in life because they can’t obtain -it. Why should I trouble myself about their -happiness? They would not trouble themselves -about mine.’</p> - -<p>It was thus he argued with himself, and the -longer he argued the more angry he became. -He was so thoroughly anxious to convince himself -that he was right, and he found himself -unable to do so.</p> - -<p>He was still deep in his musings, when one -of the servants brought him a letter which had -been sent on from his own house to Rosemount. -He recognised the writing as soon as he saw the -address, and his face brightened at once. The -letter was from his nephew—the one being on -earth for whom Sir Frederick entertained any -real affection. He found a seat in the shade, -where he sat down and broke the seal of his -letter. But as he read, his face grew darker and -darker, and when he had come to the end of it, -a deep sigh burst involuntarily from him; the -hand that held the letter dropped by his side, -and his chin sank on his breast. He seemed all -at once to have become five years older. ‘O -Horace, Horace, this is indeed a shameful confession!’ -he murmured. ‘How often is it the -hand we love best that strikes us the cruellest -blow! And Oscar Boyd, too! the man I dislike -beyond all other men. That makes the blow -still harder to bear. He must be paid the five -hundred pounds, and at once. He has lost his -fortune, and yet he never spoke of this. What -an obligation to be under—and to him! He -saved Horace’s honour—perhaps his life—but is -that any reason why I should absolve Lady -Dimsdale from her promise? No, no! This is -a matter entirely separate from the other.—Why, -here comes the man himself.’</p> - -<p>As Sir Frederick spoke thus, Oscar Boyd issued -from one of the many winding walks that intersected -the grounds at Rosemount. He had been -alone since he left Lady Dimsdale. He had vowed -to her that if she would not reveal to him the key -of the mystery, he would find it for himself; but -in truth he seemed no nearer finding it now -than he had been an hour before. From whatever -point he regarded the puzzle, he was equally nonplused. -Utterly unaccountable to him seemed -the whole affair. He was now on his way back -to the house in search of Laura. He would see -her once more before she left; once more would -he appeal to her. On one point he was fully -determined: come what might, he would never -give her up.</p> - -<p>Sir Frederick put away his letter, rose from -his seat, pulled himself together, and went slowly -forward to meet Mr Boyd. ‘You are the person, -Mr Boyd, whom I am just now most desirous -of seeing,’ he said.</p> - -<p>‘I am entirely at your service, Sir Frederick.’</p> - -<p>The Baronet cleared his voice. He scarcely -knew how to begin what he wanted to say. Very -bitter to him was the confession he was about -to make. ‘Am I wrong, Mr Boyd, in assuming -that you are acquainted with a certain nephew -of mine, Horace Calvert by name, who at the -present time is residing at Rio?’</p> - -<p>Oscar started slightly at the mention of the -name. ‘I believe that I had the pleasure of -meeting the young gentleman in question on one -occasion.’</p> - -<p>‘It is of that occasion I wish to speak. I have -in my pocket a letter which I have just received -from my nephew, in which he confesses everything. -Hum, hum.’</p> - -<p>‘Confesses—Sir Frederick?’</p> - -<p>‘For him, a humiliating confession indeed. He -tells me in his letter how you—a man whom he -had never seen before—saved him from the -consequences of his folly—from disgrace—nay, -from suicide itself! He had lost at the gaming-table -money which was not his to lose. He fled -the place—despair, madness, I know not what, -in his heart and brain. You followed him, and -were just in time to take out of his hand the -weapon that a minute later would have ended -his wretched life. But you not only did that; -you took the miserable boy to your hotel, and -there provided him with the means to save his -honour. It was a noble action, Mr Boyd, and I -thank you from my heart.’</p> - -<p>‘It was the action of a man who remembered -that he had been young and foolish himself in -years gone by.’</p> - -<p>‘I repeat, sir, that it was a noble action. And -you would have gone away without telling me -how greatly I am your debtor!’</p> - -<p>‘It was a secret that concerned no one but the -young man and myself.’</p> - -<p>‘It is a debt that must be and shall be paid. -I am glad indeed to find that there is sufficient -sense of honour left in my nephew to cause him -to beg that you may not be allowed to remain -a loser by your generosity. He has ascertained -that you have returned to England; he has even -found out the name of your hotel in Covent -Garden, where he asks me to wait upon you. -Hum, hum. My cheque-book is at home, Mr -Boyd; but if you will oblige me with your -address in town, I’——</p> - -<p>‘One moment, Sir Frederick. Am I right in -assuming that a certain anonymous letter which -I received yesterday was written by you?’</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">{123}</span></p> - -<p>‘Since you put the question so categorically—frankly, -it was.’</p> - -<p>‘You have done me a service greater than I -know how to thank you for. You have dragged -me from the verge of an abyss. At present, I -will not ask you how you came by the information -which enabled you to do this—it is -enough to know that you did it.’ He held out -his hand frankly. ‘Suppose we cry quits, Sir -Frederick?’ he said.</p> - -<p>The Baronet protruded a limp and flaccid paw, -which Oscar’s long lean fingers gripped heartily.</p> - -<p>‘But—but, my dear sir, the five hundred -pounds is a debt which must and shall be paid,’ -urged Sir Frederick, who felt as if he had lost -the use of his hand for a few moments.