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diff --git a/65014-h/65014-h.htm b/65014-h/65014-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e12d87 --- /dev/null +++ b/65014-h/65014-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,21647 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> + <head> <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> +<title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland, by David Macgibbon & Thomas Ross.; vol. 3/3 +</title> +<style type="text/css"> + +a:link {background-color:#ffffff;color:blue;text-decoration:none;} + + link {background-color:#ffffff;color:blue;text-decoration:none;} + +a:visited {background-color:#ffffff;color:purple;text-decoration:none;} + +a:hover {background-color:#ffffff;color:#FF0000;text-decoration:underline;} + +big {font-size: 150%;} + +body{margin-left:4%;margin-right:6%;background:#ffffff;color:black;font-family:"Times New Roman", serif;font-size:medium;} + +.blockquot {margin-top:2%;margin-bottom:2%;} + +.c {text-align:center;text-indent:0%;} + +.caption {font-weight:normal;} +.caption p{font-size:75%;text-align:center;text-indent:0%;} + +.cb {text-align:center;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;} + +.ditto {margin-left:1em;margin-right:1em;} + +.figcenter {margin:3% auto 3% auto;clear:both; 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+left:95%;font-size:55%;text-align:right;color:gray; +background-color:#ffffff;font-variant:normal;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0em;} +@media print, handheld +{.pagenum + {display: none;} + } + +.pdd {padding-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;} + +th {padding-top:1em;padding-bottom:.5em;font-weight:normal;} + +.rt {text-align:right;} + +.sans {font-family:sans-serif;font-size:110%;} + +small {font-size: 70%;} + +.smcap {font-variant:small-caps;font-size:100%;} + +table {margin-top:2%;margin-bottom:2%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border:none;} + +td.indd {padding-left:3em;} + +.tdspc {padding-left:10%;padding-right:10%;} + +div.poetry {text-align:center;} +div.poem {font-size:90%;margin:auto auto;text-indent:0%; +display: inline-block; text-align: left;} +.poem .stanza {margin-top: 1em;margin-bottom:1em;} +.poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} +.poem span.i1 {display: block; margin-left: .45em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} +.poem span.i7 {display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} +.poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} +</style> + </head> + <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 65014 ***</div> +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<a href="images/cover.jpg"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" height="550" alt="[Image of the cover +is unavailable.]" /></a> +</div> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="" +style="border: 2px black solid;margin:1em auto 1em auto;max-width:50%; +padding:1%;"> +<tr><td> + +<p class="c"><a href="#CONTENTS">Contents.</a><br /> +<a href="#GENERAL_INDEX">General Index +to The Whole Work:</a> +<br /><small> +<a href="#A">A</a>, +<a href="#B">B</a>, +<a href="#C">C</a>, +<a href="#D">D</a>, +<a href="#E">E</a>, +<a href="#F">F</a>, +<a href="#G">G</a>, +<a href="#H">H</a>, +<a href="#I">I</a>, +<a href="#J">J</a>, +<a href="#K">K</a>, +<a href="#L">L</a>, +<a href="#M">M</a>, +<a href="#N">N</a>, +<a href="#O">O</a>, +<a href="#P">P</a>, +<a href="#Q">Q</a>, +<a href="#R">R</a>, +<a href="#S">S</a>, +<a href="#T">T</a>, +<a href="#U">U</a>, +<a href="#V">V</a>, +<a href="#W">W</a>, +<a href="#Y">Y</a>.</small></p> +<p class="c"><span class="nonvis">(In certain versions of this etext [in certain browsers] +clicking on the image will bring up a larger version.)</span></p> + +<p class="c">(etext transcriber's note)</p></td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="c">THE ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE<br /> +OF SCOTLAND<br /><br /> +<small>FROM THE EARLIEST CHRISTIAN TIMES TO THE +SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.</small></p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" +style="font-size:73%;" summary="none"> +<tr><td class="c" colspan="2"><i>Edinburgh: Printed by George Waterston & Sons</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="c" colspan="2">FOR</td></tr> +<tr><td class="c" colspan="2">DAVID DOUGLAS.</td></tr> +<tr><td>LONDON,</td><td>SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND CO., LIMITED</td></tr> +<tr><td>CAMBRIDGE,</td><td> MACMILLAN AND BOWES</td></tr> +<tr><td>GLASGOW,</td><td>JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS</td></tr> +</table> + +<h1> +THE<br /> +<br /> +ECCLESIASTICAL<br /> +<br /> +<big>ARCHITECTURE</big><br /> +<br /> +OF SCOTLAND<br /> +<br /><small> +FROM THE EARLIEST CHRISTIAN TIMES TO THE<br /> +SEVENTEENTH CENTURY</small></h1> + +<p class="c">BY<br /> +DAVID MACGIBBON <small>AND</small> THOMAS ROSS<br /><br /><small> +AUTHORS OF “THE CASTELLATED AND DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND”</small><br /> +<br /> +<i>VOLUME THREE</i><br /> +<br /> +<img src="images/title.png" height="250" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /> +<br /> +EDINBURGH: DAVID DOUGLAS<br /> +MDCCCXCVII<br /> +<br /> +<i>All rights reserved.</i><br /></p> + +<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2> + +<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">In</span> issuing the concluding Volume of this work, we take the opportunity +to notice some points in the previous portions which have given rise to +discussion.</p> + +<p>In Vol. <small>I.</small> p. 297 we express disagreement with Mr. W. Galloway’s opinion +regarding the age of the chancel walls of St. Blane’s, Bute. Mr. +Galloway having asked for an opportunity of defending his views, we have +pleasure in publishing his observations in the Appendix to this Volume.</p> + +<p>Reference is made in Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 172 to Mr. T. L. Watson’s theory +regarding the vaulting of the lower church in St. Mungo’s Cathedral, +Glasgow. Having recently had the privilege, on the invitation of Mr. P. +Macgregor Chalmers, of attending a meeting on the spot, when the usually +obscure edifice was well lit up, and when it was shown by Mr. Chalmers +that the points on which Mr. Watson based his opinion were untenable, we +see no reason to believe that the beautiful design of the vaulting and +the plan of the shrine were ever intended to be carried out in a mode +different from that in which they are executed.</p> + +<p>When treating of Melrose Abbey (Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 378) we ventured to +criticise the views expressed by Mr. Chalmers in his work, <i>A Scots +Mediæval Architect</i>. As Mr. Chalmers has been kind enough to approach us +directly, taking exception to our remarks, we are glad to afford him, in +an Appendix to this Volume, the opportunity he desires of stating his +defence of his views.</p> + +<p>Mr. Chalmers has done good service in drawing attention to some examples +of Scottish mediæval architecture of a late date, which show a +remarkable revival in point of design when compared with the general +architecture of the country at the time.</p> + +<p>From the series of examples given in this Volume there can scarcely be +any question as to the gradual deterioration of ecclesiastical +architecture which occurred generally throughout Scotland during the +latter half of the fifteenth and the first half of the sixteenth +centuries, and it is certainly surprising to find some exceptionally +good work in a few structures of that period. Amongst these is the aisle +of Car Fergus, in Glasgow Cathedral, the vaulting of which building is +of about the date of 1500, as is evident from its containing several +specimens of Archbishop Blacader’s arms. The work is not all equal, but +the vaulting has the groining (a rare kind of construction in Scotland +at the period) well executed, and the bosses show a wonderful amount and +variety of design. Some of the latter (such as that in the illustration +kindly supplied by Mr. Chalmers in the Appendix) are admirable.</p> + +<p>Mr. Chalmers has brought forward a considerable amount of evidence +regarding the rood screen in St. Mungo’s, which point to its being an +exceptionally fine specimen of late pointed work. The vaulting and some +other portions of the presbytery of Melrose Abbey are also classed by +Mr. Chalmers in the same category.</p> + +<p>The subject is an interesting one, and all students of Scottish +architecture must feel indebted to Mr. Chalmers for drawing special +attention to it. We trust the point will be further investigated.</p> + +<p>There is one consideration connected with this revival to which we would +draw attention, viz., that mentioned in the text (Vol. <small>III.</small> pp. 6 and 7) +that a certain excellence in the carving and the design of the smaller +features of the architecture observable in the later work may have been +due to the foreign artists introduced at the time. We might, in view of +the above circumstances, have given this remark a wider scope, so as to +apply to such works as those above referred to and similar examples.</p> + +<p>There is abundant evidence in the Exchequer Rolls that French +master-masons were employed by James <small>IV.</small> and <small>V.</small> Thus the Merliouns,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> a +distinguished family of French master-masons, were in the royal service +at Stirling in 1496, and members of the family are found at Linlithgow, +Dunbar, Ravenscraig, Perth Church, &c. Latterly the king’s <i>French +master-mason</i> became a regular court appointment, and the office was +held by several Frenchmen.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<p>This importation of foreign artists may perhaps account for some of the +exceptionally good examples, especially in connection with places +favoured by royalty; but a good deal of time would necessarily elapse +before such work could become general. Hence the revival was limited, +while the architecture generally gradually deteriorated or changed to +Renaissance.</p> + +<p>The monument of Bishop Kennedy, in St. Salvator’s, St. Andrews (a design +undoubtedly superior to the general Scottish work of the period), is +probably a French example, both in design and execution.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<p>Mr. Chalmers lays stress on the influence of Queen Margaret’s marriage +to James <small>IV.</small> as probably having produced some of the imitations of +English perpendicular work found at Melrose and Linlithgow, and this may +possibly have been the case.</p> + +<p>In a review of Vol. <small>II.</small> in the <i>Glasgow Herald</i> attention +was drawn to +an error in the description of St. Andrews Cathedral (p. 31), where the +restored illustration (Fig. 453) shows a single central shaft in the +windows of the chapter house, instead of two coupled shafts. The shafts +are gone, but the two bases are still traceable.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>We have to thank the numerous clergymen, proprietors, custodians, and +others, to whom it has been necessary to apply for permission to visit +the various churches, for their assistance, which was always freely +given. Our acknowledgments are also due to those gentlemen who have +kindly continued their contributions to our work in the form of drawings +and descriptions of churches, especially to Mr. T. S. Robertson, Dundee, +and Mr. William Galloway, Whithorn. Mr. R. Weir Schultz, London; Mr. +John W. Small, Stirling; Mr. F. R. Coles, Edinburgh, and others have +also been good enough to furnish us with several drawings and +descriptions for this Volume, as is noted in the text.</p> + +<p>To the Librarians of the Advocates’ Library and the University Library +of Edinburgh, and the Keeper of the National Museum of the Antiquaries +of Scotland, we are greatly indebted for their valuable assistance.</p> + +<p>We desire, further, to express our obligation to Mr. Alexander Ross, +architect, Inverness, and Mr. R. Bruce Armstrong, for permission to use +illustrations from their published works; and to Mr. W. Rae Macdonald, +Edinburgh, and Mr. R. C. Walker, Dundee, for their aid in connection +with the heraldry of the buildings and monuments.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Edinburgh</span>, <i>October 1897</i>.</p></div> + +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h2> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin:1em auto; +max-width:80%;" summary="none"> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="rt"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pdd">Third or Late Pointed Period—Gradual transition from Middle +Pointed Style—Inferior, but peculiarly Scottish—Middle +Pointed buildings large and complete—Large Late Pointed +examples, chiefly restorations and collegiate, and designed +as single chambers without aisles—Some designed as cross +churches, but often unfinished—Characteristic features—Eastern +three-sided apse and pointed barrel vault, with +stone roof—Groins avoided, and contrivances in lieu thereof—Windows +low—Surface vaulting instead of ribs generally +used, but ribs sometimes applied to surface—Examples—Stone +roofs carefully wrought—Independent invention—Examples +of groined vaults—Decorated barrel vault, and +straight arches at Rosslyn—Forms of buttresses, pinnacles, +windows, tracery, &c.—Influences of Late English and +French Gothic—Doorways, porches, arms, central towers—Monuments—Figure +carving—Sacrament houses and smaller +features well executed, perhaps the work of French artists—Collegiate +churches spread over the whole country—Parish +churches converted into collegiate churches,</td> +<td valign="bottom" class="rt"><a href="#page_1">1-7</a> +</td></tr> +</table> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> + +<tr><th colspan="2">DESCRIPTIONS OF BUILDINGS.</th></tr> + +<tr><td>Paisley Abbey (<i>Cluniac</i>),</td><td>Renfrewshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_7">7</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Dunkeld Cathedral (St. Columba’s),</td><td>Perthshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_28">28</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Iona Cathedral (<i>Cluniac</i> Abbey),</td><td>Argyleshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_47">47</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>St. Machar’s Cathedral,</td><td>Old Aberdeen,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_75">75</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Trinity College Church, Edinburgh,</td><td>Mid-Lothian,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_89">89</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Parish Church of St. John the Baptist, Perth,</td><td>Perthshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_104">104</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Dundee,</td><td>Forfarshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_123">123</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Glenluce Abbey (<i>Cistercian</i>),</td><td>Wigtonshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_132">132</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Parish Church of Torphichen,</td><td>Linlithgowshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_139">139</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>St. Anthony’s Chapel, Edinburgh,</td><td>Mid-Lothian,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_145">145</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Collegiate Church of St. Matthew, Rosslyn,</td><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_149">149</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Mary, Dunglass,</td><td>Haddingtonshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_179">179</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Parish Church of St. Marnan, Fowlis Easter,</td><td>Perthshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_189">189</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Collegiate Church of St. Salvator, St. Andrews,</td><td>Fifeshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_199">199</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Nicholas, Dalkeith,</td><td>Mid-Lothian,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_205">205</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Parish Church of St. Mungo, Borthwick,</td><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_214">214</a> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Our Lady, Ladykirk,</td><td>Berwickshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_218">218</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Collegiate Church of St. Mary and Holy Cross, Seton,</td><td>Haddingtonshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_223">223</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Collegiate Church of Arbuthnott,</td><td>Kincardineshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_235">235</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Saints Mary and Kentigern, Crichton,</td><td>Mid-Lothian,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_243">243</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Collegiate Church of St. John the Baptist, Corstorphine,</td><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_250">250</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Collegiate Church of St. Macrubha, Crail,</td><td>Fifeshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_263">263</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Parish Church of St. Mary, Whitekirk,</td><td>Haddingtonshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_269">269</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Mid-Calder,</td><td>Mid-Lothian,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_279">279</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>King’s College Chapel,</td><td>Old Aberdeen,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_287">287</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Church of the Carmelite Friars (St. Mary’s), South Queensferry,</td><td>Linlithgowshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_296">296</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Collegiate Church of St. Bothan, Yester,</td><td>Haddingtonshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_309">309</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Parish Church of the Holy Rood, Stirling,</td><td>Stirlingshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_315">315</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Collegiate Church of St. Saviour, Tullibardine,</td><td>Perthshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_330">330</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Mary, Maybole,</td><td>Ayrshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_338">338</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Mary, Biggar,</td><td>Lanarkshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_343">343</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Carnwath,</td><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_349">349</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Mary, Castle Semple,</td><td>Renfrewshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_351">351</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Church of the Franciscans or Greyfriars, Elgin,</td><td>Morayshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_356">356</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> do. do. Aberdeen,</td><td>Aberdeenshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_358">358</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Church of the Priory of St. Clement, Rowdil, Harris,</td><td>Inverness-shire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_363">363</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Church of the Priory of St. Oran or St. Columba, Oronsay,</td><td>Argyleshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_372">372</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Font of Church of St. Maelrubba, Skye,</td><td>Inverness-shire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_381">381</a></td></tr> +</table> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th colspan="2">EXAMPLES ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY BY COUNTIES.</th></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Aberdeenshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Church of Kinkell,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_383">383</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Kintore,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_386">386</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Chapel of St. Adamnan, Leask,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_387">387</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Argyleshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Church of St. John the Baptist, Ardchattan,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_389">389</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Collegiate Church of St. Mund, Kilmun,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_390">390</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Ayrshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Alloway Kirk,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_393">393</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of Old Dailly,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_394">394</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Straiton,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_396">396</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Banffshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Collegiate Church of St. Mary, Cullen,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_398">398</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of St. John Evangelist, Deskford,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_406">406</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Bean, Mortlach,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_408">408</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Berwickshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Church of Abbey St. Bathans (Cistercian Nuns),</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_410">410</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of Our Lady, Bassendean,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_412">412</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Cockburnspath,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_413">413</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Preston,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_416">416</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Buteshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Church of St Mary’s Abbey, Rothesay,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_418">418</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Dumbartonshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church and Collegiate Church of St. Mary, Dumbarton,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_423">423</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Chapel at Kirkton of Kilmahew (St. Mahew),</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_426">426</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Dumfriesshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Canonby Priory (Austin Canons), Fragment of,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_431">431</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of Kirkbryde,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_431">431</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Church of St. Cuthbert, Moffat,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_433">433</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Sanquhar,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_435">435</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Fifeshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of Carnock,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_436">436</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Serf, Dysart,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_437">437</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Monan, Kilconquhar,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_441">441</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Irenaeus, Kilrenny,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_442">442</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Rosyth,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_444">444</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Church of the <span class="ditto">Do.</span>inicans or Blackfriars, St. Andrews,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_445">445</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Leonard’s College, St. Andrews,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_448">448</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> the Holy Trinity, St. Andrews,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_451">451</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Forfarshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of Airlie,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_452">452</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Invergowrie,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_454">454</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Mains,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_455">455</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Maryton,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_456">456</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Pert,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_458">458</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Vigean’s,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_459">459</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Haddingtonshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Church of the Red or Trinity Friars, Dunbar,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_462">462</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of St. Maelrubba, Keith,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_465">465</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Kincardineshire.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd">Church of St. Palladius, Fordoun,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_468">468</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Kirkcudbrightshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Church of Old Girthon,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_469">469</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Lanarkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Priory of Blantyre (Austin Canons),</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_470">470</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of St. Michael, Covington,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_472">472</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Linlithgowshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of Auldcathie,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_474">474</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Mid-Lothian.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd">Collegiate Church of St. Triduan, Restalrig,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_475">475</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Peeblesshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of Newlands,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_479">479</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Holy Cross Church, Peebles,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_482">482</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Church of St. Andrew, Peebles,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_485">485</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Perthshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of St. Cathan, Aberuthven,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_485">485</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Church of St. Moloc, Alyth,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_487">487</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Mechessock, Auchterarder,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_488">488</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Cambusmichael,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_489">489</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Abbey of Coupar (Cistercian),</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_491">491</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of Dron,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_497">497</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Church of Ecclesiamagirdle or Exmagirdle, or Glenearn,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_499">499</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of Forgandenny,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_500">500</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Abbey of Inchaffray (Austin Canons),</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_502">502</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Collegiate Church of Innerpeffray,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_507">507</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of Kinfauns,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_513">513</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="indd"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Meigle, Font of,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_517">517</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Collegiate Church of Methven,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_519">519</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Chapel of Moncrieff,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_521">521</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of Wast-town,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_522">522</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Renfrewshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of Renfrew (Monument),</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_525">525</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Churches of Houston, St. Fillan’s, and Kilmalcolm,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_527">527</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Selkirkshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of Selkirk,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_529">529</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="smcap">Wigtonshire.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="indd">Parish Church of St. Machutus, Wigton,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_533">533</a></td></tr> +</table> + +<h2><a name="CHURCHES_OF_THE_SIXTEENTH_AND_SEVENTEENTH_CENTURIES" +id="CHURCHES_OF_THE_SIXTEENTH_AND_SEVENTEENTH_CENTURIES"></a>CHURCHES OF THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES.</h2> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin:1em auto; +max-width:80%;" summary="none"> +<tr><td> </td><td class="rt"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> +<tr><td>Mediæval Architecture terminated with the Reformation, 1560—Under +James <small>I.</small> and Charles <small>I.</small> and <small>II.</small> a revival attempted—Two +styles practised, one plain, the other somewhat ornate—Specimens +of each—Influence of Domestic Architecture on +Ecclesiastical—Picturesque examples,</td> +<td><a href="#page_534">534</a></td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="c">The following churches of this period are arranged in alphabetical +order:—</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary=""> + +<tr><td>Parish Church of St. Drostan, Aberdour,</td><td>Aberdeenshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_535">535</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Parish Churches of Anstruther, Easter and Wester,</td><td>Fifeshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_536">536</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Parish Church of St. Mary, Auchterhouse,</td><td>Forfarshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_541">541</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Aytoun,</td><td>Berwickshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_543">543</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Ballingry,</td><td>Fifeshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_543">543</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Blair, Blair-Atholl,</td><td>Perthshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_544">544</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Brandan, Boyndie,</td><td>Banffshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_545">545</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Michael, Cupar,</td><td>Fifeshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_547">547</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Bridget, Dalgety,</td><td>Do.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_549">549</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. John, Dalry,</td><td>Kirkcudbrightshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_551">551</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Drainie and Michael Kirk,</td><td>Morayshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_553">553</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Durness,</td><td>Sutherlandshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_557">557</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Cuthbert, East Calder,</td><td>Mid-Lothian,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_559">559</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Parish Churches of Eassie and Nevay (St. Neveth),</td><td>Forfarshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_560">560</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Pulpit from St. Cuthbert’s Church, Edinburgh,</td><td>Mid-Lothian,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_562">562</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Parish Church of St. Cavan, Fetteresso,</td><td>Kincardineshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_562">562</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Chapel of Fordel,</td><td>Fifeshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_565">565</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Parish Church of Garvald,</td><td>Haddingtonshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_567">567</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. John, Gamrie,</td><td>Banffshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_567">567</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Gladsmuir,</td><td>Haddingtonshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_569">569</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Steeple of the Tron Church, Glasgow,</td><td>Lanarkshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_571">571</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Chapel of St Mary, &c., Grandtully,</td><td>Perthshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_571">571</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Parish Church of Greenlaw,</td><td>Berwickshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_574">574</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Insch,</td><td>Aberdeenshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_575">575</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Kemback,</td><td>Fifeshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_576">576</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Kilmaurs, Glencairn Monument at,</td><td>Ayrshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_577">577</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Kinneil,</td><td>Linlithgowshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_578">578</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Bean’s, Kinkell,</td><td>Perthshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_579">579</a> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Kinnoull, Monument in,</td><td>Do.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_580">580</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Parish Church of Kirkoswald,</td><td>Ayrshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_582">582</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Lauder,</td><td>Berwickshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_582">582</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Leswalt,</td><td>Wigtonshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_585">585</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Colm, Lonmay,</td><td>Aberdeenshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_587">587</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Loudoun, Galston,</td><td>Ayrshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_587">587</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Lyne,</td><td>Peeblesshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_589">589</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Morham,</td><td>Haddingtonshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_591">591</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Fiacre or Fittack, Nigg,</td><td>Kincardineshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_592">592</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Oldhamstocks,</td><td>Berwickshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_594">594</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Giles’, Ormiston,</td><td>Haddingtonshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_596">596</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Church of the Priory of Pittenweem,</td><td>Fifeshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_599">599</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Parish Church of Polwarth,</td><td>Berwickshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_601">601</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Prestonpans, Heraldic Panel from,</td><td>Haddingtonshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_602">602</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> St. Ethernan or Eddran, Rathan,</td><td>Aberdeenshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_604">604</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Chapel and Castle of Southannan, West Kilbride,</td><td>Ayrshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_607">607</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Parish Church of Stenton,</td><td>Haddingtonshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_609">609</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Stow,</td><td>Mid-Lothian,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_611">611</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Church at Terregles,</td><td>Kirkcudbrightshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_615">615</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Parish Church of St. Congan, Turriff,</td><td>Aberdeenshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_615">615</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Walston,</td><td>Lanarkshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_617">617</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Weem,</td><td>Perthshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_619">619</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><span class="ditto">Do.</span> Yester,</td><td>Haddingtonshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_622">622</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Specimen of Early Sculpture from Forteviot,</td><td>Perthshire,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_623">623</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Appendix</span>,</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_625">625</a></td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_1" id="page_1">{1}</a></span></p> + +<h1><a name="THE_ECCLESIASTICAL_ARCHITECTURE_OF_SCOTLAND" id="THE_ECCLESIASTICAL_ARCHITECTURE_OF_SCOTLAND"></a>THE ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND<br /><br /> +<small>FROM THE EARLIEST CHRISTIAN TIMES TO THE<br /> SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.</small><br /><br /> +<small>V O L U M E I I I.</small></h1> + +<h2><a name="THIRD_OR_LATE_POINTED_PERIOD" id="THIRD_OR_LATE_POINTED_PERIOD"></a>THIRD OR LATE POINTED PERIOD.</h2> + +<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">In</span> passing from the Middle Pointed to the Late Pointed periods in +Scotland, we do not find any distinct break in the style of architecture +such as exists between the First and Second Pointed periods. The middle +pointed style passes by gentle gradation into the late pointed style, +and there is some difficulty in fixing the period when the one ceases +and the other begins. When buildings such as Melrose Abbey and Lincluden +College are compared with Dunglass, Corstorphine, and other collegiate +churches of the late period, the difference of style is very apparent, +and it is at once seen that these edifices belong to different +categories. But between such examples as Haddington Church and Paisley +Abbey the distinction of style is not at first sight so striking. It is +only when the whole character of the architecture is considered that it +can be determined to which category each structure belongs. Although the +line of division is thus to a certain extent arbitrary, there are some +characteristics of the third pointed period which are peculiar to it, +and render it a distinct and well marked epoch. This period, although +inferior in many respects to those which preceded it, yet comprises more +than any other certain elements which give it a claim to be considered +peculiarly Scottish and national.</p> + +<p>Many of the structures described in Vol <small>II.</small> as belonging (in part at +least) to the decorated period bear some resemblance to those of the +same style in England. These edifices are mostly of considerable size, +and contain all the usual divisions of choir, nave, and transept, nearly +always with aisles. They are also generally vaulted with groined vaults, +having wooden roofs above the vaults. The details of the buildings are +likewise of similar character in both localities.</p> + +<p>As in the preceding period, the large churches of the third pointed +period in Scotland are nearly all restorations. No new churches of great +size were undertaken. Some of the older large churches which had been +damaged were reconstructed, but the new churches erected were almost<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_2" id="page_2">{2}</a></span> +entirely confined to parish or collegiate structures. The largest new +church is that of Trinity College in Edinburgh, founded by the widowed +queen of James <small>II.</small> Only a few of the larger of these churches have +aisles, and are roofed with groined vaulting.</p> + +<p>Most of the new edifices of the late pointed style in Scotland differ +from those in England in many particulars. The Scottish churches are, as +already stated, usually smaller in size, and consist of single +compartments without aisles. Although frequently designed as cross +churches, with choir, nave, and transepts, they are rarely finished, the +choir or the choir and transepts being often the only portions carried +out. The east end frequently terminates with a three-sided apse. This +feature is almost entirely characteristic of the late pointed period. It +undoubtedly owes its origin to the Scottish alliance and intercourse +with France. But the leading and distinguishing feature of our late +pointed style is the vaulting, the pointed barrel vault being almost +universally employed. We have seen that a pointed barrel vault was used +at Lincluden and Bothwell collegiate churches. It was, however, in the +later edifices, after the middle of the fifteenth century, that that +form of vault came into general use. This kind of arch was of simple +construction, and was much employed in the castles of the period, being +found convenient—first, because it was of easy construction; and +second, because it could conveniently carry a roof composed of +overlapping stones. This style of roof had the double advantage of being +fireproof, and in the case of the castles, where it was often kept flat, +of forming a platform from which the defenders could operate.</p> + +<p>It has already been pointed out<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> that many features of domestic +architecture were at this time imported into ecclesiastical +architecture, and the above feature of the pointed barrel vault carrying +a stone roof is the first and most important.</p> + +<p>In carrying out this kind of vaulting in churches, several difficulties +were encountered and had to be overcome. The most serious of these +difficulties was the junction of the transepts, or side chapels, with +the choir and nave. In the earlier Gothic churches this was managed by +running the vault of the transepts or chapels into that of the nave, and +forming a groin at the intersection. But the peculiarity of the late +Scottish churches is that they carefully avoid all groins and +intersections of arches. The junction of the vaults at the above +intersections is, therefore, managed by a special contrivance, viz., by +keeping the barrel vaults of the transepts or chapels quite apart from +those of the central nave, the side vaults being stopped on gables +carried up on arches in the line of the main side walls to receive them. +The main nave vault is thus carried throughout the whole length of the +central nave without a break, and where the opening into the transepts +or chapels occurs, the main<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_3" id="page_3">{3}</a></span> vault rests on an arch thrown across the +side openings in the line of the main walls, and at a level below the +springing of the main vault. The outer stone roofs of the transepts are +also kept independent of that of the central nave, and do not mitre into +it.</p> + +<p>The windows of these churches, which have nearly always pointed +arch-heads, are necessarily placed at a low level, so as to allow the +point of the arch-head to come beneath the spring of the main vault. +This is done so as to avoid even a small groin, such as would be +required if the window arch-head were carried up into the main vault. +The object is two-fold—first, to escape the difficulty of the +intersection of the vaults; and second, to avoid the small gablets over +the windows and the small stone roofs and valleys which would be +required at the junction of these with the main external stone roofs. +The above features are all well exemplified at Ladykirk, Seton College, +Corstorphine, and many other churches.</p> + +<p>It should be borne in mind that the vaulting in England in the fifteenth +and sixteenth centuries had also to some extent reverted to the plan of +relying chiefly for strength on plain surface vaulting, and not on the +ribs as in the earlier period. The example from Winchester Cathedral<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> +helps to explain this. The intersection of the vaults is there very +slight, and the numerous ribs introduced are almost all used +ornamentally. This is also the case in the fan vaulting, so common in +England in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, in which the ribs or +tracery are applied as ornaments on the surface of the vaults.</p> + +<p>Ornamental ribs are not uncommon in Scottish roofs. An early example, +somewhat similar to that at Winchester, still exists over the presbytery +of Melrose Abbey, where the intersection of the vaults is almost +entirely abandoned, and numerous ornamental surface ribs are introduced. +In later examples, however, the intersection of the vaults is completely +given up, and any ribs employed are useless except as ornaments. Such +are the roofs of St. Mirren’s Chapel, Paisley, and the choir of Seton +College.</p> + +<p>An example of the shifts the builders were put to in order to escape +intersecting vaults may be seen in the apse of Stirling Church. In other +examples, such as Dunglass and Queensferry, the nave, choir, and +transepts have walls carried up on the four sides of the crossing, +against which the pointed barrel vaults are stopped, and access is +furnished to the various arms of the church by small archways like +doorways in the walls. At Whitekirk the crossing is exceptional, having +a groined vault; but the choir, &c., have pointed barrel vaults, which +stop upon walls at the crossing.</p> + +<p>In the case of the apse of Linlithgow Church the difficulty of the +intersection of the apse with the choir vault was avoided by sticking on +the apse against the east end wall, like a large bow window. This<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_4" id="page_4">{4}</a></span> +enabled the apse windows to be carried to a good height. Generally +speaking the windows in the apse are very low, being kept down below the +main arch, and admit little light, thus rendering the vault extremely +dark, as, for instance, at Seton Church.</p> + +<p>In most of the collegiate churches the barrel vaults supported a roof +composed of carefully wrought flag-stones. These stones are arranged in +courses, running from the eaves to the ridge, and every alternate course +is higher than, and rests on, the edges of the intermediate courses. +Each stone also overlaps the course which is below it in the slope of +the roof. There is thus a considerable amount of cutting and fitting +required, which is usually carefully executed. Sometimes each stone is +hollowed in the centre, so as to carry the water away from the joints. +The gutters are also wrought in stone on the same principle. Roofs of +this description might evidently be made almost level, and in the case +of many of the castles (as on the keep of Craigmillar Castle) that is +done, and a platform for defence is thus created. In the churches, +however, the stone roofs are usually pretty steep.</p> + +<p>It is remarkable that this form of roof was a reproduction in Scotland, +in the fifteenth century, of a fireproof form of construction which was +much used in Provence in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. But in this +country it was to all appearance an independent invention, as Provence +in the fifteenth century was, architecturally speaking, very remote, and +was cut off from Scotland by the intermediate styles of England and +France.</p> + +<p>It should be noted that the pointed barrel vault, although very general, +was not universally employed in Scotland during the third period. One or +two notable examples of well constructed groined vaults are to be found, +such as the vaulting of Trinity College Church and that of “Blackader’s +Aisle” in Glasgow Cathedral. But these are exceptions to the general +rule.</p> + +<p>In Rosslyn College we have the finest example of the late Scottish forms +of vaulting carried out to their fullest extent, together with some +exceptional designs. This church differs from most of the other +collegiate churches in having side aisles, and also in having groined +vaults in the east end. The plan of the latter portion of the building, +being copied from the arrangement at the east end of Glasgow Cathedral, +has been carried out with groining, in imitation of the original; but in +the other parts of the structure the vaulting conforms to that of the +third pointed period in Scotland. The main central roof is covered with +a continuous pointed barrel vault without a break, except an ornamental +rib over each division of the bays. The soffits of each panel of the +arch thus formed are carved with stars, fleur-de-lys, and other +enrichments. The side aisles are also covered with a series of pointed +barrel vaults. Each of these aisle vaults forms an extension of the main +pier arch of the choir, carried across the aisle at<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_5" id="page_5">{5}</a></span> right angles to the +main choir. The Scottish plan of avoiding groins is thus adhered to. The +above arrangement of the aisle vaults also enables the aisle windows to +be carried up to a good height. The barrel vaults across the aisles rest +on flat arches (made to resemble straight lintels), which run between +the caps of the main piers and the responds against the walls. The whole +construction recalls that of a castle with a large central hall roofed +with a barrel vault, and having a series of side chambers entering off +it, each covered with its separate barrel vault running at right angles +to the main building. If the partitions between these side chambers were +removed, and plain arches or lintels substituted, the construction would +be exactly that of Rosslyn Church. Such a series of chambers, with +barrel vaults running at right angles to a passage, is of common +occurrence in the ground floors of the Scottish castles. An exceptional +feature connected with the main vault of Rosslyn Church is that the same +stones which form the interior arch also form the outside roof—the +usual overlapping stone covering being omitted, possibly to avoid the +extra weight. The exterior of the roof is thus curved like the interior.</p> + +<p>During the late pointed period many varieties of details were indulged +in. The buttresses are generally somewhat stunted. They are plain and +solid, and have often rather elaborate canopies and corbels for statues +placed on the front of the buttresses, without recessed niches. The +buttresses have frequently numerous set-offs, and are generally finished +with stunted square pinnacles having crocketed finials. The windows are +almost always pointed, and contain simple tracery derived from the +earlier styles. The copying of the forms of the older styles is +specially noticeable in the windows and traceries.</p> + +<p>At Ladykirk, the unusual form of elliptical windows is introduced, +probably in order to admit as much light as possible at the haunches. As +above explained, there are generally no aisles, and the windows, being +kept down below the springing of the main arch, are, as usual, low, and +here leave on the exterior a high space of blank wall above them.</p> + +<p>The above form of construction does not require or admit of a triforium +and clerestory. At Rosslyn, where there are side aisles, the side walls +of the choir are carried up so as to permit of clerestory windows. The +tracery is almost always set in the centre of the wall, and the same +mouldings, usually double chamfers, are repeated in the reveal both on +the inside and outside.</p> + +<p>Where the choir, nave, and transepts have square ends, there is +generally a large traceried window carried up in the gable under the +barrel vault of the roof, by which the principal light in the church is +obtained.</p> + +<p>The details of the late pointed churches in Scotland have comparatively +little connection with the late work either in England or France, but +some signs exist of importations from both these countries.</p> + +<p>At Melrose Abbey, Linlithgow Church and Palace, and a few other<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_6" id="page_6">{6}</a></span> places, +there are distinct indications of the influence of the perpendicular +style of England; while the French influence is traceable in the apsidal +terminations of the choir and occasionally of the transepts, and in some +approaches to Flamboyant tracery. The latter influence may probably have +also led to the crown-like terminations of some of the church towers. On +the whole, however, it will be found that the details of the Scottish +late pointed period are peculiar to itself, and are principally founded +on survivals and revivals of details of the earlier styles.</p> + +<p>The doorways, for instance, are generally of the old, round-headed form, +with late foliage and enrichments. The common English perpendicular +doorway, with four-centred arch enclosed in a square frame, is never met +with; and although elliptical or three-centred arches occur over +doorways and windows, the four-centred arch-head is never used. Fan +tracery vaulting is also entirely absent in Scotland.</p> + +<p>Porches to doorways are occasionally introduced, as at Aberdeen +Cathedral and Whitekirk; and smaller porches are formed by arches thrown +between buttresses, as at Rosslyn and Trinity College Churches.</p> + +<p>Coats of arms are very commonly carved on shields at this period, and +are often useful in determining the dates of portions of the buildings, +monuments, &c.</p> + +<p>A tower is generally erected, or intended, over the crossing, and is +carried on the four walls, which, as we have seen, were generally built +in this position, in order to stop the four barrel vaults of the +different divisions of the church. The towers are somewhat stunted, and +they are usually finished with short, stunted spires, having a number of +lucarnes, or small dormer windows, inserted in them. The latter feature +was probably imported from France or the Low Countries, where similar +dormers abound in late work.</p> + +<p>Monuments are of more common occurrence than in the earlier periods. +They are frequently placed in arched and canopied recesses, which are +ornamented with crocketed labels and finials. The carving of the +crockets and other foliage is, doubtless, founded on the conventional +perpendicular foliage of England. This, however, is mixed with a +considerable revival of carving, copied from older work.</p> + +<p>The introduction of numerous small figures of men and animals is a +peculiarity of the period generally, and is found both at home and +abroad. Much of the carving of Rosslyn Church is of this description, +and similar carving may be seen at Melrose Abbey and Stirling Castle, +and on the rood screens in Glasgow Cathedral and Lincluden College. +Elaborate figure carving is common in other countries at this period, as +at Henry <small>VII.</small>’s Chapel, Westminster, and in the churches of France and +Spain.</p> + +<p>Richly carved sacrament houses, such as are occasionally introduced, are +a further indication of the taste for minute sculpture which prevailed +at this time. It is not unusual to find in late buildings that some of +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_7" id="page_7">{7}</a></span> smaller features, such as sedilias, piscinas, and heraldic work, +are well designed and carved with much spirit. Perhaps some of this good +carving may be due to the French masons who, we know, were numerous in +Scotland during the reigns of James <small>IV.</small> and especially of James <small>V.</small><a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> + +<p>During the period now under consideration, the structures chiefly +erected were, as already mentioned, either parish or collegiate +churches. A considerable number of the latter were built and endowed by +private founders during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. A list of +the collegiate churches existing in Scotland at the Reformation is given +by Dr. David Laing in his preface to <i>The Collegiate Churches of +Mid-Lothian</i>.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> They amounted, according to that list, to thirty-eight +in number, and were spread over nearly every county in Scotland. Only +two of these had been founded in the fourteenth century, the remaining +thirty-six being all founded during the fifteenth century and the first +half of the sixteenth century.</p> + +<p>The structures connected with a considerable number of these college +churches are more or less perfectly preserved, and these, as well as +several others not mentioned by Dr. Laing, are described in the +following pages.</p> + +<p>Many of these establishments had previously existed as parish churches +or chapels before they were enlarged and made collegiate, and endowed by +the munificence of the founders.</p> + +<h2><a name="PAISLEY_ABBEY_Renfrewshire" id="PAISLEY_ABBEY_Renfrewshire"></a>PAISLEY ABBEY, <span class="smcap">Renfrewshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Paisley Abbey is fortunate in having found in the Very Rev. J. Cameron +Lees, D.D., formerly one of the ministers of the parish, so able a +historian. We are largely indebted to his work, <i>The Abbey of Paisley, +1163-1878</i>, for the following historical notices.</p> + +<p>The Abbey was founded by Walter, son of Alan, the High Steward of +Scotland, who had accompanied David <small>I.</small> from Shropshire, and received +lands from him in Renfrewshire. Having resolved to follow the example of +his patron, and found a monastery on his estate, Alan entered into an +agreement with Humbold, prior of Wenlock Abbey, in the native county of +his family, to establish at “Passelay” a house of the Cluniac Order of +Benedictines, being the same order as the house at Wenlock. Humbold +therefore, in 1169, brought thirteen monks from the parent house, and, +having settled them in Renfrewshire on an island of the Clyde called the +King’s Inch, returned to Wenlock. There would at that time appear to +have been a very ancient church in existence at Paisley, dedicated to +St. Mirinus, an Irish saint of the sixth century, who had been a +disciple of the great school of St. Comgal at Bangor. A new monastery +was now to supersede the establishment of St. Mirin,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_8" id="page_8">{8}</a></span> but the name of +the ancient saint was preserved in the dedication of the abbey.</p> + +<p>It was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin; to St. James, the patron saint +of the Stewarts; to St. Milburga, the patron of the monks of Wenlock; +and to St. Mirinus, the Celtic missionary of the locality. The monastery +was at first established as a priory; but, in 1245, it was raised to the +rank of an abbey by Pope Honorius <small>III.</small></p> + +<p>The establishment was well endowed, and during the first half of the +thirteenth century it was thoroughly consolidated under Abbot William, +who presided from 1225 to 1248. During the prosperous reigns of Kings +Alexander II. and III. the church was erected, but of the work of that +period (the thirteenth century) there remain only a portion of the west +front and part of the south wall of the nave, including the south-east +doorway to the cloister, and three windows. The structure appears to +have suffered severely during the War of Independence. It stood in the +vicinity of Elderslie, the lands of Sir William Wallace, and doubtless +met with a similar savage treatment to that allotted to the patriot +leader. It is stated to have been burnt by the English in 1307, and the +burning would appear to have led to a very complete destruction of the +edifice, as the portions of the original work which survive are very +small.</p> + +<p>The connection of the Stewart family with the abbey continued till, +through the marriage of Walter with Margery, daughter of Robert the +Bruce, the Stewarts succeeded to the throne. The earlier Stewarts were +all buried in the abbey, which also contains the tomb of Robert <small>III.</small></p> + +<p>In consequence of the destruction of the monastery, caused by the wars +with England, the buildings long remained, like other structures in +Scotland at that period, in a dismantled condition; but gifts having +been received from the Bishops of Argyle and Glasgow to aid the monks in +their distress, and to assist in restoring the fabric, operations were +begun. Part of this work was apparently carried out by Bishop Lithgow +(1384-1433), who was buried, by his own desire, in the north porch, +where the inscription to his memory is still preserved. The chief part, +however, of the rebuilding of the Abbey Church was carried out under +Abbot Thomas de Tervas (1445-1459). This abbot obtained the privilege of +having a tavern and selling wine within the gates of the monastery, and +is believed to have raised money thereby for the reconstruction of the +church. According to the ancient chronicle of Auchenleck, he found the +place in ruin and the “kirk unbiggit.” He carried up the triforium and +clerestory, and finished the roof. He also erected a great portion of +the steeple, and built a stately gatehouse. Having completed the +building of the church, he proceeded to Rome, in order there to procure +suitable furnishings, and brought back adornments of sumptuous +character—jewels, cloths of gold and silver, precious books, the +“statliest Tabernkle in al Scotland,” and “ane lettren of brass.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_9" id="page_9">{9}</a></span></p> + +<p>During the fifteenth century many altars were erected and endowed by the +burgesses, and the Chapel of St. Mirin, which occupies part of the site +of the south transept, was erected in 1499, and endowed by James +Crawford of Kylwynet, a burgess of Paisley, and his wife.</p> + +<p>At the decease of Abbot Tervas, Pope Pius <small>II.</small> decreed that the +disposition of the office of abbot and of the whole revenues of the +monastery should fall to the Pope. A commendator thus came to be +appointed, and the rights of the abbey began to be invaded. However, +Abbot George Shaw (1472-1498) endeavoured to guard the possessions of +the monastery from encroachments. He also succeeded in having the +village of the abbey erected into a burgh, with the usual privileges. +Abbot Shaw likewise improved the buildings of the abbey. He erected a +refectory and other structures, and reared a lofty tower over the +principal gate, and enclosed the grounds and gardens of the convent with +a wall of ashlar, about one mile in circuit, and adorned it with statues +and shields.</p> + +<p>Abbot Shaw placed his arms on several parts of this wall, and in the +middle of the north portion he inserted three shields—the central one +bearing the royal arms; that on the right the Stewart arms, for the +founder; and that on the left the abbot’s own arms. He also erected a +tablet on the north-west angle, containing his name and the date of +erection. Only a small portion of this wall remains, but the panels +containing the royal arms and the inscription are preserved in the +Coates Museum. The latter is as follows:—</p> + +<div class="poetry"> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Ya callit ye Abbot Georg of Schawe<br /></span> +<span class="i1">About yis Abbay gart make yis wav<br /></span> +<span class="i1">A thousande four hundereth zheyr<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Auchty ande fywe the date but veir<br /></span> +<span class="i1">[Pray for his saulis salvacioun]<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Yat made thys nobil fundacioun.”<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a><br /></span> +</div></div> +</div> + +<p>Mr. Chalmers<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> is of opinion that this inscription was designed by John +Morow, whose name appears on a tablet at Melrose Abbey.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> “The +character of the lettering in design and workmanship is the same as at +Melrose. The references to the building operations, the poetical form of +the compositions, the manner in which the names are introduced—‘Callit +was I,’ and ‘ye Callit’—and the devout expressions with which they +close, make it clear that the inscriptions are the work of the same +author.” Whether that is so, or whether the inscriptions simply reflect +the style, both literary and artistic, of the period is questionable. In +any case, the idea is ingenious. Mr. Chalmers points out that the fifth +line, which is erased, was probably cut out by the Reformers, as being +out of keeping with their religious views, while the remainder indicates +the care with which the historically valuable part was preserved.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_10" id="page_10">{10}</a></span></p> + +<p>The days of Abbot John Hamilton (1525-1544), who became Bishop of +Dunkeld, and was afterwards promoted to be Archbishop of St. Andrews, +were evil for the monastery of Paisley, as for all other similar +institutions in the country. When driven from St. Andrews, the +archbishop sought safety at Paisley; but that house being sacked and +burnt by the Reformers, he had to take refuge at Dumbarton Castle, where +he was made prisoner, and afterwards executed at Stirling.</p> + +<p>The Master of Sempill had been appointed bailie of the monastery, and, +at the dissolution, the whole of the church property was handed over to +Lord Sempill. The property finally came into the possession of Lord +Claud Hamilton, nephew of the archbishop, and the monastic buildings +were converted into the “Place of Paisley,” the residence of the +Abercorn family.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Before the Reformation the monastery consisted of the church, the +cloister, and the conventual buildings. The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_953">953</a>) comprised +a long aisleless choir, a nave with aisles, a north transept, a south +transept, with St. Mirin’s Chapel attached to the south of it, and a +tower and spire over the crossing.</p> + +<p>The choir can still be traced, as the walls remain standing to the +height of 9 feet, and contain an elegant sedilia and piscina. The choir +measures, internally, about 124 feet in length by 22 feet in width. It +may be questioned whether the choir was ever finished during the +restoration. The walls present rather the appearance of having been +abandoned at a certain stage in the progress of their erection than of a +building which had fallen into ruin. They stand at a uniform level, +marked by a string course all round, and have not the irregular heights +generally found in ruins. The building is of fifteenth century work, and +doubtless occupies the place of an earlier choir, which had been +demolished.</p> + +<p>The wall at the east end of the nave, which separates it from the +transept, is of a substantial kind, and may have been erected when the +structure was restored in the fifteenth century, with the intention of +rendering the nave a complete church, until the transept and choir were +restored. The latter seems never to have been carried into effect, but +to have been in progress when all work was interrupted by the +Reformation.</p> + +<p>There are no indications at the junction of the choir and transept of +the large piers which would naturally be built so as to correspond with +those at the west side of the crossing (Fig. <a href="#fig_954">954</a>). The fine sedilia, +although greatly mutilated (Fig. <a href="#fig_955">955</a>), is the principal feature in the +eastern part of the edifice. It is 11 feet 2 inches long, and contains +four seats, contrary to the usual practice, which is to have three +seats. The design is elegant, and resembles that of the sedilia at St. +Monan’s, Fifeshire. Adjoining the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_11" id="page_11">{11}</a></span> sedilia is the piscina, the basin of +which is broken, but the aperture is still visible. The recess, which +has an angled head, slopes backwards.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_953" style="width: 619px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_011.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_011.jpg" width="619" height="543" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 953.</span>—Paisley Abbey. +Plan.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p></div> +</div> + +<p>In this respect it resembles one at Auchterarder. On each side are two +small recesses, about 12 inches wide, for holding the sacred vessels.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_12" +id="page_12">{12}</a></span></p> + +<p>The north transept (see Fig. <a href="#fig_954">954</a>) is in ruins, but the north wall, with +the remains of a fine traceried window (Fig. <a href="#fig_956">956</a>), still exists, as well +as a traceried window in the west wall. These traceries were restored a +few years ago. The mode in which the turrets at the angles above the +buttresses are corbelled out recalls similar features at Dunkeld +Cathedral. These turrets resemble the roofed bartizans of castellated +structures.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_954" style="width: 515px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_012.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_012.jpg" width="515" height="482" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 954.</span>—Paisley Abbey. Junction of Nave with North +Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The south transept is also in ruins, and the tower and spire have +disappeared. The Chapel of St. Mirin, however, is still well preserved, +but the openings connecting it with the south transept have been built +up.</p> + +<p>The nave is the only part of the main divisions of the church which +survives as a whole. It measures, internally, 92 feet in length by 60 +feet in width, and contains six bays, divided by massive piers, all +surmounted<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_13" id="page_13">{13}</a></span> by a triforium and clerestory. There is a porch on the north +side and two doorways from the cloister on the south side.</p> + +<p>The oldest portion of the building is, undoubtedly, the eastern part of +the south wall of the south aisle of the nave, where it adjoins the +transept. This portion of wall consists of three bays (Fig. <a href="#fig_957">957</a>), +containing the south-east doorway from the cloister to the nave, and +three pointed windows in the upper part. The doorway is of the +transition style, having a round arch-head, with numerous bold mouldings +springing from carved and foliaged</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_955" style="width: 528px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_013.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_013.jpg" width="528" height="426" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 955.</span>—Paisley Abbey. Sedilia in Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">caps with square abaci (Fig. <a href="#fig_958">958</a>). The windows above are very simple in +style, and are apparently early first pointed work. This part of the +building probably dates from the first half of the thirteenth century. +The western portion of the south aisle of the nave (Fig. <a href="#fig_959">959</a>) and the +whole of the south clerestory (see Figs. <a href="#fig_957">957</a> and <a href="#fig_959">959</a>)) are evidently +portions of the restored church of the fifteenth century. The south +aisle wall contains the south-west and south-east doors from the nave to +the cloister. The windows of the south wall have the sills placed at a +high level, so<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_14" id="page_14">{14}</a></span> as to admit of the roof of the cloister walk being +placed against it. The corbels which supported the roof still exist, and +are shown in the sketches.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_956" style="width: 528px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_014.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_014.jpg" width="528" height="677" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 956.</span>—Paisley Abbey. Windows in North Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_15" id="page_15">{15}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_957" style="width: 423px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_015.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_015.jpg" width="423" height="735" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 957.</span>—Paisley Abbey. East Part of South Side of +Nave.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_16" id="page_16">{16}</a></span></p> + +<p>The west end of the nave (Fig. <a href="#fig_960">960</a>) is also in part amongst the ancient +portions of the structure. The western entrance doorway is clearly, from +the style of its architecture, a work of the thirteenth century. The +doorpiece</p> + +<p><a id="fig_958"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 115px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_016.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_016.jpg" width="115" height="191" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 958.</span>—Paisley Abbey.</p> + +<p>South-East Doorway in Cloister.</p> + +<p> +A. Door Jamb.<br /> +B. Arch Moulding.<br /> +</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">projects, and has a nook shaft on the projecting angles. The doorway is +a single pointed opening, deeply recessed, with a series of free shafts +in the jambs, having rounded and moulded caps, and the arch mouldings +are arranged in square orders. The outer order contains a dog-tooth +ornament. A sharply pointed arch flanks the doorway on each side, and +has similar shafts and mouldings to those of the central opening. The +aisle windows of the west front also belong to the first pointed period. +The thin nook shafts, with moulded caps having round abaci and central +bands, are all in the style of the thirteenth century.</p> + +<p>The upper portion of the west front above the two large windows is +undoubtedly of considerably later date. The design of the west front, +which contains above the doorpiece two large windows, with pointed +niches and small circles inserted between the arch-heads, is probably +original, but the upper portion and gable, including the large traceried +window, are doubtless part of the restoration of the fifteenth century. +The tracery of the two central windows is peculiar, and may possibly be +of the fourteenth century, but that of the large upper window is later, +probably of the same period as the restoration of the interior of the +nave. The tracery of the large upper window is a specimen of the late +kind of design employed in Scotland in the fifteenth century. The change +of style caused by the restoration of the fifteenth century is well +marked in the interior at the west end of the nave. The first or western +bay of the main arcade is original (Figs. <a href="#fig_961">961</a> and <a href="#fig_962">962</a>), including the +first arches (one on each side), the first pillars and the arches +between them, and the aisle responds. These pillars and arches are of +large dimensions and first pointed section (Fig. <a href="#fig_963">963</a>), and appear to +have been designed to carry western towers, but a part of their +thickness has been cut off next the choir. A portion of the triforium +wall, a piece of the string course over the main arcade, and the +corbelled vaulting shaft in the angle as high as the top of the +triforium, are also parts of the original structure. The later work has +been joined to the above old parts in a very awkward manner. The wall +over the large pillars has been thinned on the side next the nave, and +the different width and sections of the mouldings have not been properly +adjusted, the result being that part of the older moulding is left at +the springing of the second arch on the north side, and the mouldings of +the later section are butted against it (see Fig. <a href="#fig_961">961</a>).<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_17" id="page_17">{17}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_959" style="width: 521px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_017.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_017.jpg" width="521" height="706" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 959.</span>—Paisley Abbey. West Part of South Side of +Nave.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_18" id="page_18">{18}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_960" style="width: 528px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_018.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_018.jpg" width="528" height="686" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 960.</span>—Paisley Abbey. West End of Nave: Exterior.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_19" id="page_19">{19}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_961" style="width: 522px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_019.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_019.jpg" width="522" height="694" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 961.</span>—Paisley Abbey. West End of Nave and Part of +North Side.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_20" id="page_20">{20}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_962" style="width: 532px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_020.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_020.jpg" width="532" height="718" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 962.</span>—Paisley Abbey. West End of Nave and Part of +South Side.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_21" id="page_21">{21}</a></span></p> + +<p>There are signs of further alteration above the west arch. A clumsy new +string course is introduced, which slightly changes its section after +passing along half a bay. A second vaulting shaft is carried up in the</p> + +<p><a id="fig_963"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 153px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_021.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_021.jpg" width="153" height="195" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 963.</span>—Paisley Abbey.</p> + +<p>West Piers and Respond in Nave.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">angle beside the original one as high as the triforium arch and there +stops. The first triforium arch, which is pointed (all the others being +round), abuts against the wall in an awkward manner (see Fig. <a href="#fig_961">961</a>), the +original design being changed.</p> + +<p>The cap of the west pier on the north side belongs to the first pointed +work, while the corresponding cap on the south side (see Fig. <a href="#fig_962">962</a>) and +all the other caps belong to the restoration of the fifteenth century. +The above cap and all the later caps in the nave have the upper +mouldings run in a straight line without any break, while the lower +mouldings break round the section of the piers (Fig. <a href="#fig_964">964</a>).<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> A moulded +shaft, considerably off the perpendicular, rises from the top of the +above cap to the string course at the junction of the old and the +restored wall.</p> + +<p>The piers of the nave, except the west piers, are of a clustered form +not uncommon in late work in Scotland. The caps and main arches have +good mouldings, and might be about the date of the restoration of St. +Giles’, Edinburgh (which they resemble), in the early part of the +fifteenth century.</p> + +<p>The design of the triforium is very remarkable (see Figs. <a href="#fig_961">961</a> and <a href="#fig_962">962</a>)), +consisting of large segmental arches the same width as the main arches, +springing from short clustered piers introduced between them. Each arch +is filled in with two pointed arches resting on a smaller central shaft. +These arches and the spandril between them are treated with bold +cusping.</p> + +<p>The triforium of the nave of Dunkeld Cathedral somewhat resembles that +at Paisley Abbey. It contains a series of semicircular openings filled +with similar pointed arches and cusping, but the work at Paisley is +superior, and would appear to be the earlier of the two. In neither +church is there any vaulting shaft to divide the bays.</p> + +<p>The clerestory is probably designed in imitation of that of Glasgow +Cathedral. It is divided into two pointed arches in each bay. These +spring from a series of clustered shafts with round moulded caps, which +have an early character, but are evidently late imitations of early +work. The exterior views (see Figs. <a href="#fig_957">957</a> and <a href="#fig_959">959</a>)) show that each +clerestory window contains a central shaft, with two cusped arches and +quatrefoil in the arch-head.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_22" id="page_22">{22}</a></span></p> + +<p>The parapets of the nave and nave aisles are evidently, from the style +of the mouldings and ornaments, of late date.</p> + +<p>There seems to be no reason to doubt that, as above stated, the upper +portions of the nave were carried out about the time of Bishop Tervas, +in the middle of the fifteenth century. The earlier part of the +restoration, including the main piers and arches, and perhaps the +tracery of the two lower windows of the west front, were possibly +executed by Bishop</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_964" style="width: 372px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_022.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_022.jpg" width="372" height="447" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 964.</span>—Paisley Abbey. Pier of Nave.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Lithgow, who built the north porch, and the completion of the nave was +carried out by Bishop Tervas. A striking peculiarity of the interior of +the nave is a series of large corbels (see Figs. <a href="#fig_961">961</a> and <a href="#fig_962">962</a>)), which +project from the spandrils of the triforium arcade. The object of these +corbels appears to have been to enable a passage, which is formed in the +interior of the clerestory windows, but does not run through the wall in +a straight line from end to end as is usual, to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_23" id="page_23">{23}</a></span> carried round the +solid piers introduced between the windows. These projections recall, by +the small corbels arranged in rows into which they are divided, the +corbels generally used for the support of the bartizans of castles. Each +of the large corbels springs at its lowest point from the sculptured +grotesque figure of a man or animal. Dr. Lees states (p. 209) that these +figures “were mostly the work of Thomas Hector, a sculptor who lived at +Crossflat, and whom the abbot retained for his skill in his art.” One of +the corbels on the south side (near the west end) represents a man +wearing the garb of Old Gaul. It may be mentioned that a somewhat +similar gallery exists in Rouen Cathedral. It is carried round the piers +of the nave on the side next the aisles, and is supported on shafts +springing from corbels. This gallery has a light stone parapet resting +on it. The design is of the thirteenth century, and is elegantly carried +out; but it has, notwithstanding, a rather heavy appearance. It must be +admitted that the projecting corbels at Paisley are clumsy, and +considerably mar the effect of the interior. There appears to have been +a parapet in front of the clerestory passage opposite the windows, and a +similar parapet may have been carried round the large corbels, otherwise +walking round them would have been dangerous. This would add still more +to the heaviness of their appearance. Vaulting shafts are carried up +between the windows of the clerestory, but the buttresses being very +light, a vaulted roof has apparently not been contemplated. The present +plaster vaulting is modern. The north wall of the nave aisle, except the +doorway of the north porch, which is of first pointed work, has been +rebuilt in the fifteenth century. The ingoing of the window jambs and +arches consists, both on the inside and outside of the wall, of a great +hollow, with the tracery set in the centre of the wall. The large north +porch (shown in Billings’ work) was taken down in 1863, in order to be +erected anew, in what was considered a finer style. The porch contains +the tomb of Bishop Lithgow, who selected this porch as his burial-place, +and was interred there in 1433. Some of the tracery in the aisle windows +is good for the period, like that in some of the windows of Dunkeld +Cathedral, which building (as above mentioned) has considerable affinity +with Paisley Abbey Church.</p> + +<p>St. Mirin’s Aisle (Fig. <a href="#fig_965">965</a>), as already pointed out, occupies the south +end of the south transept, and was erected in 1499. It is a chapel 48 +feet 3 inches long by 23 feet wide, having a vaulted roof about 32 feet +6 inches high. The main vault, like that of so many structures of the +latter part of the fifteenth century, consists of a pointed barrel +vault, the curve of which is drawn from a point lower than the springing +of the arch, and thus forms an angle at the junction with the side +walls. The surface of the vault is strengthened with a series of ribs, +most of which spring from corbels in the side walls. The ribs are +arranged so as to cross one another at the ridge, as if the roof were<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_24" id="page_24">{24}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_965" style="width: 542px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_024.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_024.jpg" width="542" height="699" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 965.</span>—Paisley Abbey. St. Mirin’s Chapel, looking +East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_25" id="page_25">{25}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">groined; but they are almost entirely ornamental. The mouldings of the +corbels are well designed, and show an imitation of first pointed work. +The corbels being at a lower level than the top of the wall, the ribs +project considerably in passing that point. The ridge has a bold rib +enriched with carved bosses, and one of the transverse ribs is divided +into two branches, so as to avoid descending on the top of the large +arch in the north wall. There is a large pointed window in the east end, +having jambs with single shafts (like the clerestory of the church). It +has mullions dividing it into four lights, and the arch-head is filled +with good simple tracery. Beneath this window runs a frieze 1 foot 8 +inches broad, partly carved, with groups of figures showing, as +discovered by Dr. Lees,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> events in the life of St. Mirin. The east +end of the chapel, where the altar stood, is raised four steps above the +western part. The west wall contains an outer doorway from the cloister +court, and there is a window with simple tracery above it; a curious +large ambry adjoins the door in the outer wall. The chapel was connected +with the south transept by two wide archways, now built up. There is a +piscina near the east end (Fig. <a href="#fig_966">966</a>), with three-sided head, like that +in the choir.</p> + +<p>Above the vaulting of St. Mirin’s Chapel, and in the angle formed by the +sloping roof, there is introduced a chamber, with a pointed barrel +vault, about 12 feet wide and nearly 10 feet high, to the apex of its +sharply pointed vault. The three sides of this chamber thus nearly form +an equilateral triangle. Like the chapel below, it is 48 feet in length. +It is lighted by trefoil headed windows in the gables. Access to this +chamber, which may have been occupied by one or more priests, is +obtained from the adjoining buildings. It is to be regretted that the +south and south-east sides of St. Mirin’s Chapel are concealed from view +by buildings of a poor description. It will be observed that the +construction of the roof of St. Mirin’s bears considerable analogy with +that of Lincluden Abbey, although later in its features. There is a +similar double vault over both these buildings, with a small chamber +between them. At Lincluden the lower vault was (if it ever was +completed) of a genuine groined construction, while at St. Mirin’s the +ribs were only imitative. The roof of St. Mirin’s Chapel was clearly +intended to be formed of stone slabs, resting on the pointed arch, but +has never been carried out, the present roof being slated.</p> + +<p>On the floor of this chapel there now stands an ornamental altar tomb +(see Fig. <a href="#fig_965">965</a>), which was found lying in fragments near the abbey by Dr. +Boog, one of the ministers of the parish, who, in 1817, had it brought +here and put together again. It supports a recumbent female figure, +believed to be the effigy of Margery, daughter of King Robert <small>I.</small>, and +mother of Robert <small>II.</small> The head of the figure is surmounted by a large +cusped canopy, placed in n horizontal position, on the end of which is +carved a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_26" id="page_26">{26}</a></span> crucifixion. The pedestal is covered with a series of Gothic +compartments, in each of which there is carved a shield, enriched with +heraldic blazons and figures of ecclesiastics. The panels at the west +end (Fig. <a href="#fig_967">967</a>) contain—the first the fess chequé of the Stewarts +between three roses; the third the fess chequé, surmounted of a lion +rampant, and the central one, two keys saltierwise, between two crosiers +in pale.</p> + +<p>Mr. Semple<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> is of opinion that the monument is made up of fragments +from various quarters. On each side there are nine full compartments of</p> + +<p><a id="fig_966"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 249px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_026.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_026.jpg" width="249" height="423" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 966.</span>—Paisley Abbey.</p> + +<p>Piscina in St. Mirin’s Chapel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">an oblong or oval form, and one half compartment at each end. At the +foot the compartments are empty. On the right side the 1st compartment +contains a bishop with crosier; the 4th, a bishop at prayer, and, on a +scroll, the name Robert Wyshart (Bishop of Glasgow). On the left, the +1st compartment contains a bishop celebrating, with the name Johes D. +Lychtgow (Abbot of Paisley); the 4th, an abbot at prayer, with the name +of Abbot Lythgow repeated. Several compartments contain monks at prayer, +and others are blank. Mr. Semple thinks that the left side may be part +of Abbot Lithgow’s monument, and the right side part of that of Bishop +Wishart.</p> + +<p>Of the cloisters and conventual buildings few traces remain; but the +outline of the cloister court is preserved. It is surrounded (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_953">953</a>) with post-Reformation structures, occupying the site of the chapter +house, refectory, &c. These were converted into the “place of Paisley,” +as the residence of the Abercorn family, which has been already fully +described.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> These buildings probably contain portions of the walls of +the refectory and other conventual structures erected by Abbot Shaw at +the end of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_27" id="page_27">{27}</a></span> the fifteenth century. The western side of the cloister +buildings was removed about twenty years ago, in order to widen the +adjoining street. The wall, gatehouse, &c., erected by Abbot Shaw, have +now almost entirely disappeared.</p> + +<p>The cloistral buildings were much altered and added to in 1675 by the +Earl of Dundonald, and fitted up as a mansion house, and they still bear +traces of considerable splendour in panelled walls, with stone +fireplaces and ornamental ceilings. One of the latter on the upper floor +is a fine example of the plaster and painted decoration of the period.</p> + +<p>Turning to the ground Plan, it seems highly probable that the walls are, +in part at least, of pre-Reformation date, and that we have here</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_967" style="width: 366px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_027.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_027.jpg" width="366" height="335" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 967.</span>—Paisley Abbey. End of Altar Tomb in St. +Mirin’s Chapel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">part of the work of Abbot Shaw, who erected a refectory and other +buildings at the end of the fifteenth century. It will be observed that +the main wall of the south range, running east and west, is very thick +(4 feet to 5 feet), while the outside wall, forming the south side of +the cloister, is only about 2 feet thick. The latter was probably +erected when the place became a mansion house, in order to form a +passage, and thus obviate the necessity of passing through the rooms, +while the thick wall was the original outside wall of the refectory or +of cellars below it. The south wall of this building also probably +consists in part of the south wall of the refectory, but the large +windows in it are, doubtless, insertions.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_28" id="page_28">{28}</a></span></p> + +<p>The building marked as chapter house on the Plan occupies the position +in which that chamber would likely be. It is now divided into two, and +has lost all traces of its ecclesiastical purpose—one side being used +as a bottling store and the other as a stable. There is a large +fireplace in the north wall, of distinctly Gothic design. That is not a +usual feature in a chapter house; but in the sacristy over the chapter +house of Glasgow Cathedral there is a large fireplace. At Paisley, the +arrangement may have been reversed. The vestry may have been on the +ground floor and the chapter house above. This building is at present +some five stories in height, the upper floors being reached by the wheel +stair shown on the Plan. It is from this high building that the chamber +over St. Mirin’s is reached, which is a fair indication that this +chapter house tower, as it may be called, is as old as St. Mirin’s. The +same stair also accommodates the refectory range of buildings on the +south side of the cloister, which are three stories in height, and have +another stair at the west end.</p> + +<p>It is thought by some that the first central tower erected over the +crossing was of inferior workmanship and gave way. Another central tower +is believed to have been erected by Abbot Tervas. This tower probably +fell during the siege by Lennox and Glencairn, no doubt destroying much +of the choir and transept in its fall. It has been mentioned above that +western towers appear to have been contemplated. Possibly it may be one +of these to which Martine, when speaking of John Hamilton, Archbishop of +St. Andrews, refers when he says, “At which church [Paisley] he built a +prettie handsome steeple, which fell before it was well finished.”<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> + +<p>It is thought that the body of Archbishop Hamilton was buried in the +abbey, and a tablet in the church looks as if it marked his grave. It +contains his arms and initials, J. H., and “the motto he assumed, which +contrasts strangely with his troubled life, ‘Misericordia et pax.’<span class="lftspc">”</span></p> + +<p>Several monuments with inscriptions of sixteenth century date exist in +the building. On the west buttress of the north transept, at 21 feet in +height, is the shield of the Stewarts, with a pastoral staff and the +word “Stewart.”</p> + +<p>One of the south piers of the nave is called the Cathcart pillar, having +carved upon it a shield with the Cathcart arms (see Fig. <a href="#fig_964">964</a>). This is +believed to be a memorial of Sir Allan Cathcart, one of the knights who +sailed for the Holy Land with Bruce’s heart. The heart was brought back +by Sir Allan, and buried at Melrose.</p> + +<h2><a name="DUNKELD_CATHEDRAL_Perthshire" id="DUNKELD_CATHEDRAL_Perthshire"></a>DUNKELD CATHEDRAL, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Situated in the beautiful, though rugged, glen which forms the pass to +the Highlands from the fertile lowlands of Perthshire, this grey and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_29" id="page_29">{29}</a></span> +venerable ruin adds an unexpected and charming interest to the lovely +scenery of the locality. The mountain range through which the pass +penetrates long formed a barrier to the access of the Scottish kings to +the Celtic provinces further north, and the nearness of the Highland +clans was a constant source of menace to the Church. For that reason the +bishop’s palace had to be constructed as a fortified stronghold; hence, +perhaps, the name of Dunkeld, the fort of the Keledei or Culdees.</p> + +<p>After the destruction of Iona by the Norsemen in the beginning of the +ninth century, Dunkeld was selected by the King of the Picts as a secure +place, remote from the sea, and comparatively safe from the attacks of +the Vikings, in which a mother church in lieu of Iona might be +established. To this retreat a portion of the relics of Columba were +brought by King Kenneth Macalpine in 850, and here he resolved to place +the abbot of his new monastery as bishop over the Church in the +territories of the Southern Picts, with a view to the ready +reorganisation of the Scottish monasteries, so that they should form one +diocese under one bishop.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> + +<p>But the primacy of the Pictish Church did not remain long at Dunkeld, +being transferred in the end of the ninth century to Abernethy, on the +south side of the Frith of Tay.</p> + +<p>The abbots in those days had become great lay proprietors, having lawful +wives, and succeeding to the benefices of their abbacies by hereditary +descent. One of these lay abbots of Dunkeld married a daughter of +Malcolm <small>II.</small>, and it is remarkable that it was by their descendants that +the religious order in Scotland was changed. The new order of things, +which had been initiated by St. Margaret, was continued by her son, +Alexander <small>I.</small>, who, in 1107, created two new bishoprics in the more +remote and Celtic portion of his kingdom, the first being that of Moray, +and the second that of Dunkeld. Alexander <small>I.</small> also brought, in 1115, a +body of canons regular to Scone Abbey, and a few years later he +established the same order in the diocese of Dunkeld. He also, in 1122, +introduced canons regular to a monastery he had built on an island in +Loch Tay, and, in 1123, founded the monastery of Inchcolm, and +introduced the same order there.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p> + +<p>The Cathedral of Dunkeld has been the see of several distinguished +bishops. Bruce’s friend and supporter, Bishop Sinclair, held this see; +and Gavin Douglas, the well-known scholar and translator of the <i>Æneid +of Virgil</i>, was Bishop of Dunkeld.</p> + +<p>The buildings which now exist are of much more recent date than the days +of Queen Margaret’s sons. Alexander Myln, a canon of Dunkeld in 1505, +and afterwards Abbot of Cambuskenneth and first President of the College +of Justice, has fortunately left a history of the lives of the Bishops +of Dunkeld, which professes to give a more minute account of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_30" id="page_30">{30}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_968" style="width: 778px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_030.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_030.jpg" width="778" height="286" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 968.</span>—Dunkeld Cathedral. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_31" id="page_31">{31}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">dates of the different parts of the structure of the cathedral than we +have of any similar building in the country. From this account it would +appear that the existing structure is chiefly of the fifteenth century.</p> + +<p>The edifice (Fig. <a href="#fig_968">968</a>) consists of an aisleless choir, a nave with two +aisles, a north-west tower, and a chapter house to the north of the +choir. The choir measures 103 feet long by 29 feet wide internally, and +the rectangular chapter house attached to the north side is 27 feet long +and 20 feet wide. Some portions of the choir indicate the style of the +thirteenth</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_969" style="width: 427px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_031.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_031.jpg" width="427" height="406" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 969.</span>—Dunkeld Cathedral. Wall Arcade at North-West +Angle of Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">century; but this part of the structure was almost entirely rebuilt in +the beginning of the present century. An original fragment may, however, +still be observed in damaged portions of a first pointed arcade (Fig. +<a href="#fig_969">969</a>) in the interior of the north wall near the west end. The arcade is +below the level of the window sill, and extends to six arches of trefoil +form, springing from the carved caps of single shafts. All the details +(Fig. <a href="#fig_970">970</a>) are pure and good. A post to support a modern gallery cuts +into the arcade, as shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_969">969</a>. From the floor to the top of the +caps<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_32" id="page_32">{32}</a></span> measures 5 feet 9 inches. The choir is now fitted up and used as +the parish church.</p> + +<p>The chapter house, on the north side of the choir, is now converted into +a mausoleum for the families of the Dukes of Atholl, and contains +several Renaissance monuments. It is two stories high (Fig. <a href="#fig_971">971</a>), the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_970" style="width: 494px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_032.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_032.jpg" width="494" height="512" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 970.</span>—Dunkeld Cathedral. Details of Wall Arcade in +North-West Angle of Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">lower story being vaulted and of considerable height (Fig. <a href="#fig_972">972</a>), and is +lighted by tall lancet windows cusped at the arch head. The buttresses +are simple, and the whole character of the work is early, but it has +been altered. The vaulting (Fig. <a href="#fig_972">972</a>) is round arched, but the wall ribs +are pointed; the roof has thus a flat appearance, and there are no +horizontal<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_33" id="page_33">{33}</a></span> ridge ribs. The chapter house structure has been added after +the erection of the choir, as is evident from the portion of the +original exterior base of the choir which still exists in the south-west +angle of the interior of the chapter house adjoining the door (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_972">972</a>). From the style of the design, this structure was probably an early +addition. The upper</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_971" style="width: 505px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_033.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_033.jpg" width="505" height="503" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 971.</span>—Dunkeld Cathedral. Chapter House from +North-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">chamber over the chapter house is doubtless later. The staircase leading +to the upper floor is inserted in the south-west angle and projects into +the chamber,<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> and cuts through the groined ceiling (see Fig. <a href="#fig_972">972</a>).</p> + +<p>The heightening of the chapter house was apparently carried out by<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_34" id="page_34">{34}</a></span> +Bishop Lauder, whose arms, a griffin segreant (Fig. <a href="#fig_973">973</a>), are carved +near the top on the face of the north buttress on the east side. The +upper</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_972" style="width: 521px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_034.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_034.jpg" width="521" height="680" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 972.</span>—Dunkeld Cathedral. Interior of Chapter +House.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_35" id="page_35">{35}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">chamber has been lighted by small windows, which are now partly built +up. The windows of the lower story have been fitted with wooden shutters +on the inside, some of which are still in position (see Fig. <a href="#fig_972">972</a>). At +the doorway leading into the choir there is a curious small stoup cut on +the base (see Fig. <a href="#fig_972">972</a>).</p> + +<p>Against the centre of the north wall there is a recessed tomb (Fig. +<a href="#fig_974">974</a>), which exhibits that peculiar kind of design, having mixed Gothic +and Renaissance features, frequently found in the seventeenth century. +It contains in the pediment a shield bearing—1st and 4th, a fess chequé +for Stewart; 2nd and 3rd, three pallets for Athole, a pelican at top, +and</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_973" style="width: 368px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_035.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_035.jpg" width="368" height="315" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 973.</span>—Dunkeld Cathedral. Section of Jamb of West +Doorway, and Arms of Bishop Lauder on Chapter House.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the motto, <i>Furth Fortoun et fil ye Feteris</i>. The recess for the figure +is 4 feet 11 inches wide by 3 feet 11 inches high, but it contains no +effigy.</p> + +<p>On the south wall there is a large eighteenth century monument with +inscription (see Fig. <a href="#fig_972">972</a>), and, at the sides, thirty-two coats of arms, +arranged in two rows of eight on each side, besides other arms.</p> + +<p>Resting on the floor, and against the walls of the chapter house, there +are numerous carved stones, several having arms, which appear to have +come from some sixteenth or seventeenth century buildings; and in the +room over the chapter house the remains of a rich Renaissance monument, +carved in oak, lie scattered on the floor.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_36" id="page_36">{36}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_974" style="width: 383px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_036.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_036.jpg" width="383" height="562" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 974.</span>—Dunkeld Cathedral. Monument in Chapter +House.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_37" id="page_37">{37}</a></span></p> + +<p>Abbot Myln relates<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> that in 1312 Bishop William de St. Clare (Bruce’s +“own bishop”) brought Magistrum Robertum Cementarium to the work of the +choir and church, which he built from the foundation. This clearly +refers to a restoration, as part of the thirteenth century walls is +still in existence. Bishop Sinclair died in 1337, and was buried in the +choir built by him, having filled the see for twenty-five years.</p> + +<p>To the west of the choir is the nave, which measures, internally, 120 +feet in length by 60 feet wide, and consists of a central compartment of +seven bays, separated from the side aisles by arcades, which rest on +plain round pillars. We are informed by Abbot Mylne that this part of +the cathedral was founded by Bishop Cardeny on the 27th day of April +1406, and that he carried it up to the second arches, “vulgariter le +blynd storijs.” This bishop conferred great benefits on the see by +acquiring lands for it and otherwise. He also founded and adorned the +altar of St. Ninian in Dunkeld, and decorated all the windows of the +choir with glass. Having on one occasion made a narrow escape during an +attack on his house, he constructed a strong tower for the bishop’s +residence. He died in 1436,<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> and his fine monument (Fig. <a href="#fig_975">975</a>) is +still preserved in the south wall of the nave.</p> + +<p>In 1447 the king’s secretary, John of Ralstoun, was made bishop, but he +lived for only three years after his appointment.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> He made provision +of hewn stones from the quarry of Burnbane for continuing the building +of the nave begun by Bishop Cardeny. Bishop Ralston died in 1450, and +was succeeded by Bishop Lauder, who completed the nave and decorated all +the windows with glass, and finished the roof. He also constructed a +handsome portico to the church before the southern doorway, and placed +figures of sculptured art therein. With his own hands Bishop Lauder +dedicated the church in 1464. But still untired of his sacred work, he +founded the campanile (Fig. <a href="#fig_976">976</a>) on 5th March 1469, and continued the +building on high. The chapter house was also founded by him in 1457. +This, no doubt, refers to the erection of the upper floor of the two +story building on the north side of the choir above described. Perhaps +this edifice contained the sacristy on the ground floor, on the level of +the choir, and the upper story added by Bishop Lauder may have been the +chapter house. At Glasgow Cathedral, the similar two story building +contained the sacristy on the upper floor, on the level of the choir, +and the chapter house on the lower story. This “Great and worthy High +Priest” likewise, in 1461, constructed a bridge over the Tay, near his +own palace, partly of stone and partly of wood. He likewise presented +the church with numerous splendid vestments and silver vessels, +including a silver cross containing part of the true Cross. He also had +paintings executed at the high altar, representing the twenty-four +miracles of St. Columba, and he constructed the bishop’s throne and +stalls in the choir.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_38" id="page_38">{38}</a></span></p> + +<p>In 1481 this prelate died full of years and of good works. By Bishop +Lauder’s influence the cathedral lands north of the Forth were raised +into</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_975" style="width: 512px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_038.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_038.jpg" width="512" height="609" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 975.</span>—Dunkeld Cathedral. Monument of Bishop Cardeny +in Nave.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_39" id="page_39">{39}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_976" style="width: 683px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_039.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_039.jpg" width="683" height="501" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 976.</span>—Dunkeld Cathedral. View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_40" id="page_40">{40}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">the barony of Dunkeld, and those south of the Forth into the barony of +Aberlathy.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p> + +<p>The bishops of Dunkeld, in addition to their palace or tower at Dunkeld, +had also a country seat at Loch Cluny (where their house still exists on +an island in the loch) and a residence at Cramond, in Mid-Lothian.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p> + +<p>The successors of Bishop Lauder are not stated to have added any +buildings to the cathedral; but it is mentioned that some of them, +especially Bishop Brown, adorned the interior with images and paintings, +and added to the store of rich vestments and ornaments.</p> + +<p>The Reformation came not long after the completion of the internal +decorations and fittings. In 1560 two of the neighbouring lairds were +commissioned to take down the images and burn them in the churchyard, +and also to cast down the altars and purge the church of all kinds of +monuments of idolatry. They were enjoined to see that the desks, +windows, and doors were unharmed, nor the glass or iron work broken. But +the spirit of destruction once let loose was not easily restrained, and +the church was completely destroyed and the roof burnt.</p> + +<p>The architectural style of the different portions of the edifice +corresponds generally with the above dates fixed by Abbot Myln. The +massive round pillars of the nave, 4 feet 6 inches in diameter (Fig. +<a href="#fig_977">977</a>), and the heavy semicircular arches of the triforium have been +supposed to indicate Norman work; but the details prove that here, as +frequently occurs in Scotland, the ancient forms are repeated in later +times. The caps and bases of the piers show that they belong to an +advanced period, while the mouldings of the triforium arches and the +trefoiled filling in clearly indicate work of the latter half of the +fifteenth century. These features are, undoubtedly, peculiar; but other +examples show that they are not singular. Thus at Aberdour Church<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> +and Aberdeen Cathedral (late works), the pillars of the piers are +circular, and have similar caps to those at Dunkeld; and at Paisley the +triforium arches are segmental, and are divided with cusped arches +somewhat similar in style to those of Dunkeld Cathedral. The clerestory +is very plain, and the windows are small. From the number of holes in +the wall, used for the support of rafters and other woodwork, it seems +likely that this portion of the wall was partly concealed by the timbers +of the open wooden roof, and perhaps partly covered with panelling.</p> + +<p>The great window in the western gable (see Fig. <a href="#fig_976">976</a>) is evidently a late +feature, and seems to have been added sometime after the west wall had +been erected. This is apparent not only from the style and the peculiar +unsymmetrical position of the window, but also from the construction of +the exterior (Fig. <a href="#fig_978">978</a>), where it will be observed that the original +west door has had a portion of wall somewhat rudely added in front of +the original<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_41" id="page_41">{41}</a></span> wall, in order to support a balcony or gallery carried +across at the base of the window. The older moulded doorway (the jamb of +which is shown in</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_977" style="width: 526px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_041.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_041.jpg" width="526" height="669" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 977.</span>—Dunkeld Cathedral. Nave, looking West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_42" id="page_42">{42}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">(Fig. <a href="#fig_973">973</a>) is thus overlapped and buried by two square piers, carrying +plain arches above, stuck on in front of the original wall; while in a +similar opening or recess, between the south pier and the tower at the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_978" style="width: 511px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_042.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_042.jpg" width="511" height="566" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 978.</span>—Dunkeld Cathedral. West End.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">south side, the space is lintelled over between the square pier and the +stair turret. As the stair turret probably existed (at least for part of +its height) before this alteration, the large window, which occupies the +full available width, had to be squeezed in as best it could, and thus +came to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_43" id="page_43">{43}</a></span> stand in the unsymmetrical position it occupies (see Fig. <a href="#fig_977">977</a>). +This supposed alteration may also, perhaps, explain the peculiar way in +which the ogee canopy of the window is twisted to one side at the top +(see Fig. <a href="#fig_976">976</a>), which Mr. Billings has difficulty in accounting for. The +small circle in the gable being right over the entrance door (as the +original window in the west end doubtless also was), it was found, when +the window came to be enlarged, that there was no room to carry the +canopy and its fleur-de-lys finial straight up without removing the +small circular opening, and so the canopy and finial had to be pushed to +one side.</p> + +<p>The side aisles are 12 feet in width, and the south one has been +vaulted. The tracery in many of the windows still survives, and is +varied and generally good in design. A restoration of the tracery in the +west window may be seen in Mr. Billings’ work. The tracery is of the +kind common in the Scottish architecture of the fifteenth century.</p> + +<p>Attention has already been drawn to the peculiar flat-headed windows at +the west end of the north aisle of Dunblane Cathedral. At Dunkeld, the +corresponding window is flat arched (Fig. <a href="#fig_979">979</a>), and at St. John’s +Church, in Perth, the window in the same position is either flat arched +or has a lintel. It is singular and interesting to find this similarity +of treatment, as regards the north-west window, in these three churches, +which are all situated in one part of the country. Over the north-west +window at Dunkeld are the arms of Bishop Brown (a chevron between three +fleur-de-lys), surmounted by a mitre. There is an inscription on a +ribbon round the arms, but it would require a very minute inspection to +make it out. George Brown was consecrated Bishop of Dunkeld by Pope +Sixtus IV. in 1484, and died 14th January 1514-1515, aged seventy-six +years.</p> + +<p>The ruins of a large porch still exist on the south side of the nave +(see Fig. <a href="#fig_976">976</a>). From the forms of the finials and other details it has +evidently been a somewhat late addition. This was, doubtless, the +portico which Canon Myln states was erected by Bishop Lauder at the +south entrance to the church.</p> + +<p>The upper part of the stair turret of the west front, the broken angle +pinnacle at the base of the gable, and the corbelled octagonal finial on +the south-west angle of the south aisle are all late additions. The +corbelled turret at the angle resembles the angle turrets of the +castles. A similar turret exists at the angle of the north transept of +Paisley Abbey.</p> + +<p>The north-west tower is simple and good in design. According to Abbot +Myln’s account, it was not founded till 1469, and in style is good for +the period. The windows of the ground floor and top story are well +designed, and quite equal to the rest of the church. The ground floor is +vaulted, and has been painted in a handsome manner, part of the painting +being still preserved.</p> + +<p>The monument of Bishop Cardeny in the south aisle of the nave, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_44" id="page_44">{44}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_979" style="width: 489px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_044.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_044.jpg" width="489" height="717" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 979.</span>—Dunkeld Cathedral. North-West Angle of Nave +and Tower.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_45" id="page_45">{45}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">its recumbent statue (see Fig. <a href="#fig_975">975</a>), its carved sarcophagus and arched +canopy, is a good example of Scottish work of the fifteenth century. It +is now much damaged, but the fine carving of the crockets and ornaments, +and the sculptured figures of the angels bearing shields, are still +fairly preserved. The arms on the shields are now so far decayed as to +be with difficulty legible.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p> + +<p>A very fine altar tomb (Fig. <a href="#fig_980">980</a>) still remains in the south side of the +eastern part of the choir, now used as a vestibule to the parish church. +This is the monument of the famous “Wolf of Badenoch,” son of Robert +<small>II.</small>, at one time a great enemy to the Church, and the destroyer of Elgin +Cathedral. Having been compelled by the king to do penance, he received +absolution at the hands of the Archbishop of St. Andrews, in the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_980" style="width: 533px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_045.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_045.jpg" width="533" height="274" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 980.</span>—Dunkeld Cathedral. Monument of the “Wolf of +Badenoch.”</p></div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_46" id="page_46">{46}</a></span> +</div> + +<p>Blackfriars Church, at Perth. The monument dates from about 1394. It +contains a massive figure of the “Wolf” in complete armour, with his +feet resting on a lion. On the sarcophagus are carved a number of +figures in armour, in different attitudes.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> There is a mutilated +headless figure, supposed to represent Bishop Sinclair, lying beside the +“Wolf of Badenoch’s” monument; and other memorials of him are the +engrailed crosses on the east and west gables. These are cut out of the +solid stone, and have probably been renewed.</p> + +<p>Nearly opposite Bishop Cardeny’s monument, against the north wall of the +nave, there is one of those grave slabs (Fig. <a href="#fig_981">981</a>) of which several</p> + +<p><a id="fig_981"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 277px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_046.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_046.jpg" width="277" height="441" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 981.</span>—Dunkeld Cathedral. Grave Slab.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">examples have been illustrated, and unfortunately, like most others, it +is in a very wasted condition from exposure to the weather. It is also +broken, as shown on the sketch. The slab is of red sandstone, and +measures 5 ft. 8 in. long by 3 ft. 4 in. wide. It is divided into four +sunk panels, with a three-quarter size figure in each panel, and the +figures are flush with the general surface. It cannot be determined what +the costumes of the figures are. No. 2 has, on the dexter side, a +bishop’s crozier, and, on the sinister side, what may have been a +shield. No. 1 was probably distinguished in the same way, there being +something visible on the sinister side. No. 3 has, on dexter side, a +shield with a lion rampant; on sinister side, a square with initials +only,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_47" id="page_47">{47}</a></span> the last of which (S) is legible. No. 4 is certainly the figure +of a woman, with large epaulets and a necklace; on her dexter side is a +shield with three innescutcheons, probably for Hay, and, on the sinister +side, the initials B. H. Beneath each pair of figures there has been an +inscription—the upper one, as far as legible, being, “This is the +honorabille Bv ... Spovs of Arnetvllie.” Of the other marginal +inscriptions nothing legible can be made out. Along the base of the +stone there are sculptured seven small figures.</p> + +<p>The dates of the different parts of the cathedral, as given by Abbot +Myln, would, if thoroughly reliable, be invaluable in connection with +the history of Scottish architecture. Few, if any, of our ecclesiastical +edifices have the periods of their erection so distinctly recorded. The +peculiarity of the design, however, renders it somewhat difficult to +make any general application of the above dates to the architecture of +other buildings. It seems likely that the different parts of the +structure were begun at the dates given by Abbot Myln, but not completed +for some time thereafter. From the analogy with other Scottish +structures, especially with Paisley Abbey, which it in some respects +closely resembles, the nave of Dunkeld Cathedral must undoubtedly be +classed as belonging to the third pointed period.</p> + +<h2><a name="IONA_CATHEDRAL_Arglyeshire" id="IONA_CATHEDRAL_Arglyeshire"></a>IONA CATHEDRAL, <span class="smcap">Arglyeshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The original settlement of St. Columba in Iona took place <small>A.D.</small> 563.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> +Dr Skene has shown<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> that the place where the monastery was first +situated lay a short distance to the north of the existing ruins. The +vallum which enclosed the establishment can still be traced, as well as +the burying-ground, the site of the mill, and other features; but the +principal erections, being constructed of wood and wattle, have +necessarily disappeared. Owing to the destruction of the buildings by +fire in 802 and the slaughter of the monks, it was thought desirable, in +818, to rebuild the monastery in stone for greater security, and also to +remove it to the present site, which is better protected by nature. But +the buildings were again destroyed by the Northmen, and seem to have +remained in a ruinous state till 1074, when some attempt to restore the +monastery was made by Queen Margaret.</p> + +<p>In 1099 the last of the old order of abbots died, and for more than +fifty years there is an unbroken silence regarding Iona. All the Western +Islands had at this time passed under the rule of the Norwegian King of +the Isles, by whom nothing was done to maintain the religious +establishments, and Iona fell into a state of decay. The rule of the +Norwegian Kings of the Isles having become oppressive, Somerled, King of +Argyll, was applied to for protection, and after a great naval battle, +fought between him and Godred, King of the Isles, in 1156, all the +islands south<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_48" id="page_48">{48}</a></span> of Ardnamurchan Point were ceded to Somerled. Amongst +these was Iona, where Reginald, the son of Somerled, undertook the +rebuilding of the monastery on a larger scale. He adopted the policy of +the Scottish kings, and introduced one of the religious orders of the +Roman Church.</p> + +<p>“Macvurich tells us that ‘three monasteries were formed by him—the +monastery of Black Monks in I or Iona, in honour of God and Saint +Columchelle; a monastery of Black Nuns in the same place; and a +monastery of Gray friars in Sagadul, or Saddle, in Kintyre;’ and he +appears to have established the Benedictines or Black Monks in Iona in +the year 1203.”</p> + +<p>“The deed of confirmation of the Benedictine Monastery still exists in +the Vatican. It is dated the 9th December 1203, and is addressed to +Celestinus, abbot of Saint Columba, of the island of Hy, and his +brethren professing a religious life; and the pope takes the monastery +of Saint Columba under the protection of Saint Peter and the pope, in +order that the monastic order which has been instituted in that place, +according to the rule of Saint Benedict, may be preserved inviolate in +all time to come; and he confirms to them the place itself in which the +said monastery is situated, with its pertinents, consisting of churches, +islands, and lands in the Western Isles.”<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p> + +<p>Celestine, the abbot of this monastery, appears to have attempted to +thrust out the prior Celtic community; but the latter, with the support +of the clergy of the north of Ireland, resisted and vindicated their +right to remain in the monastery. The Celtic community, however, appear +to have ultimately adopted the Benedictine rule, “while the functionary +formerly known as the Head of the Culdees was represented by the prior +of Iona, whom we afterwards find in the monastery.”</p> + +<p>About 1200 the districts to the west of the great range of Drumalban, +which formerly belonged to the diocese of Dunkeld, were separated from +it and formed into a new bishopric, first called of Argyle and +afterwards of Lismore.</p> + +<p>During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Iona was under the Bishop +of Dunkeld, but in 1507 John, Bishop of the Isles, obtained the +annexation of Iona to his see, and the Abbey Church became the cathedral +of the diocese, and so continued till the Reformation.</p> + +<p>In 1561 the abbey suffered from the Act anent “demolishing all the +abbeys of monks and friars, and for suppressing whatsoever monuments of +idolatrie were remaining in the realm.” The carrying out of this Act was +remitted to Argyll and Glencairn, and much has been written with regard +to the great damage caused by the mob to the buildings and monuments and +the valuable library.</p> + +<p>The island passed into the hands of M‘Lean of Duart, but from 1567 +onwards the Protestant bishops of the Isles seem to have had the abbey +in their possession. The buildings, however, appear to have been +neglected,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_49" id="page_49">{49}</a></span> and Charles <small>I.</small>, in 1635, directed £400 to be spent in +repairing them. But that does not appear to have been done, and by the +end of the seventeenth century the edifices had fallen into ruin. In +1693 the island came into the hands of the House of Argyll, and within +recent years the ancient buildings have been put in a good state of +preservation by the present Duke.</p> + +<p>The edifices which still survive in the island, although ruinous, +exhibit probably the completest and most interesting group of ancient +ecclesiastical structures in Scotland.</p> + +<p>There is first the Chapel of St. Oran, a small twelfth century +structure, surrounded by the very ancient churchyard, which contains so +many beautiful specimens of Highland carved tombstones,<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> admirably +illustrated by the late James Drummond, R.S.A., in his work on Highland +monuments. Then there are the remains of the Benedictine Monastery, and +those of the Benedictine Nunnery, at a short distance on each side of +St. Oran’s, both of which, though sadly mutilated, still show the +general plan of the church and domestic edifices of these monastic +establishments more completely than any other Scottish examples.</p> + +<p>The Church of St. Oran has already been described.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p> + +<p>The nunnery is also described among the Norman structures.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p> + +<p>The abbey or cathedral, which is now to be described, is classed along +with the buildings of the third pointed period, as the greater part of +the work connected with it belongs to a late date.</p> + +<p>When the great distance of the Island of Iona from the centre of +operations of mediæval architecture is considered, it is not unnatural +to find those deviations from the rules and practice of the art which +are so frequent in Scottish architecture even more accentuated here than +is usual. The connection of the locality with the Celtic art of Ireland +and the west of Scotland has also had considerable influence in moulding +the style of the carving and decoration of the Cathedral of the +Isles.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p> + +<p>These facts, although rendering the building somewhat difficult to class +along with the general architecture of the recognised periods of Gothic +in Scotland, yet add much to the interest of this isolated and unique +structure.</p> + +<p>It should also be noticed that the cathedral shows signs in all +directions of having been much altered and added to; but as the style of +the masonry of the walls is much the same throughout, whatever its date, +it is somewhat difficult to trace the points of junction of the work of +the various periods. This masonry of all dates consists of large blocks +of red granite of irregular shape, set with flat untooled face to the +outside, and with filling-in of smaller pieces of granite and slaty +stones between the larger blocks.</p> + +<p>The monastery (Fig. <a href="#fig_982">982</a>) consists of the church, which contains a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_50" id="page_50">{50}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_982" style="width: 765px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_050.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_050.jpg" width="765" height="607" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 982.</span>—Iona Cathedral. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_51" id="page_51">{51}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">choir, 62 feet 6 inches long by 23 feet wide, with a south aisle; a +nave, 60 feet 9 inches long by 22 feet 6 inches wide; north and south +transepts,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_983" style="width: 508px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_051.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_051.jpg" width="508" height="666" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 983.</span>—Iona Cathedral. The Choir, looking East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_52" id="page_52">{52}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">and a tower over the crossing. The eastern part of the choir (Fig. <a href="#fig_983">983</a>) +forms the presbytery, which, like that of most Scottish churches, is +without aisles, and is lighted by a large central and two side windows, +all containing late tracery. On the south side of the choir, west of the +presbytery, is an aisle, separated from it by two circular piers and +three arches. From above the caps of the piers two bold arches are +thrown across the south aisle, after the manner of flying buttresses +(Fig. <a href="#fig_984">984</a>). It will be observed from this view that there is a +peculiarity of construction in the upper part of the choir walls, the +clerestory windows being placed over the piers and not over the arches, +as is usual. This arrangement has had the effect of preventing the +flying arches or buttresses from being carried as high as they might +have been (Fig. <a href="#fig_985">985</a>) had the windows been placed over the arches in the +ordinary manner. The flying arches or buttresses are thus very low, and +interfere with the space in the aisle (see Plan). There are a sedilia, +with three divisions, and a piscina (Fig. <a href="#fig_986">986</a>) near the east end of the +south wall of the choir. Part of the pavement there still exists, and +two steps are observable in the floor.</p> + +<p>On the north side of the choir is the sacristy, which occupies the place +of the north aisle. The door to the sacristy (Fig. <a href="#fig_987">987</a>) is of fine +design, and the ornament of the caps of the shafts (Fig. <a href="#fig_988">988</a>), together +with the caps of the piers between the choir and the south aisle and the +arches of the crossing (Figs. <a href="#fig_989">989</a> and <a href="#fig_990">990</a>), exhibit fine examples of +Celtic carving, mixed with grotesque figures. Carving of an identical +description is shown in Figs. <a href="#fig_991">991</a> and <a href="#fig_992">992</a> on slabs in St. Oran’s Chapel, +one of which, dated 1489, also exhibits late Gothic ornaments on the +edge. This stone bears the following inscription, from which it would +appear to be in memory of the father of Abbot Macfingone, and of the +abbot himself (whose tomb and monument are preserved in the choir, as +will be pointed out further on):—“Hec: est: Crux: Laeclanni: Meic: +fingone: et: ejus: fil—Ohannis: Abbatis: de: Hy: facta: Anno: domini: +Mº. <small>CCCCLXXX</small>: <small>IX</small>º. Numerous examples of carving of a very similar +description occur throughout the West Highlands, and, where dated, are +all of about the above period. The undated specimens are also distinctly +in the same style and of the same epoch. There can, therefore, be no +hesitation in assigning the sculpture in the cathedral, which is of a +similar character (such as the caps in Figs. 988 and 990), to about the +same date. The dog-tooth ornaments in Fig. <a href="#fig_993">993</a> and other similar +examples, which are not rare at Iona and throughout the Western Islands, +are thus clearly a revival, at a late date, of ancient forms.</p> + +<p>Close to the sacristy door, but raised to a considerable height above +the choir floor, stands a round column (see Fig. <a href="#fig_983">983</a>), which supports +two pointed arches. These arches appear to have opened into an upper +aisle or chapel. They are carved with rows of dog-tooth or nail-head +ornaments, which have the appearance of thirteenth century work; but as +they are<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_53" id="page_53">{53}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_984" style="width: 721px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_053.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_053.jpg" width="721" height="489" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 984.</span>—Iona Cathedral. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_54" id="page_54">{54}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">much decayed, they are probably of the late date to which, as we have +seen, many examples of imitation dog-tooth enrichments at Iona and +elsewhere belong.</p> + +<p>The parapet of the choir (see Fig. <a href="#fig_984">984</a>) is simple, and is supported on +massive corbels, like those common in the castles of Scotland. The water +of the gutters escapes by small apertures through the parapet.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_985" style="width: 414px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_054.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_054.jpg" width="414" height="487" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 985.</span>—Iona Cathedral. Choir Pier and Arch of South +Aisle.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The nave contains a good western doorway of late design (Fig. <a href="#fig_994">994</a>), with +three orders of mouldings in the jambs, which have no caps, but have the +jamb mouldings carried round the pointed arch. The nave and transepts +have no aisles. The windows of the nave (Fig. <a href="#fig_995">995</a>) are much damaged. At +each end of the south wall is a small single pointed light,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_55" id="page_55">{55}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_986" style="width: 647px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_055.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_055.jpg" width="647" height="445" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 986.</span>—Iona Cathedral. Sedilia and Piscina in +Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_56" id="page_56">{56}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">and there has been a triple light window, with tracery, in the centre. +The single light window at the east end of the nave has a carved head, +with a water table over it, inserted above the window. Part of the north</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_987" style="width: 452px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_056.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_056.jpg" width="452" height="538" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 987.</span>—Iona Cathedral. Door to Sacristy.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">wall of the nave is demolished (see Fig. <a href="#fig_994">994</a>), and a door to the +cloister near the west end has been built up (see Plan).</p> + +<p>The north transept has two deeply-arched recesses in the east wall, +containing small windows and a central arched recess, which seems to +have contained a statue. This is apparently the oldest part of the whole +edifice,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_57" id="page_57">{57}</a></span> the arches, shafts, and caps in the east wall (Fig. <a href="#fig_996">996</a>) +having very much the character of transition work. A small window in the +west wall, raised so as to be above the cloister roof (see Fig. <a href="#fig_994">994</a>), +throws light on the point where the altar stood.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_988" style="width: 424px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_057.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_057.jpg" width="424" height="533" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 988.</span>—Iona Cathedral. Caps of Doorway to Sacristy.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The south transept is 22 feet by 17 feet, and is lighted by a three +light traceried window in the south gable wall (see Fig. <a href="#fig_984">984</a>), and a +small window placed at a considerable height in the west wall (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_995">995</a>). The parapet and corbel table are the same as those of the choir.</p> + +<p>The crossing has four arches opening into the choir, nave, and +tran<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_58" id="page_58">{58}</a></span>septs, which carry a tower, 29 feet by 25 feet, over the walls, +rising to two stories in height above the eaves, and crowned with a +plain parapet, supported on simple corbels (see Figs. <a href="#fig_984">984</a> and <a href="#fig_994">994</a>)). The +upper story has rectangular windows on each face, three of them filled +with tracery of late patterns, and the one on the north with a window +containing simple tracery</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_989" style="width: 477px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_058.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_058.jpg" width="477" height="522" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 989.</span>—Iona Cathedral. Caps of Piers of Choir and +Crossing.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>(Fig. <a href="#fig_997">997</a>). The lintels are composed of straight arches, supported by a +remarkable shaft on the inside, which recalls the turned shafts of +pre-Norman work. The access to the tower is by a small wheel staircase +at the south-west angle of the crossing. The original doorway of the +staircase entered from the nave, but, after the Reformation, the +adjoining<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_59" id="page_59">{59}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_990" style="width: 505px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_059.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_059.jpg" width="505" height="710" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 990.</span>—Iona Cathedral. Caps of Crossing, &c.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_60" id="page_60">{60}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">west arch of the crossing was built up, and a new door, with a small +enclosing wall, was formed from the crossing into the wheel stair (as +shown in the Plan). In the upper part of the tower are built recesses, +as if meant for pigeons’ nests; and the upper floor in the roof of the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_991" style="width: 477px;"> +<p id="fig_992"></p> +<a href="images/ill_pg_060.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_060.jpg" width="477" height="532" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<table summary="none"> +<tr valign="top"><td> +<p><span class="smcap">Fig. 991.</span>—Iona Cathedral.</p> +<p>Carved Slab in St. Oran’s.</p> +</td> +<td class="tdspc"> </td> +<td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 992.</span>—Iona Cathedral. +</p> +<p>Macfingone’s Slab in St. Oran’s.</p> +</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">tower is lighted with slits in the wall near the corners, except on the +south side, where a larger opening is introduced and filled with tracery +(see Fig. <a href="#fig_984">984</a>).</p> + +<p>The whole of the church has been roofed with timber, but is now quite<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_61" id="page_61">{61}</a></span> +open to the weather. The stone corbels intended to carry the principals +of the roof still remain where the walls are complete (see Fig. <a href="#fig_983">983</a>).</p> + +<p>Externally, the most prominent features are the buttresses and base +course (see Figs. <a href="#fig_984">984</a> and <a href="#fig_995">995</a>)). These exist round most of the south wall +of the nave, part of the south transept, and the east end of the choir. +The angle buttresses have the general form, with bead on angle and +sloping table on top, of thirteenth century work, and the broad, sloping +base has also a similar character. Several small intermediate buttresses +are introduced, which are in many cases awkwardly situated as regards +the windows, being kept below the window sills. The base course on the +south side of the nave is set at a level several feet above that of the +south transept (see Fig. <a href="#fig_995">995</a>). It is stopped suddenly before reaching +the eastmost bay of the nave. The base also stops equally suddenly on +the west wall of the south transept, a few feet from the south-west +angle buttress. The base course and buttresses would thus seem, where +they exist, to indicate a rebuilding of those portions of the walls, the +portions left without a base course being possibly older. Although the +forms of the base course and buttresses are of early design, there is no +doubt but that they are late erections, and that the forms and design +are revivals or imitations of older features. Their association with the +late doorway of the nave and the late traceries of the choir and south +transept sufficiently proves their comparatively recent construction.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_993"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 168px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_061.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_061.jpg" width="168" height="245" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 993.</span>—Iona Cathedral.</p> + +<p>Dog-tooth Ornaments on Slab.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>In the above general description of the cathedral, the probable dates of +the various parts have been casually referred to. It is now proposed to +explain more fully the dates we would assign to the different portions +of the structure and the reasons for doing so.</p> + +<p>Dr. Skene has the following footnote<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>—</p> + +<p>“One of the columns which supports the great tower of the Abbey Church +has on the upper portion the inscription, ‘Donaldus O’Brolchan fecit hoc +opus,’ and seems to think that that inscription fixes the name of the +builder of the church. Messrs. Buckler, in their description of the +architecture of the cathedral,<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> give the above inscription as +reading, ‘Donaldus ornatum fecit hoc opus.’<span class="lftspc">”</span></p> + +<p>The inscription is not now legible, but even if it were, it could give +little clue to the date of the edifice.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_62" id="page_62">{62}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_994" style="width: 683px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_062.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_062.jpg" width="683" height="470" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 994.</span>—Iona Cathedral. View from North-West, showing +Cloister Garth, Central Tower, &c.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_63" id="page_63">{63}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_995" style="width: 743px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_063.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_063.jpg" width="743" height="308" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 995.</span>—Iona Cathedral. General View of Cathedral and +St. Oran’s Chapel, from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_64" id="page_64">{64}</a></span></p> + +<p>There will probably be little difference of opinion regarding the +antiquity of the east wall of the north transept (see Fig. <a href="#fig_996">996</a>). The +character of the arches, shafts, and caps, even worn away as they are, +is distinctly late Norman or transition. The small round headed windows +in the recesses of the wide internal bays are also quite in keeping with +that</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_996" style="width: 515px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_064.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_064.jpg" width="515" height="493" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 996.</span>—Iona Cathedral. East Side of North Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">style. The depth of the recesses on each side of the central arch, with +its figure, which form a special feature, was rendered necessary by the +extra width of the wall required (as will be pointed out further on) to +admit of a passage in the thickness of the wall above. Almost all the +rest of the church appears to be of a much later date, and to belong, +with small exceptions, to the late fifteenth or early part of the +sixteenth century.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_65" id="page_65">{65}</a></span></p> + +<p>Part of the crossing, however, is probably older; but the other portions +of the crossing seem to have been rebuilt at a late date, as the +following indications show. The original arches of the north and west +sides have no mouldings, but are only chamfered, and the caps, so far as +visible, have an ancient character. The north arch has, at some period, +been strengthened by the insertion of additional piers, and an +additional arch within the then existing piers and arch (see Plan). The +old arch is distinctly visible in the wall, and portions of the old +piers are also exposed to view.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_997" style="width: 534px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_065.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_065.jpg" width="534" height="315" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 997.</span>—Iona Cathedral. North Side of Refectory.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The arches of the east and south sides of the crossing are of a +different character from the above, the arches being fully moulded. The +piers (Fig. <a href="#fig_998">998</a>) do not differ much from those of the older sides, and +are all of an early form of design. The same character is kept up in the +inserted piers of the north arch, although these must undoubtedly be +later than the original piers. The mouldings seem all to have been +imitated from early forms (such as we find in the choir arch of the +nunnery).<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> The changes in the plans of the piers and mouldings, +common in the central districts of the mainland, would be long in +reaching this distant spot, and the old forms appear to have been, +therefore, adhered to. Such continuations or imitations of early forms +are very common in Scotland. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_66" id="page_66">{66}</a></span> should be observed that the outer or +central shaft of each pier has a fillet on its central line, which +indicates (especially here) a somewhat advanced date (see Fig. <a href="#fig_996">996</a>). The +bases are of a very late type, as also the caps, both of which differ +from those of the earlier piers. From these facts we infer that the +south and east sides of the crossing have been rebuilt at a late period, +possibly at the time when the tower was erected. That part of the +edifice is always justly regarded as being very late, and the +rectangular windows and their tracery clearly support that view. If the +above supposition is correct, then the insertion of the additional piers +and arch under the north tower arch is explained. That addition would be +made at the time the tower was built, in order to make sure that the +support was sufficient to carry it. Similar extra strengthening was not +necessary in the case of the west arch, as it already had sufficient +piers and supports; and the additions to the piers of the north arch, +which</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_998" style="width: 223px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_066.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_066.jpg" width="223" height="196" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 998.</span>—Iona Cathedral.</p> + +<p>South-East Pier of Crossing.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">previously were small, simply made them of similar strength to those of +the west arch.</p> + +<p>We therefore conclude that the original north and west arches and piers +of the crossing are old, perhaps of the thirteenth century; while the +east and south arches and piers have been rebuilt, and the additional +piers and arch added to the north opening, probably when the tower was +erected.</p> + +<p>Let us now turn to the choir. When we consider the forms of the tracery +of the three windows of the presbytery (see Figs. <a href="#fig_983">983</a> and <a href="#fig_984">984</a>), and the +north window in Fig. <a href="#fig_999">999</a>), the thickness of the mullions, and the number +and smallness of their mouldings, there cannot be much difficulty in +assigning these windows to a late date. The forms and decorations of the +arches of the sedilia (see Fig. <a href="#fig_986">986</a>) also clearly indicate a late +period. These are exceedingly good of their kind, and it is a misfortune +that the Celtic ornament with which they are covered is now so far +decayed as to be scarcely legible; but there can be no question as to +the lateness of their date.</p> + +<p>On turning to the south aisle the same impression is received. The +circular and stunted form of the piers, with their remarkable bases and +the peculiar form of their enriched capitals (see Figs. <a href="#fig_989">989</a> and <a href="#fig_990">990</a>)), +strike one at once with the idea that they belong to a late and rather +debased epoch. The insertion of the clerestory windows over the piers +(an arrangement which is also met with at the nunnery) is bad +construction, and led<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_67" id="page_67">{67}</a></span> to the adoption of the low and poor flying +buttresses (which are evidently an afterthought) as a means of steadying +the main structure.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_999" style="width: 513px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_067-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_067-a.jpg" width="513" height="347" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 999.</span>—Iona Cathedral. Window in North Side of Choir, +East End of South Aisle, &c.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The north side of the choir is so peculiar in its arrangements that +little can be gathered from it with regard to dates. If the pillar and</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1000"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 281px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_067-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_067-b.jpg" width="281" height="167" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1000.</span>—Iona Cathedral.</p> + +<p>Section of Arch Mouldings.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">arches of the high chapel over the sacristy (see Fig. <a href="#fig_983">983</a>) are of +thirteenth century work, as their ornamentation would at first sight +lead one to suppose, they might possibly have been re-erected in their +present position; but they are more likely to have been made in +imitation of thirteenth century work, and built here at a late period. +The section of the arch mouldings (Fig. <a href="#fig_1000">1000</a>) is almost identical with +that of the chapter house arches, which (as will be afterwards +explained) are almost undoubtedly of very late date.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_68" id="page_68">{68}</a></span></p> + +<p>These arches gave a view of the altar from a high chapel, which, as will +be pointed out, was perhaps connected with the library or dormitory. The +chapel has been added to the church, and the walls are not bonded into +the choir. The decoration of the upper portion, with its imitation +dog-tooth or nail-head ornament round a straight sided arch (Fig. <a href="#fig_1001">1001</a>), +shows that it is of very late date.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1001" style="width: 351px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_068.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_068.jpg" width="351" height="475" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1001.</span>—Iona Cathedral. Interior of Sacristy and +Chapel above.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>This structure appears to occupy the position of the original north +aisle, which at one time extended (or was contemplated) the full length +from the presbytery to the north transept. The water table over the old +aisle roof runs the whole length, and has a sloping water table where +the roof abutted against the north transept. The old corbels to receive +the timbers of the aisle roof also still exist. The aisle would no doubt +block one of the Norman transept windows, but that could not be +avoided.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_69" id="page_69">{69}</a></span></p> + +<p>The doorway from the choir to the sacristy (see Fig. <a href="#fig_987">987</a>) is a very fine +feature, and one would be inclined to consider it somewhat earlier than +the other parts of the sacristy and upper chapel. Possibly it may have +formed an access to the aisle before the upper chapel was raised to its +present position.</p> + +<p>The above examination of the choir, south aisle, and sacristy leads to +the belief that they are all of a late period, probably about 1500. The +entire building bears evidence of having been in whole or part +re-erected about the end of the fifteenth century or the beginning of +the sixteenth century, possibly when it became the Cathedral of the +Isles in 1506. Some portions, such as the north transept, the north and +west sides of the crossing, the wheel stair to the tower and parts of +the walling connected therewith, are older; but all the rest, including +the east and south arches of the crossing, is of a much later date. +Besides the points to which attention has been drawn above, it may be +noted that the buttresses of the choir, which from their form may have +been raised from ancient bases, have on each angle a single bead on +their lower part and a triple bead on the upper part (see Fig. <a href="#fig_984">984</a>). The +upper story of the tower, which is admittedly very late, has also a +triple bead on the angles of the top story. May it not have happened +that the building suffered from some cause, or was intentionally taken +down and reconstructed about the end of the fifteenth or beginning of +the sixteenth century? Such an event might account for the antique form +of the buttresses, which may have been raised from existing portions of +old buttresses; while the triple bead on their upper story would show +the change of style introduced at the time of the reconstruction. It +would also explain the preservation of the old doorway to the sacristy, +while the upper parts of the walls were rebuilt. The very irregular +appearance of the lower part of the north wall of the choir might also +be thus accounted for. The interior string course on the north side, +which rises in large steps from the sacristy door, is composed of stones +partly enriched and partly plain, as if it formed part of a +reconstruction in which old materials had been reused. The clerestory +windows, with their ancient forms, are doubtless reproductions of the +outlines which formerly existed.</p> + +<p>The section of the south-east pier of the crossing (see Fig. <a href="#fig_998">998</a>) shows +that the south transept is of about the same period as the choir, the +round responds in each corresponding with the circular piers of the +choir, and the carved caps being very similar in both (see Figs. <a href="#fig_989">989</a> and +<a href="#fig_990">990</a>)); and the south wall of the transept, with its late traceried window +and buttresses and base course, is evidently of the same period as the +presbytery. The mouldings of the mullions are in both cases returned +along the sills, an unusual and late arrangement.</p> + +<p>The rebuilt part of the crossing has arch moulds which correspond in +style with those of the south aisle arches, and the sculpture of the +caps<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_70" id="page_70">{70}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1002" style="width: 692px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_070.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_070.jpg" width="692" height="513" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1002.</span>—Iona Cathedral. Chapter House.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_71" id="page_71">{71}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">also corresponds with that of the aisle piers, both containing, as above +mentioned, fine examples of Celtic foliage and figures. The peculiar +traceried windows at the east end of the south aisle of choir and the +adjoining piscina (see Fig. <a href="#fig_999">999</a>) are also clearly of late date.</p> + +<p>The cloister lies to the north of the nave; it measures 73 feet from +north to south by 66 feet from east to west. The cloister walk has had a +wooden roof all round, resting on corbels (see Fig. <a href="#fig_994">994</a>) in the main +wall, and on an arcade on the side next the cloister garth. Some +fragments of the shafts and arches of the arcade are preserved in the +chapter house, and the bases of a twin column, socketed for the shafts, +stand on the wall at the north-west angle. The arcade would thus appear +to have rested on coupled shafts, and, so far as can be ascertained by +examination of the only surviving portion at the south-west angle and +the fragments in the chapter house, the arches were pointed and carved +with Celtic ornament somewhat similarly to the arches of the sedilia in +the choir (see Fig. <a href="#fig_986">986</a>). In each angle of the cloister walk an arch has +been thrown across the walk diagonally, so as to strengthen and steady +the walls. Only one of these arches, that at the south-west angle (see +Fig. <a href="#fig_994">994</a>), remains entire, those in the other angles being reduced to +fragments. This arch is the only one which is moulded on the edge, the +others being splayed. These arches have evidently been built after the +walls adjoining, as they fit awkwardly against previously existing +doorways at the north-east and north-west angles. That at the south-west +angle butts against a structure which seems to have formed a turret +adjoining the north-west angle of the nave. This turret contains a small +chamber, at about 7 feet to 8 feet above the floor of the nave, which +enters by a small door from the nave, and is said to be the porter’s +lodge. It has a curiously cusped loophole opening in the direction of +the church door.</p> + +<p>The cloister is surrounded by buildings on the east and north. The north +transept has a door to the cloister, and a benitier is placed near the +entrance. Next to the transept on the north is a chamber, 10 feet wide, +entering from the cloister (see Fig. <a href="#fig_982">982</a>), and lighted by a window to +the east. There is a fireplace in the east wall of this room, being the +only fireplace in the monastery. It seems doubtful whether this chamber +was not originally the slype or passage from the cloister towards the +east, as there is no other passage.</p> + +<p>Next to this, on the north, is the chapter house, which projects beyond +the general line of the buildings, the portion next the cloister having +the appearance of a vestibule. The inner cloister enters from the +vestibule by two arches (Fig. <a href="#fig_1002">1002</a>), which rest on a central round +pillar and corbels at the sides. This pillar is sometimes stated to be +of Norman work, and the chapter house is, consequently, regarded as of +Norman date. But a careful examination of the pillar and its capital +leads to the conclusion that it is comparatively a late structure. The +carving of the cap<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_72" id="page_72">{72}</a></span> (Fig. <a href="#fig_1003">1003</a>) is very peculiar. On the outer or west +side, the ornament, which is somewhat decayed, resembles that of the +caps of the adjoining nunnery church, and may easily be mistaken for +ancient. But the ornament of the inner or east side of the cap (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_1003">1003</a>) is quite different, and is undoubtedly of very late design, being +similar to that on the carved tombstones of the fifteenth or sixteenth +centuries, such as that in Figs. 991 and 992. The dog-tooth or nail-head +ornament of the arches, although at first sight like first pointed work, +is found, on closer inspection, to consist of late imitations—showing +three small nail-heads placed close together, so as to form an +enrichment in a manner not at all transition like. The same remark +applies to the enrichments of the high chapel in the choir (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_1000">1000</a>).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1003" style="width: 462px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_072.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_072.jpg" width="462" height="221" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1003.</span>—Iona Cathedral. Details of Central Pillar in +Chapter House.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The walls of the eastern part of the cloister are not over 2 feet 6 +inches in thickness (which would be very unusual in Norman work), and +they have been strengthened by interior piers when the present flat +barrel arch was erected over the chapter house. This probably took place +when the upper part of this portion of the building was raised a story +in height, possibly in order to form the library on the upper floor. It +is evident, from an examination of the junction of the walls on the +exterior, that the upper floor of this part of the building was added at +a late period. Both vestibule and chapter house appear to have had a +stone seat running along the walls, and the whole may possibly have +formed the place of assembly of the monks. Probably, like the chapter +house at St. Andrews, the western portion, or vestibule, was the +original chapter house, and the inner division was added at a later +period.</p> + +<p>From the chapter house a passage is visible in the upper part of the +east wall of the north transept. In order to admit of this, the wall of +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_73" id="page_73">{73}</a></span> transept (as above pointed out) has required to be made of great +thickness, and this explains the depth of the two recesses under it in +the transept previously referred to. As already mentioned, there was an +upper floor over the chapter house and the adjoining portions of the +east range of the cloister buildings. Part of this upper floor is +believed to have been the library—the literary treasures of which were +famous—and part would, no doubt, be the dormitory of the monks.</p> + +<p>It seems not improbable that the passage in the transept wall may have +led from the library or dormitory to the chapel in the upper aisle of +the choir over the sacristy, and the use of that chapel would thus be +explained. The chapel, as already mentioned, is a structure of late +erection, as is apparent from the imitation dog-tooth running round the +straight-sided arch of the east window (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1002">1002</a>). The passage in +the transept wall may be much older, but was possibly utilised in +connection with the late reconstruction of the monastery, as above +suggested.</p> + +<p>To the north of the chapter house are two chambers of good size, over +which an upper story has extended, as the remains of the windows show.</p> + +<p>The north side of the cloister has been occupied by the refectory, a +building 63 feet long by 20 feet wide. It is situated on the first or +upper floor, and is of late work; but seems to occupy the position of a +previous refectory, which formerly stood on the site, and of which some +portions of the walls remain. The first refectory appears to have been +on the ground floor, as the remains of what must have been a handsome +doorway in the south wall near the west end of this range prove. This +doorway has had three orders of mouldings with shafts and caps, about 7 +feet high, apparently of thirteenth century work, of which some +fragments remain, partly built into the adjoining angle structure. The +latter is evidently a late erection, as it encloses part of the west +jamb of the above doorway. The pier of the diagonal arch of the cloister +walk at the east end of the refectory also encroaches on the door beside +it. At a somewhat late period the refectory has been raised to the upper +floor, and an entrance made to it by a wide staircase at the east end +(which would also probably form the day staircase to the dormitory). The +ground floor is low, and has loopholes for windows. It has apparently +been used for cellars or storages. There is a wide pointed doorway +leading into it at the north-west angle (see Fig. <a href="#fig_997">997</a>). The north +elevation of the structure is fairly preserved.</p> + +<p>The buttresses seem to be reconstructions on the lines of the original +ones, but the windows, both in the north elevation and towards the +cloister, are of later date.</p> + +<p>The eastern range of buildings is continued northwards beyond the +refectory by a chamber 33 feet long by 12 feet 6 inches wide, which +seems to have been connected on the upper floor with a lavatory and +latrine. The latter has a built channel, evidently intended, from the +low aperture at each end, for the passage of a stream of water, which +could be<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_74" id="page_74">{74}</a></span> easily led into it from the neighbouring burn. To the west of +this stand the walls, 3 feet high, of a nearly detached edifice, with a +separate outer doorway, which may perhaps have been an infirmary. To the +north-east, the low walls are observable of a detached structure 58 feet +9 inches long by 21 feet 6 inches wide. The only wall opening traceable +is the doorway, which has been of simple design. This is supposed by +some to have been the kitchen, but it seems doubtful. There is no +appearance of a fireplace.</p> + +<p>A small detached chapel, 38 feet in length by 20 feet 9 inches in width +over the walls, lies to the north-east of the chapter house. It has had +a doorway in the north wall, a small centre window in the east wall, and +a similar window in each of the side walls near the east end. The +windows are trefoil headed and cusped, and appear to be late. The +doorway had two orders, with a bead on each. The orientation of this +building is different from that of the cathedral.</p> + +<p>Adjoining the south-west angle of the cloister, and built out from it, +is a small enclosure containing stone coffins (see Fig. <a href="#fig_994">994</a>). +Immediately beyond this are the remains of another enclosure, connected +with a Celtic cross (called St. Martin’s) near the west end of the +cathedral (see Fig. <a href="#fig_995">995</a>). The inner of these chambers, which encloses +the stone coffins, is called “St. Columba’s Tomb.” Dr. Skene is of +opinion that it is actually the structure which contained the body of +St. Columba, the coffin of that Saint being placed on the right or south +side, and that of St. Blathmac (a martyr who died in defending the abbey +against the Northmen in 825) being placed on the left or north side. +This view is, however, controverted by Sir Henry Dryden in a MS. of +1879, deposited in the Antiquarian Museum in Edinburgh.</p> + +<p>There is also a well in the same locality as the above enclosures.</p> + +<p>The ruins of a chapel of some size (48 feet long by 30 feet wide over +the walls) lie at a short distance to the west of the cloister. The +walls are reduced to a few feet in height, and are partly rebuilt in a +rough manner. There seems to have been a doorway in the east end, but +this is doubtless not original. A turret can be traced at the south-east +angle and another at the south-west angle.</p> + +<p>To the north-east of the cloister lie the total ruins of what is called +the Abbot’s House, and at some distance to the south-east of the church +may be observed the greatly demolished remains of a chapel.</p> + +<p>In the choir are preserved several monuments. On the south side, close +to the sedilia (see Fig. <a href="#fig_986">986</a>), lies the well sculptured effigy of Abbot +Kenneth; and on the north side, near the door of the sacristy, is the +effigy of Abbot M‘Kinnon, the last abbot of Iona (the head being visible +in Fig. <a href="#fig_987">987</a>), around which is legible the following inscription, “Hic +jacet Johannes MacFingone, Abbas de Hy qui obiit anno Domini Millessimo +Quingentessimo cujus animae propitietur Deus Altissimus. Amen.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_75" id="page_75">{75}</a></span></p> + +<p>In the floor of the choir a large slab shows the remains of brass work, +and against the east wall rests the carved figure of a knight, with +shield and spear, said to be the monument of a M‘Lean (see Fig. <a href="#fig_983">983</a>).</p> + +<h2><a name="ST_MACHARS_CATHEDRAL_Old_Aberdeen" id="ST_MACHARS_CATHEDRAL_Old_Aberdeen"></a>ST. MACHAR’S CATHEDRAL, <span class="smcap">Old Aberdeen</span>.</h2> + +<p>Old Aberdeen is situated on the river Don, about two miles north from +the town of Aberdeen on the Dee. The cathedral, which is dedicated to +St. Machar, is built in granite, and is now considerably reduced in size +from its original dimensions. The nave (Fig. <a href="#fig_1004">1004</a>) is entire and is used +as the parish church. The walls of the transepts exist only to the +height of about 10 feet. The choir has been entirely destroyed. The +bishop’s palace, which stood at the east end of the cathedral, has also +disappeared. It was a large building, and “had a fine court, having a +high tower at each of its four corners; an outer and inner gate; with a +deep well in the middle of the court; and an iron gate by which the +bishop passed from his palace into the choir.”<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p> + +<p>The cathedral stands on the north side of an extensive churchyard, and +the situation is pleasant, having the houses of the chanonry—some of +them quaint-looking and interesting—approaching it on the south. On the +north it is skirted by high trees, which grow on a steep bank sloping +down from the cathedral towards the Don.</p> + +<p>The seat of the bishop was translated from Murthlack or Mortlack, in +Banffshire, to Aberdeen by King David <small>I.</small> in the year 1136, St. Nectan +being the last bishop of Mortlack and the first of Aberdeen. The third +bishop, Matthew Kinninmond, began to build a cathedral between 1183 and +1199 to supersede the primitive church then existing, “which [new +building], because it was not glorious enough, Bishop Cheyne threw +down.”<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p> + +<p>A second edifice was begun by Bishop Cheyne shortly after 1282, and the +work went on till the time when the country was involved in the war with +Edward <small>I.</small> After Bruce was seated on the throne, Cheyne was temporarily +banished, and “during his absence the king, seeing the new cathedral he +had begun, made the church to be built with the revenues of the +bishoprick.”<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p> + +<p>The cathedral thus erected was in its turn thrown down by Bishop +Alexander Kinninmond, who succeeded in 1355, and he began a new building +on a still larger scale about the year 1370. Of his operations there +remain two large piers for the support of the central tower, which form +the earliest portion of the structure of St. Machar’s now remaining. +These piers are built of red freestone, and are much more graceful an<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_76" id="page_76">{76}</a></span>d</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1004" style="width: 755px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_076.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_076.jpg" width="755" height="549" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1004.</span>—St. Machar’s Cathedral. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_77" id="page_77">{77}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">refined in character than the succeeding work, most of which is +constructed in granite. Bishop Kinninmond may possibly have built the +bay of the nave adjoining for a buttress to the central tower. Freestone +mouldings similar to those of the tower still remain at the springing, +as if they had continued across to the first pillar; but the arch must +have been taken down, as the existing bays are all of granite, and the +granite mouldings—which are of quite a different section—are seen to +butt against those of Kinninmond’s time.</p> + +<p>The nave may be said to be all of one period, and appears to have been +principally built, including the two western towers, by Bishop Henry +Leighton between 1422 and 1440. It was roofed in by his successor, +Bishop Lindsay, and in the <i>View of the Diocese</i> it is said to have been +leaded over by the Bishops Elphinston and Dunbar, and “ceiled by this +last,” <small>A.D.</small> 1518-1531. The flat ceiling of oak erected by Bishop Dunbar +still remains (Fig. <a href="#fig_1005">1005</a>), having been constructed by him at his own +“pains and expenses.” “James Winter, an Angus man, was architect of the +timber work and ceiling of said church; which was well done, and may +make his name famous to after ages.”<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> It is ornamented with heraldic +decorations, containing the arms of various European kings, Pope Leo <small>X.</small>, +the Scottish nobility, and Churchmen. These have been drawn and +illustrated in colour by the New Spalding Club. Bishop Dunbar also +finished Leighton’s towers by adding the spires (Fig. <a href="#fig_1006">1006</a>) in grey +freestone. The general colour of the granite work is of a reddish yellow +tint.</p> + +<p>The edifice as it now stands measures on the outside as follows, +viz.—length of nave about 143 feet, width 77 feet. The transept is +about 121 feet long by 37 feet 6 inches wide. The centre alley of the +nave is 30 feet 6 inches wide. The towers are about 23 feet 6 inches +square, and about 111 feet high.</p> + +<p>The west front of St. Machar’s (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1006">1006</a>) is entirely built with +granite, except the spires, and is one of the most impressive and +imposing structures in Scotland. It is extremely plain, not a single +scrap of carving being visible anywhere, and most of the openings are of +the simplest kind. This front is a veritable piece of Doric work, +depending for its effect on its just proportion and the mass of its +granite masonry. The towers and spires are of equal height, and almost +identical in design. The great corbels and machicolations of the parapet +are clearly derived from castellated forms, and the embrasured bands +round the spires and their numerous lucarnes are distinct signs of the +late date of their construction. The entrance doorway (Fig. <a href="#fig_1007">1007</a>) is +remarkable, the jambs being mere rounds and hollows, with a flat stone +laid along at the springing of the round arch, marking where the +capitals usually stand, while the arch mouldings are of the most +elementary kind, all being designed to suit the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_78" id="page_78">{78}</a></span> hard granite of which +they are constructed. Above this doorway is one of the most striking +features of the composition, viz.—the seven lofty narrow windows (see +Fig. <a href="#fig_1006">1006</a>), about 26 feet in height, and each crowned</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1005" style="width: 522px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_078.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_078.jpg" width="522" height="648" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1005.</span>—St. Machar’s Cathedral. The Nave, looking +West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_79" id="page_79">{79}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1006" style="width: 538px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_079.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_079.jpg" width="538" height="690" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1006.</span>—St. Machar’s Cathedral. West Front.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_80" id="page_80">{80}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1007" style="width: 489px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_080.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_080.jpg" width="489" height="713" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1007.</span>—St. Machar’s Cathedral. West Doorway.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_81" id="page_81">{81}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">with a round and cusped arch (Fig. <a href="#fig_1009">1009</a>). The ground story of both +towers is barrel vaulted; the apartment in the south tower has had a +rude door knocked through the front wall, and is now used as a place for +keeping spades and shovels in.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1008" style="width: 542px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_081.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_081.jpg" width="542" height="627" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1008.</span>—St. Machar’s Cathedral. View from +South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The south elevation (Fig. <a href="#fig_1008">1008</a>) is marked by the same simplicity as the +west front, being designed to suit the intractable material of which it +is built. The clerestory is an absolutely plain wall, pierced by narrow +round arched windows, without a moulding of any kind, while the windows +of the side aisles are filled with the simplest tracery. The effect of +this part of the building is much marred by the removal of the parapet +which formerly ran along the top of the wall. The south porch is a +dignified structure. It was evidently meant to have a room over the +entrance, for which a window is provided; but there is no indication<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_82" id="page_82">{82}</a></span> of +there ever having been an upper floor or an access stair, and the +considerable height, as viewed from the inside, has an unmeaning +appearance. The resemblance between this porch and the south porch of +St. Michael’s, Linlithgow, is striking, both having the inner +crow-stepped gable built on the aisle wall. In the latter porch the +upper room has been completed.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1009"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 112px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_082.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_082.jpg" width="112" height="116" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1009.</span></p> + +<p>St. Machar’s Cathedral.</p> + +<p>Top of West Windows.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The north aisle wall of the cathedral, which is fortunately not so well +seen as the south wall, is quite modern, and has a mean and paltry +appearance.</p> + +<p>The pillars in the nave (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1005">1005</a>) are all round on Plan, with +round moulded caps and very simple bases. These are shown in section in +Fig. <a href="#fig_1005">1005</a>, and also on a larger scale in Fig. <a href="#fig_1010">1010</a>, which contains +Scougal’s monument (afterwards referred to), and where there is also a +view of part of the interior of the large west window. Beside the sketch +of this monument will be seen a stone containing the arms, surmounted by +a mitre, probably of Bishop Stewart, who died in 1565 (a fesse chequé +debruised by a bend engrailed).</p> + +<p>In the view of the interior (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1005">1005</a>) it may be observed that the +full thickness of the clerestory walls does not come down to the caps of +the pillars, but stops short a few feet above. This arrangement has an +unpleasing effect in perspective, leaving a portion of the cap +projecting and bearing nothing. The two piers at the crossing, as +already mentioned, are of freestone and are of clustered form, and have +richly carved capitals. These capitals are necessarily concealed by the +building up of the arches, which lead from the nave to the crossing. +Fig. <a href="#fig_1011">1011</a> shows a part of one of these capitals, which can be seen from +the transept.</p> + +<p>Regarding the choir nothing can be now said from observation, as it was +destroyed in 1560, and the ruins have since been entirely removed. +Alluding to this, Orme says (p. 104)—“The glorious structure of said +Cathedral Church being near nine score years in building, did not remain +twenty entire, when it was almost ruined by a crew of sacrilegious +church robbers.”</p> + +<p>There was an old choir standing in Bishop Elphinston’s time, early in +the sixteenth century, which, as Boece tells us in his life of that +prelate,<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> was considered by the bishop to be in a style unworthy such +a church, and he began to rebuild it on a plan corresponding with the +western part of the building; “but lest he should die before it was +completed, he would not take down the old choir till everything was in +readiness to begin the new one, so that a considerable part was finished +before his death.” The work was continued by his successors, but it +seems doubtful if it ever was entirely completed before the Reformation +burst on the country.</p> + +<p>The building of the central steeple, which had been partly carried out<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_83" id="page_83">{83}</a></span> +by Bishop Leighton, was finally completed by Bishop Elphinston about +1511. The tower was supported by the four pillars of the crossing. “It</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1010" style="width: 525px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_083.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_083.jpg" width="525" height="666" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1010.</span>—St. Machar’s Cathedral. Monument of Bishop +Scougal in South-West Angle of Aisle.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">was four storey high, and square, and had two battlements, and seems to +have been about 150 foot high.”<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_84" id="page_84">{84}</a></span></p> + +<p>Bishop Leighton also built, in 1424, the north transept, or, as it was +called, St. John’s Aisle, where the beautiful sculpture of that bishop’s +effigy now lies inglorious beneath a rough brick arch (Fig. <a href="#fig_1012">1012</a>). His +tomb appears to have been entire when Orme (who died about 1725) wrote +his description of the cathedral.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> He describes it as an effigy <i>in +pontificalibus</i>, on an altar tomb with a canopy, under which is this +inscription: “<i>Hic jacet bone memorie Henricus de Lichtoun</i>,” &c. +Huddled in behind the figure there is a large stone slab with an +inscription, which can hardly be seen on account of the rubbish and ivy.</p> + +<p>The south transept was built by Bishop Dunbar in 1522. And so recently +as the time of Orme large portions of it, which have now disappeared,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1011" style="width: 306px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_084.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_084.jpg" width="306" height="327" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1011.</span>—St. Machar’s Cathedral. Part of East Pier +from Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">were standing, if, indeed, it was not almost entire at that date. Orme +speaks of the “top of this aisle” as having then been taken down for the +miserable purpose of furnishing stones for new buildings at the college; +and he also mentions large windows as then existing, all of which have +vanished. Indeed, almost nothing of this transept now remains except the +tomb of the founder, Bishop Gavin Dunbar (Fig. <a href="#fig_1013">1013</a>), and an empty tomb +to the left of it, which were complete when Orme wrote. The latter +contained the effigy of a bishop, “a lion at his feet, and under his +head a pointed helmet for a cushion; arms, a lion rampant <i>queue +fourche</i> debruised by a bend charged with three escallops.”<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> This +was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_85" id="page_85">{85}</a></span> probably a tomb of the end of the sixteenth century. The foliage +round the arch, modelled from seaweed, is carved with great spirit. +Dunbar’s tomb is perhaps the finest of the minor pieces of work now +remaining here. It is remarkable how it escaped destruction on various +occasions, and especially in 1693, when a gang of religious fanatics +broke his effigy in pieces, defaced the inscription, smashed the hanging +cusped tracery round</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1012" style="width: 494px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_085.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_085.jpg" width="494" height="512" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1012.</span>—St. Machar’s Cathedral.</p> + +<p>Monument of Bishop Leighton.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the arch (apparently firing guns at it), and threw down the top of the +monument. The existing cornice, with its two rows of corbels, was +erected afterwards; and it must be allowed that it harmonises well with +the earlier work, although it has more of the spirit of domestic than of +ecclesiastical architecture. A similar kind of battlement is introduced +over the centre panel of the Amond Monument, at Ellon, in the same +county <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_86" id="page_86">{86}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1013" style="width: 688px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_086.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_086.jpg" width="688" height="479" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1013.</span>—St. Machar’s Cathedral. Tomb of Bishop Dunbar +in South Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_87" id="page_87">{87}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">(see Fig. <a href="#fig_1014">1014</a>), erected just about the time that this monument was repaired. +In the spandrils of the arch of the bishop’s tomb are the royal arms of +Scotland and those of Dunbar (three cushions pendant at the corners in a +bordure). The label terminals near the head and feet of the effigy are +designed as angels bearing shields. Orme states that, in 1640, under the +direction of the Earl of Seaforth and others, “A mason struck out</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1014" style="width: 503px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_087.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_087.jpg" width="503" height="442" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1014.</span>—Monument at Ellon, Aberdeenshire.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Christ’s arms in hewn work, on each end of Bishop Dunbar’s tomb,” “and +likewise chesel’d out the name of Jesus” from another part of the +building.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> Both of the above tombs are of freestone.</p> + +<p>A very interesting monument, also in freestone, is built into the south +wall of the nave (Fig. <a href="#fig_1015">1015</a>). It is in bas relief, the depth of the +recess above the effigy being only two inches from the projection of the +arch<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_88" id="page_88">{88}</a></span> moulding, yet within this slight recess the sculptor has obtained +a wonderful effect in the beautiful figure, supposed to represent +Archdeacon Barbour, the poet, who died in 1396. If this is Barbour’s +monument, it must have been erected a considerable time after his death, +as the nave was not built till after that event. There is a long +inscription beneath the monument, which, so far as we know, has never +been decyphered. The length of the recess in which the figure lies is 3 +feet 11½ inches.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1015" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_088.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_088.jpg" width="543" height="447" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1015.</span>—St. Machar’s Cathedral. Monument in South +Wall of Nave.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The whole breadth of the monument is 4 feet 4 inches, and the height, +including the inscription and base course (exclusive of the lower +inscription), to the top of the horizontal cornice is 2 feet 6 inches. +It stands at a height of 6 feet 6 inches from the floor to the bed of +the figure.</p> + +<p>At the west end of the south aisle is the monument (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1010">1010</a>) of +Bishop Patrick Scougal, who, as his epitaph says, “enriched the +Cathedral of St. Machar,” and other places in Aberdeen, “with +con<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_89" id="page_89">{89}</a></span>siderable tokens of his great bounty.” The monument was erected in +1685, the year of his death.</p> + +<h2><a name="TRINITY_COLLEGE_CHURCH_Edinburgh" id="TRINITY_COLLEGE_CHURCH_Edinburgh"></a>TRINITY COLLEGE CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Edinburgh</span>.</h2> + +<p>This church stood in the hollow between the Old and New Towns of +Edinburgh, on the west side of Leith Wynd. It was founded by Mary of +Gueldres, Queen of James <small>II.</small>, shortly after that king’s death in 1460, +the charter of erection being dated 1462. The edifice was dedicated to +the “honour and praise of the Holy Trinity, to the ever blessed and +glorious Virgin Mary, to Saint Ninian the Confessor, and to all the +saints and elect people of God.”<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p> + +<p>The foundation was established for a provost, eight prebendaries, and +two clerks, and in 1502 there were added a dean and sub-dean. Lands and +benefices sufficient were bestowed on the establishment for its +maintenance.</p> + +<p>Connected with the college was “Trinity Hospital,” also founded by Queen +Mary of Gueldres. After the Reformation the endowments passed into the +hands of the Town Council, who maintained the Hospital as a city charity +for decayed burgesses and their families.</p> + +<p>The church became the place of worship of a new parochial division +called “Trinity College Parish,” and so continued till 1848, when it was +removed to make way for the station of the North British Railway +Company.</p> + +<p>Trinity College Church was a very fine specimen of the Scottish Gothic +architecture of the fifteenth century. It showed (as has been pointed +out in the Introduction) that much of the middle pointed or decorated +style continued to be used in this country long after it had been given +up in England. This view is supported by Richman, who says of this +church: “The interior is a very beautiful decorated composition, with +the capitals of the piers enriched with foliage, not exceeded in design +or execution in any English cathedral”; and he also adds, “This building +is all of good decorated character, and deserving of minute examination +and study.” During the erection of the church “the master of works” was +John Halkerston, who, in recent books, is frequently referred to as the +architect; but, as has been pointed out elsewhere,<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> he seems to have +acted as paymaster, not as designer.</p> + +<p>The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1016">1016</a>)<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> consisted of a choir, with north and south +aisles, and a five-sided eastern apse, north and south transepts, with +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_90" id="page_90">{90}</a></span> commencement of a tower over the crossing, and a north sacristy. +The nave was never erected, the arch leading to the west from the +transept being built up, and having a circular window inserted therein. +It is supposed that the progress of the structure was arrested by the +death of the foundress, which occurred in 1463. The choir, including the +apse, was 69 feet in length by 25 feet in width internally. The north +and south aisles extended along the three bays of the choir, the north +aisle</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1016" style="width: 530px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_090.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_090.jpg" width="530" height="435" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1016.</span>—Trinity College Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">being 13 feet wide and the south aisle 9 feet wide. The apse was the +full width and height of the central choir, and had a lofty window in +each of its three central divisions. The transepts had small +projections; the whole internal length of the transept, including the +crossing, being 74 feet and the width 24 feet.</p> + +<p>The choir and aisles were roofed with fine groined vaulting. That of the +side aisles was simple, but the vault of the choir was ornamented with +ridge ribs and several intermediate ribs, or tiercerons, springing from<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_91" id="page_91">{91}</a></span> +vaulting shafts, supported on corbels and provided with carved caps, and +all the vaults were studded with carved bosses. The effect of the +vaulting of the apse was specially beautiful. Each bay of the choir had +clustered piers (Fig. <a href="#fig_1017">1017</a>), with finely carved capitals. Above these +was a string course, then a piece of plain wall in the space usually +occupied by the triforium, and the whole was crowned with the traceried +clerestory</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1017"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 192px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_091.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_091.jpg" width="192" height="201" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1017.</span>—Trinity College Church.</p> + +<p>Piers of Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">windows. A good general view of the interior, taken a short time before +its destruction, is given by Billings.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p> + +<p>Owing to the removal of the building, it has been impossible to make +original illustrations for this work, but we are fortunate in being able +to publish copies of a series of sketches made by the late James +Drummond, R.S.A., in 1845. These picturesque sketches give a good idea +of the nature of the structure, both internally and externally. Fig. +<a href="#fig_1018">1018</a> is a view of the exterior of the south side of the choir, showing +the three bays into which the aisle was divided by buttresses, from +which flying arches extended to the upper part of the choir. The +buttresses had simple set-offs, and were crowned with pinnacles, which, +for the most part, seem to have been greatly decayed. In the depth of +the buttresses next the south transept a porch was formed, which was +roofed with fine groined vaulting. This porch is also well shown in Fig. +<a href="#fig_1018">1018</a>. The arch is moulded, and dies against the buttresses, and is +crowned with a reversed curve and a flowered finial. There were +carefully carved canopies and corbels for statues on the face of the +buttresses on each side of the porch, and the other buttresses seem to +have had similar niches. A round-headed doorway in the porch gave access +to the choir, and had a square-headed window over it.</p> + +<p>The aisle windows had double splayed jambs and arches (Fig. <a href="#fig_1019">1019</a>) both +in the exterior and interior of the wall openings, but the original +tracery had been broken, and its place was supplied with one upright +mullion in the centre and a transome (Fig. <a href="#fig_1020">1020</a>). This sketch also shows +the south end of the south transept, which preserved its four mullions, +of varied thickness, and its tracery. The latter is of a kind not +uncommon in late Scottish churches.</p> + +<p>Fig. <a href="#fig_1021">1021</a> shows the exterior of the north transept, and the north side +of the choir and the sacristy. The north end wall of the transept +corre<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_92" id="page_92">{92}</a></span>sponds</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1018" style="width: 691px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_092.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_092.jpg" width="691" height="459" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1018.</span>—Trinity College Church. South Side of +Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_93" id="page_93">{93}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">with that of the south transept—the great window having double splays +on the outer ingoing, and tracery, mullions, and transome similar to +those of the south window. The angle buttresses and pinnacles, and +parapet with corbel course, enriched with rosettes and gargoyles, all +correspond at both ends of the transepts.</p> + +<p>The upper part of the north side of the choir is also seen in this +sketch. It had a plain parapet with bold gargoyles, and in each bay</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1019"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 162px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_093.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_093.jpg" width="162" height="204" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1019.</span>—Trinity College Church.</p> + +<p>Window Jamb.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">a moulded window in which the original tracery was preserved. This +showed a central mullion with quatrefoil in the arch-head, and the +smaller arches foiled or cusped. The buttress at the sacristy was well +preserved. The pinnacle was apparently original and of good design. On +the front of the buttress a small additional pinnacle was introduced, +which would give considerable character to the design. Fig. <a href="#fig_1018">1018</a> shows +that the same arrangement was evidently adopted in the corresponding +buttress on the south side. The arches of the flying buttresses are also +visible in the sketches of both sides of the church. The roof of the +north aisle seems to have been covered with stone slabs.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p> + +<p>A building 17 feet in length by 16 feet in width internally projected +from the north wall. It is sometimes called the chapter house, but was +more likely the sacristy. It had a round-headed doorway opening into the +north aisle (Fig. <a href="#fig_1022">1022</a>), a good window to the east, and a smaller +square-headed window to the west. There are two ambries in the west and +north walls, a fireplace in the north wall, and a squint window in the +south-east angle commanding a view of the high altar. At the north-east +angle there was a buttress with a pinnacle, and at the north-west angle +(see Fig. <a href="#fig_1021">1021</a>) an octagonal projection, which, doubtless, contained a +wheel stair to an upper floor, the window of which is seen in the +sketch. The roof was covered with stone slabs, and a chimney with +battlement ornament crowned the north gable. The fireplace of the +sacristy is said to have comprised a fine specimen of a Gothic chimney.</p> + +<p>Fig. <a href="#fig_1023">1023</a> shows the interior of the south transept. The transept had no +aisles or chapels. The main arches of the crossing spring from clustered +responds against the walls with carved caps, and the groined vaulting of +the transept—which was similar to that of the choir—with its numerous +moulded ribs enriched with bosses, is seen springing from wall shafts +and corbels. The south window, with its mullions and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_94" id="page_94">{94}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1020" style="width: 690px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_094.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_094.jpg" width="690" height="497" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1020.</span>—Trinity College Church. South Porch and South +Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_95" id="page_95">{95}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1021" style="width: 692px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_095.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_095.jpg" width="692" height="489" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1021.</span>—Trinity College Church. North Transept and +North Side of Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_96" id="page_96">{96}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">tracery, is also well shown. A small circular window, with eight bold +cusps, was inserted within the western wall arch.</p> + +<p>Fig. <a href="#fig_1024">1024</a> is taken from the parapet walk of the south transept, and +shows the upper part of the south side of the choir, the top of the +stair turret, and the angle pinnacle of the transept. Of the choir there +are</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1022" style="width: 393px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_096.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_096.jpg" width="393" height="503" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1022.</span>—Trinity College Church. North Aisle.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">visible the parapet, with enriched corbel course, and the bold gargoyles +and pinnacles of the east end buttresses. The south clerestory windows +had lost their tracery, and a plain mullion and transome had been +substituted. The cape house of the stair turret is plain, but +picturesque, and the pinnacle of the angle buttress is of good, though +late, design. Those of the apse are evidently similar.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_97" id="page_97">{97}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1023" style="width: 518px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_097.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_097.jpg" width="518" height="722" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1023.</span>—Trinity College Church. South Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_98" id="page_98">{98}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1024" style="width: 701px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_098.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_098.jpg" width="701" height="523" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1024.</span>—Trinity College Church. Choir, from Parapet +of South Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_99" id="page_99">{99}</a></span></p> + +<p>Fig. <a href="#fig_1025">1025</a> shows a view from the parapet of the choir looking south +across the south transept. We here see the construction of the parapet +and its corbel course, and an example of one of the gargoyles carved in +the form of an animal. The monkey was a favourite subject of the carvers +in this church, and it as well as other figures were used in great +profusion. The cape house and angle pinnacle are also again visible.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1025" style="width: 361px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_099.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_099.jpg" width="361" height="467" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1025.</span>—Trinity College Church. Looking South from +Parapet of Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>To the right is the roof of the south transept, terminated with a +foliated cross. A small ridge ornament of stone may also be observed on +the top of the stone ridge of the roof.</p> + +<p>In Fig. <a href="#fig_1022">1022</a> a small credence table or piscina is visible, which is +illustrated on a larger scale in Fig. <a href="#fig_1026">1026</a>. Fig. <a href="#fig_1027">1027</a> is a piscina which +was probably in the choir. The carving has apparently been of a good +style, but late. Fig. <a href="#fig_1022">1022</a> further shows that there was a doorway at<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_100" id="page_100">{100}</a></span> +the east end of the north aisle, which appears to have nearly blocked up +the traceried window, the head of which is visible above. The Plan shows +that there was a similar doorway at the east end of the south aisle.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1026" style="width: 432px;"> +<p id="fig_1027"></p> +<a href="images/ill_pg_100.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_100.jpg" width="432" height="475" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<table summary="none"> +<tr valign="top"><td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1026.</span>—Trinity College Church. +</p> +<p>Credence Table in North Aisle.</p> +</td> +<td class="tdspc"> </td> +<td> +<p> + <span class="smcap">Fig. 1027.</span>—Trinity College Church. Piscina. +</p> +</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Fig. <a href="#fig_1028">1028</a> shows the interior of the south aisle looking westwards. These +sketches in the north and south aisles show that the central aisle was +shut off from the side aisles by solid partitions at the time the +sketches were made.</p> + +<p>In Figs. <a href="#fig_1029">1029</a> and <a href="#fig_1030">1030</a> are shown a great variety of the picturesque +carvings with which the corbels, caps, &c. were enriched. These +sculptures are all of a very grotesque and some of a debased character, +and point to the late style of much of the work.</p> + +<p>In Fig. <a href="#fig_1031">1031</a> is preserved a view of part of the exterior of the apse and +of some old-fashioned structures adjoining. Although the building of +Trinity Hospital is removed, the charity still exists and adds to the +comfort of a number of old men and women.</p> + +<p>When the church was demolished, a careful search was made to discover +the remains of the royal foundress; and a skeleton, in an +antique-shaped<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_101" id="page_101">{101}</a></span> leaden coffin, was found in the apse, near the place +where the high altar must have stood. This was probably the remains of +the queen dowager.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p> + +<p>A very interesting memorial of Trinity College Church has been preserved +in a painting, which is believed to have been the altar-piece. It is</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1028" style="width: 315px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_101.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_101.jpg" width="315" height="551" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1028.</span>—Trinity College Church. South Aisle, looking +West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">a Diptych, painted on both sides, and contains portraits of King James +<small>III.</small> and his queen, Margaret of Denmark. It was executed in 1484, and +has<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_102" id="page_102">{102}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1029" style="width: 519px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_102.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_102.jpg" width="519" height="787" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1029.</span>—Trinity College Church. Carved Corbels, &c.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_103" id="page_103">{103}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">been restored to this country from Hampton Court by the gracious +permission of Her Majesty, and is now exhibited in the Picture Gallery +of</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1030" style="width: 498px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_103.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_103.jpg" width="498" height="643" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1030.</span>—Trinity College Church. Corbels, Gargoyles, +&c.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Holyrood House. Dr. Laing has endeavoured to prove its original purpose +by identifying the portraits of Edward Bonkill, the queen’s confessor, +and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_104" id="page_104">{104}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1031" style="width: 498px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_104.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_104.jpg" width="498" height="345" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1031.</span>—Trinity College Church. Hospital and Part of +Apse, from North-East.</p> + +<p>(From a Drawing by William Douglas, 1845.)</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">probably that of Mary of Gueldres herself, in the character of an angel +seated at the organ of the church, which forms the reverse of one of the +panels.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p> + +<h2><a name="THE_PARISH_CHURCH_OF_ST_JOHN_THE_BAPTIST_Perth" id="THE_PARISH_CHURCH_OF_ST_JOHN_THE_BAPTIST_Perth"></a>THE PARISH CHURCH OF ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST, <span class="smcap">Perth</span>.</h2> + +<p>The ancient City of Perth, one of the favourite residences of the kings +of Scotland, formerly possessed, as might be expected, many well endowed +religious establishments. The principal of these was the Dominican or +Blackfriars’ Monastery, founded by Alexander <small>II.</small> in 1231. The buildings +were extensive, and formed the residence of the Scottish kings when in +the Fair City. It was here that James <small>I.</small> was staying at the time of his +assassination. The Carmelites or Whitefriars had also a convent close to +Perth, founded in the reign of Alexander <small>III.</small> The Charter House or +Carthusian Monastery in Perth was the only house of that order in +Scotland. It was founded by James <small>I.</small> and his queen in 1429. The +Franciscans’ or Greyfriars’ Monastery was founded by Lord Oliphant in +1460. There were also numerous nunneries and chapels, some of very +ancient date; but all these religious establishments have now entirely +disappeared, the only ancient ecclesiastical structure still remaining +(and it has been greatly changed) being the Parish Church of St. John +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_105" id="page_105">{105}</a></span> Baptist, from which the city derived the title of “St. John’s +Town.” This edifice still serves its original purpose of the parish +church of the town, but it has in modern times been divided by walls so +as to form three places of worship.</p> + +<p>So far as we have been able to discover, no complete history of this +church has ever been written, and the circumstances connected with its +original erection and subsequent reconstruction do not appear to have +been definitely ascertained and described. It is certain that a church +existed here in the twelfth century, and it is obvious, from an +inspection of the structure, that not a single stone of that early +building remains to enable its size and appearance to be determined. All +knowledge in regard to the existing fabric must, therefore, be derived +from the internal evidence of the building itself, with such slight aid +as can be got from written records. The following are some scattered +notices of St. John’s Church gathered from various sources.</p> + +<p>The earliest mention of the church occurs in the <i>Registrum de +Dunfermelyn</i><a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> under the years 1124-1127, when it was granted by David +<small>I.</small>, with its property and tithes, to the Abbey of Dunfermline.</p> + +<p>Between the years 1189 and 1199 William the Lion granted a charter to +Henry Bald of “that land which is in the front of the street, which +leads from the Church of St. John Baptist to the Castle of Perth, on the +east side opposite to the house of Andrew, the son of Simon.” The same +Henry Bald granted, about the year 1225, to the Abbey of Scone “these +two booths which are in the front of the street which leads from the +Church of St. John Baptist towards the Castle of Perth, on the east side +opposite to the house of Andrew, the son of Simon; those two booths, to +wit, which are towards the north.”<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p> + +<p>The Church of St. John the Baptist was consecrated by David de Bernham, +Bishop of St. Andrews, in 1242.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> In Hay’s <i>Sacra Scotia</i> (p. 323) it +is stated that the heart of Alexander <small>III.</small> was buried in the Church of +St. John.</p> + +<p>In course of time the abbots of Dunfermline allowed the building to +become ruinous, and endeavoured to lay on the citizens of Perth the +burden of upholding the fabric. It is probable that early in the +thirteenth century the Dominican Monastery was built in Perth, and about +the middle of the century the Carmelite or Whitefriars’ Monastery was +erected, and the interests of the citizens may thereby have been +diverted somewhat from the parish church. It was perhaps in connection +with the repairs required at the time that Robert the Bruce, in 1328, +granted that stones might be taken from the quarries of Kyncarachi and +Balcormac, belonging to the Abbey of Scone, “for the edification of the +Church of Perth.”<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_106" id="page_106">{106}</a></span></p> + +<p>In 1335 King Edward <small>III.</small> was in Perth and slew his brother, John of +Eltham, Earl of Cornwall, before the high altar of the Church of St. +John, for his excesses and ravages in the western districts of Scotland.</p> + +<p>In 1379 the tomb of Robert <small>II.</small> was brought from Leith to Perth, and +temporarily deposited in St. John’s Church before being taken to the +Abbey of Scone and set up in it.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p> + +<p>In 1393-4, after the holding of a Parliament at Scone, Walter Trail, +Bishop of St. Andrews, performed divine service in St. John’s +Church.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p> + +<p>From 1401 till 1553-6 there is a continuous record<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> of the founding +of altars in the parish church, and of endowments to already existing +altars. In one of these, founded in 1402, it is stipulated that if the +stipend of the chaplain of St. James the Apostle should exceed a certain +sum, the excess of the endowment meant for that altar should be applied +by the Provost and Town Council “for the maintenance and reparation of +the windows and ornaments of the parish church.”</p> + +<p>The chapel in which St. James’s altar was situated stood on the south +side of the church, and having fallen into a state of ruin, it had been +rebuilt about the year 1400, chiefly with the assistance which the +magistrates received from William Whitson, a wealthy burgess of Perth.</p> + +<p>By a notarial instrument made in 1410, containing certain obligations +and confirmations, Euphame, Countess of Stratherne, “gave her bodily +oath on the gospels to observe the same. Done in the Parish Church of +the Burgh of Perth on St. Martin’s altar.”<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p> + +<p>The foundation charter of the altar of St. John the Evangelist, founded +in 1448 by Sir John de Bute, states that the altar was situated “in the +new choir of the Parish Church.”</p> + +<p>The accounts of the Lord High Treasurer contain a payment under the year +1489—“To the Kirk werk of Pertht, xviijs.”<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> And again in +1496—“Item, the xij day of March, in Sanct Johnstoun, giffin to the +kirk werk on the bred (altar) xjs. vjd.”<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> Along with other offerings +at this time in St. John’s there occurs the following—“Item, that samyn +day giffin to Walter Merlioune, masoune, for his fee quhill Witsonday +nixt tocum, quhilk is the Mertymes fee bipast, xxlib.”</p> + +<p>This church has the unenviable notoriety of having been the centre +whence issued, in 1559, the unruly mob who in a short time demolished +the splendid monasteries and other numerous religious houses of Perth +and the neighbourhood, and whose example was only too readily followed +by other communities throughout the whole country. Such was the effect +of a sermon preached here by John Knox. The fabric of St. John’s was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_107" id="page_107">{107}</a></span> +spared after being purged of all monuments of idolatry. Nothing was left +but the bare walls and roofs, which were retained for use as the Parish +Church. Before the end of the century, the building was fitted up with +galleries, and in course of time it was divided into three separate +places of worship by thick walls, which still exist.</p> + +<p>In 1585 the kirk-session declared the church to be in a “ruinous, +pitiful, and lamentable state,” and the minister was requested to preach +a sermon and obtain a collection for the repair of the fabric,<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> but +apparently not till 1598 did “the town begin to repair the new kirk in +wallis and wandows.”<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> The next item in the <i>Chronicle</i> regarding St. +John’s shows that the existing lead-covered spire on the central tower +is of a considerable age, for in March 1607, “Thair rais ane great +extaordinarire winde, that blew the lead of the steipill, to Mr John +Malcolme’s back yett.”<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> This was evidently a formidable mishap, as +ten years elapsed before the session, in 1617, “appointed David Sibbald +to be master of work to the reparation of the decayed parts of the +steeple, and to recieve furth of an chest, containing the Hospital’s +writts, the sum of £20 (Scots), left over the last collection lifted for +reparation of the kirk, and help to repair the said seeple with.”<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p> + +<p>As already mentioned, nothing now remains of the church of the twelfth +century, referred to in the earlier of the above notes, no part of the +present structure being older than the beginning of the fifteenth +century. The rebuilding of the Chapel of St. James in 1400 is spoken of +above, but that chapel no longer exists. In 1448 the east end of the +church is referred to as the “New Choir,” and we shall see as we proceed +that the other portions of the edifice are of still more recent origin.</p> + +<p>The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1032">1032</a>)<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> consists of a choir and nave, with north and +south aisles, and a north and south transept without aisles. The total +length of the main building within the walls is about 191 feet by about +58 feet 9 inches wide. The nave and choir are of almost equal length. +The transept measures about 91 feet in length from north to south, by +about 23 feet 6 inches in width. There was a chapel on the west side of +the north transept, which no longer exists, but the wide arch of the +opening into it is partly visible in the transept. A view of this chapel +is given in the <i>Memorabilia of Perth</i>, of which Fig. <a href="#fig_1033">1033</a> is a copy. It +is represented as a lean-to of two stories in height, adjoining the +north transept, the upper story being evidently reached by a stair in +the erection on the west side.</p> + +<p>It will be remembered that, in 1448, the east end of the church is +referred to as the “New Choir,” and it is quite evident from its style<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_108" id="page_108">{108}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1032" style="width: 785px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_108.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_108.jpg" width="785" height="403" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1032.</span>—St. John the Baptist’s, Perth. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_109" id="page_109">{109}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">that the choir and crossing beneath the central tower are of about that +period. The transepts may be later, and, judging from the details of the +wide arch which exists in the west wall of the north transept, that arch</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1033" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_109.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_109.jpg" width="543" height="564" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1033.</span>—St. John the Baptist’s, Perth. View from +North-west, from the <i>Memorabilia</i>.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">must undoubtedly be later, one of the arch-jambs being patched on to the +great pillar of the tower. The north gable of this transept was rebuilt +in 1823.</p> + +<p>The south transept is probably of the same period as the north +transept.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_110" id="page_110">{110}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1034" style="width: 760px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_110.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_110.jpg" width="760" height="542" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1034.</span>—St John the Baptist’s, Perth. View from the +south.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_111" id="page_111">{111}</a></span></p> + +<p>A view of the church dated 1775, given in the <i>Chronicle of Perth</i>,<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> +and of which Fig. <a href="#fig_1034">1034</a> is a copy, shows the south side of the whole +church, and the transept is drawn very much as it still remains. Another +view of the south transept, made in 1765, and published in the papers +referring to the Blackfriars’ Monastery (where it is by mistake called +the “north” front), shows the south transept nearly the same as the +above.</p> + +<p>A curious row of corbels is partly seen in the interior, projecting +through the plaster along the top of the east wall of this transept. +They were probably meant for supporting the upright pieces of timber +which secured the feet of the rafters.</p> + +<p>The two eastern bays of the main arcade of the choir are more +elaborately moulded than the others, and round the eastmost pillar on +the south side there is finely cut the following inscription (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1035">1035</a>), which is carved on a band running round the shafts of the pier, +as shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1036">1036</a>:—</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1035" style="width: 453px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_111-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_111-a.jpg" width="453" height="96" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1035.</span>—St. John the Baptist’s, Perth. Inscription on +East Pillar of Choir.</p> + +<p>Iohan̄es: fullar: et: uxor: ejus: mariota: foullar.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>It will be observed that the husband and wife mentioned in the +inscription have the same name, with a slightly different spelling. The +two shields</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1036" style="width: 442px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_111-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_111-b.jpg" width="442" height="299" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1036.</span>—St. John the Baptist’s, Perth. Inscription on +East Pillar of Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_112" id="page_112">{112}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">contain the same charges—viz., a key with a mullet—while on one are +also carved the last letters of the lady’s first name.</p> + +<p>It has been recently pointed out by the Rev. John Ferguson, of +Aberdalgie,<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> Perthshire, that John Fullar was one of the bailies of +Perth, and that his name occurs as a witness in more than one of the +charters belonging to the Charter House, Perth, of the year 1441. His +identity is placed beyond doubt by the fact that the charges on the seal +attached to the charter are the same as those on the two shields on the +pillar, viz., a key in pale and a spur in fess. Mr Ferguson further +states:—“We know from the <i>Registrum de Dunfermline</i> that an +arrangement was made between the monastery and the magistrates of Perth, +by which the latter received</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1037"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 229px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_112.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_112.jpg" width="229" height="294" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1037.</span>—St. John the Baptist’s, Perth.</p> + +<p>Piscina in Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the tithes of Perth for six years, subject to paying the vicar and a +certain sum to the monastery, along with the fees for the right of +burial in the choir, for the purpose of building ‘Chorum, et vestibulum +ecclesie parochiale dicti burgi de Perth, prout eis placencius et +honestius videatur, ac eadem postquam fuerint edificata perpetuis +temporibus sustentabunt in omnibus et singulis reparacionibus choro et +vestibulo pertinentibus tectura,’ &c. This agreement was made in 1440, +the year before John Fullar was made a bailie. It is possible that the +tithes and fees did not suffice for the execution of the work laid upon +the magistrates, and that John Fullar and his wife volunteered to pay +for a part, certainly for the pillar on which their names are +inscribed.” From this it is evident, as Mr. Ferguson remarks, that the +work of renewing the building was to be begun after 1440. It is somewhat +singular that the above two persons, who were evidently great +benefactors to this church, should have been so completely forgotten +that their good work at St. John’s required to be rediscovered and +brought to notice again here.</p> + +<p>In the second bay of the choir from the east, on the north side (at B on +Plan), there is a round arched doorway, now built up. It led to the +sacristy or revestry, as it was sometimes called. After the Reformation +the sacristy was used for meetings of the kirk-session, but it was taken +down about the beginning of this century, and the meetings were<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_113" id="page_113">{113}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1038" style="width: 525px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_113.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_113.jpg" width="525" height="689" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1038.</span>—St. John the Baptist’s, Perth. North Side of +Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_114" id="page_114">{114}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">afterwards held in the building, shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1034">1034</a>, on the south side +of the nave near the west end, which has also since been in its turn +removed.</p> + +<p>The existing north and south doorways in the choir are modern, although +the south one is in the position of the old doorway, as the print from +the <i>Chronicle</i> shows (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1034">1034</a>).</p> + +<p>The four piscinas marked A on Plan and shown by Fig. <a href="#fig_1037">1037</a> all resemble +each other.</p> + +<p>The choir (Fig. <a href="#fig_1038">1038</a>) has no triforium, but good plain masonry instead, +undivided by wall shafts. The clerestory windows are small and round +arched, and are divided into two lights by a central mullion, and have</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1039"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 271px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_114.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_114.jpg" width="271" height="284" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1039.</span>—St. John the Baptist’s, Perth.</p> + +<p>Section of Pier of Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">plain tracery in the arch-head. The whole details of the choir are very +simple and refined for their period, and contrast favourably with most +of our late Scottish churches. The section (Fig. <a href="#fig_1039">1039</a>) shows that the +pillars are simply and beautifully moulded. They are surmounted with +good caps, and rest on plain bases (Fig. <a href="#fig_1040">1040</a>). The mouldings of the +arches (Fig. <a href="#fig_1041">1041</a>) are distinctly marked, and rest well on the caps +above the shafts or mouldings of the pillars. Some of these details +resemble first pointed work, especially the section of the piers which +is almost identical with that of the choir piers of St. Andrews +Cathedral, from which it is probably copied. The details of the crossing +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1042">1042</a>) are simple and effective, even as seen under the very +unfavourable circumstances that a partition wall blocks up the east +arch, and that there are galleries beneath the others. There is a west +gallery, but it is omitted in the sketch. The massive piers, with their +rounded shafts and very broad fillets, have a striking effect. The +groining is of the usual kind found in this position in Scotland. It +will be observed that in the ridge ribs, holes for bell ropes are most +carefully wrought through the ribs, which are strengthened at those +parts. The holes are not all equidistant from the centre. On the two +great western piers of the crossing there are projecting corbels to +carry the beams on which the rood was placed. Strong iron hooks are +fixed in the tower arch above, which were doubtless used for the support +of the rood, or to steady it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_115" id="page_115">{115}</a></span></p> + +<p>Of the rood itself, as a matter of course, nothing remains. The +south-west pier is built hollow to contain the stair to the tower. Since +the Plan (Fig. <a href="#fig_1032">1032</a>) was made the original doorway to this stair has +been discovered, as shown in the view. The door shown on the Plan has +been cut out at some later time.</p> + +<p>As already stated, the nave is almost of the same length as the choir</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1040" style="width: 396px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_115.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_115.jpg" width="396" height="455" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1040.</span>—St. John the Baptist’s, Perth. Cap and Base +of Choir Pier.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>(being only about 12 inches less), but each of the arches of the arcade +is of rather smaller span than those of the choir, owing to the internal +projecting responds at the west end, which may be regarded as fulfilling +the purpose of buttresses, and also to the enlargement of the two great +piers on the west side of the crossing. Like the choir, the nave is +divided into five bays. It has no triforium nor clerestory, but owing to +the comparative lowness of the arcade arches (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1042">1042</a>), while the +ridge of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_116" id="page_116">{116}</a></span> roof throughout is kept at about the same level as in the +choir, there is a deep blank wall above the arcade arches. This wall is +of rough masonry compared to that in the choir, and the whole of this +part of the church is of a much coarser and ruder description, +betokening a later age. The capitals of the piers are of the very rudest +kind, and are a perfect contrast to the delicate work of the choir. In +the meagre descriptions of St. John’s to be found in the books on Perth, +this rudeness is pointed to as a sign of great antiquity, but the +reverse is unquestionably the case. This nave is undoubtedly “the New +Kirk of Perth” referred to in the <i>Chronicle</i>, in which “ane Synodall +assemblie” was held in April 1606.</p> + +<p>It will be seen from the views (Figs. <a href="#fig_1043">1043</a> and <a href="#fig_1044">1044</a>) that the top of the +wall over the piers of the nave just shows itself and no more on the</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1041"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 187px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_116.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_116.jpg" width="187" height="238" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 1041.</p> + +<p>St. John the Baptist’s, Perth.</p> + +<p>Section of Arch Mouldings in Choir and Nave.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">outside, rising above the lean-to roof of the aisles. It has been +contemplated, early in this century, to raise this wall and erect a +clerestory, and two of the windows adjoining the tower on the north side +(see Fig. <a href="#fig_1043">1043</a>) have actually been built as part of a pretentious +design, with massive buttresses surmounted by high finials, but the work +has never been carried further, and indeed could not be carried further +to the west, as there is no proper support for such massive building. +Below the new clerestory (but not shown on the Plan) a new wall has been +brought up to support it.</p> + +<p>Fig. <a href="#fig_1044">1044</a> shows a peculiarity in the west wall, which seems to indicate +that there has been some change of design here, the gable being thinned +above the western doorway. There is a tradition that the church extended +further west at one time, and it seems not improbable that a western +tower in the centre of the front may have been contemplated and even +begun. This tower, like those at Stirling, Linlithgow, and Dundee, may +have been intended to open towards the church, with a wide arch, of +which the jambs still remain; but this idea having been abandoned, and +any part of the tower which then had been built having been taken down, +the present makeshift gable was put up instead to fill up the gap, +which, in these circumstances, would be left for the supposed opening +into the church.</p> + +<p>There is a large porch on the north side of the nave (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1043">1043</a>), +called Halkerston’s Tower, the structure having been at one time much +higher than it is now. It was a two storied building, the upper story +having evidently been of great height and vaulted, as well as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_117" id="page_117">{117}</a></span> lower +one (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1033">1033</a>). Two-storied porches are met with at Aberdeen +Cathedral and Linlithgow Church, but they are not so rich in +architectural</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1042" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_117.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_117.jpg" width="500" height="626" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1042.</span>—St. John the Baptist’s, Perth. Crossing, +looking South.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">adornment as this one seems to have been. This sketch is copied from a +drawing in the <i>Memorabilia</i>, a book seldom to be seen, so that this<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_118" id="page_118">{118}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1043" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_118.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_118.jpg" width="543" height="739" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1043.</span>—St. John the Baptist’s, Perth. View from +North-West showing New Clerestory, &c.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_119" id="page_119">{119}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">view is not well known. The circular part of the stair which formerly +led to the upper floor, and now leads to a gallery over the north aisle,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1044" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_119.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_119.jpg" width="543" height="692" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1044.</span>—St. John the Baptist’s. Perth. View, showing +West End, &c.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_120" id="page_120">{120}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1045" style="width: 505px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_120.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_120.jpg" width="505" height="766" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1045.</span>—St. John the Baptist’s, Perth. Lower Story of +Halkerston’s Tower.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_121" id="page_121">{121}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">was finished with a conical spirelet like the corresponding feature at +Linlithgow, and the top of it is seen in the view. The lower part of the +tower, which forms the porch, is very effectively vaulted (Fig. <a href="#fig_1045">1045</a>). +The round arched doorway leading from the porch to the church partakes +of the rudeness already referred to as characteristic of the whole +western part of the church. A curious coincidence between a part of this +church and of the Cathedrals of Dunblane and Dunkeld, all in the county +of Perth, may be referred to. The north-west window of the nave aisle in +the three buildings is treated in very much the same way in each +edifice, and these windows have all a very decided resemblance to each +other, and are quite unlike the other windows in their respective +structures. They are all three light windows, and have square heads at +Perth and Dunkeld, while at Dunblane the head is practically square, +having a very flat segmental arch. The south aisle wall of the nave +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1046">1046</a>) is a curious medley (which we hope will not be restored). +The round arched doorway near the east end is, we presume, original; but +it is not easy to tell the new work from the old, as the mouldings of +all windows and doors on the outside have received a great amount of +patching with cement and paint, owing to the crumbling nature of the +stone.</p> + +<p>The erection of the west end of the church is clearly referable to about +the time (1489) when, according to the <i>Lord High Treasurer’s Accounts</i> +(already cited) small payments were made “to the kirk werk of Pertht.” +It will be remembered that on the same day the payments were made to +Walter Merlioune, the mason, and the conjunction of the two payments +suggests the idea that Merlioune was the builder of the church. We have +already partly traced his career<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> and found that in all probability +he built the palace in Stirling Castle. The resemblance between the +fretted work over the panels containing statues at Stirling Castle and +that over the upper window in Halkerston’s Tower is certainly very +remarkable. There is also a resemblance in this feature of Halkerston’s +Tower to the large fretted panel over the outside of the east entrance +to Linlithgow Palace. At Linlithgow the panel is filled with heraldic +emblems, while at Perth it appears to have been intended to fill it with +statues, as indications of brackets for supporting them are shown in +three rows. There was a John Halkerston, “master of the work” to Mary of +Gueldres at the building of Trinity College Church, Edinburgh, between +1461 and 1469. It is quite possible that he may in some way have been +connected with the erection of the nave of St. John’s, and so his name +became attached to this tower as it was to a steep wynd in Edinburgh. +However this may be, all the details of the western part of this church +obviously belong to a late period, corresponding with above date.</p> + +<p>The central tower (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1046">1046</a>), which is about 31 feet square, could +only have been built after the adjoining part of the nave was reared. +It<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_122" id="page_122">{122}</a></span> is a very simple structure, with one window in each face. The +parapet and corbelling were renewed about forty years ago, following in +the main</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1046" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_122.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_122.jpg" width="543" height="707" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1046.</span>.—St. John the Baptist’s, Perth. The Nave, +from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_123" id="page_123">{123}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">the old details, which were, however, much obliterated. A good deal of +the stone facing was renewed at the same time.</p> + +<p>The exterior of the church has been considerably altered and <i>improved</i> +at various times. An open parapet has been carried along the top of the +walls of the choir over the clerestory windows, and also along the walls +of the aisles and up the sloping gables of the east end. Dormer windows +to light the presbyterian galleries break in on this parapet on the +aisle walls, and windows for the same purpose, constructed of wood, are +seen on the roofs of the nave (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1046">1046</a>). These dormer windows are +all shown on the print in the <i>Chronicle of Perth</i> (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1034">1034</a>), but +not the parapets. This print shows a large and very elaborate porch, +with a round arched doorway of many orders richly ornamented, as +occupying the eastmost bay of the choir. This was originally the gateway +or porch of the Carthusian Monastery of Perth, which, after the +demolition of the abbey in 1559, was set up in this position, where it +remained till about the end of the eighteenth century, “when it was +demolished by an edict of the Magistrates.”<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p> + +<p>The effect of the interior of St. John’s is greatly marred by the cross +partitions already referred to. This is much to be regretted, as the +interior is exceedingly interesting, and, being in a comparatively fair +state of preservation, exhibits more of its original features than the +exterior does. When the church was complete, the effect of the gloomy +nave, with its lofty unpierced wall above the main arcade, and the noble +centre crossing, with the light refined choir beyond, must have been +very striking and grand.</p> + +<p>A peculiarity of the church and another resemblance to the nave of +Dunblane and the north nave aisle of Dunkeld is the absence of vaulting +in the aisles which many of our Scottish churches have. The aisles in +St. John’s never were vaulted, the only parts so constructed being the +crossing and the north porch; the latter, it will be remembered, having +also an upper vaulted story. This want of vaulting is a great defect of +the church.</p> + +<h2><a name="DUNDEE_CHURCH_TOWER" id="DUNDEE_CHURCH_TOWER"></a>DUNDEE CHURCH TOWER.</h2> + +<p>The earliest notice in history of Dundee occurs in the first charter of +Lindores Abbey, executed before 1198, in which the Church of Dundee is +bestowed on the abbey. The church then existing is stated to have been +erected by Earl David of Huntingdon, as a thankoffering for his escape +from a great tempest. The Church of Dundee thus belonged to the Abbey of +Lindores, which stood on the opposite side of the Frith of Tay, and a +little further up the river.</p> + +<p>In the time of Abbot James of Rossy (1442), an agreement was entered +into between the abbot and the Provost and Burgesses of Dundee, by which +the latter took on themselves the construction and maintenance<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_124" id="page_124">{124}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1047" style="width: 455px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_124.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_124.jpg" width="455" height="748" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1047.</span>—Dundee Church Tower. View from North-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_125" id="page_125">{125}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">of the choir of the Parish Church of Dundee.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> The only portion of the +ancient parish church which now remains is the western tower (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1047">1047</a>). Although this structure had no immediate connection with the +choir, it has evidently, as its style shows, been erected about the +middle of the fifteenth century, probably about the time when the choir +was built by the Provost and Burgesses in terms of the above agreement.</p> + +<p>Three parish churches in connection with the tower were gradually +developed from the original chapel. They comprised a large cruciform</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1048" style="width: 403px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_125.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_125.jpg" width="403" height="434" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1048.</span>—Dundee Church Tower. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">structure, the various portions of which were called St. Mary’s, or the +East Church; St. Paul’s, or the South Church; and St. Clement’s, or the +West Church. The structure was greatly damaged by the English before the +Union, and St. Clement’s had suffered so much that it required to be +rebuilt in 1789. The three churches were almost totally destroyed by +fire in 1841, and in consequence the choir and transepts were thereafter +rebuilt, St. Mary’s still occupying the choir, St. Paul’s the transept, +and St. Clement’s the nave.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_126" id="page_126">{126}</a></span></p> + +<p>The ancient tower has escaped these various destructions and +restorations, and is now the only representative of the church erected +in the fifteenth century. It is a large and massive structure, measuring +about 40 feet square over the walls (Fig. <a href="#fig_1048">1048</a>), which are about 8 feet +thick. Its total height is about 165 feet. The tower forms a prominent +object in all views of the town. It contains in the lower stage the +western</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1049" style="width: 532px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_126.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_126.jpg" width="532" height="501" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1049.</span>—Dundee Church Tower. West Doorway.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">doorway to St. Clement’s Church, or the nave (Fig. <a href="#fig_1049">1049</a>), consisting of +two round arched doorways, 8 feet 11 inches high, comprised within a +larger circular or elliptical arch, which again is enclosed by a square +moulding. The arch mouldings are enriched with foliage. The jambs and +central pillar are moulded (Fig. <a href="#fig_1050">1050</a>) with alternate rounds and +hollows. The carved capitals have a continuous abacus, enriched either +with rosettes<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_127" id="page_127">{127}</a></span> or flowing foliage. In the spandril over the centre shaft +there is a circular panel, enclosing the Virgin and Child; and below, on +a shield, are the arms of the Diocese of Brechin. “The late Bishop +Forbes blazoned them <i>Argent</i>, three piles in point gules; but Dr. +Woodward thinks they should be <i>Or</i>, three piles in point gules.”<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> +This doorway, as well as much else about the tower, was greatly restored +by Sir Gilbert Scott, and probably only certain of the carvings are +genuine. One of these, which has not been touched, represents, on the +ingoing of the northern capital, a boar eating acorns from a branch. It +is quite in the spirit of such scenes as occur on the ancient sculptured +stones which are so abundant in the neighbourhood of Dundee. The base is +peculiar (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1050">1050</a>). It projects but little beyond the outer member +of the jamb, and the face is upright; but considerable effect is +obtained by the curved terminations of the various members. Above the +doorway rises a lofty traceried</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1050" style="width: 411px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_127.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_127.jpg" width="411" height="201" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1050.</span>—Dundee Church Tower. Details of West +Doorway.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">window (Fig. <a href="#fig_1051">1051</a>) divided, in the late Scottish mode, by a large +central mullion having two arched branches which form two principal +openings, each filled with late tracery of the ordinary kind. Above this +window the tower is vaulted. In connection with this vaulting and what +appears to have been an apartment below it there are some peculiarities. +The floor of the tower is about 12 inches lower than the ground at the +entrance, and the height from the floor to the groined ceiling is about +47 feet. It will be observed from the Plan and Fig. <a href="#fig_1051">1051</a> that at each of +the four corners there is a large circular shaft, measuring about 13¼ +inches diameter. Each individual shaft is fitted into its position in a +manner different from the others. These differences are not of a slight +or accidental kind, but appear to have been purposely made, there not +having been any “restoration” on this part of the building. At the inner +or eastern shafts (Fig. <a href="#fig_1052">1052</a>) the walls are considerably bevelled +towards<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_128" id="page_128">{128}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1051" style="width: 501px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_128.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_128.jpg" width="501" height="781" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1051.</span>—Dundee Church Tower. Interior, looking +West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_129" id="page_129">{129}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1052" style="width: 504px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_129.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_129.jpg" width="504" height="750" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1052.</span>—Dundee Church Tower. Interior, looking +East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_130" id="page_130">{130}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">the opening into the nave, and form parts of the piers of the great +archway from the tower into the church. This opening, which is now +blocked up, was about 17 feet 10 inches wide, and was arched beneath the +vaulting (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1052">1052</a>). The tall angle shafts have bases and caps, the +mouldings of the latter being continued along the bevelled walls.</p> + +<p>The vaulting ribs do not spring directly from the four angle shafts, as +there appears to have been an intermediate floor of timber (or a gallery +along the sides), which rested on the angle shafts and on large corbels +visible in the side walls. Over each of the main shafts there rises, for +about three feet or so, a group of very delicate shafting, having carved +caps, from which spring the ribs of the groining. These delicate shafts +are quite a contrast to the massive lower shafts, and, at first sight, +suggest the idea of a great change having been effected in the vaulting +at some later period. The mouldings above the small upper shafts are +carried along the west wall and ingoing of the large window (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_1051">1051</a>). There is a considerable resemblance between the treatment here +and that at the large west window in Paisley Abbey. There are stone +benches round three sides of the tower.</p> + +<p>Over the large west window there is another window (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1047">1047</a>), with +round arch-head, entirely filled with tracery, composed of small cusped +circles, and above it a two-light pointed window. The tracery in the +first of these windows recalls that in the tower windows of Iona +Cathedral.</p> + +<p>The tower is divided into two principal stages by an enriched parapet +and outside passage, which surround it above the last mentioned window, +at a height to the walk of about 96 feet. The parapet is pierced with +quatrefoils and ornamented with crocketed pinnacles. The lower stage of +the tower has boldly projected buttresses, which are just carried as +high as is necessary for resisting the pressure of the vaulting, and +each is crowned with a crocketed pinnacle, having a small flying +buttress attached. Above these buttresses the tower is carried up with +square angles, like most of the Scottish towers of the period. The upper +stage has the wall set back, so as to allow of the passage round, and is +divided into two stories. The lower story is the belfry and has triple +pointed and cusped openings in the various sides, except the north side, +where, owing to the space occupied by the staircase, there are only two +openings. There is a bead on the angles of this story. The upper story +appears to project slightly over the lower story, and contains two +pointed and cusped windows over the solids, between the windows beneath +them. The north side has only one such window. The tower is crowned with +a cornice and an elaborate pierced parapet, having corbelled pinnacles +at intervals, the ornamental upper parts of which are unfortunately +wanting. The ornamentation of the parapet strongly resembles that of the +tower of St. Giles’, Edinburgh. The roof of the tower is of the +saddle-back kind,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_131" id="page_131">{131}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1053" style="width: 330px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_131.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_131.jpg" width="330" height="748" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1053.</span>—Dundee Church Tower. View from North-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_132" id="page_132">{132}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">having gables towards the east and west, a form of roof with which +ancient Scottish towers were often crowned.</p> + +<p>Although the tower is thus finished, a careful examination shows that it +was undoubtedly meant to have an open crown termination, but for what +reason the idea was abandoned we cannot tell. The preparations exist for +the springing of the angle arches. When the tower lately underwent +renovation, it was proposed to remove the present cape house and put up +a crown; and a design for this was prepared, and is engraved in Lamb’s +<i>Book of Old Dundee</i>. Very fortunately the design was not carried out.</p> + +<p>Attached to the north-east angle is a boldly projected stair turret, +which ascends from the foundation to the summit. Figs. 1047 and 1053 +illustrate this feature. The pierced parapet at the top returns round +it, and the turret is finished with a pointed roof. A great many +loopholes in the turret show the number of the winding spirals of the +staircase. In the view (Fig. <a href="#fig_1053">1053</a>) there is seen on the east side of the +tower a plain, square-headed window, having four brackets arranged +around it. We presume these were for supporting figures. Beneath them, +and near the ridge of the church roof, there is a panel with a coat of +arms, which is too far off to be made out.</p> + +<p>This tower is undoubtedly the boldest and most striking edifice of its +kind and date in Scotland.</p> + +<h2><a name="GLENLUCE_ABBEY_Wigtonshire" id="GLENLUCE_ABBEY_Wigtonshire"></a>GLENLUCE ABBEY, <span class="smcap">Wigtonshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This abbey, like so many others, stands in a fertile holm or flat ground +in the quiet valley of the Water of Luce, about one mile and a half from +the town of Glenluce. Although sometimes called <i>Vallis Lucis</i>, the name +is probably the same as Luss in Dumbartonshire, meaning a place of +herbs. The abbey was founded in 1190 by Roland, Lord of Galloway, and +colonised by Cistercians from Melrose.</p> + +<p>The buildings were at one time “extensive and magnificent,” but the +ruins are now very scanty. Of the church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1054">1054</a>) there remain only +parts of the south wall of the choir and the south wall of the south +transept. The cloister enclosure is still marked by a good wall, but of +the conventual buildings which formerly surrounded it, only the chapter +house and some vaulted cellars on the east side survive.</p> + +<p>The existing ruins cover about an acre of ground, but formerly the +enclosure of the garden and orchard extended to twelve Scotch acres.</p> + +<p>Little is known of the annals of the monastery. Its earliest charter is +by Robert <small>I.</small>, granting the property of the abbey to be held as a free +barony, and this was confirmed by David <small>II.</small> At the Reformation the lands +were leased at a low rate to the Earl of Cassilis, who was created<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_133" id="page_133">{133}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1054" style="width: 704px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_133.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_133.jpg" width="704" height="531" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1054.</span>—Glenluce Abbey. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_134" id="page_134">{134}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1055" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_134.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_134.jpg" width="543" height="724" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1055.</span>—Glenluce Abbey. Chapter House.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_135" id="page_135">{135}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1056" style="width: 701px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_135.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_135.jpg" width="701" height="468" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1056.</span>—Glenluce Abbey. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_136" id="page_136">{136}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">bailie of the abbey. In 1587 the estates were annexed to the Crown. +James VI. erected them into a temporal barony in favour of Laurence +Gordon, commendator at the time. The lordship of Glenluce afterwards +passed to the Stair family, and the lands to the Hays of Park.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1057" style="width: 441px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_136.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_136.jpg" width="441" height="561" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1057.</span>—Glenluce Abbey. Doorway to Chapter House: +Exterior.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>In this remote region the buildings remained long undisturbed, and as +late as 1646 the abbey is referred to in the Records of the Presbytery +of Stranraer as having received little injury.<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> “The steeple,” says +Symson,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_137" id="page_137">{137}</a></span> who wrote in 1684, “and part of the walls of the church, +together with the chapter house, the walls of the cloyster, the +gatehouse with the walls of the large precincts, are for the most part +yet standing.”</p> + +<p>So far as can now be ascertained from the ruins, the church (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_1054">1054</a>) seems to have comprised a nave with aisles about 90 feet in +length,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1058" style="width: 379px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_137.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_137.jpg" width="379" height="507" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1058.</span>—Glenluce Abbey. Doorway to Chapter House: +Interior.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">now entirely destroyed; a transept, of which part of the southern arm +with its eastern aisle or chapels remains; and an aisleless choir, of +which only a fragment of the south wall survives. From Symson’s +statement, above quoted, there was also a steeple, but whether over the +crossing or not does not now appear. To the south of the nave lay the +cloisters, the walls<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_138" id="page_138">{138}</a></span> of which (partly old and partly reconstructed) now +subsist, and enclose a space measuring 89 feet from north to south by 86 +feet from east to west. The north, west, and south sides are enclosed +with a stone wall, and on the east side there is a row of structures +comprising the chapter house in the centre, a ruined heap on the north +side of the chapter house, and two cellars with plain barrel vaults on +the south side.</p> + +<p>The chapter house (Fig. <a href="#fig_1055">1055</a>) is the only portion of the abbey in good +preservation. It consists of an apartment about 24 feet square, with a +central pillar, from which spring the ribs of the groined vaulting. At +the side walls the ribs rest on corbels. The apartment is lighted with +two traceried windows (Fig. <a href="#fig_1056">1056</a>), the tracery of which has been renewed +within recent years, after the pattern of the old tracery. The door +enters from the cloister on the west. It is of semicircular form (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1057">1057</a>), and exhibits in its capitals some peculiar and striking +sculpture. The leaves of the foliage are large and the design is +remarkable, some of the leaves, which are probably intended to represent +sun flowers, having very much the appearance of starfish. The interior +of the chapter house doorway (Fig. <a href="#fig_1058">1058</a>) has also some peculiar +sculpture, and the manner in which the ribs of the vaults descend on the +round arch-head is well managed.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1059"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 142px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_138.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_138.jpg" width="142" height="118" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1059.</span>—Glenluce Abbey.</p> + +<p>Corbel in Chapter House.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The stone benches which surrounded the chapter house, including the +abbot’s chair between the two windows (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1055">1055</a>), are much +destroyed, but the central pillar and the vaulting are well preserved. +The capital of the pillar is carved with foliage of a late character, +and the corbels supporting the ribs of the vaults at the wall show +similar work. One of these corbels is quaintly carved, in imitation of a +figure clothed in the costume of the fifteenth or sixteenth centuries +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1059">1059</a>), thus giving an indication of the date of the building. From +this and the work on the doorway above referred to, as well as the +character of the work generally, we have no hesitation in fixing the +date of this part of the abbey about the end of the fifteenth century. +The bosses of the vaults are carved with various devices, one of them +bearing a lion rampant, which is probably meant to represent the arms of +the founder, the Lord of Galloway.</p> + +<p>The design of the tracery in the windows (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1056">1056</a>) is good for the +period. It is remarkably like that of the chapter house at Crosraguel +Abbey, which was also fifteenth century work.</p> + +<p>This sketch likewise shows the small portions of the church which still +remain. The lofty south gable of the transept is visible with the +sloping water table of the roof of the building, which stood on the +south of it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_139" id="page_139">{139}</a></span> This building has apparently been at least two stories in +height. It no doubt extended over the chapter house wing, and contained +the dormitory, &c. (as at Crosraguel). A small lancet window on each +side of the water table near its apex and another small window over it +seem to indicate that there was an apartment in the roof of the +transept. The wall seen in the distance is part of the south wall of the +choir. It contains the water table of the roof of the east aisle of the +transept, and is broken off at the jamb of a high window, which lighted +the choir or presbytery, thus showing that the latter must have extended +further eastward than the existing ruin.