</p> - -<p>There was no opportunity for further private -talk. Round a corner of the terrace came Captain -and Mrs Bowood, Miss Brandon and her lover -in a high state of contentment, and Brooker the -benignant, nose in air, and with one hand hidden -in the breast of his frock-coat. A servant brought -out some of Lady Dimsdale’s boxes in readiness -for the carriage, which would be there in the -course of a few minutes. Mr Boyd went forward, -leaving Sir Frederick a little way in the rear.</p> - -<p>‘Quits—“let us cry quits,” he said,’ muttered -the Baronet. ‘Yes, yes; let it be so as regards -all but the money. That must be repaid. The -service I did him was no common one—he admits -that. Why, then, should I not hold Lady Dimsdale -to her promise?’</p> - -<p>At this moment, Lady Dimsdale, dressed for -travelling, appeared on the terrace. ‘She is -going, then. She means to keep her promise,’ -said Sir Frederick to himself. He drew a little -nearer the group.</p> - -<p>‘And must you really and truly leave us this -afternoon?’ said Mrs Bowood.</p> - -<p>‘Really and truly.’</p> - -<p>‘I am very angry with you.’</p> - -<p>‘I have promised the children to be back in -time to go blackberrying with them, so that you -will not lose me for long.’</p> - -<p>‘I suppose we shall lose Mr Boyd as soon as -you are gone. The house will be too dull for -him.’</p> - -<p>‘I have no control over Mr Boyd’s actions,’ -answered Lady Dimsdale quietly, as she turned -away.</p> - -<p>‘Then he has not proposed! O dear! O dear!’ -murmured Mrs Bowood.</p> - -<p>Sir Frederick had seated himself on a rustic -chair somewhat apart from the others. He was -still uneasy in his mind. ‘He saved Horace’s -honour—he saved his life; but he said himself -that we are quits.’</p> - -<p>‘Why, this is nothing but rank midsummer -madness,’ said the Captain to Lady Dimsdale. -‘But you women never know your minds for two -days together. You won’t have been settled down -at Bayswater more than a week, before you will -want to be off somewhere else. Eh, now?’</p> - -<p>‘Do you know, I think that is quite likely. -But I am not leaving you for long. I shall be -back again to plague you by the time the leaves -begin to turn.’ She looked at her watch. ‘And -now my adieux to all of you must be brief. -Time, tide, and the express train wait for no one.’</p> - -<p>She saw Oscar coming towards her, and she -crossed to meet him.</p> - -<p>‘The crucial moment,’ said Sir Frederick to -himself. ‘How bravely she carries herself!’</p> - -<p>Oscar took her hand. For a moment or two -they looked into each other’s eyes without -speaking. Then Oscar said: ‘You are determined -to go—and without affording me a word -of explanation?’</p> - -<p>‘I cannot help myself.’</p> - -<p>‘Do you really mean this to be farewell between -us?’</p> - -<p>‘Yes—farewell.’ There was a sob in her -voice which she could not repress.</p> - -<p>‘O my darling!’</p> - -<p>‘Not that word, Oscar—not that!’</p> - -<p>‘And do you really think, Laura, that I am -going to allow myself to lose you in this way, -without knowing the why or the wherefore? Not -so—not so.’</p> - -<p>‘You must, Oscar—you must.’</p> - -<p>‘Give me some reason—give me some explanation -of this unaccountable change.’</p> - -<p>‘I cannot. My lips are sealed.’</p> - -<p>‘Very well. I will now say good-bye for a -little while; but I shall follow you to London -within three days. You are my promised wife, -and I shall hold you to your promise, in spite -of everything and every one.’</p> - -<p>‘No, Oscar, no—it cannot be—it can never be!’ -She glanced up into his eyes. There was a cold, -clear, determined look in them, such as she had -never seen there before. It was evident that he -was terribly in earnest.</p> - -<p>At this moment Captain Bowood’s landau drove -up. The footman descended, and contemplated -Lady Dimsdale’s numerous packages with dismay.</p> - -<p>‘You needn’t bother about the luggage, George,’ -said his master. ‘A man from the station will -fetch that.’</p> - -<p>The moment for parting had come. As Oscar -gazed down on Laura, all the hardness melted out -of his face, and in its stead, the soft light of love -shone out of his eyes, and his lips curved into a -smile of tenderness. ‘Farewell—but only for a -little while,’ he whispered. He lifted her hand -to his lips for a moment, and then, without -another word, he turned on his heel and joined -the Captain.</p> - -<p>‘I actually believe Mr Boyd is in love with -dear Lady Dimsdale!’ whispered Elsie to Mr -Summers.</p> - -<p>‘Of course he is, and she with him; only, she’s -playing with him for a little while.’</p> - -<p>‘It seems to me that you know far too much -about love-making, Master Charley.’</p> - -<p>‘Who was the first to give me lessons?’</p> - -<p>The only answer to this was a pinch in the soft -part of his arm.</p> - -<p>Lady Dimsdale controlled herself by a supreme -effort. Then she crossed slowly towards where -Sir Frederick was sitting.</p> - -<p>He rose as she approached him. ‘You have -kept your promise bravely,’ he said in a low -voice.</p> - -<p>‘Why should not a woman keep a promise as -bravely as a man?’</p> - -<p>‘It is I who am driving you away.’</p> - -<p>‘You flatter yourself, Sir Frederick.’</p> - -<p>He shook his head in grave dissent. He seemed -strangely moved. He gazed earnestly at her. -‘There is a tear in your eye, Lady Dimsdale,’ he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">{124}</span> -said. ‘I am conquered. I revoke the promise -I caused you to give me yesterday.’</p> - -<p>‘Oh, Sir Frederick!’</p> - -<p>‘I revoke it unconditionally.’</p> - -<p>‘Why did you not tell me this five minutes -ago!’</p> - -<p>‘Better to tell it you now than not at all. You -will not leave us now?’</p> - -<p>‘But I must, I fear—must.’ She gave him her -hand for a moment, and then turned away.</p> - -<p>As the Baronet watched her retreating figure, -he muttered to himself: ‘Mr Boyd said we were -quits. He was mistaken. We shall be quits after -to-day. Hum, hum.’