</p> + +<h2><a name="TORPHICHEN_CHURCH_Linlithgowshire" id="TORPHICHEN_CHURCH_Linlithgowshire"></a>TORPHICHEN CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Linlithgowshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This church, from the circumstance of its castle-like appearance and its +possessing a complete dwelling-house over the transepts, was included in +<i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. +131, in which a full description of it is given, illustrated with +numerous drawings. The building is here introduced with the view of more +fully explaining some features formerly omitted, and also to form a +complete record of such an important example.</p> + +<p>The new features introduced in the Plan (Fig. <a href="#fig_1060">1060</a>) are the choir, the +nave, and an outbuilding to the north. The width and height of the choir +and the arch leading into it are clearly seen against the central tower +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1061">1061</a>), while the lower part of the east wall and part of the north +wall of the choir are still standing, as shown in the Plan, although +reduced to only a few feet in height.</p> + +<p>The present parish church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1062">1062</a>) occupies the site of the nave, the +ancient splayed base being utilised in the north wall, where it is +visible along the whole length. It is also probable that the west end of +the present church corresponds with the position of the old west end. In +that case the dimensions were as follow, viz.:—The choir was about 63 +feet 6 inches long by 25 feet 6 inches wide, and the nave was about 65 +feet 6 inches long by 25 feet wide. The total length of the church was +158 feet 3 inches outside measure. The total length of the transept was +about 68 feet. There was apparently an aisle along the south side of the +nave, the beginning of the wall of which is visible on the Plan. A row +of buildings existed as a continuation northwards of the north transept, +and at a distance of about 31 yards northwards a portion of these +buildings still remains, measuring about 40 feet in length. The first +erection to the north of the transept had a window with stone seats +looking into the church, and it had also a communication with the house +over the church. There may thus have been a row of dormitories on the +upper floor extending northwards.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_140" id="page_140">{140}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1060" style="width: 538px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_140.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_140.jpg" width="538" height="701" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1060.</span>—Torphichen Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_141" id="page_141">{141}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1061" style="width: 730px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_141.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_141.jpg" width="730" height="515" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1061.</span>—Torphichen Church. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_142" id="page_142">{142}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1062" style="width: 757px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_142.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_142.jpg" width="757" height="502" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1062.</span>—Torphichen Church. View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_143" id="page_143">{143}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1063" style="width: 524px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_143.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_143.jpg" width="524" height="704" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1063.</span>—Torphichen Church. Transept, looking South.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_144" id="page_144">{144}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1064" style="width: 485px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_144-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_144-a.jpg" width="485" height="323" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1064.</span>—Torphichen Church. Recess for Monument in +North Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Fig. <a href="#fig_1063">1063</a> is a general view of the transept looking towards the south, +and shows the recess for a tomb under the south window. Fig. <a href="#fig_1064">1064</a> is</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1065" style="width: 430px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_144b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_144b.jpg" width="430" height="329" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1065.</span>—Torphichen Church. Doorway at North-West +Angle of Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_145" id="page_145">{145}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">an enlarged view of this tomb recess; the centre stone of the ogee arch +has dropped slightly, owing to a failure in the walls at the south-east +corner. The piscina alongside has a neatly constructed square basin.</p> + +<p>Fig. <a href="#fig_1065">1065</a> shows the outside of an angular headed doorway near the +north-west corner of the transept. The doorway with the projecting hood, +seen alongside, leads into the staircase giving access to the house.</p> + +<p>Measured drawings of these two last subjects were given in the account +already referred to.</p> + +<h2><a name="ST_ANTHONYS_CHAPEL_Edinburgh" id="ST_ANTHONYS_CHAPEL_Edinburgh"></a>ST. ANTHONY’S CHAPEL, <span class="smcap">Edinburgh</span>.</h2> + +<p>This edifice occupies a very picturesque situation on the summit of a +crag in the bosom of Arthur’s Seat, not far above the base of the hill. +Immediately to the north and west of the walls the ground descends in an +abrupt and precipitous manner, and to the south the surface, which +gradually rises, is rough and rocky (Fig. <a href="#fig_1066">1066</a>); while on the east a +huge wall of rock towers high above the building, completely hemming it +in on that side.</p> + +<p>Only the north wall of the chapel and the returns of the west and east +walls remain, together with the foundations of the south wall, enough, +however, to enable it to be determined fairly well what the completed +building was like. In the drawings (Fig. <a href="#fig_1067">1067</a>) the indications existing +are completed and restored, so as to give a better idea of what the +structure was like than can be done by description alone. The present +condition of the edifice is shown in the ground Plan, section from east +to west and north elevation (Fig. <a href="#fig_1068">1068</a>), and in the general view from +south-east (Fig. <a href="#fig_1069">1069</a>). The building measures on the outside 43 feet in +length by 18 feet 3 inches in width, but the internal dimensions of the +chapel proper (see Plan) are only 32 feet 9 inches by 12 feet.</p> + +<p>The chapel (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1068">1068</a>) was divided into three bays by a vaulted and +groined ceiling, portions of the ribs of which, with their corbel +supports, still exist in the north wall. The height of the vaulting at +the wall is about 14 feet.</p> + +<p>There was a window in the central and eastern bay of the north wall, and +a doorway in the west bay, and, according to Maitland,<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> the same +arrangement existed on the south side. There is a locker in the usual +place at the east end of the north wall. Maitland further says that in +the “southern wall near the altar is a small arched niche, wherein was +put the holy water.” This, however, does not now exist. There was a +priest’s house over the western bay, the size of which can still be +determined by the existing return of its east wall, as seen in the north +elevation, and the longitudinal section. Part of the building, at the +west end, on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_146" id="page_146">{146}</a></span> ground floor, was screened off from the chapel by a +partition wall, of which the indications exist. On the ground floor this +was vaulted, as shown by</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1066" style="width: 501px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_146.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_146.jpg" width="501" height="617" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1066.</span>—St. Anthony’s Chapel. Plan of Site.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">section at tower, and contained a locker. Within this space at the +south-west corner there was, doubtless, a wheel stair, which by the +first revolution<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_147" id="page_147">{147}</a></span> led to an entresol over the arched space just referred +to. This entresol was probably a garderobe, and was lighted by a small +window, shown on the Plans and Section. The stair, continuing upwards, +would land at the first floor over the chapel, which consisted of a room +about 15 feet by 13 feet, lighted by a north window. Adjoining this +window a portion of the north wall is thinned by about 15 inches at the +floor level so as to form a recess, which contains a window. Over this +the wall is carried at its usual thickness by a half arch, as shown by +the longitudinal section. Probably this recess was screened off from the +room to form a small closet. There was a fireplace in the west gable; +part of its flue still remains, with one of its corbels for supporting +the lintel and chimney breast. In the restored drawing (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1067">1067</a>) +it is supposed that there was an upper room. Assuming that the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1067" style="width: 469px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_147.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_147.jpg" width="469" height="239" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1067.</span>—St. Anthony’s Chapel. Suggested Restoration.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">first floor room was 10 feet high in the ceiling—and it is not likely +to have been higher—the height of the existing wall at the north-west +corner warrants this assumption, as above the 10 feet level it rises 3 +feet more in its present broken down condition. That it rose to a higher +level than it does now is almost certain, in which case an upper room +would be obtained, as shown by section at tower (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1067">1067</a>). This +corresponds with Maitland, who says that the tower was perhaps upwards +of 40 feet in height. The second floor room would, of course, be reached +by a continuation of the stair. At the staircase landing a small outside +bartizan is introduced in the restored drawing, such as is frequently +found in the pele towers. This arrangement of the two upper rooms is +similar to what is found in the church of the Carmelite Friars at South +Queensferry and at Torphichen, both of the same period as St. Anthony’s. +There is also, but on a more<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_148" id="page_148">{148}</a></span> elaborate scale, something of the same +arrangement at Stobhall in Perthshire, already illustrated.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p> + +<p>To the south and west of the chapel there are remains of walls, and +particularly of what is called the hermitage (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1066">1066</a>); but these +are very fragmentary, and so intermixed with the natural rock, which +crops up everywhere, that not much can be made out in connection with +them.</p> + +<p>Of the origin of the chapel nothing appears to be known, and almost the +same may be said of its history. One of the earliest notices of it—if +not the earliest—occurs in the <i>Treasurer’s Accounts</i> of 1473, as +follows—“Item, vj<sup>to</sup> Februarij, to offir in Sanct Antonis in the +crag, to the King, xijs.” In the same accounts it is again referred to +in 1491 and 1496—“Item,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1068" style="width: 436px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_148.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_148.jpg" width="436" height="262" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1068.</span>—St. Anthony’s Chapel. Plans, Section, and +North Elevation of Existing Structure.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">at he laid down for the King, on Sanct Anthonis day in Sanct Anthonis +chapel, besid Edinburgh, to the Kings offerand ixs.” Again in 1498, the +King (James <small>IV.</small>) made an offering in “Sanct Anthonis of the crag of xjs. +viijd.”</p> + +<p>An exhaustive review of the present condition of the chapel and +hermitage, and an account of the various references to them by different +writers, has been prepared by Mr. Fred. R. Coles.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> Mr Coles gives +reproductions of various old views, with notes on all the earlier known +drawings, as also observations on St. Anthony and churches dedicated to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_149" id="page_149">{149}</a></span> +him, and for further information on this subject we beg to refer readers +to this valuable paper.</p> + +<p>Grose states that hermitages were frequently erected on the sea coast, +and at dangerous places, and that the patron or tutelary saint of these +hermitages was St. Anthony the hermit, and suggests that the situation +of St. Anthony’s on the crag which stands conspicuous from the Firth of +Forth</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1069" style="width: 473px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_149.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_149.jpg" width="473" height="324" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1069.</span>—St. Anthony’s Chapel. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">was perhaps chosen with the intention of attracting the notice of seamen +coming up the Firth, who, in cases of danger, might be induced to make +vows to its tutelar saint. There is a fine spring of clear water close +to the site, which may have led to the establishment of the hermitage +there. The building contains almost no features by which its date can be +ascertained, but it is here classed along with the buildings of the +third period, to some of which it bears in certain respects an analogy.</p> + +<h2><a name="THE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_ROSSLYN_Mid-Lothian" id="THE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_ROSSLYN_Mid-Lothian"></a>THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH OF ROSSLYN, <span class="smcap">Mid-Lothian</span>.</h2> + +<p>The village of Rosslyn is picturesquely situated on the high north bank +of the river North Esk, about seven miles south from Edinburgh; and the +ancient castle of the St. Clairs<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> stands on an isolated promontory +called the College Hill, which, adjoining the village of Rosslyn, juts +out<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_150" id="page_150">{150}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1070" style="width: 792px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_150.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_150.jpg" width="792" height="498" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1070.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_151" id="page_151">{151}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">into the deep valley of the Esk. The celebrated Church of Rosslyn, +erected by the proprietors of the castle, stands on the brow of the +steep bank of the river above the castle, and commands a splendid view +of the valley. The church, so far as erected, is in perfect +preservation, and is a charming portion of an incomplete design. It is, +in some respects, the most remarkable piece of architecture in Scotland; +and had the church been finished in the same spirit as that in which it +has been so far carried out, it would have gone far to have realised a +poet’s dream in stone. When looked at from a strictly architectural +point of view, the design may be considered faulty in many respects, +much of the detail being extremely rude and debased, while as regards +construction many of the principles wrought out during the development +of Gothic architecture are ignored. But notwithstanding these faults, +the profusion of design so abundantly shown everywhere, and the +exuberant fancy of the architect, strike the visitor who sees Rosslyn +for the first time with an astonishment which no familiarity ever +effaces.</p> + +<p>The principal authority regarding the history of the church and the +family of the St. Clairs of Rosslyn is Father Richard Augustin Hay, +prior of St. Pieremont, whose mother, by a second marriage, became wife +of Sir James St. Clair of Rosslyn. About the year 1700, Father Hay made +copious extracts from the family documents, which have been since lost, +and these extracts, together with his comments, have been published +under the title of the <i>Genealogie of the Sainteclaires of Rosslyn, +including the chartulary of Rosslyn</i>.</p> + +<p>The edifice was erected by Sir William St. Clair, third Earl of Orkney, +who succeeded to the estates about 1417. About thirty years afterwards +he founded the Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Certain letters which occur +on shields along the cornice of the north wall have been ingeniously +deciphered by Dr. Thomas Dickson, of the Register House, Edinburgh, as +the initial letters of the following words,<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> viz.:—<span class="smcap">Wilzame · Lorde · +Sinclare · Fundit · Yis · College · Ye · Zeir · of · God</span> · <small>MJJJJL</small>. The +structure appears, however, to have been begun a few years earlier, +about 1446, as in the year 1447 the continuator of the <i>Scotichronicon</i> +says, “Dominus Willelmus de Sancto Claro Comes Orcadiæ <i>est in +fabricando sumptuosam structuram apud Roslyn</i>;”<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> and probably the +foregoing inscription refers to some ceremonial event connected with the +building. Sir William died in 1484, and he appears to have left the +building very much in the condition in which we now find it. In that +case its erection would be the labour of about forty years.</p> + +<p>The church was a collegiate foundation, for a provost, six prebendaries, +and two singing boys or choristers, and was dedicated to St. Matthew. It +consists (Fig. <a href="#fig_1070">1070</a>) of a choir with north and south aisles, connecte<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_152" id="page_152">{152}</a></span>d</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1071" style="width: 750px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_152.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_152.jpg" width="750" height="511" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1071.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. View from +South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_153" id="page_153">{153}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">by an aisle which runs across the east end, and gives access to a series +of four chapels beyond it to the east. The dimensions of the building +are as follow, viz.:—interior—length of choir, 48 feet 4 inches; width +of central aisle, 17 feet 10½ inches; width over aisles, 35 feet; total +exterior length, 69 feet 8 inches; height to the apex of the roof, 41 +feet 9 inches. The original intention was to have completed the building +as a cross church, with choir, nave, and transepts, but the choir only +has been completed. The transepts have been partly erected, the east +wall being carried up to a considerable height, but the nave has not +been erected. The length across the transepts, as founded, is about 72 +feet. Mr Thomson, the custodier of the chapel, who saw the west walls of +the transept exposed, states that the transepts were intended to be 18 +feet wide, as drawn on Plan. The Rev. Mr. Thompson, Rosslyn, in his +guide to the chapel, says that the foundations for the entire building +had been laid, and that those of the nave, which extended to about 91 +feet to the west, were dug up and exposed at the beginning of the +present century. This exactly corresponds with the length which the +nature of the ground would permit.</p> + +<p>The choir, both internally and externally, is remarkably symmetrical, +the bays being all of the same dimensions, with only slight differences +in the carving, which do not affect the general design. Thus (Fig. <a href="#fig_1071">1071</a>) +all the buttresses rise unbroken by set-offs to the wall head of the +aisles, where the cornice continues round them, and they have all on the +face canopies of the same size and style. Above the cornice on the ten +buttresses on the north and south sides of the choir there rise on each +two massive pinnacles, connected by a small flying buttress between them +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1072">1072</a>). The outer pinnacles, which are flush with the face of the +buttresses, are square on Plan, and are decorated according to two +alternate patterns (Fig. <a href="#fig_1073">1073</a>), viz., canopied niches in the one, and +large rosettes set in hollows in the other. The inner pinnacles (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1074">1074</a>), which rest on the thickness of the wall, are all practically +alike. They are oblong on Plan, and are so placed as to offer most +resistance to the flying buttresses, which are thrown across the aisles +and rest upon them. The pinnacles are ornamented with rosettes on the +angles, and crockets on the sloping top. The back of these pinnacles and +the lower parts, where not seen from below, are left plain, without any +ornament. The flying arches abutting against the pinnacles are carved +with a revived Norman-like chevron.</p> + +<p>The pinnacles (Fig. <a href="#fig_1075">1075</a>) on the buttresses of the east chapels are +naturally somewhat different, as they have no thrusts from flying +buttresses to counteract. There is only one pinnacle on each of these +buttresses, and although they are all of different design, their effect +corresponds with that of the outer pinnacles of the aisles of the choir. +The back of these pinnacles is left unfinished (Fig. <a href="#fig_1076">1076</a>), like those +at the sides, but the portions visible are very elaborately carved.</p> + +<p>The windows of the aisles (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1072">1072</a>) are all of two lights, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_154" id="page_154">{154}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1072" style="width: 535px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_154.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_154.jpg" width="535" height="704" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1072.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. North +Doorway and Buttresses, &c.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_155" id="page_155">{155}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1073" style="width: 539px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_155.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_155.jpg" width="539" height="743" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1073.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. South Side +of Choir, looking East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_156" id="page_156">{156}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">have the same mouldings and orders of decoration both in the inside and +outside of the wall, each jamb having two beaded shafts with carved +caps. These beads are continued round the arches, and a large hollow</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1074" style="width: 493px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_156.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_156.jpg" width="493" height="658" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1074.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Pinnacles +on Buttresses, from Roof of Aisle.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_157" id="page_157">{157}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1075" style="width: 508px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_157.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_157.jpg" width="508" height="699" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1075.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Pinnacles +at East End.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_158" id="page_158">{158}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1076" style="width: 524px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_158.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_158.jpg" width="524" height="742" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1076.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Pinnacles +over East Chapels, from Roof of Aisle.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_159" id="page_159">{159}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">moulding connects them, which in the arches is always filled with +carving. In the jambs there are two different patterns in the alternate +windows, the one being a simple niche with canopy and bracket for a +figure, and the other the same, but with a moulded block instead of the +figure. There is very little variety in the tracery. The windows on each +side correspond with those on the opposite side. In the eastern chapels +four of the windows have the engrailed cross of the St. Clairs wrought +into the tracery.</p> + +<p>The clerestory windows (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1072">1072</a>) are all after one design, the +shafts, mouldings, and arches on the outside being repeated in the +interior (Fig. <a href="#fig_1078">1078</a>). These are similar to those of the aisle windows +just described. Their decoration consists of large rosettes, occurring +at regular intervals in the hollow moulding between the shafts of the +jambs. All the clerestory windows are single lights. The tracery of the +large window in the east end (Fig. <a href="#fig_1077">1077</a>) is modern. Its design is +probably founded on ancient remains, but whether or not it accords well +with the rest of the building.</p> + +<p>The north and south doorways, which are opposite each other, are +recessed in quasi porches (see Figs. <a href="#fig_1072">1072</a> and <a href="#fig_1073">1073</a>)), formed by round +arches thrown between the buttresses, and the minor differences of the +doorways are shown in the sketches. The upper part of a window appears +over each, as in the south doorway of Glasgow Cathedral. The aisle roofs +being flat, there is no triforium or blind story, and the clerestory +windows are carried down to the string course over the main arches (see +Fig. <a href="#fig_1078">1078</a>).</p> + +<p>Turning now to the interior, it will be observed that the main piers are +composed of a series of round mouldings, separated by slight square +fillets, and that the corresponding wall shafts or responds (Fig. <a href="#fig_1079">1079</a>) +are of trefoil form, with good caps and carved bases, which rest on the +side bench. The arch mouldings of the main arcade (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1078">1078</a>) are +shallow, with regularly recurring orders of decoration, each arch having +an enriched hood moulding. The upper part of the wall slightly overhangs +on a bold carved and moulded string course. The wall space between the +clerestory windows is ornamented with two canopies and massive brackets +placed one over the other.</p> + +<p>The choir roof, which consists of a pointed barrel vault (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_1080">1080</a>), is divided by strengthening ribs into compartments corresponding +with the bays, and each compartment is decorated differently (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_1078">1078</a>). The dividing ribs are moulded, and have large projecting cusps in +the form of fleurs-de-lys, &c., on the soffit. The compartments of the +roof are entirely “powdered with stars” or rosettes, set square or +diagonally. The construction of the aisle roofs is peculiar, although +something similar is frequent in castles, as will be afterwards alluded +to. A regularly constructed straight arch with proper radiating joints, +concealed behind upright joints, spans each aisle (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1079">1079</a>) from +pillar to wall shaft. These horizontal arches or lintels have flat +relieving arches over them, which in some instances are visible. The +aisles are roofed with a series of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_160" id="page_160">{160}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1077" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_160.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_160.jpg" width="543" height="725" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1077.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. East End of +Choir, above Roof of Aisles.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_161" id="page_161">{161}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">pointed barrel vaults thrown between the above straight arches, and +running at right angles to the axis of the building (Fig. <a href="#fig_1081">1081</a>). This is</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1078" style="width: 518px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_161.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_161.jpg" width="518" height="690" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1078.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Interior of +Choir, looking East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_162" id="page_162">{162}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">one of the most unusual features of construction in the edifice. The +straight arches or lintels, as they may be called, are all most +profusely</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1079" style="width: 525px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_162.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_162.jpg" width="525" height="675" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1079.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Interior of +West End of North Aisle.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_163" id="page_163">{163}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">carved with foliage or figure carving (Fig. <a href="#fig_1082">1082</a>), the amount of +decoration on each being, as usual, of corresponding artistic value.</p> + +<p>On the arched roofs of the north and south aisles, to the east of the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1080" style="width: 524px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_163.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_163.jpg" width="524" height="659" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1080.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Transverse +Section.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_164" id="page_164">{164}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1081" style="width: 524px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_164.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_164.jpg" width="524" height="701" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1081.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. East Aisle +and ’Prentice Pillar.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_165" id="page_165">{165}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">doorways and of the east aisle, there is carved in each bay an engrailed +cross, the one limb running along the crown of each arch, and the other +downwards from this on each side. But in the north and south aisles, in +the three bays west from the doorways, the engrailed band is only +continued along the crown of the arch, the other limb being omitted, +which may possibly be meant to distinguish the more sacred part of the +edifice.</p> + +<p>The eastern chapels are the only part of the building in which there is +groined vaulting. The compartments are oblong, and have pointed cross +arches (Fig. <a href="#fig_1083">1083</a>), the diagonals meeting at the apex. Elaborately +carved pendants, about 4 feet long, occupy the place of the usual boss; +while at the springing of the arches, against the east wall, great +projecting horns, resting on curved corbellings or cones above the caps +of the wall shafts, radiate outwards and downwards, one horn to each +rib, so that they are in groups of three.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1082" style="width: 394px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_165.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_165.jpg" width="394" height="208" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1082.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Details of +Carving of Straight Arches.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The object of these curved cones, with their projecting horns, may be +explained as follows:—It will be seen on referring to the Plan (see +Fig. <a href="#fig_1070">1070</a>) that the centre line of the east chapels is not in the centre +of the space between the two eastmost buttresses, and consequently not +in line with the centre of the north and south windows between those +buttresses. In order to make the centre line of the vaulting coincide +with the centre of the windows, it was necessary to introduce some kind +of support for the foot of the east arches, at a distance of about 2 or +3 feet from the east wall. The above cones and horns were introduced for +this purpose, and from them the vaulting on the east side springs. In +connection with this arrangement, the late David Roberts, R.A., +contended that the “east wall of Rosslyn had been pulled down and set +further back, to give 3 feet more room.”<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> But this supposition finds +no warrant whatever from an<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_166" id="page_166">{166}</a></span> examination of the building. A more likely +explanation is that the above cones may have been introduced as a kind +of imitation of the springing of</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1083" style="width: 529px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_166.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_166.jpg" width="529" height="686" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1083.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Eastern +Chapels.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_167" id="page_167">{167}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">the fan vaulting common in England in the fifteenth century. The heavy +pendants were also probably derived from the same source.</p> + +<p>Against the east wall of the choir were the remains of four altars, +which have been restored (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1083">1083</a>), one of them being situated +over the stair leading to the lower chapel. Beside it there is a square +headed piscina, and on the south side of the other altars there are ogee +headed recesses in the wall. On the east side of the south doorway there +is a richly carved stoup.</p> + +<p>In the transepts (Fig. <a href="#fig_1084">1084</a>) there are remains of three canopied +piscinas, two in the south transept and one in the north transept. They +bear a general resemblance in their details to the sacrament houses in +some of the churches in the north, and to the piscinas in Melrose Abbey. +Between the two in the south transept there is a recess in the wall, +showing where an altar has been intended, and a similar indication in +the north transept on the north side of the piscina shows the same +intention. Over each of these altars there are three moulded and carved +brackets, probably meant for statues. On the south side of the centre +opening into the choir there is a recess for another altar, and on the +north side there is an arched piscina; both have carved brackets above +them. A bracket in a similar position, relative to the altar and +piscina, exists at Dunglass Church.</p> + +<p>A singular feature of the church, which would have been more apparent +had it been finished, is that the choir is almost cut off by a solid +wall from what would have been the other divisions of the structure. +Fig. <a href="#fig_1084">1084</a> shows the wall as seen from the outside. The openings into the +side aisles are about 4 feet 3 inches wide and about 11 feet high, and +the opening on the ground level into the central aisle is about 7 feet +wide. These three openings are all covered with straight arches. Above +the central opening there is a lofty aperture like a window covered with +a pointed arch, probably meant to contain the rood. Above the caps of +the jambs of the side openings there are two carved figures (Fig. <a href="#fig_1085">1085</a>), +that on the north being St. Sebastian, and that on the south St. +Christopher.</p> + +<p>Beyond the east end of the church and on a lower level, so as to suit +the slope of the ground (Fig. <a href="#fig_1086">1086</a>), a chapel has been erected, which is +reached from the south aisle by a straight stair of twenty-five steps. +This chapel measures 36 feet in length from east to west by 14 feet +wide. It is barrel vaulted (Fig. <a href="#fig_1087">1087</a>), and is lighted by one window +only, at the east end. The window is a simple pointed one, without +tracery. There are several ambries in the walls, and an eastern altar +with a piscina. There are also a fireplace and a small closet about 11 +feet square on the north side. A door leads out on the south to what has +been an open court, where there are indications of other buildings +having existed or been intended. It would thus appear that in all +probability<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_168" id="page_168">{168}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1084" style="width: 697px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_168.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_168.jpg" width="697" height="501" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1084.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. West End of +Choir and East Wall of Transepts.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_169" id="page_169">{169}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">there was a residence here, and the chapel may have served both as +sacristy and private chapel.</p> + +<p>This chapel or sacristy is supposed to have been built in the lifetime +of Sir William St. Clair’s first wife, Lady Elizabeth or Margaret +Douglas, daughter of Archibald, fourth Earl of Douglass, and first Duke +of Touraine, from the circumstance that her arms (Fig. <a href="#fig_1088">1088</a>) are +sculptured on the east wall. The shield has two coats impaled: <i>Dexter</i>, +a coat quarterly, dimidiated, viz.—First a galley within a double +tressure, flory counter</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1085" style="width: 504px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_169.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_169.jpg" width="504" height="414" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1085.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Caps of +Openings to Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">flory, for Orkney; 3rd a cross engrailed for St. Clair, being the 1st +and 3rd quarters of the arms of the Earl of Orkney; <i>Sinister</i>, in base +a heart, and on a chief three mullets, for Douglas, the shield being +surmounted of a fess charged with three fleurs-de-lys (2 and 1) for +Touraine. Lady Elizabeth died in 1452.</p> + +<p>The barrel vault of the sacristy (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1087">1087</a>) is semicircular, and +supports a flat roof formed with overlapping stones. The vault is +strengthened with transverse ribs carved with the engrailed cross, which +spring from corbels sculptured with figures of angels and saints (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1089">1089</a>).<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_170" id="page_170">{170}</a></span></p> + +<p>In considering the history of Rosslyn Church many of the statements of +Father Hay regarding the St. Clairs and Rosslyn require to be received +with considerable caution. He was a hero worshipper, and Sir William was +his hero. The latter is represented by the Father as living in more than +royal magnificence at Rosslyn, with many of the nobles of Scotland +waiting upon him as servants. That is a very incredible statement, as is +also the assertion that under the fostering care of Sir William, Rosslyn +became the “chiefest town in all Lothian, except</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1086" style="width: 542px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_170.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_170.jpg" width="542" height="413" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1086.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Section +through East End of Church and Lower Chapel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Edinburgh and Haddington.” But few who visit this chapel will be +inclined seriously to quarrel with the Father on account of his +enthusiasm for the Rosslyn family. To the purest in Gothic architecture +Rosslyn may seem barbarous and debased, but it must be allowed to be +splendid barbarism, meted out with the most liberal hand. Sir William is +further represented by Father Hay as bringing artificers from foreign +lands, and setting them to work on Rosslyn College, and on this +unsupported statement many writers have found the prototype of this +building abroad,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_171" id="page_171">{171}</a></span> some in France and some in Spain, and even Rome is +hinted at in the well known story of the ’Prentice Pillar. The unusual +richness of the ornamentation of the edifice, so different from most of +the structures</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1087" style="width: 519px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_171.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_171.jpg" width="519" height="650" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1087.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Lower +Chapel or Sacristy, looking West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_172" id="page_172">{172}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">erected in this country at the time, has doubtless led to these attempts +to attribute the design to a foreign architect or a foreign country, +where richly decorated structures exist.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1088"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 149px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_172-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_172-a.jpg" width="149" height="166" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1088.</span></p> + +<p>The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Arms of Sir W. Sinclair’s First Wife.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>But this amount of decoration, being so exceptional in Scottish +edifices, seems to have proved misleading. No parallel to Rosslyn has, +so far as we know, been discovered abroad, and it is unnecessary to go +so far afield in search of a model. The leading principles of the design +are really Scottish, and it will be found, on careful analysis, that +Rosslyn Church presents a rich and finished epitome, both as regards +constructive and decorative elements, of the Scottish ecclesiastical +architecture of the third or late pointed period. The plan of the east +end of Rosslyn Church so closely resembles that of the choir of Glasgow +Cathedral, that there is hardly room to doubt that the latter was the +model after which the former was designed. The disposition of the +pillars in the two buildings agrees exactly, the side aisles in both +being connected by an eastern</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1089"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 207px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_172-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_172-b.jpg" width="207" height="263" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1089.</span></p> + +<p>The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Corbels in Lower Chapel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">aisle, which in each case has a central pillar in the east arcade, and +in each edifice a series of chapels beyond this aisle forms the east +end. The details are, as is natural, seeing that the buildings are about +two centuries apart in date, entirely different, but it is curious to +observe how in both cases even the minute parts of the design are +remarkably alike. Thus the triple niche over the central pillar of the +east arcade at Glasgow finds a counterpart in the same position at +Rosslyn (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1078">1078</a>). The east wall and gable of both choirs occupy +the same relative position, rising above the eastern aisle and chapels. +Churches with an eastern aisle are not unknown in England, such as Abbey +Dore, Herefordshire, and Romsey Abbey, Hampshire; but the former has +three openings in the east end, thus showing an arch in the centre; +while Romsey Church, Glasgow Cathedral, and Rosslyn Church have the +peculiarity of having a pillar in the centre of the east arcade.</p> + +<p>Much has been made of the resemblance between the barrel vaults of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_173" id="page_173">{173}</a></span> +Rosslyn and those of the south of France, but there does not appear to +be any connection between them. The pointed barrel vault was the form +commonly practised in Scotland in the fifteenth century, both in +churches and castles. Mr Fergusson says that this kind of vault is +“foreign and unlike the usual form of vaults found in Scotland,” but the +examples given in this book show that he is mistaken. Pointed barrel +vaults are to be found in the churches at Seton, Queensferry, Ladykirk, +Whitekirk, Borthwick, Crichton, Corstorphine, Dunglass, and many others, +and numerous examples might be given from the castles. There can, +therefore, be no doubt that the masons of Scotland were at this period +quite familiar with that system of vaulting, some of which, such as the +vaults of Borthwick Castle, in the same district and built a little +earlier than Rosslyn, are of considerably larger dimensions. The pointed +barrel vaults of castle halls and churches are generally covered with +sloping stone roofs, as at Bothwell, Borthwick, &c., but at Rosslyn the +curved form of the roof has been adhered to, externally as well as +internally. The coping of the east gable has been finished to this curve +(see Fig. <a href="#fig_1077">1077</a>), and there is no indication of any straight roof having +been intended. It is possible, however, that it had been originally +contemplated to cover the extrados of the choir vault, which still +remains unprotected, with an outer stone roof, in accordance with the +usual practice; but, owing to the slightness of the clerestory walls, +the outer stone roof was omitted in consequence of its great additional +weight, which, it may have been believed, would be too great for the +side walls to sustain. The roofs of the aisles and east chapels, which +are almost flat, are covered with overlapping flags. Until the building +was restored some thirty years ago, these parts of the building were +covered with a temporary slated roof, which cut off one half of the +clerestory windows. The mark of this roof is still visible in the walls.</p> + +<p>When we examine smaller details, we find the same methods adopted by the +Rosslyn builders as were familiar to the other builders of the country, +thus all the lintels or straight arches connecting the main pillars with +the side walls, which are such striking features at Rosslyn, are +composed of small stones, having radiating joints in the same manner as +is frequent in the lintels of the wide fireplaces in the halls of the +castles. It may also be noted that the jambs of these fireplaces often +terminate in curious moulded caps, often very clumsy, and not unlike the +caps of the responds at the east wall of Rosslyn. The plans of the +castles sometimes show a series of small parallel apartments, with +barrel vaults abutting at right angles upon a passage or wider hall, +which may have suggested the parallel barrel vaults of the aisles of +Rosslyn. But, indeed, the form of the main arcade itself suggests such +an arrangement. The carved canopies and corbels placed on the face of +the buttresses and window jambs (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1090">1090</a>) are thoroughly +characteristic of the Scottish churches<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_174" id="page_174">{174}</a></span> of this period, and when their +general design is considered, these features at Rosslyn will be found +not to differ materially from those of the churches of Melrose, +Linlithgow, Seton, Trinity College, and other buildings. Compare the +disposition of small canopied niches round some central feature, such as +the buttress niche (Fig. 778) at Melrose, and the pinnacles (see Figs. +<a href="#fig_1075">1075</a> and <a href="#fig_1076">1076</a>)) at Rosslyn.</p> + +<p>On the sides of each buttress at Rosslyn (see Figs. <a href="#fig_1072">1072</a>, <a href="#fig_1073">1073</a>, and +1091) there is a splayed moulding, a kind of set-off which runs from the +front of the buttress back to the wall, on the top of the base string +course. A somewhat similar set-off occurs on some of the buttresses of +the chapter house of Glasgow Cathedral, built a few years before +Rosslyn.</p> + +<p>A large number of details from Melrose have a very decided resemblance +to those found at Rosslyn. Thus the staircase turret (Fig. 773)</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1090" style="width: 467px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_174.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_174.jpg" width="467" height="231" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1090.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Corbels on +Window Jambs and Buttresses.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">at the west side of the south transept of Melrose is in spirit so very +like the work at Rosslyn that, had it been included in the illustrations +of the latter, only those who have local knowledge would have detected +it. The same remark applies to the south doorway from Dalkeith Church, +given further on. A striking resemblance also occurs between the +mouldings of the sacristy doors at Lincluden and Bothwell and the +details of the clerestory windows at Rosslyn. In all these examples the +mouldings consist of an outer and inner shaft, separated by a large +hollow, containing carved work; and the shafts have, in every case, caps +and bases treated in a similar manner.</p> + +<p>The soffit cusping so common in the arches at Rosslyn is a decoration of +the most frequent occurrence throughout Scotland; at this period, +indeed, there is hardly an arched tomb recess in the country which is +not so decorated. Carved rosettes set in hollows, which abound +everywhere<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_175" id="page_175">{175}</a></span> at Rosslyn, are likewise the common decoration of the +period, both in churches and castles. Similar decorative enrichments are +also very common in Tudor buildings in England, as, for example, in +Henry VII.’s Chapel at Westminster, where also the small figures so +frequent at Rosslyn above the caps and on buttresses, &c., find their +counterpart, thus showing an association of ideas with English rather +than foreign work.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1091"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 105px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_175.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_175.jpg" width="105" height="375" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1091.</span> The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Base +Mouldings and Lower String Course, with Peculiar Moulding above the +latter.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The doorways at Rosslyn, with the porches formed in front of them by +arches thrown between the buttresses, are paralleled by the doorways at +Glasgow Cathedral; Trinity College, Edinburgh; and St. Salvator’s, St. +Andrews. The engrailed cross which enters so largely into the decoration +of Rosslyn, being employed all along the arched roof of the aisles and +of the lower chapel, and forming the motive for the tracery of some of +the windows at the east end, is peculiarly local, being the distinctive +feature of the St. Clair arms, while the loop tracery in many of the +windows is of common occurrence in Scotland. A number of details +illustrated in Fig. <a href="#fig_1092">1092</a>, being chiefly the corbels of niches, have a +very marked resemblance to the similar carvings at Trinity College, +Edinburgh. Those containing the fox preaching to the geese and the +dromedary are specially interesting. Other examples (such as Fig. <a href="#fig_1093">1093</a>) +show that the character of the foliage is the same as that of many of +our Scottish churches. Much of the carving at Rosslyn has considerable +affinity with the late wood work in English churches (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1082">1082</a>).</p> + +<p>These comparisons are probably enough to prove that Rosslyn Church was +built after the manner and style of its age and country, and only +differs from other Scottish churches of the same period in possessing a +superabundance of rich detail and carving in excess of what is usually +found.<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p> + +<p>The transepts, which project two bays to the north and south, were +obviously intended to be two stories high, and probably of the same +height as the clerestory walls of the choir. Indeed, a part of the east +wall of the north transept exists of this height. The walls of the +transept are well buttressed, as if to maintain a vault, and there are +no windows in the existing lower part of the transepts, the intention +probably being to light them with large traceried windows at each end, +as in Trinity College.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_176" id="page_176">{176}</a></span></p> + +<p>The portions of the transepts and crossing which have been completed are +too small to enable it to be clearly determined how these parts of the +structure were intended to be carried out and vaulted. The west gable</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1092" style="width: 475px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_176.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_176.jpg" width="475" height="546" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1092.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Details of +Corbels.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">of the choir (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1084">1084</a>) is built with a curved outline on top, +which seems to indicate the form of an intended barrel vault. The gable +has been left unfinished, and the existing belfry is obviously a late +addition. The above curve, if completed, would comprise the full width +of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_177" id="page_177">{177}</a></span> chapel, embracing both the centre aisle and the side aisles, and +would rise considerably above the apex of the roof. The space included +between the curves is about 36 feet wide, which is a wider span than +would likely be undertaken at this period. The curved form of the top of +the west wall of the choir may, therefore, be dismissed as an indication +of a probable vault.</p> + +<p>Attention has already been drawn to the usual mode of finishing the +barrel vaults of churches at this period (see <i>ante</i>, page 3), viz., by +the introduction of four solid walls (with small apertures) at the four +sides of the crossing on which the barrel vaults of the various arms of +the churches were stopped. This system has, so far as the structure is +completed, been adopted at Rosslyn, the wall on the east side of the +crossing</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1093" style="width: 420px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_177.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_177.jpg" width="420" height="273" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1093.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Details.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">being built so as to receive the barrel vault of the choir. There seems +to be no reason why the same plan should not have been intended to be +used for the completion of the other sides of the crossing. The edifice +would then be in harmony with the other collegiate churches of the +period, and may have been intended to be completed with a central tower.</p> + +<p>The building shown by dotted lines at the west end is a vestry and organ +chamber erected a few years ago.</p> + +<p>The sculpture with which the chapel is so profusely adorned generally +represents Scriptural scenes, and has been very minutely described by +the Rev. Mr. Thompson in his <i>Guide to Rosslyn Chapel</i>.</p> + +<p>One of the most unique examples amongst the remarkable decorations of +the edifice is the ornamentation of the south pillar of the east aisle,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_178" id="page_178">{178}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1094" style="width: 298px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_178.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_178.jpg" width="298" height="773" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1094.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Carved Slab +over Entrance to Vault.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_179" id="page_179">{179}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">generally known as the “<span class="lftspc">’</span>Prentice Pillar” (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1081">1081</a>). It consists +of a series of wreaths twisted round the shaft, each wreath curving from +base to capital round one quarter of the pillar. The ornamentation of +the wreaths corresponds in character with the other carving of the +church; and the grotesque animals on the base find a counterpart in +those of the chapter house pillar at Glasgow Cathedral.</p> + +<p>Beneath the choir are the vaults in which many of the St. Clairs are +buried. The entrance is under a slab on which the incised outline of a +knight in armour is carved (Fig. <a href="#fig_1094">1094</a>), with a dog at his feet, and a +small shield at his head, bearing a lion rampant contourné.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1095" style="width: 524px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_179.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_179.jpg" width="524" height="267" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1095.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Rosslyn. Monument to +George, Fourth Earl of Caithness.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The monument to George, fourth Earl of Caithness, who died in 1582, +originally stood against the wall of the north aisle. It was removed in +1736, and placed against the wall at the west end of the north aisle +(see Fig. <a href="#fig_1079">1079</a>). This monument (Fig. <a href="#fig_1095">1095</a>) contains the family motto, +“Commit thy work to God,” and the arms of the St. Clairs.</p> + +<h2><a name="THE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_DUNGLASS87" id="THE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_DUNGLASS87"></a>THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH OF DUNGLASS,<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a><br /><br /> +<small><span class="smcap">Haddingtonshire.</span></small></h2> + +<p>This deserted but very complete edifice is situated within one mile of +Cockburnspath Railway Station. It is in a good state of preservation, +and its masonry may be described as almost entire, with the exception of +the damages done to it during last century, when it was fitted up for<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_180" id="page_180">{180}</a></span> +stabling and other farm purposes; or, as stated in the Hutton +Collection,<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> made in the eighteenth century, “It is at present +employed in a great variety of domestic uses.” The structure now stands +a neglected ruin, and is put to no purpose whatever, except that the +south transept is used as the burial-place of the family of the Halls of +Dunglass.</p> + +<p>The building (Fig. <a href="#fig_1096">1096</a>) is cruciform, and consists of a nave 40 feet +long by 20 feet wide internally, a choir 33 feet 3 inches long by 17 +feet 9 inches wide, and north and south transepts, each 21 feet 7 inches +long by 13 feet 9 inches wide. The total internal length of the church +is 90 feet 8 inches, and the total length of the transept from north to +south</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1096" style="width: 522px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_180.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_180.jpg" width="522" height="360" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1096.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Dunglass. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">is 63 feet. There is a sacristy 19 feet 3 inches in length by 13 feet 7 +inches in width internally on the north side of the choir, from which it +enters by a low centred arch, pointed and splayed.</p> + +<p>The edifice (Fig. <a href="#fig_1097">1097</a>) is roofed throughout, with the exception of the +tower over the crossing, with a continuous pointed barrel vault over +each arm of the cross, having a roof of heavy overlapping stone slabs +resting on the outside of the arch. There is thus no timber used in the +construction of the walls and roof.</p> + +<p>The tower has been divided, internally, into three stages, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_181" id="page_181">{181}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1097" style="width: 772px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_181.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_181.jpg" width="772" height="457" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1097.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Dunglass. View from +North-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_182" id="page_182">{182}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1098" style="width: 528px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_182.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_182.jpg" width="528" height="755" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1098.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Dunglass. Interior +of Nave, looking Eastward.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_183" id="page_183">{183}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1099" style="width: 505px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_183.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_183.jpg" width="505" height="692" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1099.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Dunglass. Interior +of Crossing from the Choir, looking West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_184" id="page_184">{184}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">corbels for supporting the floor beams still remain. The lower set of +corbels are set immediately above the apex of the tower arches, one of +them being seen in the sketches of the interior of the crossing (Figs. +1098 and 1099). In the north side of the west wall of the tower (see +Fig. <a href="#fig_1098">1098</a>) a door opens into the nave at a high level, which probably +was reached by wooden steps, there being no stone stair of access to the +tower chambers.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1100" style="width: 438px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_184.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_184.jpg" width="438" height="504" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1100.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Dunglass. Plan of +Piers of Tower.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>It will be seen from the drawing (Fig. <a href="#fig_1100">1100</a>) that the plan of the tower +piers is peculiar. The two western piers stand out from the angle of the +walls of the nave and transept, to which they are attached by a strip of +masonry, only some 9 or 10 inches thick. The tower is thus considerably +off the centre of the transept, and is much less in breadth<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_185" id="page_185">{185}</a></span> than the +limbs of the cross. The two eastern piers project from the angle into +the choir, but not so as to diminish the width of the transept. It is +difficult to account for the extremely unusual and eccentric position of +the tower supports. Possibly the choir and tower were first built, and +when the nave and transepts were erected, it was thought desirable to +make them wider than at first intended. The piers of the crossing are +simply splayed and notched on the inner diagonal faces, and they are all +alike; but the arch faces or mouldings vary, those of the nave and +transepts corresponding with the piers, while the choir arch is moulded +on both faces with shallow mouldings. The former arches spring from +moulded caps (see section Fig. <a href="#fig_1100">1100</a>) and the latter from caps carved and +moulded</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1101"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 185px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_185-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_185-a.jpg" width="185" height="105" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1101.</span></p> + +<p>The Collegiate Church of Dunglass.</p> + +<p>Cap of Tower Arch, Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>(Fig. <a href="#fig_1101">1101</a>). The splayed base of the piers is omitted on the chancel +side.</p> + +<p>The windows in the end walls of the nave, choir, and transepts are all +pointed, and were filled with tracery; but the tracery in every case is +gone, and the west wall under the window sill has been cut out to allow +of the passage of carts and horses. Below the end windows of the +transept and sacristy are sepulchral recesses, which were probably +enriched with cusping, which is now cut away. The ornamental brackets +for supporting these enrichments have label terminations of angels. One +of these, playing on a stringed instrument, is shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1102">1102</a>. The +side windows of the church have segmental sconsion arches and double +lights, with massive tracery (see Figs. <a href="#fig_1099">1099</a> and <a href="#fig_1103">1103</a>)). The north and +south doorways of the nave are round arched, with moulded jambs (see +Fig. <a href="#fig_1097">1097</a>). The other doorways are plain, with lintels.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1102"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 90px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_185-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_185-b.jpg" width="90" height="113" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1102.</span></p> + +<p>The Collegiate Church of Dunglass.</p> + +<p>Corbel in Sacristy.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The sedilia in the south wall near the east end (Figs. <a href="#fig_1103">1103</a> and <a href="#fig_1104">1104</a>) is +a very beautiful one, and is fairly well preserved. It contains the +usual three seats indicated by three ogee crocketed arch-heads. These +arches rest on carved capitals at each end (Fig. <a href="#fig_1105">1105</a>), and the +intermediate ones on corbels supported by angels, one holding a shield, +and the other playing on a voil. The sedilia is recessed about 13 +inches, and is 6 feet 6¾ inches long (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1103">1103</a>) by about 5 feet 3 +inches high from the seat to the springing of the arches. Between the +sedilia and the east wall and below the sill of the window there has +been a piscina, which has been cut away, and its position is merely +indicated against the wall, as shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1103">1103</a>. It appears to have +been supported by a shaft from the floor. Adjoining this, in the east +wall, is seen (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1104">1104</a>) a projecting corbel with a shield on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_186" id="page_186">{186}</a></span> +face. This was probably meant either to support a light or a figure in +connection with the altar.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1103" style="width: 519px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_186.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_186.jpg" width="519" height="606" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1103.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Dunglass. Sedilia +and South Window in Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>In the sacristy there are on the side walls four consecration crosses at +the points marked on the Plan.</p> + +<p>There is a diversity of opinion as to the name of the founder and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_187" id="page_187">{187}</a></span> +date of the founding of the Church of Dunglass. According to Nisbet<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> +it was founded by “Sir Thomas Home, in the reign of Robert <small>III.</small>” +(1390-1406). He married Nicola or Nicolas Pepdie, who brought him the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1104" style="width: 601px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_187.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_187.jpg" width="601" height="499" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1104.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Dunglass. Sedilia +and South Window of Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">lordship of Dunglass, and their arms (Fig. <a href="#fig_1106">1106</a>), which adjoin the north +transept window, Nisbet says are impaled, viz., the lion for Home, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_188" id="page_188">{188}</a></span> +the “three birds called papingoes, relative to the name of Pepdie.” In +Keith’s <i>Catalogue</i> and by Spottiswoode we are told that the Collegiate +Church of Dunglass was founded in the year 1450 by Sir Alexander Home of +that Ilk. Chalmers, in the <i>Caledonia</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 512, says it was +founded by Sir Alexander Home of Home in 1403. He was the son of Sir +Thomas and Nicolas Pepdie. Sir James Hall, in a letter written in 1789 +(see Hutton Collection), finds from examination, evidently of original +documents in his possession, that it was founded by Sir Alexander in +1403. Dr. Laing also adopts this date as correct.<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> Perhaps, as above +suggested, the choir and tower may have been built in 1403, while the +nave was not erected till after 1450.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1105" style="width: 405px;"> +<p id="fig_1106"></p> +<a href="images/ill_pg_188.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_188.jpg" width="405" height="291" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<table summary="none"> +<tr valign="top"><td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1105.</span> +</p> +<p>The Collegiate Church of Dunglass.</p> + +<p>Details of Sedilia.</p> +</td> +<td class="tdspc"> </td> +<td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1106.</span> +</p> +<p>The Collegiate Church of Dunglass.</p> + +<p>Arms of Sir Thomas Home and his Wife in North Transept.</p> +</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<p>Dunglass Church is generally regarded as having been Collegiate. In the +appendix to the <i>Scotichronicon</i>, it is stated that in the reign of +James II. the buildings of Douglas (probably a mistake for Dunglass) +were in progress,<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> and in the <i>Originales Parochiales</i>, Vol. <small>I.</small> p. +153, the following note occurs:—“About the middle of the fifteenth +century a petition regarding the erection of the Parish Church of +Douglas (evidently mistaken for Dunglass) into a Collegiate Church was +presented to the Apostolic See, but though the Pope’s consent seems to +have been obtained, the purpose never was fulfilled.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_189" id="page_189">{189}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="FOWLIS_EASTER_CHURCH_Perthshire92" id="FOWLIS_EASTER_CHURCH_Perthshire92"></a>FOWLIS EASTER CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></h2> + +<p>This edifice, which is one of the best preserved and most interesting of +the minor churches of its date in Scotland, is situated about six miles +north-west from Dundee.</p> + +<p>The lands of Fowlis came into the possession of the family of Gray by +marriage about the year 1397, when the only daughter of the last +Mortimer of Fowlis and Aberdour married Sir Andrew Gray of Broxmouth. He +was the first Lord Gray, and was succeeded by his son Andrew, the second +Lord Gray, and it was doubtless by this Andrew Gray that the church was +built. He died in 1469, and, judging from the style and various features +of the architecture, the building seems to have been erected in his +lifetime. Spottiswoode states that it was built by Sir Andrew Gray of +Fowlis during the reign of James II. (1437-1460), and there is still</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1107" style="width: 485px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_189.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_189.jpg" width="485" height="174" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1107.</span>—Fowlis Easter Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">more conclusive evidence that the church was built by Sir Andrew. He +married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Sir John Wemyss of Rires and +Kincaldrum, and the arms of Gray and Wemyss are carved on the skew +stones of the church. Further, in the <i>Old Statistical Account</i> it is +stated that the “beam which supported the organ loft” bore the +inscription:—“Hoc Templum Structum fuit Anno Millesimo Centesimo +Quadragesimo Secundo ab A. Gray.”</p> + +<p>The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1107">1107</a>) is a simple oblong structure without buttresses +or projections of any kind. It measures about 88 feet long by 28 feet +wide outside the walls. It is built of fine ashlar in large courses of +stone, obtained from the den of Fowlis in the immediate neighbourhood. +The stone is of a bluish-grey colour, and has well stood the test of +time. There are north and south doors (Fig. <a href="#fig_1108">1108</a>) nearly opposite each +other near<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_190" id="page_190">{190}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1108" style="width: 495px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_190-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_190-a.jpg" width="495" height="239" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1108.</span>—Fowlis Easter Church. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the west end, and a priest’s door near the east end, all round arched. +The edifice was divided into a nave and chancel by a rood screen and +loft.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1109"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 207px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_190-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_190-b.jpg" width="207" height="390" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1109.</span>—Fowlis Easter Church.</p> + +<p>Corbels, &c., at Rood Screen.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The corbels for supporting the loft still exist, as shown on the Plan +and in Fig. <a href="#fig_1109">1109</a>. The nave is lighted by a large four light window in +the west gable (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1110">1110</a>), and one narrow lofty pointed window in +the south wall (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1108">1108</a>). There are one upper and one lower window +in the south wall at the rood loft, the lower window pointed and the +other square headed, and immediately to the east, in the south wall, +another narrow and tall pointed window. Between the priest’s door and +the east gable the chancel is emphasised by a large three light +traceried window in the south wall (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1110">1110</a>), and also by a slight +rise in the base, which runs all round the church. There is a small +round window in the east wall fitted with a piece of cast iron tracery, +put in about the beginning of this century. Only one window occurs in +the north wall, viz., at the rood loft, which corresponds to the lower +window on the south side, and is furnished with similar corbels<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_191" id="page_191">{191}</a></span> at each +side, for the support of the rood loft. There is in addition a lower +corbel a few feet west from the window, which was probably the wall rest +of the upper step of the stair leading to the loft. The south-west +doorway (Fig. <a href="#fig_1111">1111</a>) has a very impressive appearance. The jambs and arch +are moulded with two deep and wide hollows, having a filleted round +between, which terminates, like many late Gothic mouldings, on a splayed +base. The round arch is surmounted by a richly carved ogee shaped label, +resting at each side on figures bearing shields, and terminating with a +heraldic display at the top, where on a shield couché are carved the +arms of Lord Gray, namely, a lion rampant, within a bordure</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1110" style="width: 469px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_191.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_191.jpg" width="469" height="316" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<table summary="none"> +<tr valign="top"><td> +<p> +Window in South Wall of chancel. +</p> +</td> +<td class="tdspc"> </td> +<td> +<p> +Window in West End Wall. +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td class="c" colspan="3"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1110.</span>—Fowlis Easter Church.</p> +</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">engrailed, above which is a helmet supported by two lions, and bearing a +swan’s head and neck, with wings elevated for crest. The carving is, +unfortunately, a good deal decayed.</p> + +<p>Adjoining the interior of each of the west doorways is a stoup; that on +the north side is shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1112">1112</a>.</p> + +<p>The ambry or sacrament house stands in the east wall on the north side +of the altar. It is one of the most elaborately carved and sculptured +examples now remaining in Scotland. The sacrament house is well shown in +the drawing by Mr. Robertson (Fig. <a href="#fig_1113">1113</a>). It is 5 feet 6 inches high by +3 feet wide across the cope and base. The opening, which is checked<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_192" id="page_192">{192}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1111" style="width: 507px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_192.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_192.jpg" width="507" height="748" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1111.</span>—Fowlis Easter Church. South-West Doorway.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_193" id="page_193">{193}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">for a door, has an ogee arch with richly carved buttresses on each side. +Above the recess is sculptured a remarkable group (Fig. <a href="#fig_1114">1114</a>). In the +centre is the bust of the Saviour, on a larger scale than the other +figures, holding in His left hand the globe, surmounted by a small +cross—the attribute of sovereignty. On each side is an angel—that on +the right holding the cross, and that on the left the pillar of the +scourging. Both</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1112"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 95px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_193.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_193.jpg" width="95" height="192" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1112.</span></p> + +<p>Fowlis Easter Church.</p> + +<p>Stoup in North Wall.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">have a nimbus, but are without wings. Above the cornice which runs along +the top of the ambry and in the hollow of the roof or cope the +Annunciation is sculptured. The Blessed Virgin stands on one side and +the angel on the other, holding the scroll with the salutation. Between +them is the pot of lilies, and behind the Virgin an open book, +symbolising the prophecies regarding her.</p> + +<p>Above the ambry are seen indications of broken work, as if there had +been something more sculptured above, and in the village, built into one +of the cottages, there is a series of figures (Fig. <a href="#fig_1115">1115</a>), which have +clearly been taken from the church, and which possibly stood over this +ambry. These carvings are just the length required to fit the space, the +panel containing them being 3 feet 1½ inch wide. Mr. Robertson, however, +thinks that these figures formed part of a tomb, and that the broken +remains on the top of the ambry indicate the former existence of some +kind of parapet; but in any view, to bring these figures back to the +church would be a fitting conclusion to the admirable work which has +lately been carried out by the minister, the Rev. Dr. Burr, with the +assistance of Mr. T. S. Robertson, architect.</p> + +<p>The alterations lately effected consisted in removing a partition wall, +which, along with the rood screen, separated the east end of the +building from the part used as the Parish Church, and in removing the +plaster ceiling, which cut across the tracery of the west window, +preparatory to putting on a new open timber roof. The belfry replaces a +nondescript erection of last century. The bell (Fig. <a href="#fig_1116">1116</a>), which is +old, is 14 inches high by 17¼ inches in diameter at the lip, and is +attached to the stock by three canons. The stock is of oak, and, +although bound with iron, is much rent. The bell is very heavy and of +simple but beautiful form. The letters of the inscription seem to have +been formed separately, and fitted round the mould in which the bell was +cast.</p> + +<p>The font (Fig. <a href="#fig_1117">1117</a>) is richly sculptured, but is much mutilated. It is +octagonal in shape, and measures 3 feet high, with a round basin, 20½ +inches wide. In the panels round the basin are sculptured scenes from<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_194" id="page_194">{194}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1113" style="width: 479px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_194.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_194.jpg" width="479" height="770" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1113.</span>—Fowlis Easter Church. Sacrament House.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_195" id="page_195">{195}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">the life of Christ, which are much broken and defaced. The Baptism +occupies one space, and Christ bound with a figure on each side (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1118">1118</a>)</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1114" style="width: 432px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_195-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_195-a.jpg" width="432" height="294" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1114.</span>—Fowlis Easter Church. Sculpture on Ambry.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">is carved on another. The panels also contain the arms of Gray and +Wemyss, with others now obliterated.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1115" style="width: 293px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_195-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_195-b.jpg" width="293" height="171" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1115.</span>—Fowlis Easter Church. Sculpture in Village.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The door of the rood screen is still preserved. It is of dark oak, and +is one of the few examples of pieces of furniture of this description<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_196" id="page_196">{196}</a></span> +remaining in Scotland (Fig. <a href="#fig_1119">1119</a>). It has open work in the upper part, +occupying nearly half the height (see details in Fig. <a href="#fig_1120">1120</a>) and four</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1116" style="width: 490px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_196-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_196-a.jpg" width="490" height="258" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1116.</span>—Fowlis Easter Church. Bell.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">panels below, the lower two having the linen pattern, and the two above +(forming the centre of the door) being decorated with tracery work.</p> + +<p>One of the most remarkable features of this church consists of four +large pre-Reformation paintings on oak panels, two being at present hung +on the east wall and two on the north</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1117" style="width: 463px;"> +<p id="fig_1118"></p> +<a href="images/ill_pg_196-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_196-b.jpg" width="463" height="338" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<table summary="none"> +<tr valign="top"><td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1117.</span>—Fowlis Easter Church. +</p> +<p>Font.</p> +</td> +<td class="tdspc"> </td> +<td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1118.</span>—Fowlis Easter Church. +</p> +<p>Carvings on Font.</p> +</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_197" id="page_197">{197}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1119" style="width: 283px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_197.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_197.jpg" width="283" height="749" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1119.</span>—Fowlis Easter Church. Half of Door of Rood +Screen.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_198" id="page_198">{198}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">wall.<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> The two on the east wall are in much the better state of +preservation. The upper picture represents our Saviour on the Cross, the +soldier on horseback on his right thrusting the spear into his side, and +numerous</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1120"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 273px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_198.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_198.jpg" width="273" height="514" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1120.</span>—Fowlis Easter Church.</p> + +<p>Details of Upper Part of Rood Screen.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">other figures on both right and left. The lower consists of eleven +panels, each representing a saint, some male and some female. The tenth +panel has near the foot the Gray shield in colours. On the north wall +the upper painting has the middle part entirely rubbed off, and also, to +a considerable extent, the central part of the upper division; but what +remains shows a large head and shoulders, surrounded with a glory. +Probably this part of the picture was a representation of the Trinity. +To the right of this is a female saint with a sword piercing a king’s +head; at her feet and behind her there probably was another figure, now +wanting, to balance the two figures on the left, namely, John the +Baptist, holding the lamb in his arms, and behind him the Virgin and +Child. The lower division has in the centre a representation of the +entombment, with three figures on either side. The panels of the other +picture are not in their correct places, but they represent some figures +on horseback, and others on foot—subject uncertain.</p> + +<p>As already mentioned, the skew putts contain arms. These are as follow, +viz.:<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_199" id="page_199">{199}</a></span>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>S.W. Wemyss of Reres 1st and 4th lion rampant, 2nd and 3rd a bend.</p> + +<p>S.E. A lion rampant within a bordure engrailed for Gray, impaling +the dexter half of the foregoing arms, namely, 1st a lion rampant, +3rd a bend.</p> + +<p>N.E. Scotland, lion rampant within a double tressure flory counter +flory.</p> + +<p>N.W. Lion rampant; for what family is uncertain.</p></div> + +<h2><a name="COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_ST_SALVATOR_ST_ANDREWS_Fifeshire" id="COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_ST_SALVATOR_ST_ANDREWS_Fifeshire"></a>COLLEGIATE CHURCH OF ST. SALVATOR, ST. ANDREWS, <span class="smcap">Fifeshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The College of St. Salvator was founded and endowed by Bishop Kennedy, +in 1456, for a provost and prebendaries. This bishop was distinguished +for his liberality to the Church. He also founded and endowed a +Franciscan Monastery in St. Andrews, which has now entirely disappeared.</p> + +<p>The Church of St. Salvator is the only portion of the college buildings +which still survives. It is now attached to the united colleges of St. +Leonard’s and St. Salvator, which form the existing University of</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1121" style="width: 531px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_199.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_199.jpg" width="531" height="225" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1121.</span>—Collegiate Church of St. Salvator. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>St. Andrews, and the other buildings of which are modern. The church +bears the marks of the period when it was erected, the latter half of +the fifteenth century. It consists (Fig. <a href="#fig_1121">1121</a>) of a single oblong +chamber about 107 feet long and 28 feet wide internally, with a +three-sided apse at the east end. There are now no windows in the north +and west walls, but the south wall is divided by buttresses into seven +bays, with a large pointed window in each, which, together with the +three windows of the eastern apse, sufficiently light the church. The +central window of the apse is larger than the others. The tracery in the +windows is modern. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_200" id="page_200">{200}</a></span> buttresses between the bays are bold and +effective (Fig. <a href="#fig_1122">1122</a>), having a broad moulded base and being enriched +with canopied niches for statues on their face. The canopies on the +buttresses next the apse are placed</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1122" style="width: 532px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_200.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_200.jpg" width="532" height="596" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1122.</span>—Collegiate Church of St. Salvator. View from +South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">facing one another on the angle of the buttress instead of on the face, +an arrangement not easily explained. The buttresses are now finished on +top with gabled pinnacles, but these are a modern restoration. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_201" id="page_201">{201}</a></span> +original pinnacles were, doubtless, of the late and rather stunted +character usual at the period, of which one specimen survives, at the +north-east</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1123" style="width: 529px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_201.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_201.jpg" width="529" height="680" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1123.</span>—Collegiate Church of St. Salvator. South-West +Porch.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_202" id="page_202">{202}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">angle of St. Salvator’s, where, however, it is little seen. Between two +of the buttresses, near the south-west corner, a porch is introduced +under the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1124" style="width: 525px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_202.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_202.jpg" width="525" height="609" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1124.</span>—Collegiate Church of St. Salvator. View from +South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">window (Fig. <a href="#fig_1123">1123</a>), the buttresses being slightly extended beyond the +others to receive it. The porch is roofed with groined vaulting, and has +a stone bench on each side, and a canopied niche on each side of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_203" id="page_203">{203}</a></span> +wide entrance arch. A shield at the apex bore the arms and mitre of +Bishop Kennedy. The doorway within the porch has a three-sided head or +arch, and the north door opposite it has a similar top.</p> + +<p>The tower at the south-west angle of the church is of the usual plain +unbuttressed form (Fig. <a href="#fig_1124">1124</a>) common at the period in Scotland. On the +ground floor it contains the gateway to the college. Over the outer +archway are the arms of Bishop Kennedy in a cusped panel (Fig. <a href="#fig_1125">1125</a>), +having a canopied niche on each side. Over this the tower rises to the +string course under the belfry story, with no features but small loops +in the wall. The belfry story has a lofty double window on each of its +four sides.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1125"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 230px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_203.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_203.jpg" width="230" height="336" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1125.</span>—Collegiate Church of St. Salvator.</p> + +<p>Bishop Kennedy’s Arms in Tower.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>These windows are pointed and cusped, and a broad cusped transome +divides them in their height. The angles of this story are splayed, and +it is finished with a new plain parapet resting on a simple corbel +course. The tower is surmounted by an octagonal spire of the stunted +kind common at this time, and with a very marked entasis. It is divided +by two string courses in the height, and has two tiers of lucarnes.</p> + +<p>In the interior of the north wall, close to the apse, stand the remains +of the splendid monument erected by Bishop Kennedy (Fig. <a href="#fig_1126">1126</a>). It forms +in appearance the interior of an apse with five sides, elaborately +carved with minute niches and recesses, and is covered with vaulting +(now broken). This apse is spanned by a moulded and pointed arch carried +on clustered shafts. Beside these, and over the arch, there is a +succession of niches and figures, interspersed with tall much subdivided +windows. Unfortunately this monument was greatly damaged by the fall of +the roof, which occurred last century. According to tradition six +splendid silver maces were found within the tomb, one of which is +preserved in the college, and the others were distributed amongst the +other Scottish universities. But it has been shown by Mr. Alex. J. S. +Brooke, F.S.A. Scot., in a paper read before the Society of Antiquaries +of Scotland (see <i>Proceedings</i>, 1892, in which these and other Scottish +maces are fully illustrated), that this tradition is erroneous, and that +the maces of Glasgow,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_204" id="page_204">{204}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1126" style="width: 491px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_204.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_204.jpg" width="491" height="767" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1126.</span>—Collegiate Church of St. Salvator. Monument +of Bishop Kennedy.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_205" id="page_205">{205}</a></span></p> + +<p>Aberdeen, and Edinburgh Universities are of different dates, and were +made expressly for these universities. The three maces belonging to St. +Andrews are:—1, The mace of the Faculty of Arts; 2, the mace of the +Faculty of Canon Law, now the Theological Faculty; and 3, the mace of +St. Salvator’s College—all of St. Andrews. No. 1 has a beautiful knop +or head of tabernacle work, in three stages. It probably dates from +early in the fifteenth century, and is of French workmanship. No. 2 is +of a somewhat similar design, but is probably of Scottish manufacture. +No. 3 is the most beautiful of the three St. Andrews maces. It bears the +arms and initials of Bishop Kennedy, and the knop is of elaborate +tabernacle work, containing allegorical and other figures. The style of +workmanship of the mace of St. Leonard’s, which is still preserved at +the College, corresponds with that of the tomb. The inscription on the +mace states that it was made in Paris, by John Maiel, in the year 1461. +It seems not improbable that the tomb was also designed in France. To +the right of the monument there is a very effectively designed sacrament +house, having the royal arms, and those of Bishop Kennedy above it. The +shield of the latter, with his mitre, is also seen to the left of the +monument. This sacrament house is somewhat earlier in date than several +others given below, and is of superior design. In this case the pyx, +supported by two angels, is carved on the corbel beneath. Shafts, with +cap and base on each side of the ambry, support a pointed arch above, +ornamented with crockets and finial. A crocketed pinnacle encloses the +composition on each side. The whole design is good and is well carried +out.</p> + +<h2><a name="THE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_DALKEITH_Mid-Lothian" id="THE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_DALKEITH_Mid-Lothian"></a>THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH OF DALKEITH, <span class="smcap">Mid-Lothian</span>.</h2> + +<p>The town of Dalkeith stands between the rivers North and South Esk, +about six miles south from Edinburgh. A church dedicated to St. Nicholas +existed here from an early period. It was raised into a collegiate +church in the fifteenth century, and since the Reformation has been the +church of the parish.</p> + +<p>This church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1127">1127</a>) consults of a nave of three bays with aisles, +and a western tower, north and south transepts, and an aisleless choir +of three bays, with an eastern apse. The western part of the church and +a portion of the choir extending as far as the south doorway (at which +point a wall has been erected across the building, as indicated by +dotted lines) are used as the Parish Church. About 1854 this church +underwent a thorough restoration. Much of the interest attached to it as +an ancient building was thus effaced, but the original plan has not been +greatly altered. The appearance of the building before the above date is +shown by Fig. <a href="#fig_1128">1128</a>, which is reproduced from a drawing in the Hutton +Collection in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_206" id="page_206">{206}</a></span> Advocates’ Library.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> The steeple shown in this +view is said to have been built in 1762.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> It resembles somewhat the +old steeple of Glasgow College,<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> and is much more likely to have been +built, as the latter was, in the seventeenth century than in the +eighteenth. The tower was probably repaired at the latter date, when, as +we are informed, the church itself was so treated. The walls of the +tower, where they have been left unrestored, and the staircase turret +adjoining are undoubtedly older than the eighteenth century.</p> + +<p>The eastern portion of the choir (Fig. <a href="#fig_1129">1129</a>) has stood for centuries in +a roofless and ruinous condition. It has originally been vaulted, +probably with a pointed barrel vault supporting a stone roof. As much</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1127" style="width: 524px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_206.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_206.jpg" width="524" height="290" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1127.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Dalkeith. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">of the vault remains (Fig. <a href="#fig_1130">1130</a>) as is self-supporting, and has on the +surface and in the angles of the apse moulded ribs at intervals +springing from corbels. The east end terminates in an apse of three +bays, in each of which, and in the bays of the south wall, are windows +of three lights, filled with plain looped tracery. The windows of the +apse have been partially built up (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1129">1129</a>). The apse windows are +built at the same level as the other windows, thus leaving a great +height of plain wall above them. This height of wall over the windows +was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_207" id="page_207">{207}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1128" style="width: 770px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_207.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_207.jpg" width="770" height="508" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1128.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Dalkeith. View from +South-East. (From a Drawing by Charles Sanderson in the Hutton +Collection in the Advocates’ Library.)</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_208" id="page_208">{208}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">rendered unavoidable by the barrel vault of the interior, which required +the arches of the windows to be kept below the springing of the main +vault, as may be observed at Ladykirk, Seton Church, and elsewhere. In +the churches of Linlithgow and Stirling the central window of the apse +is larger than the others, but in those cases the vaulting is different, +and allows greater height for the windows. The parapet above the walls +of the choir is plain and rests on a string course, which has been +carved with foliage. The doorway in the south side (Fig. <a href="#fig_1131">1131</a>) is round +arched, and in the freedom of the treatment of its details very much +resembles what is found in the neighbouring Church of Rosslyn.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1129" style="width: 529px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_208.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_208.jpg" width="529" height="335" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1129.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Dalkeith. The +Eastern Apse.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The buttresses (Fig. <a href="#fig_1132">1132</a>), like those of Rosslyn, are massive, and +although they have five or six stages, they do not recede at these +stages till the wall head is nearly reached, where they are finished +with a gablet beneath which a large gargoyle is projected. The +buttresses were crowned with square pinnacles, finished with crockets +and finials, only two of which now remain, in a very ruinous state. They +have been carefully wrought on the inside, so as to adjust themselves to +the sloping flanks of the stone roof, the water from which was conveyed +through the buttresses by the projecting gargoyles to the ground. There +is a canopied niche on the face of all the buttresses, as well as those +on each side of the south doorway.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_209" id="page_209">{209}</a></span></p> + +<p>A monument in the choir (Fig. <a href="#fig_1133">1133</a>) contains two recumbent figures, a +husband and wife side by side. The effigies (Fig. <a href="#fig_1134">1134</a>) are not +recessed, as is frequently the case in an arched tomb in the wall, but +lie in the open church where shown on the ground Plan, and they appear +to be</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1130" style="width: 528px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_209.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_209.jpg" width="528" height="633" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1130.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Dalkeith. Interior +of Apse.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_210" id="page_210">{210}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">in their original position. From the heraldic coats on the monument (see +Fig. <a href="#fig_1133">1133</a>) it is obvious that the knight was a Douglas, and that the +lady was of royal descent. On a lozenge at the head of the knight are +the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1131" style="width: 514px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_210.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_210.jpg" width="514" height="650" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1131.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Dalkeith. South +Doorway.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_211" id="page_211">{211}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">arms of Douglas of Dalkeith, viz., two stars on a chief. And on a +similar lozenge at the head of the lady are the same arms impaled with +those of Scotland (Fig. <a href="#fig_1135">1135</a>). The same arms are also repeated at the +sides of</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1132" style="width: 524px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_211.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_211.jpg" width="524" height="655" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1132.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Dalkeith. North-East +Side of Apse.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_212" id="page_212">{212}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">the monument (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1133">1133</a>), with what appear like coronets above them, +from which Mr. James Drummond<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> gives it as his opinion that the +persons represented are James, 4th Lord of Dalkeith, who was created +Earl of Morton in 1457, and his wife Johan, third daughter of King James +I. The former died about 1498. Mr. Drummond supposes the lady survived +her husband, but the Lady Johanna must have died before the year +1490.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> The facts on which that view is founded are the presence of +the royal and Douglas arms impaled, and “the male figure being +sculptured with an earl’s coronet, to which none of the previous lords +of Dalkeith had a right, although they were allied to royalty.”<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1133" style="width: 458px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_212.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_212.jpg" width="458" height="319" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1133.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Dalkeith. Monument +in Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The monument is in a very dilapidated condition, the base and lower half +of the pedestal being buried in earth and rubbish, the accumulation of +centuries. The arms on the pedestal (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1133">1133</a>) are the same as +those already referred to as carved at the heads of the figures. They +are repeated on the opposite side of the pedestal, but in inverse order. +The canopied work along the top of the pedestal is similar to what is +seen surmounting a fragment of royal arms at Dunfermline (see Fig. 218), +which fragment may also have been part of a tomb.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_213" id="page_213">{213}</a></span></p> + +<p>The precise date of the founding of the Chapel of St. Nicholas does not +appear to be known, but since 1372, when Robert II. granted a licence to +James of Douglas to endow a chaplainry therein, frequent notices of it +appear.<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></p> + +<p>In 1390 Sir James Douglas, first Lord of Dalkeith (already referred to), +“bequeathed, besides a cup and a missal, a sum of money for the +reparation and roofing of the Chapel of St. Nicholas at Dalkeith;” and +by another</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1134" style="width: 398px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_213.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_213.jpg" width="398" height="436" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 1134.—The Collegiate Church of Dalkeith. Effigies +on Monument in Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">deed two years later, “he assigns the residue of his goods to the fabric +and ornament of the said chapel,”<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> and for other purposes. Before +his death, in 1420, he raised the chapel to the rank of a Collegiate +Church, and is supposed to have finished the building, endowing it with +“stipends and manses for a provest and five prebendaries, as perpetual +chaplains.”<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_214" id="page_214">{214}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">In 1467 St. Nicholas was disjoined from Lasswade, and +Dalkeith was made a separate parish, and in 1477 the church was enlarged +by the</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1135"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 261px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_214.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_214.jpg" width="261" height="250" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1135.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Dalkeith.</p> + +<p>Shield at Head of Lady.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">addition of three canonries, endowed by the Earl of Morton. At the +Reformation, St. Nicholas’ was settled as the Presbyterian church of the +parish.</p> + +<p>In 1686 the minister reported the church to be ruinous, and the +Presbytery ordered it to be made wind and water tight.</p> + +<p>On the north side of the church there is a vault occupied as the funeral +vault of the Buccleuch family.</p> + +<h2><a name="ST_MUNGOS_CHURCH_BORTHWICK_Mid-Lothian" id="ST_MUNGOS_CHURCH_BORTHWICK_Mid-Lothian"></a>ST. MUNGO’S CHURCH, BORTHWICK, <span class="smcap">Mid-Lothian</span>.</h2> + +<p>This church is situated near the well known castle of the same name in +the south-east part of the county, and about nine miles from Edinburgh. +With the exception of the south aisle or chapel, the church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1136">1136</a>) +was entirely rebuilt about forty years ago.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> To judge from what of +the old plan can now be made out, the structure has originally been a +Norman one, with aisleless nave and choir, and a circular eastern apse. +The reconstruction of the edifice included that of the apse and the +south wall of the chancel, which, although not entirely new, are yet +practically so, none of the ancient architectural features being left, +but only, at most, some of the walling. The apse is about 16 feet wide +by about 10 feet 6 inches deep, and was lighted by three narrow widely +splayed windows. The chancel was about 16 feet 6 inches long by 22 feet +wide. The south wall contained two windows, and apparently a piscina, +but all these features have disappeared, as well as the more important +arches which formed the entrance to the chancel and the apse.</p> + +<p>A south aisle or chapel (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1136">1136</a>) has been added to the church. It +is entire and is a good example of Scottish Gothic of the latter half of +the fifteenth century, having in all probability been built about the +same<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_215" id="page_215">{215}</a></span> time as the castle, the licence for the erection of which is dated +1430. William de Borthwick, a man of some eminence, was created Lord +Borthwick shortly before that date, and the aisle is believed to have +been erected by him. This aisle is vaulted with a pointed barrel vault, +covered on the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1136" style="width: 515px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_215.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_215.jpg" width="515" height="568" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1136.</span>—St. Mungo’s Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">outside with a stone roof (Fig. <a href="#fig_1137">1137</a>), to resist the thrusts of which +massive buttresses are provided. The roof consists of overlapping stone +flags, carefully wrought, and the cornice at the wall head (Fig. <a href="#fig_1138">1138</a>) +is ornamented with carved heads and leaves alternately. The chapel +contains in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_216" id="page_216">{216}</a></span> south wall a recess for a monument, and the remains of +two piscinas and a locker in the south and west walls. There is a small +pointed window in</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1137" style="width: 491px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_216-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_216-a.jpg" width="491" height="396" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1137.</span>—St. Mungo’s Church. South Aisle, from +South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the west side, and a larger one in the south end. The tracery of the +latter is probably modern, as is the west doorway. The wide arch which</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1138"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 336px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_216-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_216-b.jpg" width="336" height="135" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1138.</span>—St. Mungo’s Church. Cornice of Aisle.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">formerly opened into the church has been built up.</p> + +<p>A stately monument (Fig. <a href="#fig_1139">1139</a>), containing two recumbent figures, is +built against the east wall of the aisle. The statues are supposed to be +those of the founder of the castle and the aisle, the first Lord +Borthwick and his wife, who was a Douglas. The monument is not now in +its original position. Before the time of the rebuilding<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_217" id="page_217">{217}</a></span> it stood in +the inside of the wall of the apse, and it was then removed and placed +in its present position, where it has apparently suffered from</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1139" style="width: 508px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_217.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_217.jpg" width="508" height="616" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1139.</span>—St. Mungo’s Church. Monument of Lord +Borthwick and his Wife.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">over restoration. The effigies, which are remarkably well preserved, +have been entirely coloured, and considerable traces of the colour still +remain. The length of the arched recess in which the figures lie<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_218" id="page_218">{218}</a></span> is 7 +feet, and the depth of the recess 3 feet 8½ inches. The height to the +arched recess is about 3 feet 6½ inches, and the total height of the +monument is 10 feet 3 inches, and the width over the buttresses 8 feet +11 inches. The design is of a usual form, and the enrichments indicate a +late date in the fifteenth century.</p> + +<p>The Church of Borthwick was annexed by Chancellor Crichton to his newly +erected College of Crichton. After the Reformation Borthwick was united +to Heriot and Stow, and served by a reader, but in 1596 James VI. +erected it into a separate parish. In 1606 the kirk-session complained +that the church was falling into ruin for want of proper repair. +Commissioners from the Presbytery met the complainers, and after +deliberation they refused to “stent” themselves for the repair of the +church, but offered instead to sell the vestry (see Plan) “as a family +burial-place to any gentleman who would pay such a price as would enable +them to repair the choir.”<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> An offer of the building was made to Sir +James Dundas of Arniston, who ultimately purchased it, and with the +money thus raised the church appears to have been repaired in a rough +fashion. The chancel arch was built up and a gable wall erected above +it, which thus became the east end of the church, and the apse was left +outside. A gallery was then placed against the east gable. The structure +remained in this condition till 1780, when it was destroyed by fire. The +walls which survived the fire are those shown on the Plan (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_1136">1136</a>). The vestry (now the Dundas burial vault) and south aisle, both +having stone roofs, remain comparatively unscathed. The nave and the +north wall of the chancel have entirely disappeared.</p> + +<h2><a name="LADYKIRK_CHURCH_Berwickshire" id="LADYKIRK_CHURCH_Berwickshire"></a>LADYKIRK CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Berwickshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This very complete and almost unaltered church stands on the high north +bank of the river Tweed, nearly opposite Norham Castle. Before the +Reformation the parish consisted of the two parishes of Upsetlington and +Horndene. In 1296 the parson of the former swore fealty to Edward I., +who, while endeavouring to arrange regarding the succession to the crown +of Scotland, adjourned the Scottish Parliament from Brigham in England +to an open field in Upsetlington. The existing church is said to have +been built in 1500, and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin by James IV., in +gratitude for his delivery from being drowned by a sudden flood of the +river Tweed.</p> + +<p>The structure (Fig. <a href="#fig_1140">1140</a>) is a specially characteristic example of the +Scottish church architecture of the period. It is a triapsidal cross +church, without aisles, having an apsidal termination at the east end of +the chancel and at the north and south ends of the transept. The body +of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_219" id="page_219">{219}</a></span> the church and the transepts are covered with pointed barrel vaults, +with ribs at intervals, springing from small corbels (Fig. <a href="#fig_1141">1141</a>); and +the whole is roofed with overlapping stone flags (Fig. <a href="#fig_1142">1142</a>). The nave +and chancel are 94 feet 6 inches in length by 23 feet 3 inches in width +internally, and the transepts, which are very short, each measures 12 +feet in depth from north to south by 19 feet in width. The side windows +are of considerable width, but being entirely below the springing of the +vault, they are low compared with the height of the church. The side +walls rise greatly above the windows on the exterior, and have a heavy +appearance, while the lofty vaults of the interior render the building +dark. The arches</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1140" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_219.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_219.jpg" width="543" height="323" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1140.</span>—Ladykirk Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">which open from the main church into the transepts (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1141">1141</a>) are +also kept below the springing of the main vault, and are therefore low, +but the windows in the transepts are kept well up. To resist the +pressure of the heavy vaults and roof the walls are well buttressed, and +the buttresses terminate with the somewhat stunted pinnacles in vogue at +the time. It will be noticed that the overlapping stone roofs are +constructed in three distinct portions, viz., one roof extending over +the whole of the nave and chancel, and two separate roofs over each +transept. The roofs and vaults of each of the transepts terminate +against a gable raised on the side walls of the main part of the church, +and the transepts are entered by low arches, on which these gables +rest.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_220" id="page_220">{220}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1141" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_220.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_220.jpg" width="543" height="706" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1141.</span>—Ladykirk Church. Interior, looking East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_221" id="page_221">{221}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1142" style="width: 774px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_221.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_221.jpg" width="774" height="425" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1142.</span>—Ladykirk Church. View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_222" id="page_222">{222}</a></span></p> + +<p>Both the interior and exterior of the church are quite plain, especially +the former, in which there is no attempt at ornament of any kind. As +regards the exterior, the buttresses with their pinnacles, and the +windows with their simple tracery, give a pleasing effect, especially as +seen from the east (Fig. <a href="#fig_1143">1143</a>).</p> + +<p>Perhaps the most striking feature of the exterior is the elliptic form +of the arches over the side windows of the nave and choir (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_1142">1142</a>). This peculiar form has evidently resulted from the desire to make +these windows as wide as possible, so as to admit light. But as all the +window</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1143" style="width: 524px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_222.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_222.jpg" width="524" height="389" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1143.</span>—Ladykirk Church. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">arches required to be kept below the springing of the vaults, the +interior is but imperfectly lighted. There are three doorways in the +building—the south-west door in the nave, the priest’s door in the +chancel, and a door in the south transept. These are all semicircular in +the arch-head, as is common in Scottish examples. That in the south +transept is now built up.</p> + +<p>The tower at the west end is 14 feet square externally. The lower part +is of the same date as the church, and has the base courses returning +round it. The upper part has been rebuilt. The doorway to the tower is +from the outside.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_223" id="page_223">{223}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="SETON_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire" id="SETON_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire"></a>SETON COLLEGIATE CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Haddingtonshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A disused edifice situated in the private grounds of Seton Castle, about +two miles east from Prestonpans Railway Station. The parish of Seton +having been joined to that of Tranent in 1580, service in the church has +from that time been abandoned.</p> + +<p>There was a church here from an early date. It is rated in the ancient +Taxatio at 18 merks. In a MS. pedigree of the family of Seton, by +Maitland of Lethington, quoted by Grose,<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> it is stated that Sir +Alex. Seton, in the time of David <small>II.</small>, was buried in the Parish Church +of Seton. Also that Katherine Sinclair, wife of William, first Lord +Seton, about 1390, “Biggit ane yle on the south side of the Paroch Kirk +of Seton of fine estlar, pendit and theikit it with stane, with ane +sepulchar thairin quhair she lies.” Her son John (died 1441) was buried +in this aisle.</p> + +<p>George, the second Lord Seton, in 1493, made the church collegiate. He +built the sacristy and covered it with stone in the reign of James IV. +He died in 1507, and was buried near the high altar.</p> + +<p>George, the third Lord Seton, who was slain at Flodden, “Theickit the +Queir of Seton with stane.” Jane Hepburne, his widow, after his decease, +“Biggit the forewark of Seton above the zit, and also she biggit the +northomoss yll of the College Kirk of Seton and took down the yll biggit +be Dame Katherine Sinclair on the south side of it, the said college +kirk, because the syde of it stood to the syde of the kirk, to mack it a +parfecte and a proper cornet and a cross kirk and biggit up the steeple +as ye see it now to ane grit hight swa that it wants little of +compleiting.” This lady also presented the church with many ornaments of +silver and rich vestments.</p> + +<p>From the above quotations it would appear that the parish church existed +in the fourteenth century. This church was probably rebuilt towards the +end of the fifteenth century, and was added to by the second Lord Seton +when he made the church collegiate in 1493, and completed by the third +Lord Seton. The transepts and tower and spire would appear to have been +erected by the Dowager Lady Seton in the sixteenth century, after her +husband’s death at the Battle of Flodden.</p> + +<p>The collegiate foundation consisted of a provost, six prebendaries, one +clerk, and two singing boys. The edifice has undoubtedly been rebuilt or +restored at the date of its being made collegiate. It corresponds in +style with the numerous collegiate foundations established in the +fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The eastern apsidal termination, the +stone roof supported on a pointed barrel vault, and other details point +to its date<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_224" id="page_224">{224}</a></span> and associate it with the other collegiate churches of +Scotland erected in the fifteenth century.</p> + +<p>In 1544 the structure suffered much at the hands of the English +invaders, who carried off the organ and bells, and burnt the timber +work.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1144" style="width: 535px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_224.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_224.jpg" width="535" height="531" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1144.</span>—Seton Collegiate Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The stone roof of the choir was removed at some period. The masonry, +however, survived, and the edifice has now been roofed in and properly +defended from the weather by the late Lord Wemyss, who, along with his +Countess, is buried in the choir. The broken tracery of the windows has +been renewed by the present Lord Wemyss. The church was designed<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_225" id="page_225">{225}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1145" style="width: 738px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_225.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_225.jpg" width="738" height="486" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1145.</span>—Seton Collegiate Church. View from +South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_226" id="page_226">{226}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">as a complete cross without aisles, and with a central tower and spire +over the intersection, but the nave has never been built. The portions +erected (Fig. <a href="#fig_1144">1144</a>) consist of the choir (with its three-sided apsidal +east end), a north sacristy, a north and south transept, and a central +tower and spire over the crossing. The choir is 53 feet in length by 22 +feet in width internally. The exterior (Fig. <a href="#fig_1145">1145</a>) is divided into three +bays, separated by buttresses. There is a round-headed doorway in the +central bay of the south wall, with a panel containing a coat of arms in +the upper part of the wall, and mullioned windows in the other bays +(including the apse), except that in the north wall at the part where +the sacristy is built. The arched heads are all filled with tracery of a +simple character and of</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1146" style="width: 514px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_226.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_226.jpg" width="514" height="288" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1146.</span>—Seton Collegiate Church. Corbels on +Buttresses.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">a pattern common in third pointed work. The buttresses are of good +substantial form, and each is crowned with a square, but rather stunted, +pinnacle, the enriched pyramidal tops of nearly all of them being +wanting. A carved corbel and canopy are placed on the face of each +buttress to receive a statue, but they are now all empty. Fig. <a href="#fig_1146">1146</a> +shows two of these corbels, one containing the Seton arms. The cornice +of the choir is enriched with flower ornaments.</p> + +<p>The interior of the choir (Fig. <a href="#fig_1147">1147</a>) is extremely simple. It is roofed +with a pointed barrel vault, the surface of which, towards the east end, +is ornamented with moulded ribs. These ribs spring from corbels in each +angle of the apse and in the side walls, and extend to nearly the +centre<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_227" id="page_227">{227}</a></span> of the choir, where they cease, leaving the remainder of the +vault plain. The idea has apparently been, by the introduction of these +ribs, to make the presbytery somewhat ornamental. The windows, being +below the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1147" style="width: 519px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_227.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_227.jpg" width="519" height="657" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1147.</span>—Seton Collegiate Church. Choir, looking +East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_228" id="page_228">{228}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">springing of the vault, are necessarily low, and the vault is in +consequence dark. There are a plain sedilia, with elliptic arch, and an +ornate piscina (Fig. <a href="#fig_1148">1148</a>) at the east end of the south wall. Opposite +them in the north wall a monument (Fig. <a href="#fig_1149">1149</a>) under the north-east +window contains, in an arched recess, an effigy, probably that of the +second Lord Seton, who erected the church into a college. The choir is +now roofed with wood and slates above the vault, but it was no doubt +originally</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1148"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 176px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_228.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_228.jpg" width="176" height="428" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1148.</span></p> + +<p>Seton Collegiate Church.</p> + +<p>Piscina in Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">covered with a roof of overlapping stone slabs. The door to the sacristy +is opposite that in the south wall. The sacristy is about 14 feet by 12 +feet. It has a plain barrel vault, which supports an upper story, of +which the window is visible (Fig. <a href="#fig_1150">1150</a>), but there is no apparent means +of access to it. The building has a roof of overlapping stone flags. The +sacristy has one small eastern window, with a piscina near it, and a +fireplace. In the angle next the apse there is a squint commanding a +view of the altar.</p> + +<p>The tower is 25 feet square. On the ground level there are arched +openings 9 feet 6 inches wide (Fig. <a href="#fig_1151">1151</a>) towards the choir and each +transept, and also in the west wall towards the intended nave, the +latter being built up. The stair turret is placed at the south-east +angle, and partly projects into the south transept (Fig. <a href="#fig_1152">1152</a>). It is +also visible on the exterior (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1145">1145</a>). The tower is carried up +over the crossing one story in height above the roof, and is crowned +with a broach-spire, the top of which is unfinished. This is one of the +very few examples of broach-spires in Scotland. The ground floor over +the crossing is groin vaulted, and has a circular opening in the centre.</p> + +<p>The transepts are each about 27 feet long by 18 feet wide, and each is +divided into two bays, with buttresses, pinnacles, and traceried +windows, similar to those of the choir. These traceries were all much +damaged, but they have been repaired by Lord Wemyss. The vaulting (see +Figs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_229" id="page_229">{229}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1149" style="width: 448px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_229.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_229.jpg" width="448" height="703" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1149.</span>—Seton Collegiate Church. Monument under +North-East Window.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_230" id="page_230">{230}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1150" style="width: 730px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_230.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_230.jpg" width="730" height="511" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1150.</span>—Seton Collegiate Church. View from +North-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_231" id="page_231">{231}</a></span></p> + +<p>1151 and 1152) is of the pointed barrel kind, similar to that of the +choir, but without ribs, and supports a roof composed of overlapping +stone flags</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1151" style="width: 511px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_231.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_231.jpg" width="511" height="651" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1151.</span>—Seton Collegiate Church. Transept, looking +South.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_232" id="page_232">{232}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1152" style="width: 535px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_232.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_232.jpg" width="535" height="748" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1152.</span>—Seton Collegiate Church. View from South +Transept, looking North.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_233" id="page_233">{233}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">(see Figs. <a href="#fig_1145">1145</a> and <a href="#fig_1150">1150</a>)). The north and south end windows of the +transepts (Fig. <a href="#fig_1153">1153</a>) are peculiar. They are of considerable size, and</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1153" style="width: 526px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_233.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_233.jpg" width="526" height="574" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1153.</span>—Seton Collegiate Church. Transept, from +South.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">each is divided into two compartments by a large stone mullion built in +courses, each compartment being filled with smaller tracery. Several +examples of this mode of treating large windows about this period may<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_234" id="page_234">{234}</a></span> +be mentioned, such as King’s College, Aberdeen; Haddington Church, &c. +There is an arched recess under the two large end windows of the north +and south transepts (see Figs. <a href="#fig_1151">1151</a> and <a href="#fig_1152">1152</a>)), which perhaps at one time +contained monuments. A piscina occurs in the east wall of the south +transept (Fig. <a href="#fig_1154">1154</a>), and another, supported on three heads, on the +north-west pier of the tower. Other monuments in the Renaissance</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1154" style="width: 321px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_234.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_234.jpg" width="321" height="441" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1154.</span>—Seton Collegiate Church. Piscina in South +Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">style have been erected against the east walls of the transepts (see +Fig. <a href="#fig_1151">1151</a>). An octagonal font (Fig. <a href="#fig_1155">1155</a>), carved with shields bearing +the Seton and other arms, is placed in a temporary manner in the +crossing.</p> + +<p>From the history of the structure it would appear, as above mentioned, +that the transept and tower were erected by Jane Hepburne (Lady Seton) +in the sixteenth century. The style of the transept is<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_235" id="page_235">{235}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1155" style="width: 481px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_235.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_235.jpg" width="481" height="305" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1155.</span>—Seton Collegiate Church. Font at Crossing.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">evidently later than that of the choir, but the details of the +buttresses have been copied in the later part of the structure from +those of the earlier part.</p> + +<h2><a name="THE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_ARBUTHNOTT_Kincardineshire" id="THE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_ARBUTHNOTT_Kincardineshire"></a>THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH OF ARBUTHNOTT, <span class="smcap">Kincardineshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This church, which is dedicated to St. Ternan, is situated about three +or four miles from Bervie, and not far from the old mansion of +Arbuthnott. It is an exceedingly interesting and picturesque structure, +and contains work of three distinct periods, representing different +phases of Scottish ecclesiastical architecture. There is first the +chancel (Fig. <a href="#fig_1156">1156</a>), dedicated by Bishop Bernham in 1242, and possibly +the nave may also be in part of the same period. Then there is the very +striking south wing or aisle, which is known, from the Arbuthnott +Missal, to have been built by Sir Robert Arbuthnott in the end of the +fifteenth century. This aisle (Fig. <a href="#fig_1157">1157</a>), which is two stories in +height, is a remarkable example of the style with which we are familiar +in the collegiate and other churches of the period. In the third place, +the quaint west end (Fig. <a href="#fig_1158">1158</a>) represents an example of the application +to an ecclesiastical structure of features of the domestic architecture +of the country, of which there are so many examples<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_236" id="page_236">{236}</a></span> throughout +Scotland. In February 1889 “the nave, then the only part in use, was +burned, and the fire destroyed a partition which cut off the chancel.” +None of the structural features of the church suffered any damage, and +the chancel and the south aisle, having little or nothing in their +construction of a combustible nature, escaped altogether. The church has +been well restored by Mr. A. M. Mackenzie, architect, Aberdeen,<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> a +new roof having been placed on the nave and chancel, and suitable new +fittings and furniture introduced. The three windows in the east wall of +the chancel have been renewed, exactly after the remains of the original +ones.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1156" style="width: 505px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_236.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_236.jpg" width="505" height="273" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1156.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Arbuthnott. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The nave, which measures internally about 60 feet 6 inches long by 18 +feet wide, has a north and south round-arched doorway, with a bead +moulding on the angles. These doorways are, perhaps, of the sixteenth +century. The three windows on the south side have centre mullions, and +are finished with straight lintels (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1157">1157</a>); and, although +renewed, they represent the original arrangement. Besides these there +are two small windows in the west gable (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1158">1158</a>). A stoup in the +wall inside adjoins the south door.</p> + +<p>The chancel arch is about 12 feet wide by 13 feet high. It has a double +splay on each side, and is acutely pointed. The chancel is about 26 feet +5 inches long by 15 feet 6 inches wide. The total internal<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_237" id="page_237">{237}</a></span> length of +the church is 90 feet. There is a small north doorway in the chancel, +which was evidently not meant to lead to the outside, but to a</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1157" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_237.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_237.jpg" width="543" height="596" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1157.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Arbuthnott. South +Aisle.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">sacristy or some such apartment; and projecting tusk stones in the +corner outside the door show that such a building was contemplated. The +chancel (Fig. <a href="#fig_1159">1159</a>) is lighted by small widely splayed windows on each<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_238" id="page_238">{238}</a></span> +side, and three lintelled windows in the east end (Fig. <a href="#fig_1160">1160</a>). Mr. +Mackenzie shows reasons for believing that this gable has been +reconstructed, and that it originally had only two windows in the lower +part, with perhaps some kind of central window at a higher level, +something like what is found at Mortlach. The pointed piscina (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1161">1161</a>) beneath the eastmost south window (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1160">1160</a>) has, as usual, +been mutilated.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1158" style="width: 528px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_238.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_238.jpg" width="528" height="493" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1158.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Arbuthnott. View +from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>To connect the chancel with the Arbuthnott Aisle a round archway (see +Fig. <a href="#fig_1160">1160</a>), 7 feet 8 inches wide, has been cut through the chancel wall. +The details of this arch are shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1162">1162</a>. This chapel or aisle, +which has an apsidal south end, measures about 20 feet 3 inches long by +12 feet 11 inches wide, and has a vaulted stone roof (Fig. <a href="#fig_1163">1163</a>) about +18 feet high, with a semi-octagonal dome over the apse. This<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_239" id="page_239">{239}</a></span> view gives +an idea of the appearance of the interior of the chapel. In front of the +apse windows stands a sarcophagus 6 feet 2 inches long by 2 feet 2 +inches wide, having a rude recumbent figure on the top. It contains the +following arms on the front, beginning at the head, viz., Douglas, +Arbuthnott, Arbuthnott, Stewart; and there appear to be indications that +there have been other shields, now cut away. There is a round arched +entrance door to the aisle on the west side (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1157">1157</a>), with a +stoup beneath the adjoining window on the inside, and in the east wall +are the remains of a credence. A turret staircase</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1159" style="width: 454px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_239.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_239.jpg" width="454" height="364" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1159.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Arbuthnott. View +from North-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">(see Fig. <a href="#fig_1157">1157</a>) gives access from the aisle to a priest’s chamber on the +upper floor, which Bishop Forbes, believing it to have been the place +where the Missal referred to below was written, describes at some +length.<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> It had a strong door, which folded back into a recess. The +room is of the same size and shape as the aisle below, and is lighted +with three windows with square heads, two in the apse, and one (the +largest) looking towards the west (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1157">1157</a>). The latter is +strongly guarded with an iron grating of the usual construction. The +windows are fitted with seats like those commonly found in the castles. +“There is a stoup for holy water at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_240" id="page_240">{240}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1160" style="width: 350px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_240-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_240-a.jpg" width="350" height="302" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1160.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Arbuthnott. Interior +of Chancel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">entrance, and a small ambry, ornamented with a single trefoil, probably +for the reservation of the holy Eucharist.”<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p> + +<p><a id="fig_1161"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 82px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_240-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_240-b.jpg" width="82" height="106" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1161.</span></p> + +<p>The Collegiate Church of Arbuthnott.</p> + +<p>Piscina beneath Eastmost South Window.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The external appearance of this chapel is illustrated in Fig. <a href="#fig_1157">1157</a>, +where the fine angle buttresses of the apse, with their considerable +projection and height (owing to the upper story) and their picturesque +pinnacles, and the stair turret are fully shown. The buttresses have +each an ornamental corbel and canopy for a statue placed on their face, +but without any niche. Fig. <a href="#fig_1164">1164</a> shows one of them with its elaborate +carved work. The very quaint aspect of the whole building looking from +the west is seen in the drawing (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1158">1158</a>). The height of the two +turrets, as shown on Mr. Mackenzie’s geometrical drawings, is the same, +viz., 41 feet 6 inches.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1162"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 179px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_240-c.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_240-c.jpg" width="179" height="111" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1162.</span></p> + +<p>The Collegiate Church of Arbuthnott. Details of Arch to South Aisle.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The Arbuthnott Missal, already referred to, with its two companion +volumes the Psalter and Office of the Blessed Virgin, have been well +described by Mr. William MacGillivray. They were specially written for +the use of this church by the vicar, James Sybbald. The Missal was +finished in the year 1491, and was presented by the writer and the +founder<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_241" id="page_241">{241}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1163" style="width: 526px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_241.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_241.jpg" width="526" height="701" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1163.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Arbuthnott. Interior +of Chancel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_242" id="page_242">{242}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">of the aisle “to the high altar of the pious Bishop St. Ternan.” The +Psalter was finished in 1482, and from internal evidence the last of the +three volumes was probably written a short time before the Psalter.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1164" style="width: 421px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_242.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_242.jpg" width="421" height="538" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1164.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Arbuthnott. Corbel +and Canopy on Buttress.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>From the Register of the Great Seal of date 30th May 1505, it appears +that the chapel was then endowed by Robert Arbuthnott, “James Sybbald, +Vicar of Arbuthnott,” being one of the witnesses. Sir Robert died in +1506, and the vicar in the year following.</p> + +<p>The building adjoining the church, seen in Fig. <a href="#fig_1158">1158</a>, is the old manse.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_243" id="page_243">{243}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="THE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_CRICHTON_Mid-Lothian" id="THE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_CRICHTON_Mid-Lothian"></a>THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH OF CRICHTON, <span class="smcap">Mid-Lothian</span>.</h2> + +<p>This edifice stands on the south side of the valley where the river Tyne +takes its rise, about four miles from Tynehead Railway Station. It is +seen from the railway, together with Crichton Castle, from which it is +only about a quarter of a mile distant.</p> + +<p>The building is still in use as the parish church. It consists (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1165">1165</a>) of a chancel, measuring internally about 44 feet from east to west +by about 24 feet 10 inches in width, a central tower about 24 feet +square,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1165" style="width: 517px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_243.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_243.jpg" width="517" height="358" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1165.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Crichton. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">and north and south transepts, the total length of which, from north to +south, is about 70 feet. The north wall of the nave is erected for a +length of about 16 feet, but of the south wall only a few feet have been +built.</p> + +<p>To adapt the edifice to the Presbyterian system of worship, probably the +very worst plan which could have been devised has been adopted, and is +shown on the Plan by clear lines. The original fabric may be said to +remain, but it is greatly deformed. As the tower opened into the unbuilt +nave it had necessarily to be walled up, and has an entrance doorway +left in the centre. This doorway, which is round arched, seems to be +old,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_244" id="page_244">{244}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1166" style="width: 755px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_244.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_244.jpg" width="755" height="508" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1166.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Crichton. View from +South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_245" id="page_245">{245}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">and was probably brought from a building which appears to have formerly +stood on the north side of the church. Across the interior of the tower +a stone wall has been built to enclose the modern church. The portion of +the tower outside this wall thus forms a vestibule, from which a stair</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1167" style="width: 379px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_245.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_245.jpg" width="379" height="552" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1167.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Crichton. Window on +North Side.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">leads to a west gallery fitted up in the enclosed portion of the tower. +Another door has been slapped through the east wall to the outside, and +an outer stair at the east end leads to an inserted gallery running +across that end. One window and a sacristy or similar building on the +north<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_246" id="page_246">{246}</a></span> side have been done away with, to allow the erection of a passage +for reaching another gallery, which runs along the north side of the +chancel. The north transept has, perhaps, been worst used of all. A wall +has been built between the moulded responds to a height of about 5 feet, +and the whole area of the transept at this level is roofed over to form +a burial vault. The south transept is not utilised in any way except as +a sort of lumber place.</p> + +<p>Instead of this unsuitable and costly arrangement, the area of the +church as it stood would suffice to give more accommodation than is thus +obtained, and that without sacrificing the dignity of the building, as +has been done by the arrangements just described.</p> + +<p>It would appear from a letter by the Rev. John Gourlay, the parish +minister, to General Hutton, dated Crichton, 4th April 1789, that the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1168" style="width: 385px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_246.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_246.jpg" width="385" height="239" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1168.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Crichton. Sedilia.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">tower, with probably the transepts, then sufficed for the congregation. +He says, “There is a high building upon the one end where the bell +hangs, and where divine service was lately performed, but since +considerable reparations were given, it is now again altered to what is +called the quire.”</p> + +<p>The original entrance to the church was on the south side of the chancel +(see Fig. <a href="#fig_1165">1165</a>). It has been partly destroyed and is now built up, but +portions of its moulded jambs can still be seen. The mouldings are of a +common kind, consisting of two beads separated by a hollow. The doorway +has been 3 feet 10 inches wide. Above the doorway a window has been +roughly hacked through the wall, and on the inside of the sill there are +rudely carved the initials P. L., with the date 1729. These are probably +the initials of the worthy who contrived certain of the alterations<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_247" id="page_247">{247}</a></span> +above described. At the same time two small windows have been knocked +through the side walls beneath the original windows on the north and +south sides nearest the east end. One of these is shown in the view Fig. +<a href="#fig_1166">1166</a>, and the other on the north side is shown on the Plan. These +windows have been referred to by Mr. Muir and in the Architectural +Publication Societies Dictionary as examples of lychnoscope or offertory +windows; but undoubtedly they were inserted to give light beneath the +east gallery, and are of no older date than last century. Only one of +the original windows, that on the north side, retains the original +tracery (Fig. <a href="#fig_1167">1167</a>). Indications of the tracery of the transept windows +also still remain. The choir has been divided into three bays by +buttresses, which have the numerous set-offs of the period, and are +finished with the ordinary late pinnacles. The high blank wall over the +windows, which generally</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1169"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 152px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_247.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_247.jpg" width="152" height="213" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1169.</span></p> + +<p>The Collegiate Church of Crichton.</p> + +<p>Arms in West Wall.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">accompanies the pointed barrel vaults, has been in this case lightened +by the introduction of a false parapet (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1166">1166</a>), with enrichments +of square shaped flowers, both in the main cornice and in the upper +cornice, which represents the cope of the parapet. But here there is no +parapet wall, the eaves of the roof being placed where the parapet cope +would be in ordinary circumstances. This is a plan often adopted in +domestic buildings, from which the idea was, no doubt, borrowed in this +instance. The transepts are without buttresses and have a bare +appearance. Adjoining the south entrance doorway there are what appear +to be the remains of a sedilia (Fig. <a href="#fig_1168">1168</a>). The lower portion is +entirely concealed, and the eastern shaft and recess are almost blocked. +In the north wall opposite the original entrance there can be seen on +the inside the indications of a round arched doorway, now built up, +which probably led to the sacristy or a chapel, now destroyed, as +already mentioned. Five feet east from this blocked doorway there are +slight remains of a sixteenth or seventeenth century monument (see +Plan), now cut away to permit of the erection of the gallery over, and +it seems probable that from this monument was taken the coat of arms +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1169">1169</a>) now built into the wall which closes up the west archway of +the tower. The shield bears the Nicolson arms, and are probably those of +Agnes Nicolson, third wife of Patrick, first Lord Elibank, who possessed +the ecclesiastical lands of the Collegiate Church of Crichton about the +beginning of the seventeenth century. Mr. Billings shows another coat of +arms on the outside of the turret stair,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_248" id="page_248">{248}</a></span> but this part of the building +is now a dense mass of ivy. The turret stair is in the north wall of the +nave, and is placed at some distance from the tower. Fig. <a href="#fig_1170">1170</a> shows the +piscina in the south transept. Across this</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1170"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 218px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_248.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_248.jpg" width="218" height="572" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1170.</span></p> + +<p>The Collegiate Church of Crichton.</p> + +<p>Piscina.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">transept, where shown on the Plan, there is a wooden screen (Fig. <a href="#fig_1171">1171</a>) +of late erection, but not without some character, near its centre, and +beneath the south arch of the tower there stands up, a few inches from +the pavement, a broken worn stone about 12 inches square, the purpose of +which is not obvious.</p> + +<p>The church throughout is vaulted with a pointed barrel vault, but no +provision has been made for the vaulting of the nave. Crichton Church +was converted, in 1449, by Sir William Crichton, well known as +Chancellor Crichton, into a collegiate establishment for a provost, nine +prebendaries, and two singing boys, and was suitably endowed. The +existing structure was probably erected at that time. Sir William also +built an extensive addition to the Castle of Crichton, and doubtless the +same builders were employed on church and castle, as many of the details +closely resemble each other. From Mr. Gourlay’s letter, already referred +to, it appears that there was a provost’s house about a mile distant. He +mentions that it was then used as a farmhouse and called Rosehall, and +that there was a place of worship beside it and a churchyard, but with +the exception of the latter nothing now remains.</p> + +<p>The tower is supported by pointed arches springing from responds in the +four sides. The responds are of simple section, and the caps contain +some good late foliaged carving (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1171">1171</a>).</p> + +<p>The walls are carried up with one low story above the set-off<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_249" id="page_249">{249}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1171" style="width: 512px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_249.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_249.jpg" width="512" height="692" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1171.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Crichton. Arch and +Screen in South Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_250" id="page_250">{250}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">immediately over the sloping water table of the roofs. This story +contains, in each face, a two-light window with square lintel and +central mullion. The story is surmounted by a plain parapet, supported +by a corbel course, and the tower is finished with a gabled roof, having +a simple belfry on the apex of the east gable.</p> + +<h2><a name="THE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_CORSTORPHINE_Mid-Lothian" id="THE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_CORSTORPHINE_Mid-Lothian"></a>THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH OF CORSTORPHINE, <span class="smcap">Mid-Lothian</span>.</h2> + +<p>The village of Corstorphine is situated about three miles west of +Edinburgh.</p> + +<p>The church is intimately associated with the Forrester family. It was +erected and endowed by them, and their tombs and monuments, emblazoned</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1172" style="width: 521px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_250.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_250.jpg" width="521" height="371" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1172.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Corstorphine. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">with heraldic emblems, are conspicuous on its walls. The manor was +acquired by Adam Forrester, a burgess and provost of Edinburgh, in the +year 1376, and the title of Lord Forrester of Corstorphine continued in +the family till the year 1763.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_251" id="page_251">{251}</a></span></p> + +<p>There was a chapel at Corstorphine as early as the year 1128, which was +granted to the new Abbey of Holyrood. This structure afterwards became +the parish church, and continued to be so after the erection of the +collegiate church, which still exists. Of this original chapel no trace +now remains. It stood on the north side of the present building, on part +of the ground now occupied by the existing north transept. This +transept, which was built in the present century, is not the immediate +successor of the old parish church, but takes the place of an aisle +which was built in 1646, the erection of which caused the removal of +what remained of the old parish church.</p> + +<p>The existing church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1172">1172</a>) consists of a chancel, a nave with north +and south transepts situated at its west end, a western tower and spire, +and a sacristy on the north side of the chancel. The whole building is +small in size and of low proportions, the height of the tower and spire</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1173"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 159px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_251.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_251.jpg" width="159" height="158" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1173.</span></p> + +<p>The Collegiate Church of Corstorphine.</p> + +<p>Stone Built into Wall of Field.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">being only 50 feet, but although somewhat debased in style, it is very +quaint and picturesque.</p> + +<p>The structure suffered great alteration and damage from a restoration +which took place about the beginning of this century. At that time the +north transept, together with the seventeenth century aisle, above +mentioned, and a part of the nave were taken down.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> A new north +transept was built, and a new additional nave was erected on the north +side of the old nave. A doorway was knocked through the east wall of the +chancel, which necessitated the shortening of the large east window +above it by raising the sill. At the same time, the chancel was +converted into a lumber chamber and porch, by the process of building up +the chancel arch. As regards the sacristy, its floor has been dug out to +a depth of about 7 feet, and it is now used as a heating chamber and +coal cellar.</p> + +<p>During this restoration a quantity of carved and moulded stones was +removed from the church to Juniper Green, in the vicinity, where +probably about fifty fragments, several containing the Forrester arms, +were built into a wall on the road leading from the above village to +Baberton House, but the wall has since been removed. Fig. <a href="#fig_1173">1173</a> is a +sketch of one of these stones, bearing three hunting horns impaling a +bend engrailed. At Hermiston House, also, several carved blocks<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_252" id="page_252">{252}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1174" style="width: 764px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_252.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_252.jpg" width="764" height="407" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1174.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Corstorphine. View +from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_253" id="page_253">{253}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">removed from Corstorphine Church have been preserved, some of which +contain the Forrester arms.</p> + +<p>The plan of the building (omitting the alterations above described) is +remarkable. It seems to consist of two portions—(1) the transepts and +division to the east of them, forming one church, and (2) the choir +further</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1175" style="width: 487px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_253.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_253.jpg" width="487" height="504" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1175.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Corstorphine. +Sedilia in the Chancel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">to the east, which seems to have formed an independent chapel. This view +is supported by the history of the structure.</p> + +<p>In the east wall of the chancel a stone is fixed, with an inscription in +memory of the first provost of the college, the stone being “apparently +transferred,” says Mr. Laing, “from the place where the provost was +buried.” The inscription is in the following terms, viz.:<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_254" id="page_254">{254}</a></span>—</p> + +<p>Istud · collegiū · incepit · āno · dn̄i · Mº,ccccºxxix · et · eodē · +āno: maḡr · nicholay<sup>q</sup> · bānachtȳ · p<sup>r</sup>posit<sup>q</sup> · hic · subt<sup>q</sup> · +iacēs · qui · obiit · āno: dn̄i · Mºcccc{o}lxx ... cui<sup>q</sup> · +āniu<sup>r</sup>sare · simul · pr̄ isq · mr̄ is: celebrabitur · xiiiiº ·die · +mēsis · iunii · p · quo · ānuus · redditus · x: s · in · villa · de · +kyrk · cramuound · orate · pro · āib<sup>q</sup> · eor<sup>l.</sup> [This collegiate +church was begun in the year of our Lord 1429, and in the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1176" style="width: 304px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_254.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_254.jpg" width="304" height="476" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1176.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Corstorphine. +Piscina in Chancel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">same year Mr. Nicol Bannatyne was provost here, who, lying beneath, died +in the year 1470. A commemoration of him and his successors in office +will be celebrated on the 14th of June annually, for which an annual +rent of £10 is set apart, out of the lands of Kirk Cramond—Pray for +their souls.]</p> + +<p>This inscription clearly fixes the date of the commencement of the +collegiate church, but although it has been transferred to the chancel,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_255" id="page_255">{255}</a></span> +there is nothing to show that the collegiate church it refers to is the +chancel. It is quite as likely to have reference to the church to the +west of the chancel, from which it was probably removed to its present +position. Both from the arrangement of the Plan and the aspect of the +eastern part of the building generally, it presents a distinct +individuality. It is both</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1177" style="width: 519px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_255.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_255.jpg" width="519" height="515" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1177.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Corstorphine. Tomb +of Sir John Forrester and his Wife.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">higher and wider than the church to the west, and suggests the idea of +having been built at a different time. Now it is matter of history that +Adam Forrester, already mentioned, who died in 1405, built a chapel +dedicated to St. John the Baptist adjoining the parish church, and it is +not unlikely that this chancel was that chapel.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_256" id="page_256">{256}</a></span></p> + +<p>In 1425-6 a charter was granted by King James I. for the endowment of +three chaplainries in the chapel contiguous to the Parish Church of +Corstorphine,<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> and securing to it, amongst other things, the annual +rents in Edinburgh bestowed by the late Sir Adam Forrester. That charter +clearly shows that this chapel, wherever situated, was in existence +before</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1178" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_256.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_256.jpg" width="543" height="501" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1178.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Corstorphine.</p> + +<p>Tomb of Sir John Forrester (younger) and his Wife.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the year mentioned in Provost Bannatyne’s inscription. Further, in the +Chamberlain Rolls of 1434,<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> reference is made to the three chaplains +of the Chapel of St. John the Baptist—“contiguous to the Parish Church +of Corstorphine,” showing the independent existence of that chapel after +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_257" id="page_257">{257}</a></span> date in the Bannatyne inscription. It seems, therefore, most +probable that this was the chapel erected by Sir Adam Forrester.</p> + +<p>Sir Adam was succeeded by his son Sir John Forrester, who filled the +office of Great Chamberlain of Scotland, and on the return of James <small>I.</small> +from England was appointed Master of the Household in 1424. The</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1179" style="width: 489px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_257.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_257.jpg" width="489" height="519" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1179.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Corstorphine. Tomb +in South Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">collegiate church was founded and endowed by Sir John. Although the +inscription to Bannatyne, the first provost, says that it was begun in +1429, the foundation was only completed by a Papal Bull in 1444, at +which date Sir John was probably living. The foundation consisted of a +provost, four prebendaries, and two singing boys.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_258" id="page_258">{258}</a></span></p> + +<p>From the above records, and also from the style of the architecture, +there can scarcely be a doubt but that the church to the west was the +collegiate church erected after 1444, and in designing it, the plan was +so arranged as to incorporate the older Chapel of St. John the Baptist +as the chancel of the new church. It is remarkable that, although the +chancel</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1180" style="width: 504px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_258.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_258.jpg" width="504" height="533" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1180.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Corstorphine. Tomb +in South Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">contains monuments to his successors, there is none to Sir Adam, the +supposed founder of it. It may, however, be mentioned that Mr. Laing +believes that an inscription on a stone, which has been built out of its +proper place, in the small porch to the west of the tower, has been +taken from a monument to Sir Adam.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_259" id="page_259">{259}</a></span></p> + +<p>Whether the above view of the history of the Church of Corstorphine is +correct or not, the chancel or the Chapel of St. John the Baptist is the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1181" style="width: 360px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_259.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_259.jpg" width="360" height="669" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1181.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Corstorphine. Window +and Arms in South Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_260" id="page_260">{260}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">most interesting part of the building. It measures internally 25 feet 6 +inches in length by 21 feet in width, and is covered with a pointed +barrel vault, having a roof of overlapping stone flags. It contains an</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1182" style="width: 512px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_260.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_260.jpg" width="512" height="559" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1182.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Corstorphine. View +from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">east window of three lights (Fig. <a href="#fig_1174">1174</a>), having perpendicular tracery, +the lower part of which has been altered, as above pointed out.</p> + +<p>There are two small windows in the south side of the chancel, and +between them, in the interior, is a fine sedilia, somewhat mutilated +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1175">1175</a>). Beside it is a piscina (Fig. <a href="#fig_1176">1176</a>), with the basin, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_261" id="page_261">{261}</a></span> +usually happens, cut away. In the niche of the piscina there is a stone +shelf used as a credence table, and over the niche a projecting round +canopy. A very similar canopy exists over the upper small niche on the +exterior of the east gable.</p> + +<p>In the north wall of the chancel are two recessed tombs (Figs. <a href="#fig_1177">1177</a> and +<a href="#fig_1178">1178</a>). These monuments, judging from the disturbed appearance of the +surrounding masonry and from the different character of the two designs, +were apparently not original parts of the chapel, but were subsequently +inserted as the occasion arose. The arch stones of the westmost tomb +(see Fig. <a href="#fig_1177">1177</a>), that of Sir John Forrester (the eldest son of Sir Adam) +and his wife, are cut away or concealed by the west wall of the chapel, +an arrangement not likely to have been adopted had the tomb been erected +when the chapel was built. This monument is usually called the Founder’s +Tomb, from the circumstance that Sir John founded the collegiate church. +He was twice married: first, to Jean Sinclair, daughter of Henry, first +Earl of Orkney; and, second, to Dame Marion Stewart, Lady Dalswinton, +widow of Sir John Stewart.<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> His effigy rests on the tomb, along with +that of one of his wives. Sir John died after the year 1444.</p> + +<p>The eastmost tomb (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1178">1178</a>) is that of the son of the foregoing, +also Sir John, who died before 1454. It contains his effigy and that of +his wife. It does not appear to be known to what family the lady +belonged; but from the heraldic blazons (to be afterwards described) she +seems to have been a member of the Wigmer family.</p> + +<p>There is another tomb situated in the south transept (Figs. <a href="#fig_1179">1179</a> and +<a href="#fig_1180">1180</a>). It is believed to be that of Sir Alexander Forrester, son of the +last mentioned Sir John. The date of his death is not recorded, but he +is known to have been alive in 1467. It contains his effigy only. There +has been a finial on the tomb, which is now gone.</p> + +<p>The amount of heraldic carving on the above tombs, on the gable of the +south transept (Fig. <a href="#fig_1181">1181</a>), and on the western porch (Fig. <a href="#fig_1182">1182</a>) is +considerable and is well preserved.<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a></p> + +<p>The arms represented on the various shields throughout the whole series +comprise, for the different members of the Forrester family above +mentioned,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="c"><span class="smcap">Forrester of Corstorphine</span>, viz.:—</p> + +<p>Argent, three hunting horns stringed sable.</p> + +<p>These occur alone and conjoined with the arms of their wives, +viz.:—</p> + +<p>I. Sinclair, Earl of Orkney.</p> + +<p> 1st and 4th. Azure, a lymphad within a double tressure, flory +counter flory, or (for Orkney).</p> + +<p> 2nd and 3rd. Argent, a cross engrailed (for Sinclair).<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_262" id="page_262">{262}</a></span></p> + +<p>II. Stewart of Dalswinton.</p> + +<p> Or, a fesse chequé azure and argent, surmounted of a bend engrailed +gules.</p> + +<p>III. Wigmer.</p> + +<p> Argent, on a bend sable a ribbon dancettée of the field.</p> + +<p>IV. Forrester (differenced with Sinclair—probably an unauthorised +coat).</p> + +<p>Argent, a cross engrailed and couped between three hunting horns +sable.</p> + +<p class="c">The above arms are distributed as follow on the three tombs—</p> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">First Tomb, Sir John Forrester</span> (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1177">1177</a>).</p> + +<p>1st shield. Forrester.</p> + +<p>2nd shield. Forrester impaling Sinclair, Earl of Orkney. The dexter +half only—viz., 1st and 3rd quarters of the complete arms—being +given.</p> + +<p>3rd shield. Forrester.</p> + +<p>4th shield. Forrester impaling Stewart of Dalswinton.</p> + +<p>5th shield. Forrester.</p> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Second Tomb, Sir John Forrester</span>, son of above—Eastmost (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_1178">1178</a>).</p> + +<p>1st shield. Forrester.</p> + +<p>2nd shield. Forrester impaling Wigmer.</p> + +<p>3rd shield. Forrester.</p> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Third Tomb, Sir Alexander Forrester</span> (see Figs. <a href="#fig_1179">1179</a> and <a href="#fig_1180">1180</a>)).</p> + +<p>1st shield. Sinclair of Orkney (1st and 3rd quarters only) impaling +Forrester (the same arms as first tomb, 2nd shield, but reversed, +in error).</p> + +<p>2nd shield. Forrester.</p> + +<p>3rd shield. Forrester differenced with Sinclair.</p> + +<p>The shields on the gable of the south transept (see Figs. <a href="#fig_1174">1174</a> and +<a href="#fig_1181">1181</a>)) are as follow—</p> + +<p>1st. Central shield, Forrester.</p> + +<p>2nd and 3rd. (Two shields, one on each side of the large window.) +Forrester impaling Wigmer.</p> + +<p>These shields are all reversed, so that the shield is couché the +wrong way and the crest looks the wrong way. The impaled shields +have Forrester on the sinister instead of the dexter, and the +Wigmer arms make the bend and ribbon sinister instead of dexter.</p></div> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">South Transept.</span></p> + +<p>The shields, both on the gable outside and on the tomb inside, seem to +have been carelessly executed from an impression of the arms, thus<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_263" id="page_263">{263}</a></span> +placing everything in the reverse way; so that what in the original is +on the dexter side of the shield is here on the sinister, a bend is +converted into a bend sinister, and so throughout.</p> + +<p>The two shields on the porch are—1st, Forrester; 2nd, Forrester +impaling Wigmer.</p> + +<p>The sacristy, on the north side of the chancel, enters by a plain +lintelled door between the two tombs (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1172">1172</a>). It has a rough +pointed barrel vault, and looks, from there being windows at two levels, +as if it had contained two stories. The sill of the east window projects +about 11 inches; and Mr. Muir considers it, without doubt, to have been +an altar.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> Adjoining this window is a piscina, with the orifice of +its drain wrought on the base mouldings outside.</p> + +<p>As regards the architecture of the church, it accords well with the +other collegiate structures of the latter half of the fifteenth century. +The perpendicular tracery in the east window of the chancel and the +south window of the transept (see Figs. <a href="#fig_1173">1173</a> and <a href="#fig_1181">1181</a>)) is remarkable, +such tracery being very uncommon in Scotland. These two large windows +are recessed in the wall, the outer jambs having two or three broad +splays. The side windows have the tracery flush with the outer face of +the wall.</p> + +<p>The buttresses have the usual numerous set-offs. They have now finials, +consisting of cubic stones carved as sundials; but, as Mr. T. S. Muir +states, these are modern additions, the buttresses having doubtless been +originally pinnacled above the eaves.</p> + +<p>The tower to the west of the transept (Fig. <a href="#fig_1182">1182</a>) is one of the most +characteristic features of the structure. It measures externally about +18 feet 6 inches from north to south by 17 feet 3 inches from east to +west. The tower has a door to the church, and also a west doorway. It +thus formed an entrance porch to the building; but another porch has +been added to the west, which is vaulted and covered with a stone roof.</p> + +<p>The tower is built with ashlar, and rises, without buttresses, to the +eaves. A two-light window is introduced on each face under the cornice. +Above the tower there is a stone spire of the stunted description usual +at the period. Four pinnacles give some relief to the angles at the base +of the spire. The latter is divided by battlemented string courses into +three stories, and has lucarnes in the middle story.</p> + +<p>After the Reformation the collegiate church became the church of the +parish in 1593, and has so continued ever since.</p> + +<h2><a name="THE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_CRAIL_Fifeshire" id="THE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_CRAIL_Fifeshire"></a>THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH OF CRAIL, <span class="smcap">Fifeshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The quaint old seaport of Crail lies near the eastern point of the north +side of the Frith of Forth. It is one of the earliest places in Scotland +which are known to have carried on commerce with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_264" id="page_264">{264}</a></span> Continent, having +had intercourse with the Netherlands in the ninth century, where its +salt fish were sold, and the name of Crail occurs on a map of the +twelfth century.</p> + +<p>There was in ancient times a royal castle at Crail, in which David I. +resided, and a number of names still exist in the locality, showing its +connection with royalty. The earliest charter of the burgh was granted +by Bruce in 1310, and confirmed by subsequent kings. It is believed that +at one time Crail was the site of a priory dedicated to St. Rufus, the +tradition of which is preserved in several local names, such as, the +prior’s croft, the prior’s walls, the nun’s peat field, and the house of +the prioress, which in 1640 was in the hands of a neighbouring +proprietor.</p> + +<p>The Church of Crail belonged from an early date to the Cistercian Nuns +of Haddington. In 1177 the stipend is mentioned. This church was made +collegiate and well endowed by Sir William Myreton, vicar of Lathrick in +1509. He also established the altar of St. Michael the Archangel in +1512, and in 1514 he founded an altar to the praise and honour of God, +the Virgin Mary, and all saints, which he placed in the presentation and +donation of the bailies and community. Sir William Myreton also showed +himself a benefactor of the town by founding schools there in 1525, one +being for the teaching of grammar and the other of music. In 1515, +besides the above chaplainries, there existed in the church chaplainries +of St. James the apostle, St. Bartholomew, and St. Nicholas. An +inventory has been preserved, from which it appears that the various +altars were well furnished with plate and vestments. On account of the +foundation of the new College in the parish church, a charter was issued +by Andrew, Archbishop of St. Andrews, confirming letters by the Prioress +of Haddington, by Sir William Myreton, by the bailies and community of +Crail, and by the parishioners of the parish church, for the foundation +of a provostry with ten prebendaries, to be in the gift of the Prioress. +In 1520 another prebend was added, viz., that of St. John the Baptist. +The priory of Haddington having been erected in 1621 into a temporal +lordship in favour of John, Master of Lauderdale, the kirk lands of +Crail fell to him.</p> + +<p>But in 1587 James VI. had granted a charter to the town of everything +belonging to the chaplainries, altarages, and prebends, or to the kirk +or college, except what pertained to the Abbey of Haddington. This +charter was granted on account of the prebendaries and others following +the usual course as the Reformation approached, and alienating the lands +of their benefices for their own private advantage. The old College +Church thus passed into the hands of the burgh, and was confirmed to it +in 1633 by Act of Parliament, and is still used as the parish +church.<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a></p> + +<p>Although the fabric has been subjected to a considerable amount of +modern improvement, many of the original features still remain. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_265" id="page_265">{265}</a></span> +main body of the church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1183">1183</a>) consists, as it has always done, of +an oblong main structure, divided by two rows of columns into a central +nave, and two side aisles. The nave is 63 feet long, the central +division being 27 feet 6 inches wide, and the side aisles 11 feet wide. +The central columns carry pointed arches (Fig. <a href="#fig_1184">1184</a>), and in the wall +above them was originally a small window over each column (not over the +arches as usual) with widely splayed jambs and trefoil head. The roof of +the aisles, being below the sill of these clerestory windows, was +necessarily low. This was found in recent times to be a disadvantage, +and the walls of the aisles have been rebuilt and heightened, so as to +allow the roof of the central nave to run down over them without a break +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1185">1185</a>). The old clerestory windows are thus roofed in, and are only +visible in the inside</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1183" style="width: 519px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_265.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_265.jpg" width="519" height="287" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1183.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Crail. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">of the nave. The windows of the aisles are all modern. The piers are +round and bear simple caps (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1184">1184</a>), and these and the clerestory +windows are plainly of a very late date, although the cap mouldings (see +Fig. <a href="#fig_1184">1184</a>) have been copied from old forms.</p> + +<p>To the east of the nave was the choir, now converted into a vestry 20 +feet 6 inches long by 17 feet wide. The chancel arch springs from two +responds, the shafts of which have an ancient appearance, but they have +probably been reconstructed in imitation of ancient work. One of the +small original windows is preserved in the north wall of the chancel. It +is about 18 inches in width, and has a plain pointed arch with chamfer +on edge.</p> + +<p>There has been an arch at the west end of the church with similar<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_266" id="page_266">{266}</a></span> +shafts to those of the chancel arch. This arch opened into the tower +which rises against the centre of the west wall of the church, and is +divided into several floors, and provided with a newell stair leading to +them.</p> + +<p>The tower (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1185">1185</a>) is a picturesque object, though perfectly +plain. It rises with square angles, without buttresses or other breaks +from the base to the parapet. Its short spire, together with the +projection containing the turret stair, form a pleasing group. The whole +presents a characteristic specimen of our simple Scottish church +steeples.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1184" style="width: 518px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_266.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_266.jpg" width="518" height="364" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1184.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Crail. Main Arcade +and Clerestory Windows.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Although it has been thought that some of the features (above referred +to) belong to the first pointed period, it is much more likely that the +whole structure, except the recent work, dates from the beginning of the +sixteenth century, when the collegiate establishment was instituted, and +when the old parish church appears to have been reconstructed. Several +similar towers of late date in the locality will be illustrated.</p> + +<p>The church has apparently been renovated, internally, after the +Reformation, when a good deal of carved oak work has been introduced. +This oak work (Fig. <a href="#fig_1186">1186</a>) is now employed as a lining of the walls along +the south and east sides of the church, and is obscured by a number of +pews which abut against it. It is excellent work of the period, and it +is<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_267" id="page_267">{267}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1185" style="width: 512px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_267.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_267.jpg" width="512" height="776" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1185.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Crail. View from +North-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_268" id="page_268">{268}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1186" style="width: 776px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_268.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_268.jpg" width="776" height="347" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1186.</span>—The Collegiate Church of Crail. Carved +Woodwork.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_269" id="page_269">{269}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">unfortunate that it should be so completely lost to sight. One of the +panels contains a shield with a coat of arms, apparently that of +Cunningham of Barns, with the initials A. C. and the date 1605. When the +church was handed over to the town the rights of Cunningham of Barns +were reserved. He had thus some interest in the church or lands. This +carved work seems to have been the gift of Alexander Cunningham, who at +the above date was Laird of Barns. The arms of his wife, Helen, daughter +of Thomas Myrton of Cambo, are seen, with her initials, on the smaller +panel to the right. Another shield bears the coat and initials of +Katherine Lindsay, wife of Thomas Myrton of Cambo, with the date 1598. +Other shields (not shown in the illustration) bear the arms of Learmonth +of Balcomie (1594).</p> + +<h2><a name="ST_MARYS_WHITEKIRK_Haddingtonshire" id="ST_MARYS_WHITEKIRK_Haddingtonshire"></a>ST. MARY’S, WHITEKIRK, <span class="smcap">Haddingtonshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This charming old building is one of the few rural parish churches of +mediæval times still used for divine service. The church seems to have +had its origin in a neighbouring holy well. The following extract from +documents in the Vatican gives some account of its origin and +history:—<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“The great number of miracles performed at this well were so +numerous that in 1309 John Abernethy, with the assistance of the +monks of Melrose, procured a shrine to be erected, and dedicated it +to the Holy Mother. In 1413 there were no less than 15,653 pilgrims +of all nations, and the offerings were equal to 1422 merks. In +1430, James <small>I.</small>, King of Scotland, being a good man who loved the +Church, built the Abbey of the Holy Cross at Edinburgh, and took +the Chapel of Fairknowe into his protection, added much to it by +the building of houses for the reception of pilgrims, called it +Whitechapel, where he often went and made it a dependant on his own +abbey of the Holy Cross. In 1439, Adam Hepburn of Hailes built a +choir all arched with stone, agreeable to the mode of Peter de +Main, and so it continued in great prosperity as a place of +sanctity until the year 1540, that the cup of vengeance was full, +and heresy covered the North.”</p></div> + +<p>Whitekirk was a dependency of Holyrood, as mentioned in the above +extract. It was a great place of pilgrimage, and was visited, amongst +others, by Pope Pius <small>II.</small> (Æneas Sylvius), who came to render thanks to +the Virgin for his safe landing in Scotland.</p> + +<p>In the seventeenth century the east end was used as a church and the +west end as a school. In 1760 the Parish of Tynningham was added to +Whitekirk, and some of the fittings of the former were brought to the +latter. Thus the Haddington gallery in the north transept was adorned +with the front of the gallery from Tynningham. During this century some +attempts have been made to improve the structure. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_270" id="page_270">{270}</a></span> 1832 a “pseudo +south transept” was built, and the Seacliffe gallery (which resembles a +large Dutch cabinet) was introduced.</p> + +<p>This church, like many others erected in the fifteenth century, is on</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1187" style="width: 624px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_270.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_270.jpg" width="624" height="354" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1187.</span>—St. Mary’s, Whitekirk. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the plan of a cross without aisles (Fig. <a href="#fig_1187">1187</a>). The choir is vaulted +with a pointed barrel vault, and the outer roof is slated. Over the +crossing (Fig. <a href="#fig_1188">1188</a>) rises a square tower, finished with a plain +parapet. The east<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_271" id="page_271">{271}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1188" style="width: 674px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_271.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_271.jpg" width="674" height="475" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1188.</span>—St. Mary’s, Whitekirk. View from +South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_272" id="page_272">{272}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">end is square, and there is a fine entrance porch at the south-west +angle. The church is built with red freestone, which is toned with age, +and the whole building is one of the most picturesque and pleasing of +our old parish churches.</p> + +<p>The nave and choir measure internally 103 feet in length by about 22 +feet in width. The choir is divided by bold buttresses into two bays,</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1189"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 288px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_272-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_272-a.jpg" width="288" height="211" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1189.</span>—St. Mary’s, Whitekirk. Buttress and Window in +Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">in each of which is a traceried window, the cusping of which is +peculiar. The forms of the buttresses and tracery are shown in Fig. +<a href="#fig_1189">1189</a>. The east end has a small circular quatrefoiled window set high in +the wall (Fig. <a href="#fig_1190">1190</a>), over which is a panel containing a shield bearing +a fessé with a crozier behind it, probably the arms of Abbot Crawford of +Holyrood (1460-1483).</p> + +<p>The west end (Fig. <a href="#fig_1191">1191</a>) and the south transept have been rebuilt.</p> + +<p>The south-west porch (Fig. <a href="#fig_1192">1192</a>) is one of the most striking features</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1190"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 231px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_272-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_272-b.jpg" width="231" height="197" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1190.</span>—St. Mary’s, Whitekirk. East Gable.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">of the structure. It measures 13 feet wide by 9 feet deep internally, +and has a stone bench on each side. The entrance is by an open archway, +with clustered shafts, having enriched caps from which spring the bold +mouldings of the arch. At each of the outer angles of the porch is a +diagonal buttress having a niche on the inner face, and finished on the +top with crocketed pinnacles. Over the doorway there is a panel with +small buttresses at the jambs, and canopied head with scroll ornament +over.</p> + +<p>The interior of the porch is roofed with pointed barrel vaulting, having +ribs springing from carved corbels. The door to the church is square +headed and is surmounted by a niche, which formerly contained a statue +of the Blessed Virgin.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_273" id="page_273">{273}</a></span></p> + +<p>The interior of the church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1193">1193</a>) is very plain. The tower is +supported on arches at the crossing, which spring from attached piers +with moulded caps. The space over the crossing is vaulted with groins, +having a circular boss in the centre. The tower (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1188">1188</a>) is +carried up with plain walls to two stories above the roof, and has in +the upper</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1191" style="width: 510px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_273.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_273.jpg" width="510" height="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1191.</span>—St. Mary’s, Whitekirk. View from North-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">part or belfry a window on each side, with central mullion, now much +decayed by the weather. A stair turret (Fig. <a href="#fig_1194">1194</a>) is attached to the +north-west angle of the tower, and enters from the exterior. The north +wall of the nave has been altered at the point adjoining the tower.</p> + +<p>At a distance of about 100 yards north from the church stands a plain<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_274" id="page_274">{274}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1192" style="width: 515px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_274.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_274.jpg" width="515" height="713" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1192.</span>—St. Mary’s, Whitekirk. South-West Porch.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_275" id="page_275">{275}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">building (Fig. <a href="#fig_1195">1195</a>), which is believed to have been the tithe barn of +the parish. It is situated on the edge of a rocky ridge which slopes +steeply</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1193" style="width: 504px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_275.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_275.jpg" width="504" height="678" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1193.</span>—St. Mary’s, Whitekirk. Interior, looking +East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_276" id="page_276">{276}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">downwards on the north side. In the view (Fig. <a href="#fig_1196">1196</a>) taken from the low +ground on the north side the top of the church spire is seen. The barn +measures about 65 feet 4 inches in length from east to west, by about 20 +feet in breadth over the walls. It has been built at two periods. The +western portion, measuring on the outside about 21 feet 3 inches by 20</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1194" style="width: 440px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_276.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_276.jpg" width="440" height="503" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1194.</span>—St. Mary’s, Whitekirk. The Tower, from +North-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">feet, has originally been a pele tower, with walls about 5 feet in +thickness, and was altered at a later period, when it was extended into +a barn. The present entrance to the keep is in the south wall, which +appears to have been rebuilt of the same reduced thickness (2 feet 4 +inches) as the barn walls. This doorway leads into a vaulted ground +floor, from which a door<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_277" id="page_277">{277}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1195" style="width: 393px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_277-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_277-a.jpg" width="393" height="346" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1195.</span>—St. Mary’s, Whitekirk. Plans of Tithe Barn.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">to a small lobby gives access to a narrow straight stair leading to the +first floor, contained in the thickness of the north wall. The stair is +lighted</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1196" style="width: 417px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_277-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_277-b.jpg" width="417" height="276" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1196.</span>—St. Mary’s, Whitekirk. Tithe Barn, from +North-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_278" id="page_278">{278}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">with narrow slits, and the door at the top leading into what was +originally the hall is finished in the way usual in such structures, +with well wrought splays round the stone jambs and lintel. On the first +floor the east wall of the pele tower has been taken down. The junction +of the tower with the barn is plainly visible from the rough face of the +masonry in the interior of the north wall, where the east wall of the +tower has been cut away. The upper part of the tower being thus thrown +into the barn, a few steps, as shown on the Plan, lead up to the latter. +There is an upper floor in</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1197" style="width: 487px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_278.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_278.jpg" width="487" height="376" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1197.</span>—St. Mary’s, Whitekirk. Tithe Barn, from +North-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the roof of the barn supported on the ties of the roof and reached by a +wooden stair. The windows of this floor are shown in the gables. When +the barn was built the upper part of the north wall of the keep (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1197">1197</a>) was lowered sufficiently to allow of the eaves of the roof of the +new and narrower building being continued straight along over the wider +building of the tower. The barn proper is entered from the south side by +a doorway 7 feet 7 inches wide, and is lighted by two windows in the +south side and one in the gable. There is also a narrow doorway on the +north side, which can only have been for occasional use, the ground +being steep on<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_279" id="page_279">{279}</a></span> that side, with only a narrow footing along the wall, +which is kept back from the line of the tower in order to obtain this +footing. At the west</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1198"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 192px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_279.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_279.jpg" width="192" height="322" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1198.</span>—St. Mary’s, Whitekirk.</p> + +<p>Panel in South Wall of Tithe Barn.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">end of the barn and in the old wall of the keep there is a fireplace 8 +feet 6 inches wide, with a stone division. The fireplace, which is 5 +feet high, has an oaken lintel with a well wrought relieving arch over +it. This fireplace must have been used before the wall above was taken +down, and indicated that the tower had probably been first enlarged as a +residence and the whole afterwards converted into a barn. In the north +wall near the fireplace there is a flat recess with a pointed arch 13 +inches deep, the sill being about 3 feet above the floor. There are +indications (see Plan) that the barn walls once extended further +eastwards.</p> + +<p>Near the west corner of the south wall is a panel (Fig. <a href="#fig_1198">1198</a>) with an +effaced coat of arms.</p> + +<h2><a name="MID-CALDER_CHURCH_Mid-Lothian" id="MID-CALDER_CHURCH_Mid-Lothian"></a>MID-CALDER CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Mid-Lothian</span>.</h2> + +<p>The town of Mid-Calder is situated in the western part of the County of +Mid-Lothian.</p> + +<p>The church was begun in the sixteenth century by Master Peter +Sandilands, Rector of Mid-Calder, a younger son of the sixth Knight of +Calder. Having raised the walls of the vestry or revestry and laid the +foundations of the choir, and being then an old man, he provided the +money for the entire completion of the church, including the nave, +tower, &c., and paid a sum over to Sir James Sandilands of Calder (his +nephew) and his son John, who bound themselves to complete the structure +according to a bond engrossed in the public records. This bond is to the +following effect:—<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>After the usual preliminaries and having acknowledged the receipt +of the sum of “xvj hundrethe merkis gude and vsuale money of the +realme,” they undertake “to big and compleit the revestrie of the +paroche kirk of Caldor with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_280" id="page_280">{280}</a></span> ane walter tabill at the heich that it +is now vnder the thak inlikwise with ane wthir walter tabill abone +the thak on the est gauill of the queir weill pendit in half round +to the said queir vnder the said tabill inlikeuise weill thekit +with thak stane And sall rais abone the said tabill in the est +gauill of the queir and abone the turneqres and the tabill thairof +tua lichtis als fair as thai may be had efferand to the heicht of +the queir And abone the walter tabill abone the thak of the +revestre and thre penis thairof to ryse cunteranis of buttreis +vpoune the said eist gauill thre penis thairof And the remanent of +the said queir to be endit of the lenthe and widenes as it is +foundit and in heicht fra the sollis of the said queir duris to the +vuer pairt of the walter tabill vnder the thak thairof xxxij futtis +And the south thre lychtis in the sydevall of the said queir betuix +the foure buttreis to ryse as thai are foundit als heich as thai +may be had in the pend of the said queir efferand to the heich +foirsaid And the saidis buttereis tobe compleit endit as thai ar +now foundit And the north turneqres in the west pairt of the north +sydevall thairof tobe tane avay And the said north vall to ryse xvj +futtis of heicht as it is foundit rouch werk with corbell and +walter tabill on the vther pairt thairof for ane closter and fra +thine vp effeirand to the heicht of the said queir aislar werk And +the said queir tobe compleitlie pendit with croce brace and rinruif +conforme to Sanct Anthonis Yle in Sanct Gelis Kirk And at the west +end of the said queir forgane the south west buttreis to rais ane +substantious wall of rouch werk sevin fut of breid fra ilk sydewall +with ane brace to be raisit tharein als heych as it may be had to +serue the west gavil of the queir with hewin oggeruris And abone +the said brace in the forsaid west gavill sulyeis tobe laid and ane +stepil tobe raisit tharepoun viij futis of breid and lenth or vj +futis braid and xij futis lenth within the sidwallis of the said +stepill quhilk sidwallis salbe of vj futis of heich abone the queir +thak at all partys with lychtis at all partis for the sound of the +bellis in the said stepill to be persit for the orlage hand and +bell in place maist gagand and convenient tharto And in the northe +angell betuix the foresaid wall vnder the grete brace and northe +wall of the kirk syd to rais ane commodious turngreis to serue the +rud loft of the said kirk and stepill foresaid als esaly as it may +be had Item to big ane kirk on the west pair(t) of the said queir +nixt the said brace contenand in lenthe iiijxx of futis and xxviij +futis braid within the wallis respectiue of rouche werk And the +wallis thairof to be foure futis thik and xxvj futis heych fra the +sole of the durris to the vuir part of the watter tabill of syd +wallis with foure buttreis one ilk syd of the said kirk eslar werk +efferand to the queir and four lycht to be biggit in the southsyd +wall of the said kirk of x futis of wydnes and als heych as thai +may be had squair lintalit efferand to the said heicht And in the +southe wall of the said kirk betuix the twa buttreis to be biggit +ane honest dur with ane plain proche with sege stabill on ilk syd +thikyt with thak stane and ane honest dur in the west gavill of the +said kirk with ane lycht abone the samen in myd gavill xij futis of +breid rysand of heich in poyntcast als heich as it may be had +efferand to the heycht of the gavill with sufficient mygallis in +all the lychtis of the said kirk and queir with plane substantious +cornettis of stane or irne quhilk salbe thocht maist gainand in the +lychtis raisit of poyntcast And to put in ilk lycht of the wyndois +grete lokartis of irne for binding of glas thareto And inlikuiss to +put grete crukis in the said kirk durrys as efferis And the said +haill kirk to be pendyt and weill thekyt with thak stane and the +watter tabill of the sidwallis of the said kirk and queir to be +larg of sulye betuix buttreis and buttereis and in ane caisment +hevin for leid to be lad thairin to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_281" id="page_281">{281}</a></span> schout the watter by the +wyndowis of the said kirk and queir to the angellis next the +buttreis And ilk buttere of the foirsaid kirk and queir to haif ane +honeste fiall And the alter of the queir tobe biggit of aislar werk +and the haill queir tobe weill pathit with greis befoir the said +alter and vther wayis as efferis with tua halie wattir fattis weill +hewin to the said kirk and queir And the foirsaidis kirk and queir +to be biggit and completit in maner foirsaid That is to say the +said queir within the space of thre yeris nixt efter the dait herof +And the said kirk within the space of vthair thre yeris nixt and +immediatlie thairefter.” Following on this, John Sandilands, +already mentioned, binds himself to give a “Charter and +infeftment,” securing to the chaplain the sum “of xx merkis money” +annually.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1199" style="width: 504px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_281.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_281.jpg" width="504" height="350" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1199.</span>—Mid-Calder Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The actual building (Fig. <a href="#fig_1199">1199</a>) consists of a choir with tripartite apse +having a sacristy or vestry to the east, and it has been carried out, so +far as completed, very much in terms of the foregoing bond.</p> + +<p>The vestry, which projects from the east end of the choir, seems to have +been erected before the bond was executed, and the foundations of the +choir seem to have been laid at that time. The remainder of the choir +was apparently carried out afterwards, but the nave, which was carefully +specified in the bond, was never erected.</p> + +<p>The vestry contains two stories, the lower one being a burial vault, +which is “pendit” or vaulted, while the upper floor forms the vestry. +The<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_282" id="page_282">{282}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1200" style="width: 702px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_282.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_282.jpg" width="702" height="510" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1200.</span>—Mid-Calder Church. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_283" id="page_283">{283}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1201" style="width: 670px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_283.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_283.jpg" width="670" height="503" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1201.</span>—Mid-Calder Church. View from North-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_284" id="page_284">{284}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">small stair leading to both floors is placed in the north-east angle of +the apse. The east wall of the choir (Fig. <a href="#fig_1200">1200</a>) is raised above the +roof of the vestry, and is provided with a traceried window to the east; +but there is no window in the north-east side of the apse, which is +occupied by the wheel stair (Fig. <a href="#fig_1201">1201</a>). The buttresses are erected as +required by the</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1202"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 291px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_284-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_284-a.jpg" width="291" height="237" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1202.</span>—Mid-Calder Church. Pinnacles on Sacristy.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">bond, and the three south windows are introduced between them. The north +wall is carried up with rough masonry, and without any windows or +openings, and has the water table and corbels prescribed as suitable for +the roof of a cloister walk along that side (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1201">1201</a>). The choir +roof has been intended to be vaulted and the lower courses of the +springing are built, but the vault was never completed. The springings +show that the vault was intended to be groined. It is specified to have +a “cross brace and rinruif,” like a chapel in St. Giles’ Church, but the +meaning of these terms is not definite.</p> + +<p>At the west end of the choir a very thick wall is built on each side, +with a pointed arch between (described as a brace) to support the +belfry,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1203" style="width: 420px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_284-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_284-b.jpg" width="420" height="169" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1203.</span>—Mid-Calder Church. Terminations of Labels.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">which is minutely specified. The latter, however, was not executed till +recently. The lower part, however, above the roof was built, and the +modern belfry has been carried up upon it. In the north pier is a +“turngreis” or wheel stair described as leading to the rood loft, but +in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_285" id="page_285">{285}</a></span> reality it now leads to the family gallery and to the lower part of +the belfry (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1201">1201</a>). A proposed nave is also minutely described. +It was to be 80 feet in length and 28 feet in width, to have four +buttresses on each side of ashlar work, and four windows in the south +wall, 10 feet</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1204"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 107px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_285-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_285-a.jpg" width="107" height="152" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1204.</span> Mid-Calder Church. Arms on Corbels supporting +Rood Loft.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">wide, and square lintels. Also an “honest dur,” and a porch on the south +side with stone seats and stone roof, and another “honest dur” in the +west gable, with a large window over it. The windows were to be glazed +and the roof provided with gargoyles.</p> + +<p>The altar was to be built with ashlar, and the floor paved and steps +placed before the altar. The above instructions have, so far as the +structure is executed, been carefully complied with, and the edifice +presents a favourable example of the work of the early part of the +sixteenth century. Ornament has not been spared, and is specially +exhibited in the heraldic carving on the shields, with which the weather +mouldings terminate. These shields generally contain the arms of the +Sandilands family and their connections the Douglases, of which several +examples are given below.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1205" style="width: 484px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_285-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_285-b.jpg" width="484" height="305" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1205.</span>—Mid-Calder Church. Woodcarving.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The following is a short notice of the arms on the different parts of +the building. On the angles of the projecting sacristy (the lower story +of which contained the family burial vault) there are two pinnacles, +with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_286" id="page_286">{286}</a></span> very late crocketing, and finials (Fig. <a href="#fig_1202">1202</a>). The south pinnacle +contains the Sandilands arms and the initials of J. Sandilands, and +other lettering,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1206" style="width: 454px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_286.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_286.jpg" width="454" height="615" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1206.</span>—Mid-Calder Church. Middle Bay in Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">much decayed. The north pinnacle exhibits the Sandilands arms quartered +with Douglas, and having two angels as supporters, the arms surmounted +by a helmet, with a lion’s head for crest.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_287" id="page_287">{287}</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The arms on the label terminations are as follow:—</p> + +<p>On the central apse window, north side, Douglas; south side, +Sandilands (a bend).</p> + +<p>1st window west from central one.</p> + +<p> Dexter side—Lion or Griffin rampant.</p> + +<p> Sinister side—Cockburn—The family being allied to the Cockburns +of Ormiston.</p> + +<p>2nd window to west.</p> + +<p> Dexter side—Lindsay (fesse chequé) (Fig. <a href="#fig_1203">1203</a>, <span class="sans">D</span>).</p> + +<p> Sinister side—Sandilands quartered with Douglas, and initials P. +S. (Fig. <a href="#fig_1203">1203</a>, <span class="sans">A</span>).</p> + +<p>3rd window to west.</p> + +<p>Dexter side—Douglas (Fig. <a href="#fig_1203">1203</a>, <span class="sans">C</span>).</p> + +<p>Sinister side—Sandilands and Douglas, with initials J. S. (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1203">1203</a>, <span class="sans">B</span>.</p></div> + +<p>In the interior of the church the same arms occur on corbels as in the +one supporting the rood loft, now the family gallery (Fig. <a href="#fig_1204">1204</a>).</p> + +<p>There in also a remarkable carved panel in oak (Fig. <a href="#fig_1205">1205</a>), which +combines the above arms <i>reversed</i>, with the initials J. S. and J. L., +and the date 1595, together with certain Scripture texts.</p> + +<p>The Douglas descent is throughout prominently displayed, and the heart +and stars sometimes occupy the chief part of the shield. One coat, from +centre window (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1203">1203</a>, <span class="sans">D</span>, exhibits the bearings of a fess chequé +of four tracts, with a St. George’s cross in chief, being the arms of +the distinguished predecessor of Sir James Sandilands, Lord of +Torphichen, and St. John, viz., Sir Walter Lindsay, head of the Knights +of St. John of Jerusalem in Scotland, the cross having reference to the +badge of the order.</p> + +<p>The tracery in the large windows is well preserved, and is of a kind +usual in late work in Scotland, having curved bars without cusping +(Figs. <a href="#fig_1200">1200</a> and <a href="#fig_1206">1206</a>). The round-headed doorway to the choir is +introduced in the central bay under the window, the lower part of which +is stepped up to allow of its introduction.</p> + +<h2><a name="KINGS_COLLEGE_CHAPEL_Aberdeen" id="KINGS_COLLEGE_CHAPEL_Aberdeen"></a>KING’S COLLEGE CHAPEL, <span class="smcap">Aberdeen</span>.</h2> + +<p>The west end of this fine chapel, with its extremely picturesque tower +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1207">1207</a>), fronts the main street of Old Aberdeen, and forms the +north-west corner of the college quadrangle.</p> + +<p>The chapel (Fig. <a href="#fig_1208">1208</a>) is a long narrow building, with a three-sided +apsidal east end, measuring inside the walls about 122 feet 6 inches in +length by about 28 feet in width. It is divided into six bays by +projecting buttresses, and has a large window filled with mullions and +tracery in each bay on the north side, except the second one from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_288" id="page_288">{288}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1207" style="width: 532px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_288.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_288.jpg" width="532" height="699" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1207.</span>—King’s College Chapel. West End and Tower.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_289" id="page_289">{289}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">west, which contains a doorway. Similar large windows are continued +round the apse (but the centre one is built up), and there is also one +in the east bay of the south side. Over the west doorway there is a +large west window (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1207">1207</a>) of four lights, with solid built +mullions and loop tracery enclosed within a round arch. All the other +large windows just referred to have pointed arches (except the second +from the east end on the north side), the tracery in those of the apse +and in each adjoining window being modern. The other four north windows +have, like the large west window, a solid built central mullion going +right up to the apex of the arch, and having each half filled with the +usual loop tracery. This mode of division of the tracery of a window by +a large central built mullion into two distinct portions, each filled +with its own tracery, is not uncommon in Scotland, as, for instance, at +Seton College, where, however, the mullion divides into two arches and +forms two pointed divisions in the arch-head. Besides the north doorway</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1208" style="width: 309px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_289.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_289.jpg" width="309" height="169" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1208.</span>—King’s College Chapel. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">already mentioned, there are two to the quadrangle and one in the west +end, all having elliptic arched tops. The mouldings of the west doorway +have bases, but no caps. The south side of the chapel (Fig. <a href="#fig_1209">1209</a>) forms +a complete contrast to the north side. Instead of large windows +occupying each bay, small clerestory windows, with flat arch-heads, +occur at intervals along the top of the wall, while the lower part of +the wall is left plain, being doubtless intended as a provision for a +covered cloister walk. This, however, was never carried out, but instead +of it Bishop Stewart (1532-1545) erected a building against this side of +the chapel, consisting of two floors, and containing a library, a jewel +house, vestry, and class-rooms. These were taken down and re-erected on +the same site about 1725, and about fifty years afterwards were +destroyed by fire, when the south side of the chapel assumed its present +appearance, being “cased and buttressed with granite as we now see +it.”<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> Dr. Macpherson further tells us that the coats<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_290" id="page_290">{290}</a></span> of arms which +now adorn this side of the chapel had been nearly all on the walls of +the library, and, having escaped the fire, were, along with some others, +inserted in the new granite work. These arms, along with many other +coats throughout the building and the college, have been minutely +described.<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> We need only mention here the arms of the founder of the +college, Bishop William Elphinston, which occur at the west end of the +south side of the chapel, viz., a chevron between three boars’ heads</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1209" style="width: 508px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_290.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_290.jpg" width="508" height="452" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1209.</span>—King’s College Chapel. South Side.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">erased, surmounted by a mitre between the initials W. E. and “at sides +O. B. A. D. <span class="smcap">MDXIV. Æ.S. LX (XX) IV.</span>” The royal arms occur on the +northmost buttress of the west front of the tower, dated 1504, while +those of Margaret Tudor, wife of James <small>IV.</small>, appear on another shield in +the west<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_291" id="page_291">{291}</a></span> front. Adjoining the west doorway an inscription informs us +that the chapel was begun by James <small>IV.</small> in 1500. It apparently occupied +about</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1210" style="width: 512px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_291.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_291.jpg" width="512" height="648" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1210.</span>—King’s College Chapel. Rood Screen.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">six years in building, as the contract for covering it with lead is +dated 1506.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_292" id="page_292">{292}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1211" style="width: 518px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_292.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_292.jpg" width="518" height="762" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1211.</span>—King’s College Chapel. Tower, from +South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_293" id="page_293">{293}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1212" style="width: 435px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_293.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_293.jpg" width="435" height="732" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1212.</span>—King’s College Chapel. Upper Part of Tower.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_294" id="page_294">{294}</a></span></p> + +<p>The interior is divided by a wooden screen of very rich carved work, the +central portion of which (Fig. <a href="#fig_1210">1210</a>) is about 9 feet 7 inches wide, with</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1213" style="width: 588px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_294.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_294.jpg" width="588" height="510" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1213.</span>—King’s College Chapel. Plan of Crown.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">double folding doors about 5 feet 9 inches wide by 7 feet 3 inches high. +The side portions of the screen within the choir form a continuation of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_295" id="page_295">{295}</a></span> +the canopied stalls occupying each side of the choir. Owing to the +circumstance of the nave having been fitted up as a library, the ancient +arrangement of the screen with its rood loft, ambone, and altars on the +nave side were destroyed. Dr. Macpherson, in the paper already referred +to, has by illustrations and description traced its original +construction, and to this the reader is referred.</p> + +<p>The tower at the south-west corner (Fig. <a href="#fig_1211">1211</a>) is not quite square, +measuring over the walls about 29 feet from north to south, and about 4 +feet less from east to west. It has massive corner buttresses, with +numerous stepped intakes towards the top, similar to the buttresses of +the chapel, being a style of buttress of very frequent occurrence in +Scottish late churches, as, for example, at Stirling Church. The tower +is finished with one of the few crown steeples remaining in Scotland, +being, with that of St. Giles’, Edinburgh, and the Tolbooth, Glasgow, +the only three surviving of those which we could at one time boast. The +general style of the structure is very similar to that of St. Giles’, +but in this case there are only four arches thrown from the angles of +the tower to the central lantern (Fig. <a href="#fig_1213">1213</a>), while in the case of St. +Giles’ there are eight, which produce a fuller and richer effect. The +tower (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1211">1211</a>) is about 63 feet in height to the top of the +battlements. From that point to the base of the lantern pillars (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1212">1212</a>) is about 15 feet 9 inches, from whence to the top of the cross is +about 20 feet. The total height is thus about 99 feet.<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a></p> + +<p>The upper part of the steeple was blown down in a violent storm on 7th +February 1633. Spalding, under that date,<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> says:—“This hideous +winds was marked to be such, as the like had never been seen here in +these parts, for it would overturn countrymen’s houses to the ground, +and some persons suddenly smo’red within, without relief. It also threw +down the stately crown bigged of curious eslar work, off the steeple of +King’s College of Old Aberdeen, whilk was thereafter re-edified and +built up, little inferior to the first.” The part blown down was +probably only the lantern on the top of the four arches, the details of +this part having a decidedly Renaissance character, and being different +from the other parts of the tower. Doubtless the arches themselves would +suffer in the crash, and would require repairing and rebuilding in part, +which was evidently done, as the date 1634 is carved on the soffit of +the crossing. This difference of detail is interesting, as showing how +persistently these old designers wrought in the style of their time. +Although it is evident that the present lantern is not quite the same as +the original one, it must be admitted to be an extremely happy and +picturesque composition.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_296" id="page_296">{296}</a></span></p> + +<p>In connection with the rebuilding Spalding mentions two names. First, +under the year 1640 he says:—“Dr. Gordon, medicinar, and one of the +founded members of the College of Old Aberdeen, and common procurator +thereof, departed this life upon the 10th of March, in his own house in +Old Aberdeen; a godly, grave, and learned man; singular in publick works +about the college, and putting up on the steeple thereof the stately and +glorious crown, which you see thereon, which was thrown down by the +wind.” Second, under the year 1642 he says:—“Saturday the 10th +September, George Thomson, Master Mason, new come frae Strathboggie to +Aberdeen, suddenly fell over Thomas Thomson’s stair, and with the fall +became speechless and senseless, and departed this life upon the +Thursday thereafter. An excellent mason, of singular device; he builded +sundry brave buildings; among the rest, he re-edified the steeple of the +College Kirk of Old Aberdeen.” It has been supposed<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> that Dr. Gordon +was the architect who designed the lantern, but the same claim might be +put forward for the then Bishop, for in Gordon’s description of Aberdeen +(p. 23) we are told—“Bot the crown was quicklie afterwards restored in +a better forme and condition, by the direction of Patrick Forbes of +Corse, then Bishop of Aberdeen.” It is quite as likely that Thomson was +both the architect and builder, and that the bishop and Dr. Gordon were +the men of affairs.</p> + +<p>The old lantern, which had stood for upwards of a century, appears to +have been neglected and to have fallen into a state of disrepair, as in +1620 the authorities ordained “that the heid of the gryt stepill sould +be mendit in steane leid and tymer as the samen was abefoir;”<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> but +evidently nothing was done, and so it yielded to the storm.</p> + +<p>Most of the windows on the west front of the tower appear to be modern.</p> + +<p>This tower, with its crown and most of the chapel, is built of +sandstone.</p> + +<h2><a name="THE_CHURCH_OF_THE_MONASTERY_OF_THE_CARMELITE_FRIARS_South_Queensferry" id="THE_CHURCH_OF_THE_MONASTERY_OF_THE_CARMELITE_FRIARS_South_Queensferry"></a>THE CHURCH OF THE MONASTERY OF THE CARMELITE FRIARS, <span class="smcap">South Queensferry</span>.</h2> + +<p>Queensferry is a town on the south side of the Frith of Forth, at the +point where the water narrows and is spanned by the Forth Bridge.</p> + +<p>At the time the drawings of this church were made, about thirty years +ago, it was entire, as shown on the Plan (Fig. <a href="#fig_1214">1214</a>), the nave only +being roofless; but a few years afterwards the nave was ruthlessly cast +down, and the materials were entirely destroyed. The transept and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_297" id="page_297">{297}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1214" style="width: 664px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_297.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_297.jpg" width="664" height="386" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1214.</span>—Carmelite Friars’ Monastery. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_298" id="page_298">{298}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1215" style="width: 788px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_298.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_298.jpg" width="788" height="452" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1215.</span>—Carmelite Friars’ Monastery. View from +North.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_299" id="page_299">{299}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">choir, with the stone roof of the latter, were almost entirely hidden +from view beneath a dense mass of ivy; while the beautiful east end was +quite unapproachable owing to the incongruous surroundings. The</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1216" style="width: 519px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_299.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_299.jpg" width="519" height="641" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1216.</span>—Carmelite Friars’ Monastery. Crossing, from +Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_300" id="page_300">{300}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">tower, the arches of which originally opened into the church being built +up, was used as a stable, while the transept was turned into a potato or +coal store and a huckster’s shop. The fortunes of the structure were at +the lowest ebb when, at the end of 1889, its renovation as a place of +worship was undertaken by the Dean and Chapter of St. Mary’s Cathedral, +Edinburgh, under the direction of Mr. J. Kinross, architect.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1217" style="width: 507px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_300.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_300.jpg" width="507" height="486" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1217.</span>—Carmelite Friars’ Monastery. Interior of +Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The church stands at the west end of Queensferry, on the north side of +the street, and the description of its situation in the oldest extant +charter relating to it, which is of the year 1457, is quite intelligible +at this time. James Dundas of Dundas grants “to God and the Virgine +Mary, and brethren of the Order of the Virgine Mary of Mount Carmel,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_301" id="page_301">{301}</a></span> +and their successors, a piece of ground lying in the town of the Ferry, +with the pertinents, with the yard and green adjacent to the church of +the Virgine Mary, and whole houses builded in form of a monastrie, as +also that other piece of ground lying betwixt the burn which runs near +the cross of the said town on the east parts [this burn can still be +identified where it comes down by the road immediately to the west of +the town house] and the highway [the present main street of Queensferry] +and ditch that goes towards Echline [a neighbouring farm, and still +known by this name] on the south parts, and the rivolute [still to be +seen] running from the town of Echline to the sea on the west,</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1218"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 243px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_301-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_301-a.jpg" width="243" height="227" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1218.</span>—Carmelite Friars’ Monastery. Section through +Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">and the sea on the north parts.” The “houses builded in form of a +monastrie” have all disappeared, except a portion of the north wall, +seen in shadow in the accompanying view from the north (Fig. <a href="#fig_1215">1215</a>).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1219" style="width: 476px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_301-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_301-b.jpg" width="476" height="235" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1219.</span>—Carmelite Friars’ Monastery. View from +South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The monastic buildings were on the north side of the church, between it +and the sea. The above wall, which stands on the shore of the Frith of +Forth, at the distance of about forty paces northward from the church,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_302" id="page_302">{302}</a></span> +determines the width of the monastery from north to south, while its +length from east to west can also be fairly well ascertained. The +eastern buildings of the monastery occupied the position seen on the +left part of</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1220" style="width: 477px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_302.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_302.jpg" width="477" height="571" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1220.</span>—Carmelite Friars’ Monastery. Doorway in Nave +(now destroyed).</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the church in the north view, between the point where the water tabling +ends and the small pointed window near the east end; and perhaps also +some of the old houses on the east occupy the sites of monastic +buildings. In like manner the western buildings in all likelihood +occupied the posi<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_303" id="page_303">{303}</a></span>tion of the old house seen on the right hand in the +same view. A covered cloister ran along the north side of the church, +the corbels for carrying its lean-to roof being still visible, as well +as the stone tabling for protecting the same.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1221"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 169px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_303-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_303-b.jpg" width="169" height="189" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1221.</span></p> + +<p>Carmelite Friars’ Monastery.</p> + +<p>Door in Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The church is an aisleless structure 97 feet long by 30 feet 2 inches in +breadth over the</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1222"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 284px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_303-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_303-a.jpg" width="284" height="517" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1222.</span>—Carmelite Friars’ Monastery.</p> + +<p>East Window.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">walls (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1214">1214</a>). It has a south transept projecting 22 feet 9 +inches and 25 feet in width. The crossing is separated from the three +limbs of the church by projecting piers (Fig. <a href="#fig_1216">1216</a>) carrying round +arches, above which rises the central tower. When the masonry which +blocked up the archway leading into the choir was lately taken down, it +was found that there had been a parapet about 3 feet high separating the +crossing from the choir. The responds of the massive parapet coping were +discovered wrought on the stones of the piers on either side. The choir +and crossing only have stone vaults. These are barrel vaults, as shown +in the view of the choir (Fig. <a href="#fig_1217">1217</a>), where the vault is pointed, and in +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_304" id="page_304">{304}</a></span> crossing (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1216">1216</a>), where it is round and at right angles to +that of the choir, from which it is cut off and separated by the tower +arch. The springing of the tower arches is kept below that of the vault +over the crossing, as is usually done, in similar circumstances, in late +structures, so as to avoid the difficulties of groined vaulting. The +roof covering of the choir is of large overlapping stones, wrought after +the manner so often found in the castles and churches of the fifteenth +century. A wide gutter runs along the eaves (Fig. <a href="#fig_1218">1218</a>), from which the +water escapes by numerous gargoyles.</p> + +<p>There was a pointed entrance door in the south wall (Figs. <a href="#fig_1219">1219</a> and +<a href="#fig_1220">1220</a>) at the west end of the nave, and leading into the choir there is a</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1223" style="width: 435px;"> +<p id="fig_1224"></p> +<a href="images/ill_pg_304.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_304.jpg" width="435" height="297" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<table summary="none"> +<tr valign="top"><td> +<p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1223.</span>—Carmelite Friars’ Monastery.</p> + +<p>Window in Choir.</p> +</td> +<td class="tdspc"> </td> +<td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1224.</span>—Carmelite Friars’ Monastery. +</p> +<p>West Window of Nave (now destroyed).</p> +</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">round-arched door (Fig. <a href="#fig_1221">1221</a>), which is, however, lintelled in the +interior (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1217">1217</a>). In the opposite wall a door leading to the +cloisters has the reverse arrangement, being round-arched in the inside +and lintelled on the exterior, where, on its west jamb, there is a +Maltese cross. A similar cross is visible on the west side of the +transept near the south end. There was a door into the cloisters from +the crossing (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1215">1215</a>) and another existed from the nave.</p> + +<p>The windows of the choir (Figs. <a href="#fig_1222">1222</a> and <a href="#fig_1223">1223</a>) are all pointed, and +filled with the simplest tracery. Those of the nave and transept (Figs. +<a href="#fig_1224">1224</a> and <a href="#fig_1225">1225</a>) have square heads formed of straight arches, as shown in +the detailed drawings. These windows have cusped tracery, which, in the +nave, remained entire to the last, while that of the transept window<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_305" id="page_305">{305}</a></span> +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1226">1226</a>) was destroyed, the tracery having been cleared out to make a +cart entrance; but sufficient indications existed to permit of its +restoration. There are various small cusped windows throughout the +church, including the small one already referred to in the north wall of +the choir, that window and a high straight headed one in the tower being +the only church windows in the north side. The two upper windows in the +east</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1225" style="width: 346px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_305.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_305.jpg" width="346" height="473" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1225.</span>—Carmelite Friars’ Monastery. Window in +Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">wall (Fig. <a href="#fig_1227">1227</a>) serve, from their high position, to light the roof, +and, as seen from the interior (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1217">1217</a>), they recall similar +features often found in the halls of castles, notably at Borthwick. On +the outside of the east end between these two smaller windows over the +large one there is a niche, which probably held a statue of the Virgin. +It is surrounded with various shields, the charges of which are effaced. +Above this, on the apex of the gable, there remains the corbelled base +of a belfry. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_306" id="page_306">{306}</a></span> window in the tower above referred to is peculiar, as +will be seen from an enlarged sketch (Fig. <a href="#fig_1228">1228</a>). It has a +deeply-splayed sill and lintel, with moulded jambs butting against them +at top and bottom. The piscina is shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1229">1229</a>, and the ambry and +sedilia are seen in the view of the choir (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1217">1217</a>) and in the +enlarged drawings (Figs. <a href="#fig_1230">1230</a> and <a href="#fig_1231">1231</a>). On either side of the choir +there is a row of large splayed corbels at the springing of the arched +roof, which seems to indicate that there was an upper room over the +choir.</p> + +<p>Over the tower vault at the crossing there is an upper vault containing +two floors, the exposed ruinous arch of which is seen in the view from +the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1226" style="width: 490px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_306.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_306.jpg" width="490" height="327" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1226.</span>—Carmelite Friars’ Monastery. Transept and +Tower, from South.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">south (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1226">1226</a>). These floors are reached by the wheel stair shown +on Plan. The intermediate floor, having been of timber, was supported on +stone corbels. In each room there is a fireplace in the south wall; the +one in the lower room is about 6 feet wide, and is suggestive of having +been used for a kitchen; and there can be no doubt (as will be seen from +the terms of a charter to be quoted) but that these rooms formed a +residence. From the lower room there is a square window (now built up) +looking into the choir. It is immediately under the vault, and measures +about 3 feet wide by 4 feet high, and had probably some kind of closing +shutter. The windows of these rooms are all square-headed, and +overlooked the monastery.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_307" id="page_307">{307}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1227" style="width: 430px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_307.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_307.jpg" width="430" height="778" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1227.</span>—Carmelite Friars’ Monastery. East End.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_308" id="page_308">{308}</a></span></p> + +<p>The upper part of the tower is gone, but it was doubtless finished with +a cape-house and parapet walk, after the manner of termination so</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1228"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 224px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_308-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_308-a.jpg" width="224" height="342" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1228.</span>—Carmelite Friars’ Monastery.</p> + +<p>North Window in Tower.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">frequent in Scotland in the castles of the fifteenth century, which were +contemporaneous with the monastery. The similar tower at Torphichen +Church, about eight miles distant, that of Dysart on the opposite shore, +and various other examples throughout the country are finished in the +same way. In the rocks on the shore adjoining there has been cut out a +haven for small boats, which is traditionally believed to have been the +work of the friars.</p> + +<p>This monastery and church were founded and endowed by the family of +Dundas of Dundas, it is believed, about the year 1330. The earliest +notice of it is about a century later, in a charter of confirmation +dated 1st October 1457, granted by Lord Seton, Baron of Winchburgh, of a +charter granted by James Dundas of Dundas, dated 6th March 1440, the +terms of which have already been quoted. The</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1229"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 184px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_308-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_308-b.jpg" width="184" height="213" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1229.</span>—Carmelite Friars’ Monastery.</p> + +<p>Piscina.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">monastery existed for about two hundred and fifty years, and in 1585 +James <small>VI.</small> disponed to Sir Walter Dundas the whole revenue of the +establishment, “together with the kirk of the said place, and whole +bounds, with the steeple and houses above the same.” The place has ever +since remained in the possession of the same family.</p> + +<p>The present structure is evidently, from its style, of a late date. The +construction of the vaulting, with its low arches at the crossing, and +pointed vault covered with stone roof over the choir; the plain outline +of the tower and walls, without buttress or break of any kind;<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_309" id="page_309">{309}</a></span> and the +square lintelled windows, are all indications of a date about the end of +the fifteenth or beginning of the sixteenth century.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1230" style="width: 401px;"> +<p id="fig_1231"></p> +<a href="images/ill_pg_309.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_309.jpg" width="401" height="257" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<table summary="none"> +<tr valign="top"><td> +<p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1230.</span>—Carmelite Friars’ Monastery.</p> + +<p>Ambry.</p> +</td> +<td class="tdspc"> </td> +<td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1231.</span>—Carmelite Friars’ Monastery. +</p> +<p>Sedilia in Choir.</p> +</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<h2><a name="ST_BOTHANS_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_Yester_Haddingtonshire" id="ST_BOTHANS_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_Yester_Haddingtonshire"></a>ST. BOTHAN’S COLLEGIATE CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Yester, Haddingtonshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A structure partly old and partly new, which stands beside the mansion +house of Yester, the seat of the Marquis of Tweeddale. Its position is +very fine, situated as it is by the side of a clear flowing stream, and +surrounded by splendidly wooded braes.</p> + +<p>The construction of the old part of the building, as seen in the +interior, is very massive and, considering its small dimensions, +imposing, and it remains in a good state of preservation.</p> + +<p>The edifice (Fig. <a href="#fig_1232">1232</a>) consists of a choir and transepts. Of the nave +hardly anything exists, and there is nothing to indicate that it ever +was built. The present west wall is modern, probably of this century. +The choir measures, internally, 13 feet from east to west by 18 feet 6 +inches wide. The total length across the transepts is about 53 feet 6 +inches from north to south by 13 feet in width, all inside dimensions. +It will be observed that the nave and choir are not quite in the same +line.</p> + +<p>The crossing (Fig. <a href="#fig_1233">1233</a>) is covered with a pointed barrel vault in +continuation of that of the choir, and is supported at the springing by +very massive low round arches, which span the entrance to each transept. +The choir vault is separated from the crossing by a late arch, supported +on pillasters of a Renaissance form, and it has been emphasised by +having ribs on the surface of the vault, as shown on the Plan by dotted +lines, but these do not now exist. The transepts are also vaulted with +plain pointed<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_310" id="page_310">{310}</a></span> vaults carried to a considerable height, but cut off from +the crossing, as at Ladykirk and Queensferry, by the arches introduced +to carry the central vault of the crossing. As the church was without +buttresses, the walls are of considerable thickness (not less than 4 +feet) in order to resist the pressure of the arches. In the north wall +of the south transept, near the apex of the roof (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1233">1233</a>), there +is a small door, now built up, which probably gave access to a small +chamber in the haunch of the vault over the crossing.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1232" style="width: 301px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_310.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_310.jpg" width="301" height="440" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1232.</span>—St. Bothan’s Collegiate Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>In the east wall of the north transept there is a piscina (Fig. <a href="#fig_1234">1234</a>), +enriched with carved crockets round the ogee arch. The basin is, as +usual, broken away. On one side of the arch is a shield, having a +smaller shield on the dexter side, bearing three inescutcheons, and on +the sinister side three cinquefoils, being the arms of Hay of Tweeddale.</p> + +<p>The piscina is 22½ inches wide, measuring over the enrichments, by<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_311" id="page_311">{311}</a></span> 26 +inches high, and 3 feet 3 inches from the floor up to the level of the +basin.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1233" style="width: 504px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_311.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_311.jpg" width="504" height="682" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1233.</span>—St. Bothan’s Collegiate Church. From South +Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_312" id="page_312">{312}</a></span></p> + +<p><a id="fig_1234"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 303px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_312-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_312-a.jpg" width="303" height="299" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1234.</span>—St. Bothan’s Collegiate Church. Piscina.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>There is an end window in each of the three limbs of the cross, and none +in the side walls. The windows in the transepts (Figs. <a href="#fig_1235">1235</a> and <a href="#fig_1236">1236</a>), +although not entirely alike in their details, have a general resemblance +to each other. They are flat arched, and have mullions with a plain +space above, occupying the centre of the thickness of the wall. The +windows are of three lights, with circular tops fitted with cusping. The +space above the lights, usually occupied</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1235"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 315px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_312-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_312-b.jpg" width="315" height="366" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1235.</span>—St. Bothan’s Collegiate Church. Transept +Window (Exterior).</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">by tracery, is filled with solid masonry. The window in the east end +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1237">1237</a>) is pointed, and is filled with tracery which has been +renewed, and is dated over the centre arch 1635. In the south transept +there is a simple monument of Renaissance character (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1236">1236</a>), +which contains a fine shield with the Hay and Cockburn arms impaled—the +first a mullet between three inescutcheons and the initials W. H., and +the second a crescent between three<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_313" id="page_313">{313}</a></span> cocks with the initials H. C. This +shield contains traces of colour, and on the frieze there are five +pateræ also in colour.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1236" style="width: 507px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_313.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_313.jpg" width="507" height="675" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1236.</span>—St. Bothan’s Collegiate Church. Monument in +South Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_314" id="page_314">{314}</a></span></p> + +<p>An earlier church than that just described existed here, and was +dedicated to St. Bothan, after whom also the parish was named, until, on +the erection of the present mansion house, the baronial name of the +extensive domains of Yester superseded the old parochial name.</p> + +<p>In the ancient <i>Taxatio</i> (1176) the Ecclesia de Bothani was rated at 30 +marks, and it is again referred to in Bagimont’s Roll (1275) as the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1237" style="width: 377px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_314.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_314.jpg" width="377" height="456" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1237.</span>—St. Bothan’s Collegiate Church. East End.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Præpositura de Bothans, and is rated at £40. The territory of Yester was +from the twelfth century in the possession of the family of Gifford, and +in 1418 it passed, by marriage, into the possession of Sir William Hay +of Locherwart, with whose descendants it still remains.<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a></p> + +<p>In 1421 Sir William founded the Collegiate Church of St. Bothan for a +provost, six prebendaries, and two singing boys. And he and his<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_315" id="page_315">{315}</a></span> +successors endowed it with sufficient revenues. After the Reformation it +continued to be the parish church till 1708, when a new church was built +in the neighbouring village of Gifford.</p> + +<h2><a name="PARISH_CHURCH_Stirling125" id="PARISH_CHURCH_Stirling125"></a>PARISH CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Stirling</span>.<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a></h2> + +<p>This is one of the best preserved of the old churches of Scotland, and +although it has suffered severely by various renovations and +restorations, it is still a building of very considerable interest. The +church occupies a high situation on the Castle Hill, and as approached +up the steep streets, the lofty east end which first appears to view, +with its prominent buttresses and tall windows, has a most imposing and +picturesque effect.<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> The edifice consists of two divisions, the nave +and choir, which were built at two different periods. The nave, which is +the oldest part, is undoubtedly the church referred to in the +Chamberlain’s Accounts for the year from July 1413 to June 1414, in +which he “discharges himself of the issues of ayre held at Stirling, +because it was granted to the work of the parish church which had been +burnt.” Of the earlier church which had been burnt nothing now remains. +The date of the east end or choir is known to be between 1507 and 1520.</p> + +<p>The building (Fig. <a href="#fig_1238">1238</a>) consists, from end to end, of a central nave +with north and south aisles (the aisles being vaulted in stone), an +eastern apse, and a western tower. The nave has five bays, the choir +three bays, and they are separated by a wide bay, which may be termed +the crossing. The crossing now serves as an entrance hall to the two +churches which are located in the edifice, walls being built across each +side of the crossing so as to enclose the choir as one church and the +nave as the other. The total internal length of the building, exclusive +of the apse and tower, is about 160 feet by about 55 feet in width; +including apse and tower the internal length is about 200 feet.</p> + +<p>The original entrance to the church was through the western tower, and +as the ground rises considerably towards the west, there must have been +steps down to the floor of the nave. The western doorway was destroyed +in 1818, when the sill of the window above was lowered into the space +occupied by the door arch, but the bases and lower part of the door +jambs still remain (Fig. <a href="#fig_1239">1239</a>). The tower, which is vaulted, opens into +the nave (as at Linlithgow) through a lofty pointed arch, springing from +moulded responds (Fig. <a href="#fig_1240">1240</a>).<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_316" id="page_316">{316}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1238" style="width: 678px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_316.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_316.jpg" width="678" height="322" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1238.</span>—Stirling Parish Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_317" id="page_317">{317}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1239" style="width: 512px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_317.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_317.jpg" width="512" height="706" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1239.</span>—Stirling Parish Church. Tower, from +South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_318" id="page_318">{318}</a></span></p> + +<p><a id="fig_1240"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 124px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_318-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_318-a.jpg" width="124" height="105" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1240.</span></p> + +<p>Stirling Parish Church.</p> + +<p>Responds of Tower Arch.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The piers of the nave (with the exception of two) are round and massive +cylinders, and the east and west responds (Fig. <a href="#fig_1241">1241</a>) are +semi-cylinders. The piers and responds have circular and delicately +carved and moulded capitals (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1241">1241</a>), with but slight projection +or undercutting. The moulded bases, where not destroyed, are also round +and of slight projection, those of the responds terminating on +semi-octagonal plinths. The general appearance of these pillars +illustrates what is so often found in Scotland (both</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1241"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 228px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_318-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_318-b.jpg" width="228" height="379" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1241.</span>—Stirling Parish Church.</p> + +<p>West Respond of Nave Arcade.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">in ecclesiastic and domestic work) during the fifteenth century and +onwards, viz., a tendency to imitate Norman and early pointed details. +This tendency is also seen in the nave piers of Dunkeld Cathedral, in +the piers and arches of the naves of Aberdour Church and Dysart Church, +in the imitation of first pointed work in the late cloisters of Melrose, +and many other examples which might be cited. But the later counterfeit +is never perfect, there being always some touch of contemporary design +which reveals the imitation. The two exceptional piers, above referred +to as not being cylindrical, are the fourth piers (Fig. <a href="#fig_1242">1242</a>) from the +west end (Fig. <a href="#fig_1243">1243</a>). These piers are composed of clustered shafts with +moulded capitals, the upper members of which do not follow the contour +of the piers, but sweep unbroken across the cap in the same manner as in +the caps in</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1242"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 197px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_318-c.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_318-c.jpg" width="197" height="109" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1242.</span>—Stirling Parish Church.</p> + +<p>Piers in Nave in Fourth Bay from West End.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the choir (Fig. <a href="#fig_1244">1244</a>), and in those of the interior of the oriel windows +in the great hall of Stirling Castle adjoining (Fig. <a href="#fig_1245">1245</a>), at +Torphichen, and other late churches; and in the capitals of the +clustered jambs of the hall fireplaces in many castles throughout the +country. It will be observed from<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_319" id="page_319">{319}</a></span> Fig. <a href="#fig_1243">1243</a> that the nave aisles are +vaulted with groined arches, while the central nave has a wooden roof.</p> + +<p>The Plan (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1238">1238</a>) shows that the two piers of the fifth bay from +the west end of the nave consist of a semi-round attached to a square. +These formed the west piers of the crossing. The next piers (the first +in the choir) are, like the last, of large size, and suggest that a</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1243" style="width: 521px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_319.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_319.jpg" width="521" height="479" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1243.</span>—Stirling Parish Church. Interior of Nave from +North Aisle, looking West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">central tower was contemplated, if not built. There was, over the +crossing, an upper room known as the king’s room, from which the service +could be seen. It was destroyed about the middle of this century. The +room was reached by a wheel staircase in the north wall, where the door +leading to it is still to be seen. This staircase is now filled with the +chimney flues of a heating apparatus. The bay between the tower piers<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_320" id="page_320">{320}</a></span> +is arched with round arches, which are now almost concealed, this part +of the church being occupied with modern staircases, vestries, and +gallery. A round arch also spanned the church between the eastmost of +the two piers of the crossing. The latter arch was taken down about the +year</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1244" style="width: 441px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_320.