</p> - -<p>As Lady Dimsdale was crossing the terrace, she -dropped one of her gloves—whether by design or -accident, who shall say. Oscar Boyd sprang forward -and picked it up. Laura stopped, turned, -and held out her hand for the glove. As Oscar -gave it back to her, his fingers closed instinctively -round hers. For a moment or two he gazed into -her eyes; for a moment or two she glanced shyly -into his. I don’t in the least know what he saw -there; but suddenly he called out to the coachman: -‘Henry, you can drive back to the stables. -Lady Dimsdale will not go to London to-day.’</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_MONTH">THE MONTH:<br /> -SCIENCE AND ARTS.</h2></div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> interesting lecture upon Celtic and Roman -Britain, which was delivered last month at the -London Institution by Mr Alfred Tylor, F.G.S., -was illustrated by several drawings of curious -antiquities. There was also shown a map prepared -by the lecturer, which depicted all the -Roman roads which at the present time still form -important highways. A large number of these -are seen upon this map to converge at Winchester, -which at one time formed a central depôt for -the metallurgical products of this country, before -their dispersion abroad. From Winchester the -metals won from the earth in Cornwall, Wales, -&c., were carried to Beaulieu, in Hampshire, -thence to the Solent, close by. Two miles across -the Solent is Gurnard’s Bay, in the Isle of Wight, -whence there was an easy road to the safe harbour -of Brading, where the ores could be shipped for -continental ports. It is believed, from the existence -of so many British sepulchral mounds along -these routes, that the roads were established and -in constant use many centuries before the Roman -occupation. The lecturer also referred to the -curious Ogham inscriptions which are found -nowhere except in the British Isles, and which -are written in a kind of cipher of the simplest -but most ingenious kind. A horizontal bar forms -the backbone of this curious system of caligraphy. -Five vertical strokes across this line would express -the first five letters of an alphabet; the next five -would be expressed by like lines kept above the -horizontal bar, and five more by similar lines -kept below it. Other five, making up a total of -twenty signs, corresponding to a twenty-letter -alphabet, are expressed by diagonal lines across -the bar. This primitive method of writing is -due to the Irish division of the Celtic race, and -indicates a proof of early culture, which is seen -in more enduring form in the artistic skill evident -in such metallurgical work as has been assigned -to the same period and people.</p> - -<p>Professor Maspero’s recently issued new catalogue -of the Boulak Museum, Cairo, deals with antiquities -compared with which those referred to the -Roman period in Britain seem but things of -yesterday. Many of these archæological treasures, -but more particularly the funerary tablets or -<i>stelæ</i>, cover the enormous period of thirty-eight -centuries, a period, too, which ends two thousand -years before the Christian era. As to the object -of these tablets, which are almost invariably found -attached to ancient Egyptian tombs, Professor -Maspero gives a new theory. There is no doubt -that the ancient Egyptians believed in the immortality -of the soul, but coupled with this was a -belief in the existence of a something outside -the soul and body—a kind of shade or double, -called the Ka. The preservation of this Ka was -essential to the preservation of the soul; and -images of the defunct in which this spirit could -dwell were entombed with the mummy. The -various scenes of domestic labour and pastoral -pursuits were not—as was until recently supposed—inscribed -upon the Egyptian tombs -merely as records of manners and customs, but -were associated with the belief in the Ka. -The pursuits carried on in life could by these -representations enable the spiritual double to -carry on the same line of conduct. Representations -of various kinds of food in baked clay, -limestone, or other material, formed the food of -the Ka, and such things have been found in -abundance. According to Professor Maspero’s -new theory, the <i>stela</i> or tablet enumerated the -funereal offerings of the deceased, and contained -a prayer for their continuance. This prayer, -repeated by a priest—or passer-by, even—would -insure the well-being of the Ka. The name and -status of the deceased were also inscribed upon -the tablet; for, according to Egyptian ideas, a -nameless grave meant no hereafter for its inmate. -The catalogue referred to is intended to be a -popular guide for the use of visitors, but it -contains very much which will be of value to -the student.</p> - -<p>Mr Petrie’s recently published book upon the -Pyramids of Gezeh, while it makes short work -of many previously accepted theories as to the -intention and uses of those gigantic structures, -gives much information of a most interesting -kind, and throws a new light upon many -previously obscure portions of the subject. Most -interesting is that part of the work devoted to -the mechanical means employed by the builders -of the Pyramids. Mr Petrie traces in the huge -stones of which the Pyramids are built, the -undoubted marks of saw-cutting and tubular -drilling. He believes that the tools employed -were of bronze, and asserts that this metal -has left a green stain on the sides of the -saw-cuts. Jewels, to form cutting-points, he -believes to have been set both in the teeth of the -saws and also on the circumference of the drills. -(If this be true, rock-boring diamond drills are -no new things.) He has even detected evidence -of the employment of lathes with fixed tools and -mechanical rests.