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_320.jpg" width="441" height="634" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1244.</span>—Stirling Parish Church. Piers, Caps, and Arch +Mouldings in Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_321" id="page_321">{321}</a></span> 1869, thus destroying the room above, and the pier +was enlarged. From the enlarged part a pointed arch was thrown across, +thus sacrificing the beauty and fitness of the church, in order to +introduce a small gallery. About the same time the interior stone work +was, unfortunately, redressed.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1247, together with the view from south-west, above referred to, +gives some idea of the effect of the apse and the picturesque appearance +of the church as seen from the north-east. The south side of the +building</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1245" style="width: 533px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_321.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_321.jpg" width="533" height="377" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1245.</span>—Stirling Castle. Oriel in Great Hall.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">has been lamentably injured by a kind of great porch or transept erected +in the centre, which gives access to the two churches into which the +edifice is now divided.</p> + +<p>Of the building of the east end or choir interesting particulars are +given in the Register of Dunfermline. In the year 1507 an agreement was +entered into between James Beaton, Abbot of Dunfermline, and the Town +Council and community of Stirling, wherein it is stated that the latter +having “takin apon hand to big and compleitlie edifye, and end ane gud +and sufficient queyr conformand to the body of the peroch kirk of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_322" id="page_322">{322}</a></span> the +said burght,” they were to deliver to the abbot the “body” of the parish +church (that is the west end or nave) to be used by the Convent as a +“queir ay and quhill the said queyr now to be biggit, be fully and +compleitlie biggit and endit.” Under this arrangement the Convent was to</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1246" style="width: 495px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_322.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_322.jpg" width="495" height="643" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1246.</span>—Stirling Parish Church. Interior of Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_323" id="page_323">{323}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">pay £200 Scots, and to provide all the ornaments necessary for the high +altar and for the upholding of the same, and promised infeftment yearly</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1247" style="width: 645px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_323.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_323.jpg" width="645" height="503" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1247.</span>—Stirling Parish Church. View from +North-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">of 40s. Scots. On the other hand, the Council agree to uphold the queir +perpetually in all things “swa that the hie alter thair sall be honestly +and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_324" id="page_324">{324}</a></span> honourably uphalding in the said ornaments as thai resceve the +samyn thairto fra the said abbot and Convent.” By the year 1520 the work +appears to have proceeded so far that a service, by order of the Provost +and Bailies, was held in the choir, but it does not appear to have been +then quite finished, as in 1523 Robart Arnot, “Maister of the kirk +wark,” is ordered to make payment for timber for the queir.<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> The +choir (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1247">1247</a>) consists of three bays with north and south +aisles, and an eastern apse of five sides. The latter is applied like an +oriel window to the east end of the church, somewhat in the same way as +the apse of St. Michael’s, Linlithgow. It is wider than the central +division of the choir, and fits on awkwardly to it, causing the two side +divisions of the apse to be lost to view when one looks from the west +end (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1246">1246</a>). The vaulting of the apse is managed in a peculiar +manner, arches being introduced</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1248" style="width: 294px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_324.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_324.jpg" width="294" height="232" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1248.</span>—Stirling Parish Church. Plan of Chapel of St. +Andrew.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">on each side in order to bring the central space into a form as nearly a +parallelogram as possible, and thus enable it to be covered with a +pointed barrel vault, strengthened with small ribs.<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> The mullions of +the apse are treated somewhat like perpendicular work.</p> + +<p>The side aisles are vaulted with stone, and the tracery is modern. The +piers are of an ordinary late section (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1244">1244</a>), and the details +recall the later work of St. Giles’, Edinburgh. The caps are of the +character of many late Scottish buildings, such as St. Giles’ and St. +Michael’s (choir), the abacus containing a number of straight members, +while the bed moulding breaks round the mouldings of the piers. The +small shred<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_325" id="page_325">{325}</a></span>s</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1249" style="width: 515px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_325.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_325.jpg" width="515" height="697" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1249.</span>—Stirling Parish Church. Interior of Chapel of +St. Andrew.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_326" id="page_326">{326}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">of foliage introduced are very peculiar. The bases also recall some of +the above buildings. There is no triforium, and the clerestory windows, +which are round-headed, are brought down to the string course +immediately over</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1250"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 281px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_326-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_326-a.jpg" width="281" height="251" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1250.</span>—Stirling Parish Church.</p> + +<p>South-East Corner of St. Andrew’s Chapel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the arches of the main arcade.</p> + +<p>At the north-west corner of the church there was a small chapel (now +removed), with a wide opening into the church. It had a vaulted roof, +which abutted against the clerestory. Half buried in the ruins of this +chapel is the recess of what appears to have been a piscina. The chapel +is called Queen Margaret’s, and is supposed to have been built by James +<small>IV.</small> in honour of his queen.</p> + +<p>Another chapel dedicated to St. Andrew, at the north-east end of the +nave, is still entire. This chapel (Fig. <a href="#fig_1248">1248</a>), which till within the +last</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1251"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 221px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_326-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_326-b.jpg" width="221" height="221" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1251.</span>—Stirling Parish Church.</p> + +<p>North Window of St. Andrew’s Chapel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">few months was private property, has been handed over to the keeping of +the authorities of Stirling, and is now, for the first time for many +years, if not centuries, made accessible to the public, so that drawings +of the interior can now be made. The partition which closed the access +to the chapel from the church still remains, and a door which was cut +through the east wall at the time the partition was put up is still in +use, but these alterations are not shown on the Plan (Fig. <a href="#fig_1248">1248</a>).<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a></p> + +<p>The chapel measures about 15 feet 9 inches in length, and has a width of +about 12 feet from<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_327" id="page_327">{327}</a></span> the north wall. Its height from the original floor +to the apex of the roof is about 15 feet 8 inches. It enters from the +church by a round</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1252" style="width: 296px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_327-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_327-a.jpg" width="296" height="161" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1252.</span>—Stirling Parish Church. Section of North +Window of St. Andrew’s Chapel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">arched opening about 10 feet wide (Fig. <a href="#fig_1249">1249</a>), with splayed and notched +jambs and arch, the jambs having a very simple moulded cap (Fig. <a href="#fig_1250">1250</a>).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1253" style="width: 455px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_327-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_327-b.jpg" width="455" height="373" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1253.</span>—Stirling Parish Church. Details of St. +Andrew’s Chapel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>This opening is not in the centre of the chapel. There are a north and a +west window. The former (Fig. <a href="#fig_1251">1251</a>) is pointed, and is divided by<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_328" id="page_328">{328}</a></span> +mullions into three lights, and retains the original tracery. Fig. <a href="#fig_1252">1252</a> +shows the section of the mouldings of the arch and jambs. The window</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1254" style="width: 428px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_328-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_328-a.jpg" width="428" height="218" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<table summary="none"> +<tr valign="top"><td> +<p> +Durham of Mollet. +</p> +</td> +<td class="tdspc"> </td> +<td> +<p> +Durham and Murray.<br /> +</p> +</td></tr> +<tr><td class="c" colspan="3"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1254.</span>—Stirling Parish Church. Arms in St. Andrew’s Chapel.</p></td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">in the west wall is square lintelled, and has a straight sconsion arch +(see Fig. <a href="#fig_1249">1249</a>). This chapel exhibits, in small space, three methods of</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1255"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 221px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_328-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_328-b.jpg" width="221" height="127" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1255.</span>—Stirling Parish Church.</p> + +<p>Founder’s Arms in St. Andrew’s Chapel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">covering an opening, the architect being apparently indifferent as to +which was used, so that it served the purpose.</p> + +<p>The chapel is groined in the ordinary manner, the masonry being, as +usual, very fine. The ribs are all of the same general section (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1253">1253</a>, <span class="sans">A A</span>), but each set is slightly different in size, the diagonals +being the largest. There are no wall ribs. The details of the carved +bosses at the intersections are shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1253">1253</a>, <span class="sans">B</span>. A stone bench +runs</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1256"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 191px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_328-c.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_328-c.jpg" width="191" height="211" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1256.</span>—Stirling Parish Church.</p> + +<p>Arms and Initials in St. Andrew’s Chapel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">along the west side only.</p> + +<p>There is a roughly formed square recess, about 12 inches wide (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_1248">1248</a>), in the north wall near the east end, and in the east wall at the +south-east corner (see Plan and Fig. <a href="#fig_1250">1250</a>) there is an ogee-headed +recess, about 7 inches high by 5 inches wide and 2½ inches deep, at +about 3 feet 6 inches from the floor. There are recesses somewhat +similar to the latter at Paisley Abbey.</p> + +<p>St. Andrew’s Chapel was erected by Duncan Forrester of Garden, Knight, +whose initials are<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_329" id="page_329">{329}</a></span> cut on the lintel of the west window (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1253">1253</a>, +<span class="sans">C</span>), and his arms, together with a saltier for St. Andrew, are carved on +the centre boss (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1253">1253</a>, <span class="sans">B</span>). The name of Duncan Forrester occurs +in charters</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1257"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 351px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_329-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_329-a.jpg" width="351" height="231" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1257.</span>—Stirling Parish Church.</p> + +<p>Details of Niche in St. Andrew’s Chapel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">relating to Stirling in 1479 and onwards for a period of forty years. He +was provost of the town of Stirling, and appears to have been a liberal +benefactor to this church. As shown on the Plan there are three +interesting grave slabs in the chapel. One of these, of the date 1584, +contains the arms of Durham of Grange (Fig. <a href="#fig_1254">1254</a>); but as no member of +that family had A. D. as initials at that period, the monument may +probably have belonged</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1258"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 86px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_329-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_329-b.jpg" width="86" height="317" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1258.</span></p> + +<p>Stirling Parish Church. Exterior Base.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">to the Durhams of Mollet, one of whom, with the above initials, married +Eliz. Murray. This would correspond with the initials and lower shield +on the slab (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1254">1254</a>) in which the Durham and Murray arms are +impaled. The adjoining slab exhibits six shields. One of these contains +the founder’s arms (Fig. <a href="#fig_1255">1255</a>), and another a curious figure arranged +saltier-wise. Nothing can be determined as to the carving on the other +shields. The remaining slab contains the arms and initials of Duncan +Forrester (Fig. <a href="#fig_1256">1256</a>), possibly the son of the founder, and the Erskine +arms with the initials M. E. A consecration cross is shown (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_1253">1253</a>), which is carved on the north wall of the chapel.</p> + +<p>In Fig. <a href="#fig_1257">1257</a> are shown detached portions of a niche, including the +canopy and corbel, lying on the floor. The exterior base of the church, +which is partly returned round the west side of this chapel, is shown in +Fig. <a href="#fig_1258">1258</a>.</p> + +<p>There were north and south doorways to the nave, opposite each other, in +the second bay from the west. The south one had a large porch, now +destroyed.</p> + +<p>The tower, which is oblong in plan, measures about 31 feet from north to +south by about 22 feet from east to west, and, according to Mr. Ronalds, +it is 85 feet high to the top of the parapet, and 15 feet more to the +apex<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_330" id="page_330">{330}</a></span> of the spirelet. It is quite evident that it has been built at two +periods. The lower part, judging from the window mouldings and what +remains of the base of the west door, is contemporary with the church, +or of early fifteenth century work. The upper part is contracted to +nearly a square of about 25 feet on Plan, there being a balcony on the +north and one on the south (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1239">1239</a>). A turret stair in the +north-west corner gives access from the church to the top. This tower, +especially as seen from the west, is very picturesque, where the long +unbroken line of the stair turret contrasts beautifully with recessed +outlines of the other corner (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1248">1248</a>).</p> + +<p>This tower is amongst the best specimens of the Scottish architecture of +the sixteenth century, as applied to ecclesiastical structures.</p> + +<h2><a name="TULLIBARDINE_CHURCH_Perthshire" id="TULLIBARDINE_CHURCH_Perthshire"></a>TULLIBARDINE CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This edifice, which is unused, although in an almost perfect state of +preservation, is situated about six miles south from Crieff. It “was +founded in honour of our Blessed Saviour, for a provost and several +prebendaries, by Sir David Murray of Tullibardine, ancestor of the Duke +of Athol, in</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1259" style="width: 181px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_330.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_330.jpg" width="181" height="193" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1259.</span>—Tullibardine Church.</p> + +<p>Arms of Sir David Murray in Chancel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the year 1446.”<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> Sir David died the same year and was buried in the +church, where his arms (Fig. <a href="#fig_1259">1259</a>) still remain on the interior of the +north side of the choir, quartered with those of his wife Isobel, second +daughter of Sir John Stewart of Innermeith and Lorn. The lady’s arms, it +will be observed, occupy the first and fourth quarters.</p> + +<p>This is one of the few collegiate churches in Scotland which were +entirely finished and still remain unaltered. It is of a cruciform plan +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1260">1260</a>) and has a small western tower entering from the church by a +narrow doorway. The building measures internally from east to west along +the south side 62 feet 1½ inches, and along the north side 64 feet 6½ +inches by 18 feet 5½ inches in breadth, and the walls are 14 feet 3 +inches high from the floor to the wall head. The measurements over the +transepts are 64 feet 5 inches from north to south, by 15 feet 10 inches +in width (inside measure). The tower is a small apartment of 6 feet 11 +inches by 4 feet 9 inches.</p> + +<p>There are two entrances, one being at the west end of the south wall<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_331" id="page_331">{331}</a></span> +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1261">1261</a>). It is round-arched with a bead and hollow moulding and a +rude string cap. The other is a plain lintelled doorway in the north +transept.</p> + +<p>In each of the north and south walls of the transept there is a +traceried window, the one to the south (Fig. <a href="#fig_1262">1262</a>) having three lights +and the other (Fig. <a href="#fig_1263">1263</a>) two lights. The walls are of considerable +thickness, and the tracery is well recessed (Fig. <a href="#fig_1264">1264</a>) and gives, in +consequence,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1260" style="width: 445px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_331.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_331.jpg" width="445" height="402" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1260.</span>—Tullibardine Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">a massive and substantial appearance to the otherwise well designed +windows.</p> + +<p>The other windows are simple and such as are found in castles and minor +churches. That adjoining the entrance to the south transept is +interesting from having its sconsion arch (Fig. <a href="#fig_1265">1265</a>) neatly constructed +so as to die away upon the splay. In the west gable there are two narrow +windows. The lintels of these, instead of being level, lie at the same +angle as the slope of the gable, and just a little below it (Fig. <a href="#fig_1266">1266</a>). +A similar kind of window may be observed at Dunblane at the east end of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_332" id="page_332">{332}</a></span> +the room over the north aisle of the choir. The transepts each open from +the church by a segmental arch (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1265">1265</a>), springing from splayed</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1261" style="width: 525px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_332.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_332.jpg" width="525" height="624" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1261.</span>—Tullibardine Church. South Doorway.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">responds, having moulded bases and caps (Fig. <a href="#fig_1267">1267</a>). From the floor to +the top of the caps measures 8 feet 2 inches, and the arch has a rise +of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_333" id="page_333">{333}</a></span> 2 feet 10 inches, in a width of 11 feet 9½ inches. It is difficult +to say how the roof at this part was finished originally. The present +roof at the east end is of considerable antiquity, having timbers about +6 inches square, but the part resting on the transept arch is +comparatively modern. That it was not finished as it is now is almost +certain, as there appears to have been a gable over the arch, separating +the transept roofs from the main roof.</p> + +<p>There are several ambries in the church. The one at the east end of the +south wall is handsome (Fig. <a href="#fig_1268">1268</a>), having a pointed ogee arched</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1262" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_333.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_333.jpg" width="543" height="402" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1262.</span>—Tullibardine Church. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">head, with bead and hollow mouldings and bases wrought in the hollows. +In the east jamb of the south transept arch (see Plan and Fig. <a href="#fig_1265">1265</a>) +there is a narrow arched recess about 6½ inches wide by 3½ inches in +depth.</p> + +<p>The east end of the church appears to have been covered with tapestry, +as the laths for attaching it to are still in position on the walls. At +the west wall and the end walls of the transepts the pieces securing the +feet of the rafters are brought down the walls flush with the face, and +would also afford facilities for hanging tapestry.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_334" id="page_334">{334}</a></span></p> + +<p>A peculiar feature of the church is the rise of the floor at the west +end by two steps. The steps appear to be original, and may possibly be +in connection with a burial vault beneath.</p> + +<p>In the exterior of the north wall of the transept (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1263">1263</a>) are +inserted two shields. The one over the doorway (Fig. <a href="#fig_1269">1269</a>) contains the +arms of Murray of Tullibardine—three stars within a double tressure,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1263" style="width: 532px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_334.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_334.jpg" width="532" height="480" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1263.</span>—Tullibardine Church. North Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">flowered and counter-flowered. The other contains the arms of Sir +William Murray of Tullibardine (son of Sir David, the founder of the +College) impaled with those of his wife Margaret, daughter of Sir John +Colquhoun of Luss. On the skew stones (Fig. <a href="#fig_1270">1270</a>), which are peculiarly +shaped, the star is frequently wrought.</p> + +<p>In the west wall of the tower there is a niche (Fig. <a href="#fig_1271">1271</a>) with a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_335" id="page_335">{335}</a></span> +canopy and bracket. If it ever was adorned with a figure it is now +empty, and the figure has disappeared. Beneath the niche there is a</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1264" style="width: 494px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_335.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_335.jpg" width="494" height="616" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1264.</span>—Tullibardine Church. North and South +Transepts.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">small round opening, a kind of spy hole or shot hole from the tower, +which was doubtless a place of security.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_336" id="page_336">{336}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1265" style="width: 754px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_336.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_336.jpg" width="754" height="489" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1265.</span>—Tullibardine Church. Interior, looking +South-East.</p> + +<p>We have to thank Mr. T. S. Robertson for assistance in connection with +this Sketch.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_337" id="page_337">{337}</a></span></p> + + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 505px;"> +<p><a id="fig_1266"></a><a id="fig_1268"></a> +<a id="fig_1269"></a><a id="fig_1267"></a> +<a id="fig_1270"></a> +<a id="fig_1271"></a></p> +<a href="images/ill_pg_337.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_337.jpg" width="505" height="697" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1270.</span>—Tullibardine Church.<br />Skew Stone.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1267.</span>—Tullibardine Church.<br />Jamb of Transept Arch.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1268.</span>—Tullibardine Church.<br />Ambry at East End of South Wall.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1266.</span>—Tullibardine Church.<br />Window in West Gable.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1269.</span>—Tullibardine Church.<br />Arms on Exterior of North Transept.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1271.</span>—Tullibardine Church. +<br />Niche in Tower.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_338" id="page_338">{338}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_Maybole" id="COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_Maybole"></a>COLLEGIATE CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Maybole</span>.</h2> + +<p>The ancient town of Maybole, which is situated on the side of a hill +about nine miles south from Ayr, was formerly the capital of Carrick, +and contained the castle of the Earl of Cassillis<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> and the town +houses of the lairds of the district. Being within two miles of +Crosraguel Abbey and having a collegiate establishment within the town, +the ecclesiastical</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1272" style="width: 496px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_338.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_338.jpg" width="496" height="275" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1267.</span></p> + +<p>Tullibardine Church.</p> + +<p>Jamb of Transept Arch.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1272.</span>—Maybole Collegiate Church. Plan.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">element would not be wanting in the society of the place. At the +Reformation the house of the provost was the scene of a celebrated +debate between John Knox and Quentin Kennedy, Abbot of Crosraguel, in +September 1561.</p> + +<p>The college stands on gently sloping ground near the base of the hill on +which the town is situated, and is now enclosed within the streets.</p> + +<p>In 1371 a chapel was founded in Maybole by Sir John Kennedy of Dunure, +and endowed for one clerk and three chaplains. This was probably the +earliest foundation of the kind established in Scotland, but it had many +successors as collegiate churches in the following century.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_339" id="page_339">{339}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1273" style="width: 689px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_339.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_339.jpg" width="689" height="478" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1273.</span>—Maybole Collegiate Church. View from +South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_340" id="page_340">{340}</a></span></p> + +<p>In Abercrummie’s description of Carrick,<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> written in the end of the +seventeenth century, the collegiate church is mentioned as being still +entire, “being now used as the burial-place of the Earl of Cassillis, +and other gentlemen who contributed to the putting of a roofe upon it, +when it was decayed.” It is further mentioned that the “Colledge +consisted of a rector and three prebends, whose stalls are all of them +yet extant, save the rector’s.”</p> + +<p>The houses or “stalls” of the prebends are now all gone, and the church +is again roofless. The freestone has been taken away from many of the +buttresses, and the tracery of the windows is broken and most of the +windows built up.</p> + +<p>The church as it now stands (Fig. <a href="#fig_1272">1272</a>) consists of a simple oblong 52 +feet long by 18 feet wide internally, but there are evidences of its +having been altered. There was a small sacristy on the north side, with +a good pointed doorway leading into the church.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1274" style="width: 291px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_340.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_340.jpg" width="291" height="158" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1274.</span>—Maybole Collegiate Church. Tracery in +Windows.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Both in the north and south walls (Fig. <a href="#fig_1273">1273</a>) of the edifice there is a +very narrow pointed and cusped window, which does not correspond with +the other details of the building, and close to the narrow window in the +south wall there is a dressed corner, now built against, which seems to +indicate a complete change in the structure at this point. The east +window and the two windows adjoining it in the north and south sides +still retain part of their tracery (Fig. <a href="#fig_1274">1274</a>), which is of a late +character. A recess with pointed arch-head for a tomb or an Easter +sepulchre in the north wall of the choir (Fig. <a href="#fig_1275">1275</a>) contains mouldings +enriched with imitations of the dog-tooth, and the arches of the +south-west doorway (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1273">1273</a>) have also similar dog-tooth +ornaments. The church having been founded in 1371, when the first +pointed period (to which the dog-tooth belongs) had long passed away, +there can be no doubt of the above ornaments being very late revivals, +even if the style of their execution did not make that apparent.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_341" id="page_341">{341}</a></span></p> + +<p>The south-west doorway is, however, a good late <i>adaptation</i> or +imitation of a thirteenth century design, like other imitations of early +work which were common during the third pointed period. The doorway is +surmounted by a shield bearing the Kennedy arms.</p> + +<p>The west end (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1273">1273</a>) has a buttress in the centre, while in the +inside opposite it the recess of a built up window is observable (see +Plan), thus further indicating alteration. It seems probable that the +church was originally small, and the narrow windows, above referred to, +may possibly be remains of the original fabric. Then at a later date the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1275" style="width: 493px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_341.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_341.jpg" width="493" height="367" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1275.</span>—Maybole Collegiate Church. Interior of East +End.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">structure was probably enlarged and partly rebuilt, when the enlarged +traceried windows, the recess in the choir, and the south-west +doorway—all of which are undoubtedly late—were introduced. This may +have occurred about <small>A.D.</small> 1500. The ruined sacristy still retains its +barrel vault (Fig. <a href="#fig_1276">1276</a>).</p> + +<p>Abercrummie further says—“On the north syde of the kirk is the buriall +place of the laird of Colaine within ane enclosure of new square-stone +lately built.” This enclosure remains, and its architecture corresponds +with the date mentioned, viz., seventeenth century. The entrance doorway +(see Fig. <a href="#fig_1276">1276</a>) is elaborate, but considerably decayed, and over<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_342" id="page_342">{342}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1276" style="width: 511px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_342.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_342.jpg" width="511" height="750" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1276.</span>—Maybole Collegiate Church. Doorway to Burial +Vault.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_343" id="page_343">{343}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">it a large shield bears the Kennedy arms, impaled with another. The +church itself is now used as a burial ground by certain families of the +name of Kennedy.</p> + +<h2><a name="BIGGAR_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_Lanarkshire" id="BIGGAR_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_Lanarkshire"></a>BIGGAR COLLEGIATE CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Lanarkshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The town of Biggar lies in a valley in the Upper Ward of Lanarkshire, +through which communication is obtained between the upper reaches of the +Clyde and the Tweed. From an early period Biggar was a rectory in the +Deanery of Lanark. The parson of Biggar is mentioned in deeds of the +twelfth century, and several of the rectors held important appointments +at Court.</p> + +<p>In 1545 the Church of St. Nicholas was founded and endowed by Malcolm, +Lord Fleming, the Lord High Chancellor of Scotland. The charter of +foundation still exists. It was addressed by Lord Fleming to Cardinal +Beaton, and states that the church was to be erected in honour of the +Holy Trinity, the Blessed Virgin Mary, St. Nicholas the patron of +Biggar, and St. Ninian. The purpose of the foundation was to support a +provost, eight canons or prebendaries, four singing boys, and six poor +nuns, and the presentations and endowment of these officials were +reserved to the Lord Fleming. The special duties of the prebendaries +were as follow:—The first prebendary was to instruct the singing boys +in music, the second was to be master of the grammar school, the third +was to act as sacristan—to ring the bell, to light the tapers on the +four altars, and to attend to the vestments and ornament thereof—and +the fourth prebendary had charge of the poor nuns and gave them their +allowances. A hospital was to be provided for the poor nuns, and +suitable houses were to be erected for the provost and canons.</p> + +<p>During the progress of the work, Malcolm, Lord Fleming, died. The +building was carried on by his son, and scarcely completed before the +Reformation supervened to interrupt the work.<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a></p> + +<p>This church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1277">1277</a>), like many of the collegiate edifices erected +prior to this time, is cruciform in plan, consisting of chancel with +apsidal east end, transept, and nave, with square tower over the +crossing. There are no aisles in any part of the church.</p> + +<p>It is supposed by Grose (who saw the building more than 100 years ago, +before it was restored) that the nave, which is built with whinstone +rubble work, was probably part of an original church which was enlarged +by Lord Fleming, by the addition of a transept and chancel. This may +have been the case, but the nave is now so completely altered and +modernised that it is impossible to say. The chancel, transept, and +tower<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_344" id="page_344">{344}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1277" style="width: 748px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_344.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_344.jpg" width="748" height="470" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1277.</span>—Biggar Collegiate Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_345" id="page_345">{345}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">over the crossing are evidently of a different period from the nave, +being all built with freestone ashlar.</p> + +<p>The total length of the structure internally is 112 feet by 20 feet</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1278" style="width: 511px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_345.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_345.jpg" width="511" height="577" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1278.</span>—Biggar Collegiate Church. South Transept and +Tower.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>4 inches in width, but about 24 feet have been cut off the west end of +the nave so as to form a lobby and staircase to a gallery and a vestry +at the west end. A south-west porch gives access to these places. +Formerly the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_346" id="page_346">{346}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1279" style="width: 702px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_346.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_346.jpg" width="702" height="489" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1279.</span>—Biggar Collegiate Church. View from +South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_347" id="page_347">{347}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">chapter house existed on the north side of the chancel, but it was +removed, and a new vestry is now erected in its place.</p> + +<p>The principal entrance into the collegiate church was by a round arched +doorway in the south wall of the transept (Fig. <a href="#fig_1278">1278</a>), and it is +believed that there was also a door in the west end. A small wheel +staircase in the south-east angle of the north transept leads to the +roof and tower, and also to an organ gallery in the north transept. The +top of the stair turret, as seen in the view, is modern.</p> + +<p>The exterior, as viewed from the south-east (Fig. <a href="#fig_1279">1279</a>), has a good</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1280"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 265px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_347.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_347.jpg" width="265" height="362" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1280.</span>—Biggar Collegiate Church.</p> + +<p>Details of Doorway in South Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">effect, with the square battlemented tower rising boldly above the +buttressed chancel and transept. The windows are all pointed and filled +with simple tracery, and the buttresses are of simple but good design, +having a broad water table on top, and no pinnacles.</p> + +<p>The windows are each set in a rectangular recess, which, although a +novelty, cannot be said to to be an improvement. It is in keeping with +the square forms of the Renaissance then being introduced. The arches +and jambs have triple splays. The doorway in the south transept is a +little more ornamental. The arch is round, as very usual in Scotland, +and there are two recessed arches, the inner one moulded and the outer +having enriched caps (Fig. <a href="#fig_1280">1280</a>).</p> + +<p>The tower contains a room on the first floor with a fireplace, and over +it is the belfry.</p> + +<p>It is understood that the ancient roof was of oak, and that the timbers +in the chancel were gilt and emblazoned, doubtless with the arms of the +Flemings, who were buried there.</p> + +<p>The interior (Fig. <a href="#fig_1281">1281</a>) has been greatly remodelled, but the principal +arches at the crossing are preserved. The roof being of timber, the +arches<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_348" id="page_348">{348}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1281" style="width: 491px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_348.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_348.jpg" width="491" height="713" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1281.</span>—Biggar Collegiate Church. Interior, looking +East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_349" id="page_349">{349}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">of the transepts are carried well up, and the windows are also of good +size, so that the church is well lighted, and forms, in this respect, a +striking contrast to Ladykirk and similar vaulted structures.</p> + +<p>After the Reformation the offices and emoluments passed into the hands +of laymen.</p> + +<h2><a name="CARNWATH_CHURCH_Lanarkshire" id="CARNWATH_CHURCH_Lanarkshire"></a>CARNWATH CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Lanarkshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Carnwath is situated about two miles west from Carstairs Junction.</p> + +<p>The original foundation of this church dates from a very early time. In +the middle of the twelfth century it was bestowed by William de +Sumerville on Glasgow Cathedral, which grant was confirmed by Pope +Alexander <small>III.</small> in 1170. The existing building is, however, of much more +recent date. It formed the north wing of the parish church, and was +added after a Collegiate foundation had been erected in 1425 by Thomas, +first Lord Somerville, for a provost and six prebendaries, and is thus</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1282" style="width: 205px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_349.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_349.jpg" width="205" height="223" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1282.</span>—Carnwath Church. Plan of North Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">described in the <i>Memoire of the Somervilles</i>, written about the end of +the seventeenth century:—“The yle itself is but little, however neatly +and conveniently built opposite the middle (on the North side) of the +church; all aisles, both within and without, haveing pinickles upon all +the corners, wherein are engraven, besydes other imagerie the armes of +the Somervills and Sinclaires (the family of the wife of the founder), +very discernable to the occular aspectione, albeit it be two hundereth +and fyfie-eight years since they were placed there.”<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a></p> + +<p>The parish church, which formerly consisted of chancel, nave, and +transept, has been removed, and there now only remains a portion of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_350" id="page_350">{350}</a></span> +north transept, which has been used as the burial-place of the Lords +Carnwath-Somerville till the latter half of the seventeenth century, and +the Lockharts since then.</p> + +<p>The building (Fig. <a href="#fig_1282">1282</a>) stands north and south, and measures about 25 +feet long by 22 feet 6 inches wide (externally). The style (Fig. <a href="#fig_1283">1283</a>)</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1283" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_350.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_350.jpg" width="543" height="518" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1283.</span>—Carnwath Church. View from North-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">is generally like that of the contemporary churches of Scotland; but the +large north window is remarkable from having a closer affinity than +usual with the English perpendicular. In order to carry the heavy stone +roof, shown in the sketch, the building is covered with a pointed barrel +vault such as is generally employed for this purpose; and, as frequently +happens,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_351" id="page_351">{351}</a></span> the vault is divided into bays, and is ornamented with +decorative ribs springing from shafts attached to the wall. Some of the +caps bear the arms of the founder and his spouse. The vaulting gives +rise to the massive buttresses employed, and to the depressed form of +the two-light square-headed side windows on each side, one of which is +seen in the sketch.</p> + +<p>The building having been restored, several new features have been added. +Thus the belfry on the south gable and the cross on the north gable are +modern. The north doorway under the large window is also an insertion, +but is believed to have been formed with the stones of the old doorway +of the church. The pinnacles referred to in the above quoted description +still exist (although partly restored), but the coats of arms on the +buttresses are no longer visible. The outline of the arch in the south +gable, which formerly opened from the transept into the church, can +still be traced (see Plan).</p> + +<p>The interior contains a fine altar-tomb, bearing the recumbent figures +of Hugh, Lord Somerville, who died in 1549, and his second wife, Janet, +daughter of William Maitland of Ledington, who died about 1550. Lord +Hugh was a great favourite of James V., who frequently visited him at +his Castle of Cowthally.</p> + +<p>In the churchyard of Carnwath there is another recumbent effigy, +apparently of older date, but its history is unknown.</p> + +<h2><a name="CASTLE_SEMPLE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_Renfrewshire" id="CASTLE_SEMPLE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_Renfrewshire"></a>CASTLE SEMPLE COLLEGIATE CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Renfrewshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This somewhat remarkable structure stands in the midst of beautiful +woodland scenery, on a gentle acclivity above Lochwinnoch, near the +point at the north end where the Black Cart flows from the loch.</p> + +<p>A collegiate church was founded on this site, and endowed in 1504</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1284" style="width: 480px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_351.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_351.jpg" width="480" height="157" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1284.</span>—Castle Semple Collegiate Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_352" id="page_352">{352}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1285" style="width: 764px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_352.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_352.jpg" width="764" height="497" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1285.</span>—Castle Semple Collegiate Church. View from +South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_353" id="page_353">{353}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1286" style="width: 725px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_353.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_353.jpg" width="725" height="491" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1286.</span>—Castle Semple Collegiate Church. View from +North-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_354" id="page_354">{354}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">by John, first Lord Sempill, near his own residence of Castle Semple. +The establishment consisted of a provost, six chaplains, two boys, and a +sacristan. The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1284">1284</a>) measures within the walls 66 feet in +length by 19 feet in width. The building is a simple oblong, terminating +toward the east in a three-sided apse, and having a square tower +projecting from the centre of the west wall.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1287" style="width: 470px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_354.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_354.jpg" width="470" height="483" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1287.</span>—Castle Semple Collegiate Church. Monument to +John, Lord Sempill.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The style of the east end (Fig. <a href="#fig_1285">1285</a>) is very remarkable. The forms of +the double windows indicate plainly that they are very late survivals of +spurious Gothic work, and a close examination of the building tends to +confirm this view. The other windows in the side walls have been greatly +altered, but they do not present any features at all like those of the +apse. Over the door to the chancel are two coats of arms<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_355" id="page_355">{355}</a></span> with the +letters R. L. S. and A. M. S., the dexter shield bearing the Sempill +arms and the sinister the Montgomerie. The square tower at the west end +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1286">1286</a>) is extremely simple, and has no analogy with the work at the +east end.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1288"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 225px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_355.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_355.jpg" width="225" height="498" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1288.</span></p> + +<p>Castle Semple Collegiate Church.</p> + +<p>Slab to Gabriel Sempill.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>There can be little doubt that the tower and most of the side walls are +of about the date of the original foundation, while the east apse has +been added in the sixteenth century, to receive the monument of John, +Lord Sempill, who fell at Flodden in 1513. A few remains of the original +square-headed windows in the side walls are still traceable.</p> + +<p>The interior has, within recent times, been divided by two solid walls +into three compartments, so as to form separate private burial-places, +and this operation seems to have caused the further alteration and +building up of the side windows.</p> + +<p>In the eastern compartment stands, against the north wall, the large +monument to Lord Sempill (Fig. <a href="#fig_1287">1287</a>), which bears the following +inscription:—</p> + +<p>· · · <span class="smcap">John · Lord · Sempil ande · his · Laydi · D · · · Margarita</span> · · ·</p> + +<p>It must have been erected after 1513, and shows the last expiring effort +of the Gothic decorative spirit. The cusped half-arch half-lintel is a +kind of compromise between the Gothic and Renaissance, and the exuberant +foliage of the upper portion shows late Gothic forms run wild.</p> + +<p>The architecture of the apse windows corresponds in extravagance with +that of the monument.</p> + +<p>A monumental slab in the central compartment (Fig. <a href="#fig_1288">1288</a>) is erected in +memory of “Gabriel Sempel,” who died in 1587. This shows the style<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_356" id="page_356">{356}</a></span></p> + +<p><a id="fig_1289"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 216px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_356-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_356-a.jpg" width="216" height="177" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1289.</span>—Castle Semple Collegiate Church.</p> + +<p>Carved Stone.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">of lettering which was in use about that time, together with the Sempill +arms.</p> + +<p>A carved stone (Fig. <a href="#fig_1289">1289</a>) (from a sketch by Mr. William Galloway), +which seems to have been the socket of a cross, stands in the building, +and was perhaps used at one time as a font. It is octagonal in form, and +has an oblong sinking in the centre.</p> + +<h2><a name="GREYFRIARS_CHURCH135_Elgin" id="GREYFRIARS_CHURCH135_Elgin"></a>GREYFRIARS’ CHURCH,<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> <span class="smcap">Elgin</span>.</h2> + +<p>The mendicant orders were introduced into Scotland by Alexander II. +(1214-49), who is stated to have founded eight convents for Dominicans, +but only two for Franciscans. From an old undated charter it is believed +that the latter order was established in Elgin under Alexander III., but +their original monastery appears to have fallen into decay. It was, +however, revived under James I. (1424-37) for the order of Observantines +introduced into Scotland by that king.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1290" style="width: 490px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_356-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_356-b.jpg" width="490" height="158" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1290.</span>—Greyfriars’ Church, Elgin. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Their first convent was in Edinburgh, where these friars were +established in 1446. This convent was followed by one in St. Andrews, +and a third house was settled at Aberdeen in 1450. The order then +extended to Elgin, where it was introduced by John Innes, a member of a +well-known Morayshire family, in 1479. The Franciscans, having no +rentals to be taxed and no lands to alienate, probably fled when the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_357" id="page_357">{357}</a></span> +Reformation came. Their convent was plundered by Montrose, but the +church was not demolished, and still stands with its four walls +complete, though sadly damaged. The domestic buildings have been +obliterated or converted to modern uses.</p> + +<p>The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1290">1290</a>) is a simple oblong structure, 110 feet in length +by 22 feet in width internally. It had an entrance door for the public +in the north wall, near the west end. From the marks in the wall above +it (Fig. <a href="#fig_1291">1291</a>) there seems to have been a wooden porch or awning over +the doorway.</p> + +<p>The church has been well lighted with large traceried windows (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_1291">1291</a>) in the east and west end walls, and with six side windows in</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1291" style="width: 534px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_357.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_357.jpg" width="534" height="306" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1291.</span>—Greyfriars’ Church, Elgin. View from +North-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the north wall and one in the south wall. Each of the end windows had +three mullions with intersecting tracery in the arch, and the side +windows were all divided into two lights by a central mullion, with two +curved divisions in the arch. Near the centre of the building, and on +both sides, there occur two small windows, one over the other, the lower +one being single with ogee head, and the upper one having a central +mullion. These windows have evidently been for the purpose of lighting +the rood screen and loft. The lower windows would light the space under +the rood loft, where there was no doubt an altar, and the upper windows +the gallery or space over the screen. The corbels which carried the loft +can still be traced on both sides of the church. A piscina in each of +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_358" id="page_358">{358}</a></span> side walls, close to the screen, shows that there were altars +placed against it. In the north window, adjoining the screen, there is a +stone sink, probably used by the priests as a lavatory. At the east end +of the church there is an ambry in each of the side walls, and a window +in the south wall to light the sanctuary. Under it is a recess, probably +used as a sedilia. The conventual buildings have evidently been built to +the south of the church. The junctions of four walls forming buildings +on two sides of a courtyard still remain, and in the south wall of the +church, between the above, may be observed the corbels which carried the +roof of the cloister walk. There are also two doors from this side into +the church. The structure is of a plain and simple style, corresponding +to the character of the mendicant friars who occupied it. It was +doubtless erected soon after the Observantines were introduced in 1479, +and bears the character of the architecture of the period.</p> + +<p>After the Reformation the church was no longer used for service. +Criminal Courts sat in it till the middle of the seventeenth century, +and it also served as a place of meeting of the crafts or trades in +Elgin. Afterwards it became a place for Episcopal services, and it is +now the property of the Convent of St. Mary of Mercy.</p> + +<h2><a name="GREYFRIARS_CHURCH_Aberdeen" id="GREYFRIARS_CHURCH_Aberdeen"></a>GREYFRIARS’ CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Aberdeen</span>.</h2> + +<p>This structure, which took the place of an older one, was built by the +well-known prelate Bishop Gavin Dunbar<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> at his own expense, between +the years 1518 and 1532. Its architect was Alexander Galloway, parson</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1292" style="width: 336px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_358.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_358.jpg" width="336" height="201" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1292.</span>—Greyfriars’ Church, Aberdeen. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">of Kinkell, a well-known Churchman, who is specially referred to in the +description of the later church. This church was dedicated to the +Virgin.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_359" id="page_359">{359}</a></span> At the Reformation it was bestowed on Marischal College, and +was thereafter known as the College Kirk. It was at first an oblong +structure (Fig.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1293" style="width: 483px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_359.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_359.jpg" width="483" height="573" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1293.</span>—Greyfriars’ Church, Aberdeen. View from +South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>1292)<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> with massive buttresses, but in 1768 the north projection was +built, and the length of the church was reduced by 20 feet,<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> and +probably<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_360" id="page_360">{360}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1294" style="width: 672px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_360.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_360.jpg" width="672" height="259" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1294.</span>—Greyfriars’ Church, Aberdeen. South +Elevation.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_361" id="page_361">{361}</a></span></p> + +<p><a id="fig_1295"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 217px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_361-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_361-a.jpg" width="217" height="348" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1295.</span>—Greyfriars’ Church, Aberdeen.</p> + +<p>Carved Bench End.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the west end (shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1293">1293</a>) was then erected. There was formerly a +spire or steeple, probably at the west end. The church now extends to +six bays in the length (Fig. <a href="#fig_1294">1294</a>), divided by buttresses, and having a +pointed window in each bay. It is fitted up with galleries in the most +incongruous style, but has several good examples of carved bench ends +and other wood-work (Fig. <a href="#fig_1295">1295</a>).</p> + +<p>The chief feature of the building is the east end (Figs. <a href="#fig_1296">1296</a> and <a href="#fig_1297">1297</a>), +with its immense window, one of the largest examples of tracery now +remaining in Scotland. It is divided into seven lights, and although it +is of the simplest design, being merely a series of intersecting arches, +an agreeable variety is obtained by stopping several of the bars near +the top from running their full course, and thus obtaining larger +openings, which contrast with the others of smaller size. A similar kind +of design was very frequent in</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1296"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 279px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_361-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_361-b.jpg" width="279" height="257" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1296.</span>—Greyfriars’ Church, Aberdeen.</p> + +<p>Window in East End.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">late work in Scotland, but none of the other examples possess the size +and elegance of this one. The delicate detail of its slightly arched +transome is noteworthy. The buttresses (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1297">1297</a>) also are of a +good form; indeed, it is remarkable, considering its lateness, how pure +and simple the details are.</p> + +<p>In the process of extending the college, it was contemplated to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_362" id="page_362">{362}</a></span> +demolish this church, but fortunately, we believe, that intention has +been abandoned.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1297" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_362.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_362.jpg" width="543" height="596" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1297.</span>—Greyfriars’ Church, Aberdeen. East Wall and +Window.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_363" id="page_363">{363}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="THE_PRIORY_CHURCH_OF_ST_CLEMENT_Rowdil_Harris_Inverness-shire" id="THE_PRIORY_CHURCH_OF_ST_CLEMENT_Rowdil_Harris_Inverness-shire"></a>THE PRIORY CHURCH OF ST. CLEMENT, <span class="smcap">Rowdil, Harris</span>, <span class="smcap">Inverness-shire.</span></h2> + +<p>Amongst the numerous remains of ancient ecclesiastical structures still +surviving in the Western Isles, the Church of St. Clement, situated near +the south point of Harris, holds a prominent place, being one of the +very few ancient structures in that region which are not ruinous, and +are still in use for public worship.</p> + +<p>The origin of the church is uncertain, but it is supposed to have been +originally founded by an emissary from Iona, and to have fallen into +decay during the occupation of the Norsemen. It is thought that the +necessities of the monastery, thus arising, were probably relieved by +David <small>I.</small> “from the revenues of the newly instituted Abbey of Holyrood +House,” and that this may have given the monks of the latter the claim +to St. Clement’s, which they afterwards substantiated.<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a></p> + +<p>It is agreed amongst writers on the subject<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> that the church was +restored or rebuilt by Sir Alexander M‘Leod, Rector of Harris, who seems +to have used the materials of an older building in the restoration. This +is evident from the random manner in which some carved figures are built +into the walls of the west tower.</p> + +<p>Mr. Ross points out that Alaster Crotach or Humpback had, in 1498, a +charter from King James <small>IV.</small> for the hereditary lands of Ardmanich, &c., +and that he was succeeded by his son William, who died in 1553.</p> + +<p>The <i>Old Statistical Account</i> informs us that the church was repaired by +the said Alexander M‘Leod, who died (as the inscription on his tomb in +the church bears) in 1527.</p> + +<p>Of the domestic buildings of the priory not a stone now remains. The +church was burnt and was repaired in “1784 by the late patriotic Alex. +M‘Leod, Esq., of Harris. After the church was roofed and slated, and the +materials for furnishing it within laid up in it to a considerable +value, it unfortunately took fire at night through the carelessness of +the carpenters, who had left a live coal in it among the timbers. So +zealous, however, was this friend of religion and mankind in his design +of repairing it, that by his orders and at his expense it was soon after +this accident roofed, and it is now [1794], though left unfinished since +the time of his death, used as one of the principal places in the parish +for celebrating divine service.”</p> + +<p>The church was again repaired in 1787. About 1866 it had once more +become dilapidated, and was repaired under the supervision of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_364" id="page_364">{364}</a></span> Mr. +Alexander Ross, architect, Inverness, to whose kindness we are indebted +for permission to use the description and illustrations in his</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1298" style="width: 613px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_364.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_364.jpg" width="613" height="454" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1298.</span>—Priory Church of St. Clement. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">article on St. Clement’s in the <i>Proceedings of the Society of +Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, above referred to.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_365" id="page_365">{365}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1299" style="width: 719px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_365.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_365.jpg" width="719" height="386" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1299.</span>—Priory Church of St. Clement. View from +South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_366" id="page_366">{366}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1300" style="width: 446px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_366-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_366-a.jpg" width="446" height="172" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1300.</span>—Priory Church of St. Clement. Interior of +South Side.</p></div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1301" style="width: 444px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_366-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_366-b.jpg" width="444" height="175" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1301.</span>—Priory Church of St. Clement. Interior of +North Side.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_367" id="page_367">{367}</a></span></p> + +<p>The building is chiefly remarkable from containing an elaborately +sculptured monument to Alexander M‘Leod of Dunvegan or Harris.</p> + +<p>The structure (Fig. <a href="#fig_1298">1298</a>) is small and is cruciform in plan. It has a +square tower at the west end, the full width of the nave, which is +founded on a rock at a higher level than the nave (Fig. <a href="#fig_1299">1299</a>).</p> + +<p>The choir is not architecturally distinguished from the nave, and the +whole building is 61 feet in length (internally) by 15 feet in width.</p> + +<p>It has a square east end, and is lighted by a large traceried east +window, and by two small windows in the side walls. The former is</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1302" style="width: 389px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_367.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_367.jpg" width="389" height="339" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1302.</span>—Priory Church of St. Clement. Responds and +Mouldings at Entrance to Transepts.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">pointed, and is divided by two mullions into three lights. The tracery +in the arch-head consists of a circle divided by six radiating bars.</p> + +<p>The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1300">1300</a>) has two square-headed windows and two pointed +windows in the south wall, and one square and one round-headed window in +the north wall (Fig. <a href="#fig_1301">1301</a>), and the entrance doorway, which is in the +north wall, is also square lintelled.</p> + +<p>The transept consists of a north and south chapel, which are not exactly +opposite one another. They have square-headed windows in the north, +south, and east walls. Each chapel is entered from the nave by a moulded +and pointed arch (see Figs. <a href="#fig_1300">1300</a> and <a href="#fig_1301">1301</a>)) springing from<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_368" id="page_368">{368}</a></span> responds. The +latter have both in their section and caps (Fig. <a href="#fig_1302">1302</a>) a certain +resemblance to Norman work. As pointed out by Mr. Muir, the details +indicate the second pointed period, “though, as in the mouldings at +Iona, the adoption of forms resembling Norman and first pointed has +given to it an appearance of greater antiquity.”</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1303" style="width: 508px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_368.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_368.jpg" width="508" height="484" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1303.</span>—Priory Church of St. Clement. Monument in +Choir (East of South Transept).</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The monuments are the most remarkable features in the building. These +are three in number, two of them being placed against the south wall, +one in the choir and one in the nave (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1300">1300</a>) on either side of +the arch leading into the south transept. The third monument is at the +south end of the south transept.</p> + +<p>The monument in the choir is the most elaborate, being specially rich<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_369" id="page_369">{369}</a></span> +in sculpture. Its form (Fig. <a href="#fig_1303">1303</a>) is peculiar, having, in addition to +the usual recessed arch, a sloping gable-shaped moulding, which encloses +the design on top, and is continued perpendicularly down each side. The +space between the arch and the enclosing moulding is divided into nine +panels, each containing a distinct carving of figures. That in the apex +represents God the Father, holding between his knees a cross bearing a +figure of the Crucifixion. Each of the panels at the sides contains one +or two figures of angels waving censers, and saints holding scrolls. The +wall</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1304" style="width: 521px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_369-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_369-a.jpg" width="521" height="128" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1304.</span>—Priory Church of St. Clement. Effigy of +Alexander M‘Leod of Harris.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">at the back of the arch is also divided into panels, containing +sculptures in three rows. In the upper row the panels comprise angels +censing with a star in the centre, and at each side an angel holding a +candle. In the central row the chief panel contains the Virgin and +Child, supported by a bishop or abbot on each side, one of whom holds a +skull. These figures are each enclosed in a Gothic canopy. The left +panel shows the faint outline of a castle, and that on the right a +galley (the M‘Leod arms). The third row exhibits several panels. That on +the</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1305"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 218px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_369-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_369-b.jpg" width="218" height="82" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1305.</span>—Priory Church of St. Clement.</p> + +<p>Effigy in South Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">left is a hunting scene, a knight with sword and spear, followed by +attendants holding dogs in leash. The next panel contains three stags, +well carved. To the right of this is a panel representing an angel +holding up a pair of scales to weigh the souls of the departed, in which +process he is interfered with by a demon. A similar scene is carved on +one of the pier caps in the choir of Iona Cathedral (see Fig. <a href="#fig_985">985</a>).</p> + +<p>To the right is a long panel containing the following inscription in +Gothic letters:—</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hic · loculus · cōposuit · · · · Allexāder · filius · Vilm̄i · Mac · +Clod · dn̄o · de · dūvegan · Anno · dn̄i</span> · <small>Mº · CCCCCº · XXVIIIº</small></p> + +<p>The meaning of this apparently is that Alexander, son of William MacLeod +of Dunvegan, made this tomb <small>A.D.</small> 1528.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_370" id="page_370">{370}</a></span></p> + +<p>On the pedestal under the arch lies the effigy of the said Alexander +M‘Leod of Dunvegan (Fig. <a href="#fig_1304">1304</a>), clad in full armour, and holding a long +sword with cross hilt. The effigy is unfortunately much decayed. The +head rests on a pillow with an animal above, and the feet rest on a +lion. At the side of the monument a lion encloses the tomb.</p> + +<p>The style of the carving and the subjects represented recall the +sculptures at Iona. The figures of the abbot and bishop are similar in +style to that of the abbess at the Iona Nunnery, and the scene of the +angel weighing souls with a demon interfering occurs on one of the caps +in the Iona</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1306" style="width: 326px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_370.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_370.jpg" width="326" height="329" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1306.</span>—Priory Church of St. Clement. East +Elevation.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">choir. The division of the flat surfaces into panels, each containing a +separate subject, is characteristic of Celtic decoration. The hunting +scene and the ship are also common in Celtic work. The peculiar Celtic +foliage of Iona is here wanting. Enough, however, exists to associate +the style of the work with that of the rest of the Western Isles, while +the Gothic influence is also very distinct.</p> + +<p>The date is fixed by the inscription, and the introduction of the +nail-head ornament shows the revival here, as at Iona, of earlier forms, +as above pointed out by Mr. Muir.</p> + +<p>The tomb in the recessed arch to the west of the south transept is of +much simpler design than the corresponding one to the east above +described. It consists (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1300">1300</a>) of a semicircular moulded arch +with a hood<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_371" id="page_371">{371}</a></span> moulding stopped on carved corbels at each end. Over the +upper part of the hood a triangular space is enclosed with a moulding, +finished at the apex with a fleur-de-lys. This triangular space contains +an oblong panel, much decayed, exhibiting the Crucifixion, with a figure +on each side. The effigy “represents a man in armour with high peaked +bassinet and camail over a habergeon reaching to the knee. The nature of +the defences of the feet and legs is not indicated. He holds a long, +straight, cross-hilted sword in front, the pommel reaching to the +breast, and the point placed between the feet. A dagger hangs at his +left side, but the military belt is wanting.”<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1307" style="width: 491px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_371.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_371.jpg" width="491" height="330" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1307.</span>—Priory Church of St. Clement. North-East +Elevation.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The third tomb is at the end of the south transept. The effigy (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1305">1305</a>) is somewhat similar to the last described, but is much wasted by +exposure.</p> + +<p>A remarkable recessed tomb having some analogy with those at Rowdil is +described and figured in a paper by Professor Norman Macpherson in the +<i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>XII.</small> p. +583. It consists of a plain round arch in the north wall of the ruined +Church of St. Donan in the island of Eigg. In the wall at the back of +the recess is a large square panel containing sculptures, which “afford +an interesting example of Celtic notions of heraldry.” These<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_372" id="page_372">{372}</a></span> sculptures +appear to represent the Clanranald shield, having in the place of the +first quarter a hand grasping a cross, in the second what appears</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1308"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 226px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_372.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_372.jpg" width="226" height="291" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1308.</span>—Priory Church of St. Clement.</p> + +<p>Figure, &c., in West Elevation.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">to be a lion, in the third a galley, and in the fourth a castle. A tree, +like a laurel, springs from the base and stretches to the top, with a +bird on the highest branch.</p> + +<p>The external appearance of St. Clement’s is shown by Fig. <a href="#fig_1299">1299</a> and by +the elevations (Figs. <a href="#fig_1306">1306</a> and <a href="#fig_1307">1307</a>). The latter also show the tower and +the peculiar carved heads and other figures, above alluded to, as +probable insertions from an older structure. Fig. <a href="#fig_1308">1308</a> shows the small +figure of a saint, inserted over the cabled string course on the west +side of the tower, and the narrow cusped window above it. The north +elevation (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1307">1307</a>) and the sections (see Figs. <a href="#fig_1300">1300</a> and <a href="#fig_1301">1301</a>)) +explain the mode in which the tower is built upon a higher level than +the church.</p> + +<h2><a name="ORONSAY_PRIORY142_Argyllshire" id="ORONSAY_PRIORY142_Argyllshire"></a>ORONSAY PRIORY,<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> <span class="smcap">Argyllshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Notwithstanding the very numerous small churches and chapels found in +the Western Isles,<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> there are comparatively few remains of +monasteries. The original Celtic religious establishments were, +doubtless, monastic in their form and structure, but of convents in the +later sense, corresponding with those so common on the mainland, few +traces are now to be seen. Next to the great Abbey of the Isles at Iona +and the nunnery on the same island, the largest monastic establishment +in the Western Isles of which the structures survive is the Priory of +Oronsay.</p> + +<p>This island lies about ten miles west from Jura, and can be most +conveniently reached from Portaskaig, in Islay. The isle is about<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_373" id="page_373">{373}</a></span> two +and three-quarter miles broad from east to west by about two miles from +north to south. It stands at the south end of the larger island of +Colonsay, from which it is separated by a narrow channel, dry at low +tide.</p> + +<p>It is traditionally narrated that St. Columba and his companion, St. +Oran, landed on Oronsay after leaving Ireland; but finding that the +latter country could still be seen from the highest point of the island, +they forsook it and sailed to Iona. St. Oran, however, gave his name to +the island, and, together with Colonsay, it seems, from the numerous +remains of churches which once existed on these islands, to have been a +sacred locality, the remains of nine old churches and the sites of three +more—ten in Colonsay and two in Oronsay—being still traceable. The +most important appears to have been the Monastery of Kiloran, in +Colonsay, of which no remains now exist. Next to it was the Priory of +Oronsay. This priory of Canons Regular of St. Augustine appears to have +been founded in the fourteenth century by the Lord of the Isles as a +cell of the Abbey of Holyrood at Edinburgh.</p> + +<p>The priory is situated at the extreme west end of the island, on the +lowermost slope of the <i>Beinn Oronsay</i>, just short of the point where +its rugged cliffs front the Atlantic.</p> + +<p>The general arrangement of the buildings (Fig. <a href="#fig_1309">1309</a>) is peculiar. The +ground slopes rapidly from north to south, necessarily carrying the +drainage with it; yet, contrary to the usual custom, the cloisters and +residential buildings were placed to the north of the church. Exclusive +of projections at the north-east and south-west angles, and a mortuary +chapel on the south, the structures occupy a parallelogram about 87 feet +from north to south, by 65 feet from east to west. The latter length is +also that of the church proper, which occupies the south side of the +square, but has at the west end a narthex about 15 feet square +internally, which projects beyond the general range of the buildings. +The walls of the narthex are now level with those of the church, but as +there are roughly hewn corbel stones for carrying a floor overhead, it +is probable this is only the lower stage of a bell-tower, of which the +upper part has been long since demolished. The greater thickness of the +walls and two sadly injured freestone buttresses on its south face (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1310">1310</a>) favour this idea. Entrance is obtained by a doorway with a plain +pointed freestone arch, having a hood moulding close to the westmost +buttress (see Fig 1310). The church is, internally, nearly 18 feet in +width; and at the right hand, on entering, there remains the solid +foundation of a stone stair leading to a tribune or organ gallery, +recesses for the ends of massive beams to carry it being still visible, +together with rough rubble corbelling on either side.</p> + +<p>On the left is a narrow doorway, neatly formed with thin schist stones, +leading to the cloisters. Internally the church is entirely devoid of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_374" id="page_374">{374}</a></span> +architectural decoration, but an extensive range of stalls, of which +traces still exist, and other wood-work, including an open roof, must +have redeemed an otherwise bald interior, into which very little light +can have been admitted. The principal source of light was a 5 feet wide +window at the east end (Fig. <a href="#fig_1311">1311</a>), divided by mullions into three +lanciform lights,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1309" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_374.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_374.jpg" width="543" height="525" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1309.</span>—Oronsay Priory. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the pointed arch-heads of which run up to the main arch. The other +gable, seen on the right in Fig. <a href="#fig_1311">1311</a>, is modern, and forms the entrance +porch to what may have formerly been the chapter house, but which has +been appropriated, in recent times, as a burial-place by the proprietor +of the island. Apart from this there were only three windows in the +nave, two<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_375" id="page_375">{375}</a></span> very small, and another rather longer with a cusped head, all +formed in freestone, and on the extreme east end of the south wall near +the altar a square-headed window with slab lintel and sill. Between +these windows a</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1310" style="width: 522px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_375.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_375.jpg" width="522" height="657" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1310.</span>—Oronsay Priory. Cross and South Side of +Narthex and Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_376" id="page_376">{376}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">plain schist doorway gives access to the mortuary chapel of the +M‘Duffies or M‘Fies, which is about 25 feet long by 12 feet wide over +the walls. These are unbonded into the south wall of the church, and +were covered with a plain lean-to roof, in which there was evidently a +priest’s apartment. The chapel is lit from the south by two small +windows, and in a recess on the north side is the burial-place of Abbot +M‘Duffie, covered with a carved slab representing the abbot fully +vested, with his right hand raised in benediction, and a pastoral staff +in his left. Pennant says:—“In the same place is a stone enriched with +foliage, a stag surrounded with dogs, and a ship with full sail; round +which is inscribed ‘Hic jacet</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1311" style="width: 512px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_376.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_376.jpg" width="512" height="347" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1311.</span>—Oronsay Priory. East End of Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Murchardus Macdufie de Collonsa An. Do. 1539 Meuse Mart Ora me ille, +Ammen.’<span class="lftspc">”</span><a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> Beyond this chapel, at the south-east angle of the church, +is a singularly massive buttress, at the bottom of which, on the level +of the floor and accessible by a narrow opening from the interior of the +church, is a curious ambry about 3 feet cube, strongly lintelled +overhead, and designed, no doubt, for the safe keeping of the church +treasure, but is now desecrated as a “bone-hole.” The altar still +remains built of freestone, evidently reused from some previous +building.</p> + +<p>On the north side of the chancel the arrangement is very peculiar.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_377" id="page_377">{377}</a></span> An +opening about 8 feet wide, with a plain pointed freestone arch (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1312">1312</a>) resting on schist impost caps, gives access to a kind of trance or +passage, having an ambry at the ground level on the left and a blocked +up window on the right. It is formed between the north wall of the +church and the south end of the chapter house, which is gabled +independently of the church. Its only apparent use may have been as a +sacristy. It is roofed in by large flat stones, with a rapid slope to +the east. The east range of buildings is pretty complete, except on the +north, where the gable fell some years ago. On the ground floor a large +apartment, 19 feet 6 inches long by 15 feet 4 inches wide, with a +doorway entering on the east cloister walk, was no doubt the chapter +house.</p> + +<p>The range of domestic buildings on the north has been sadly ruined, this +having been the point where entry was obtained, in recent times, for the +removal of materials, and thus of the north and south walls only +fragments remain. A massive wall, still happily intact, encloses the +cloister on the west. The internal area is rather over 41 feet square, +with cloister walks about 7 feet broad, and the arcading presents some +very singular features. The south arcade (Fig. <a href="#fig_1313">1313</a>), which is evidently +the most ancient, is composed of five low narrow arches with circular +heads, very neatly turned with thin schist slabs, without any freestone +or architectural dressing of any kind. The other three arcades were +evidently part of a later restoration, and the peculiar form in which +they were constructed is evidently due to the nature of the materials +employed, viz., schist slabs of the same quality as that used for the +sculptured slabs.</p> + +<p>When Martin visited the island in the latter part of the seventeenth +century, the three arcades and the enclosing walls were quite complete. +A century later, in 1772, Pennant found the north arcade demolished with +the exception of the end arches, while the east and west arcades +remained intact. These subsequently disappeared also, and it was not +until 1883 that Mr. Galloway found, scattered throughout the church and +churchyard, sufficient materials to complete the restoration of one +arcade. This was accordingly done on the west side (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1313">1313</a>) in +that year. Amongst the shafts and “pillars” found there were happily +both of those mentioned by Martin as bearing inscriptions. The hewn work +of these arcades was formed entirely of the peculiar kind of schist used +in the sculptured crosses and memorial stones in the Western Highlands, +and it may have been the facility of obtaining this material in the +slab, rather than the cube form, which determined the special character +of the arcading. Each arcade had openings or arches nearly 30 inches +from centre to centre, there being seven in the east and west arcades, +and probably one or two more in the north arcade. They were built with +slab shafts, averaging 2 feet 10 inches high by 1 foot broad, and 2 or 3 +inches thick, with neatly moulded and socketed caps and bases. On these<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_378" id="page_378">{378}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1312" style="width: 540px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_378.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_378.jpg" width="540" height="720" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1312.</span>—Oronsay Priory. Arch on West Side of +Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_379" id="page_379">{379}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1313" style="width: 740px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_379.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_379.jpg" width="740" height="440" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1313.</span>—Oronsay Priory. South and West Arcades of +Cloister.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_380" id="page_380">{380}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">there rested the slabs, shaped at each end so as to meet exactly in the +middle, thus forming a straight lined arch, and the haunches were filled +up with rubble. With this both Martin’s and Pennant’s descriptions +exactly agree.</p> + +<p>The north range of the buildings, which no doubt contained the refectory +and dormitories, has been too much dilapidated to admit of any +intelligible description. In a line with it, however, and extending +eastward beyond the priory square (see Plan), there is a small chapel of +very early character, built entirely in rubble, without any freestone +dressings. It is 17 feet over the walls and 33 feet in breadth; but for +no apparent reason the west gable is slewed round to the south, making +an inequality of 2 feet in the length of the sides. There has been a +wide window in the east gable, but owing to the demolition of the wall +its character cannot be judged. There are two small windows in the north +side and one in the south, mere slits with no provisions for frames or +glazing. There is an entrance doorway on the south side at the west end +and a priest’s door at the east. On the north side there is a very small +door nearly opposite that of the entrance on the south.</p> + +<p>The foundations of the altar still remain, and a line of stones still +indicates the position of the chancel rail. The base of the pulpit +remains on the north side, and at the west end there has been a tribune +or organ gallery, which has been accessible by a door in the east gable +of the priory buildings. In this gable, on the ground floor, an archway +has been formed 6 feet 8 inches in width, with a plain pointed rubble +arch, which seems to have been subsequently filled in, and a +square-headed doorway of much smaller size substituted.</p> + +<p>Immediately to the north of this chapel, and separated from it by an 8 +foot wide passage, is a most interesting example of a monastic barn and +byre, 39 feet in length by 22 feet in breadth. It is an excellent +specimen of rubble building with freestone dressings to the windows, +&c., in the same style as the church, and may be coeval with the later +restoration. The windows are small, and on the north side close to the +ground are openings for the discharge of refuse from the byre. In the +south-east angle a small chamber has been formed for the herd, with a +little eyelet and ambry, and it would no doubt be cut off by +partitioning from the other occupants. At the south-west angle there is +a small door opening inwards, and some indications that a chamber had +been formed between the building itself and the north wall of the +priory. At the south wall head (internally) there has been inserted a 4 +or 5 foot long schist slab, with a quaint human head carved in the +centre. It serves no purpose where it is, and must evidently have been a +relic of some older structure. There can be no doubt there was a doorway +to the west, but, if so, the present entrance shows no traces of it. The +building is still roofed, and in use.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_381" id="page_381">{381}</a></span></p> + +<p>Pennant states that the church “contains the tombs of numbers of the +ancient islanders, two of warriors recumbent (7 feet long), a flattery +perhaps of the sculptor to give to future ages exalted notions of their +prowess. Besides, there are scattered over the floor lesser figures of +heroes, priests, and females, the last seemingly of some order, and near +them is a figure cut in stone of full size, apparently an abbess.”<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a></p> + +<p>These figures, as illustrated by Pennant, strongly recall the +corresponding monuments at Iona and elsewhere throughout the West +Highlands and Islands.</p> + +<p>The slabs have now been set up against the walls of the church (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_1311">1311</a>), while others still exist in the burying-ground outside.</p> + +<p>Close to the south-west angle of the narthex stands the celebrated +Oronsay cross<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1310">1310</a>). It stands on mason work covered by a +slab 3 feet by 3 feet 3 inches, perforated with a hole in which the +cross is fixed. The shaft is 12 feet in height. On the west face there +is a Crucifixion on the disc, and the shaft is carved on both sides with +the usual Celtic ornament in round panels. The inscription near the base +is now illegible.</p> + +<h2><a name="ST_MAELRUBBA_LOCH_EYNORT_Skye" id="ST_MAELRUBBA_LOCH_EYNORT_Skye"></a>ST. MAELRUBBA, LOCH EYNORT, <span class="smcap">Skye</span>.</h2> + +<p>The site of the ancient Church of St. Maelrubba, at the head of Loch +Eynort in the south of Skye, is now occupied by a more recent ruin.<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> +A very interesting relic of the ancient church is, however, preserved in +the remarkable font (Figs. <a href="#fig_1314">1314</a> and <a href="#fig_1315">1315</a>), which, after some wandering +and neglect, has at last found a suitable resting-place in the Museum of +the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in Edinburgh. An account of its +transference from the shore of Loch Eynort to the Museum is given by Mr. +J. Russell Walker, in a paper on “Scottish Baptismal Fonts” in the +<i>Proceedings</i> of that Society, 1886-7, p. 412. The bowl is circular, +both externally and internally, and the basin is 1 foot 6½ inches in +diameter and 13 inches deep. The circumference is divided into four +equal parts by four figures representing—(1) The Crucifixion, (2) The +Blessed Virgin with the Child, (3) a mitred bishop in full canonicals +with a crosier in his left hand, and (4) St. Michael slaying the dragon. +The panels to the right and left of the Crucifixion are filled with +interlaced work, and those to the right and left of the bishop with +inscriptions not now legible. On the lower sloping parts between the +figures are floral designs. The font is of hornblende gneiss, and the +carving is remarkable in that hard material. There seem<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_382" id="page_382">{382}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1314" style="width: 480px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_382-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_382-a.jpg" width="480" height="380" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1314.</span>—St. Maelrubba. Font.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">to be the remains of four caps, as if there had been four shafts to +support the bowl.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1315" style="width: 476px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_382-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_382-b.jpg" width="476" height="278" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1315.</span>—St. Maelrubba. Font.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_383" id="page_383">{383}</a></span></p> + +<p>The carving of this font is a striking illustration of the peculiar +mixture of Celtic and Gothic work, of which numerous specimens are above +noticed in connection with the structures of the Western Highlands and +Islands, as at Iona, Rowdil, &c.</p> + +<hr style="width: 15%;" /> + +<p>The examples of the third or late pointed period of Gothic architecture +given above sufficiently indicate the progress of the style during the +period, and show its gradual decline.</p> + +<p>The following examples of this period, being for the most part +fragmentary, are arranged alphabetically by counties.</p> + +<h2><a name="KINKELL_CHURCH_Aberdeenshire" id="KINKELL_CHURCH_Aberdeenshire"></a>KINKELL CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Aberdeenshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A ruinous building, very prettily situated on the left bank of the Don, +about three miles north from Kintore. Kinkell was once, as its name +signifies, the head church of the district, and had under it six +subordinate churches. In 1754 the Lords Commissioners for plantation of +kirks annexed one third of the parish of Kinkell to that of Kintore, the +remainder going to augment the parish of Keithhall. In 1771 the Church</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1316" style="width: 428px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_383.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_383.jpg" width="428" height="161" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1316.</span>—Kinkell Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">of Kinkell was unroofed in order to supply materials for use in the +Church of Keithhall. The Church of Kinkell was remarkable for its fine +design and workmanship, and contained several monuments and sculptures; +but it is now sadly ruined, only the north wall and parts of the east +and west walls remaining.</p> + +<p>The edifice (Fig. <a href="#fig_1316">1316</a>) was a simple oblong 73 feet in length by 18 feet +6 inches in width internally. There has been a large east window, only +one jamb of which partially remains, and there are no other window or +door openings preserved. The north wall seems to have been entirely +without openings. A large modern burial vault has been erected in the +centre of the church.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_384" id="page_384">{384}</a></span></p> + +<p>One or two features of the former fine ornamentation of the structure +still remain <i>in situ</i>, but other portions have been removed, and are +now to be found elsewhere, as will be pointed out.</p> + +<p>In the north wall near the east end is a fine sacrament house (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1317">1317</a>). The design consists, as usual in these details, of a buttress on +each side of the ambry, with crocketed finials, the carving of which is +of a late style. Between the pinnacles is a panel which seems to have +been</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1317" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_384.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_384.jpg" width="543" height="461" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1317.</span>—Kinkell Church. Sacrament House.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">ornamented with the usual monstrance supported by two angels, but the +carving is nearly obliterated. Above this panel there runs a small +crenelated parapet, supported by a double row of corbels. Immediately +over the parapet is an oblong panel, which doubtless contained a +Crucifixion or similar sculpture, but it is now empty.</p> + +<p>To the right and left of the pinnacles are two panels, each containing a +ribbon of different design. That on the left bears the inscription “<span class="smcap">Hic<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_385" id="page_385">{385}</a></span></span> +<span class="smcap">est Svatv</span>,” and that on the right the words “<span class="smcap">Corps de Vigie Natum</span>,” +which may be read, “Hic est servatum corpus de Virgine Natum.”</p> + +<p>On the base of the ambry are the letters <span class="smcap">Ano. Dni.</span> 1528, in the centre +<span class="smcap">Meorare</span>, and on the right the initials A. and G. united by a cord. The +letter G. also occurs at the end of the inscription in the right hand +panel, and is probably a repetition of the last letter of the initials +A. G.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1318"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 233px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_385.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_385.jpg" width="233" height="440" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1318.</span>—Kinkell Church.</p> + +<p>Panel in North Wall of Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The base is supported on a continuous corbel carved with foliage, and +has in the centre a shield, bearing a lion rampant.</p> + +<p>The initials A. G. twice repeated and the date, together with the late +style of the work, point to the sacrament house having been designed by +Alexander Galloway, who was rector of Kinkell in 1528, and who was also +the architect of the first bridge of ten arches over the Dee at +Aberdeen.</p> + +<p>Another panel (Fig. <a href="#fig_1318">1318</a>) is built into the north wall of the church a +little to the west of the sacrament house. It contains a Crucifixion, +with a figure of the Virgin Mary on one side and an angel on the other. +The initials of Alexander Galloway occur three times on this sculpture, +and the date 1525.</p> + +<p>The font which was removed from the Church of Kinkell long stood in a +garden, but is now restored and placed in St. John’s Episcopal Church, +Aberdeen. Of the original font only the granite basin now exists. It is +octagonal in form, and each face is illustrated with one or more sacred +emblems, as shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1319">1319</a>, except one face, on which occur the +initials of Alexander Galloway, parson of Kinkell. He was one of the +best known ecclesiastics in Scotland before the Reformation, and gifted +this font to the Church<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_386" id="page_386">{386}</a></span> of Kinkell. Galloway appears to have been one +of the most able public men of his time, of whom Boece says,<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> “He +was so great a favourite</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1319" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_386.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_386.jpg" width="543" height="465" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1319.</span>—Kinkell Church. Font.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">with the Bishop (Elphinston) that none of his concerns of moment were +transacted without him.”</p> + +<h2><a name="SACRAMENT_HOUSE_KINTORE_Aberdeenshire" id="SACRAMENT_HOUSE_KINTORE_Aberdeenshire"></a>SACRAMENT HOUSE, KINTORE, <span class="smcap">Aberdeenshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Another piece of sculpture (Fig. <a href="#fig_1320">1320</a>) said to have been removed from +the Church of Kinkell is preserved at the Church of Kintore. It was at +one time built into the outer wall of the Church of Kintore, but it has +now been removed for better preservation into the interior. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_387" id="page_387">{387}</a></span></p> + +<p><a id="fig_1320"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 195px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_387.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_387.jpg" width="195" height="400" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1320.</span>—Sacrament House, Kintore.</p> + +<p>Old Monument built into Wall.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1320.</span>—Sacrament House, Kintore.</p> + +<p>Old Monument built into Wall.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">originally consisted of two parts, the lower portion containing the +ambry for the reception of the sacramental elements, and the upper +portion being enriched with a beautifully carved bas-relief, +representing a monstrance of elaborate tabernacle work, supported by two +angels, and crowned with a sculptured crucifix. The ambry is now +wanting, except the lintel, which bears the words Jesus Maria. Over the +lintel is a panel which no doubt formerly contained sculpture, now +removed. The whole design is surrounded with a frame composed of a +series of baluster shaped shafts, covered with flat foliage of a +Renaissance character.</p> + +<p>Whether this decorated work came from Kinkell or not, it evidently +belongs to the period when that church was built, being of the latest +Gothic design, which prevailed immediately before the Reformation.</p> + +<h2><a name="ST_ADAMNANS_CHAPEL_Aberdeenshire" id="ST_ADAMNANS_CHAPEL_Aberdeenshire"></a>ST. ADAMNAN’S CHAPEL, <span class="smcap">Aberdeenshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A small chapel situated near Leask, some two or three miles inland from +the old Castle of Slains. It is surrounded by what appears to have been +a churchyard, but is now covered with stunted trees. The chapel (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1321">1321</a>) is filled with its own ruins and is utterly uncared for. The walls +are fairly entire for a height of about 7 feet, while the east gable is +nearly complete, and contains a pointed window about 7 feet wide, which +was probably filled with tracery. The outside jambs are gone, but the +inner splayed face of the arch is still entire. In the east wall are the +remains of what may have been a piscina, and there is an ambry in the +south wall adjoining. There are a window in the south wall and two +openings of some kind in the north, with a narrow window high up in the +west gable. The doorway is on the south side, but its jambs are gone, +and only the bar hole remains to indicate that it was the doorway. The +church measures, externally, 45 feet from east to west by 23 feet 3 +inches from north to south.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_388" id="page_388">{388}</a></span></p> + +<p>Not much is recorded about this chapel. In the <i>View of the Diocese of +Aberdeen</i><a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> it is referred to as the Parish Church of Fervie, +“dedicated to St. Fidamnan, Abbot of Icolmkill.”</p> + +<p>From the charters preserved at Slains, we learn that “a letter of +manrent by the Lard of Essilmont is dated ‘at the Chapell of Laske’ on</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1321" style="width: 486px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_388.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_388.jpg" width="486" height="528" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1321.</span>—St. Adamnan’s Chapel. Plan and Interior View, +looking East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the 11th of September 1499.”<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> Probably the church was erected during +the foregoing century.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_389" id="page_389">{389}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="ARDCHATTAN_CHURCH_Argyleshire" id="ARDCHATTAN_CHURCH_Argyleshire"></a>ARDCHATTAN CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Argyleshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Slight fragments of this ancient church are to be found on the north +shore of Loch Etive, about four miles from Bonawe Ferry, near Taynuilt +Station. This priory, dedicated to St. Modan, is said to have been +founded in 1231 by Duncan Mackowle or MacDougal of Lorn, for monks of +the order of Vallis Caulium. The remains (Fig. <a href="#fig_1322">1322</a>) consist of the +north, east, and west walls of what has been an oblong chamber, and +apparently</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1322" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_389.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_389.jpg" width="543" height="428" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1322.</span>—Ardchattan Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the choir of a church. It measures 66 feet in length by 28 feet in +width. In the small part of the south wall which survives there is a +sedilia (Fig. <a href="#fig_1323">1323</a>) with three seats. Each seat is marked by a sharply +pointed arch, and the whole are enclosed in a deeply moulded +semicircular arch. Some fragments, including a piscina, are now built +into the back of the seats, but these are modern insertions. At the +right hand termination of the large arch a small lion is sculptured, +which recalls some of the carved work at Iona, and at the bases of the +smaller arches carved leaves are introduced. There has also been an +ambry in the east wall (see Plan).<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_390" id="page_390">{390}</a></span></p> + +<p>At the west end of the building a double wall 9 feet in thickness has +been erected. It is pierced with a round-headed archway, and has +projecting jambs in the centre. This archway now leads into an open +courtyard connected with a mansion. Its former use is difficult to +determine.</p> + +<p>To the north of the choir is preserved the outline of an irregular +structure, which may have been a sacristy. It is 42 feet long by 14 feet +wide at the east end, and 11 feet wide at the west end, and has been +connected with the choir by a doorway and two windows. The exterior +walls are now nearly demolished.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1323" style="width: 446px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_390.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_390.jpg" width="446" height="267" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1323.</span>—Ardchattan Church. Sedilia.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>To the south of the choir is an open space enclosed with a wall 18 feet +long by 15 feet wide, evidently erected as a burial-place. It has an +arched entrance gateway at the south end. On the keystone of the arch +are the letters C. K. and the date 1614. Lying within the choir are +several monuments, one being in the recess of the larger window opening +into the sacristy. Two are monuments of priors of the Macdougal family, +and bear the dates of 1500 and 1502. The inscriptions have given rise to +much discussion.</p> + +<p>In 1644 the Macdonalds, led by Colkitto, burnt and destroyed the priory.</p> + +<h2><a name="KILMUN_CHURCH_Argyleshire" id="KILMUN_CHURCH_Argyleshire"></a>KILMUN CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Argyleshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>On the north shore of the Holy Loch, about one mile and a half from +Strone, stand the small ruins of the ancient Collegiate establishment +of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_391" id="page_391">{391}</a></span> Kilmun. According to Dr. Skene a Columban establishment was here +founded by St. Fintan Munnu of Teach in Munnu in Ireland. The district +of Cowal, in which this establishment was situated, was long in the +possession of the Lamont Clan, but was subsequently acquired by the +Campbells. The church had, in the thirteenth century, passed into lay +hands, “as, between 1230 and 1246, Duncan, son of Ferchan, and his +nephew Laidman, son of Malcolm, grant to the monks of Paisley lands +which they and their ancestors had at Kilmun, with the whole right of +patronage in the church of Kilmun.”<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a></p> + +<p>In 1442 a collegiate establishment was founded by Duncan Campbell of +Lochow, for a provost and six prebendaries. The founder was buried</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1324" style="width: 535px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_391.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_391.jpg" width="535" height="325" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1324.</span>—Kilmun Church. Plans.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">here in 1453, and Kilmun has since then continued to be the burial-place +of the Argyll family. The great Marquis of Argyll was interred here in +1661, and the mausoleum of the family stands in the churchyard.</p> + +<p>Of the College Church only a small portion remains, a modern church +having been erected on the site of the old structure.</p> + +<p>The remaining portion (Fig. <a href="#fig_1324">1324</a>) consists of a tower about 20 feet +square and about 40 feet in height. The basement floor is vaulted, and +contains a doorway which entered from the west end of the church, and +small loops in each of the south and west sides. That the church +extended eastward from the tower is apparent from the fragments of the +side walls<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_392" id="page_392">{392}</a></span> and the mark of the roof, which still exist on the east side +of the tower (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1325">1325</a>). A wheel stair is carried up in the +south-west angle of the tower, which gave access to three stories on the +upper floors. The first floor contained a small rectangular window to +the south. The floor above had a fireplace and a south window with +pointed and cusped arch-head</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1325" style="width: 358px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_392.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_392.jpg" width="358" height="490" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1325.</span>—Kilmun Church. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>(Fig. <a href="#fig_1325">1325</a>). Over this was an attic, now ruined. From the above +fireplace and ornamental window, we may perhaps assume that the tower +was the abode of the provost, and from the strength with which it is +built, and general resemblance to a keep, the tower was doubtless +designed to form a place of strength in case of need.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_393" id="page_393">{393}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="ALLOWAY_KIRK_Ayrshire" id="ALLOWAY_KIRK_Ayrshire"></a>ALLOWAY KIRK, <span class="smcap">Ayrshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This old structure, made famous by the genius of Burns, stands in its +churchyard, surrounded with ancient trees, on the banks of the Doon, +about three miles southwards from Ayr. The burying-ground contains many +strangely sculptured tombstones, and a plain slab marks the grave of the +poet’s father. Mention of Alloway occurs in 1236. In the beginning of +the sixteenth century, when James <small>VI.</small> refounded and enlarged the Chapel +Royal of Stirling, he annexed to it the Church of Alloway in Kyle, to +form the prebend of one of the canons of that collegiate chapel. In 1690 +the parish of Alloway was annexed to that of Ayr, and the church allowed +to become ruinous.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1326" style="width: 393px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_393.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_393.jpg" width="393" height="212" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1326.</span>—Alloway Kirk. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The building (Fig. <a href="#fig_1326">1326</a>) is 40 feet long by 20 feet broad internally. It +is evident that the walls are ancient, but owing to alterations it is +difficult to assign the building to any definite date. The principal +feature is the two-light window (Fig. <a href="#fig_1327">1327</a>), enclosed within one arch in +the east gable, but this might be of almost any period before the +seventeenth century. The belfry is massive and by no means without good +effect, but it is clearly a post-Reformation structure.</p> + +<p>On the outside of the south wall an old stoup or benitier has been let +into the wall, but what purpose it can have served is far from clear. +The church has evidently been used for worship in the seventeenth +century, but is now a roofless ruin.</p> + +<p>Part of the roof was standing when Captain Grose visited it in the end +of last century.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_394" id="page_394">{394}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1327" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_394.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_394.jpg" width="543" height="441" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1327.</span>—Alloway Kirk. +View from North-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<h2><a name="OLD_DAILLY_CHURCH_Ayrshire" id="OLD_DAILLY_CHURCH_Ayrshire"></a>OLD DAILLY CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Ayrshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A ruin situated in the vale of the Girvan Water, about three miles east +from Girvan. It stands in the centre of a spacious churchyard, planted +with noble trees. Within its walls rest the remains of several of the +Martyrs of the Covenant. The church was anciently called Dalmakervan, +and was dedicated to St. Michael. It was granted by Duncan, first Earl +of Carrick, to the monks of Paisley, and confirmed to them by Alexander +<small>II.</small> in 1236. It was afterwards transferred to the monks of Crosraguel, +and the name was changed to Dailly, possibly from the site of the church +having been changed.</p> + +<p>The structure (Fig. <a href="#fig_1328">1328</a>) is very long and narrow, being 92 feet in +length and 26 feet wide over the walls. There is a gable wall at each +end, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_395" id="page_395">{395}</a></span> each gable is crowned with a belfry (Fig. <a href="#fig_1329">1329</a>). It is +difficult to account for the presence of the two belfries. That on the +east gable is the more</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1328" style="width: 449px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_395-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_395-a.jpg" width="449" height="243" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1328.</span>—Old Dailly Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">ornamental of the two, but its ornament is obscured by ivy. The western +belfry is plain and rather ruinous. The walls contain no doorways, and</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1329" style="width: 496px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_395-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_395-b.jpg" width="496" height="289" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1329.</span>—Old Dailly Church. View from North-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">only part of one window. From the details of the latter, the work seems +to be of the seventeenth century, but the walls may be older. A new<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_396" id="page_396">{396}</a></span> +church was erected at New Dailly, and divine service transferred to it +in 1696, since which period the old church has fallen into ruin.</p> + +<p>A burial vault has been constructed within the east part of the +building, in connection with the Bargeny Estate, which adjoins. Another +similar vault for the use of the Killochan Estate, situated on the +opposite side of the Girvan Water, has been erected at the north-east +angle of the church (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1329">1329</a>). It is evidently a seventeenth +century structure. The north front is peculiar, having a deep niche on +each side of the doorway. The latter is now built up.</p> + +<h2><a name="STRAITON_CHURCH_Ayrshire" id="STRAITON_CHURCH_Ayrshire"></a>STRAITON CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Ayrshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The village of Straiten stands near the north base of the mountains +which form the boundary between Ayrshire and Kirkcudbrightshire. It is +situated in a pastoral district about seven miles south-east from +Maybole, and near the right bank of the Girvan Water.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1330" style="width: 476px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_396.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_396.jpg" width="476" height="445" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1330.</span>—Straiton Church. South Wing.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_397" id="page_397">{397}</a></span></p> + +<p>The existing church is plain and of post-Reformation date, except a wing +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1330">1330</a>) which extends like a transept to the south, and measures +about 21 feet 3 inches each way. This wing has been built in Gothic +times, and when first erected probably formed part of the church, having +a large traceried window in the south end, and a piscina in the inside +of the east wall. The wing is now divided into two stories by a floor +which has been inserted about 6 feet from the ground level, so as to +convert the</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1331"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 104px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_397.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_397.jpg" width="104" height="296" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1331.</span></p> + +<p>Straiton Church.</p> + +<p>South Doorway and Panel over.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">upper story into a gallery, with a private room adjoining, for the use +of the Blairquhan family, whose domain adjoins. This upper floor is +entered by a stair which has been erected on the south side of the wing +(but is omitted in the sketch).</p> + +<p>The south wing or transept contains, besides the large east window above +referred to, a doorway (Fig. <a href="#fig_1331">1331</a>) in the north-west angle, with an ogee +shaped arch, surmounted by a panel having a pointed and trefoiled +arch-head, and an enriched moulding surrounding the jambs and arch.</p> + +<p>These features all indicate a late date. The large window in the south +gable is of handsome form and construction, and the tracery is well +designed and executed. It would naturally be assigned to the fourteenth +century, but for the lower members, which are formed with straight +lines, and certainly point to a later period, probably the sixteenth +century. This window thus shows the tendency there was in Scotland to +revert at the latter date to the forms of an earlier period.</p> + +<p>The mode of finishing the gable also indicates a late time. Large gabled +crowsteps, such as are seen here, are rare features in ecclesiastical +edifices in this country. We do not recall any example of such large +crowsteps, except at Methven Church, Perthshire, which is undoubtedly a +late example.</p> + +<p>The Church of Straiton was dedicated to St. Cuthbert, and granted, by +Alexander <small>II.</small> in 1236, to the monks of Paisley, but afterwards +transferred to Crosraguel Abbey.<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_398" id="page_398">{398}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CULLEN_CHURCH_Banffshire" id="CULLEN_CHURCH_Banffshire"></a>CULLEN CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Banffshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The ancient town of Cullen stood on the right bank of Cullen Water, at a +little distance from the coast. It was greatly destroyed in the time of +Montrose, and has been rebuilt on a new site nearer the sea. The old +church, however, which is dedicated to St. Mary, still stands, +surrounded</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1332" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_398.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_398.jpg" width="500" height="457" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1332.</span>—Cullen Church. Plan.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">by the churchyard, on the old site near Cullen House, and continues to +be used as the Parish Church. Although it has been altered at different +times it still retains part of the ancient work, the oldest portions +being the east end and the south aisle. The edifice (Fig. <a href="#fig_1332">1332</a>) is +cruciform in plan, having nave, choir, and transepts, all without +aisles. The choir would appear, from the coats of arms it bears on the +outside, and from the splendid monument in the interior of the north +wall, to have been erected<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_399" id="page_399">{399}</a></span> by Alexander Ogilvie, who died in 1554, and +his second wife, Elizabeth Gordon.</p> + +<p>There was a chaplainry in the church dedicated to St. Ann. This +foundation, with the name of the founder and other particulars, are +recorded by inscriptions cut upon different parts of the south aisle or +transept.<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> “The first quoted inscription is from the arch of a +recess tomb on the west side of the aisle. It is carved in raised and +prettily formed capitals, and accompanied by a craftsman’s mark.</p> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">IHON · HAY · LORD · OF · FORESTBON̄ · Az̄E</span> · & · <span class="smcap">TOLIBOVIL· GVDSIR · TO +ELEN · HAY · Y</span><sup>t</sup> · <span class="smcap">BIGIT · YIS · ILE · LEFT · A · CHAPLARI · HEIR · TO +· SING PERSONALI · OF · HIS · LĀDIS · OF · ORDIHVF.</span>”</p> + +<p>The places named in the above inscription were received by Alexander +Seton of Gordon (first Earl of Huntly) through his marriage with the +heiress of Sir John Hay of Tilibody. “It was probably John’s son, David +Hay, who, about 1390-1406, had a charter from Robert <small>III.</small> of the place +of Cullen.”</p> + +<p>“The next quoted inscription not only presents the important and +interesting facts of the name of the chaplainry, the extent of the gift, +and the services required, but also the names of the founder of the +chaplainry and the persons to be prayed for, together with those in whom +the patronage of the living was to be vested after the decease of the +heirs of the donor. It is carved round the arch of the large window of +the south aisle, in the same style as the above inscription.</p> + +<p>“<small>SANT · ANIS · CHAPLAN · HEIR · DOTAT · Y</small><sup>t</sup> · 35 (?) <small>ACRE · GVD · +CROFT LĀD · IN · CULĀ</small> · & · <small>TENEMENTIS · SAL · BE · A · GVDE · SINGAR · +OF · HALI LIF · BVT · ODIR · SERVICE · & · DAELI · RESIDENT · TO · PRAIE +· FOR · ELEN HAY · · HER · BARNIS · HIS · FYIV · DŌRS · AT · GIFT · OF · +ION · DUF · & HIS · ARIS · OF · MADAVAT · & · FALING · YAROF · AT · GIFT +· OF · YE · BALZEIS AND COMUNITIE · OF · COLĀ.</small>”</p> + +<p>The words <small>PER · ELENA · HAY</small> are carved upon the lower side of one of the +stones of the arch of the south window. Upon the west side of the arch +is this notice of the building of the aisle:—</p> + +<p>“· · · <small>ELENGE · HAY · IŌN · DUFFIS · MODR · OF · MALDAVAT · YAT · MAID +YIS · ISLE · YE · CHAPLANRI.</small> · · ·”</p> + +<p>The two inscriptions last quoted “show that Elen Hay was mother of John +Hay of Muldavit, who died in 1404, to whom, until 1792, there was a +recumbent effigy in the recess tomb in the south aisle at Cullen, also +an inscribed slab with a rudely engraved figure in armour.”</p> + +<p>The entrance to St. Ann’s Chapel from the main church is by an arch with +pilasters and capitals, and below the caps of the west pilaster are the +words <span class="smcap">ME · MĒTO · MORI</span>, and on the east <small>DISCE · MORI</small>. Below the last<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_400" id="page_400">{400}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1333" style="width: 702px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_400.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_400.jpg" width="702" height="508" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1333.</span>—Cullen Church. South Aisle and Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_401" id="page_401">{401}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1334" style="width: 487px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_401.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_401.jpg" width="487" height="756" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1334.</span>—Cullen Church. Monument of Alexander +Ogilvie.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_402" id="page_402">{402}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">motto is the name of the mason who built the aisle, viz., <small>ROBERT · MOIR +MASON</small>, and his mark, †/x. On the outside of the aisle (Fig. <a href="#fig_1333">1333</a>) +one corner stone bears <small>PER ELENA · HAY</small>, and another <small>SOLI DEO · HONOR · +ET · GLORIA</small>.</p> + +<p>Although Mr. Jervise attributes the above inscriptions and the erection +of the chapel to 1404, the style of the lettering and the abundance</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1335"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 199px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_402.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_402.jpg" width="199" height="484" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1335.</span>—Cullen House.</p> + +<p>Sacrament House in Choir.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">of it, together with the style of the mottoes, would rather tend to the +conclusion that the work is of a considerably later date. The arch +forming the entrance from the church to the chapel, with its pilasters, +has certainly the character of sixteenth century work. The group of four +pointed windows in the south end of the south aisle has not the +appearance of decorated work, such as prevailed about 1404. On the +contrary, these windows recall the revived and imitative work of the +sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This group of windows, with its +four pointed lights (round the inside of which one of the above +inscriptions occurs), is evidently a late design. Possibly an aisle was +built in the beginning of the fifteenth century, when the bequest was +made, but it seems to have been rebuilt in the following century, when +the inscriptions, which are scattered very irregularly over the +structure, were reinserted and added to. The edifice was probably +rebuilt when, about 1543, the Church of Cullen was converted into a +college by Alexander Ogilvie of Deskford and Findlater, for the +accommodation and maintenance of a provost, six prebendaries, and two +singing boys. A bead-house was also erected by the same individual, for +the support of a number of decayed men and women.</p> + +<p>The choir, which is a portion added at the east end, contains a richly +decorated monument in the north wall, erected by Alexander Ogilvie at +the date of the church being made collegiate. The monument (Fig. <a href="#fig_1334">1334</a>) +is large, and extends from the floor to the roof. It consists of an +arched<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_403" id="page_403">{403}</a></span> recess with a group of ornamental shafts at each side, and large +spandrils above, containing two large round panels, each having in the +centre a sculptured figure in bas-relief. Along the top runs a series of +canopies</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1336" style="width: 614px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_403.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_403.jpg" width="614" height="488" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1336.</span>—Cullen Church. Interior of Choir.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">and pinnacles of peculiar design. Within the arch lies an effigy of the +founder clad in armour, supported on a basement, which is divided into +eight panels, each containing a figure attired in a hood and long robe<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_404" id="page_404">{404}</a></span> +with book in hand. On a slab at the back of the arched recess is carved +the following inscription:—</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Corpus · Alex</span><sup>r</sup> · <span class="smcap">Ogilvy · de · finlater · hēros ·.· ac · sponsē · +Elezabeth · Gordon · btrvmq · ebbat preside · pvris · bister · pverisq · +dvobus ·.· has · iacint · edes · iv̄ ctvs · vterq · pivs migraviit · et +· hac · lvce · hic · die · 4 · mēns · ivlii 1554 · illa · die · · · · · +· mēsis · · · · · · 155-</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1337" style="width: 396px;"> +<p id="fig_1338"></p> +<a href="images/ill_pg_404.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_404.jpg" width="396" height="532" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<table summary="none"> +<tr valign="top"><td> +<p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1337.</span>—Cullen Church.</p> +<p>Carved Wooden Pillar.</p> +</td> +<td class="tdspc"> </td> +<td> +<p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1338.</span>—Cullen Church.</p> +<p>Carved Wooden Pillar.</p> +</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<p>The inscription is accompanied by a variety of curious carvings, and by +the Ogilvie and Gordon arms. The style of the monument corresponds with +the date upon it, being one of the last attempts in the style of Gothic +work executed just before the Reformation.</p> + +<p>Mr Jervise mentions that in 1863, when alterations were made on the east +portion of the church, a stone altar-piece and ambry, in fine +preservation, were found. These were 5 to 6 feet in height, embellished<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_405" id="page_405">{405}</a></span> +with the representation of two angels raising the host and other +ornaments, and the text (John vi. 54-56) below the cornice.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Caro · mea · vere · est · cib · et · sangvis · me · vere · ē · pot · q +mādvcat · meā · carnē · t̄ · bibit · mev̄ · sāgvinē · vivet · ī · +eternv̄.</span></p> + +<p><a id="fig_1339"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 148px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_405.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_405.jpg" width="148" height="422" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1339.</span>—Cullen Church.</p> + +<p>Carved Wooden Pillar.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>It is further stated that the ambry and altar-piece were unfortunately +reconsigned from view. A sacrament house, answering somewhat to the +above description of the ambry, is, however, now visible in the north +wall of the choir, to the east of the monument (Fig. <a href="#fig_1335">1335</a>). The design +shows the two angels supporting a monstrance, and is very similar to, +but much simpler than, the sacrament house at Deskford, “which bears to +have been erected by Alexander Ogilvie, and his second wife, Elizabeth +Gordon,” of which an illustration is given below.</p> + +<p>The east end of the church has evidently been a good deal altered, as is +apparent from the south wall (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1333">1333</a>), where doorways are +visible, which have been built up, and windows introduced above.</p> + +<p>The coats of arms of the Gordons and Ogilvies on the exterior correspond +with those in the interior. The choir contains a large east window +divided by three mullions, which cross one another in curved branches, +forming plain tracery in the arch-head (Fig. <a href="#fig_1336">1336</a>).</p> + +<p>On the south side of the choir is still preserved a fine example of a +laird’s pew (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1336">1336</a>). It is in two stories, the upper story +(which forms a gallery) being supported on four solid square wooden +pillars (Figs. <a href="#fig_1337">1337</a>, <a href="#fig_1338">1338</a>, and <a href="#fig_1339">1339</a>), which are well carved with +numerous ornaments of Renaissance work, and bear the date of 1608. The +upper portion or gallery is also old, and contains some good carved +woodwork of the post-Reformation period. It is still used as the +proprietor’s pew, and is occupied by the Earl of Seafield, whose mansion +of Cullen House is close to the church. The lower story is occupied by +ordinary pews.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_406" id="page_406">{406}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="DESKFORD_CHURCH_Banffshire" id="DESKFORD_CHURCH_Banffshire"></a>DESKFORD CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Banffshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The old church of Deskford is situated in its ancient churchyard, about +four miles south from Cullen. The church is now a roofless ruin, a new +church having been erected in the vicinity. The building is a plain +parallelogram, and has no features of note, except the large sacrament +house in the north wall near the east end. It seems to have been the +fashion in the sixteenth century in this part of the country to make +these features very ornamental. Such are the ambries or sacrament houses +at Kinkell, Auchendoir, and Cullen. The last was erected by the same +individual to whom that at Deskford is attributed, viz., Alexander +Ogilvie of Deskford and Findlater, whose splendid monument exists in +Cullen Church (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1334">1334</a>).</p> + +<p>The sacrament house at Deskford (Fig. <a href="#fig_1340">1340</a>) is very large, being 8 feet +in height by 3 feet 6 inches wide. The design is somewhat similar in all +the above sacrament houses, consisting of two angels above the ambry +supporting a monstrance, with a quasi-buttress on each side, and several +inscriptions and enrichments. At Deskford the side buttresses are a good +deal broken and their pinnacles removed. The whole design is surrounded +with a scroll ornament of grapes, and there are several inscriptions on +various parts of the design. The first is on two scrolls immediately +over the ambry, “Os meum es et cara mea”—“Thou art my bone and my +flesh;” and another occurs on the broad sill of the ambry, “Ego sum +panis vivus qui de celo descendi quis manducaverit ex hoc pane vivet in +æternum”—from sixth chapter of John’s Gospel. Beneath the latter are +two shields, the first containing the arms of Ogilvie of Deskford and +Findlater, viz., 1st and 4th a lion passant gardant gules for Ogilvie, +2nd and 3rd argent a cross engrailed sable for Sinclair of Deskford, +with motto Tout jour. The initials A. O. occur at the sides of this +shield. The second shield contains, impaled with the above, the arms of +Gordon, for Alexander Ogilvie’s second wife, Elizabeth Gordon, and the +motto Laus Deo.</p> + +<p>Under the coats of arms there is a long inscription, which is remarkable +as being the only one in English on any of the above sacrament houses. +It also authorises the name of sacrament house for these ornamental +ambries. It is as follows:—</p> + +<p><small>THIS · PN̄T</small> (present) <small>LOVEBLE · VARK · OF · SACRAMĒT · HOVS · MAID · TO +YE · HONOR</small> [M] <small>LOVĪG · OF · GOD · BE · ANE · NOBLE · MAN · ALEXANDER +OGILVY · OF · YAT · ILK</small> [M] <small>ELEZABET · GORDON · HIS · SPOVS · THE · ZEIR +OF · GOD · 1551.</small><a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a></p> + +<p>The date would lead one to expect the very debased Gothic work which is +found here, the influence of the approaching Renaissance being very +apparent in the style of the ornamentation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_407" id="page_407">{407}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1340" style="width: 340px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_407.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_407.jpg" width="340" height="785" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1340.</span>—Deskford Church. Sacrament House.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_408" id="page_408">{408}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="ST_MOLOCS_or_ST_MOLUOGS_CHURCH_Mortlach_Banffshire" id="ST_MOLOCS_or_ST_MOLUOGS_CHURCH_Mortlach_Banffshire"></a><span class="smcap">ST. MOLOC’S or ST. MOLUOG’S CHURCH, Mortlach, Banffshire.</span></h2> + +<p>It was formerly believed, on the evidence of Boece, that Malcolm ii. in +a battle with the Danes, looking up to the Chapel of St. Moloc at +Mortlach, vowed that, if successful, he would there erect a cathedral +and found a bishop’s see. The record of the See of Aberdeen appeared to +support this statement, and mentioned further that the see was +afterwards transferred by David i. to Aberdeen. But Professor Cosmo +Innes has</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1341" style="width: 381px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_408.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_408.jpg" width="381" height="353" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1341.</span>—St. Moloc’s or St. Moluog’s Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">proved that these stories are forgeries, and must be entirely rejected. +It is, however, probable that there was an early religious settlement at +Mortlach, which may have given some foundation for the above fables. At +all events, in 1157, a Bull of Pope Adrian <small>IV.</small> mentions the monastery of +Mortlach and the five churches belonging to it.</p> + +<p>The existing structure (Fig. <a href="#fig_1341">1341</a>) consists of an old building of simple +oblong form, 83 feet in length internally by 24 feet in width, to which +was added, in 1826, a large north wing or aisle. This wing was further +vefynded in 1876, and now measures, internally, 36 feet long by 26 feet.</p> + +<p>A small wing or projection has also been added to the south to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_409" id="page_409">{409}</a></span> contain +an organ, and the whole church has been reseated and fitted up for +service in modern style. There are two lancet windows in the east end, +which, together with some portions of the walls, may be ancient (perhaps +of thirteenth century date), as it is understood that these windows were +found built up, and were reopened during the late restoration, but the +remainder of the church has been completely modernised.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1342" style="width: 512px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_409.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_409.jpg" width="512" height="337" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1342.</span>—St. Moloc’s or St. Moluog’s Church. Effigy of +Alexander Leslie.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Under a pointed arch in the thickness of the north wall, close to the +east end, lies the recumbent effigy of a knight in armour (Fig. <a href="#fig_1342">1342</a>), +supposed to be the monument of Alexander Leslie, the first of +Kininvie,<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> who died about 1549. The figure used to stand upright, +but has now been placed in its proper position.</p> + +<p>A remarkable sculptured stone<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a> stands in the flat ground below the +church, where the battle with the Danes is said to have taken place, and +of which it is traditionally believed to be a memorial.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_410" id="page_410">{410}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="ABBEY_ST_BATHANS_Berwickshire157" id="ABBEY_ST_BATHANS_Berwickshire157"></a>ABBEY ST. BATHANS, <span class="smcap">Berwickshire</span>.<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a></h2> + +<p>The Abbey of St. Bothan was a convent for Cistercian nuns. Its scanty +remains are situated about four miles south-west from Grant’s House +Railway Station, in a beautiful valley on the right bank of the +Whitadder, which here flows a calm full stream, surrounded by gently +swelling hills—an ideal situation for such a house. The modern parish +church appears to occupy the site of the ancient church of the abbey, +and probably the nunnery buildings were included within the existing +churchyard, which lies on the south side of the church. The east wall of +the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1343" style="width: 330px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_410.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_410.jpg" width="330" height="324" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1343.</span>—Abbey St. Bathans. East Wall.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">church only is old, and is entirely ivy clad, the east window (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1343">1343</a>) being just visible. It is round-arched and is of two lights, each +9 inches wide, with a quatrefoil above, having rather rudely formed +cusping. The mullion is modern, and the tracery is recessed to about the +middle of the thickness of the wall, being about 18 inches back from the +outer face. There is a set-off on the gable, hidden by ivy. It is +impossible to say how much of the other walls are old, but probably the +modern church occupies the old foundations, in which case the ancient +church was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_411" id="page_411">{411}</a></span></p> + +<p><a id="fig_1344"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 229px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_411.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_411.jpg" width="229" height="717" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1344.</span>—Abbey St. Bathans.</p> + +<p>Figure of a Prioress.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">of small size, being about 45 feet long by 24 feet wide.<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> There is a +sundial on the wall-head of the south wall at the east end. At the north +corner of the east end there are indications of a wall with a splayed +base having extended eastwards.</p> + +<p>In the interior of the church a modern arched recess (or what appears on +the face as modern) contains the recumbent figure of a prioress (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1344">1344</a>). It measures 6 feet long, and is in good preservation. There +appears to have been a dog lying at her feet, but it has been knocked +off.</p> + +<p>About a quarter of a mile to the south of the church, on the slope of a +hill, there are the foundations of a chapel (Fig. <a href="#fig_1345">1345</a>) measuring about +38 feet long by 15 feet wide internally. The end walls are each about 5 +feet thick, and the side walls about 3 feet. Nothing else belonging to +the church remains, except a few fragments of what was probably a +circular font, and a window sill lying amongst the ruins. It shows that +the window was eight inches wide. A plain slab 6 feet long by 18 inches +wide lies in the centre of the building.</p> + +<p>The Convent of St. Bothan’s was founded by Ada, daughter<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_412" id="page_412">{412}</a></span> of William the +Lion, in 1184. She married Patrick, Earl of Dunbar, and they made +adequate endowments to the convent.<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> According to Chalmers there was +a previous church here, dedicated to St. Bothan,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1345" style="width: 241px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_412-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_412-a.jpg" width="241" height="144" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1345.</span>—Abbey St. Bathans. Plan of Chapel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">which was probably given to the Countess Ada’s nuns. It is just possible +that the second church, noticed above, may be the church referred to.</p> + +<h2><a name="BASSENDEAN_CHURCH_Berwickshire" id="BASSENDEAN_CHURCH_Berwickshire"></a>BASSENDEAN CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Berwickshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The ancient parish of Bassendean is now incorporated with that of +Westruther, both in the south-west part of Berwickshire, and the church +has long been disused.</p> + +<p>The remains of Bassendean Church, which was dedicated to St. Mary, lie +five and a half miles west of Greenlaw. The walls are broken down,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1346" style="width: 327px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_412-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_412-b.jpg" width="327" height="136" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1346.</span>—Bassendean Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">but the plan (Fig. <a href="#fig_1346">1346</a>) can still be traced. The structure is a simple +oblong, measuring 54 feet 6 inches in length by about 20 feet in width +externally. The doorway is in the south side, and has been provided with +a slot for a bolt. The remains of a stoup and ambry exist beside the +door, and there is a recess for a piscina near the east end, and an +ambry<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_413" id="page_413">{413}</a></span> in the north wall opposite it. In the centre of the south wall +there has been a single-light window, and towards the east end a larger +two-light</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1347" style="width: 477px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_413-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_413-a.jpg" width="477" height="295" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1347.</span>—Bassendean Church. (From <i>The Churches of +Berwickshire</i>.)</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">window with a central mullion, now built up (Fig. <a href="#fig_1347">1347</a>). The plan of the +jamb (Fig. <a href="#fig_1348">1348</a>) shows that the structure has been of an</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1348"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 133px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_413-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_413-b.jpg" width="133" height="137" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1348.</span></p> + +<p>Bassendean Church.</p> + +<p>Window Jamb.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">advanced date. The grooves for the glass are in the centre of the wall. +There is no window in either of the east, north, or west walls. +Fragments of the font are lying amongst the rubbish in the inside.</p> + +<p>The old church of Bassendean is still used as a burial-place by the +Homes of Bassendean.</p> + +<p>The church belonged to the priory of Coldstream, and appears to have +been abandoned at the Reformation. It was again used for divine service +from 1647 to 1649, when a new church was erected at Westruther, and St. +Mary’s was allowed to fall into ruin.</p> + +<h2><a name="COCKBURNSPATH_CHURCH_Berwickshire" id="COCKBURNSPATH_CHURCH_Berwickshire"></a>COCKBURNSPATH CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Berwickshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The village of Cockburnspath is situated about seven miles south-east of +Dunbar. The church here is peculiar and unique, in having a round tower +in the centre of the west wall. It is a long narrow building (Fig.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_414" id="page_414">{414}</a></span> +1349), measuring about 80 feet in length by 18 feet 3 inches in width. +The structure has been much knocked about, having undergone at least two +restorations at different times, the last being about twenty years ago. +It is therefore not surprising to find that there is nothing left inside +the building of any architectural interest. Four angle buttresses at the +corners, however, remain intact, together with portions of an early base +course near the east end, and the head of a window, containing +geometrical tracery (Fig. <a href="#fig_1350">1350</a>), has been preserved and built into the +south wall over the door near the east end. Judging from these details +and from the thickness of the walls (3 feet 2 inches) it seems probable +that the church is not later than the sixteenth century.</p> + +<p>The tower (Fig. <a href="#fig_1351">1351</a>) is about 9 feet in external diameter, and its +interior diameter is about 6 feet. It is about 30 feet high, and +contains</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1349" style="width: 444px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_414.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_414.jpg" width="444" height="244" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1349.</span>—Cockburnspath Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">a circular stone stair. There is a string course above the level of the +ridge of the church, above which the tower rises one story. In this +there are several openings or loop holes of a roughly formed cross +shape, similar to those sometimes found in the old castles. The tower is +built of rubble work in quite a different style of masonry from that of +the church. There is nothing to indicate that it is older than the +church, except its position. Mr. T. S. Robertson<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> is probably +correct when he states, “From its position, I am clearly of opinion that +it existed before the church, and that the church walls were built up to +it. I cannot believe that any one capable of building the round tower +would have taken out the centre of a gable fully 3 feet thick to insert +this tower,” for it will be observed<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_415" id="page_415">{415}</a></span> that the tower projects inside. +“The most that would have been done, had the church been earlier than +the tower, would have been to slap a door of communication through the +wall of the church.” The tower was probably erected independently as a +belfry and for other occasional purposes. A circular stair beginning at +the level of the church floor, and entering from the church by a +square-headed door, is carried up as far as the upper story of the +tower, which has been mended with brick work, otherwise the tower is all +of one age. The walls are only 18 inches thick, but the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1350" style="width: 493px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_415.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_415.jpg" width="493" height="393" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1350.</span>—Cockburnspath Church. Door and Window Head at +East End.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">stone steps of the stair bind them together, and make the building as +strong as if it had been built of one solid mass of masonry.</p> + +<p>The small building at the east end is probably a century later than the +church. It has a pointed barrel-vaulted roof, and an original +square-headed doorway in the centre of its east wall. It is now used as +the heating chamber of the church.</p> + +<p>On the apex of the south-west buttress there is a remarkable sundial, +which has already been illustrated.<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_416" id="page_416">{416}</a></span></p> + +<p>From Mr. Ferguson’s remarks<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> it is evident that the history of this +building has not been investigated. There were a chapel and a hospital +at</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1351" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_416.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_416.jpg" width="543" height="396" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1351.</span>—Cockburnspath Church. View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Cockburnspath in early times. Robert, Chaplain of Colbrundspath, is +mentioned in 1255, but Mr. Ferguson has doubts as to this being the site +of the chapel referred to.</p> + +<h2><a name="PRESTON_CHURCH_Berwickshire" id="PRESTON_CHURCH_Berwickshire"></a>PRESTON CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Berwickshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A ruined church situated about two miles north from Duns. It is in a +state of complete dilapidation, and is densely covered with ivy. The +structure (Fig. <a href="#fig_1352">1352</a>) consists of a nave and chancel of equal width, the +whole internal length being about 70 feet by 14 feet 6 inches in width, +and the chancel is about 18 feet 6 inches long. The round chancel arch +is blocked, and it is doubtful if it is original. There are two narrow +pointed windows in the east wall and one in the west wall, all widely +splayed towards the interior, and finished with a segmental arch.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_417" id="page_417">{417}</a></span> +Another window in the south wall of the chancel (shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1353">1353</a>) is +of the same character, only that it is lintelled on the inside instead</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1352" style="width: 291px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_417-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_417-a.jpg" width="291" height="116" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1352.</span>—Preston Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">of being arched. Beneath this window there is a peculiar piscina (see +Fig. <a href="#fig_1353">1353</a>). It consists of a triangular shelf projecting about</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1353"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 243px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_417-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_417-b.jpg" width="243" height="463" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1353.</span>—Preston Church. Piscina.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>17 inches from the wall (Fig. <a href="#fig_1354">1354</a>) and having a shallow basin supported +on a rounded base. Above the shelf there is a round-arched recess 2 feet +2 inches high by 18 inches wide. The back of this recess leans forward, +so that while it is 8½ inches deep at the base, it is only 3 inches at +the crown of the arch.</p> + +<p>There are two south doors with square lintels, one in the chancel and +another in the nave near the west end. A later door has been made at the +east end of the nave.</p> + +<p>All the doors and windows are finished on the outside with a simple +chamfer.</p> + +<p>There has probably been a sacristy on the north side of the nave.</p> + +<p>Mr. Ferguson<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a> assigns this church to an early period. The small +windows<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_418" id="page_418">{418}</a></span></p> + +<p><a id="fig_1354"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 291px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_418.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_418.jpg" width="291" height="216" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1354.</span>—Preston Church. Plan of Piscina.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">in the end walls and the shallow buttresses at the west end have an +early appearance, but the same cannot be said of the details shown in +Fig. <a href="#fig_1353">1353</a>. Mr. Muir<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> is doubtful as to its “just claim to +antiquity.” This church, with that of Bunkle, about two miles distant, +belonged to the Bishopric of Dunkeld.</p> + +<h2><a name="ST_MARYS_ABBEY_Rothesay_Buteshire" id="ST_MARYS_ABBEY_Rothesay_Buteshire"></a>ST. MARY’S ABBEY, <span class="smcap">Rothesay, Buteshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>About half a mile westwards from the town of Rothesay, and approached by +an avenue of fine old trees, there stands in the ancient burial-ground +the choir of the Abbey Church of St. Mary. The west end has been built +up with a wall containing a wide gateway, but otherwise the chancel +remains in fair preservation, although roofless. A modern church has +been erected beside it, but with an interval of a few inches between the +new and old structures.</p> + +<p>The ancient chancel (Fig. <a href="#fig_1355">1355</a>) now measures 27 feet in length by 18 +feet in width internally. The east wall, with its gable (Fig. <a href="#fig_1356">1356</a>), +still survives, and contains a large three-light window, of which the +tracery has been of the simple intersecting kind. The east ends of the +side walls had each a single pointed light with pointed rear arches. +Near the west end of the north wall is a plain pointed doorway, and a +small window with square lintel. The west end of the south wall +contained a doorway, now built up.</p> + +<p>Opposite one another, in the centre of the north and south walls, are +erected two more than usually interesting monuments. Both are recessed +in the wall, and are covered with an arched canopy, and in each the +effigy of the person commemorated is preserved. The monument in the +south wall (Fig. <a href="#fig_1357">1357</a>) is the larger and finer of the two. It measures +nearly 11 feet over the side buttresses. The ogee arch in which it is +enclosed contains bold, but late, mouldings. The arch has been +ornamented with large crockets, but they are now much wasted away. The +monument has doubtless been erected in memory of one of the Stewarts of +Bute, who buried here, but its heraldry is peculiar. At the apex there +is a shield, which appears to contain the royal arms, but has two lions +for supporters,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_419" id="page_419">{419}</a></span> instead of the usual unicorns. There is also on the +base or pedestal of the monument a coat of arms, containing quarterly +first and fourth the Stewart arms, and second and third the royal arms. +The shield is supported by two angels. In a paper by Mr. John +Mackinlay,<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> written in 1825, these arms are fully described and +illustrated. They were then doubtless better preserved than they now +are, but the arms can still be deciphered. Mr. Mackinlay tries to +explain the remarkable circumstance of the Stewart arms having +precedence in the lower shield over the royal arms, by supposing that +they are placed on the tomb of the chief of the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1355" style="width: 490px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_419.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_419.jpg" width="490" height="381" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1355.</span>—St. Mary’s Abbey, Rothesay. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Clan. But the name of the person whose monument this is has not been +discovered.<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> As the bearings in quartered shields are often reversed +by mistake, the same may have happened here.</p> + +<p>The effigy is that of a knight in complete plate armour. The head rests +on a tilting helmet, with a dog’s head for crest, which is attached to a +cap put on over the helmet. The round hollow visible to the spectator +represents the inside of the helmet. The feet rest upon a lion. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_420" id="page_420">{420}</a></span> +figure is considerably worn, but the plate armour and the gauntlets are +still distinctly seen. The bottom of the shirt of mail worn under the +cuirass and the jewelled sword belt and hilt of the sword are also +clearly visible. A coat of arms, similar to that on the pedestal, is +carved on the breast, being intended to represent the arms wrought in +embroidery on the surcoat.</p> + +<p>The lower part of the monument has been divided into panels, each +containing a quatrefoil, and between the panels there were at one time +small</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1356" style="width: 525px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_420.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_420.jpg" width="525" height="440" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1356.</span>—St. Mary’s Abbey, Rothesay. View from +South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">figures of armed knights, each holding a spear. When Mr. Mackinlay +wrote, one of these figures survived; now they are all gone, together +with parts of the quatrefoils, and an irregular empty space is left +where they once stood. Mr. Mackinlay mentions that some excavation was +made, and an arched recess was found under the monument in which the +coffins had been placed, and three skulls were discovered therein. In +the upper part of the monument over the arch are two recesses, which +probably at one time contained coats of arms.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_421" id="page_421">{421}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1357" style="width: 664px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_421.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_421.jpg" width="664" height="505" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1357.</span>—St. Mary’s Abbey, Rothesay. Monument in South +Wall.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_422" id="page_422">{422}</a></span></p> + +<p>The other monument (Fig. <a href="#fig_1358">1358</a>) in the north wall of the chancel has been +erected in memory of a lady and child, whose effigies it contains. The</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1358" style="width: 616px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_422.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_422.jpg" width="616" height="498" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1357.</span>—St. Mary’s Abbey, Rothesay. Monument in South +Wall.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">figures of the lady and child are cut in a thin slab of stone, and have +not the bold effect of the knight in armour. There are no arms or +inscription<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_423" id="page_423">{423}</a></span> on this monument, and the name of the person commemorated +is unknown. The arch over the figures is of the same description as that +of the opposite monument, but it is lower and not so effective. The +mouldings are also similar, and there have been crockets over the arch, +which are now greatly decayed. The width of the monument over all is +fully 8 feet.</p> + +<p>The lower part of the monument on which the effigies rest is divided +into eight panels by shafts, and each panel contains a sculptured +figure. Mr. Mackinlay says that they represent saints, and that amongst +them is the Virgin and Child. In their decayed condition the latter is +not now recognisable. The figures seem rather to resemble persons in the +dress of the fifteenth century, and some of them appear to be kneeling.</p> + +<p>At the east end of the chancel there is a pointed piscina in the south +wall (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1357">1357</a>) and an ambry in the east wall.</p> + +<p>The style of the structure and of the monuments is undoubtedly late, +probably sixteenth century.</p> + +<h2><a name="THE_PARISH_CHURCH_AND_THE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_ST_MARY_Dumbarton" id="THE_PARISH_CHURCH_AND_THE_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_OF_ST_MARY_Dumbarton"></a>THE PARISH CHURCH AND THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH OF ST. MARY, <span class="smcap">Dumbarton, +Dumbartonshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The town of Dumbarton is situated on the left bank of the river Leven, +near its junction with the Clyde, and not far from the detached rock on +which stands the Castle of Dumbarton. A church existed here from a very +early time, and the parish church appears to have been rebuilt at least +three times, and is now a modern edifice of 1811. Previously the parish +church was represented by the quaint structure shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1359">1359</a>, which +has entirely disappeared, along with the hospital or bead-house +adjacent, which was erected in 1636 by Buchanan of Auchmore, and endowed +by him with £1021. This view is copied from a pencil sketch made by Paul +Sandby in 1747, which forms part of a valuable collection of sketches +relating to Scotland, preserved in the Library of the Royal Scottish +Academy, to the Council of which we are indebted for permission to +reproduce it.</p> + +<p>The parish church (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1359">1359</a>) was probably intended to consist of a +choir and nave with a central tower, but only the choir and tower would +seem to have been built. As frequently happened, a north aisle or +transept appears from the view to have existed. This contained what was +known in later times as Mr. Campbell of Stonefield’s gallery and the +town council gallery, and it was entered by an outside stair. From the +description of the interior in Glen’s <i>History of Dumbarton</i>, p. 74, the +church was evidently a typical specimen of those picturesque, though +plain, interiors which have now almost disappeared. The pulpit stood on +the south side, and there were various galleries for the trades and for +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_424" id="page_424">{424}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1359" style="width: 786px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_424.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_424.jpg" width="786" height="386" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1359.</span>—Dumbarton Church and Hospital. (From a +Drawing by Paul Sandby, 1747.)</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_425" id="page_425">{425}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">garrison, while an upper end gallery called the hen-bauk was occupied by +single ladies. In 1622 Dame Jean Hamiltone, Lady of Luss, having no +convenient seat, was granted liberty by the kirk-session “to build ane +seat for hirsel, upon ye top of the east gavil.” The spire was of wood, +and was presumably covered with lead. Shortly after this sketch was made +the spire appears, from the Burgh Records, to have been ruinous, so that +its leaning appearance may be quite correct. The tower was of the low +squat form, with plain parapet, common at the time.</p> + +<p>The hospital appears, from the view, to have been of considerable +extent. It was evidently two stories in height, and was lighted by +round-headed windows. This bead-house and the small chapel attached to +it</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1360" style="width: 340px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_425.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_425.jpg" width="340" height="307" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1360.</span>—Portion of Tower of Collegiate Church, +Dumbarton.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">were ultimately dismantled and lay in a ruinous state till, in the year +1758, they were entirely demolished by the magistrates, and the stones +used to build the East Bridge and for other purposes. The church appears +to have been used as the parish church till about 1810, when it was +taken down and a new church built on the site.</p> + +<p>The Collegiate Church and Hospital of St. Mary were founded in 1450 by +Lady Isabella, Duchess of Albany and Countess of Lennox. She was the +widow of Murdoch, Duke of Albany, who was beheaded at Stirling in 1425. +About the beginning of the sixteenth century, the Earl of Lennox gifted +the church, with the temporality, to the Abbey of Kilwinning. The +chapter consisted of a provost and six canons, and was endowed with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_426" id="page_426">{426}</a></span> the +parish churches of Bonhill, Fintry, and Strathblane, and also held +considerable lands in the neighbourhood of Dumbarton, which yielded to +Kilwinning at the Reformation an annual revenue of £66, 13s. 4d. +sterling.</p> + +<p>The founder erected the college for the repose of the souls of “her +dearest husband, her father, and her sons,” who had been slain by their +relative James I. of Scotland, under the belief that they had been to +blame in connection with his long imprisonment in England.</p> + +<p>After the Reformation the college was allowed to fall into ruin, and its +materials were gradually carried off. In 1858, in order to make room for +the railway station, the last remnants of the edifice, one of the pier +arches and its piers (Fig. <a href="#fig_1360">1360</a>) were removed from their position on a +grassy knoll, from which a fine view of the Leven was visible, and +re-erected as the gateway of a house.<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPEL_AT_THE_KIRKTON_OF_KILMAHEW168_Dumbartonshire" id="CHAPEL_AT_THE_KIRKTON_OF_KILMAHEW168_Dumbartonshire"></a>CHAPEL AT THE KIRKTON OF KILMAHEW,<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> <span class="smcap">Dumbartonshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This structure is an interesting example of a private ecclesiastical +foundation. The remains of the chapel stand in an ancient churchyard, on +a knoll close to a small stream, about one and a half miles north-west +from Cardross Railway Station. The building has attached to it the piece +of land with which it was endowed, and is surrounded by the estate of +Kilmahew, the property of John William Burns, Esq., to whom we are +indebted for bringing the structure under our notice.</p> + +<p>This chapel is believed to have been erected for the convenience of the +inhabitants of the locality, owing to the great distance of their parish +church at Roseneath, and also of the church of the neighbouring parish +of Cardross. The Napiers were proprietors of Kilmahew from about 1300. +John Napier was one of the defenders of Stirling Castle in 1304, along +with Sir William Olyfard. In 1406 William Napier obtained a charter of +the half lands of Kilmahew, “where the chapel is situated.”<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a></p> + +<p>A chapel existed here in 1370, when a charter was granted to Roger +Cochran of the lands of Kilmahew, “with the chapel thereof.” In 1467 a +new chapel was erected by Duncan Napier, then proprietor of Kilmahew, +who endowed it with an annual rent of 40s. and 10d. out of tenements in +Dumbarton. In the above year the new chapel, dedicated to St. Mahew,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_427" id="page_427">{427}</a></span> +was consecrated by George, Bishop of Argyll, in mitre and full +pontificals, with the permission of the Bishop of Glasgow, in whose +diocese it was situated. Possibly the existing chancel is part of the +structure then dedicated.</p> + +<p>At the Reformation this chapel was used as a preaching station by a +reader under the minister of Roseneath, but when the site of Cardross +Church was altered so as to bring it into its present more convenient +position as regards this locality, the chapel fell into disuse. The +burying-ground attached to it, however, continued in use for interments +till recent years. In 1640 a portion of the chapel was turned into a +school, in terms of an agreement between Robert Napier of Kilmahew and +the other heritors. Under this agreement Kilmahew bound himself—first, +“to give the use of his chapel of Kilmahew bewest the quir thereof, for +and in place of a school; second, to mortify to the schoolmaster +annually five</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1361" style="width: 429px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_427.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_427.jpg" width="429" height="219" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1361.</span>—Chapel at the Kirkton of Kilmahew. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">bolls one firlot of tiend bear, and also a house and a piece of land +layand thereto beside the chapel of Kilmahew, extending to about an acre +or therby, together with ane piece of land for pasture, which was of old +possest by the priest of Kilmahew, by order of the said Robert Napier of +Kilmahew his predecessors in time of superstition and popery; and in +case the annual value of these provisions should fall short of eighty +merks to make it up to that sum; third, to entertain the school master +present and to come, in meat, drink, and bedding, in household with +himself within the house of Kilmahew, so long as he shall discharge the +duty of family exercise and prayer within the said family.”<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a></p> + +<p>The acre of ground above referred to is now in the possession of the +School Board, together with two acres excambed in 1795 for the priest’s +right of pasturing a cow on Kirkton farm.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_428" id="page_428">{428}</a></span></p> + +<p>The building is now unoccupied, but it is kept in good repair. It +consists (Fig. <a href="#fig_1361">1361</a>) of an eastern portion or choir, which is roofed, +and of a western portion or nave, which is roofless. The former is +ancient, but the latter appears to be comparatively modern. The choir +is, internally, 13 feet 6 inches in length from west to east, by 16 feet +3 inches in width from north to south, and the walls are 3 feet in +thickness. In the west wall there is a rounded and chamfered arch 9 feet +2 inches in width, now built up. The choir has two windows, one in the +north</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1362" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_428.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_428.jpg" width="543" height="395" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1362.</span>—Chapel at the Kirkton of Kilmahew. View from +South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">wall and one in the south wall (Fig. <a href="#fig_1362">1362</a>), each of which is +square-headed, and the outer jambs and lintel have a double splay. The +doorway, which is in the south wall, has also a square lintel and a bold +bead and hollow round the opening. In the interior of the north wall +there is an arched recess 8 feet in length by 2 feet in depth, which may +have contained a monument, or may have been an Easter sepulchre. The +east wall has two recesses, one of which may have contained a piscina, +while the other (Fig. <a href="#fig_1363">1363</a>) is an ambry of an ornamental character, but +evidently of very late date. There is also a window in this wall placed +at<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_429" id="page_429">{429}</a></span> a very high level, and out of the centre (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1362">1362</a>). The gables +are finished with crowsteps, and on the south skew putts there are +shields</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1363"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 273px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_429-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_429-a.jpg" width="273" height="344" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1363.</span>—Chapel at the Kirkton of Kilmahew.</p> + +<p>Ambry In East Wall.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>(Fig. <a href="#fig_1364">1364</a>), that at the south-west end containing the sacred monogram +I. H. S., and that at the south-east end the initials M. C. In the east +gable, which has a set-off above the wall-head, there is a window placed +so as to light an upper room in the roof, which probably formerly +existed.</p> + +<p>The nave measures 34 feet 7 inches in length by 19 feet 8 inches in +width over the walls, which are thinner than those of the choir. There +is a doorway in the west end, and the enclosure contains some flat +monuments lying on the ground, which commemorate some of the Napiers of +Kilmahew and Buchanans of Drum (1789-80). This enclosure probably +occupies the</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1364"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 279px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_429-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_429-b.jpg" width="279" height="159" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1364.</span>—Chapel at the Kirkton of Kilmahew.</p> + +<p>South Skew Putts.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">site of the original nave, but the wall appears to have been rebuilt. +There was apparently a nave in existence in 1640, as it was the chapel +“bewest the quir” which Robert Napier then agreed to give as a school.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_430" id="page_430">{430}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1365" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_430.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_430.jpg" width="543" height="689" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1365.</span>—Canonby Priory. Sedilia.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_431" id="page_431">{431}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CANONBY_PRIORY_Dumfriesshire" id="CANONBY_PRIORY_Dumfriesshire"></a>CANONBY PRIORY, <span class="smcap">Dumfriesshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>“Some remains of this canonry were, until recently, visible at +Halgreen.... A portion of the ancient church (the sedilia) may be seen +in the churchyard.”<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a></p> + +<p>This priory was founded during the reign of David <small>I.</small> by Turgot de +Rossendal, near the junction of the Esk and Liddel, and was destroyed by +the English after the battle of Solway Moss in 1542. The annexed +illustration (Fig. <a href="#fig_1365">1365</a>) shows the only fragment that survives. It is +probably of thirteenth century work (but was omitted in Vol. <small>II.</small>)</p> + +<p>The priory, as the residence of the canons, became known as Canonbie.</p> + +<h2><a name="KIRKBRYDE_CHURCH_Dumfriesshire172" id="KIRKBRYDE_CHURCH_Dumfriesshire172"></a>KIRKBRYDE CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Dumfriesshire</span>.<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a></h2> + +<p>A ruin situated five or six miles south-east from Sanquhar.</p> + +<p>The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1366">1366</a>) measures 42 feet 4 inches in length by 14 feet 6 +inches wide inside.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1366" style="width: 277px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_431.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_431.jpg" width="277" height="202" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1366.</span>—Kirkbryde Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>There is a north chapel, measuring about 10 feet by 9 feet 3 inches, +opening into the church by a round arch.</p> + +<p>The east wall (Fig. <a href="#fig_1367">1367</a>), on which is the belfry, is almost entire, as +is also the greater part of the west wall and the south wall (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1368">1368</a>).<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_432" id="page_432">{432}</a></span> The north wall is pretty well preserved at the east end, as well +as the chapel and north archway (Fig. <a href="#fig_1369">1369</a>). At the west end the north +wall is very fragmentary.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1367" style="width: 338px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_432-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_432-a.jpg" width="338" height="259" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1367.</span>—Kirkbryde Church. East Elevation.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The doorway in the south wall has a pointed arch cut out of two stones +(see Fig. <a href="#fig_1368">1368</a>). There are three windows on the south side of</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1368" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_432-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_432-b.jpg" width="543" height="273" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1368.</span>—Kirkbryde Church. South Elevation.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the church (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1368">1368</a>). One of them is entire, and has a pointed +arch cut out of two stones. A kind of shoulder is wrought on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_433" id="page_433">{433}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1369" style="width: 494px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_433-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_433-a.jpg" width="494" height="181" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1369.</span>—Kirkbride Church. View from North-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><a id="fig_1370"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 128px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_433-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_433-b.jpg" width="128" height="117" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1370.</span>—Kirkbride Church.</p> + +<p>Window in South Wall.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">stone above the arch (Fig. <a href="#fig_1370">1370</a>). The east window is square lintelled, +and is provided with strong iron bars. There are no windows in the north +wall.</p> + +<p>The masonry of the north chapel is of a better kind than that of the +main building. The opening arch is about 7 feet 2 inches wide, and is +entirely plain, without even a splay on the edge.</p> + +<h2><a name="ST_CUTHBERTS_Moffat_Dumfriesshire" id="ST_CUTHBERTS_Moffat_Dumfriesshire"></a>ST. CUTHBERT’S, <span class="smcap">Moffat, Dumfriesshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>On a hill on the opposite side of the River Annan from the town of +Moffat stand the small remains of St. Cuthbert’s Church.</p> + +<p>The building is believed to have been originally erected by the Knights +Templars, who had considerable possessions in this locality. All that +now remains of the structure is a portion of what appears to have been +the west wall, containing parts of a pointed window (Fig. <a href="#fig_1371">1371</a>), which +has been divided into three lights by two mullions, one of which, and +one arch and half of another, only remain. The three lights had sharply +pointed openings, and the principal arch had two splays on its ingoing. +The design might belong to almost any period of Gothic, but the form +adopted was common in late work.</p> + +<p>The east wall of the church appears to have been made available as part +of a farmhouse, and its features are quite obliterated. Considerable +foundations of other structures are observable in the grassy mounds +scattered around.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_434" id="page_434">{434}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1371" style="width: 329px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_434-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_434-a.jpg" width="329" height="364" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1371.</span>—St. Cuthbert’s, Moffat.</p></div> +</div> + +<h2><a name="SANQUHAR_CHURCH_Dumfriesshire" id="SANQUHAR_CHURCH_Dumfriesshire"></a>SANQUHAR CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Dumfriesshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The old church of Sanquhar was demolished in 1827, and the present +church was built partly on its site, as indicated by the dotted lines +shown</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1372" style="width: 345px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_434-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_434-b.jpg" width="345" height="213" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1372.</span>—Sanquhar Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_435" id="page_435">{435}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">on the Plan (Fig. <a href="#fig_1372">1372</a>). In 1895 Lord Bute had excavations made, which +partly revealed the Plan now submitted.<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a></p> + +<p>The position of the east wall was thus determined, as likewise that of +the east end of the north wall with one buttress, and considerable +portions of the south wall throughout its whole length, with indications +of three buttresses and the return of the west wall at the south-west</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1373"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 153px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_435.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_435.jpg" width="153" height="444" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1373.</span>—Sanquhar Church.</p> + +<p>Effigy.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">corner. The dimensions of the building were ascertained to be about 96 +feet from east to west by about 30 feet 6 inches from north to south +over the walls. The angle buttresses shown at the east end are +conjectural, and are based on a tradition that the corners of the +existing church were copied from the form of the east end of the old +church.</p> + +<p>Mr. Schultz states that an old burial list, of which the date is +uncertain, but which may be of the seventeenth or early eighteenth +century, alludes to certain graves which can still be recognised as so +many feet from the “queer pillar” (buttress), <i>i.e.</i>, the buttress +opposite which the chancel arch is represented. Mr. Schultz assumes from +this that the choir or “queer” extended as far as this buttress; and the +fact that a splayed base was found all along the choir wall as far as +this point, and that no such splay existed farther west, gives a certain +sanction to the above view, as does also the circumstance that the nave +or western part of the building had no buttresses. It is frequently +found that the eastern end was treated in a different manner from the +west end. A foundation was found inside the building, at a distance of +about 6 feet from the east wall, and it is conjectured that this may +represent the seat of an altar. The windows, of which several stones +were found, appear to have had single mullions with simple pointed +arches.</p> + +<p>Although only demolished in this century, there does not appear to be +any view of the old church known. It is described by Symson, in his +<i>Large Description of Galloway</i>, “as a considerable and large fabrick,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_436" id="page_436">{436}</a></span> +consisting of a spacious church and stately quire, where are the tombs +of the Lord Crichtons of Sanquhar, wrought in freestone, and before them +some Lords of the name of Ross.”<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a></p> + +<p>The effigy of an ecclesiastic (Fig. <a href="#fig_1373">1373</a>) was taken from Sanquhar to +Friars Carse when the old church was demolished, but it has recently +been brought back by Lord Bute.</p> + +<h2><a name="CARNOCK_CHURCH_Fifeshire" id="CARNOCK_CHURCH_Fifeshire"></a>CARNOCK CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Fifeshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A ruinous structure comprising some fragments of the ancient parish +church which was remodelled soon after the Reformation. The church (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1374">1374</a>) now measures, internally, about 42 feet in length by 17 feet 6 +inches in width. The east end contains one narrow, but complete, pointed +window, with a simple jamb moulding, and the remains of another similar +window, both having wide internal splays. Another narrow</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1374" style="width: 380px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_436.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_436.jpg" width="380" height="270" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1374.</span>—Carnock Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">pointed window yet exists in the north wall, but in the south wall the +windows have been enlarged. The west wall (Fig. <a href="#fig_1375">1375</a>) has been rebuilt +or heightened, and a belfry of Renaissance style erected upon it. A +round-headed doorway has been inserted in each of the north and south +walls, and the round arch of the south door now stands detached. A south +porch has also been added (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1375">1375</a>) with a stone seat on each +side, and having a round-headed entrance with large bead on jambs and +arch. Two small windows near the ground at the west end seem to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_437" id="page_437">{437}</a></span> +indicate that there has been a gallery above them at that end. The +church is now disused, but still stands in the old churchyard, and is +greatly covered with ivy.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1375" style="width: 503px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_437.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_437.jpg" width="503" height="364" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1375.</span>—Carnock Church. View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>John Row, the ecclesiastical historian, was minister of this parish from +1592 to 1646. It is situated about three miles west from Dunfermline.</p> + +<h2><a name="DYSART_CHURCH_Fifeshire" id="DYSART_CHURCH_Fifeshire"></a>DYSART CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Fifeshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This church has already been illustrated and described at length;<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> +but as it is a building of considerable importance, it is introduced +here in order to illustrate some points not formerly brought out. The +edifice is a long parallelogram, with central avenue and north and south +aisles, and is fairly entire along its whole length, except the outer +wall of the north aisle. It has a lofty pele-like tower quite entire at +the west end of the south aisle (Fig. <a href="#fig_1376">1376</a>), which enters from the +interior of the church by a doorway about 10 feet above the floor.</p> + +<p>The tower is strong and quite capable of resisting a considerable<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_438" id="page_438">{438}</a></span> +attack. The main arcade is supported chiefly on round pillars, but at +intervals the piers may be described as portions of the wall, as they</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1376" style="width: 440px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_438.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_438.jpg" width="440" height="643" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1376.</span>—Dysart Church. View from North-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">extend to five feet and even 9 feet in length, and have rounded ends +corresponding to the intermediate pillars. The pillars at the east end<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_439" id="page_439">{439}</a></span> +are gone, but there were probably seven bays in the whole internal +length of 135 feet. The tower occupies one bay at the west end of the +surviving bays. Only the bay adjoining the tower on the south</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1377" style="width: 514px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_439.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_439.jpg" width="514" height="588" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1377.</span>—Dysart Church. South and East Side of Tower.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">side and the two bays opposite on the north side now remain (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_1376">1376</a>). The centre pillar on the north side is low, and supports lofty +pointed arches. The second piers from the west are the large ones +already<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_440" id="page_440">{440}</a></span> described. Their caps are, as will be seen, at different +levels, being higher on the east side than the west. The arcade to the +eastwards may thus have been round arched, at all events the arches were +not so acutely pointed as the western ones. The corbels for supporting +the rafters of</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1378" style="width: 394px;"> +<p id="fig_1379"></p> +<a href="images/ill_pg_440-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_440-a.jpg" width="394" height="271" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<table summary="none"> +<tr valign="top"><td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1378.</span>—Dysart Church. +</p> +<p>Niche on South Porch.</p> +</td> +<td class="tdspc"> </td> +<td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1379.</span>—Dysart Church. +</p> +<p>Cap in North Aisle.</p> +</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the roof are visible along the north face of the tower, and those for +supporting the roof of the north aisle, with the drip moulding above, +will be observed over the two arches at the west end, there being no +stone vaulting used in the building. Fig. <a href="#fig_1377">1377</a> shows the east and south +sides</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1380"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 76px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_440-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_440-b.jpg" width="76" height="101" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1380.</span></p> + +<p>Dysart Church.</p> + +<p>Cap of Piers at south Aisle and North-West Respond.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">of the tower, and the large south porch with its stone covered roof and +round arched doorway, over which is the canopied niche (Fig. <a href="#fig_1378">1378</a>), and +the bracket, ornamented with the pot of lilies, for supporting a statue. +The figure was therefore probably one of the Virgin. The windows in the +south aisle wall were (some of them at least) square headed.</p> + +<p>Fig. <a href="#fig_1379">1379</a> shows the capital of the pillar in the north aisle as far as +it can be seen, on account of the modern wall in which it is almost +lost. It is formed to the shape of the double splayed arch moulding, and +dies off into the round pillar below. The mouldings of the cap indicate +very late work. Fig. <a href="#fig_1380">1380</a> is a still simpler cap from the south aisle +and from the north-west respond.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_441" id="page_441">{441}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="KILCONQUHAR_CHURCH_Fifeshire" id="KILCONQUHAR_CHURCH_Fifeshire"></a>KILCONQUHAR CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Fifeshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A small ruin consisting of three arches of an old church, which stood on +the ancient site before the present modern structure was erected in the +immediate vicinity. The village of Kilconquhar is situated on a large +loch about one mile and a half north-west from Elie.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1381" style="width: 481px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_441-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_441-a.jpg" width="481" height="232" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1381.</span>—Kilconquhar Church. View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The name is derived from the ancient Saint Connacher. There is little of +the history of the church preserved. It was granted in 1200 by Duncan, +Earl of Fife, to the Convent of North Berwick, and in 1266, after a +controversy between the Laird of Kilcomath and the prioress of North</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1382" style="width: 352px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_441-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_441-b.jpg" width="352" height="157" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1382.</span>—Kilconquhar Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Berwick regarding the right of patronage, it was resigned into the hands +of the Convent.<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a></p> + +<p>The three arches (Fig. <a href="#fig_1381">1381</a>) are all that now survive of the old +church.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_442" id="page_442">{442}</a></span> They probably formed the arcade between the centre and side +aisle, but there is nothing to show how the rest of the building was +placed with reference to them. The north wall of the enclosure of a +burying-place (shown by dotted lines in Fig. <a href="#fig_1382">1382</a>) has an ancient look, +and may be part of the old church.</p> + +<p>The arches have plain splays. The round pillars have caps formed by a +single hollow without any necking, and the bases are formed with a +splay. Both caps and bases follow the curve of the pillars. They +indicate a structure of very late date, probably about the time of the +Reformation.</p> + +<h2><a name="KILRENNY_CHURCH_Fifeshire" id="KILRENNY_CHURCH_Fifeshire"></a>KILRENNY CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Fifeshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The village and church of Kilrenny stand about one mile inland from the +coast at Anstruther. The only record before the Reformation is that in +1268 a pension was given to the vicar, who in 1336 was a certain +“John.”<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> The tower of the church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1383">1383</a>) is old, and is attached +to a modern edifice. It is of the form common in Fife about the time of +the Reformation, being carried up (Fig. <a href="#fig_1384">1384</a>) without buttresses or +ornament,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1383" style="width: 268px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_442.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_442.jpg" width="268" height="157" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1383.</span>—Kilrenny Church. Plan of Tower, &c.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">and having a parapet supported on corbels similar to those used in the +castles of the period. There are traces of a large arch in the east wall +of the tower, and another in the south wall, as if intended to open into +a building, possibly the old church. The mark of the roof over the +building on the south side still remains, and also a portion of a thick +wall running southwards from the tower. In the internal angles of the +tower there are square shafts with rude caps, apparently intended to +support a vault, but there are now no traces of any vaulting. There are +also the remains of a two-light window in the north wall of the tower. +Attached to the west end of the tower is a stately monument erected by +the family of Lumsdaine of Innergelly.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_443" id="page_443">{443}</a></span></p> + +<p>In the churchyard of Kilrenny may still be seen the monument of Cardinal +Bethune or Beaton. It is an enclosure which stands to the eastward</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1384" style="width: 519px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_443.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_443.jpg" width="519" height="669" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1384.</span>—Kilrenny Church. Tower, &c., from +South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_444" id="page_444">{444}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">of the church, built with ashlar and ornamented with Ionic pillars. The +frieze and cornice are unfortunately wanting.</p> + +<p>The entrance is in the east end, and in the opposite wall is a +well-carved representation of the arms of Bethune of Balfour, viz., +quarterly, 1st and 4th, azure a fesse between three mascles, or, for +Bethune; 2nd and 3rd, argent on a chevron sable an otter’s head erased +of the first, for Balfour. Crest, an otter’s head proper; motto, +“Debonnaire.”</p> + +<h2><a name="ROSYTH_CHURCH_Fifeshire" id="ROSYTH_CHURCH_Fifeshire"></a>ROSYTH CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Fifeshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A ruin situated on the shore of the Frith of Forth about five miles west +from North Queensferry and about one mile east of Charleston.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1385" style="width: 243px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_444-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_444-a.jpg" width="243" height="138" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1385.</span>—Rosyth Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Part of the structure is ancient, but the western portion has been added +in post-Reformation times. All that now remains of the building consists</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1386" style="width: 460px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_444-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_444-b.jpg" width="460" height="290" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1386.</span>—Rosyth Church. View from North-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_445" id="page_445">{445}</a></span></p> + +<p>(Fig. <a href="#fig_1385">1385</a>) of the east wall and gable, and a considerable part of the +north wall. The east end (Fig. <a href="#fig_1386">1386</a>) contains two narrow pointed windows +with a simple moulding on the outside, which is returned round the sill. +The moulding (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1386">1386</a>) is rebated on the exterior for a shutter. +The ingoings are widely splayed and have pointed rear arches. The +ancient part of the north wall is built with ashlar work, the stones +being of a cubic form, resembling Norman work, and the mortar is well +washed out of the joints. The remainder of the north wall is built with +irregular courses, and the wall opening has a straight lintel. There is +an ambry in the north wall near the east end, and a recess in the wall +near the doorway. The church has been 15 feet wide internally, and +probably about 50 feet in length.</p> + +<h2><a name="THE_CHURCH_OF_THE_DOMINICANS_OR_BLACKFRIARS_St_Andrews_Fifeshire" id="THE_CHURCH_OF_THE_DOMINICANS_OR_BLACKFRIARS_St_Andrews_Fifeshire"></a>THE CHURCH OF THE DOMINICANS OR BLACKFRIARS, <span class="smcap">St. Andrews, Fifeshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Amongst the many remains of religious establishments still visible in +this old ecclesiastical centre, the ruins of a small part of the Church +of the Blackfriars are prominent from their situation, being an ivy clad +fragment of the church which stands detached in the grounds of the +Madras College, and forms a conspicuous object close to South Street, +one of the leading thoroughfares of the town.</p> + +<p>The Dominicans or Friars preachers were introduced into Scotland in 1231 +by Bishop Clement of Dunblane, and they were encouraged by Alexander +<small>II.</small>, who founded eight houses of the order in the principal towns of +Scotland. This order was brought to St. Andrews by Bishop William +Wishart, well known from the great works carried out by him at the +cathedral.</p> + +<p>Bishop Elphinstone, the distinguished prelate of Aberdeen and founder of +the University in that city, died in 1514, leaving a sum of £10,000, +part of which Prior Hepburn of St. Andrews succeeded in obtaining from +the executor, Sir Thomas Myrton, Archdeacon of Aberdeen, for the purpose +of rebuilding the convent of the Friars preachers in St. Andrews. In +connection with this arrangement, the provincial of the order, John +Adamson, a great reformer, held a chapter at Stirling in 1519, in which +the revenues of the convent at Cupar and part of those of St. Monans +were transferred to St. Andrews, while these convents were +suppressed.<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a></p> + +<p>No record is preserved of the buildings erected at this time, but +probably the church was rebuilt and a series of domestic structures +erected round a quadrangle on the south side of the church. The +monastery was attacked and pillaged by the mob in 1560. The possessions +of the convent<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_446" id="page_446">{446}</a></span> had been gradually disposed of in the beginning of the +sixteenth century, and after the Reformation the monastery was +abandoned, and the buildings gradually fell to pieces, the materials +being carried off in the usual manner.</p> + +<p>The only portion now surviving is an apsidal wing or chapel (Fig. <a href="#fig_1387">1387</a>) +which projected from the north side of the church. It is 26 feet long by +21 feet in width internally. The three-sided form of the north end is +not uncommon in the sixteenth century in Scotland, but it is not usually +adopted in side chapels or transepts, being generally reserved for the +east end of the chancel. At Ladykirk, Berwickshire, however, we have an +example of the three-sided apse introduced in the chancel, and also</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1387" style="width: 295px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_446.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_446.jpg" width="295" height="324" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1387.</span>—Church of the Dominicans or Blackfriars, St. +Andrews. Plan of North Chapel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">in the north and south transepts. There is a window in each of the three +sides of the apse (Fig. <a href="#fig_1388">1388</a>), the central one containing four lights +and the diagonal windows three lights. A large window in the west wall +has also four lights. The tracery in the windows has been renewed in +modern times in a somewhat imperfect manner. The buttresses on the +exterior angles have been almost entirely carried away. The altar +probably stood on the east side, where there is an ambry, with the +arch-head carved with a debased form of tracery. There seems to have +been a doorway in the east wall, now built up.</p> + +<p>The vaulting of the chapel (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1388">1388</a>) is partly preserved. That +over the square portion is a pointed barrel vault with ribs, arranged<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_447" id="page_447">{447}</a></span> +in sexpartite form. The ribs spring from corbels and small shafts. One +of the corbels is carved with the Hepburn arms. The central boss of the +vault bears the heart surrounded with two hands and feet,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1388" style="width: 521px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_447.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_447.jpg" width="521" height="588" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1388.</span>—Church of the Dominicans or Blackfriars, St. +Andrews. North Chapel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">emblems of the Passion. The vault of the apse is broken away, but it has +been divided into three panels by ribs rising to a point at the apex. +The vaulting of the main part of the chapel is of plain barrel form, +and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_448" id="page_448">{448}</a></span> the cross ribs are introduced as ornaments on the surface, a common +arrangement in late work. The ribs of the apse spring from two vaulting +shafts rising from corbels, the caps of which have shields bearing the +Hepburn arms (on a chevron a rose between two lions rampant). The +chevron is still distinguishable. From the threefold repetition of these +arms, it is supposed that this chapel was erected by Prior Hepburn, as a +memorial and, perhaps, a burial chapel. The responds at the entrance, +with their caps and other details, are of the third pointed period, and +correspond with the date when the chapel was erected. A row of plain +corbels, visible over the main arch, doubtless supported the roof of the +principal nave of the church.</p> + +<h2><a name="THE_CHURCH_OF_ST_LEONARDS_COLLEGE_St_Andrews_Fifeshire" id="THE_CHURCH_OF_ST_LEONARDS_COLLEGE_St_Andrews_Fifeshire"></a>THE CHURCH OF ST. LEONARD’S COLLEGE, <span class="smcap">St. Andrews</span>, <span class="smcap">Fifeshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>In the middle of the thirteenth century the Hospitium or Guest Hall of +St. Leonard’s was founded by Prior John White, for the reception of +pilgrims and visitors to St. Andrews. Some remains of the Guest Hall</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1389" style="width: 533px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_448.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_448.jpg" width="533" height="305" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1389.</span>—Church of St. Leonard’s College, St. Andrews. +Plan.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">have recently been excavated in the ground eastward from St. Leonard’s +Church, from which it appears that it was a hall with central nave and +two side aisles. The building was afterwards converted into a nunnery. +In 1512 it was appropriated for a college.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_449" id="page_449">{449}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1390" style="width: 739px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_449.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_449.jpg" width="739" height="436" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1390.</span>—Church of St. Leonard’s College, St. Andrews. +South Side.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_450" id="page_450">{450}</a></span></p> + +<p>This college was founded by John Hepburn, Prior of St. Andrews, in +conjunction with Archbishop Alexander Stewart. It remained under the +authority of the prior and chapter, and was designed for the education +of twenty-four poor students. The college, however, soon became famed +for its learning, and was attended by sons of the nobility. The students +were specially instructed in music, and helped to spread a knowledge of +sacred music throughout the country. George Buchanan, the well-known +scholar, was at one time Principal.</p> + +<p>The chapel (Fig. <a href="#fig_1389">1389</a>) is a simple oblong chamber, being, internally, +about 80 feet in length by 20 feet 6 inches in width, and has no +division between chancel and nave. The design of the windows and +buttresses (Fig. <a href="#fig_1390">1390</a>) accords well with the date of erection in the +sixteenth century, being in the perpendicular style, such as is common +in the colleges in England. The windows are all square-headed, and the +three-light ones have the heads of the lights cusped like quatrefoils. +The church appears, from the marks in the walls, to have been extended +24 feet at the east end, probably at the time when it was converted into +the college.</p> + +<p>On the north side of the church is a room with a round barrel vault, +probably the sacristy. From the door of the sacristy a narrow passage +runs along the east end of the church in the thickness of the wall, and +from it there are two loops into the church. Above this passage, and +also in the thickness of the wall, another narrow passage is constructed +in the east wall, which is continued round in the north wall as far as +the vault of the sacristy extends. There is a shallow piscina in the +east window sill. The west end has a door in the centre, and three +remarkable niches above it. They have the appearance of having been +placed there in recent times, when the west end was rebuilt. The arms of +Prior Hepburn are inserted in this wall, and they are also carved on one +of the south buttresses.</p> + +<p>There are no windows in the north wall, but the interior contains +several good Renaissance monuments. In the floor is the flat tombstone +of John Wynram, Superintendent of Fife, who died in 1582; and against +the north wall is the monument of Robert Stewart, Earl of March, who was +commendator of the priory after the Regent Moray’s death.</p> + +<p>The church was for long used for public worship, but after the College +of St. Leonards was united to that of St. Salvator in 1747, the former +was abandoned in 1759.</p> + +<p>A long range of buildings on the south side of the church was occupied +as the students’ lodgings, but these were also abandoned, and have now +been converted into private residences.</p> + +<p>Several alterations were likewise made on the church within recent +times, the steeple being taken down, and the west end “set back,” so as +to give more room for access to one of the private houses.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_451" id="page_451">{451}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHURCH_OF_THE_HOLY_TRINITY_St_Andrews_Fifeshire" id="CHURCH_OF_THE_HOLY_TRINITY_St_Andrews_Fifeshire"></a>CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY, <span class="smcap">St. Andrews, Fifeshire</span>.</h2> + +<p><a id="fig_1391"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 237px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_451.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_451.jpg" width="237" height="741" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1391.</span>—Church of the Holy Trinity, St. Andrews. +Tower, from North-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>This church, usually called the Town Church, is of ancient foundation, +but was almost entirely rebuilt at the end of last century. The church +which was then demolished is believed to have been erected in 1412. The +north-west tower (Fig. <a href="#fig_1391">1391</a>) is the only part of the old structure which +survives. Like the north-west tower at Cupar it rises from the north and +west walls of the north aisle, without buttresses to mark its outline or +break the upright form of the walls. The square outline, however, is +partly relieved by a square projection at the north-west angle, which +contains the staircase. The east and south walls are carried by arches, +which formerly allowed the lower story of the tower to be included +within the church, and the round pier at the south-east angle is made of +extra thickness, so as to bear the weight of the tower. The tower is +carried up square to the parapet with only a string course beneath the +windows of the belfry story. In the latter trefoil-headed double windows +are introduced, except on the north side, where a mullioned window is +inserted between the stair turret and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_452" id="page_452">{452}</a></span> the east angle. The parapet is +plain and rests on simple corbels. Above this rises an octagonal spire, +with lucarnes. The spire is rather short and stunted, like most of the +late Scottish examples.</p> + +<p>Over the staircase a small turret with pointed roof is carried up within +the parapet, and groups picturesquely with the main spire. The tower +resembles that at Wester Crail, and, like it, is of fifteenth century +date.</p> + +<h2><a name="AIRLIE_CHURCH_Forfarshire" id="AIRLIE_CHURCH_Forfarshire"></a>AIRLIE CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Forfarshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Two relics of the ancient church of St. Medan (demolished 1783) have +been preserved, one being a mutilated figure of St. John the Baptist +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1392">1392</a>) built into the west gable of the existing church, and the +other a sacrament house (Fig. <a href="#fig_1393">1393</a>) inserted in the wall under</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1392" style="width: 384px;"> +<p id="fig_1394"></p> +<a href="images/ill_pg_452.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_452.jpg" width="384" height="300" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<table summary="none"> +<tr valign="top"><td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1392.</span>—Airlie Church. +</p> +<p>Figure in Tower.</p> +</td> +<td class="tdspc"> </td> +<td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1394.</span>—Airlie Church. +</p> +<p>Belfry.</p> +</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the stair to the gallery. The sacrament house is of rude design and +workmanship, and is evidently of very late date. The ambry has an +opening 10½ inches in width, and its size over all is 2 feet 5 inches in +height by 21 inches in width. It has, as usual in such features, a broad +base surmounted by the recess to contain the consecrated host. The +opening is finished with an ogee arch-head having a cable-moulding on +the jambs and arch, and a fleur-de-lys on top. As usual the ambry is<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_453" id="page_453">{453}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1393" style="width: 417px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_453.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_453.jpg" width="417" height="748" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1393.</span>—Airlie Church. Sacrament House.</p> + +<p>(From Sketch kindly supplied by Mr. Archibald M‘Pherson, architect.)</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_454" id="page_454">{454}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">flanked by small buttresses. In the panels at the spandrils there are +carved on one side a cross with a crown of thorns, and on the other the +heart, with hands and feet showing the five wounds of the Passion.</p> + +<p>The back of the ambry is formed with a stone containing the initials W. +F., and the arms of the Fentons of Baikie, which are turned upside down, +probably by mistake, when rebuilt in the present position.</p> + +<p>The belfry of the church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1394">1394</a>) is a good example of a structure of +that description of the date it bears (1783).</p> + +<h2><a name="INVERGOWRIE_CHURCH_Forfarshire" id="INVERGOWRIE_CHURCH_Forfarshire"></a>INVERGOWRIE CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Forfarshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A simple oblong ruin situated about three miles west from Dundee. The +site is associated with the Celtic Church, and is one of the churches +believed to have been founded by St. Boniface, in Angus, about the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1395" style="width: 390px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_454-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_454-a.jpg" width="390" height="169" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1395.</span>—Invergowrie Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">beginning of the seventh century, Restennet being another.<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> Several +fine sculptured stones of an early period are still preserved in the +building.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1396" style="width: 468px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_454-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_454-b.jpg" width="468" height="199" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1396.</span>—Invergowrie Church. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_455" id="page_455">{455}</a></span></p> + +<p><a id="fig_1397"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 124px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_455-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_455-a.jpg" width="124" height="164" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1397.</span></p> + +<p>Invergowrie Church.</p> + +<p>South Window.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Between 1153 and 1165 the Church of St. Peter, Invergowrie, was given to +Scone by Malcolm <small>IV.</small>; but of this early structure nothing whatever +remains, and the existing building is probably not earlier than the +first half of the sixteenth century. The walls of the structure (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1395">1395</a>) are entire, although the west gable hangs in a very tottering +manner. The building measures inside about 46 feet in length by 15 feet +9 inches in width. There are two doorways in the south wall (Fig. <a href="#fig_1396">1396</a>), +the one towards the west end being round-arched, but not built on the +arch principle, being cut out of two large stones. The other doorway is +lintelled. There are two windows also in the south wall, the one being +round-arched and cusped (Fig. <a href="#fig_1397">1397</a>) and having the</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1398"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 106px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_455-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_455-b.jpg" width="106" height="138" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1398.</span></p> + +<p>Invergowrie Church.</p> + +<p>Cross-like Object.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">arch cut out of a single stone. The other window is lintelled and had a +central mullion. There is a high window in the west gable, and a west +doorway, which probably dates from Presbyterian times. A stoup adjoins +the western doorway in the interior of the south wall, and a locker +recess occurs in the east gable. Lying inside the church there is the +curious cross-like object (Fig. <a href="#fig_1398">1398</a>). It is pierced in the centre, and +appears to have had a shaft, which is broken, as shown.</p> + +<h2><a name="MAINS_CHURCH_Forfarshire" id="MAINS_CHURCH_Forfarshire"></a>MAINS CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Forfarshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This fragment of a church is situated in the centre of its churchyard, +on the margin of a romantic glen, on the opposite side of which stands +the ruined Castle of Mains, in the region of Strath Dichty, about three +miles north from Dundee. The remains consist of a small building which +projected from the south side of the church, and which Mr. Muir<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> +calls “the sacristy of the demolished church of Mains.” The view (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1399">1399</a>) shows three lancet windows in the south gable, which are of very +simple design, having merely a splay on their outer edge. The place is +locked up, but Mr. Muir says that the windows have separate rear-arches.</p> + +<p>Over the window there is a very beautiful sculptured fragment +representing the Annunciation. It is sadly wasted, the head of the +Virgin, and what may have been the descending dove, being an indistinct +mass. The lower part of the figure, however, is well preserved, and is<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_456" id="page_456">{456}</a></span> +extremely graceful. The figure of the angel, although wasted, is in good +preservation, while the scroll and pot of lilies are fairly distinct. +Beneath the pot there is a shield on which are visible two piles issuing +from a chief, with the remains of what may be mullets or annulets on the +piles. There were probably three piles at first.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1399" style="width: 295px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_456.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_456.jpg" width="295" height="412" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1399.</span>—Mains Church. Surviving Fragment.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The Church of Mains belonged to the Abbey of Arbroath.</p> + +<p>There is a sundial, of more recent date than the building, carved on the +south-west corner, similar to the sundials on the porch of Linlithgow +Church and on the south transept of Melrose.</p> + +<h2><a name="MARYTON_CHURCH_Forfarshire181" id="MARYTON_CHURCH_Forfarshire181"></a>MARYTON CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Forfarshire</span>.<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a></h2> + +<p>Maryton Church is situated about two miles south-west of Montrose.</p> + +<p>The fine grave slab (Fig. <a href="#fig_1400">1400</a>) was found by Mr. Robertson lying broken +and uncared for; and at his suggestion the minister, Mr. Fraser,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_457" id="page_457">{457}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1400" style="width: 340px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_457.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_457.jpg" width="340" height="738" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1400.</span>—Maryton Church. Grave Slab.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_458" id="page_458">{458}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">had it removed and placed in the church vestry. The upper part is +occupied with a finely incised figure of a knight in sixteenth century +costume, and the lower portion is occupied with the arms, supporters, +helmet, and mantling. The arms are, an oak tree growing out of a mount +(for Wood of Bonyton), between two cross crosslets (for Tulloch of +Bonyton). Walter or William Wood married Dorothy Tulloch, one of the +co-heiresses of Bonyton, sometime before 4th January 1493, in which year +they got a confirmation of a charter by James <small>IV.</small> An inscription can +still be partly traced round the slab, and it is believed to date from +1530.</p> + +<h2><a name="PERT_CHURCH_Forfarshire182" id="PERT_CHURCH_Forfarshire182"></a>PERT CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Forfarshire</span>.<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a></h2> + +<p>An old church situated on the North Esk about midway between Montrose +and Edzell. The building (Fig. <a href="#fig_1401">1401</a>) is in a state of ruin and covered +with ivy. It measures in the inside about 43 feet from east to west by +about 18 feet in width.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1401" style="width: 262px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_458-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_458-a.jpg" width="262" height="135" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1401.</span>—Pert Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>There is a door in each of the north and south walls near the opposite +ends, which have square lintels with rounded shoulders, as shown in Fig. +<a href="#fig_1402">1402</a>; and three narrow lancet windows (Figs. <a href="#fig_1402">1402</a> and <a href="#fig_1403">1403</a>), two in the +east wall and one</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1402" style="width: 385px;"> +<p id="fig_1403"></p> +<a href="images/ill_pg_458-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_458-b.jpg" width="385" height="147" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<table summary="none"> +<tr valign="top"><td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1402.</span>—Pert Church. +</p> +<p>Doorway and Window.</p> +</td> +<td class="tdspc"> </td> +<td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1403.</span>—Pert Church. +</p> +<p>Central Buttress.</p> +</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_459" id="page_459">{459}</a></span></p> + +<p><a id="fig_1404"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 109px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_459.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_459.jpg" width="109" height="158" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1404.</span>—Pert Church.</p> + +<p>Belfry.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">in the west wall. These windows are about 12 inches wide, and have the +arches cut out of two stones, with wide splays towards the interior. +Between the two, in the east gable, there is a central buttress with +splayed base (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1403">1403</a>).</p> + +<p>These features appear to indicate that this was originally rather an +early church, probably of about the close of the first pointed period, +but it appears to have been almost rebuilt, probably in the fifteenth +century.</p> + +<p>The belfry on the west gable (Fig. <a href="#fig_1404">1404</a>) is even later, and bears the +date of 1676.</p> + +<h2><a name="ST_VIGEANS_CHURCH_Forfarshire183" id="ST_VIGEANS_CHURCH_Forfarshire183"></a>ST. VIGEAN’S CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Forfarshire</span>.<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a></h2> + +<p>This church is pleasantly situated at the head of a little valley +through which winds the stream of the Brothock, at a distance of between +one and two miles north from Arbroath or Aberbrothock. Previous to the +Reformation it was the parish church of Arbroath. The edifice stands on +the top of a regularly shaped mound, and occupies nearly the whole of +the summit. It has been the site of a religious settlement from a very +remote period, far earlier than the erection of the great abbey at +Arbroath. This is shown by several Norman wrought stones that have been +found on the site, as well as a large and most important group of +elaborately carved sculptured stones, relics of the Celtic church which +once stood here. Vigianus has been recognised as the Latinised form of +the name of St. Fechin of Fohbar, an Irish saint who died in 664. Dr. +Joseph Anderson mentions that the twelfth century builders had utilised +a large quantity of fragments of sculptured monuments as building +materials.<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a></p> + +<p>In 1871, under the direction of Dr. R. Rowand Anderson, architect, the +church was restored and considerable additions were made to it. A large +polygonal apse, with massive buttresses, was built at the east end, a +second aisle was formed on the north side of the existing north aisle, +and the tower was raised and finished with a saddle-back roof. At the +same time a new roof and internal fittings were added, making the +edifice one of the most seemly parish churches in Scotland.</p> + +<p>Previous to this restoration, the structure consisted (as shown in Fig. +<a href="#fig_1405">1405</a>) of a central nave of eight bays, with north and south aisles, and +a western tower. The original Norman church appears to have occupied the +site of the north aisle, and to have extended in width to about the +centre<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_460" id="page_460">{460}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1405" style="width: 697px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_460.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_460.jpg" width="697" height="361" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1405.</span>—St. Vigean’s Church. View from South-East +(before 1871).</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_461" id="page_461">{461}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1406" style="width: 764px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_461.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_461.jpg" width="764" height="489" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1406.</span>—St. Vigean’s Church, looking West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_462" id="page_462">{462}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">of the present nave. Parts of the east and west gable walls still +remain. At a later period, probably about the middle of the fifteenth +century, the church was extended to the south, and was converted into a +building with a nave and a north aisle; and again at a still later +period, in 1485, the south wall was taken down and a south aisle +erected. The north and south aisles correspond in a general way with +each other (Fig. <a href="#fig_1406">1406</a>), and although the pillars on the north side are +round and those on the south side are octagonal, both have very simple +caps and bases, all of late form.</p> + +<p>The arches of the arcade on both sides are round with broad notched +splays. There are three clerestory windows on the north side, of a +square shape. They formerly had oak lintels on the inside, but these, +being decayed, were removed during the restoration, and the stone arches +shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1406">1406</a> were put in. On the south side there are eight +clerestory windows, arched throughout.</p> + +<p>The west tower is not in the centre, but occupies the space between the +centre of the nave and the line of the south arcade. It appears to be an +addition, but its lower plain vaulted story was probably erected before +the addition of 1485, while the upper portion is of later construction. +There is an entrance through the tower to the church, which, from the +relative positions of the two, is not in the centre. The opening of a +flat arched form is shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1406">1406</a>.</p> + +<p>In 1242 Bishop de Bernham consecrated the Church of St. Vigean. It was +again consecrated, along with two altars and the cemetery, in 1485 after +the additions were built by Bishop George O’Brien, Bishop of Dromore, in +Ireland,<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> acting probably, as Dr. Duke says, for the Bishop of St. +Andrews.</p> + +<h2><a name="MONASTERY_OF_RED_OR_TRINITY_FRIARS_Dunbar_Haddingtonshire" id="MONASTERY_OF_RED_OR_TRINITY_FRIARS_Dunbar_Haddingtonshire"></a>MONASTERY OF RED OR TRINITY FRIARS, <span class="smcap">Dunbar, Haddingtonshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This fragment (Fig. <a href="#fig_1407">1407</a>) is all that remains of the monastery of the +Red Friars at Dunbar. The field in which it stands is still known as the +Friars’ Croft.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1407" style="width: 246px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_462.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_462.jpg" width="246" height="140" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1407.</span>—Monastery of Red or Trinity Friars, Dunbar. +Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_463" id="page_463">{463}</a></span></p> + +<p>It is generally supposed<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> that this building was originally a belfry +of the monastery, and that it was, at a subsequent period, converted +into a pigeon house; but it is much more likely that, besides being the +belfry, it was also the pigeon house of the monastery from the first. It +appears to be still very much in its original state. The walls which +support the central portion (Fig. <a href="#fig_1408">1408</a>), which rise from arches in the +interior (Fig. <a href="#fig_1409">1409</a>) and give the structure its belfry-like aspect, are +evidently as old as any other part of the structure, and the supporting +arches with their corbels are not insertions.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1408" style="width: 484px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_463.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_463.jpg" width="484" height="441" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1408.</span>—Monastery of Red or Trinity Friars, Dunbar.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>It will be observed that in order to get solidity and strength in the +walls under these arches, the nests or pigeon holes are almost entirely +left out in those portions (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1409">1409</a>). The cross beam and upright +post seen in the sketch are old. The ladder, which is fixed, enabled a +man to go up and search for the eggs.</p> + +<p>This monastery was founded in 1218 by Patrick, sixth Earl of Dunbar,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_464" id="page_464">{464}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1409" style="width: 361px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_464.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_464.jpg" width="361" height="763" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1409.</span>—Monastery of Red or Trinity Friars, Dunbar.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_465" id="page_465">{465}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">but these remains clearly belong to an age some two or three centuries +later. From the history above referred to, the monastery appears to have +been suppressed before the Reformation, about the year 1529, at which +date the brethren were translated to Peebles.</p> + +<h2><a name="KEITH_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire" id="KEITH_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire"></a>KEITH CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Haddingtonshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>On a knoll within the grounds of Keith House, situated about five miles +east from Tynehead Station, and a similar distance south from Ormiston, +stand the ruins of an ancient church. It is surrounded by an old +churchyard, and has a number of monuments erected against the south +wall. According to an inscription on a tablet fixed to the wall, this +edifice was “erected as a private chapel in the reign of David <small>I.</small> +(1224-53) by Hervie de Keith, King’s Marischal; in the reign of +Alexander <small>II.</small> (1214-49) it became the church of the parish of Keith +Marischal; in 1618 this parish was joined to that of Keith Hunderbey, +now called Humby.”<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1410" style="width: 340px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_465.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_465.jpg" width="340" height="181" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1410.</span>—Keith Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1410">1410</a>) is now a ruin and is covered with a thick growth +of ivy. It measures, internally, 59 feet 8 inches in length by 14 feet +in width at the east end, and 15 feet in width at the west end. The east +end is apparently the oldest portion, the east wall and north wall, as +far as the break shown in the Plan, and a corresponding portion of the +south wall being faced with ashlar. The remainder of the structure, +westwards from the above, is built with rubble, and is apparently of +later date. The north wall is much broken down, but the other walls are +in fair preservation. The east end, as viewed from the interior (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1411">1411</a>) (where the growth of ivy allows the features to be tolerably +seen), is an unusual and rather striking design, consisting of two +narrow lancet windows, widely splayed internally, and a large +vesica-formed opening<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_466" id="page_466">{466}</a></span> above them. These windows have a broad double +splay on the exterior of the jambs and arches.</p> + +<p>One round-headed and cusped window survives in the south wall close to +the east end (Fig. <a href="#fig_1412">1412</a>), and the Plan shows that there has been another +window adjoining, but it is now built up. The west end wall (Fig. <a href="#fig_1413">1413</a>)</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1411" style="width: 508px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_466.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_466.jpg" width="508" height="504" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1411.</span>—Keith Church. Interior of East End.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">contains a single small pointed window, evidently of a late date. So far +as can now be ascertained from the building the east end or chancel is +comparatively ancient, probably of the beginning of the sixteenth +century, and the remainder has been rebuilt not long after the +Reformation.</p> + +<p>A good seventeenth century monument is erected against the south wall +(see Fig. <a href="#fig_1412">1412</a>).<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_467" id="page_467">{467}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1412" style="width: 498px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_467-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_467-a.jpg" width="498" height="279" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1412.</span>—Keith Church. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1413" style="width: 258px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_467-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_467-b.jpg" width="258" height="400" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1413.</span>—Keith Church. West Wall.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_468" id="page_468">{468}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="ST_PALLADIUS_CHURCH_Fordoun_Kincardineshire" id="ST_PALLADIUS_CHURCH_Fordoun_Kincardineshire"></a>ST. PALLADIUS’ CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Fordoun, Kincardineshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The village of Fordoun lies in the picturesque glen of the Luther Water, +about 2½ miles west from Fordoun Railway Station. The name of Saint +Palladius, the early “apostle of the Scots,” is attached to a small</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1414" style="width: 237px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_468-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_468-a.jpg" width="237" height="157" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1414.</span>—St. Palladius’ Church, Fordoun. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">chapel which stands in the churchyard surrounding the parish church. Dr. +Skene’s opinion<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> is that Palladius was sent to Ireland (then the +country of the Scots) and that Terrananus or Ternan, his disciple, +brought</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1415" style="width: 376px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_468-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_468-b.jpg" width="376" height="284" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1415.</span>—St. Palladius’ Church, Fordoun. View from +South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">his relics either from Ireland or from Galloway (in one of which places +he had been martyred) to his native district in the territories of the +Southern<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_469" id="page_469">{469}</a></span> Picts, and as the founder of the church of Fordoun, in honour +of Palladius, became to some extent identified with him. Be that as it +may, the name of Palladius has been handed down from the fifth century +in connection with a religious establishment in the place. A chapel, a +well, and an annual fair are named after him. The small chapel which now +bears the name of the Saint is a modern restoration. It is a plain +oblong structure (Fig. <a href="#fig_1414">1414</a>), 39 feet by 18 feet internally. The walls +are low, and there is a pointed gable at each end (Fig. <a href="#fig_1415">1415</a>). The east +wall has a recess, which probably contained a monument, and the west +wall a round-headed entrance doorway. There are three small +square-headed windows in the south wall and a doorway in the north wall.</p> + +<p>The east end is probably the oldest part. There is a burial-vault +beneath it. An ambry with round head near the north door, and a plain +pointed piscina at the south side of the eastern recess, are the only +ancient appurtenances.</p> + +<p>A chapel here is frequently mentioned in the records of the Priory of +St. Andrews. It is not called a church till 1244.<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a></p> + +<p>The Friars’ Glen, which runs north-westward from Fordoun, was, in the +fifteenth century, in the possession of the Carmelite Friars of +Aberdeen.</p> + +<h2><a name="OLD_GIRTHON_CHURCH_Kirkcudbrightshire190" id="OLD_GIRTHON_CHURCH_Kirkcudbrightshire190"></a>OLD GIRTHON CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Kirkcudbrightshire</span>.<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a></h2> + +<p>A roofless ruin (Fig. <a href="#fig_1416">1416</a>), about two miles south of Gatehouse, with +walls fairly entire. It measures internally about 71 feet long by about +20 feet wide, and is lighted by windows in the south wall, and two high +narrow windows in the east end, over which, in the apex, there is a +shallow niche. There is only one small high window in the north wall.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1416" style="width: 291px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_469.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_469.jpg" width="291" height="106" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1416.</span>—Old Girthon Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The entrance door is in the south wall, not far from the centre of the +church. In each end of the church there is a doorway, but these are +probably modern. In the south wall, near the east end in the usual +position of the piscina, there is what Mr. Coles calls an ambry, +roughly<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_470" id="page_470">{470}</a></span> formed out of a single stone. It is surrounded with a large +hollow moulding 4 inches wide, over which it measures 1 foot 8 inches +wide by 2 feet 6 inches high, and 9 inches in depth.</p> + +<p>Mr. Muir<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> classes Girthon with a number of other churches which may +be either of the Norman or first pointed period.</p> + +<h2><a name="BLANTYRE_PRIORY_Lanarkshire" id="BLANTYRE_PRIORY_Lanarkshire"></a>BLANTYRE PRIORY, <span class="smcap">Lanarkshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The fragmentary ruins of this structure are situated on the left bank of +the Clyde near Bothwell, at a point where the river forms a sudden bend +from west to north, and where the priory is confronted on the opposite +side by the great donjon of Bothwell Castle. The eastern walls of the +priory stand on the very edge of a precipice, which rises perhaps 80 or +100 feet above the river. The buildings at this part are situated on +fairly level ground, but immediately to the west the ground rises +rapidly, so that the cloister garth (Fig. <a href="#fig_1417">1417</a>) and the western +enclosing walls are on a considerably higher level than the main +buildings. The ruins cover a space of ground measuring about 150 feet +from east to west by about 115 feet from north to south. The western +enclosing wall is from 5 to 10 feet in height, and the northern wall +stands to the height of about 10 feet. The southern wall is nearly all +gone, except a part at the return of the buildings at the east and west +ends.</p> + +<p>At the north-east corner stands a two-storied structure, the walls of +which, except the south one, are almost entire. This was probably the +prior’s house. It enters by a doorway at the west end of the south wall, +and adjoining the door there appears to have been a stair to the upper +floor (which is the floor shown on the Plan), but the place is in so +confused a state with ruins and vegetation, that little regarding its +arrangement can be made out. The house contained two rooms, one at each +end, with the stair between. There are a fireplace and a window in each +gable, and the eastern window looks straight across the river to the +castle donjon. Along the north side of the house the ground is steep and +inaccessible. On the south side of this house there was a courtyard with +a building at the east end, the end wall of which still stands two +stories high, in continuation of the gable of the prior’s house.</p> + +<p>Adjoining this to the south is an apartment said, by the local guide, to +be the chapel. Of this, however, almost nothing remains, except a part +of the west wall, in which there is a stoup (Fig. <a href="#fig_1418">1418</a>) hollowed out of +a stone wrought with all the appearance of a corbel, like those found in +the castles. On the face of the corbel is an incised cross. It is this +feature which has obtained for the apartment the name of the chapel. +There is a window in the west wall above the stoup, but with nothing of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_471" id="page_471">{471}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1417" style="width: 703px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_471.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_471.jpg" width="703" height="543" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1417.</span>—Blantyre Priory. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_472" id="page_472">{472}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">an ecclesiastic character about it. This building does not appear to +have been the church. It is more likely that the latter was placed +somewhere about the line of the south boundary wall. It could not have +stood anywhere outside of what is shown in the Plan on the north side, +as in all this locality the ground is inaccessible.</p> + +<p>A ruined fragment stands at the south-east corner of the monastery. It +is a vaulted apartment, commanding the long reach of the river before</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1418"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 217px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_472.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_472.jpg" width="217" height="186" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1418.</span>—Blantyre Priory.</p> + +<p>Stoup.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">it takes its northern bend. There is a narrow pathway in front of this +apartment, giving access to it. The path is protected from the cliff by +a parapet wall returned at the south end, where there is a shot hole. +This parapet has gone on to join the buildings at the prior’s house.</p> + +<p>The parish church of Blantyre stood in a village of the same name, and +belonged to the priory, which is said to have been founded for Austin +canons, and endowed with the tithes and revenues of the parish church, +by Alexander <small>II.</small> Spottiswoode asserts that Blantyre was a cell depending +on Holyrood. In <i>Bagimond’s Roll</i> (1275), it is valued at £66, 13s. 4d. +Chalmers states that this small monastery was founded by Alexander <small>II.</small> +for canons regular brought from Jedburgh, and that the monks of Jedburgh +retired here during the war with England.</p> + +<p>The barony belonged to the Dunbars as far back as 1368. Walter Stewart, +son of the Laird of Minto, was made commendator by James <small>VI.</small>, and the +Barony of Blantyre was erected, in 1606, into a temporal lordship in his +favour, with the title of Lord Blantyre.</p> + +<h2><a name="COVINGTON_CHURCH_Lanarkshire" id="COVINGTON_CHURCH_Lanarkshire"></a>COVINGTON CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Lanarkshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Covington is a hamlet in the Upper Ward, about four miles south from +Carstairs Junction. A church existed here from the time of David <small>I.</small>, and +is frequently referred to in deeds. It stood near the Castle<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> of the +Lindsays of Covington, who acquired the manor before 1442, and was no +doubt in their gift and that of their predecessors in the property. The +dedication seems to have been to St. Michael.<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_473" id="page_473">{473}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1420" style="width: 675px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_473.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_473.jpg" width="675" height="497" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1420.</span>—Covington Church. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_474" id="page_474">{474}</a></span></p> + +<p>The existing church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1419">1419</a>) is of considerable age, but has been a +good deal tampered with. It stands in the old churchyard, no doubt on +the same site as the original edifice. The church is a simple oblong</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1419" style="width: 438px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_474-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_474-a.jpg" width="438" height="166" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1419.</span>—Covington Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">chamber 72 feet 3 inches in length and 22 feet 4 inches in breadth +externally. The old pointed windows (Fig. <a href="#fig_1420">1420</a>) still remain in the +south wall, three of them having a mullion and simple tracery, that of +the eastmost being very good. The eastmost window has also good +mouldings in</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1421"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 84px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_474-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_474-b.jpg" width="84" height="96" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1421.</span></p> + +<p>Covington Church.</p> + +<p>Mouldings of South-East Window.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><a id="fig_1422"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 91px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_474-c.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_474-c.jpg" width="91" height="118" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1422.</span></p> + +<p>Covington Church.</p> + +<p>Arms in North Doorway.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the jambs and arch (Fig. <a href="#fig_1421">1421</a>). The second window from the east is +narrow and ogee headed, and probably marks the position of the rood +screen.</p> + +<p>An old doorway remains, though built up, near the north-west angle. In +the arch there is inserted a shield (Fig. <a href="#fig_1422">1422</a>) bearing the arms of the +Lindsays, to whom the castle belonged, and the letters W. L. and the +date 1659.</p> + +<p>The east end has been entirely altered, the east window having probably +been built up, and an outside stair erected to give access to a gallery +at that end.</p> + +<h2><a name="AULDCATHIE_CHURCH_Linlithgowshire" id="AULDCATHIE_CHURCH_Linlithgowshire"></a>AULDCATHIE CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Linlithgowshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Before the Reformation Auldcathie formed a separate parish, but it is +now included in the parish of Dalmeny, of which it forms a detached +portion. The ruins of the old church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1423">1423</a>) now stand neglected in +the middle of a large field. The walls are much reduced, and are +gradually crumbling away, but the plan is still quite entire. The +structure measures,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_475" id="page_475">{475}</a></span> internally, about 30 feet in length by 15 feet in +width. There has been a door near the west end, both in the north and +south walls, two windows in the south wall, and none in either of the +north, east, or west walls. There is a recess for a benitier, an ambry, +near the south door, and an ambry in the east wall. Some more ancient +stones seem to have been</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1423" style="width: 308px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_475.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_475.jpg" width="308" height="177" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1423.</span>—Auldcathie Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">used in building the latter. The features are all so simple that it is +difficult to fix the date of the edifice, but it does not appear to be +very old.</p> + +<p>In the ancient <i>Taxatio</i> this church is valued at only 4 marks. As it is +not taxed in <i>Bagimond’s Roll</i>, it appears to have belonged in the +thirteenth century to some religious house.</p> + +<p>RESTALRIG COLLEGIATE CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Mid-Lothian</span>.<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a></p> + +<p>According to the legendary history of the Blessed Virgin Triduan, +Lestalrig or Restalrig, a village to the east of Edinburgh, might claim +a very great antiquity. Triduan is said to have died at Restalrig in the +year 510.</p> + +<p>A church can be traced here as early as the twelfth century, and it +afterwards became the parish church of Leith. This edifice is frequently +mentioned in connection with gifts bestowed upon it. The church of +Restalrig was erected into a Collegiate establishment by James <small>III.</small>, and +was rebuilt by him, as stated in the Papal Bull of 1487. James <small>IV.</small> was +also a benefactor to the foundation, and endowed an additional chaplain +in 1512, and twelve years later another rectory was annexed to the +church by James <small>V.</small></p> + +<p>The edifice has unfortunately been almost entirely destroyed. In 1560 it +was resolved “that the Kirk of Restalrig, as a monument of Idolatrie be<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_476" id="page_476">{476}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1424" style="width: 363px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_476-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_476-a.jpg" width="363" height="327" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1424.</span>—Restalrig Collegiate Church. Plan of Chapter +House.</p></div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1425" style="width: 445px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_476-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_476-b.jpg" width="445" height="272" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1425.</span>—Restalrig Collegiate Church. Section.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_477" id="page_477">{477}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">raysit and utterlie caste downe and destroyed.” This was apparently +done, as it is recorded that the ashlar work from the church was used by +a</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1426"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 194px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_477-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_477-a.jpg" width="194" height="119" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1426.</span>—Restalrig Collegiate Church.</p> + +<p>Jambs and Mouldings of Windows.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">certain citizen “to big his hous with.” In 1836 the church was restored, +being practically rebuilt.</p> + +<p>In the churchyard, however, there still exists a somewhat remarkable +structure. Externally it is a mausoleum-like building, covered with +turf. It is sometimes supposed to be “the crypt or family vault erected +by Sir Robert Logan of Restalrig (who died 1440-41), by whom indeed it +may have been built, while it has been used as such by successive +proprietors.” “It was undoubtedly</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1427" style="width: 502px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_477-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_477-b.jpg" width="502" height="411" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1427.</span>—Restalrig Collegiate Church. Vaulted Roof.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">attached to the college, perhaps as the chapter house or St. Triduan’s +Chapel.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_478" id="page_478">{478}</a></span></p> + +<p><a id="fig_1428"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 133px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_478-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_478-a.jpg" width="133" height="173" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1428.</span></p> + +<p>Restalrig Collegiate Church.</p> + +<p>Pier and Arch Ribs.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>This building is a hexagon on plan (Fig. <a href="#fig_1424">1424</a>), measuring 29 feet in +internal diameter, and stands about 3 feet from the south wall of the +church, against which the angle buttresses have impinged.</p> + +<p>On each of the three sides facing towards the south there is a window, +now built up, each of which has a very flat four-centred arch, and +contains three cusped lights (Fig. <a href="#fig_1425">1425</a>), divided by two mullions. The +section of the jambs and mullions is shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1426">1426</a>. The roof is +vaulted (Fig. <a href="#fig_1427">1427</a>) with ribs springing from a central pier, which has a +filleted roll towards each angle (Fig. <a href="#fig_1428">1428</a>).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1429" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_478-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_478-b.jpg" width="543" height="497" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1429.</span>—Restalrig Collegiate Church.</p> + +<p>Details of Carved Bosses and Caps.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The ribs of the vault are moulded, and there is a ridge rib running +round, with bosses and shields at the junctions with the other ribs (see +Fig. <a href="#fig_1427">1427</a>). The ribs spring from the caps of the central pillar<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_479" id="page_479">{479}</a></span> and the +caps of shafts in the angles. The style of the carving of these caps and +the foliage of the bosses is evidently of the third or late period (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1429">1429</a>). From its use as a sepulchral vault the floor has now been greatly +filled up with earth, which rises almost to the caps of the central +shaft and wall shafts.</p> + +<p>It is not known when the turf was piled up over the roof, but it is very +desirable that it should be removed, and the windows opened up, and the +interior cleaned out. It would then be seen to be, as Mr. Laing says, “a +charming specimen of the architecture of the fifteenth century.”</p> + +<h2><a name="NEWLANDS_CHURCH_Peeblesshire" id="NEWLANDS_CHURCH_Peeblesshire"></a>NEWLANDS CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Peeblesshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The ruined church of Newlands stands in the midst of the old churchyard, +in the retired and quiet valley of the Lyne, which flows southwards +towards the Tweed from near the foot of the Pentland Hills. It is about +four miles from West Linton Station on the Dolphinton Railway.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1430" style="width: 483px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_479.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_479.jpg" width="483" height="295" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 1430.—Newlands Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1430">1430</a>), which is a simple oblong in plan, is evidently +in some degree of ancient date; but it has been considerably altered in +post-Reformation times, in order to make it suitable for Presbyterian +service. For this purpose two large square-lintelled windows (Fig. <a href="#fig_1431">1431</a>) +have been inserted in the south wall, and one doorway near the east end +of that wall (Fig. <a href="#fig_1432">1432</a>) (the lintel of which bears the date of 1705). +The ancient round-arched doorway near the west end (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1431">1431</a>) has +been<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_480" id="page_480">{480}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1431" style="width: 761px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_480.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_480.jpg" width="761" height="426" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1431.</span>—Newlands Church. View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_481" id="page_481">{481}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1432" style="width: 746px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_481.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_481.jpg" width="746" height="491" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1432.</span>—Newlands Church. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_482" id="page_482">{482}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">preserved, and has also been made available in later times. The later +internal arrangements would thus be the usual Presbyterian ones, of +having the pulpit placed in the centre of the south wall, with a large +window on each side of it, and a central passage down the church, to +which access was obtained by the two doorways near the east and west +ends.</p> + +<p>The church was doubtless originally lighted by several small windows in +the south and west walls, and by a large pointed window in the east +wall. The latter (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1432">1432</a>) and the round-headed doorway near the +west end of the south wall are the principal ancient features. The +doorway has a bead on edge, and a plain hood moulding. It has all the +appearance of being of early date. The east end is partly built with +ashlar, and has a moulded string course near the ground running along +part of it. The pointed window has double splays on the jambs and arch, +both in the interior and exterior. It has doubtless had mullions at one +time, but it is now impossible to find traces of them. The window is +doubtless of third pointed date.</p> + +<p>Various sepulchral enclosures have been added to the church, both +internally and externally. That at the west end (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1431">1431</a>) has +probably had a coat of arms in the recess above the door, but it is now +gone.</p> + +<p>A number of quaintly carved tombstones of seventeenth and eighteenth +century date are still crumbling away in the churchyard.</p> + +<p>“The name of Newlands refers to the era when the lands lying around the +Kirktown were first brought into cultivation by Scoto-Saxon bands.”<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> +At the end of the thirteenth century Newlands belonged to the monks of +Dunfermline. In <i>Bagimond’s Roll</i> the <i>Rectoia de Newland</i>, in the +Deanery of Peebles, is valued at £16.</p> + +<h2><a name="CROSS_CHURCH_Peebles" id="CROSS_CHURCH_Peebles"></a>CROSS CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Peebles</span>.