</p> - -<p>There is now little doubt as to the value of -ensilage as a food for cattle, for there is abundant -testimony from various parts of the country,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">{125}</span> -where the experiment has been tried of building -silos, that beasts thrive upon the compressed fodder -that had been stored therein. For instance, its -value as a fatting food for cattle has been demonstrated -upon Mr Stobart’s estate at Northallerton, -by a carefully conducted trial. Twelve beasts -were divided into two lots of six each. All were -alike given the same quantity of meal and cake. -Besides this, one lot received daily, each beast, -twenty-four and a half pounds of hay and ninety-five -pounds of turnips; the other lot receiving -in lieu of hay and turnips each seventy-five -pounds of ensilage. At the beginning of the -experiment, the animals were weighed separately. -At the end of one month they were again weighed. -All of course showed a great advance; but those -fed on ensilage totalled up to a figure which was -forty-nine pounds better than the total exhibited -by those fed in the more orthodox style.</p> - -<p>As we have on a previous occasion hinted, the -principle of ensilage has, after a manner, been -applied for some years to fruit by the jam-makers. -In years of plenty, fruit is reduced to pulp, and -can in this state, if the air is carefully excluded, -be made to keep well until a time of scarcity -occurs. Large quantities of apricot pulp finds -its way to this country from France, and realises -a good price. In America, a clever plan of rapid -drying and evaporation of the watery parts of -fruit has come into vogue, and this industry -gives employment to many workers. A stove -constructed for the purpose costs about fifteen -pounds. It is portable, and is used in many -districts far from towns where there is not a -ready market for fresh fruit. As the water slowly -evaporates, the acid and starch in the fruit -undergo a chemical change, and grape-sugar is -formed. When placed in water, these dried fruits -once more swell up to their original volume, and -are in every respect like fresh fruit, only that -they require, when cooked, but half the usual -quantity of added sugar. All kinds of vegetables -can be preserved by this process.</p> - -<p>A correspondent of the <i>Times</i>, writing from -Iceland, gives some interesting particulars of the -present condition of that island. At Reykiavik, -its chief town, nothing was known of the reported -volcanic disturbances in the interior of the island; -but this is hardly to be wondered at, because a -large portion of that area is occupied by snow-covered -mountains and glaciers which the natives -never visit, and which, it may be said, are never -explored save by enterprising and adventurous -tourists. Professor Tromholt is in Iceland, pursuing -his researches on the aurora borealis, the -frequency and brilliancy of which, coupled with -the exceeding clearness of the atmosphere, give him -every advantage. A large portion of Iceland still -remains unexplored; and its mineral resources, if -we except the large quantities of sulphur which -are being worked by an English Company, are -but slightly developed. There is still room for -a brisk trade in coal, borax, copper, &c., which -are abundant on the island. Besides these products, -the fisheries of Iceland are most prolific; -and although fish and its belongings form two-thirds -of the total exports, it is believed that -they offer a promising field for the further -employment of capital.</p> - -<p>Among the wonderful engineering projects of -the present day must be mentioned the scheme -for making Paris a seaport. This subject lately -engaged the attention of the Rouen Congress -of the French Association for the Advancement -of Science, who gave to it two days’ discussion. -One of the chief promoters of the project explained -that the proposed way to carry it out was by -transforming the river Seine, by dredging operations, -into a canal ninety-eight feet in width. -The amount of soil to be removed would measure -close upon one hundred million cubic yards; it -would consist chiefly of gravel and alluvial earth. -The cost of the entire undertaking is estimated -at four millions sterling.</p> - -<p>Much attention has of recent years been called -to the neglected art of Irish lace-making. The -beauty of design and careful execution of old -specimens of Irish lace contrast very remarkably -with modern productions, which are too often -coarse and inartistic. An Exhibition held last -year at the Mansion House, London, and another -still more lately at Cork, have to some extent -aroused popular interest in this most beautiful -class of work, and have given some impetus -to the Royal Irish School of Art Needlework. -In addition to the labours of this self-supporting -Society, which is doing its best in the dissemination -of good patterns and the employment of -trained teachers, South Kensington has sent one of -its emissaries, in the person of Mr Alan Cole, who -has made lace-work his particular study, to lecture -throughout the country. This gentleman is now -in Ireland, travelling about the country wherever -his presence is required, and teaching the application -of artistic design to the technical requirements -of the beautiful fabric.</p> - -<p>A pretty picture, exhibited some short time -ago, represented a little child looking up inquiringly -to the intelligent face of a collie dog, and -was entitled ‘Can’t you Talk?’ Sir John Lubbock -has lately been asking this question of a little -black poodle, and has been endeavouring to teach -it to make its wants known by the use of cards -with written characters upon them. Thus, one -card bears the word ‘Food,’ another ‘Out;’ and -the dog has been taught to bring either the one -or the other to his master, and to distinguish -between the meanings of the two. It seems doubtful -whether the dog in this case uses the faculty of -sight or smell; and it would be a source of some -interest and amusement to those possessing an -obedient dog, and with time at their disposal, -to carry out the same kind of experiments, using -new cards every time. It is constantly brought -home to any observing owner of a dog that the -animal understands a great deal more than he -is generally credited with. In one case, we knew -of a Dandy Dinmont who became so excited when -certain things were mentioned in which he was -interested, that French words had to be used in -place of English ones when he was present. Their -intelligence is truly marvellous. The wife of the -editor of this <i>Journal</i> possesses a terrier which, -while his mistress is out driving, will remain -quietly in the parlour during her absence, taking -no heed of other vehicles that may come to the -front-door in the interval, but instantly recognising -by some intuitive perception the arrival -of the carriage or cab that has restored his mistress. -Be it noted that the room in which Tim is confined -during these temporary partings is at the back of -the house, apart altogether from the front-door.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">{126}</span> -This special power of discrimination on the part -of our favourite has always been a marvel to us.</p> - -<p>Colonel Stuart Wortley, commenting upon Sir -John Lubbock’s experiments, tells an interesting -story concerning a cat which he found during -the Crimean War. The poor creature was pinned -to the ground by a bayonet which had fallen and -pierced its foot. The colonel released it; and the -animal attached itself to him, and remained with -him to the end of the war. The first two mornings -of their acquaintance the cat was taken to -the doctor’s tent to have his wound dressed. The -third morning, the colonel was on duty; but the -cat found its way to the doctor’s all the same, -scratching at the tent for admission, and holding -up its paw for examination.</p> - -<p>Some months ago, when every one who had -more money than scientific knowledge was hastening -to invest in electric-lighting schemes, we gave -a few words of warning as to the risks involved. -That we were not wrong is evidenced by the -collapse of so many of the Companies which -were then issuing rose-coloured prospectuses. -We now learn that so many people have suffered -loss in this way, that there is the greatest difficulty -in floating any scheme in which the word -‘Electricity’ occurs; and although inventors are -still producing wonderful things, they cannot get -support. There seems, however, to be no doubt -whatever about the genuine success of the Edison -Company in New York. The annual Report of -the Company recently issued says that the Pearl -Street Station in that city is working up to its -full capacity. It has nine thousand eight hundred -and eleven incandescent lamps in use, and the -machinery has been kept running night and day -without cessation since September 1882. The -Company has now two hundred and forty-six -installations at work, with a total of more than -sixty thousand lamps. It may be mentioned as a -matter of interest that Edison has had two hundred -and fifteen patents actually granted him, -and one hundred more have been filed. Every -small item of his mechanical contrivances forms -the subject of a patent specification.</p> - -<p>There is just now such a great demand for -handsomely marked leather, such as that obtained -from alligator and boa skin, that the supply -is not nearly equal to said demand. A large -proportion of leather sold as the product of the -alligator is really a photograph of the original -article. It is managed in this way. The real -skin, with its curious rectangular spaces separated -by grooved markings, is carefully photographed. -From the negative thus obtained a copy is produced -in bichromated gelatine, which has the -property, under the action of light, of affording -images in relief. This is easily reproduced in -metal, which serves the purpose of a die. Common -cheap leather is now taken and placed with this -die under heavy pressure, when all the delicate -markings of the alligator skin are indelibly -impressed upon it. The finished product can be -stained in any way required, but is more frequently -preferred to remain the brown colour -left by the tanning operation. Such is the most -recent trade-application of the fable of the jackdaw -and the peacock’s feathers.</p> - -<p>An American paper calls attention to a theory -of life which, it asserts, was held by the great -Faraday. This theory makes the duration of -life depend upon the time occupied in growth, -leaving all questions of disease or accident which -may shorten life out of the question altogether. -Man occupies twenty years in the business of -growing. This number multiplied by five will -give the age to which he ought, under favourable -circumstances, to live—namely, one hundred years. -A camel, occupying eight years in growing, ought -to live by the same rule forty years; and so on -with other animals. Human life he divided into -two periods—growth and decline, and these were -subdivided into infancy, lasting from birth to -the age of twenty; youth, lasting from twenty -to fifty; virility, from fifty to seventy-five; after -which comes age.</p> - -<p>‘A white-elephant’ has long been the common -name of a gift which is not only useless, but -is likely to entail trouble and expense upon -its owner. The animal which has lately found -a temporary home at the Zoological Gardens, -London, will not be considered so unwelcome -a guest, for it has drawn thousands of sightseers -to the place. It is reported to have -been bought from the king of Burmah on -behalf of Mr Barnum, the American showman. -But there seems to be a conflict of -opinion on the point. Those who ought to know -say that the exhibited animal has nothing very -remarkable about it, and is certainly unlike the -sacred animals of Burmah. Moreover, it is said -that the king of Burmah would as soon part -with his kingdom as with a <i>real</i> white elephant, -which is the emblem of universal sovereignty, -the parting with one of which would forebode -the fall of the dynasty.