</h2> + +<p>The fragmentary ruins of the church of the monastery of the Redfriars +stand in the middle of a fir plantation immediately to the west of the +town of Peebles. All architectural interest connected with the edifice +has been destroyed. The freestone work which Grose specially commends +has been carried away, leaving only bare and ragged whinstone walls, and +giving the structure a very desolate appearance. The monastic buildings +were situated on the north side of the church; and the fir plantation, +which seems to represent their extent, runs in that direction for about +100 feet, with an average length from east to west of about 250 feet, +the whole extent of the plantation being a little less than an acre. It +is probable, from these dimensions, that the monastic buildings were +extensive, but, unfortunately, their destruction has been very complete. +The ruins of the nave remain (Fig. <a href="#fig_1433">1433</a>), and measure, within the walls, +about 70 feet<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_483" id="page_483">{483}</a></span> 6 inches from east to west by a width of 26 feet 9 +inches. Grose gives the length of the church as 102 feet, and there are +indications (see Plan) that it was longer at one time than it is now. +There is a tower at the west end, which measures about 20 feet by 21 +feet, and had an opening into the church, now built solidly up. From a +view of the church in Grose’s <i>Antiquities of Scotland</i>, the building +was evidently in a much better condition in 1790 than now. It appears to +have been then entire, wanting only the roof, and the tower was finished +with a projecting parapet and two gables, after the manner of a pele +tower.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1433" style="width: 468px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_483.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_483.jpg" width="468" height="386" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1433.</span>—Cross Church, Peebles. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>So completely has the place been harried that little is left to +describe. There were three pointed windows in the south wall and one in +the east gable, the latter of which (Fig. <a href="#fig_1434">1434</a>) still partly remains. +Against the north wall of the church there is an erection called the +Douglas vault, to which a door opens from the church. It is in a very +dilapidated state, although the vaulted roof is complete. Immediately to +the west of this vault, with a passage between of about 7 feet, there +are indications of other vaulted buildings, and similar indications are +found at the east end of the church, all in a very fragmentary +condition.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_484" id="page_484">{484}</a></span> In the historical books relating to the locality, a story is +repeated of the finding, on this site, of a magnificent cross in 1261, +of the miracles performed by it, and the ultimate founding of a church +by the king, which was called the Cross Church. Such a church existed in +1296, for Frere Thomas, Mestre de la Maison de Seint Croce, de Pebblis, +swore fealty to Edward <small>I.</small> at Berwick.<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a></p> + +<p>At the Reformation the Cross Church became the church of the parish, and +on the lintel of the door at the east end are cut the words “Feir God,” +with the date 1656. A portion to the west of this may have been</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1434" style="width: 480px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_484.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_484.jpg" width="480" height="403" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1434.</span>—Cross Church, Peebles. View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the part, about 30 feet in length, which Grose says was walled off to +form a school, probably at the date just mentioned.</p> + +<p>The monastic buildings were used for various purposes, such as a school +and schoolmaster’s house, and for persons suffering from the plague, but +from about the beginning of the eighteenth century they gradually became +ruinous, and have now reached their present lamentable condition.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_485" id="page_485">{485}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="ST_ANDREWS_CHURCH_Peebles" id="ST_ANDREWS_CHURCH_Peebles"></a>ST. ANDREW’S CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Peebles</span>.</h2> + +<p>Rather less than a quarter of a mile west from the Cross Church there +stands the tower of St. Andrew’s Church. It has been so completely +restored or transformed by the late Dr. Chambers, that it is now of no +interest whatever as a specimen of the ancient architecture of Scotland. +A view of the tower as it appeared at the end of the eighteenth century +will be found in the <i>Antiquities of Scotland</i> by Captain Grose; and on +the Ordnance Map there is a plan of the church, from which it may be +gathered that the tower was a western one, in a similar position to that +of the Cross Church. The plan shows a nave measuring about 75 feet long +by 40 feet wide, and a choir about 50 feet long, having apparently a +building of some kind, either an aisle or chapel, along the north side. +The total length of the building was about 140 feet.</p> + +<p>The Church of St. Andrew at Peebles was consecrated by Bishop Jocelin of +Glasgow in 1195.<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> St. Andrew’s was the parish church of Peebles.</p> + +<p>In 1543 this church was made Collegiate. In 1548 it was burned down by +the English, and never rebuilt. Captain Grose says that all the arches +of the doors and windows were semicircular.</p> + +<h2><a name="ABERUTHVEN_CHURCH_Perthshire" id="ABERUTHVEN_CHURCH_Perthshire"></a>ABERUTHVEN CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A ruined church situated near the village of the same name, about two +and a half miles east from Auchterarder. The walls are almost entire, +except part of the south one, which has been knocked down to give room</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1435" style="width: 240px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_485.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_485.jpg" width="240" height="149" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1435.</span>—Aberuthven Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">for a mausoleum of the Montrose family, bearing the inscription “John +Adam—fecet 1736.”</p> + +<p>The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1435">1435</a>) measures, externally, 65 feet 2 inches by 21 feet +9 inches. Its only architectural features are a seventeenth century<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_486" id="page_486">{486}</a></span> +belfry on the west end (Fig. <a href="#fig_1436">1436</a>), and two small pointed windows (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1437">1437</a>) in the east end. The belfry, almost concealed with ivy, has long</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1436"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 298px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_486-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_486-a.jpg" width="298" height="255" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1436.</span>—Aberuthven Church.</p> + +<p>View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">narrow openings on the east and west sides, and small side openings. The +east windows are between 2 and 3 feet above the floor, and are about 8 +inches wide. The daylight of the northmost of these windows (Fig. <a href="#fig_1438">1438</a>) +is 2 feet 8½ inches high, and for some inexplicable reason that of the +south window is about 4 inches less. Both have an ogee arch-head, and +are lintelled on the inside. There is an ambry in the north wall near +the east end. The usual set-off occurs on the east wall just above the +windows.</p> + +<p>The west end of the church is occupied by a modern burial vault and</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1437" style="width: 425px;"> +<p id="fig_1438"></p> +<a href="images/ill_pg_486-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_486-b.jpg" width="425" height="249" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<table summary="none"> +<tr valign="top"><td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1437.</span>—Aberuthven Church. +</p> +<p>Interior of East End.</p> +</td> +<td class="tdspc"> </td> +<td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1438.</span>—Aberuthven Church. +</p> +<p>North Window in East Wall.</p> +</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the centre of the building. The church was a cell of Inchaffray, and was +dedicated to St. Cathan. The existing structure is evidently of late +date.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_487" id="page_487">{487}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="ST_MOLOCS_CHURCH_Alyth_Perthshire" id="ST_MOLOCS_CHURCH_Alyth_Perthshire"></a>ST. MOLOC’S CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Alyth, Perthshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Alyth is now a busy manufacturing town, and forms the terminus of a +small branch line off the main railway between Perth and Forfar. It +stands on the north side of Strathmore, at the point where the hills +begin to rise, and the houses of the old part of the town are +picturesquely terraced on the hillside. On one of these terraces may be +seen the ruins of the ancient</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1439" style="width: 284px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_487-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_487-a.jpg" width="284" height="118" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1439.</span>—St. Moloc’s Church, Alyth. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">church of St. Moloc or Malachi, according to the <i>Statistical Account</i>, +but Mr. Muir calls it St. Ninian’s. The original fair of the village is +still called St. Mologue’s and the date corresponds with the day of St. +Moloc. Before the Reformation the benefice of Alyth was attached to one +of the prebends of Dunkeld, and the patronage was exercised by the +Bishop.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1440" style="width: 483px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_487-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_487-b.jpg" width="483" height="254" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1440.</span>—St Moloc’s Church, Alyth. Arcade.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The old church was demolished about 1845, having been unroofed at that +date when the last <i>Statistical Account</i> was written.</p> + +<p>The portion which still survives (Fig. <a href="#fig_1439">1439</a>) in the middle of the +churchyard consists of the south arcade of the nave and part of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_488" id="page_488">{488}</a></span> +chancel. The arcade (Fig. <a href="#fig_1440">1440</a>) has plain octagonal pillars and three +round arches with broad splays. The caps and bases are moulded, and +indicate a late date.</p> + +<p>The chancel is surrounded with a plain wall 6 to 7 feet high, and has a +piscina in the south wall.</p> + +<h2><a name="AUCHTERARDER_CHURCH_Perthshire" id="AUCHTERARDER_CHURCH_Perthshire"></a>AUCHTERARDER CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This old church is situated a little to the north of the town, and is +surrounded by an old churchyard. It is densely ivy clad and generally</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1441" style="width: 323px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_488-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_488-a.jpg" width="323" height="126" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1441.</span>—Auchterarder Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">concealed by vegetation, and thoroughly neglected. The church (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1441">1441</a>) measures about 81 feet long by about 24 feet 6 inches wide +externally. There is almost no architectural feature now</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1442"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 112px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_488-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_488-b.jpg" width="112" height="123" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1442.</span></p> + +<p>Auchterarder Church.</p> + +<p>Piscina.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><a id="fig_1443"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 328px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_488-c.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_488-c.jpg" width="328" height="272" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1443.</span>—Auchterarder Church. View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">visible except a piscina (Fig. <a href="#fig_1442">1442</a>) in the usual place in the south +wall near the east end, which part of the building is walled off as a +tomb house. The piscina is triangular headed, somewhat like the one in +the choir of Paisley Abbey.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_489" id="page_489">{489}</a></span> It is only visible through a chink in the +door of the tomb. There has been some kind of projection in the south +wall near the centre, but owing to vegetation and rubbish (Fig. <a href="#fig_1443">1443</a>) it +cannot be properly examined, nor for the same reason can anything be +made out regarding any openings in the south wall. Both of the side +walls are considerably ruined. There is a slightly projecting splayed +base at the east wall, with the usual set-off just below the gable.</p> + +<p>The edifice was dedicated to St. Mechessock, and in 1198 the church of +Auchterarder was given by Gilbert, third Earl of Strathearn, to the +Abbey of Inchaffray, but the existing ruin belongs to a much later age.</p> + +<p>A well at a short distance south from the church still bears “St. +M‘Kessog’s” name, and on his day (10th March) the principal fair of the +town is held.<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a> The church was served by a parochial curate appointed +by the Abbot of Inchaffray.</p> + +<h2><a name="CAMBUSMICHAEL_CHURCH_Perthshire" id="CAMBUSMICHAEL_CHURCH_Perthshire"></a>CAMBUSMICHAEL CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Finely situated on one of the most beautiful reaches of the Tay, a +little below the Linn of Camsie and opposite the village of Stanley, +this ruined church, with its churchyard, occupies the end of a plateau +which slopes suddenly down to the river on the north side, and to a deep</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1444" style="width: 385px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_489.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_489.jpg" width="385" height="185" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1444.</span>—Cambusmichael Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">ravine on the east; so that, like most churches bearing the name of St. +Michael, it stands on a height. The building, as will be seen from the +Plan (Fig. <a href="#fig_1444">1444</a>) and the view (Fig. <a href="#fig_1445">1445</a>), is still in a fair state of +preservation, although it is quite evident, on the spot, that the trees +which crowd the inside (but which are not shown on the sketch) will soon +work the destruction of the walls. One great trunk has half obtruded +itself into the heart of the wall at the doorway, and has so burst the +wall that the doorway and the whole of the south-west corner will +probably soon<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_490" id="page_490">{490}</a></span> come to the ground. Another tree has toppled over the +upper stone of the belfry, which lies not yet broken to pieces.</p> + +<p>The church is finely built, and is well worth some little attention. It +is of small dimensions, measuring on the outside 50 feet 5 inches by</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1445" style="width: 503px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_490-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_490-a.jpg" width="503" height="346" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1445.</span>—Cambusmichael Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>20 feet 6 inches, and on the inside 43 feet 10 inches by 15 feet. The +doorway, which is in the usual place on the south side near the west +end, is round-arched with a wide splay, and is built with large stones. +There</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1446" style="width: 388px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_490-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_490-b.jpg" width="388" height="112" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1446.</span>—Cambusmichael Church. Centre Window.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">were probably three windows, all on the south side. One adjoining the +doorway is lost where the wall is ruined, and another at the east end +has only the sill remaining. The centre window (Fig. <a href="#fig_1446">1446</a>) is complete; +it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_491" id="page_491">{491}</a></span> 5 inches wide with a slight chamfer on the edge, and with the +opening on the inside splayed out to 3 feet 5 inches wide. An ambry +occupies the usual position in the north wall. Both of the end walls +have a set-off at the level of the eaves, as shown by Fig. <a href="#fig_1445">1445</a>. The +projecting eaves course and this set-off coincide, and their splays are +very simply worked out (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1446">1446</a>). The belfry on the west gable is +a pre-Reformation example of a type which became very common in +Presbyterian times. Below the belfry there is a small splayed slit with +a segmental arched lintel. The east gable is terminated with a cross +with a massive gableted base.</p> + +<h2><a name="COUPAR_ABBEY_Perthshire199" id="COUPAR_ABBEY_Perthshire199"></a>COUPAR ABBEY, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a></h2> + +<p>Of this once great abbey almost nothing remains. The present parish +church stands partly on the site of the monastic church, and the +conventual buildings, with the cloister garth, occupied the ground which +now forms the churchyard, at the south corner of which is the gateway +with the</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1447"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 163px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_491.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_491.jpg" width="163" height="336" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1447.</span>—Coupar Abbey.</p> + +<p>Gateway.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">angle buttress shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1447">1447</a>. This small fragment is the only piece +of building, properly so called, which exists. It comprises a plain +opening 6 feet wide by about 7 feet high, leading through a wall about 9 +feet thick, and at the corner it is flanked by a massive angle buttress. +The ruin rises to a height of about 25 to 30 feet, and stands about 70 +yards south from the church.</p> + +<p>The churchyard extends for a distance of about 400 feet from east to +west, by about 280 feet from north to south, and these dimensions in all +probability give an idea of the extent of ground formerly occupied by +the monastery, and which is believed to have been the site of a Roman +camp.</p> + +<p>The monastery was founded by Malcolm <small>IV.</small> in 1164, and was the sixth in +the order of construction of the thirteen Cistercian Abbeys in Scotland. +William the Lion granted a site for the abbey of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_492" id="page_492">{492}</a></span> about 50 acres of +land, and also gifted it with the King’s Chase and a portion of waste +land. In 1233 the church was dedicated, under the invocation of the +Blessed Virgin, during the time of Alexander, the eighth abbot. King +Alexander <small>II.</small> was a generous benefactor to the abbey, and amongst the +nobles the Hays of Errol and the Earls of Athole were conspicuous in +their gifts, the latter presenting, amongst other things, timber for the +construction of the buildings. At the Reformation the value of the +estates of the abbey are estimated by Dr. Rogers “as equal to at least +£8000 of present money.”</p> + +<p>The buildings, it is believed, were destroyed by the excited multitude +who wrecked the religious houses at Perth and neighbourhood in 1559, and +a portion of the buildings seems to have been occupied as a residence by +Leonard Leslie, the first lay commendator, who died in 1605. In 1606 +James <small>VI.</small>, desirous to “suppress and extinguish the memorie of the +abbacie,” converted the lands and baronies into a temporal lordship in +favour of James Elphinstone, second son of the first Lord Balmerino, +with the title of Baron Coupar. This lord appears to have made the abbey +his residence, as in 1645 it was assailed by 200 soldiers belonging to +the army of Montrose, in revenge for the support given to the +Covenanters by Elphinstone. Probably this was the finishing blow given +to the buildings, as in 1682 the place is described as “nothing but +rubbish.”</p> + +<p>In the Rental Book, from 1480 and onwards, there are several notices of +the Porters, who, from their office, assumed that name as their family +designation, the office having become hereditary. When the last of them +demitted office it is stated in a charter that they had been hereditary +porters from time immemorial, and in the Chamberlain’s Accounts Robert +Porter received a commuted allowance, consequent on the secularisation +of the abbey.</p> + +<p>At the west end of the present church there are the remains of some of +the main piers of the nave. As shown by Fig. <a href="#fig_1448">1448</a> these indicate work of +the first pointed period, probably of the thirteenth century.</p> + +<p>A broken slab, measuring about 3 feet 3 inches high by 3 feet in breadth +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1449">1449</a>), is lying in the churchyard. In the Rental Book it is +referred to as being built into the wall of the church which preceded +the present one (erected about thirty years ago), and as bearing “the +effigies of a priest,” with the inscription on the margin—<i>Monachus de +Cupro qui obiit anno dni. Millesimo quadringentesimo quqgesio</i>.<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> +From the present state of the fragment it is evident that little respect +is paid in Coupar to the remains of the ancient abbey.</p> + +<p>The two sculptured slabs (Figs. <a href="#fig_1450">1450</a> and <a href="#fig_1451">1451</a>) which are at present +lying in a tool-house in all likelihood adorned the base of a mural +tomb. They are evidently works of the end of the fourteenth century or +of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_493" id="page_493">{493}</a></span>fifteenth century. They are supposed to be remains of a monument +to the Hays of Errol. Fig. <a href="#fig_1451">1451</a> appears to represent a pair who have +been guilty, and are suffering under the prospect of finding themselves +in the hands of the headsman.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1448"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 230px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_493-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_493-a.jpg" width="230" height="224" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1448.</span>—Coupar Abbey.</p> + +<p>Main Piers of Nave.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p>On a house opposite the abbey occur the royal arms, shown by Fig. <a href="#fig_1452">1452</a>, +and throughout the village there are numerous carved and moulded stones +to be seen, showing that the whole place has been built out of the ruins +of the monastery.</p> + +<p>In the Chamberlain’s Accounts for 1563 he describes the chapel “as being +so completely wrecked, that with a view to preserve the timber, he had +built up both doors; also the undermost door of the steeple. In the +cloister he had collected the slates which had been removed from the +roof. He had also repaired the broken windows, providing them with iron +framework. The abbot’s apartments he had partially</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1449"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 229px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_493-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_493-b.jpg" width="229" height="247" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1449.</span>—Coupar Abbey.</p> + +<p>Broken Slab.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">restored, and with proper fastenings made secure the granaries and +store-houses. From having, in August 1562, accommodated the royal stud +(during a passing visit of Queen Mary), the stables of the monastery are +in the Account styled the ‘quenes stables.’<span class="lftspc">”</span><a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a></p> + +<p>We have already referred to the Earls of Errol as benefactors to the +abbey, and amongst the Errol Papers<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> there occurs a “Copy of the +Tabill Quhilk ves at Cowper of all the Erles of Erroll quhilk ver Buryd +in the Abbey Kirk thair,” from which it appears that sixteen Earls were +buried in the monastery. Of these we suppose no memorial now remains; +but we may take this opportunity of introducing a sketch (Fig. <a href="#fig_1453">1453</a>) of +a recumbent figure, now built into the churchyard wall of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_494" id="page_494">{494}</a></span> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_495" id="page_495">{495}</a></span> </p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1450" style="width: 721px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_494.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_494.jpg" width="721" height="524" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1450.</span>—Coupar Abbey. Sculptured Slab.</p></div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1451" style="width: 704px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_495.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_495.jpg" width="704" height="499" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1451.</span>—Coupar Abbey. Sculptured Slab.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_496" id="page_496">{496}</a></span></p> + +<p>Errol (Carse of Gowrie), which, from the following inscription, probably +represents the eighth Earl referred to in the above “tabill”—“Item +penultimo die mensis Ianuarij, Anno Domini <small>M.D.LX(X)III.</small> obijt bone +memorie Georgius comes De Errol. apud Pertham et sepultus est Errolie.”</p> + +<p>There are few notices of the buildings of the abbey. A plan of it was +made about 1820 by William Mitchell, a mason, who corresponded with</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1452"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 148px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_496-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_496-a.jpg" width="148" height="208" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1452.</span>—Coupar Abbey.</p> + +<p>Royal Arms.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>General Hutton regarding it; but they evidently could not come to terms, +and it is not in his collection in the Advocates’ Library. Mitchell +calls it “a true and just plan of the outlines of that pile of +building.”</p> + +<p>Dr. Marshall, in his <i>Historic Scenes in Forfarshire</i>, p. 144, had this +plan before him when he wrote, and he characterises it as being +unreliable. After a good deal of correspondence we obtained a sight of +it, and have no hesitation in saying that it is a pure work of +imagination, and is not a plan of the abbey at all; and, judging from +the correspondence with General Hutton, we suspect the author intended +to play a hoax on him, and yet was afraid to go the full length, and +this is probably the reason why the General never got the plan.</p> + +<p>In 1492 and following years there are references to Thomas Mowtray, +mason. He was sworn to be “leyl and trew,” during the term of his life, +to the abbot and chapter, and he is obliged to “wyrk leilly and +profitably the masonwerk of our forsaid abbay, and to be the master of +the werk, in al thingis that langis hys craft of masonry in our abbay or +in our qwarellis</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1453"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 264px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_496-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_496-b.jpg" width="264" height="97" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1453.</span>—Coupar Abbey. Recumbent Figure.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">as it nedis.” He was to have 6 “markis” yearly with his meat and drink, +a house with 2½ acres of land; further, the Lord Abbot “promised to give +him yearly one of his old albs reaching to the ankles.” He was to +instruct the “prentys” in all “craft of masonry.”<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a></p> + +<p>In 1485 John, the mason, and his son are continued in the service of the +abbey. In 1468 Thomas Bel was hired “for the constant carpentry” of the +abbey; he had workmen under him and apprentices. There are also +agreements with smiths, as John Lutare, smith, who<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_497" id="page_497">{497}</a></span> “was hired (in 1484) +for the common work of the monastery in the forge,” and next year David +Smyth is hired to succeed William Byning, who was formerly in the same +service. John Duncanson, tiler, in 1492, was to labour in his trade and +in every other work which he knew. Nine years earlier John Sclater was +hired as apprentice to work at his trade of tiler (<i>tegulator</i>). Patrick +Dog (in 1490) was the abbey sawyer, with three workmen under him, who +each day were to turn out “fourteen draughts for each saw.”<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a></p> + +<h2><a name="DRON_CHURCH_Perthshire" id="DRON_CHURCH_Perthshire"></a>DRON CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A ruin situated on the braes of the Carse of Cowrie, in the parish of +Longforgan, about two miles distant from Fowlis Church. It is in a very +fragmentary condition (Fig. <a href="#fig_1454">1454</a>), only the chancel arch remaining in +anything like a perfect state, together with the foundations of the side</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1454" style="width: 483px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_497.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_497.jpg" width="483" height="298" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1454.</span>—Dron Church. View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">walls and part of the east wall. As shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1455">1455</a>, the chancel is +about 28 feet long by 19 feet wide inside. The width of the chancel arch +is about 11 feet, and from the ground to the top of the cap is about 7 +feet 2 inches.</p> + +<p>The jambs and arch mouldings (Fig. <a href="#fig_1456">1456</a>) are of a simple character,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_498" id="page_498">{498}</a></span> and +they are separated by a moulded cap, shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1457">1457</a>. From the form +of the base of the jambs and the section of arch and jamb, it may be</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1455" style="width: 274px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_498-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_498-a.jpg" width="274" height="228" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1455.</span>—Dron Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">inferred that the building is not earlier than the end of the fifteenth +or beginning of the sixteenth century.</p> + +<p>It will be seen from the Plan that the base of the east wall of the nave</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1456" style="width: 427px;"> +<p id="fig_1457"></p> +<a href="images/ill_pg_498-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_498-b.jpg" width="427" height="362" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<table summary="none"> +<tr valign="top"><td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1456.</span>—Dron Church. Jamb and Arch Mouldings. +</p> +</td> +<td class="tdspc"> </td> +<td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1457.</span>—Dron Church. +</p> +<p>Base and Cap Mouldings.</p> +</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_499" id="page_499">{499}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">extends a considerable distance northwards from the arch, which is +suggestive of the idea that the church had a transept.</p> + +<p>There appears to have been at one time a churchyard beside the church, +which has now disappeared, having been absorbed into a neighbouring +farm.</p> + +<p>The Church of Dron belonged to the Abbey of Coupar, which was distant +about six miles, in a north-westerly direction.</p> + +<h2><a name="ECCLESIAMAGIRDLE_OR_EXMAGIRDLE_CHAPEL_Perthshire" id="ECCLESIAMAGIRDLE_OR_EXMAGIRDLE_CHAPEL_Perthshire"></a>ECCLESIAMAGIRDLE OR EXMAGIRDLE CHAPEL, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A small ruined chapel situated on the north side of the Ochil Hills, +about three miles south-west from the Bridge of Earn. It is surrounded +by an old burial-ground, and adjoins the picturesque seventeenth century +mansion of Glenearn.</p> + +<p>The building (Fig. <a href="#fig_1458">1458</a>), which is roofless, is otherwise fairly entire, +but it is densely covered with ivy and its features are not easily seen. +It measures about 25 feet 7 inches long by about</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1458" style="width: 234px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_499.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_499.jpg" width="234" height="147" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1458.</span>—Ecclesiamagirdle or Exmagirdle Chapel. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>11 feet 5 inches wide inside the walls. The door in the south wall is +lintelled and has a splay all round. There is a round-headed window +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1459">1459</a>) at the east end about 9 inches wide and about 2 feet high, +having a stepped sill on the inside. A lintelled window in the west +gable, now filled with a monument on the inside, measures about 29 +inches wide. Both of these windows are splayed on the outside. The end +window has been fitted with a smaller window at some later period.</p> + +<p>In the centre of the east wall there appears to have been a recess about +4 feet 2 inches wide, and, as far as can be seen, it does not show on +the outside. Its sill is about 4 feet up from the floor, and there has +evidently been some kind of fixture against the end wall here, probably +an<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_500" id="page_500">{500}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1459" style="width: 258px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_500.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_500.jpg" width="258" height="333" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1459.</span>—Ecclesiamagirdle or Exmagirdle Chapel. +Round-headed Window at East End.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">altar. Adjoining this, on the north wall, is a small ambry, checked for +a door flush with the inside wall.</p> + +<h2><a name="FORGANDENNY_CHURCH_Perthshire205" id="FORGANDENNY_CHURCH_Perthshire205"></a>FORGANDENNY CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a></h2> + +<p>The small fragment of ancient work left at Forgandenny, a few miles +south of Perth, along with the more important remains in the district, +point to the importance of Strathearn in early times. That this has been +originally a Norman church there can be no doubt, and it is suggestive +and interesting to find such work here and at Dunning, each about two +miles distant from Forteviot, the residence of the early Pictish kings.</p> + +<p>The building is still in use as the parish church, but has been greatly +altered at various times, and now it is only in some bits of detail that +its antiquity can be detected. It measures on the inside (Fig. <a href="#fig_1460">1460</a>) 70 +feet 7 inches long by 21 feet 7 inches wide.</p> + +<p>The east wall is in the main of Norman masonry. It has a splayed base, +which returns at each corner, but is soon lost, as shown on Plan, by<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_501" id="page_501">{501}</a></span> +the rapid rising of the ground towards the west. From the east end the +ground slopes downwards to a wooded dell which skirts the churchyard on +that side.</p> + +<p>Two widely splayed narrow windows are shown on the Plan in the east +wall, but only the built centre mullion or pier now exists. It is of +fine masonry, in four courses 2 feet 10 inches high, and is set at a +height to the sill of about 8 or 9 feet above the floor. These windows +have been built up, and all traces of them were lost till an examination +of the wall for the purpose of preparing this Plan revealed their +existence.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1460" style="width: 484px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_501.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_501.jpg" width="484" height="356" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1460.</span>—Forgandenny Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Two or three windows in the side walls, with double splays on the +exterior, probably belong to the fifteenth century. They are +square-headed, and have been greatly knocked about. In the north wall +there is a peculiar narrow door about 2 feet 3 inches wide, splayed on +the exterior and lintelled like the windows just mentioned.</p> + +<p>The doorway to the church, which is now built up, was in the south side +near the west end. It appears to have been of Norman work, and a small +piece of its enrichment still remains, consisting (Fig. <a href="#fig_1461">1461</a>) of the +trigonal moulding with a double notch enrichment, frequently found in +the outer member of Norman arches. At some later time a porch has been +added, as shown on the Plan, when probably the Norman door was +dismembered, and the fragment now shown was built into the wall.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_502" id="page_502">{502}</a></span> +Sometime after the Reformation, a laird’s seat (belonging to the +Oliphants</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1461"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 263px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_502-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_502-a.jpg" width="263" height="126" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1461.</span>—Forgandenny Church.</p> + +<p>Enrichment of Norman Doorway.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">of Condie) was projected into the church, as shown by dotted lines on +the Plan. It was on a high level, and the congregation gained access +under it. This seat was done away with by giving the Oliphants of Condie +the</p> + +<p class="nind">porch, which they converted into a burial vault, enlarging it at the +same time, and making their seat over it, with an opening into the +church.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1462"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 126px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_502-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_502-b.jpg" width="126" height="131" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1462.</span>—Forgandenny Church.</p> + +<p>Font.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The Ruthven vault, situated further east, is probably a structure of the +sixteenth or seventeenth century. Some closed up windows have features +of that period. The seat belonging to Freeland House is situated over +it.</p> + +<p>The foundations of a building were recently discovered on the north side +of the church, exactly opposite this vault (as shown by dotted lines on +Plan), suggesting the idea that the simple Norman building had been +converted into a cross church.</p> + +<p>The bowl of the font (Fig. <a href="#fig_1462">1462</a>) still remains. It is octagonal, but</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1463"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 166px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_502-c.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_502-c.jpg" width="166" height="165" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1463.</span>—Font at Muckersey.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">not equal sided, and is somewhat broken. It measures 2 feet 1½ inches +over all by about 15 inches high.</p> + +<p>Fig. <a href="#fig_1463">1463</a> shows another font which exists at a chapel at Muckersey, a +few miles distant. It likewise is octagonal and not equal sided, and has +a coat of arms on one side, which we have not been able to identify. The +chapel at Muckersey is now used as a family vault, and has no other +ancient features.</p> + +<h2><a name="INCHAFFRAY_ABBEY_Perthshire" id="INCHAFFRAY_ABBEY_Perthshire"></a>INCHAFFRAY ABBEY, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The ruins of the Abbey of Inchaffray, the ancient Insula Missarum, stand +on a wooded mound not far from Madderty Station, about six miles east of +Crieff.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_503" id="page_503">{503}</a></span></p> + +<p>The abbey was founded by Gilbert, Earl of Stratherne, who succeeded his +father, Earl Ferteth, in 1171, and died in 1223, and his first wife, +Matildis, the daughter of William de Aubegni. Their eldest son, +Gilchrist, was buried in 1198 at Inchaffray, which had been founded +before that date. In 1200, when the great charter of the abbey was +granted, the Earl and Countess endowed it with various churches, +including St. Mechesseok of Ochterardouer and St. Beanus of Kynkell +(illustrated in this volume). They declared their affection for +Inchaffray, affirming “so much do we love it that we have chosen a place +of sepulture in it for us and our successors, and have already buried +there our eldest born.”</p> + +<p>The abbey was dedicated to St. Mary the Virgin and St. John the +Evangelist, and was a house of the canons regular of the order of St. +Augustine. Although not reckoned as one of the great monasteries of</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1464" style="width: 488px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_503.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_503.jpg" width="488" height="250" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1464.</span>—Inchaffray Abbey. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Scotland, it was “endowed with many privileges and immunities by David +and Alexander, Kings of Scotland,” but its principal benefactors were +the family of the Earls of Stratherne, Earl Robert, the son (1223 and +1231) of Gilbert being particularly liberal.</p> + +<p>Only one of the abbots, Abbot Maurice, has obtained any popular +recognition in history. He it was who blessed the Scottish army at +Bannockburn in 1314. Five years afterwards he was promoted to the See of +Dunblane, within which diocese Inchaffray is situated.</p> + +<p>The first head of the house was Malis, a religious hermit, in whose +piety and discretion Earl Gilbert and Matildis had full confidence. At +the Reformation Inchaffray suffered the usual fate. Alexander Gordon, +brother of George, fourth Earl of Huntly, was made commendator in 1553. +Five years later he was promoted to the See of Galloway, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_504" id="page_504">{504}</a></span> shortly +afterwards he was accused, by the General Assembly, of neglecting his +duties, and in particular, that he had resigned Inchaffray in favour of +a young child, and set divers lands in feu in prejudice of the kirk. The +young child was James Drummond, son of David, Lord Drummond of +Innerpeffray, in whose favour the abbey was erected into a temporal +lordship.</p> + +<p>The ruins of the abbey are situated on ground which rises slightly above +the surface of the valley. This valley in ancient times was a great</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1465" style="width: 489px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_504.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_504.jpg" width="489" height="435" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1465.</span>—Inchaffray Abbey. Exterior of North Gable.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">marsh extending for many miles, and it was from this feature of its +situation that the abbey received the name by which it was very +generally known throughout the middle ages, of “Insula Missarum,” or +Isle of Masses. As early as the year 1218 the monks had reclaimed a +portion of this marsh, and they doubtless continued their labours; but +it was not till 1696 that an Act was obtained, under the authority of +Parliament, for dealing effectively with it.<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_505" id="page_505">{505}</a></span></p> + +<p><a id="fig_1466"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 188px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_505-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_505-a.jpg" width="188" height="118" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1466.</span>—Inchaffray Abbey.</p> + +<p>Plan of Doorway.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The fields around the abbey are now all cultivated, and the ruins are +enclosed with stone dykes, as shown by double lines on the Plan (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1464">1464</a>); so that the few fragments which remain are now properly +protected. Within the dykes almost nothing is visible but a dense mass +of trees and brushwood, with mounds of ruins in the utmost confusion. A +gable at the north-west corner stands entire (Fig. <a href="#fig_1465">1465</a>), with a +round-arched vault adjoining, about 21 feet long by 10 feet 6 inches +wide and 10 feet high. This is one of the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1467" style="width: 492px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_505-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_505-b.jpg" width="492" height="509" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1467.</span>—Inchaffray Abbey. Interior of North Gable.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_506" id="page_506">{506}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">cellars of the western range of buildings. The walls of this range are +fairly entire along their whole length for a height of 7 or 8 feet. The +south end wall is also standing for about the same height. The length of +this range from north to south is about 97 feet 7 inches. It is probable +that the adjoining cellar to the south is entire, but the place is so +covered with vegetation that little can be ascertained. The doorway +entering from the cloister to the north-west cellar is undoubtedly of an +early date. Not much of it remains, but enough to enable the Plan (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1466">1466</a>) to be made. The nook shaft, a fragment of the capital of which +exists, is not later than the beginning of the thirteenth century.</p> + +<p>The high gable adjoining (Fig. <a href="#fig_1467">1467</a>) is certainly in part at least of a +later date; the upper part and the chimney, with its corbelled cope, +being of the sixteenth or seventeenth century. On the first floor there +has been a large fireplace, the flue of which is still partly visible +(see Fig. <a href="#fig_1467">1467</a>). A part of the north wall of the cloister stands near +the gable. This was part of the south wall of the church (see Plan), and +the greater portion of the church would thus be situated outside the +present enclosing dyke on the north side.</p> + +<p>There are indications at the north-east corner of the surviving gable +(at <span class="sans">A</span> on Plan) of a wall having extended northwards, which was probably +the west wall of the church. At the junction of the south wall of the +church and the wall of the western range, and at the height of about 15 +feet above the ground, there still exists the corner corbel for +supporting the roof of the cloister walk. We can remember when there +were other corbels along the church wall also, but they have now +disappeared. The part of this wall now standing is in a very precarious +state. It evidently extended eastwards for about 120 feet, when it met a +cross wall, now represented by a mass of rough masonry about 7 or 8 feet +square (see Plan). This mass may represent one of the great piers of a +central tower. There are other pieces of masonry throughout the +enclosure with numerous trenches and mounds, but, owing to the rank +vegetation, it is impossible to make a more satisfactory Plan than the +one now given. If the place were cleared out and a judicious search +made, considerable remains would doubtless be found.</p> + +<p>The average length of the enclosure as it now stands is about 210 feet.</p> + +<h2><a name="INNERPEFFRAY_CHURCH_Perthshire" id="INNERPEFFRAY_CHURCH_Perthshire"></a>INNERPEFFRAY CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The structure of this church is still entire, although the building is +now only used as a place of burial. It is situated on a high knoll +overlooking the river Earn, about four miles south-east from Crieff. +Near the church on the bank of the river stands the ruined Castle of +Innerpeffray,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_507" id="page_507">{507}</a></span> elsewhere described and illustrated.<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> Close to the +west end of the church is the Library of Innerpeffray (shown in Fig. +<a href="#fig_1469">1469</a>), founded by David, Lord Madderty, in 1691. It contains a fine +collection of early printed books, and is open to the public and is well +worth visiting.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1468" style="width: 324px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_507-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_507-a.jpg" width="324" height="174" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1468.</span>—Innerpeffray Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1468">1468</a>) is divided, by modern walls, into three parts. It +is a long narrow building, measuring, internally, about 76 feet in +length by about 21 feet 4 inches in width. There was a sacristy on the +north side near the east end, its width and position being indicated by +the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1469" style="width: 543px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_507-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_507-b.jpg" width="543" height="270" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1469.</span>—Innerpeffray Church. View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">absence of the moulded wall-head plinth (Fig. <a href="#fig_1469">1469</a>), which runs round +the whole side walls except at this part. The door between the church +and sacristy still remains, but is built up. On the sacristy side it has +a rough<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_508" id="page_508">{508}</a></span> flat arch. To the east of this door there is, on the exterior, +a splayed aperture about 2 feet 9 inches wide (see Plan) by about 2 feet +high, and about the same height above the ground. There is no trace of +it inside, the walls being plastered. This may have been what is called +a squint,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1470" style="width: 493px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_508.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_508.jpg" width="493" height="549" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1470.</span>—Innerpeffray Church. Arch near West End.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">being situated in the same relative position as those at Seton and other +churches.</p> + +<p>The Church of Innerpeffray is peculiar, from having what resembles a +chancel arch, situated at a distance of about 7 feet 6 inches from the +west end. This arch (Fig. <a href="#fig_1470">1470</a>) is round and about 14 feet 2 inches<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_509" id="page_509">{509}</a></span> +wide. It has a splayed squint about 2 feet wide on the south side, as +shown on the sketch. It is difficult to give a satisfactory explanation +of this arch, but it seems to have formed a vestibule in connection with +the stair leading to an apartment on the upper floor. The archway +appears to have been fitted with some kind of timber screen, which, if +it was a close one, would help to explain the object of the squint.</p> + +<p>There is a room on the first floor reached by the wheel stair in the</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1471"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 223px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_509-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_509-a.jpg" width="223" height="159" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1471.</span>—Innerpeffray Church.</p> + +<p>Lintel of Eastmost Window.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">north-west angle. This room, as it now exists, is of later construction +than the church, and is not older than the seventeenth century. The +stair, however, is part of the original construction, and is believed to +have given access to a belfry on the west wall, as well as to the room +which doubtless existed from the first over the vestibule, and which +(see Fig. <a href="#fig_1469">1469</a>) was provided with a fireplace and a window in the west +gable.</p> + +<p>The ceiling of the existing room (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1470">1470</a>) cuts across the archway +in an awkward manner. Doubtless the original room was at a slightly +higher level, so as not to interfere with the arch. The ceiling and +floor of the room are in a very ruinous state, the greater part having +fallen. The ceiling is painted in bright colours. It has a figure of the +sun in the centre with rolling clouds around, and till lately there was +a complete figure of an angel on one side, of which only slight +indications now remain. On</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1472"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 69px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_509-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_509-b.jpg" width="69" height="68" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1472.</span></p> + +<p>Innerpeffray Church.</p> + +<p>Jamb Moulding of South Door.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the south side the ceiling has entirely fallen, and with it the figure +of an angel corresponding to the one on the north side, and soon the +whole thing will come to the ground.</p> + +<p>The church, in its original state, had three doorways, one in the centre +of the west end and one in the south wall, the latter being secured (see +Plan) by a sliding bar. Both these doors have bead and hollow mouldings. +The third door was in the north wall and is now built up. There are six +windows in the south wall, the two westmost ones adjoining the great +arch being markedly narrower than the others, and having evidently some +connection with the west arch. These windows have all double splays on +the exterior, except the eastmost one (Fig. <a href="#fig_1471">1471</a>), which has a large +quarter hollow moulding continued round the lintel, on which occurs a +shield with the Drummond arms.</p> + +<p>All the windows and doors have square lintels, with the mouldings or +splays of the jambs continued round the lintels. The mode of securing<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_510" id="page_510">{510}</a></span> +the side door has already been referred to; all the windows are likewise +strongly secured with iron interlacing bars.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1473" style="width: 507px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_510.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_510.jpg" width="507" height="623" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1473.</span>—Innerpeffray Church. South Doorway.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Fig. <a href="#fig_1472">1472</a> shows the jamb moulding of the south doorway. Over this +doorway there is a small pointed opening (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1469">1469</a>), probably +intended to throw light on the rood screen which stood near it, as is +evident from the corbels for carrying it, three of which still exist on +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_511" id="page_511">{511}</a></span> south side (see Plan) and one on the opposite side, the others +having been removed to admit a monument. On the north side two of these +corbels are placed (Fig. <a href="#fig_1473">1473</a>), one on each side of one of the windows, +which, as will be seen, has been converted into a doorway to give access +to the central burial vault. Alongside the south door there is the stoup +(see Figs. <a href="#fig_1473">1473</a> and <a href="#fig_1474">1474</a>)). It is of plain design, with a slightly +projecting bracket. The piscina or small recess at the east end is quite +plain, not even having a splay.</p> + +<p>A very interesting feature of this church is the altar, which is still +standing against the east wall (see Plan). It has been rough cast over, +so that it cannot be examined thoroughly. It is needless to say that few +ancient altars remain in Scotland, one of the best preserved ones being +at</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1474"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 166px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_511.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_511.jpg" width="166" height="261" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1474.</span></p> + +<p>Innerpeffray Church.</p> + +<p>Stoup.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the Church of Stobhall, about twenty miles distant, a view of the +exterior of which church is subjoined (Fig. <a href="#fig_1475">1475</a>).<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> Stobhall and +Innerpeffray churches were both built by the same family of the +Drummonds, who adhered to the ancient faith, and successfully defied the +power of the reformed Church to cast down their monuments of idolatry, +as altars and other appendages of the ancient Church were termed.</p> + +<p>The east gable at Innerpeffray is quite plain, with the exception of a +small niche, which probably held a figure. Besides the painted ceiling +already referred to, there are considerable traces of painting +throughout the interior, particularly on the east wall. Several +consecration crosses are also painted on various parts of the church.</p> + +<p>From what has been said, it will be seen that this is a church of very +considerable interest and some almost unique peculiarities, and it is +unfortunate that it should be divided up with unseemly walls, and that +no effort should be made to preserve the painted work, of which so +little remains in Scotland. Were it put in the same condition as the +Church of Stobhall and as well cared for, it would be a circumstance for +which all who are interested in Scottish church architecture would be +grateful.</p> + +<p>This church, which was a Collegiate one, was dedicated to the Blessed +Virgin, and was founded by Sir John Drummond, the first of Innerpeffray, +in 1508. In the account which follows (kindly supplied by Mrs. Birnie, +keeper of the Library) it appears that a church existed here in the +previous<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_512" id="page_512">{512}</a></span> century, and indeed it is stated<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> that it is mentioned as +early as 1342. The existing building, however, was doubtless erected at +the period above mentioned.</p> + +<p>“In 1483 the Church of Innerpeffray must have been in existence, as the +patronage is then conveyed by the Mercers to Lord Oliphant.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1475" style="width: 525px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_512.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_512.jpg" width="525" height="519" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1475.</span>—Stobhall Church, from Courtyard.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>“One reason for considering the foundation of considerable antiquity is +the fact that the market held on the day of dedication (Lady-day) was +one of the great marts and one of the great holidays of Strathearn. (The +market was removed to Crieff about eighty years ago.) Institutions so +popular as this are generally found to have their origin in a remote +antiquity.... Its proximity also to the meeting point of the four<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_513" id="page_513">{513}</a></span> Roman +roads, from Ardoch and the south, from Comrie and Loch Earn on the west, +from the Sma’ Glen on the north, and from Perth on the east, made it a +suitable centre.... Convenience of access and the popularity of Lady +Fair appear to confirm the remote date of the church, &c.</p> + +<p>“John Freebairn, minister and preacher of the Gospel at Madderty +(1620-1657), who was connected with the Drummonds by marriage, in a +genealogical history of the House of Drummond, leaves on record the +following:—‘John, first Lord Drummond, having re-edified the Chapel of +Innerpeffray from the ground and erected it into a college for some few +prebendaries to pray for requiems for him and his house, ordained it to +be their burying-place for all time coming, and being near 80 years of +age he framed one of the most material and perfyte testaments that ever +I saw and syne closed his eyes and time togidder and was most honourably +interred at Innerpeffray, in the year 1519.’</p> + +<p>“On 4th June 1507 the King confirmed in Mortmain the charter of John, +Lord Drummond, by which (for the souls of the King and Queen, for his +own soul and that of Elizabeth Lindesay, his wife, and the umquhile +Margaret Drummond, his daughter, &c.) he granted as a pure free almsgift +to four chaplains, to celebrate the divine offices for ever at the four +altars in the church, dedicated in honour of the Blessed Virgin, of +Innerpeffray, an annual income of forty marks from his lands of +Innerpeffray and Dunfallys, with houses, residences, and gardens to be +marked off and built for each, with the right to each of them of +obtaining necessary fuel in the Common Mure of Innerpeffray with four +sums for grasses and for one horse. In 1508 occurs the name of Walter +Drummond, the first Provost of Innerpeffray. Here was buried the second +Master of Drummond, who died before his grandfather, and left an infant +son, David, afterwards second Lord Drummond....</p> + +<p>“The King, on 20th October 1581, confirmed the charter of William +Lindesay, provost or principal perpetual chaplain of the Church of the +Blessed Virgin Mary of Innerpeffray, in which with consent of Patrick, +Lord Drummond, patron of the said provostry, he demised to James +Drummond of Innerpeffray six acres of land, the Smithlands, &c. &c., +reserving to the said provost one chamber (camera) only when he should +stay there.<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a>... Four roundles or towers stood one at each corner of +the churchyard, and tradition says that these formed the residences of +the four chaplains.”</p> + +<h2><a name="KINFAUNS_CHURCH_Perthshire" id="KINFAUNS_CHURCH_Perthshire"></a>KINFAUNS CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This edifice is situated about four miles east from Perth, and continued +to be the parish church till about forty years ago, when it was +abandoned<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_514" id="page_514">{514}</a></span> and allowed to fall into ruin. It is now roofless and the +walls are very much reduced, except the south aisle, which contained the +seats of the family of the Greys of Kinfauns and their burial-place. +When the church was dismantled a painting was found on the plaster +inside the west wall, but unfortunately no drawing was made of it, and +it has now entirely disappeared.</p> + +<p>The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1476">1476</a>) measures about 65 feet long by 18 feet 2 inches +wide within the walls, and is probably a structure of the fifteenth +century. It has been considerably altered during Presbyterian times, new +windows and doors having been broken through the walls. The south +doorway is original, and is round arched with a bead moulding towards +the outside,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1476" style="width: 419px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_514.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_514.jpg" width="419" height="300" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1476.</span>—Kinfauns Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">and lintelled on the inside with a stone slab having a cross carved on +it, evidently a companion stone to the one shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1477">1477</a>. This +cross, which wants part of its length, measures 5 feet 11 inches long by +1 foot 7 inches in width at top, tapering to 1 foot 4 inches at lower +end by 10 inches thick. It is well wrought with sloping sides, having +the form of the cross completed, as seen by the rounded disc rising out +of the slope on each side. There was probably a south doorway opposite +the north doorway, adjoining the stoup shown in the south wall. The +eastmost window on the south side is also original; it is square +lintelled and has the usual wide splay all round.</p> + +<p>The most interesting feature in the church is the arched recess in the +north wall (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1477">1477</a>), which was probably an Easter sepulchre. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_515" id="page_515">{515}</a></span> +was only discovered after the church became a ruin, having previously +been covered over. It has thus been well preserved, except that the +projecting crockets along the top of the hood moulding, as well as most +of the hood itself, have been chipped away, so as to make an even +surface at the wall. It measures about 6 feet 6 inches long by 3 feet in +depth, and about 4 feet high. It has well wrought mouldings, which die +against</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1477" style="width: 528px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_515.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_515.jpg" width="528" height="482" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1477.</span>—Kinfauns Church. Recess in North Wall.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">a rounded jamb, supported on a short shaft having a very simple cap and +base. The floor of the recess was slightly raised above the floor of the +church. The details of the mouldings show that this is a late design, +probably sixteenth century.</p> + +<p>The “Gray Aisle” on the south side of the church is roofed with a late +example of groined vaulting (Fig. <a href="#fig_1478">1478</a>), and it is curious to observe +how<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_516" id="page_516">{516}</a></span> the tradition of this kind of work survived to a period when the +style of art practised throughout the country was of the kind +represented by the panels on the east and west walls. There are three +panels on these</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1478" style="width: 507px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_516.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_516.jpg" width="507" height="678" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1478.</span>—Kinfauns Church. The “Grey Aisle,” looking +West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_517" id="page_517">{517}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">walls. The central one on the west side (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1478">1478</a>) contains the +Lindsay arms, as shown. On the east side there are two coats (Fig. <a href="#fig_1479">1479</a>) +containing the Charteris arms. On one of the panels of that side is the +following inscription, which gives the name of the founder of the +aisle:—</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1479" style="width: 498px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_517.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_517.jpg" width="498" height="430" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1479.</span>—Kinfauns Church. Panels in East Side. +<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" +class="fnanchor">[211]</a></p></div> +</div> + +<p>“John Chartrvs and Jannat Chisolim In ovr tym buildit this,” and on the +other is the inscription, “George Chartus sonn and har to the sad John +and deppartit. Bot suecs/nuvn” (without succession). The date over the +entrance door is 1598.</p> + +<h2><a name="MEIGLE_CHURCH_FONT_Perthshire" id="MEIGLE_CHURCH_FONT_Perthshire"></a>MEIGLE CHURCH FONT, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The old country town of Meigle is situated in the middle of Strathmore, +not far from Alyth Junction on the railway between Perth and Forfar.</p> + +<p>The church stood in the middle of the village, and was rebuilt about<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_518" id="page_518">{518}</a></span> +the beginning of this century. When the old building was demolished, a +font was dug out of the rubbish and erected on a pedestal in the +minister’s garden. It remained there for a time, but when an Episcopal +chapel was built, the font was removed into it, and is now in use there. +It is one of the best specimens of an old font now remaining in +Scotland,</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1480"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 271px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_518-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_518-a.jpg" width="271" height="186" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1480.</span>—Meigle Church Font.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">and it evidently belongs to a late period, probably sixteenth century.</p> + +<p>The font is octagonal and made of one stone. It is 2 feet 3 inches in +diameter, and the basin measures 1 foot 9 inches across. Each of the +sides of the octagon contains an arch with carved crockets, and the +angles are marked by small buttresses and pinnacles. The carved work has +been very spirited, but is now much damaged. In each arch is a +bas-relief containing emblems and scenes connected with the Passion.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1481"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 303px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_518-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_518-b.jpg" width="303" height="224" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1481.</span>—Meigle Church Font.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Fig. <a href="#fig_1480">1480</a> shows three sides, which represent—(1) the Crucifixion, (2) +the seamless coat and the scourges and dice, (3) the Resurrection. Fig. +<a href="#fig_1481">1481</a> shows—(4) the Cross and crown of thorns, (5) the pierced hands, +feet, and heart (showing the five wounds of the Passion), (6) the pillar +with the rope twisted round it, and the cock on the top. The seventh +side contains the ladder and the spear, reed, and sponge arranged +saltierwise, and the eighth the three nails and the hammer.</p> + +<p>These sculptures are all well preserved and well executed, but whether +of native workmanship or not it is impossible to say.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_519" id="page_519">{519}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="METHVEN_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_Perthshire212" id="METHVEN_COLLEGIATE_CHURCH_Perthshire212"></a>METHVEN COLLEGIATE CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a></h2> + +<p>Of the Church of Methven, consecrated by Bishop David de Bernham of St. +Andrews on 25th August 1247, nothing now remains.</p> + +<p>The Collegiate Church or Provostry of Methven, as it is generally +called, was founded in 1433 by Walter Stewart, the aged Earl of Athole. +Before this time, King James i. had conferred the liferent of the +Earldom of Strathearn upon the Earl of Athole, so that he was the great +lord of the district, and was, besides, a son of Robert ii. Three years +after the founding of this church he suffered a terrible death, for his +supposed connivance in the assassination of James i. in Perth.</p> + +<p>What now remains of the church is the north transept, the north wall and +gable of which are shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1482">1482</a>. In the <i>Edinburgh Architectural +Association Sketch Book</i><a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> a plan of the church is given without any +information as to how it was ascertained. Assuming it to be correct, it +shows a cross church, having a chancel 40 feet long by 24 feet wide over +the walls, with north and south transepts, and a nave of the same width +as the chancel, extending for an indefinite length. The north transept +extended from the north wall of the church 22 feet, and has a width over +the walls of 21 feet, with walls 3 feet thick. The end window, which is +the principal feature of the structure, is 6 feet 3 inches wide in the +daylight; it has three lights, and the tracery, which is of a flowing +pattern, is placed, as usual at this period, in the centre of the +thickness of the wall. The mouldings of the jambs, which consist of a +double splay, are stopped at the springing of the arch by a continuous +impost moulding, and the arch mouldings are of a different section. On +the east side of the window there is a bracket with a canopy over for a +statue, possibly that of St. Marnoch, the patron saint of Methven.</p> + +<p>In a panel on the west side of the window there are traceable the lion +rampant of the royal arms, surmounted by a crown.</p> + +<p>The gabled crowsteps with which the gable is coped form one of the best +examples of that feature, which, however, is a rare one in the churches +of this period. The cross on the apex is modern.</p> + +<p>The collegiate church was in use as the parish church till 1783, and for +long after the Reformation the Presbyterian minister was called “Provest +of Methven, and Chaplin of Auldbar,” the Church of Auldbar having been +granted to Methven on its foundation in 1433.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_520" id="page_520">{520}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1482" style="width: 490px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_520.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_520.jpg" width="490" height="676" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1482.</span>—Methven Collegiate Church. North Transept.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_521" id="page_521">{521}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="MONCRIEFF_CHAPEL_Perthshire" id="MONCRIEFF_CHAPEL_Perthshire"></a>MONCRIEFF CHAPEL, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A ruined chapel situated in the grounds adjoining the mansion house of +Moncrieff, about three miles south-east of Perth. It is closely hemmed +in with trees and is completely ivy clad, and measures in the inside +about 34 feet 6 inches long by 13 feet wide. The building (Fig. <a href="#fig_1483">1483</a>) is +a pre-Reformation</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1483" style="width: 291px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_521-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_521-a.jpg" width="291" height="239" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1483.</span>—Moncrieff Chapel. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">church, but has evidently been used and altered in Presbyterian times, +and within the last few years it has been enlarged with an apse and +transepts, so as to form a burial-place. Most of the stones for this +purpose were taken from the ruins of the splendid old bridge which</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1484"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 168px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_521-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_521-b.jpg" width="168" height="216" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1484.</span>—Moncrieff Chapel.</p> + +<p>Stoup.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">crossed the Earn about a mile distant at Bridge of Earn.</p> + +<p>There is a north aisle about 7 feet 8 inches wide by 7 feet 3 inches +long, which is entered by a round arch, and is lighted by a window 14 +inches wide,</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1485"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 148px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_521-c.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_521-c.jpg" width="148" height="127" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1485.</span>—Moncrieff Chapel.</p> + +<p>Apex Stone.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">which has grooves for glass. The gable of this aisle has crowsteps. The +doorway is in the south wall, and adjoining it on the west<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_522" id="page_522">{522}</a></span> is a stoup +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1484">1484</a>) with a pointed arch cut out of a single stone, and in the +north wall there is the usual ambry. There are two windows in the south +wall and one in the west gable. This gable has the usual set-off at +about 5 feet above the ground, and at the ground level in this wall +there is a wide relieving arch, apparently intended to give scope for a +tree root. The skews of this gable are finely wrought, and the apex +stone, now lying inside (Fig. <a href="#fig_1485">1485</a>), has the edge fillet continued as a +saltier on the face of the ridge roll.</p> + +<p>The belfry, entirely concealed by ivy, occupies an unusual position on +the east gable. All the openings are lintelled, and appear to have been +altered in Presbyterian times.</p> + +<h2><a name="WAST-TOWN_CHURCH_Perthshire" id="WAST-TOWN_CHURCH_Perthshire"></a>WAST-TOWN CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A ruined structure situated in the centre of its churchyard, in the +decayed hamlet of Wast-Town, at a distance of about two miles northwards +from Errol Railway Station, and not far from the old Castle of Kinnaird. +The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1486">1486</a>) has consisted of a nave and chancel, the former +about 43 feet long by 15 feet 2 inches wide inside, having walls from 3 +to 4 feet thick. The chancel was apparently of the same width as the +nave,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1486" style="width: 224px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_522.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_522.jpg" width="224" height="115" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1486.</span>—Wast-Town Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">but it has been entirely demolished, and the chancel arch has been built +up. This was doubtless done to make the church suitable as a preaching +station after the Reformation. There are a north and a south doorway, +the former square-headed with a splay, the latter (Fig. <a href="#fig_1488">1488</a>) round +arched with a bead on edge all round. In the south side there are two +windows with square tops and a bead moulding, and one window in the +north side having a cusped and pointed top, as shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1487">1487</a>. This +window has a moulding on the outside consisting of a hollow, wrought on +a broad splay. All the windows are finished on the inside in a manner +similar to the one shown, the width of their daylight being about 13 +inches. There are three openings through the walls at the west end (see +Fig. <a href="#fig_1486">1486</a>) about 7 inches square and about 4 feet above the ground, the +object of which is not very clear, and they are now considerably ruined. +Possibly they are putlog holes.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_523" id="page_523">{523}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1487" style="width: 620px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_523.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_523.jpg" width="620" height="416" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1487.</span>—Wast-Town Church. Window in North Side.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_524" id="page_524">{524}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1488" style="width: 475px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_524-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_524-a.jpg" width="475" height="375" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1488.</span>—Wast-Town Church. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The chancel arch, which is 9 feet 9 inches wide, is in two orders (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1489">1489</a>), each splayed on edge. The wall is 2 feet 4 inches thick, and the</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1490"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 210px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_524-c.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_524-c.jpg" width="210" height="237" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1490.</span>—Wast-Town Church.</p> + +<p>Belfry.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">arch springs from wide spreading caps, which either rested on shafts, +now removed, or only on corbels. This cannot at present be determined,</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1489"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 117px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_524-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_524-b.jpg" width="117" height="144" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1489.</span></p> + +<p>Wast-Town Church.</p> + +<p>Chancel Arch.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">owing to the building up of the archway. The detail of this cap or +corbel is somewhat novel and peculiar in design.</p> + +<p>There is a plain belfry (Fig. <a href="#fig_1490">1490</a>) on the west gable.</p> + +<p>The date of this church is probably in the sixteenth century.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_525" id="page_525">{525}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="MONUMENT_IN_RENFREW_CHURCH" id="MONUMENT_IN_RENFREW_CHURCH"></a>MONUMENT IN RENFREW CHURCH.</h2> + +<p>This monument is placed in the modern parish church of Renfrew. It +consists of a recumbent effigy resting on a sculptured tomb, and +enclosed within an arched canopy. The inscription round the arch in +Gothic raised letters is as follows:—“Hic iacet Johēs Ros miles +quo(n)dam dominus de Hawkehede et Marioria uxor sua orate pro ipsis qui +obit.”</p> + +<p>Crawford mentions in his <i>History of Renfrewshire</i>, p. 66, that Sir +Josias (he means Sir John) Ross of Halkhead married “Marjory Mure, a +daughter of Caldwel,” and that their statues “as big as the life, with +their coats of arms over them,” are carved on the monument. The arms of +the lady are not there now. Crawford states that this was “the first of +the family who laid the foundation of that hereditary honour, which his +successors have ever since enjoyed, who, being a favourite of King James +<small>IV</small>., was by that prince created a baron of this realm, with the title of +Lord Ross of Hawkhead and Melvil, about the year 1492.”<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> It is to be +observed, however, that the arms on the tomb are simply those of Ross, +whereas the arms of Melville were quartered with those of Ross after the +marriage of Sir John Ross with the heiress of Melville in the time of +Robert <small>II.</small></p> + +<p>The monument (Fig. <a href="#fig_1491">1491</a>) has been partly restored, the shafts at the +sides with their bases and caps are modern, but they probably follow the +original design. The mouldings of the arch, which are thickly coated +with paint, appear to be original. The effigies, of which there are two, +husband and wife, with the table on which they rest, remain untouched.</p> + +<p>The tomb is 8 feet 6½ inches long by 2 feet 6 inches high, but the base +is probably buried beneath the floor. The front is richly sculptured in +a somewhat rude but vigorous manner, and is divided into eleven +compartments. Each of the end compartments contains an angel playing on +a musical instrument, namely, a violin and a viol. The other nine +compartments contain shields supported by angels, with the following +armorial bearings, as described by Mr. W. R. Macdonald:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1. A chevron chequé between three hunting horns, for Semple.</p> + +<p>2. A pale, for Erskine.</p> + +<p>3. A griffin segreant, for Lauder of Hatton.</p> + +<p>4. Quarterly, 1st and 4th—A lion rampant within a double tressure +flory counterflory, for Scotland, as on No. 5; 2nd and 3rd—A fesse +chequé (with four rows of panes), for Stewart, as on No. 6.</p> + +<p>5. A lion rampant within a double tressure flory counterflory, for +Scotland.</p> + +<p>6. A fesse chequé (also with four rows of panes), for Stewart.</p> + +<p>7. A bend, for——.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_526" id="page_526">{526}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1491" style="width: 654px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_526.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_526.jpg" width="654" height="506" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1491.</span>—Monument of Sir John Ross and Spouse in +Renfrew Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_527" id="page_527">{527}</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>8. A chevron chequé between three water budgets, for Ross of +Halket.</p> + +<p>9. A chevron chequé between a hunting horn in dexter chief, a water +budget in sinister chief, and a demi hunting horn combined with a +demi water budget in base, being the shields 1 and 8 dimidiated, +but showing no dividing line.</p></div> + +<p>On the knight’s breast a chevron between three water budgets, for Ross +of Halket, as in No. 8.</p> + +<p>The Church of Renfrew was granted by David <small>I.</small> as a prebend of Glasgow, +and is believed to have stood on the present site.</p> + +<p>In 1557 mention is made of the chaplainry of St. Christopher in the Lord +Ross’s Aisle on the south side of the Church of Renfrew. The monument is +situated on the south side of the present church. The Chapel of St. +Christopher was probably connected with the ferry across the Clyde.</p> + +<h2><a name="THE_CHURCHES_OF_HOUSTON_ST_FILLANS_AND_KILMALCOLM_Renfrewshire" id="THE_CHURCHES_OF_HOUSTON_ST_FILLANS_AND_KILMALCOLM_Renfrewshire"></a>THE CHURCHES OF HOUSTON, ST. FILLAN’S, AND KILMALCOLM, <span class="smcap">Renfrewshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>These three churches lie to the north-west of Paisley, in a straight +line, about four miles apart. The Church of Houston is modern, and the +only thing belonging to the ancient church which formerly stood there is +shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1492">1492</a>, being the recumbent figures of one of the Houston +family and his wife. The monument which contained these statues is +entirely gone, and they now lie in a lighted closet, built for their +reception, beside the new church. The Houston arms are carved on the +knight’s armour (a fesse chequé between three martlets). The figures +probably date from the fifteenth century, and are believed to represent +Sir Patrick Houston of that Ilk, who died in 1450, and his wife, Agnes +Campbell, who died in 1456. Crawford states<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> that Sir Patrick, +departing this life 1450, was buried in the Chapel of Houston, where +there is a fair monument erected to the memory of him and his wife, with +this inscription:—“Hic jacet Patricius Houstoun, de Eodem, miles, qui +obiit anno <small>MCCCCL</small>; et D. Maria Colquhoun sponsa dicti Domini Johannis +quae obiit <small>MCCCCLVI</small>.”</p> + +<p>The parish of <span class="smcap">Kilfillan</span> or <span class="smcap">Killallan</span> was incorporated with Houston in +1760, and the church dedicated to St. Fillan has probably been in a +state of ruin since about that time. It stands in a beautiful hollow in +an elevated situation overlooking the valley of Strathgryfe, midway +between Houston and Kilmalcolm. The walls are fairly entire, but without +the gables, and are densely covered with ivy. The masonry shows that +they are of considerable age, if indeed they are not of the Norman +period. While this may be so, all the openings are of seventeenth +century work, and the doorway at the west end of the south wall is dated +1635. About that<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_528" id="page_528">{528}</a></span> time the openings were probably changed into their +present forms, and the pre-Reformation character of the building was +altered to suit Presbyterian</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1492" style="width: 335px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_528.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_528.jpg" width="335" height="648" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1492.</span>—Houston Church. Effigies of Sir Patrick +Houston and his Wife.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">ideas. The old plan (Fig. <a href="#fig_1493">1493</a>), however, resembles many of the ancient +churches in its long proportions, and in having the north and south +doors<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_529" id="page_529">{529}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1493" style="width: 277px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_529.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_529.jpg" width="277" height="113" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1493.</span>—St. Fillan’s Church, Killallan, Renfrewshire. +Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">opposite each other. Adjoining the church and churchyard there still +exists a quaint old Scottish mansion house of seventeenth century style, +which may probably have been the residence of the clergymen.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Kilmalcolm</span>.—The church here was dedicated to King Malcolm <small>III.</small>, who +along with his wife, Queen Margaret, were commemorated as saints. A +fragment of the east wall of a pre-Reformation church remains, with +three plain lancet windows, which may possibly belong to the thirteenth +century. It forms a part of the parish church. The above three churches, +along with all the others in Strathgryfe (except Inchinnon), were +comprehended in the grant which Walter, the son of Alan, made to the +Abbey of Paisley in 1164.</p> + +<h2><a name="PARISH_CHURCH_SELKIRK" id="PARISH_CHURCH_SELKIRK"></a>PARISH CHURCH, SELKIRK.</h2> + +<p>Of the important churches which existed here in the twelfth century no +trace now remains. The parish church was in a state of ruin at the +beginning of the sixteenth century, when a new one was built, which in +turn followed its predecessors, and in the year 1747 another church was +erected, the ruins of which still exist.</p> + +<p>The following description of the church taken down in 1747 occurs in +<i>Our Journall into Scotland</i>, p. 15.<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> “They have a very pretty +church where the hammermen and other tradesmen have several seats +mounted above the rest, the gentlemen below the tradesmen in the ground +seats; the women sit in the high end of the church, with us the choir, +there is one neat vaulted porch in it, my Lord Bucplewgh’s (Buccleuch) +seat is the highest in the church, and he hath a proper (private) +passage into it in at the outside of the vaulted porch. On a corner of +the outside of the choir is fastened an iron chain with a thing they +call the Jogges,” &c. “The form of it is a cross house, the steeple +fair, handsomely tiled as the Royal Exchange at London, it having at +each corner four pyramidal turrets, they call them pricks; my Lord +Maxfield’s house at Langham being of the form of the steeple. The church +was tiled upon close joined boards and not lats” (laths).<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_530" id="page_530">{530}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1494" style="width: 374px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_530.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_530.jpg" width="374" height="773" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1494.</span>—Selkirk Parish Church. Slab in Wall of +Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_531" id="page_531">{531}</a></span></p> + +<p>The grave slab shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1494">1494</a> is built into one of the walls of the +existing ruins. It is of red sandstone, and measures 6 feet 4 inches +high by 2 feet 5 inches wide. It is very much mutilated, and from its +exposed situation and the friableness of the stone, it is rapidly +decaying, and unless some proper means are taken to preserve it, will at +no distant date be obliterated. The figure represents that of a stout +yeoman with hands folded on the breast, having a belt round his waist. +On a shield at his feet is a bend, any other charges which may have been +on it being obliterated. The inscription in raised letters is more than +half gone, but from the first syllable of the place of Aikwood being +still legible, and in</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1495" style="width: 388px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_531.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_531.jpg" width="388" height="343" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1495.</span>—Selkirk Parish Church. Stoup.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">conjunction with the arms, it is supposed by Mr. T. Craig Brown<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> to +commemorate one of the Scots of Harden, who lived at Aikwood or Oakwood, +a tower still standing not far from Selkirk. The stone probably dates +from about the early part of the sixteenth century.</p> + +<p>The following figures represent three stoups in the possession of Mr. +Craig Brown, Selkirk. Fig. <a href="#fig_1495">1495</a> shows the five sides of one of these. On +one face is a lion rampant, and on the adjoining space to the right is a +human face, the mouth of which forms an opening for emptying the basin. +On the space to the left is carved the figure of a buck or hart. The +other two faces are broken. On one is the hind quarters of an ox<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_532" id="page_532">{532}</a></span> having +a long tail and cloven feet, and on the other the forequarters and head +of a hare in full flight.</p> + +<p>The lion may be heraldic or it may have a symbolic meaning. The hart is +probably an allusion to the beginning of the xlii. psalm—“As the hart +panteth after the water brooks.” This verse is inscribed on a font of +the eleventh century, at Potterne, Wilts,<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> and the figure of a hart +is of frequent occurrence on Celtic and Norman work, where, as is now +generally</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1496" style="width: 382px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_532-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_532-a.jpg" width="382" height="191" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1496.</span>—Selkirk Parish Church. Stoup.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">believed, it has a symbolic meaning. The ox and hare, being also animals +referred to in Scripture, are probably to be considered in the same +category. This example is from Peebles, and was given to Mr. Brown by a +gentleman who believes it was found at some ruined building there. It +measures about 13 inches across on top by 9¾ inches high, and the bowl +is 4 inches deep.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1497" style="width: 320px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_532-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_532-b.jpg" width="320" height="180" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1497.</span>—Selkirk Parish Church. Stoup.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Fig. <a href="#fig_1496">1496</a> shows two views of a stoup, which is square, with the angles +cut off, converting it into an unequal-sided octagon. It is decorated in +a very curious manner with signs and letters of which we can give no +explanation. It was found built into an old house at Selkirk when it +was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_533" id="page_533">{533}</a></span> taken down many years ago. A mason took possession of it and used +it for a flower pot, and chiselled a hole in the bottom. The fragment +measures about 14⅝ by 16 inches. The basin is 11 inches over by 10 +inches deep.</p> + +<p>Both of these specimens are cut out of red sandstone.</p> + +<p>The third stoup (Fig. <a href="#fig_1497">1497</a>) is cut out of hard blue whinstone, and has +an unfinished appearance. It is decorated with shields, some having an +incised cross, and with foliage of a Gothic character. The plan on the +under side is in the form of a Greek cross. It measures about 18 inches +in diameter by 10½ inches high, with a basin 11 inches wide by 9 inches +deep.</p> + +<h2><a name="WIGTON_CHURCH_Wigtonshire219" id="WIGTON_CHURCH_Wigtonshire219"></a>WIGTON CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Wigtonshire</span>.<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a></h2> + +<p>An ivy clad ruin standing in the old churchyard of Wigton. Only the east +end (Fig. <a href="#fig_1498">1498</a>) with a considerable portion of the south wall and a +small portion of the north wall remain. The first measures 21 feet 2 +inches wide on the inside, and the south wall extends for a length of +about 55 feet.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1498" style="width: 231px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_533.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_533.jpg" width="231" height="130" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1498.</span>—Wigton Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Mr. Muir writes of this church as follows:<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a>—“By the remains of a +string course and other bits of minor detail at the east end, it would +appear that the building has been originally of first pointed date, +though perhaps still earlier features were destroyed at the various +repairs which it underwent in modern times. One or two objects—The +stump of a cross, and a small baptismal font of tapering form” (which +seems to have now disappeared)—“were to all appearance Norman, and very +likely, therefore, the earlier portion of the primitive structure was of +twelfth century date.” The church was dedicated to St. Machutus, and +belonged to the Priory of Whithorn.</p> + +<p>A ruined building of late date, with walls about 7 feet high, projects +about 17 feet out from the south wall by about 23 feet in width outside +measure.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_534" id="page_534">{534}</a></span></p> + +<h2>CHURCHES OF THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES.</h2> + +<p>The ecclesiastical architecture of the mediæval period terminated at the +introduction of the Reformation in 1560, but during the latter half of +the sixteenth and the greater part of the seventeenth century a number +of churches were erected which show some attempt to maintain or revive +the style of earlier times. This tendency was doubtless encouraged by +the strenuous effort which was made, under James <small>I.</small> and Charles <small>I.</small> and +<small>II.</small>, to establish the Episcopal forms of Church government and service +in Scotland. These forms being contrary to the desire of the +Presbyterians, who comprised the great body of the people, gave rise to +two opposing parties. The party favourable to the Episcopal form of +religion supported the erection of churches and the maintenance of the +worship as nearly as possible after the old model, while the +Presbyterians and Puritans discouraged everything which savoured of the +ancient faith, whether in buildings or services. The result was that +during the century which followed the Reformation there were two styles +of ecclesiastical structures erected in the country, one style showing +some reverence for the house of God in its form and decoration, and in +the appropriateness of the divine service; while the other seemed to be +designed, both in its buildings and forms of worship, to be as far +removed as possible from any outward or visible sign of inward sweetness +or grace.</p> + +<p>It is proposed to conclude this work with some examples of the different +styles of churches erected during the above period.</p> + +<p>A number of specimens have already been given in a former work.<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a></p> + +<p>These churches were introduced into a work on the domestic architecture +of the country, in order to illustrate the influence of the domestic +style on the ecclesiastical architecture of this period. Many of these +edifices were, therefore, only partially illustrated, and it has been +thought desirable to treat some of them more fully in this book, so as +to complete the illustration and description of their architecture.</p> + +<p>The examples which are now given will amply illustrate the remaining +specimens which still survive of this somewhat heterogeneous epoch.</p> + +<p>Most of the churches of the seventeenth century are either very poor +imitations of Gothic work or tasteless examples of plain walls, while a +few contain the germs of what might have been wrought into a picturesque +style, founded on the domestic architecture of the period. Such, for +example, are the churches of Stirling (west end), Anstruther Easter, and +Pittenweem.</p> + +<p>Several of the monuments of the period are also given.</p> + +<p>The following examples are arranged in alphabetical order.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_535" id="page_535">{535}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="ABERDOUR_Aberdeenshire" id="ABERDOUR_Aberdeenshire"></a>ABERDOUR, <span class="smcap">Aberdeenshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A village about eight miles west of Fraserburgh. In the <i>Book of Deer</i> +it is written, “Columcille and Drostan son of Cosgrach his pupil came</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1499" style="width: 292px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_535-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_535-a.jpg" width="292" height="208" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1499.</span>—Aberdour. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">from I as God had shown to them unto Abbordo-boir and Bede the Pict was +mormaer of Buchan before them, and it was he that gave them that</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1500" style="width: 470px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_535-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_535-b.jpg" width="470" height="165" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1500.</span>—Aberdour. View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><a id="fig_1501"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 69px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_535-c.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_535-c.jpg" width="69" height="140" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1501.</span></p> + +<p>Aberdour.</p> + +<p>Jamb of Arch to Aisle.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">town in freedom for ever from Mormaer and tosech.” In these words a +scribe, writing in the eleventh or twelfth century, tells of the +planting of Christianity in the North about <small>A.D.</small> 580. It is probable +that the clerics tarried at Aberdour for a time, and founded a monastery +on the land which had been granted to them.<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> In later times the +parish church was dedicated to St. Drostan, and in 1178 and 1318 there +are notices of its erection into a prebend of St. Machar’s +Cathedral.<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> In 1557 there is a mandate<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_536" id="page_536">{536}</a></span></p> + +<p><a id="fig_1502"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 284px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_536-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_536-a.jpg" width="284" height="224" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1502.</span>—Aberdour. Tomb in North Wall.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">by William, Bishop of Aberdeen, for the institution of Master Robert +Carnegy in the canonry and prebend of the Rectory of Aberdour. Again, in +1599, there is a seisin of Robert Ramsay in the kirk lands and glebe +with the vicar’s manse of Aberdour. The existing ruins (Fig. <a href="#fig_1499">1499</a>) are +not earlier than the sixteenth century, and consist of a nave 70 feet +long by 21 feet 3 inches wide, and a south aisle 30 feet 4 inches long +by 17 feet 4 inches wide, all outside measure. The</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1503"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 131px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_536-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_536-b.jpg" width="131" height="158" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1503.</span>—Aberdour.</p> + +<p>Font.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">walls (Fig. <a href="#fig_1500">1500</a>) are still tolerably entire, but are fast crumbling +away. The west end of the nave has been partitioned off into two burial +vaults, as also is the aisle. The arch between the nave and aisle is +round, with an impost moulding (Fig. <a href="#fig_1501">1501</a>) at the springing of the arch. +The arch and jambs are chamfered, the chamfer terminating on a splayed +base. In the north wall of the nave is the round arched mural tomb shown +in Fig. <a href="#fig_1502">1502</a>.</p> + +<p>The font is still in existence. It is quite plain and octagonal, being 2 +feet in diameter by about 2 feet 2 inches high. After the abandonment of +the church the font appears to have been built into the wall, and to +have had a sundial carved on its lower end (Fig. <a href="#fig_1503">1503</a>).</p> + +<h2><a name="ANSTRUTHER_EASTER_AND_WESTER_Fifeshire" id="ANSTRUTHER_EASTER_AND_WESTER_Fifeshire"></a>ANSTRUTHER, EASTER AND WESTER, <span class="smcap">Fifeshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>These adjacent towns form one of the very interesting group of ancient +seaports and places of commerce on the northern shore of the Frith of +Forth. Anstruther is divided into two portions by the little river +Dreel, which formed the harbour of Anstruther Wester, while Easter +Anstruther extends in a wide crescent along the coast, and has a larger +harbour of its own.</p> + +<p>Anstruther Wester belonged to the Priory of Pittenweem, and the parish +church was dedicated to St. Nicolas. The town obtained a charter<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_537" id="page_537">{537}</a></span> from +the monastery in 1549, and another in 1554.<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> The church is now +modernised, but the old tower (Fig. <a href="#fig_1504">1504</a>) is a fair specimen of the +keep-like structures so often erected in connection with Scottish +churches in the sixteenth century.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1504" style="width: 315px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_537.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_537.jpg" width="315" height="629" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1504.</span>—Anstruther Wester.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Anstruther Easter was, before the Reformation, in the parish of +Kilrenny, and was disjoined from it by the General Assembly, with the +consent of the bailies and council of the town, in 1639. In 1640 +Anstruther Easter was erected into a separate parish, and the reason +assigned in the Act was “the Burgh being a part of the parish of +Kilrenny a mile distant of deep evil way in winter and rainy +times.”<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a></p> + +<p>A proposal to build a church at Anstruther Easter had thus been in +contemplation for some time, and in 1636 an agreement was come to +regarding it between Mr. Colin Adams, the first minister of the parish, +and the bailies and council. The new church was erected, and “ten years +later a steeple was added after a Dutch model.”<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_538" id="page_538">{538}</a></span></p> + +<p>The arrangement of the Plan (Fig. <a href="#fig_1505">1505</a>) and the design of the tower +seem, however, to contradict the latter statement. The debased but +picturesque architecture of the tower (Fig. <a href="#fig_1506">1506</a>) so strongly resembles +the other Scottish church towers of the period as to render its origin +beyond dispute. It combines the ornamental treatment of the upper part +with the plain features of the lower portion, so usual in the castles of +the time; and the classic balustrade and the gabled termination of the +staircase recall similar domestic features of Scottish castellated +architecture very common in the seventeenth century, both in churches +and houses.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1505" style="width: 455px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_538.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_538.jpg" width="455" height="301" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1505.</span>—Anstruther Easter. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The church measures, externally, 92 feet in length by 41 feet in +breadth. The entrance doorway leads into a simple barrel-vaulted passage +9 feet wide. This originally opened directly into the body of the +church, having a staircase to the gallery on the south side and a small +room or vestry on the north side. The body of the church is of the usual +oblong form (Fig. <a href="#fig_1507">1507</a>) and is lighted with windows, which, from their +mullions and round arches, retain a slightly ecclesiastical appearance. +This is chiefly striking in the large east window. There were originally +two doorways in the south wall, but one has been built up.</p> + +<p>Altogether, this church, the date of which is known, forms a complete +and characteristic example of the Scottish ecclesiastical architecture +of the earlier part of the seventeenth century.<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_539" id="page_539">{539}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1506" style="width: 470px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_539.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_539.jpg" width="470" height="718" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1506.</span>—Anstruther Easter. West End and Tower.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_540" id="page_540">{540}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1507" style="width: 706px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_540.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_540.jpg" width="706" height="506" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1507.</span>—Anstruther Easter. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_541" id="page_541">{541}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="ST_MARYS_PARISH_CHURCH_Auchterhouse_Forfarshire" id="ST_MARYS_PARISH_CHURCH_Auchterhouse_Forfarshire"></a>ST. MARY’S PARISH CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Auchterhouse, Forfarshire</span>.</h2> + +<p><a id="fig_1508"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 244px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_541-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_541-a.jpg" width="244" height="313" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1508.</span>—St. Mary’s, Auchterhouse.</p> + +<p>Chancel Arch.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The village of Kirkton or Auchterhouse is situated about five miles +north of Dundee.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1509"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 194px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_541-c.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_541-c.jpg" width="194" height="97" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1509.</span>—St. Mary’s, Auchterhouse.</p> + +<p>Section of Chancel Arch Mouldings.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><a id="fig_1511"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 127px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_541-d.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_541-d.jpg" width="127" height="156" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1511.</span>—St. Mary’s, Auchterhouse.</p> + +<p>Jamb of Doorway in Chancel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The old church consists of a nave and chancel, with a square west tower. +The nave is about 56 feet long by 33 feet wide, and the chancel is about +27 feet long by 21 feet 6 inches wide. The date (1630)</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1510"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 255px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_541-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_541-b.jpg" width="255" height="369" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1510.</span>—St. Mary’s, Auchterhouse.</p> + +<p>South Doorway in Chancel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">is carved on the east gable, but the building undoubtedly is, in part at +least, of older date. There are a great many stones, pieces of window +tracery, and other carved work lying about the churchyard, which show +that there was a former<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_542" id="page_542">{542}</a></span> building, probably of fifteenth century work, +here, which was doubtless in part taken down and rebuilt in the +seventeenth century. The chancel arch (Fig. <a href="#fig_1508">1508</a>) belongs to this +earlier church. It is 12 feet 3 inches wide and is acutely pointed; the +wall is about 3 feet 2 inches thick. The mouldings of the arch consist +of double hollows, as shown on section (Fig. <a href="#fig_1509">1509</a>), with a cap moulding +of the form shown on the same figure.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1512" style="width: 341px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_542.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_542.jpg" width="341" height="456" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1512.</span>—St. Mary’s, Auchterhouse. South Doorway.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The south doorway in the chancel (Fig. <a href="#fig_1510">1510</a>) also belongs to the earlier +church. The moulded jambs (Fig. <a href="#fig_1511">1511</a>) abut against a square lintel, +somewhat in the same manner as occurs in one of the windows in the tower +at South Queensferry. The jambs rise at the base from a splay sloping +inwards. The doorway to the nave (Fig. <a href="#fig_1512">1512</a>) is more classic in design, +and is of the seventeenth century. No other features of the church, +except its sundials (see <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of +Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>V.</small>), call for special notice.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_543" id="page_543">{543}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="AYTOUN_CHURCH_Berwickshire" id="AYTOUN_CHURCH_Berwickshire"></a>AYTOUN CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Berwickshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The town of Aytoun (formerly written Eytun) stands on the river Eye, +about seven miles north from Berwick-on-Tweed, and half a mile from the +railway station.</p> + +<p>The old church is situated in an open burial-ground, in connection with +which a new church was erected some years ago. The old building appears, +from the remains of its ivy-covered walls, to have been of considerable +extent, but no details can now be made out. The only portion which +remains in a tolerable state of preservation appears to have formed a +south aisle or wing.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1513" style="width: 316px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_543.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_543.jpg" width="316" height="177" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1513.</span>—Aytoun Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>There is a plain segmental headed doorway in the east side, and a large +circular headed window in the south end (Fig. <a href="#fig_1513">1513</a>). The latter is +divided by two mullions into three lights, each finished at the top with +a round-arched head. The window has a transom in the centre. It is +evident from the nature of the design and the form of the mouldings that +the window is of late date, probably of the end of the sixteenth +century.</p> + +<p>Aytoun was granted by the Scottish Edgar to St. Cuthbert’s Monks, and +thus became the property of the Priory of Coldingham, and shared its +fate.</p> + +<h2><a name="BALLINGRY_CHURCH_Fifeshire" id="BALLINGRY_CHURCH_Fifeshire"></a>BALLINGRY CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Fifeshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The present church of Ballingry is a modern structure built in 1831. It +stands on the site of a pre-Reformation edifice, which has entirely +disappeared. The window shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1514">1514</a> clearly belongs to the +seventeenth century, being part of a north aisle, which was evidently +built about that time. The window is the only feature of interest in +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_544" id="page_544">{544}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1514" style="width: 246px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_544.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_544.jpg" width="246" height="333" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1514.</span>—Ballingry Church. Window in North Aisle.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">building, and it is a good example of the Renaissance style, modified by +the grafting on to it of Gothic features.</p> + +<h2><a name="BLAIR_CHURCH228_Blair-Atholl_Perthshire" id="BLAIR_CHURCH228_Blair-Atholl_Perthshire"></a>BLAIR CHURCH,<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a> <span class="smcap">Blair-Atholl, Perthshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The walls of this old church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1515">1515</a>) still stand within the grounds +of Blair Castle, the seat of the Duke of Atholl, and about five minutes’ +walk from the Castle. The building is roofless and the walls are almost +complete, but they have been much slapped and altered to make the place +suitable for Presbyterian worship.</p> + +<p>The masonry is rubble work, built with stones gathered off the hills. +The doors and windows have hewn jambs and lintels of freestone, all +square-headed and splayed. A gravestone, dated 1579, has been built in +the inside of the north wall. The chief interest of the ruin arises from +its containing the vault in which Claverhouse is buried. A tablet on the +inner face of the south wall of the church, west of the aisle which +contains the vault, bears the following inscription:<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_545" id="page_545">{545}</a></span>—</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1515" style="width: 365px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_545.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_545.jpg" width="365" height="193" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1515.</span>—Blair Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="c"> +Within this vault beneath<br /> +Are interred the remains of<br /> +<span class="smcap">John Graham of Claverhouse</span><br /> +Viscount Dundee<br /> +Who fell at the Battle of Killiecrankie<br /> +27 July 1689, aged 46<br /> +This memorial is placed here by<br /> +John, 7th Duke of Atholl, K.T.<br /> +1889<br /> +</p> + +<h2><a name="ST_BRANDANS_Boyndie_Banffshire" id="ST_BRANDANS_Boyndie_Banffshire"></a>ST. BRANDAN’S, <span class="smcap">Boyndie, Banffshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The ruined Church of Boyndie or Inverboyndie stands on a slight +elevation near the mouth of the small river of the same name, about two +miles west from the town of Banff. The parish was formerly conjoined +with Banff till 1634, when it was erected into a separate parish. The +church is of ancient foundation, and was granted in 1211-14, along with +that of Banff, to the monks of Arbroath.</p> + +<p>The old church stands in the churchyard, which is still used. It was +abandoned in 1773, when a new church was built. Since that time it has +fallen into complete decay, so much so that the plan cannot now be +properly distinguished. The only portions still preserved in tolerable +condition are the west wall and belfry (Fig. <a href="#fig_1516">1516</a>). These do not appear +to be of great age. The wall contains the entrance doorway of the +church. It has a round arch and jambs with a small splay, such as was +common in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The top of the gable +has a small belfry, which has latterly occupied the position of a former +one, which was much larger. The older belfry must have been of +considerable size, as is apparent from the large corbels which carried +it, and which project<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_546" id="page_546">{546}</a></span> boldly from both sides of the wall. These were +arranged so as to carry an octagonal erection, which must have had a +very picturesque effect.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1516" style="width: 468px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_546.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_546.jpg" width="468" height="620" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1516.</span>—St. Brandan’s, Boyndie.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>They are evidently copied from the domestic architecture of the period. +This structure seems to belong to the seventeenth century.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_547" id="page_547">{547}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="ST_MICHAELS_CHURCH_Cupar_Fifeshire" id="ST_MICHAELS_CHURCH_Cupar_Fifeshire"></a>ST. MICHAEL’S CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Cupar, Fifeshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The old Church of Cupar having become decayed, the Prior of St. Andrews, +in 1415, erected a new church on a new site in the town. But in 1785 +this church was also found to be in a decayed condition, and was rebuilt +on the same site as that of the fifteenth century. Part of the old +structure at the north-west angle was, however, not destroyed, and still +survives. This portion (Fig. <a href="#fig_1517">1517</a>) comprises three arches of the main or +central nave and the tower at the north-west angle. The latter (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1518">1518</a>) is quadrilateral, and its north and west walls are raised upon the +outer walls of the church at the north-west angle, portions of which +walls still exist, together with the jamb of a large west window. The +tower is unrelieved by buttresses. On the east and south the walls are +carried on arches, the lower story being thus included in the interior +of the church.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1517" style="width: 320px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_547.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_547.jpg" width="320" height="176" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1517.</span>—St. Michael’s Church, Cupar.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The pier at the south-east angle which supports these arches is +hexagonal in form, while the remaining piers of the church are round. +The caps and bases are of the usual late form. The tower is oblong in +plan, being 22 feet from east to west, and 18 feet from north to south. +This inequality produces a peculiar effect in the broached spire which +surmounts it, and which was erected in 1620 by the Rev. William Scott, +the minister of the parish, at his own expense. The balustrade forming +the parapet and the other features of the spire are quite in the +character of the Scottish seventeenth century steeples, common in +Fifeshire, such as those at Anstruther and Pittenweem.</p> + +<p>The tower itself is plain with simple pointed lights, those of the upper +story being double, so as to be suitable for the belfry. In the west +wall there occurs a small window with peculiarly shaped head, and below +it the string course is studded with square shaped flowers.</p> + +<p>In the present church is preserved a good recumbent effigy (Fig. <a href="#fig_1519">1519</a>) +of one of the Fernies of Fernie, but it is without date. The arms over<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_548" id="page_548">{548}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1518" style="width: 500px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_548.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_548.jpg" width="500" height="776" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1518.</span>—St. Michael’s Church, Cupar. Tower.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_549" id="page_549">{549}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">the monument—a fesse between 3 lions’ heads erased—are those of Fernie +of that Ilk. Several members of this family were Constables of Cupar in</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1519" style="width: 489px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_549.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_549.jpg" width="489" height="340" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1519.</span>—St. Michael’s Church, Cupar. Monument of one +of the Fernies of Fernie.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">ancient times. The lands of Fernie lie a few miles to the west of the +town.</p> + +<h2><a name="ST_BRIDGETS_CHURCH_Dalgety_Fifeshire" id="ST_BRIDGETS_CHURCH_Dalgety_Fifeshire"></a>ST. BRIDGET’S CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Dalgety, Fifeshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A remarkable structure, which stands near the Forth at the head of a +small bay about two miles south-west from Aberdour, the road to it +passing through the beautiful grounds of St. Colm House.</p> + +<p>The old church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1520">1520</a>) forms the eastern part of the structure, +while to the west has been erected a two-story building, containing on +the ground floor a burial vault, and on the upper floor a “laird’s loft” +or room for the Lord of the Manor, from which access was obtained to a +gallery in the church.</p> + +<p>The ancient church was dedicated to St. Bridget in 1244. It retains a +simple pointed doorway at the south-west angle, a number of altered and +square-headed windows in the south wall, and a piscina at the east end +of the same wall, but there are scarcely any of the old details +preserved to indicate the date of the building. It has evidently been +greatly altered,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_550" id="page_550">{550}</a></span> to make it suitable for Presbyterian worship after the +Reformation. There are two projecting buildings on the north side and +one on the south</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1520" style="width: 490px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_550-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_550-a.jpg" width="490" height="312" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1520.</span>—St. Bridget’s Church, Dalgety. Plan of Ground +Floor.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">side, all much ruined, but the mouldings of the jambs of the northern +projections at the openings into the church are preserved and indicate +Renaissance work. These outside structures were probably burial vaults.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1521" style="width: 506px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_550-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_550-b.jpg" width="506" height="289" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1521.</span>—St. Bridget’s Church, Dalgety. View from +South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_551" id="page_551">{551}</a></span></p> + +<p>The house at the west end is undoubtedly post-Reformation. In the vault +is buried the celebrated Chancellor Seaton, and the building, to judge</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1522"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 162px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_551.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_551.jpg" width="162" height="152" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1522.</span>—St. Bridget’s Church, Dalgety.</p> + +<p>Plan of First Floor.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">from its style (Fig. <a href="#fig_1521">1521</a>), was probably erected by him about the +beginning of the seventeenth century. The upper floor is reached by a +projecting octagonal stair turret on the north side. The interior of the +walls of the principal room on the first floor (Fig. <a href="#fig_1522">1522</a>) is built with +ashlar work, and the walls are divided into moulded panels in stone work +and a stone cornice runs round the room.</p> + +<p>A wide aperture in the east wall of the room opens into the church at a +high level, and no doubt gave access to a gallery at the west end. The +belfry is placed on the west gable of this room and still contains a +small bell, the chain for ringing which has cut a deep groove in the +wall outside. The small room at the south-west angle contains a +fireplace. There has been another gallery at the east end of the church. +The outside staircase for access to it still remains. A good monumental +slab is built into the north wall of the church, bearing date 1540.</p> + +<h2><a name="ST_JOHNS_CHURCH_Dalry_Kirkcudbrightshire229" id="ST_JOHNS_CHURCH_Dalry_Kirkcudbrightshire229"></a>ST. JOHN’S CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Dalry, Kirkcudbrightshire.</span><a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a></h2> + +<p>The village of Dalry or St. John’s Town stands on the east bank of the +Dee, in the northern or Glenkens district of Kirkcudbrightshire, and is +about ten miles north from Parton Railway Station. The old parish church +was removed in 1829-31, when a new church was erected on the old site.</p> + +<p>An old burial vault formerly attached to the church, and known as the +Kenmure burial aisle, has, however, been preserved, which (Fig. <a href="#fig_1523">1523</a>), +with its crow-stepped gable and large antiquely grilled window and +panelled coat of arms, forms an interesting relic of the seventeenth +century.</p> + +<p>This adjunct to the old church formed a projection on its south side, +and measures internally 17 feet in length by 14 feet 2 inches in width +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1524">1524</a>). The entrance from the church, which was about 7 feet wide, +was by a plain rubble archway, which is now built up. The doorway in the +west wall is square-lintelled, and 2 feet 8 inches wide. The window in +the south wall is also square-lintelled, and the iron grill<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_552" id="page_552">{552}</a></span> appears to +have been built in along with the wall. The coat of arms in the panel +over the window is divided in pale, having the three boars’ heads of the +Gordons on the dexter side, and a lion rampant on the sinister side. +These, Mr. Galloway suggests, may be the arms of John Gordon of Kenmure, +who was Justiciar of the Stewartry in 1555, and died in 1604, and who +here combines the provincial with the family arms—the lion rampant +being the heraldic emblem of the province of Galloway.</p> + +<p>There is an ambry in the south-west angle 1 foot 7 inches wide by 1 foot +9 inches high, and 1 foot 3 inches deep.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1523" style="width: 489px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_552.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_552.jpg" width="489" height="358" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1523.</span>—St. John’s Church, Dalry. View from +South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>On the outside of the north-east angle there is an interesting relic of +the south wall of the old church, a portion of one rybat of a window +having been preserved. Three courses of freestone yet remain, having a +bold splay externally, a groove for glass, and a splayed ingoing. This +shows that the chancel of the old church must have extended some +distance to the eastward.</p> + +<p>Some of the dressed granite stones of the old church have been reused in +the modern building.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_553" id="page_553">{553}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1524" style="width: 382px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_553.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_553.jpg" width="382" height="449" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1524.</span>—St. John’s Church, Dalry. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<h2><a name="DRAINIE_CHURCH_AND_MICHAEL_KIRK_Morayshire" id="DRAINIE_CHURCH_AND_MICHAEL_KIRK_Morayshire"></a>DRAINIE CHURCH AND MICHAEL KIRK, <span class="smcap">Morayshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>These two churches are examples of the revived Gothic architecture of +post-Reformation times. The parish of Drainie was formed by the union of +the two old parishes of Kineddar and Ogstown. They both lie on the +Morayshire coast, about five to six miles north of Elgin, and fully two +miles from Lossiemouth. The country is low lying, and used in former +times to be marshy. Kineddar was a seat of the Bishopric of Moray before +it was moved to Spynie, and ultimately to Elgin. There too stood a large +fortified castle (of the first period), consisting of a great wall of +enceinte surrounded by a deep ditch, but it has now been taken down, and +the plough passes over the site. This castle formed the residence of +some of the Bishops of Moray before Spynie Palace was erected.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_554" id="page_554">{554}</a></span></p> + +<p>The Church of Drainie was built in 1666, and is a good example of the +period. It has evidently been designed to meet the requirements of the +Presbyterian service of the time (Fig. <a href="#fig_1525">1525</a>). The pulpit would be in the +centre of the south wall, with a window placed on each side of it. +Beyond these, on either hand, are two doors, each admitting to a short +passage, which would give access to a central one. The main body of the +church is 62 feet in length by 24 feet in width, and in the centre of +the north side is a wing 24 feet by 18 feet. This wing or “aisle” is +spanned by a stone arch, which may have carried a gallery above, to +light which a small window is introduced in the north gable. The ground +floor of the north wing would be seated in the usual manner, and is +provided with an entrance door and two windows. Similar arrangements of +plan are common in the Scottish churches of post-Reformation times.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1525" style="width: 346px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_554.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_554.jpg" width="346" height="251" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1525.