</p> - -<p>One of the attractions of the forthcoming International -Health Exhibition will be an Indian -village and tea-garden with the plant actually -growing—that is to say, if it can be deluded into -growing in the smoky atmosphere of London. -In a tea-house, the beverage will be served by -natives of tea districts, who are to be brought over -from India for the purpose. There will also be -exhibited a native pickle establishment. We -venture to assert that if the entire Exhibition is -carried on in this spirit, it is sure to be a success. -In past times, the tea industry would have been -represented by a few dozen bottles of the dried -leaf with labels attached, which none would have -read. Our authorities are now learning that if -they wish to interest the multitude in an Exhibition, -it must consist of something more than -the dry-bones of the various subjects which it -includes.</p> - -<p>At a meeting of the Linnæan Society, Mr J. G. -Baker lately gave a very interesting account -of a potato new to this country, but common in -Chili, which he believes would thrive well on -this side of the Atlantic. There are known to -botanists seven hundred species of <i>solanum</i>. Only -six of these produce tubers, and of these six only -one has been as yet cultivated by us, and this is -the common potato.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> Its true home, according -to Mr Baker, is found in those parts of Chili -which are high and dry; but there is another -species which flourishes in moister situations, -which he believes might be made to rival its -familiar fellow. When cultivated, it grows most<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">{127}</span> -luxuriantly, so much so, that six hundred tubers -have in one year been gathered from two plants. -Some specimens of this same potato were brought -to England so long ago as the year 1826, but -they met with little attention, having been -confounded with the more common species. -Two other species of <i>solanum</i>, natives of the -eastern portion of South America, and found at -Buenos Ayres, &c., are also being cultivated experimentally -in France and in the United States.</p> - -<p>A case lately occurred which is deserving of -notice, if only as a caution to those good people -who are always ready to assist any unfortunate -who may be seized with a fit. A man acting -in this way the part of good Samaritan to a -woman who had fallen in an epileptic fit, was -bitten by her in the hand. In three days the -wrist had swollen to such an extent as to need -medical advice, and a few hours afterwards the -poor man died. There may, of course, have been -something exceptional in his state of health, -which rendered this human bite more rapidly -fatal than that of a rabid dog; but the lesson -to be learned from the sad story is, that the -greatest care should be taken in dealing with -epileptic patients.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="OCCASIONAL_NOTES">OCCASIONAL NOTES.</h2> -</div> - - -<h3>TELEGRAPH EXTENSION.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> scheme for the extension of the telegraph -system, in anticipation of the meditated introduction -of the sixpence rate, is a most comprehensive -one, and indicates that the Post-office -authorities anticipate a very considerable increase -of work. The arrangements cover the entire -kingdom, and the sum to be expended is half -a million, part of the sum having been voted in -the official year 1883-84, and the remainder to -be voted in the new estimates. From London, -upwards of eighty new wires are to be erected -to the principal towns of the kingdom, including -four additional wires to Liverpool; two each to -Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Newcastle, and -Newmarket; three to Glasgow; two to Edinburgh; -and one each to a large number of towns, including, -in Scotland, Aberdeen and Dundee. Within -London itself, five new pneumatic tubes are to -be provided; about seventy new wires will be -erected; forty existing wires will be provided -with instruments to work ‘duplex’—that is, with -the power of transmitting two different messages -by one wire from each end simultaneously; and a -very large number of offices will have simple -apparatus substituted by other and improved -instruments. In the city of Liverpool, in addition -to the London wires named, three new wires -to Manchester are to be put up; and one new -wire to Belfast, Birmingham, Blackburn, Bristol, -Carlisle, Glasgow, Hull, Leeds, and Newcastle. -All those wires and all the new London wires -are to be ‘duplexed,’ and thus each new line -practically counts as two. A number of wires -out of Liverpool and the other large towns -will be converted to duplex; and Liverpool is -to have eight new pneumatic tubes for its busier -local offices. At Manchester, besides the London -and Liverpool communications already named, -there will be new wires to Birmingham, Chester, -Edinburgh, Leeds, Newcastle, Bolton, Burnley, -Derby, Huddersfield, Hull, Isle of Man, and -Nottingham, all duplexed. At Newcastle, an -evidence of the curious ramifications of trade -is seen in the fact that a new wire is to -be put up between that town and Cardiff. -Bristol obtains new wires to London, Liverpool, -Birmingham, Swansea, and Cardiff; and a share -of a new wire for news purposes with Exeter, -Plymouth, &c. Sheffield in the same way has a -new wire to London, and a share in a news -circuit with Nottingham, Leeds, and Bradford. -At Birmingham, a number of new local wires, -and the duplexing of others, are provided in -addition to the various new trunk wires already -named. In Scotland, a considerable number of -new wires fall to be erected. Edinburgh obtains -two of the new London wires, and wires to -Manchester, Kelso, and Musselburgh, with the -duplexing of some important wires, such as those -to Kirkcaldy and Perth. Glasgow, with three -London wires added, gets new wires to Dundee, -Leeds, Liverpool, Oban, Kilmarnock, Falkirk, &c.; -while a large number of the existing wires will be -duplexed, and in some cases re-arranged to give -more suitable service. A considerable number -of new local wires are to be erected in both cities. -In Aberdeen, besides the new London wire, the -principal change will be new wires to Wick and -Lerwick—the last a most important improvement, -as Shetland messages will reach London with two -steps, instead of being, as now, repeated at Wick, -Inverness, and Edinburgh or Glasgow.</p> - -<p>We observe that the French are about to increase -enormously their telegraphic system, and that -the new wires are to be laid <i>under</i>ground. It -would be well if, remembering the ever-recurring -havoc wrought upon our overhead wires by gales -and snow, we followed the example of our Gallic -neighbours.</p> - - -<h3>AN OIL BREAKWATER AT FOLKESTONE.</h3> - -<p>A series of experiments has been made at -Folkestone, with the result of very satisfactorily -demonstrating the value of the method of spreading -oil over troubled waters which has been -devised by Mr John Shields, of Perth, and which -has been already described in this <i>Journal</i>. Many -years ago, Mr Shields, observing the effect of a -few drops of oil accidentally spilt on a pond in -connection with his works, began experiments -with a view to determine if this property of oil -could not be turned to account on a large scale -for the saving of life and property at sea and on -our coasts. He soon arrived at the conclusion -that the problem to be solved was ‘how to get -the oil on troubled waters when it was wanted -and where it was wanted.’ By trying various -methods of solving this question, first at Peterhead -and then at Aberdeen, he has worked out -the system which, with the co-operation of the -South-eastern Railway Company, has at his -expense been placed in readiness for use during -stormy weather off the entrance to the harbour -at Folkestone.</p> - -<p>On the 29th January, Mr A. Shields, son of the -inventor, and Mr Gordon, of Dundee, carried out -a number of experiments at Folkestone before -a distinguished company. The weather, unfortunately, -was not all that could be desired; it was -too moderate, and the wind blowing from the -west did not drive such breakers across the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">{128}</span> -harbour bar as a strong south-wester would have -produced. Nevertheless, the channel near shore -was sufficiently rough to prove the efficiency of -Mr Shields’ arrangements for smoothing it. What -was seen by the visitors may be told in few words. -Three large casks were lying on their sides near -the pier-end, and pipes inserted in these were connected -with small force-pumps, each worked by a -man. Attention was first directed to windward -towards the unfinished new pier, which juts out -to the south-west. Those who have watched these -experiments on former occasions said they could -see the oil rising from a submerged pipe laid from -the old pier-head towards the new pier for a distance -of five hundred feet. The flood-tide, however, -was running so strongly that it was not until the -oil had passed the pier that its effects began to be -visible, and these effects were soon more distinctly -seen as the two men stationed at the other barrels -began to pump oil into a couple of pipes, also laid -on the sea-bottom, and running across the entrance -of the harbour towards Shakspeare’s Cliff for -about one thousand yards. A fully-manned lifeboat, -the <i>Mayer de Rothschild</i>, had been rowed -out of the harbour, and was lying off the pier-head, -rolling a good deal, but not getting a splash -while in the wide glassy strip of oil-covered waters -that soon stretched away for half a mile or more, -though to seaward of this glistening streak the -waves were curling and breaking into foam. On -the harbour-side the effects of the oil were noticeable -far in-shore, and few white caps were to be -seen, the film, attenuated as it must have been, -and not more than one hundred feet in width, -acting apparently as an efficient breakwater. -When the pumping was stopped, it was estimated -that rather over one hundred gallons of oil had -been used.</p> - -<p>The trial, which was as satisfactory as the -conditions of weather permitted, was concluded -about one o’clock; yet at four, when the Boulogne -boat came in, broad streaks of comparatively -smooth, unbroken water showed where the oil -still lay on the surface. For this permanent -apparatus, lead-pipes of about one and a quarter -inch diameter are used, and at distances of one -hundred feet apart there are fixed upright pipes -eighteen inches high, in each of which is a -conical valve, protected from silt by a rose. The -oil used was seal-oil, some kind of so-called fish-oil -having been found by experiment to be -better for the purpose than either vegetable or -mineral oils.</p> - -<p>A second experiment was made at the same -place with Mr Gordon’s invention. This consists -of firing shells filled with oil, which, when the -shells burst, spreads itself over the water. Each -shell contains about three-quarters of a gallon -of oil. They are fired from mortars, a charge -of eight ounces of pebble powder being used. The -shell is simply an oil-flask, at the bottom of -which is a recess for a fuse of somewhat peculiar -construction. It consists of two small chambers. -In these there is a projecting submarine fuse -about an inch in length. The fuse is capped with -a composition which renders it absolutely waterproof, -and is so constructed as to secure its ignition -with unfailing certainty. Then the fuse is so timed -that it bursts at the time required, and just as the -shell is touching the surface of the water. The oil -from each shell covers a very considerable area -of surface. Somewhere about a dozen of these -shells were fired at a range of from four hundred -and fifty to five hundred yards. The effect was -wonderful. The hissing and raging waters were -gradually allayed. For a considerable space the -sea was converted into a lake with a gentle swell, -in which a ship or a boat could ride with perfect -ease. The shells, of course, obviate the necessity -of pipes, and the smallest seaport in the kingdom -might therefore, with an old mortar and a dozen -or two of gallons of oil, make a temporary harbour -of refuge whenever the necessity arose.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_CHURCHYARD_BY_THE_SEA">THE CHURCHYARD BY THE SEA.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="ph3">A MEMORY.</p> - - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0"><span class="smcap">Across</span> the waste of years I see</div> - <div class="verse indent2">One spot for ever soft and green,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Which, shrined within my memory,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">In evening glow or morning sheen,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Tells of the golden, vanished years,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">When smiles came oftener far than tears.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">A churchyard by the restless sea,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Where, in deep calm and dreamless sleep,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The Dead lay resting peacefully,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Unheeding the tempestuous deep;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Careless alike of sun and breeze,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Or ebbing of those changeful seas.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">And oft when shipwreck and despair</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Came to the little sea-beat town,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Pale women, with dishevelled hair,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">To the wild shore went hurrying down,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And tenderly dead eyes would close,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And smooth dead limbs for long repose.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Full many a weary, storm-tossed wight,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Year after year, in quiet was laid,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Safe from the blustering storms of night,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">In this green spot, and undismayed,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Slept close beside the breakers’ roar,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Whose wrath should mar his rest no more.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">And over each low-sleeping head,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Where thymy turf grew green and soft,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The wild bee hummed, and rosy-red</div> - <div class="verse indent2">The brier-flower bloomed, and up aloft</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The fleecy clouds went drifting by</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Like shades, across the summer sky.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">And ever as the years go by,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">And one by one old memories creep</div> - <div class="verse indent0">From out the sweet Past solemnly,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">I seem to see, beside the deep,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">That little, lonely, silent spot,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">With many a childish dream enwrought.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse right">J. H.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p>The Conductor of <span class="smcap">Chambers’s Journal</span> begs to direct -the attention of <span class="smcap">Contributors</span> to the following notice:</p> - -<div class="blockquot_ans"> - -<p><i>1st.</i> All communications should be addressed to the -‘Editor, 339 High Street, Edinburgh.’</p> - -<p><i>2d.</i> For its return in case of ineligibility, postage-stamps -should accompany every manuscript.</p> - -<p><i>3d.</i> <span class="smcap">Manuscripts</span> should bear the author’s full <i>Christian</i> -name, Surname, and Address, legibly written; and -should be written on white (not blue) paper, and on -one side of the leaf only.</p> - -<p><i>4th.</i> Offerings of Verse should invariably be accompanied -by a stamped and directed envelope.</p> -</div> - -<p><i>If the above rules are complied with, the Editor will -do his best to insure the safe return of ineligible papers.</i></p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center">Printed and Published by <span class="smcap">W. & R. Chambers</span>, 47 Paternoster -Row, <span class="smcap">London</span>, and 339 High Street, <span class="smcap">Edinburgh</span>.</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center"><i>All Rights Reserved.</i></p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="footnotes"> -<p class="ph3">FOOTNOTES</p> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Regents, Champions, Orkney Reds, &c., are mere -<i>varieties</i> of the common species of potato.</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL OF POPULAR LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART, FIFTH SERIES, NO. 8, VOL. 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