</span>—Drainie Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The windows and doors (Fig. <a href="#fig_1526">1526</a>) have pointed arches, and the windows +are each divided by one mullion, which branches into two in the +arch-head. These door and window dressings are all chamfered on the +edges. The cornice is of classic form, and the gables are crow-stepped. +The west gable is finished on top with an ornamental belfry in the +Renaissance style of the period, in which some revival of Gothic +features was attempted.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Michael Kirk.</span>—About half a mile west from Drainie stood the ancient +church of Ogstown, the site of which is now occupied by the remarkable +specimen of revived Gothic shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1527">1527</a>. This edifice was erected +as a mausoleum for his family by Lodvic Gordon of Gordonston, an estate +in the vicinity. Mr. Gordon belonged to a branch of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_555" id="page_555">{555}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1526" style="width: 715px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_555.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_555.jpg" width="715" height="494" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1526.</span>—Drainie Church. View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_556" id="page_556">{556}</a></span></p> + +<p>Sutherland family, the first baronet being Sir Robert Gordon, the author +of the <i>History of Sutherland</i>.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1527"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 124px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_556-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_556-a.jpg" width="124" height="103" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1527.</span>—Michael Kirk.</p> + +<p>Ornaments in East Window.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The edifice (Fig. <a href="#fig_1528">1528</a>) is 45 feet in length by 20 feet in width +externally. It has large pointed and traceried windows in the east and +west gables, and the south wall contains a central door and a two-light +window at each side of it. The openings are all pointed, and the windows +have a kind of tracery. The north wall has no openings, being apparently +designed to receive monuments, of which it already contains several. +This structure bears the date of 1703, and is a remarkable product of +that period. The forms of the tracery (Fig. <a href="#fig_1530">1530</a>) indicate a very slight +acquaintance with Gothic, and the mouldings have all more of a</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1528" style="width: 323px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_556-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_556-b.jpg" width="323" height="183" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1528.</span>—Michael Kirk. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">classic than a Gothic character. The ornaments introduced in the +transoms are peculiar. Those in the east window consist of a series of +Cupids’ heads</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1529"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 138px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_556-c.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_556-c.jpg" width="138" height="113" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1529.</span>—Michael Kirk.</p> + +<p>Ornaments in West Window.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>(Fig. <a href="#fig_1527">1527</a>), while those of the west window show a variety of flower +patterns (Fig. <a href="#fig_1529">1529</a>) carved with considerable spirit. The urns which act +as finials on the gables betray the Renaissance feeling of the period. +In the architrave-like moulding which surrounds the door and windows are +introduced a series of alternating stars and roses.</p> + +<p>It may be thought astonishing to find a revival of Gothic so prominent +in this northern region; but it must be borne in mind that the Episcopal +form of Church government encouraged by royalty in the seventeenth +century found considerable favour in this part of Scotland.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_557" id="page_557">{557}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1530" style="width: 444px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_557.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_557.jpg" width="444" height="503" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1530.</span>—Michael Kirk. View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<h2><a name="DURNESS_CHURCH_Sutherlandshire230" id="DURNESS_CHURCH_Sutherlandshire230"></a>DURNESS CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Sutherlandshire</span>.<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a></h2> + +<p>It is interesting to find in the neighbourhood of Cape Wrath a specimen +of ecclesiastical architecture, even though of the seventeenth century. +The old parish church, which is now a ruin, occupies the site of a cell +of Dornoch monastery. It was built in 1619. The Plan (Fig. <a href="#fig_1531">1531</a>) is +somewhat irregular, but not unlike, in general form, to many of the +churches of Scotland at the same period, having the pulpit placed in the +centre of the long side wall, and facing the wing.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_558" id="page_558">{558}</a></span></p> + +<p>In a recess is the grave of Duncan MacMorroch, a relation of the chief +of the clan, believed to have been very serviceable in getting rid +quietly of</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1531" style="width: 358px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_558-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_558-a.jpg" width="358" height="343" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1531.</span>—Durness Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">troublesome hindrances. This gentleman was desirous to be buried in the +sacred edifice, but as some doubts existed as to his sanctity, it was +resolved</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1532" style="width: 472px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_558-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_558-b.jpg" width="472" height="241" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1532.</span>—Durness Church. View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_559" id="page_559">{559}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">not to admit his body quite into the church, so he was buried under the +wall. His tomb is dated 1619, and his epitaph hands down his name to +posterity in the following words:—</p> + +<div class="poetry"> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">“Duncan MacMorroch here lies low<br /></span> +<span class="i1">Was ill to his friend, waur to his foe<br /></span> +<span class="i1">True to his master in weird and wo.”<br /></span> +</div></div> +</div> + +<p>The adjoining gable has crowsteps and is topped with a belfry (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1532">1532</a>). The lintel of the doorway in the wing bears the letters and +figures <span class="smcap">16 · HMK · A</span>. In the gable of the wing there is a two-light +window with a pointed arch, a central mullion dividing into two small +arches at the head (the space between being left solid), and a transom.</p> + +<p>An old font lies in the main part of the church.</p> + +<h2><a name="EAST_CALDER_CHURCH_Mid-Lothian" id="EAST_CALDER_CHURCH_Mid-Lothian"></a>EAST CALDER CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Mid-Lothian</span>.</h2> + +<p>This edifice was the parish church of East Calder till 1750, when a new +church was erected at Kirknewton, and East Calder was united with that +parish. These two parishes lie about ten miles west from Edinburgh.</p> + +<p>The Church of East Calder was dedicated to St. Cuthbert. At the +accession of William the Lion the church was granted to the monks of +Kelso. This parish was formerly called Calder-Clere, to distinguish it +from</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1533" style="width: 353px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_559.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_559.jpg" width="353" height="175" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1533.</span>—East Calder Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Mid-Calder, which lies about one mile west of it, on the opposite side +of the river Almond. The church, which is now a ruin, stands in its old +churchyard. It is a simple oblong (Fig. <a href="#fig_1533">1533</a>), internally 56 feet in +length by 17 feet in width. The north wall has been removed, and the +interior divided into burial-places, separated by walls and railings. +The doorways and windows have been built up, and few of the wall +openings can now be seen. One window is still partly preserved in the +east end (Fig. <a href="#fig_1534">1534</a>). It has evidently been divided into two lights by a +mullion, which is removed, and each light has had a round-arched head. +Another window<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_560" id="page_560">{560}</a></span> in the south wall, near the east end, is of similar +form. The mullion and round heads of the opening have been preserved by +being built up. A doorway, also built up, adjoins the window in the +south wall on the west.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1534" style="width: 508px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_560.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_560.jpg" width="508" height="302" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1534.</span>—East Calder Church. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>There may be other built up openings, but the wall is so thickly covered +with ivy that they cannot be identified. The belfry on the west gable is +plain, and evidently late in date. The few details which survive +indicate a post-Reformation style, probably of about 1600.</p> + +<h2><a name="EASSIE_AND_NEVAY_Forfarshire" id="EASSIE_AND_NEVAY_Forfarshire"></a>EASSIE AND NEVAY, <span class="smcap">Forfarshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Two ruined parish churches, each in its churchyard, situated within two +miles of each other and about nine miles south-west of Forfar. They are +small buildings, measuring respectively 56 feet 6 inches by 15 feet 6 +inches, and 53 feet 6 inches by 18 feet 6 inches within the walls (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1535">1535</a>). Neither church has any openings in the north wall. At Eassie +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1536">1536</a>) all the doors and windows are square-headed, and at Nevay +they are the same, except that the west doorway is round-headed, but not +arched, being cut out of one stone. At Eassie the westmost doorway on +the south side is of eighteenth century work, but the eastmost one is +original. An ivy-mantled belfry crowns the west end of each edifice.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_561" id="page_561">{561}</a></span></p> + +<p>On the lintel of the south door at Nevay there is the date 1695, with +the initials D. N. between the first two and last two figures. These are</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1535" style="width: 237px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_561-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_561-a.jpg" width="237" height="243" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1535.</span>—Eassie and Nevay Churches. Plans.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">doubtless the initials of David of Nevay, whose father, a Senator of the +College of Justice, died shortly before this date. The church, however,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1536" style="width: 432px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_561-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_561-b.jpg" width="432" height="301" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1536.</span>—Eassie Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">appears to be of earlier date, as a tombstone of 1597 is built into its +walls.</p> + +<p>These churches were in the diocese of St. Andrews, and in 1309<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_562" id="page_562">{562}</a></span> “Robert +<small>I.</small> gave the advocation and donation of the Kirk of Eassie to the Monks +of Newbottle.<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a>”</p> + +<p>St. Neveth, martyr, to whom the church was dedicated, and from whom it +received its name, was a bishop “in the north,” who was slain by the +Saxons and the Picts, and Bishop Forbes<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a> suggests that the martyr +was buried at Nevay.</p> + +<p>Eassie was dedicated to St. Brandon.</p> + +<p>At Eassie Church there is one of the finest of the Scottish sculptured +stones.</p> + +<h2><a name="PULPIT_FROM_ST_CUTHBERTS_CHURCH_Edinburgh" id="PULPIT_FROM_ST_CUTHBERTS_CHURCH_Edinburgh"></a>PULPIT FROM ST. CUTHBERT’S CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Edinburgh</span>.</h2> + +<p>The annexed sketch (Fig. <a href="#fig_1537">1537</a>) shows the old pulpit of St. Cuthbert’s +Church as it stood in St. Cuthbert’s Poorhouse, Lothian Road, Edinburgh, +before that building was removed in 1868. It appears<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> that when St. +Cuthbert’s Church was demolished in 1773, the pulpit was transferred to +the Poorhouse. Its date can be pretty well ascertained. From a minute of +the kirk-session of 15th August 1651, we find that Cromwell’s soldiers +had so completely sacked the church that there was “nayther pulpit, +loft, nor seat left therein,” all doors and windows having been broken, +and the roof by cannon shot completely ruined. Steps were immediately +taken to repair the damage, and in April 1652 the church was reopened +for public worship. This pulpit was doubtless made between the above +dates, and its style is characteristic of the time. It is of oak, and +probably in the old church it stood on a loftier base than is shown in +the sketch.</p> + +<h2><a name="FETTERESSO_CHURCH_Kincardineshire" id="FETTERESSO_CHURCH_Kincardineshire"></a>FETTERESSO CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Kincardineshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The parish of Fetteresso included a considerable part of the town of +Stonehaven on the east coast of Kincardineshire. The old church, the +ruins of which stand in a large churchyard, is situated near the Carron +Water, about one mile and a half south-west from Stonehaven. The +structure probably occupies the site of a very ancient church, dedicated +to St. Cavan, which stood at the Hamlet of Fetteresso. It is beautifully +situated amongst fine old trees.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_563" id="page_563">{563}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1537" style="width: 503px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_563.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_563.jpg" width="503" height="697" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1537.</span>—Pulpit from St. Cuthbert’s Church, +Edinburgh.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_564" id="page_564">{564}</a></span></p> + +<p>The existing edifice, which is roofless, appears, from the style of its +architecture, to be chiefly post-Reformation. The walls and gables are +well preserved and much covered with ivy.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1538" style="width: 342px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_564-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_564-a.jpg" width="342" height="186" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1538.</span>—Fetteresso Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1538">1538</a>) is, internally, 81 feet in length from east to +west by 17 feet 6 inches in width from north to south. It has a wing</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1539" style="width: 488px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_564-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_564-b.jpg" width="488" height="348" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1539.</span>—Fetteresso Church. View from North-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">thrown out to the north, which is about 17 feet square, and bears the +date of 1720. A small adjunct to the west of the wing carries the date +of 1857.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_565" id="page_565">{565}</a></span> The wall openings are almost entirely in the south wall, in +which there are three doorways and six windows. There is one window in +the east end and one pointed doorway in the north wall. The north wing +contains a north doorway and two windows in the east wall. This wing, +doubtless, contained a gallery. The openings in the south wall are all +built up, and the interior is converted into a private burial-ground. +The details have all the character of eighteenth century work. The +belfry (Fig. <a href="#fig_1539">1539</a>) stands on the top of the west gable and still retains +its bell, which is used on the occasion of funerals. The church and its +surroundings are very picturesque.</p> + +<h2><a name="FORDEL_CHAPEL_Fifeshire" id="FORDEL_CHAPEL_Fifeshire"></a>FORDEL CHAPEL, <span class="smcap">Fifeshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This is a private chapel in the beautiful grounds of Fordel Castle,<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> +about two miles north from Inverkeithing. It bears the date of 1650, and +tradition has it that the works were interrupted by Cromwell’s soldiers.</p> + +<p>The edifice is now used as a mortuary chapel by the proprietors of +Fordel House.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1540" style="width: 300px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_565.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_565.jpg" width="300" height="186" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1540.</span>—Fordel Chapel. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The structure bears the mark of the period when it was erected in the +mixed style of its architecture, being partly an imitation of Gothic and +partly Renaissance. It measures (Fig. <a href="#fig_1540">1540</a>) about 40 feet in length by +16 feet in width internally, and is a simple oblong in plan, with a +doorway in the centre of the south side. It is lighted (Fig. <a href="#fig_1541">1541</a>) by +four symmetrically arranged windows in the south side, one in the centre +of the north side, and a large three-light window at each end. The +windows are divided by mullions, and have a species of tracery in the +round arch-heads.</p> + +<p>The west gable is crowned with a belfry having a small spire. The stone +cresting on the ridge has the small ornaments common at the period.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_566" id="page_566">{566}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1541" style="width: 511px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_566-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_566-a.jpg" width="511" height="378" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1541.</span>—Fordel Chapel.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Over the doorway (Fig. <a href="#fig_1542">1542</a>) are the quaintly carved arms of J. +Henderson and his wife, M. Monteath (the Hendersons being the ancient</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1542" style="width: 232px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_566-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_566-b.jpg" width="232" height="272" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1542.</span>—Fordel Chapel. Arms over Doorway.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_567" id="page_567">{567}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">proprietors of the domain), with their initials and the date 1650. The +same initials are repeated on tablets both on the exterior and interior +of the chapel.</p> + +<h2><a name="GARVALD_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire" id="GARVALD_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire"></a>GARVALD CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Haddingtonshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Situated about five miles south-east from Haddington, in the secluded +valley of the Papana Water, stands the rebuilt Church of Garvald. Only a +very few fragments remain (Fig. <a href="#fig_1543">1543</a>) of the ornament of the ancient</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1543" style="width: 351px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_567-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_567-a.jpg" width="351" height="128" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1543.</span>—Garvald Church. String Course.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Norman structure which formerly existed. These are built into the walls +of the church, which was restored and enlarged in 1829.</p> + +<h2><a name="GAMRIE_CHURCH_Banffshire" id="GAMRIE_CHURCH_Banffshire"></a>GAMRIE CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Banffshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This church, dedicated to St. John the Evangelist, has a splendid +situation, standing high above the cliffs overlooking the sea, and +having a small fishing village on the beach immediately below. The +building is now a ruin, only the walls remaining. It is a curious +looking structure and</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1544" style="width: 450px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_567-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_567-b.jpg" width="450" height="131" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1544.</span>—Gamrie Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">has been built at two periods. The east end is the earliest part. The +total length of the church internally (Fig. <a href="#fig_1544">1544</a>) is about 94 feet 4 +inches by 15 feet 6 inches wide. The later part of the structure is +about 10 inches wider than the earlier, the walls being thinner. The +external<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_568" id="page_568">{568}</a></span> dimensions are 96 feet long by 21 feet 8 inches wide. The +chancel or east end was probably heightened at the time when the west +end was built. The east gable has a sett-off at the level of what was +apparently the original height (Fig. <a href="#fig_1545">1545</a>). There are two doors on the +south side, that in the chancel being lintelled and having a hole for a +sliding bar, while the other in the nave is round arched, as is also a +door in the opposite wall. These doors have all beaded mouldings. There +is only one window on the north side. On the south side the windows are +of various sizes, and are scattered about in an irregular way. Two of +them, which are placed high in the wall, are checked for outside +shutters; the others have all simple splays.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1545" style="width: 483px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_568.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_568.jpg" width="483" height="234" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1545.</span>—Gamrie Church. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>There is a plain ambry in the east wall at a high level, and adjoining +it in the north wall there is a recess, probably a <i>credence</i>, as +suggested by the Rev. Dr. Pratt.<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> This part of the building is in a +neglected condition, being fitted up as a toolhouse for the +gravedigger’s implements. There is built into the interior of the east +gable a memorial tablet, with very quaintly carved letters and +mouldings, to the memory of Patricius Barclay dominus de Tolly, and his +wife, Joneta Ogilvy, who died in 1547.<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> There were other interesting +memorials connected with the church which are referred to by Dr. Pratt, +but of these only mutilated fragments remain. The indignant remonstrance +of the Rev. Dr. against the condition of the building, written thirty +years ago, backed up by a poem by Principal Geddes, has not availed to +secure any respect for the old walls.</p> + +<p>The Church of Gamrie is frequently referred to in the twelfth and +following centuries. It was granted by William the Lion to Arbroath +between 1189 and 1198,<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> and in 1513 Mr. Henry Preston was presented<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_569" id="page_569">{569}</a></span> +to the Church of Gamrie by the Abbot of Arbroath. Probably the existing +walls were erected about the latter date, but the details indicate that +great alterations have been made on the building, which convert it into +a seventeenth century structure.</p> + +<h2><a name="GLADSMUIR_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire" id="GLADSMUIR_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire"></a>GLADSMUIR CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Haddingtonshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A ruin near the village of Longniddry.</p> + +<p>The parish of Gladsmuir was formed out of several other parishes in +1695, at which time this church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1546">1546</a>), now in ruins, was erected.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1546" style="width: 426px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_569-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_569-a.jpg" width="426" height="243" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1546.</span>—Gladsmuir Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>It was an oblong structure, and measures about 71 feet long by 25 feet</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1547"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 105px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_569-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_569-b.jpg" width="105" height="197" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1547.</span></p> + +<p>Gladsmuir Church.</p> + +<p>Sundial.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>6 inches wide outside. There was, as frequently happens, an aisle on the +north side about 24 feet square, opening into the church by the wide and +lofty arch seen in the view. This arch, which is simply splayed on both +faces, has two of its voussoirs projected about 6 inches beyond the +others. These may have been rests for diagonal pieces to carry the +continuation of the roof at the arch. A sundial (Fig. <a href="#fig_1547">1547</a>), bearing the +date 1700, stands in the usual place at the south-west corner.</p> + +<p>The district was formerly served by a chapel which stood a mile or so to +the south of Gladsmuir, of which all traces having been recently +removed, only its site can be pointed out.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_570" id="page_570">{570}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1548" style="width: 332px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_570.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_570.jpg" width="332" height="774" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1548.</span>—The Tron Steeple, Glasgow.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_571" id="page_571">{571}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="THE_TRON_STEEPLE_Glasgow" id="THE_TRON_STEEPLE_Glasgow"></a>THE TRON STEEPLE, <span class="smcap">Glasgow</span>.</h2> + +<p>This tower, with its spire, stands in the Trongate, the most crowded +thoroughfare of the city of Glasgow, and, as will be seen (Fig. <a href="#fig_1548">1548</a>), +it projects on to the street. It is believed that it is in contemplation +to remove it; and as the old college buildings were got rid of a few +years ago without much regret being expressed, the removal of a small +steeple like this will, doubtless, be regarded as a very simple matter. +Yet its destruction will deprive us of a very interesting example of a +genuine seventeenth century spire, of which few were erected or now +survive in Scotland. This steeple was erected in 1637. It has clearly +been built in imitation of that of the cathedral, having similar +features translated into the style of its time, and with rather a happy +effect.</p> + +<p>The steeple was attached to a church of older date, which was burned +down in 1793. This was the Collegiate Church of St. Thenaw, which was +erected in 1525, with the consent of the archbishop, Gavin Dunbar.</p> + +<p>From the proximity of the public weighing machine or Tron to the church, +it gradually came to be known as the Tron Church, and latterly the +instrument itself stood in the ground floor of the steeple, which was +then enclosed with solid walls. About forty years ago the Tron was +removed, and the ground floor of the building was opened up to form an +open passage along the street pavement. The wide arches on the street +floor are thus modern.</p> + +<h2><a name="GRANDTULLY_CHAPEL_Perthshire238" id="GRANDTULLY_CHAPEL_Perthshire238"></a>GRANDTULLY CHAPEL, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a></h2> + +<p>This chapel stands a little to the east of Grandtully Castle at a place +called Pitcairn (anciently Petquharne), about three miles from +Aberfeldy. It is situated at a considerable height above the valley of +Strathtay, and commands an extensive view of mountain scenery. Any one +seeing the chapel for the first time, and unacquainted with its +existence, might easily mistake it for part of the adjoining farm +buildings, it is so plain and humble in appearance. Only the presence of +the churchyard surrounding it, and a very small cross on the east gable, +serve to call attention to the fact that it is a sacred edifice, which +on inspection is found to possess features of considerable interest.</p> + +<p>The building (Fig. <a href="#fig_1549">1549</a>) may be said to be entire in walls and roof. It +measures on the outside about 79 feet long by about 23 feet 3 inches +wide, and is at present divided into two parts by a stone partition.</p> + +<p>There are two doors and several small windows on the south side. These +openings are all straight lintelled and quite unadorned. A door on<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_572" id="page_572">{572}</a></span> the +north side is probably modern. There is a small locker, 14 or 15 inches +square, in the usual position in the north wall near the east end. This +ambry, which is about four feet from the floor, is of great interest, as +it is quite entire, having a wooden door and hinges, an almost unknown +condition in Scotland. There is another small recess about 17 inches +square and about 3 feet from the ground in the east wall. But the +principal feature of the chapel, and what renders it almost unique, is +the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1549" style="width: 339px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_572.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_572.jpg" width="339" height="120" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1549.</span>—Grandtully Chapel. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">painted ceiling at the east end. This ceiling is constructed, as shown +on the sketch (Fig. <a href="#fig_1550">1550</a>), at the west end of the eastern division. The +roof consists of rafters and ties, on which, at the east end, boards are +fixed so as to present a circular form, in the same way as in several of +the other painted ceilings of Scottish castles and mansions, such as +Pinkie, Culross, and Earl’s Hall. It is not known whether this painted +roof extended the whole length of the chapel or was confined, as it now +is, to the east end. The painting presents four rows of circular discs, +each containing six circles, which are variously ornamented. Four of +them are occupied with the four Evangelists, and others with coats of +arms, including the royal arms—1st and 4th, Scotland; 2nd, England; +3rd, Ireland, with an inner-escutcheon. The arms of England and Scotland +also occur on separate shields, as well as those of the Earls of Athole +and of the Laird of Grandtully and his wife, Dame Agnes Moncrieff. The +paintings were rather exposed for some years to damp, and in many places +the subjects and inscriptions, which are numerous, are considerably +effaced; but further decay is arrested by the roof having recently been +put in good order. Amongst the paintings there are complicated +monograms, and a large panel in the centre contains an elaborate +composition showing buildings with quaint figures.</p> + +<p>This chapel is first noticed in a “Notarial instrument, recording sasine +given by Alexander Steuart of Garntulye, from devotion and with the view +of promoting divine worship” of certain lands, “in terms of a charter to +be made, to Alexander Young, sub-prior of St. Andrews, as representing +the curate who is to officiate at the chapel built near the manor-place +of Petquharne, and to be consecrated to God, the Virgin Mary, St. Andrew +the Apostle, St. Adamnanus and St. Beanus. Dated 9th May 1533.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_573" id="page_573">{573}</a></span></p> + +<p>Following this, in the 3rd June of the same year, is the charter +referred to conveying the land and privileges to the church and to a +chaplain, “who was to be a suitable curate, personally residing and +celebrating divine worship and the sacraments irreproachably in the +Church of St. Mary of Grantulye.” The church was “to be held for prayers +to be made by the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1550" style="width: 519px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_573.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_573.jpg" width="519" height="524" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1550.</span>—Grandtully Chapel. Interior.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">said chaplain for the universal church, the prosperity of King James <small>V.</small> +and his kingdom, the granter’s own soul, and the souls of certain of his +relatives,” &c.</p> + +<p>This gives us the period of the erection of the church, but the painting +is later, being shown by the style and by the arms to have been done by<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_574" id="page_574">{574}</a></span> +Sir William Steuart about the year 1636. Sir William was an intimate +friend from childhood of King James <small>VI.</small>, and was by him greatly beloved. +He married Agnes Moncrieff, daughter of Sir John of that Ilk, and, as +already mentioned, their arms are on the ceiling, and their initials are +also carved over a small window in the east gable.</p> + +<h2><a name="GREENLAW_CHURCH_Berwickshire" id="GREENLAW_CHURCH_Berwickshire"></a>GREENLAW CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Berwickshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This church, with its venerable tower, overlooks, in a very prominent +manner, the small county town of Greenlaw. The present building occupies +the site of an early church, and probably dates from the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1551" style="width: 470px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_574.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_574.jpg" width="470" height="473" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1551.</span>—Greenlaw Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">beginning of last century. It is a very simple structure, and harmonises +well with the ancient tower. The latter (Fig. <a href="#fig_1551">1551</a>), which is a part of +an<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_575" id="page_575">{575}</a></span> earlier church, is an interesting example of a Scottish church +tower. It is quite plain in its lower stages, and has a corbelled out +parapet at the top, which is reached by a stair in the projecting +turret, seen in the sketch. The tower is a place of considerable +strength, being vaulted on the ground floor, and is probably a building +of the fifteenth century.</p> + +<p>The manor of Greenlaw belonged to the Earls of Dunbar and Gospatrick, +and the third Earl granted the church, in 1159, to the Abbey of Kelso. +Greenlaw was one of the churches dedicated by Bishop David de Bernham.</p> + +<h2><a name="INSCH_CHURCH_Aberdeenshire" id="INSCH_CHURCH_Aberdeenshire"></a>INSCH CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Aberdeenshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The town of Insch is a station on the Great North of Scotland Railway +between Aberdeen and Huntly. The old parish church, which is</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1552" style="width: 342px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_575.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_575.jpg" width="342" height="479" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1552.</span>—Insch Church. Front and Side View of +Belfry.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_576" id="page_576">{576}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">abandoned, stands in the churchyard. The west wall, crowned with its +belfry, is almost all that now survives. The belfry (Fig. <a href="#fig_1552">1552</a>) is +ornate, and is a good specimen of the Scottish Renaissance designs +erected in the beginning of the seventeenth century. It bears the date +of 1613, when it is believed the church was erected. On the south side +the tympanum carries a shield with the Leslie arms and the initials M. +I. L.</p> + +<h2><a name="KEMBACK_CHURCH_Fifeshire239" id="KEMBACK_CHURCH_Fifeshire239"></a>KEMBACK CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Fifeshire</span>.<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a></h2> + +<p>Situated at the entrance to Duraden, near Dairsie Railway Station, are +the ivy-covered ruins of the sixteenth century church of Kemback, +surrounded with its ancient burial-ground. The building (Fig. <a href="#fig_1553">1553</a>)</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1553" style="width: 410px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_576.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_576.jpg" width="410" height="275" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1553.</span>—Kemback Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">retains the Gothic feeling in the external splays on the square-headed +doors and windows, but the Renaissance influence is apparent in the east +window. Contrary to the usual practice, the door and windows are in the +north wall.</p> + +<p>About half a mile distant the site of an older church is pointed out, +but all that remains of it is the late headless effigy of a lady.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_577" id="page_577">{577}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="THE_GLENCAIRN_MONUMENT_Kilmaurs_Ayrshire" id="THE_GLENCAIRN_MONUMENT_Kilmaurs_Ayrshire"></a>THE GLENCAIRN MONUMENT, <span class="smcap">Kilmaurs, Ayrshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The Church of Kilmaurs, situated near the village of that name about two +and a half miles north-west from Kilmarnock, was formerly collegiate, +having a provost and six prebendaries. It has been rebuilt, and the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1554" style="width: 490px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_577.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_577.jpg" width="490" height="489" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1554.</span>—The Glencairn Monument, Kilmaurs.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">burial aisle of the Earls of Glencairn, which no doubt was formerly +attached to it, now stands apart. The aisle was erected by the seventh +Earl in 1600, and contains the fine monument (Fig. <a href="#fig_1554">1554</a>) of William, +ninth Earl, who was Lord High Chancellor of Scotland. He died in 1664, +and was buried in St. Giles’, Edinburgh.</p> + +<p>The monument is of a classic design, somewhat resembling some others in +the south of Scotland, such as that of the Kennedies at Ballantrae and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_578" id="page_578">{578}</a></span> +M‘Lellan at Kirkcudbright,<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> having shafts at each side, and an +entablature crowned with a panel containing the family arms.</p> + +<p>Within the frame formed by the pillars and entablature are half-length +figures of the Earl and his lady, with open books in front of them, and +a panel between which contained a long inscription, now illegible. A row +of small figures beneath doubtless represents the family of the +deceased.</p> + +<h2><a name="KINNEIL_CHURCH_Linlithgowshire" id="KINNEIL_CHURCH_Linlithgowshire"></a>KINNEIL CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Linlithgowshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The ruins of this old parish church are situated a few yards to the west +of the ancient mansion house of Kinneil, near Bo’ness. The church</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1555" style="width: 424px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_578.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_578.jpg" width="424" height="487" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1555.</span>—Kinneil Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_579" id="page_579">{579}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">was abandoned about 1636, at which time a new one was built at Bo’ness, +about one mile distant. What remains of the old church is the west wall, +crowned with a double belfry (Fig. <a href="#fig_1555">1555</a>), and the returns of the side +walls. The end wall measures 26 feet wide outside, and is 3 feet 9 +inches thick. The length of the church cannot now be traced, but there +are indications of buildings at a distance eastwards of about 64 +feet.<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> From indications on the north side of the church, there +appear to have been some attached buildings. The ruins are quite +overgrown with ivy, and nothing definite can be said further regarding +them.</p> + +<h2><a name="ST_BEANS_CHURCH_Kinkell_Perthshire" id="ST_BEANS_CHURCH_Kinkell_Perthshire"></a>ST. BEAN’S CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Kinkell, Perthshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Situated on the right bank of the Earn about two miles south from +Auchterarder, this church, which is a post-Reformation one, stands in +the centre of a small churchyard on a hillock overlooking the river, and</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1556" style="width: 371px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_579.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_579.jpg" width="371" height="286" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1556.</span>—St. Bean’s Church, Kinkell.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">is entire, but roofless (Fig. <a href="#fig_1556">1556</a>). It is now divided by cross walls +into three burial-places. The building (Fig. <a href="#fig_1557">1557</a>) measures about 65 +feet 2 inches in length by 23 feet wide externally. Like most of the +early<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_580" id="page_580">{580}</a></span> Presbyterian churches it has a considerable resemblance, in plan, +to those of the Gothic period, being long and narrow, with a south door +near the west end, south windows, and an end window high up in each +gable. All the openings are lintelled and splayed. There was a belfry on +the west gable.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1557" style="width: 225px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_580.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_580.jpg" width="225" height="115" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1557.</span>—St. Bean’s Church, Kinkell. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The church was probably built about the end of the sixteenth century. It +was repaired about the year 1680 at the instigation of the Bishop and +Synod of Dunblane, and shortly afterwards the parish of Kinkell was +absorbed into that of Trinity Gask, when the building was allowed to +fall into ruin.</p> + +<p>The Church of Kinkell was dedicated to St. Bean, and was a cell of +Inchaffray.</p> + +<h2><a name="MONUMENT_IN_KINNOULL_CHURCH_Perthshire" id="MONUMENT_IN_KINNOULL_CHURCH_Perthshire"></a>MONUMENT IN KINNOULL CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The old church of Kinnoull stood on the east side of the Tay opposite +Perth. It may be said to have entirely disappeared with the exception of +an aisle which was attached to the church, and now contains a +seventeenth century monument to the Earl of Kinnoull (Fig. <a href="#fig_1558">1558</a>). The +monument is of a pompous kind, and inspires none of those feelings of +reverence begotten by the monuments of the Middle Ages. It occupies the +full width and height of the aisle, and has a high dado richly +sculptured on the pedestals and sides with arms and insignia of power, +and contains an ornate central panel. From the dado there rise three +columns resting on pedestals. The columns themselves are twisted and +carved. The capitals, which are in imitation of Corinthian, are very +debased. The two end columns are backed by projecting pilasters at the +wall. Above the columns there runs a carved entablature with cornice, +supporting, by way of finish, a heraldic slab in the centre, with +various separate figures on each side of it.</p> + +<p>The principal feature of the monument, to which all the above are +accessories, is the life-sized statue of George, first Earl of Kinnoull +and Chancellor of Scotland. His history will be found in Crawford’s +<i>Lives of the Officers of State</i>. The monument was erected in 1635.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_581" id="page_581">{581}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1558" style="width: 484px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_581.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_581.jpg" width="484" height="652" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1558.</span>—Monument in Kinnoull Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_582" id="page_582">{582}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="KIRKOSWALD_CHURCH_Ayrshire" id="KIRKOSWALD_CHURCH_Ayrshire"></a>KIRKOSWALD CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Ayrshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Kirkoswald is a village on the road between Girvan and Maybole in +Carrick, containing an old church and churchyard. The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1559">1559</a>) +is a simple oblong measuring about 93 feet 6 inches in length by 28 feet +4 inches in width over the walls. It seems originally to have consisted +of plain walls without buttresses, but within modern times the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1559" style="width: 475px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_582.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_582.jpg" width="475" height="282" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1559.</span>—Kirkoswald Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">structure has been converted into a mausoleum by building up all the +windows, and by adding buttresses along the south side. The pointed +blank windows and the large pointed doorway in the south wall are also +modern additions. The modern applied buttress at the south-west angle is +now falling away.</p> + +<p>At first sight the building presents an ancient appearance, but closer +examination shows that it has been modernised beyond recognition.</p> + +<h2><a name="LAUDER_CHURCH_Berwickshire" id="LAUDER_CHURCH_Berwickshire"></a>LAUDER CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Berwickshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The small town of Lauder stands in the wide and fertile vale of the +Leader Water, about six miles (over a high hill) from the nearest +railway station at Stow. The ancient parish church of Lauder was +bestowed, in the reign of David i., on Sir Hugh Morville, Constable of +Scotland. It was afterwards given by Devorgilla, wife of John Baliol, to +Dryburgh<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_583" id="page_583">{583}</a></span> Abbey, to which it remained attached till the Reformation. It +appears that there were two chapels connected with the parish church in +different parts of the parish.</p> + +<p>The existing parish church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1560">1560</a>) stands in the ancient churchyard. +It has apparently been entirely rebuilt in 1673, which date is carved on +the north gable. Chalmers, however, says that the ancient church was +relinquished in 1617, when a new church was erected. The present +structure, although very late, shows some reminiscences of Gothic forms, +both in its plan and elevations.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1560" style="width: 428px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_583.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_583.jpg" width="428" height="360" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1560.</span>—Lauder Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The plan is a Greek cross having four equal arms extending from a +central crossing. The latter is 14 feet square, and each arm is 28 feet +6 inches in length by 16 feet in width internally. The crossing is +surmounted by four pointed arches, which spring from a massive pier at +each angle, and carry the central tower. In the north-west and +south-east angles of the arms there are introduced two entrance lobbies, +giving access to the four arms and to staircases, leading to a gallery +in each arm. The space on the ground floor below the galleries is low, +and is lighted by two square windows in the end wall of each arm (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1561">1561</a>), with moulded jambs and lintel, while each upper floor or gallery +is lighted by means of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_584" id="page_584">{584}</a></span> a large pointed window in the gable, filled with +plain intersecting tracery, with mullions and transoms.</p> + +<p>The entrance doorways have round arches with hood moulding, and the side +windows of the staircases are pointed. The external angles of the +building and the outline of the windows are all finished with a broad +fillet, projected so as to receive rough casting. The skews of the +gables are plain and do not project, and the joints are horizontal. Each +skew has a large projecting stone at bottom. These appear to have +carried small pyramidal ornaments, two of which are still preserved.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1561" style="width: 490px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_584.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_584.jpg" width="490" height="377" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1561.</span>—Lauder Church. View from North-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The central tower is square till it reaches the ridge of the main roofs, +above which point it becomes octagonal, and is finished with a slated +roof. A small round-headed window of a late style is inserted in four +sides of the octagonal part or belfry.</p> + +<p>The staircase buildings in the two angles do not appear to be parts of +the original structure, or at least would seem to have been a good deal +altered.</p> + +<p>In the neighbourhood of Lauder is Thirlestane Castle,<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a> the +residence<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_585" id="page_585">{585}</a></span> of the Duke of Lauder, well known in connection with the +attempted introduction in the seventeenth century of Episcopacy into +Scotland. It seems not unlikely that the quasi-Gothic character of the +church may have been the result of his influence.</p> + +<h2><a name="LESWALT_CHURCH243_Wigtonshire" id="LESWALT_CHURCH243_Wigtonshire"></a>LESWALT CHURCH,<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a> <span class="smcap">Wigtonshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A ruined church, the predecessor of the present one, which was built +early in this century. It stands about four miles west from Stranraer. +All the dressed stones of the wall openings have been taken out, so that +nothing remains to tell the date of the structure. In the seventeenth +century a wing (Fig. <a href="#fig_1562">1562</a>) has been erected against the north wall, +which probably contained a gallery above and a burial-place below, as +was frequently the case in similar erections about that time. The wall +between the wing and the church is still standing several feet high.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1562" style="width: 214px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_585.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_585.jpg" width="214" height="204" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1562.</span>—Leswalt Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The wing has been entered by a plain flat lintelled door in the north +wall (Fig. <a href="#fig_1563">1563</a>), over which is a window divided into four compartments +by a moulded mullion and transom. This window would light the private +room or gallery on the upper floor. A panel (Fig. <a href="#fig_1564">1564</a>) below the window +shows that the place was used as a burial vault, as it contains an +inscription and two coats of arms. The inscription states that it is in +memory of Patritus Agnew of Lochnaw, Earl of Wigton, and Margaret +Kennedy, his spouse; <small>A.D.</small> 1644. The arms on the shields beneath are +those of Agnew and Kennedy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_586" id="page_586">{586}</a></span></p> + +<p><a id="fig_1563"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 288px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_586-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_586-a.jpg" width="288" height="392" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1563.</span>—Leswalt Church. North Gallery.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><a id="fig_1564"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 144px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_586-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_586-b.jpg" width="144" height="144" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1564.</span>—Leswalt Church.</p> + +<p>Panel over Door.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>After the new church was erected the old one was used as the parish +school, which accounts for a fireplace still visible in the east wall of +the church.</p> + +<p>Fig. <a href="#fig_1565">1565</a> shows its present ruined condition.</p> + +<p>Before the Reformation the Church of Leswalt belonged to the Monks of +Tungland, and in Episcopal times to the Bishop of Galloway.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1565" style="width: 327px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_586-c.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_586-c.jpg" width="327" height="232" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1565.</span>—Leswalt Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_587" id="page_587">{587}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="ST_COLMS_CHURCH_Lonmay_Aberdeenshire" id="ST_COLMS_CHURCH_Lonmay_Aberdeenshire"></a>ST. COLM’S CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Lonmay, Aberdeenshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Only the merest fragment of this church now remains. Its dimensions can +be determined as having been 62 feet in length by 15 feet 3 inches wide +inside. Part of the west gable survives for a height of about 10 or 12 +feet, with a small square-headed window. Nothing else is left but +grass-covered ruins and fallen pieces of masonry.</p> + +<h2><a name="LOUDOUN_CHURCH_Galston_Ayrshire244" id="LOUDOUN_CHURCH_Galston_Ayrshire244"></a>LOUDOUN CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Galston, Ayrshire</span>.<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a></h2> + +<p>This was originally a structure of the first pointed period, but it is +now in a state of complete ruin, except the choir, which has been fitted +up in the seventeenth century as a burial vault.</p> + +<p>The west gable stands nearly entire, but the side walls are completely +demolished, except at the choir (Fig. <a href="#fig_1566">1566</a>). The building is externally</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1566" style="width: 480px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_587.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_587.jpg" width="480" height="244" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1566.</span>—Loudoun Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>64 feet long by 27 feet wide. The choir is about 14 feet 9 inches long, +and is separated from the nave by a plain round arch 15 feet 6 inches +wide (Fig. <a href="#fig_1567">1567</a>). In the east wall (Fig. <a href="#fig_1568">1568</a>) there are two pointed +windows about 10 inches wide, with slight splays on the outside, and +widely splayed inside (Fig. <a href="#fig_1569">1569</a>), where they are finished with round<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_588" id="page_588">{588}</a></span> +arches. There are two set-offs on the east wall, and the same occur on +the west wall. The structure has been greatly modified in the +seventeenth century. The south doorway into the choir and the window, +with</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1567" style="width: 466px;"> +<p id="fig_1568"></p> +<a href="images/ill_pg_588-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_588-a.jpg" width="466" height="244" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<table summary="none"> +<tr valign="top"><td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1567.</span>—Loudoun Church. +</p> +<p>Chancel Arch.</p> +</td> +<td class="tdspc"> </td> +<td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1568.</span>—Loudoun Church. +</p> +<p>Elevation of East End.</p> +</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">panels and arms (Fig. <a href="#fig_1570">1570</a>), are probably all insertions of that period, +as also is the vault seen in the drawings. The ground has accumulated</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1569" style="width: 445px;"> +<p id="fig_1570"></p> +<a href="images/ill_pg_588-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_588-b.jpg" width="445" height="250" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"> +<table summary="none"> +<tr valign="top"><td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1569.</span>—Loudoun Church.</p> +<p>Section, looking East.</p> +</td> +<td class="tdspc"> </td> +<td> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Fig. 1570.</span>—Loudoun Church. +</p> +<p>South Doorway, &c.</p> +</td></tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">round the church so that the splayed base seen in Mr. Schultz’s drawings +is now buried to the extent of about 2 feet.</p> + +<p>The masonry of the ruin is of fine ashlar, in regular courses.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_589" id="page_589">{589}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="LYNE_CHURCH_Peeblesshire" id="LYNE_CHURCH_Peeblesshire"></a>LYNE CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Peeblesshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This building, which is still used as the parish church, is situated on +the Lyne Water, near the Tweed, about three miles above Peebles. It +stands on the summit of a mound, which is occupied as the churchyard.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1571" style="width: 336px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_589-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_589-a.jpg" width="336" height="164" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1571.</span>—Lyne Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The building (Fig. <a href="#fig_1571">1571</a>) is a tiny one, measuring internally only about +34 feet by 11 feet. The windows and doorway are on the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1572" style="width: 485px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_589-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_589-b.jpg" width="485" height="296" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1572.</span>—Lyne Church. View from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">south side (Fig. <a href="#fig_1572">1572</a>) and in each gable, there being no opening in the +north wall. The windows have simple tracery of a late type, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_590" id="page_590">{590}</a></span> +jambs have backfillets (a late feature) round the openings. There are +angle buttresses at the west end, and a modern belfry on the apex of the +west gable.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1573" style="width: 532px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_590.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_590.jpg" width="532" height="662" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1573.</span>—Lyne Church. Pulpit.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_591" id="page_591">{591}</a></span></p> + +<p>Some good fragments of old woodwork survive in the church, particularly +a pulpit (Fig. <a href="#fig_1573">1573</a>), which, it is usually stated, was made in Holland. +Lyne is distant from the sea and must have been difficult of access; for +which reason, amongst others, we doubt whether there is any truth in the +tradition. The pulpit, which is circular in plan, is quite simple in +design, and its construction would not present a formidable task to a +Scottish country wright, judging by other examples of woodwork made in +Scotland about this time. Some of the other woodwork bears the date +1644, and one of the pews, now removed, was dated 1606.<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> The church +has been frequently repaired, which accounts for the loss of such +examples.</p> + +<p>“The district was, in the twelfth century, a chapelry dependent on +Stobo.”<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> Robert, the chaplain of Lyne, is a witness to a charter in +the Register of Glasgow, between 1208 and 1213; but of the early church +then existing nothing now remains, the present structure probably dating +from the beginning of the seventeenth century.</p> + +<h2><a name="MORHAM_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire" id="MORHAM_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire"></a>MORHAM CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Haddingtonshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A retired parish church about four miles east from Haddington. It is +stated to have been built in 1724, but some portions of ornamental +carving built into the south wall (Fig. <a href="#fig_1574">1574</a>) would seem to indicate +that they had formed part of an earlier structure.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1574" style="width: 377px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_591.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_591.jpg" width="377" height="70" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1574.</span>—Morham Church. Fragment built into South +Wall.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The only architectural feature connected with the church is the +elevation of the north wing or aisle (Fig. <a href="#fig_1575">1575</a>), which, although it +corresponds well with the date of the building, is in a somewhat unusual +style for a Scottish church of the period.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_592" id="page_592">{592}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1575" style="width: 486px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_592.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_592.jpg" width="486" height="476" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1575.</span>—Morham Church. North Aisle.</p></div> +</div> + +<h2><a name="CHURCH_OF_ST_FIACRE_OR_FITTACK_Nigg_Kincardineshire" id="CHURCH_OF_ST_FIACRE_OR_FITTACK_Nigg_Kincardineshire"></a>CHURCH OF ST. FIACRE OR FITTACK, <span class="smcap">Nigg, Kincardineshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A ruined church standing in the centre of an ancient churchyard, +situated about three miles south-east from Aberdeen. The church is +probably one of those built during the short period of Episcopal +government in the seventeenth century. It consists (Fig. <a href="#fig_1576">1576</a>) of a +single chamber, but there are indications of an arch across from side to +side, where shown by dotted lines on the Plan, which may have marked a +chancel. The building is 48 feet 6 inches in length by 20 feet 6 inches +in width internally, and has been roofless for more than half a +century.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_593" id="page_593">{593}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1577" style="width: 497px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_593.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_593.jpg" width="497" height="725" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1577.</span>—Church of St. Fiacre or Fittack, Nigg. View +from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_594" id="page_594">{594}</a></span></p> + +<p>The lintelled door is on the south side, and there are two other doors +on the north side, one of them being in the supposed chancel.</p> + +<p>The belfry (Fig. <a href="#fig_1577">1577</a>) appears to have been rebuilt in 1703. A row of +projecting corbels, which probably supported a previous belfry, are left +projecting under the new one.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1576" style="width: 401px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_594.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_594.jpg" width="401" height="200" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1576.</span>—Church of St. Fiacre or Fittack, Nigg. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>Immediately adjoining the ruin there is a stately seventeenth century +house, formerly the manse, now occupied by an agricultural tenant and +farm labourers.</p> + +<p>The building is on the site of an early church, which was granted by +William the Lion to his favourite Abbey of Arbroath, and it remained as +one of its dependaries till the Reformation.</p> + +<h2><a name="OLDHAMSTOCKS_CHURCH_Berwickshire" id="OLDHAMSTOCKS_CHURCH_Berwickshire"></a>OLDHAMSTOCKS CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Berwickshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The main portion of this church, although its walls may in part be old, +is not of much architectural merit, but the chancel (Fig. <a href="#fig_1578">1578</a>) is not +without interest as a specimen of late Gothic work. It is now used as a +burial vault, and is completely ivy clad. It measures about 18 or 20 +feet square, and is of modest height, being some 10 or 12 feet to the +eaves.</p> + +<p>The chief feature is the east window, with its rude tracery. The latter, +which is of a different stone from the jambs and sills, is probably a +restoration of late in the sixteenth century, while the chancel itself +may be a little earlier. The building is vaulted with a barrel vault, +and is covered on the exterior with overlapping stone slabs. It is +impossible to say whether it contains any features of pre-Reformation +times. The door seen on the south side of the choir is dated 1701.</p> + +<p>Of the panels half concealed in the ivy, the one on the right contains +the arms of Thomas Hepburn, incumbent of Oldhamstocks, and of his wife, +Margaret Sinclair, who died in 1581. This Thomas Hepburn was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_595" id="page_595">{595}</a></span> admitted +Master of Requests to Queen Mary two days after her marriage with +Bothwell, and he was tried and convicted for aiding the Queen in her +escape from Lochleven.<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1578" style="width: 510px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_595.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_595.jpg" width="510" height="556" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1578.</span>—Oldhamstocks Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>This church is of an old foundation. In 1127 Aldulph, the presbyter of +Aldehamstoc, witnessed a charter of Robert, the Bishop of St. Andrews, +and the church is rated in the ancient <i>Taxatio</i> and in <i>Bagimond’s +Roll</i>. It is also recorded as an existing rectory in the Archbishop’s +Roll of 1547.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_596" id="page_596">{596}</a></span></p> + +<p>There is a peculiar sundial on the south-west corner of the church, +which is illustrated.<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a> It may be mentioned that in the centre of the +west end of the church there is a tower which is finished at the top +with a modern belfry. This tower or turret is probably of +pre-Reformation date.</p> + +<h2><a name="ORMISTON_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire" id="ORMISTON_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire"></a>ORMISTON CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Haddingtonshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Only a small portion of the old church of Ormiston, in which Wishart and +Knox more than once officiated, has been preserved. It stands close to +the mansion house of Ormiston Hall, about one mile south from the +village of Ormiston. A new church having been erected about a quarter of +a mile distant, the old church has been allowed to go to decay. The +surviving fragment of the latter appears to have been the east end. +There are several stones built into the walls which must have belonged +to a Norman church, being carved with the chevron ornament.</p> + +<p>The Church of Ormiston was dedicated to St. Giles. It was granted to the +Hospital of Soltre, founded by Malcolm <small>IV.</small>, which was confirmed by the +Bishop of St. Andrews in the thirteenth century.</p> + +<p>This church was subsequently made a prebend of the Church of the Holy +Trinity at Edinburgh, founded by Mary of Gueldres.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1579" style="width: 222px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_596.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_596.jpg" width="222" height="169" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1579.</span>—Ormiston Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The building (Fig. <a href="#fig_1579">1579</a>) has been enclosed at the west end with a modern +wall, and measures, within the enclosure, 16 feet 6 inches in length by +13 feet 6 inches in width. It contains in the south wall the outlines of +two windows, now built up, and of one window in the north wall. These +have apparently been altered at some time and made square-headed. An +archway of considerable height (Fig. <a href="#fig_1580">1580</a>) stands in the continuation of +the south wall westwards. It is in two orders, the outer order square<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_597" id="page_597">{597}</a></span> +and the inner order splayed. This doorway has apparently entered into +the church, which, judging from the height of the archway, must have had +side walls of considerable height. They are now reduced as shown, and a +roof was put upon the east portion during this century, which renders +the interior very dark.</p> + +<p>In the north wall of the chancel there is a monument of some importance +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1581">1581</a>), as it contains one of the few brasses which exist in +Scotland. The brass consists of an engraved plate containing an +inscription to the memory of Alexander Cockburn, one of the members of +the family to whom the adjoining mansion house belonged. He died, as the +inscription tells, at an early age. The upper part of the inscription is +metrical, and was composed by the learned George Buchanan, and</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1580" style="width: 498px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_597.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_597.jpg" width="498" height="272" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1580.</span>—Ormiston Church. South Side.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">appears in his published works. Alexander Cockburn was a pupil of John +Knox, and in 1547 sought refuge in the Castle of St. Andrews. On the +dexter base of the brass are engraved the Cockburn arms, and on the +sinister base the arms of Sandilands, for the mother of a Cockburn, who +was of the family of Sandilands of Calder. These arms are quartered with +the arms of Douglas, and show the ancient relationship between that +family and the Sandilands.<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a></p> + +<p>The barony of Ormiston was the property of the Cockburns from the middle +of the fourteenth century, when they acquired it by marriage.</p> + +<p>The monument was no doubt erected not long after the death of the person +commemorated, or towards the end of the sixteenth century. It +corresponds in style with that of the Regent Murray, in St. Giles’ +Cathedral,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_598" id="page_598">{598}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1581" style="width: 491px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_598.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_598.jpg" width="491" height="678" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig</span>. 1581.—Ormiston Church. Monument to Alexander +Cockburn.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_599" id="page_599">{599}</a></span></p> + +<p>Edinburgh<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a> (1570), the inscription on which was also composed by +George Buchanan. That at Ormiston is as follows:—</p> + +<div class="poetry"> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Omnia quæ longa indulget mortalibus ætas<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Haec tibi Alexander prima juventa dedit<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Cum genere et forma generoso sanguine digna<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Ingenium velox, ingenuumque animum<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Excolint virtus animum ingeniumque Camenae<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Successu studio consilioque pari<br /></span> +<span class="i0">His ducibus primum Peragrata Britannia deinde<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Gallia ad armiferos qua patet Helvetios<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Doctus ibi linguas quas Roma Sionet Athenae<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Quas cum Germano Gallia docta sonat<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Te licet in prima rapuerunt fata juventa<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Nonimmaturo funera raptus obis<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Omnibus officiis vitae qui functus obivit<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Non fas nunc vitae est de brevitate queri<br /></span> +<span class="i7">Hic conditur Mr. Alexander Cokburn<br /></span> +<span class="i7">primogenitua Joannis domini Ormiston<br /></span> +<span class="i7">et Alisonae Sandilands ex preclara<br /></span> +<span class="i7">familia Calder, qui natus 13 Januarii 1535<br /></span> +<span class="i7">post insignem linguarum professionem<br /></span> +<span class="i7">Obiit anno ætatis suae 28 Calen. Septe.<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a><br /></span> +</div></div> +</div> + +<h2><a name="PITTENWEEM_PRIORY_Fifeshire" id="PITTENWEEM_PRIORY_Fifeshire"></a>PITTENWEEM PRIORY, <span class="smcap">Fifeshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>Of the old monastery of Pittenweem, which was connected with that on the +Isle of May in the Frith of Forth, only some altered fragments survive. +The priory seems to have derived its name from its being built close to +a cave or “weem” on the shore of the Frith of Forth, with which it had +communication by a vaulted chamber in the garden and a long straight +staircase. The monastic buildings surrounded a courtyard. On the south +side was the prior’s mansion (now restored and occupied by the Episcopal +clergyman of the place). On the west side was the refectory, now +converted into the Town Hall, and to the north of it the dormitories.</p> + +<p>Some of the walls of these structures still exist, with two square +projecting windows overlooking the courtyard. On the east side is the +gatehouse, a battlemented structure with a round archway passing through +it, now greatly decayed and covered with ivy. Beyond the courtyard to +the north lay some outer grounds and a chapel.<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_600" id="page_600">{600}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1583" style="width: 305px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_600.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_600.jpg" width="305" height="724" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1583.</span>—Pittenweem Priory. Tower, from North-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_601" id="page_601">{601}</a></span></p> + +<p>After the Reformation the buildings passed into the hands of laymen, and +the monastery became the “manor place of Pittenweem.” In 1588 a portion +of the grounds was granted to the burgh, in order that a suitable church +might be erected, which was carried out soon thereafter (Fig. <a href="#fig_1582">1582</a>). +Possibly some portions of the church of the priory are included in this +building, but it has in recent years been restored and extended.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1582" style="width: 253px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_601.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_601.jpg" width="253" height="142" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1582.</span>—Pittenweem Priory. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The quaint tower (Fig. <a href="#fig_1583">1583</a>), with its mixture of Gothic and classic +features, is the only part which has not been interfered with. The +tower, which stands at the north-west angle of the church, is about 18 +feet square externally. It rises with a plain square outline for a +considerable way without buttresses or anything to distinguish it from a +castle keep. There are even shot-holes under the windows, as in the +domestic structures of the time. The stair turret in the north-east +angle has the outline and corbelled gablet similar to the cape-house of +the stair turrets of the Scotch castles of the period. The spire, with +its remarkable lucarnes, helps to give the erection a little more of an +ecclesiastical character, but the balustrade again recalls the attention +to the domestic and Renaissance style of the design.<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a></p> + +<h2><a name="POLWARTH_CHURCH_Berwickshire254" id="POLWARTH_CHURCH_Berwickshire254"></a>POLWARTH CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Berwickshire</span>.<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a></h2> + +<p>This church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1584">1584</a>) was reconstructed in 1703, and is believed to +rest on the foundations of an older structure, dedicated by Bishop +Bernham in 1242. The building measures 55 feet by 24 feet over the +walls. Although of such a late date, it is of pleasing form, and has +fine large mouldings round the doors and panels above them. A stone on +the east gable contains the Polwarth arms, three piles engrailed.</p> + +<p>The font of the old church stands outside the building. It is of a round +form 28 inches in diameter. The basin, which is 22 inches in diameter,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_602" id="page_602">{602}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1584" style="width: 535px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_602.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_602.jpg" width="535" height="351" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1584.</span>—Polwarth Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">is 11½ inches deep, with a central aperture. The height of the fragment +is 21 inches.</p> + +<h2><a name="HERALDIC_PANEL_FROM_PRESTONPANS_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire255" id="HERALDIC_PANEL_FROM_PRESTONPANS_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire255"></a>HERALDIC PANEL FROM PRESTONPANS CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Haddingtonshire</span>.<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a></h2> + +<p>This panel (Fig. <a href="#fig_1585">1585</a>) was discovered in 1891 during some alterations of +the seating of the church. It then formed the back of a seat in the +gallery, and was concealed by a green cloth. Doubtless, from its +heraldic decorations, it must originally have occupied a more prominent +position. The arms and initials show that it belonged to the Hamiltons +of Preston. The date on the panel (1604) connects it with an earlier +church, the present church having been erected later. The panel is of +oak and in good preservation, except where cut away to make it fit its +new position, and the colours are still rich and fresh. The panel is in +two pieces, each 2 feet 3 inches high. The whole is divided into eight +compartments, of which only four bear arms. They are all arched, and are +separated by<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_603" id="page_603">{603}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1585" style="width: 769px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_603.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_603.jpg" width="769" height="475" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1585.</span>—Heraldic Panel from Prestonpans Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_604" id="page_604">{604}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">pilasters. On the four compartments arms, surrounded by laurel wreaths, +are blazoned in colour, together with initials. The initials G. H. and +B. C., which refer to George Hamilton, Laird of Preston, and Barbara +Cockburn, his wife, are carved in relief in the spandrils. The letters +painted within the arches, viz.,<small>S/J. H.</small> and <small>D./K. H.</small> stand for Sir John +Hamilton, the son of the above, and Dame Katherine Howieson, his second +wife, married 1620. The lady died 1629. The shields beneath these +initials contain the Hamilton arms twice, and the Cockburn and Howieson +arms for the wives of the father and son. The initials of the son and +his wife were carved over the windows of the tower, while over the +centre window they appear in a monogram with the date 1626.</p> + +<p>This panel, which is one of the very few early coloured decorations +which survive in Scotland, is now in the possession of General Sir +William Stirling Hamilton of Preston.</p> + +<h2><a name="RATHAN_CHURCH_Aberdeenshire" id="RATHAN_CHURCH_Aberdeenshire"></a>RATHAN CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Aberdeenshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>A ruinous building situated about three miles south from Fraserburgh, +and standing in an old churchyard. The east end has entirely +disappeared, and only a small part of the north wall remains (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1586">1586</a>). What</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1586" style="width: 207px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_604.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_604.jpg" width="207" height="224" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1586.</span>—Rathan Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">survives of the south wall of the nave is 49 feet long, but it doubtless +considerably exceeded that length; the interior width is 21 feet. A +south aisle is entire, but roofless. It enters from the nave by a plain +round-arched opening (Fig. <a href="#fig_1587">1587</a>) 8 feet 8 inches wide, and the outside +dimensions of the aisle are 35 feet long by 20 feet 8 inches wide.</p> + +<p>The nave (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1587">1587</a>) has a door in the west end, with a window<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_605" id="page_605">{605}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1587" style="width: 417px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_605-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_605-a.jpg" width="417" height="356" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1587.</span>—Rathan Church. Interior of South and West +Sides.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">above and a belfry on the apex of the gable, dated 1782, which probably +superseded an earlier one.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1588"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 252px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_605-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_605-b.jpg" width="252" height="273" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1588.</span>—Rathan Church. Doorway of Aisle.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The aisle has a round-arched doorway (Fig. <a href="#fig_1588">1588</a>) with a bar hole in the +west wall, and over it a panel with an inscription in raised letters, +“<span class="smcap">Alexander Fraser of Philorth, Patron</span>,” a coat of arms, and part of a +broken stone with an inscription. It is possible that these stones are +not original, but have been inserted; they are so covered with ivy that +it is not easy to determine. In the south gable (Fig. <a href="#fig_1589">1589</a>), which is +crow-stepped, there is a well-moulded window with a straight lintel, and +a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_606" id="page_606">{606}</a></span> sundial over. In the east wall there is an ambry (Fig. <a href="#fig_1590">1590</a>) with an +ogee arch, and alongside it what was probably a piscina is now filled +with an old memorial inscription.</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1589"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 218px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_606-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_606-a.jpg" width="218" height="265" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1589.</span>—Rathan Church.</p> + +<p>Window in South Gable.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The Church of Rathan was dedicated to St. Ethernan or Eddran, from whom +the place is said to take its name. This saint lived towards the end of +the sixth century. “He consecrated several churches, and particularly +Rethin, which was afterwards dedicated to his own memory.”<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a></p> + +<p>Richard, parson of Rathen, is a witness to charters by Adam, Bishop of +Aberdeen, between 1207 and 1228, and the benefice of Rathyn was given to +the Chapter and College of Canons of St. Machar’s Cathedral by Robert i. +in 1328; and in 1520 Rathyne was let in lease for the yearly rent of +£212.<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a></p> + +<p>Of the early church nothing remains. On the south aisle of the existing +structure, according to the Rev. Mr. Pratt, there is the date</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1590"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 146px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_606-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_606-b.jpg" width="146" height="158" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1590.</span>—Rathan Church.</p> + +<p>Ambry.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>1646. It may be that part of the church is somewhat older than this +date. Ten years earlier there appear to have been building and repairs +going on; and an action was brought before the Privy Council to restrain +Alexander Fraser of Philorth from putting up his arms on the newly built +kirk stile.<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a> What was the result of the case we do not know, but +Fraser evidently succeeded in getting his name carved on the church, as +we see, together with his arms and his title of patron.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_607" id="page_607">{607}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="SOUTHANNAN_CHAPEL_AND_CASTLE_West_Kilbride_Ayrshire" id="SOUTHANNAN_CHAPEL_AND_CASTLE_West_Kilbride_Ayrshire"></a>SOUTHANNAN CHAPEL AND CASTLE, <span class="smcap">West Kilbride, Ayrshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>About one mile south from the railway station of Fairlie, on the level +ground facing the sea, and with its back close to the railway, stands +the ruin of Southannan Castle. It has been an extensive structure (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1591">1591</a>), having had a high enclosing wall, with a courtyard and an arched +entrance porch to the west, defended with shot-holes (Fig. <a href="#fig_1592">1592</a>). There</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1591" style="width: 419px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_607.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_607.jpg" width="419" height="375" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1591.</span>—Southannan Chapel and Castle. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">has been a considerable range of dwelling-house accommodation, two +stories in height, along the north side, and smaller buildings on the +east side, leaving a large courtyard in the centre, now forming the +garden of the adjoining farmhouse (Fig. <a href="#fig_1593">1593</a>). The situation is fine, +and the edifice is backed by the high range of thickly wooded hills +which extends between Largs and Kilbride.</p> + +<p>The lands of Southannan were granted to Lord Semple in 1504. Chalmers +says<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> that John, Lord Semple, in the reign of James <small>IV.</small>, built<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_608" id="page_608">{608}</a></span> a +chapel, which was dedicated to St. Annan or St. Ennan, and granted for +the support of the chaplain in it an annual rent of 10 merks from +certain lands, “with two sowmes of pasture grass in the mains of +Southennan,</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1592" style="width: 711px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_608-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_608-a.jpg" width="711" height="417" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1592.</span>—Southannan Chapel and Castle. View from +West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">and an acre of land on the north side of the cemetery belonging to the +said chapel for the chaplain’s manse. This grant was confirmed by the +king in June 1509. The ruins of the chapel are still extant in the</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1593" style="width: 490px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_608-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_608-b.jpg" width="490" height="201" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1593.</span>—Southannan Chapel and Castle. North-West +Angle of Courtyard.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">front of the fine mansion of Southennan, which is also in ruins.” “Saint +Inan or Innan is said to have been a confessor at Irvine, and to have +died in 839.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_609" id="page_609">{609}</a></span></p> + +<p>The castle was much enlarged by Robert, fourth Lord Sempill, ambassador +to the Court of Spain in 1596; but some of the existing remains have the +appearance of being still more modern. The old mansion was dismantled +towards the end of last century, and the materials used in the erection +of farm-buildings and dykes. “What remains are chiefly the outer walls +to the left (north) of the courtyard and some more ancient-looking +remnants at the back (east), attached to which are remains of what may +have been the chapel of the saint.”<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a> This may be the case, as some +of the walls are old and have been altered; but the vaulted chamber to +the east has the appearance of being much more modern.</p> + +<p>On the whole, we fear that the chapel has entirely disappeared, and that +this account of Southannan should rather have appeared amongst the +castles than the churches of Scotland.</p> + +<h2><a name="STENTON_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire" id="STENTON_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire"></a>STENTON CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Haddingtonshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The village of Stenton is situated about three and a half miles +south-east from East Linton Railway Station. The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1594">1594</a>), +which, with the exception of the tower and the entrance doorway, is a +total ruin (Fig. <a href="#fig_1595">1595</a>), extends for a length of about 65 feet, but as +the east end is</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1594" style="width: 333px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_609.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_609.jpg" width="333" height="188" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1594.</span>—Stenton Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">entirely gone, it is impossible to say how much longer it was. The width +of the building within the walls is about 18 feet. The doorway (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1596">1596</a>), which is on the south side near the west end, is arched with a +flat segment of a circle, with the mouldings of the jambs (Fig. <a href="#fig_1597">1597</a>) +continued round the arch, and with a splayed impost separating the arch +and jambs. The arch is finished with a hood moulding. The small +flat-<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_610" id="page_610">{610}</a></span>headed window seen alongside the doorway (see Fig. <a href="#fig_1595">1595</a>) is an +insertion probably of the seventeenth century, and no other feature of +the church is now in existence, except indications of a north door (see +Plan).</p> + +<p>The tower, however, stands complete and entire at the south-west corner +of the structure. It measures about 16 feet 6 inches by 15 feet</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1595" style="width: 533px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_610.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_610.jpg" width="533" height="512" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1595.</span>—Stenton Church. Tower, &c., from South-East.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>9 inches over the walls, and is two stories in height. It is entered by +a narrow flat lintelled door on the south side. The space inside is +about 10 feet by 7 feet, but it has been narrowed by masonry at the +ground level, as shown on the Plan, to a width of about 5 feet. The +tower communicated with the church by a doorway, now built up.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_611" id="page_611">{611}</a></span></p> + +<p><a id="fig_1596"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 216px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_611-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_611-a.jpg" width="216" height="266" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1596.</span>—Stenton Church. Doorway.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The upper story, which has a timber floor, has been reached by a ladder. +It is lighted by a window on each face, round arched</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1597"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 184px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_611-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_611-b.jpg" width="184" height="141" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1597.</span>—Stenton Church.</p> + +<p>Moulding of Doorway.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">and widely splayed, and the arches are cut out of single stones. The +tower finishes with a saddle-backed roof and crow-stepped gables, the +whole being of the original construction.</p> + +<p>From indications remaining against the north wall of the tower, there +has doubtless been a high window in the west gable of the church.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1598" style="width: 319px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_611-c.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_611-c.jpg" width="319" height="174" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1598.</span>—Font and Top Stone of Gable.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The whole structure appears to be of the sixteenth century. The top +stone of the east gable and a simple circular font (Fig. <a href="#fig_1598">1598</a>) are lying +near the ruin.</p> + +<h2><a name="STOW_CHURCH_Mid-Lothian" id="STOW_CHURCH_Mid-Lothian"></a>STOW CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Mid-Lothian</span>.</h2> + +<p>The village of Stow is situated on the Gala Water, in the southern part +of Mid-Lothian, near the borders of Roxburghshire and Peeblesshire.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_612" id="page_612">{612}</a></span></p> + +<p>The parish was originally called Wedale, and the church belonged to the +Bishop of St. Andrews, who had a residence there. Hence the village was +known as the Stow of Wedale.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1599" style="width: 342px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_612-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_612-a.jpg" width="342" height="215" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1599.</span>—Stow Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The original Church of St. Mary was at a distance from the village, but +the existing ruin, which is partly of some antiquity, stands in the +ancient churchyard close to the village.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1600" style="width: 433px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_612-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_612-b.jpg" width="433" height="318" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1600.</span>—Stow Church. View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The structure is for the most part of seventeenth century date, but a +portion at the south-west angle is much older, and has been +incorporated<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_613" id="page_613">{613}</a></span> with the newer building. The plan of the church, as it now +stands (Fig. <a href="#fig_1599">1599</a>), consists of an oblong 67 feet in length by 21 feet +in width internally, with a wing on the south side 14 feet long by 11 +feet wide within the walls.</p> + +<p>The principal oblong chamber appears to have been constructed at two +different times, there being a break in the interior of the wall at 20 +feet from the east end. There is also a slight exterior projection on +the outside of the north wall at the same point. The eastern addition +has evidently been made so as to provide a gallery, probably a private +one, at this end. The gallery was entered by a long slope or ramp on the +exterior of the east wall, beneath which was a door giving access to the +space below the gallery. The gallery and space below were lighted by +square-headed windows in the south wall. On the jamb of the east doorway +is carved the date 1799.</p> + +<p>The arrangements at the west end have been similar to those at the east +end. There was a gallery, lighted by a large traceried window (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1600">1600</a>) in the west wall of seventeenth century design, and the space +below the gallery had two square-headed windows in the same wall, +divided with mullions. A round-headed doorway in the south wall gave</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1601"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 96px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_613.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_613.jpg" width="96" height="55" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1601.</span></p> + +<p>Stow Church.</p> + +<p>Mouldings of South Doorway.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">access to the space under the gallery, the mouldings of which (Fig. +<a href="#fig_1601">1601</a>) clearly indicate a late date. Adjoining this doorway is the +portion of the structure above alluded to as being of ancient date. This +consists of a plain buttress built with freestone ashlar, and a small +part of the south and west walls connected with it, including a base +splay on the south side. These walls are built with the same kind of +materials as the buttress, while the greater part of the walls are +constructed with rubble work. The buttress has the broad form with small +projection, and the simple water table of Norman or transition work.</p> + +<p>The projection or “aisle” on the south side of the church has also +contained a private gallery, with a fireplace in the south wall. The +mouldings of the doorway indicate seventeenth or eighteenth century +work.</p> + +<p>There are no windows in the north wall, but some portions of the masonry +are of ashlar work and may be of the period of the south-west angle.</p> + +<p>The belfry, the vane of which bears the date of 1794, is a comparatively +late addition. It is supported on corbels projecting from the inside of +the wall.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_614" id="page_614">{614}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1602" style="width: 497px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_614-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_614-a.jpg" width="497" height="348" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1602.</span>—Terregles Church after Restoration.</p></div> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1603" style="width: 492px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_614-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_614-b.jpg" width="492" height="358" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1603.</span>—Terregles Church before Restoration.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_615" id="page_615">{615}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="TERREGLES_CHURCH_Kirkcudbrightshire" id="TERREGLES_CHURCH_Kirkcudbrightshire"></a>TERREGLES CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Kirkcudbrightshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This curious structure (Fig. <a href="#fig_1602">1602</a>) is situated about two and a-half +miles north-west from Dumfries. It was erected by the fourth Lord +Herries shortly before his death in 1583.</p> + +<p>A few years ago this “queir” or choir was completely restored, and the +buttresses were then added. Omitting these it may be regarded as a fair +example of the quaint architecture of James <small>VI.</small>’s time, when the revival +of Gothic was attempted, along with the revival of Episcopacy.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1604" style="width: 442px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_615.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_615.jpg" width="442" height="193" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p>FINIALS ON CORNERS OF CHANCEL</p> + +<p>AGNES LADY HERRIES</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1604.</span>—Terragles Church. Details of Finials and Coat of Arms of +Agnes, Lady Herries.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>We are fortunate in being able to show a drawing (Fig. <a href="#fig_1603">1603</a>) of the +church made by the late Mr. W. F. Lyon, architect, in 1872, before it +was restored. Fig. <a href="#fig_1604">1604</a> shows details of the finials and the arms of +Agnes, Lady Herries, which are carved on the church. The date 1585 is +cut in the cornice over the east window.</p> + +<p>Before the Reformation this church belonged to the nunnery of Lincluden, +and the collegiate church which succeeded it.</p> + +<h2><a name="TURRIFF_CHURCH_Aberdeenshire" id="TURRIFF_CHURCH_Aberdeenshire"></a>TURRIFF CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Aberdeenshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>This ancient church, which was dedicated to St. Congan, is a very old +foundation, having probably been established, in the seventh century, by +a follower of St. Columba. It received donations at various early dates, +amongst others one by King Robert the Bruce. In 1272 it was attached by +the Earl of Buchan to an almshouse for thirteen poor husbandmen. The +church was 120 feet long by 18 feet wide, but is now reduced to the +fragment of the choir, crowned with the picturesque belfry shown by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_616" id="page_616">{616}</a></span> +sketches. The belfry (Fig. <a href="#fig_1605">1605</a>) is interesting as an example of the +application to an ecclesiastical edifice of the Scottish style so +general in</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1605"></a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 211px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_616-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_616-a.jpg" width="211" height="324" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1605.</span>—Turriff Church.</p> + +<p>Belfry.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">the domestic architecture of the seventeenth century. There is a strong +dash of Renaissance taste in the design; but the cornice with its small +corbels, and the string course with its moulded supports, might be +details from any old Scottish castle. The bell bears the date 1557. A +curious relic of the older structure has, however, been discovered in +the choir in the form of an antique wall-painting of St. Ninian.</p> + +<p>The interior of the choir contains</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1606" style="width: 595px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_616-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_616-b.jpg" width="595" height="531" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1606.</span>—Turriff Church. Gateway to Courtyard.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_617" id="page_617">{617}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">a very interesting and remarkably picturesque series of monumental +slabs, with a quantity of well-executed lettering. One of these tablets +is to the memory of a member of the family of Barclay of Towie, of date +1636, with a Latin inscription still legible.</p> + +<p>The churchyard contains a number of interesting monuments of the same +date as the belfry.</p> + +<p>The gateway to the churchyard (Fig. <a href="#fig_1606">1606</a>) is a simple but pleasing +specimen of the early Scottish Renaissance, similar in style to the +belfry.</p> + +<h2><a name="WALSTON_CHURCH_Lanarkshire" id="WALSTON_CHURCH_Lanarkshire"></a>WALSTON CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Lanarkshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The parish church of Walston stands on a height overlooking the vale of +the river Medwin, about two miles west from Dolphinton. Till near the +end of the thirteenth century the Church of Walston was a lay rectory in +the gift of the Lord of the Manor. It is specially referred to in an +award of 1293.<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a> The edifice stands in an ancient churchyard, and not +far from what was formerly a mansion known as the “Place of Walston.”</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1607" style="width: 334px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_617.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_617.jpg" width="334" height="185" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1607.</span>—Walston Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The existing church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1607">1607</a>) stands north and south, and is a long +single chamber 64 feet 6 inches in length and 16 feet in width +internally. A portion has been cut off the north end to form a vestry. +The original church is believed to have stood east and west. At the +south end a portion of the existing structure is evidently, from its +workmanship, of a different period from the remainder. The ashlar work +of which it is built is seen to stop beyond the first window from the +south (Fig. <a href="#fig_1608">1608</a>). This was doubtless the wing or transept erected by +Robert Baillie of Walston, in 1650, as a burial-place for his family. +The remainder of the church was rebuilt in its new position in +continuation of the south wing<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_618" id="page_618">{618}</a></span> by the Rev. Patrick Molleson, minister +(born 1746, died 1825), who has placed the letters M. P. M. and the date +1789 on the north gable.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1608" style="width: 579px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_618-a.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_618-a.jpg" width="579" height="339" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1608.</span>—Walston Church. View from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The south wing is the only part worthy of notice. The window shows the +feeling for the Gothic revival of the seventeenth century. In the panel +over it is the inscription “Give God the onlie honour and glory.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1609" style="width: 559px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_618-b.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_618-b.jpg" width="559" height="362" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1609.</span>—Walston Church, showing Dormer.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_619" id="page_619">{619}</a></span></p> + +<p>Anno 1656.” The entrance doorway to the wing, which contained a tomb +below and a gallery above, is in the east side. Over the flat lintelled +door is the quotation, “Keep thy foot when thou goest to the House of +God, and be more ready to hear than to give the sacrifice of +fools.—Ecclesiastes, chapter <small>V.</small>, verse 1.” The tomb and gallery are now +removed, and the space thrown into the church. In the pavement on the +site is inscribed “In memory of John Allain, Esq., of Elsrickle.” The +quaint dormer window, shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1609">1609</a>, was taken down during the +repairs made on the church a few years ago.</p> + +<p>WEEM CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Perthshire</span>.[262]</p> + +<p>The ruined church of Weem stands in the village of that name, near the +entrance to Castle Menzies, at a short distance from Aberfeldy. It is +still in a fair state of preservation, the walls being entire, although +greatly overgrown with ivy, and the roof being still intact, with the +belfry on the west gable. The building has been abandoned for many +years. According to Mr. A. H. Millar<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> the Church of Weem is +mentioned about 1296 in the oldest charter at Castle Menzies, and +references in charters are continuous till, in 1510, the Barony of +Menzies was erected by charter from James <small>IV.</small>, when “the patronage of +the Kirk of Weem was specially included in the gift.”</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1610" style="width: 298px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_619.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_619.jpg" width="298" height="127" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1610.</span>—Weem Church. Inscription over East Doorway.</p></div> +</div> + +<p>The existing building, however, appears to be of a later date, since +over the eastmost doorway there are the impaled arms of Sir Alexander +Menzies and his wife, Margaret Campbell, with their initials, and the +date 1600, together with the inscription shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1610">1610</a>.<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a></p> + +<p>The church (Fig. <a href="#fig_1611">1611</a>) is an oblong building, measuring internally about +62 feet 5 inches from east to west by about 19 feet wide, and has a +north transept projecting 21 feet by 17 feet in width. It is ceiled and +plastered at the roof ties. There are two doors and three windows on the +south side, all of which are square headed. In each gable, high up near +the ceiling, there is a window of a pointed form. All the windows and +doors have large bead mouldings. In the inside of the south wall there<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_620" id="page_620">{620}</a></span> +are two ambries, one of which contains the initials of Duncan Menzies +and his wife, Jean Leslie, sister of the Earl of Rothes, who were +married in 1623. And on the other occur the initials D. M.</p> + +<p>There are several interesting grave slabs in the church, but the most +remarkable feature is the monument shown in Fig. <a href="#fig_1612">1612</a>, which stands +against the north wall near the east end, as indicated on the Plan. It +is an important example of Scottish Renaissance work, and contains a +great amount of detail, much of it very elaborate.</p> + +<p>The sixteenth or seventeenth century monuments in Scotland may be +divided into two classes, viz.:—First, the class represented by the +Montgomery monument at Largs,<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a> and the seventeenth century monument +in Seton Church, which are almost pure Italian, with very little of the +previous Gothic manner, and almost nothing of local or Scottish feeling. +Monuments of this class may probably be the design, if not the work, of +foreign hands. In the second class are the monuments which seem to</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1611" style="width: 300px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_620.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_620.jpg" width="300" height="198" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1611.</span>—Weem Church. Plan.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">owe their design and execution to native skill, and amongst these may be +included this monument at Weem. The structure measures about 13 feet in +length at the base, and has a projection from the wall of about 2 feet.</p> + +<p>The general scheme of the design is of an ordinary form, consisting of +an arched recess above a dado or pedestal, which is divided into three +panels separated from each other by delicate tapering shafts. At each +side rises a half round engaged shaft to carry the moulded arch above. +These shafts have capitals, rudely carved with oak leaves, supporting +square abaci. Above the arch there is a level cornice slightly broken at +intervals over figures beneath. At each side of the monument a large +figure stands on a finely designed pedestal, the one representing Faith +and the other Charity. The former holds a book with the inscription, +<i>Quidquid fit sine Fide est peccatum</i>, while the figure of Charity is +represented in the usual typical manner. The figures are surmounted with +very beautiful<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_621" id="page_621">{621}</a></span> canopies reaching nearly up to the cornice. Above the +cornice a rudimentary pediment contains the Menzies and Campbell arms +and monograms, over which, and leaning forward, is a panel having a +figure with</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1612" style="width: 529px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_621.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_621.jpg" width="529" height="661" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1612.</span>—Monument in Weem Church.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_622" id="page_622">{622}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">outstretched arms, supposed to symbolise the Creator. At each end of the +cornice is a kneeling figure placed before a small pedestal shaped like +a prie-dieu.</p> + +<p>This monument having been erected not to the memory of one individual, +but of several, was probably not intended to contain any recumbent +figure, although the space for one is provided. Such a figure would have +in a great measure concealed the descriptive tablet and its accompanying +heraldry, which occupy the background of the recess. The monument bears +the date of the 24th January 1616, and was erected by the Sir Alexander +Menzies already referred to, to perpetuate the memory of his two wives +and of his maternal ancestors, beginning with his +great-great-grandmother. The names of all these ladies, with the arms of +their respective houses, adorn the monument, and need not be repeated +here, as full information regarding them will be found in Mr. Millar’s +work, already cited.</p> + +<h2><a name="YESTER_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire" id="YESTER_CHURCH_Haddingtonshire"></a>YESTER CHURCH, <span class="smcap">Haddingtonshire</span>.</h2> + +<p>The parish church of Yester stands at the north end of the village of +Gifford, about four and a half miles south of Haddington. The</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_1613" style="width: 239px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_622.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_622.jpg" width="239" height="379" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1613.</span>—Gifford Tower, from South-West.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_623" id="page_623">{623}</a></span></p> + +<p class="nind">ancient church of Yester has already been described. It was superseded +last century by the present structure, which is a plain oblong chamber +of the usual style of the period, but with a tower on the south side +(Fig. <a href="#fig_1613">1613</a>), which is a good example of that class of erection at the +period.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2>NOTE.</h2> + +<p>The illustration or tailpiece on the following page shows a remarkable +specimen of early Scottish sculpture, preserved in the Museum of the +Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in Edinburgh.</p> + +<p>The stone, which is about 6 feet in length, was found in the River May, +Perthshire, and is supposed to have come from an ancient church which +formerly occupied a site within a rath or stronghold which stood on the +Holy Hill, on the bank of the river, near Forteviot, about two miles +from Forgandenny.<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a> The last traces of the rath and church were swept +away by a flood which occurred in the beginning of this century.</p> + +<p>This early church is probably that referred to in the legend of St. +Andrew given in the <i>Pictish Chronicle</i> as the church built at Forteviot +by Hungus, the Pictish king (731-761), in the last year of his reign, +after the arrival of the relics of St. Andrew in Scotland.<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a> Although +the character of the sculpture seems rather to suggest a date not quite +so early, it may, nevertheless, be surmised that the figures depicted on +the stone are those of King Hungus and his three sons, seated in the +usual royal attitude, with the sword across the knees.</p> + +<p>From the arched form of the stone it seems most likely to have been a +chancel arch, a feature which would scarcely be expected in Scotland in +the eighth century. The primitive church may, however, have been +rebuilt, possibly in the tenth century, when a church with a chancel +would more probably be erected, having the stone in question for its +chancel arch. The small upright animal in the centre of the arch, having +a cross in front of it, seems to represent the Paschal lamb; while the +other nondescript animal at the feet of the king may be an early example +of the practice usual in mediæval monuments of resting the feet of the +effigy on an animal.<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a> On the Ruthwell Cross the figure of the +Saviour appears standing on the heads of two animals.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_624" id="page_624">{624}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 449px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_624.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_624.jpg" width="449" height="381" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p>Sculptured Stone from Ruins of Ancient Church at +Forteviot, Perthshire.</p></div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_625" id="page_625">{625}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX.</h2> + +<p>The following is a statement by Mr. W. Galloway in defence of his views +regarding the date of the walls of St. Blane’s Church, Bute:<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a>—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Objections are taken in the notice of St. Blane’s Chapel, Bute +(Vol. <small>I.</small> p. 297), to the views advanced by me in the <i>Archæologia +Scotica</i> (Vol. <small>V.</small> p. 217) as to the priority in date and +construction of the rubble part of the chancel, over the Romanesque +structure conjoined with it. These are specially summarised under +three heads, in the first of which exception is taken to the fact +of there being a base, topped with a small splayed freestone +course, with rubble above and below, which is supposed to +contravene the ideas ordinarily entertained as to Celtic practice. +This practice, however, was strictly dependent upon and fixed by +the nature of the building materials that happened to be available +in any particular locality. In out of the way districts and far-off +islands, where freestone was unknown or not procurable, the builder +had to be content with the stone that came most readily to hand, +necessity, not choice, compelling his selection. This is proven by +the avidity with which the Celt took to freestone whenever it could +be got.</p> + +<p>“No better illustration can be selected than Oransay Priory (Vol. +<small>III.</small> pp. 372-381). There the south cloister arcade, the door to the +church adjoining it, with the chapel projecting at the north-east +angle (and to these may be added the <i>Teampul na ghlinne</i>, on the +Colonsay side of the strand), are examples of rubble building, in +the local schist, where arches are turned and openings formed +without a trace of freestone or any material that could be hewn. +The portion of a mullion of transitional date found in the ruins +proves that freestone had been imported to the island by the close +of the twelfth century, and was in constant use thereafter.</p> + +<p>“It would be a serious mistake, however, to place in the same +category the Island of Bute, where freestone (red) occurs locally, +and the best qualities of rock on the adjoining mainland. Freestone +was in common use with the Romans both for monumental work and +building, and it is precisely this simple splayed form of base +which is most frequently to be found. As to its use in Celtic work +there may be cited Cruggleton Chapel (Vol. <small>I.</small> pp. 212-215), about +three miles from Whitherne Priory, which by every criterion is +extremely primitive, much earlier than the priory, and also Celtic, +founded most probably by the Carrols or M‘Kerlies, who wrested the +castle from the Norse jarls. There the base, which has been laid on +the grass level, has a base course precisely similar to that of St. +Blane’s, with rubble above and below. In fact, the entire building +is rubble, except the dressed work and the chancel arch. It is not +freestone, but silurian grit, from the Stewartry shores. It is no +doubt later in date than<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_626" id="page_626">{626}</a></span> St. Blane’s, but Bute is much more +favourably situated for freestone than Wigtonshire, where it is +locally non-existent, and the combination of rubble and hewn work +at Cruggleton is a striking testimony to the difficulty even of +obtaining grit.</p> + +<p>“The second head refers to the mode in which the strings and base +courses would be stopped against the rubble. According to my +drawings there has been a string on the north side of the nave, +which dropped nearly two feet, has also run along the ashlar work +of the chancel, but only two feet or so of it remains. On the south +side this feature is entirely destroyed. The base, both on north +and south sides of the nave, returns round the chancel gable and +<i>there terminates</i>. Whether they were dropped also I cannot tell, +as these drawings were made previous to the later reduction of the +soil to the original level.<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> An important point in this +junction of rubble and ashlar walls must be noted, viz., that while +the ashlar walls are 2 feet 7 inches thick, the rubble wall on the +south side is only 2 feet 5 inches, and that on the north 2 feet 3 +inches. The walls meet flush on the outside, and on the inside the +ashlar corner is splayed off in accommodation to the thinner +rubble, and those who managed thus would find no difficulty in such +trivialities as a string or a base.</p> + +<p>“Under the third head it is queried whether the ‘<i>Norman</i> builders’ +were likely to show such tender mercy to a rubble fragment? I +presume ‘Norman’ here means <i>Anglo</i>-Norman, the conquering race, +who looked with contempt on all that pertained to those they held +in thrall. Civil changes notwithstanding, in Bute it was otherwise. +There the same traditions were handed down from Celt to Scot, and +the name of St. Blaan was reverenced, not merely on local grounds, +but as being still more intimately associated with a northern see. +The very curious <i>melange</i> at the east end of the chapel is +attributed to one of those ‘accidents’ which, from a variety of +sources, often befel buildings in ancient times. The late Mr John +Baird, at a meeting of the Architectural Institute of Scotland held +in Glasgow a good many years ago, suggested that the original +termination had been an apse, but the chancel being found too +small, this feature was demolished and the building extended to its +present limits. Notwithstanding all that has been said, I consider +both the apse and the accident theories to be at once untenable and +unnecessary, and will, as briefly as possible, give three +<i>criteria</i> on which I regard the proof of antecedency in date and +construction of the rubble work ultimately to depend, and to be +incontrovertible. First, in a rubble wall of any posterior date, +built to conjoin with a previous ashlar one, it is only reasonable +to suppose it would have been gauged to the same thickness, so that +the respective wall faces might be flush, both externally and +internally, so as to avoid the very awkward junction which there +really has been. Second, this rubble wall must necessarily have +been carried to the same height and level, in the wall-head, as the +ashlar built portion, instead of being dropped nearly three feet +below it, as the present rubble work really is. Third, the existing +Romanesque structure shows that freestone, both red and white, was +readily to be had by importation or otherwise in Bute, during the +twelfth century, and ever afterwards, and it is beyond all reason +and experience, that in the chancel especially rubble of some local +rock should have been adopted when the superior quality previously +in use could be so easily obtained.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_627" id="page_627">{627}</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“These three <i>criteria</i> combined, the thinness (relatively) of the +rubble walling, the lower level of the wall-head, and the extreme +improbability of any subsequent builders being reduced to the +necessity of falling back on rubble, lead irresistibly to the +conviction that on this site there existed a much smaller and more +ancient chapel, of which the <i>sacrarium</i>, carefully respected by +all subsequent builders, now alone remains.”</p></div> + +<p>At the special request of Mr. P. Macgregor Chalmers, author of the work +<i>A Scots Mediæval Architect</i>, we insert in this Volume extracts, revised +and approved by him, from his reply to our criticism contained in Vol. +<small>II.</small> pp. 378-382, in the hope that they may be found to throw additional +light on the late period of Scottish architecture. It must, however, be +understood that we are not to be held as concurring in all Mr. Chalmers’ +views. Our notice of his work was written after our second volume was to +a large extent in type, and we should not have quoted Mr. Pinches’ +reference to church building in Galloway in 1508 (p. 378), as Mr. +Chalmers had already shown in his work that this was a mistake; and on +the same page we should have acknowledged his labours on the Melrose +inscriptions. Mr. Chalmers says:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“You tabulate four formal objections to my work (p. 380). The first +appears to be that I have adopted a certain opinion, which differs +from yours; and you think my work is therefore a ‘fiction,’ a +‘romance,’ a ‘dream.’ The second objection, based on your +<i>inference</i> that a man who had a Scots name was a Frenchman by +extraction, because he was born in Paris at a time when Scotsmen +were rife in France, need not be taken seriously. The answer to +your third and fourth objections is that I have <i>proved</i>, from +original documents quoted, that ‘Morow’ is ‘Murray,’ and that the +variation in spelling, indicated in the Melrose inscriptions, is +the variation for Murray. When you have grasped the importance and +significance of my deduction from the evident choice of Melrose for +the memorial inscriptions, I feel certain you will find more than +‘fiction’ in my work.</p> + +<p>“I stated that the rood screen at Glasgow was erected by Archbishop +Blacader, and that it was probably begun about the year 1492. The +charter evidence is that the archbishop founded the two altars in +their present position in the base of the screen, and that he +founded the altar <i>for which the screen was erected</i>, the altar of +Holy Cross. As the screen encroaches considerably on the original +length of the choir, being of great depth from west to east, it is +natural to suppose that its erection would entail the remodelling +of the choir fittings. It was in the archbishop’s time, then, that +the new choir stalls were constructed. From the measurements given +in the contract for this work, between ‘the dene and cheptour of +Glasgw on the tapairt, and Mychell Waghorn, wrycht, on the toder +pairt,’ it is evident that the carved canopy work was carried as a +cornice across the east or choir side of the screen. Rejecting my +work, you state that the screen at Glasgow was probably built by +Bishop Cameron, who died in 1446. You have no charter evidence to +support you. You have only the mouldings and the sculpture of the +two periods to found your opinion upon. In the illustration I send +you (Fig. <a href="#fig_1">1</a>) I show the earlier mouldings at <span class="sans">A</span> and the later +mouldings of the screen at <span class="sans">B</span>. Students can now estimate the value +of your opinion. The only moulding in the aisle of Car Fergus, of +Blacader’s time,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_628" id="page_628">{628}</a></span> is the vaulting rib which I show at <span class="sans">C</span>. This, you +say, is a ‘coarse’ moulding. But the coarseness is not apparent +when you compare it with the rib in the</p> + +<p><a id="fig_1"></a></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 232px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_628.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_628.jpg" width="232" height="291" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span></p> + +<p>Mouldings of Rood Screen at St. Mungo’s.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">sacristy (<span class="sans">D</span>), of date about 1446; the rib in the chapter house (<span class="sans">E</span>), +of date about 1425; or the same rib in the lower church, of date +about 1240. You frequently give expression to your opinion that the +work executed in Scotland about the year 1500 was ‘inferior.’ +Sweeping generalisations of this kind are of no value in our work. +I send you a process block (Fig. <a href="#fig_2">2</a>). It illustrates the carved boss +in the vaulting of the aisle of Car Fergus, of Blacader’s time, +being the very first seen on entering, and so close to the eye that +it may almost be touched by the hand. No work of any +period—certainly not of Bishop Cameron’s time—can excel it in +beauty, and it is only one of many equally beautiful. You state +that the work in the screen ‘is considerably superior to that of +the adjoining altars, which are <i>certainly</i> by that bishop’ +(<i>Archbishop</i> Blacader). It is a fact that you are here comparing +work, which is as sharp as when it left the carver’s hand, with +work at the floor level which is now so worn and defaced as almost +to be obliterated. The altars are of different design, and that now +on the north side is of <i>earlier date</i>, and was rebuilt and +repaired only by the archbishop. If this single altar stood +originally in the centre, as the one of the same name did at +Durham, and if, as is not impossible, it was originally built by +Bishop Cameron, then you condemn as ‘inferior’ what, if you had +only known, you ought to praise as ‘superior.’</p> + +<p>“Mr. Honeyman, whose early opinion you quote, writing to me, for my +use here, says, in reference to the Glasgow rood screen—‘I must +say that circumstances which you have brought to my notice have +considerably changed my opinion regarding this. I quite recognise +the close affinity of the south transept door at Melrose and the +rood screen at Lincluden, and I am quite prepared to believe that +the man who designed these, also designed the rood screen here. If +it can be proved that the work at Melrose and Lincluden was not +executed till about 1480, or later, then I shall feel bound to +agree with you as to the age of our screen.’ The proof as to the +age of the Melrose door has been given in my book.</p> + +<p>“Your reliance on your unwise generalisation regarding the +‘inferior’ quality of <i>all</i> work at the end of the fifteenth +century has blinded you to the facts at Melrose, as elsewhere. The +magnificent panel carved with the royal arms, of which I gave an +enlarged photograph (p. 55), is dated 1505. There is nothing finer +of its kind in the country, and the carved bosses in the presbytery +vault are remarkable for their rare beauty, and yet one of them +bears the arms of Margaret, wife of James <small>IV.</small> You state that ‘the +building or restoration of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_629" id="page_629">{629}</a></span> eastern part of the edifice seems, +from its style, to have been carried out towards the middle of the +fifteenth century’ (p. 372). The further statement is made that +‘the design of the choir appears to have been borrowed from that of +the transept’ (p. 370). These statements are contradictory. The +south transept was not erected until after the middle of the +fifteenth century, by Abbot Andrew Hunter. His arms are to be found +carved on it, and also in the nave chapel, where the work is +unmistakeably from the hand of the same designer. It is indubitable +that the ‘perpendicular’ work was inserted in the older transept. +It has never occurred to you to endeavour to explain the presence +in Scotland</p> + +<div class="figcenter" id="fig_2" style="width: 374px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_629.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_629.jpg" width="374" height="405" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span>—Carved Boss in Vaulting of Aisle of Car +Fergus.</p></div> +</div> + +<p class="nind">of so marked a type of English art <i>in the middle of the fifteenth +century</i>, and you have thought it wise to ignore my interpretation +that this style was adopted as an expression of the international +good feeling arising from the marriage of James <small>IV.</small> with Margaret +of England. Perpendicular work is also present at Linlithgow and +Stirling, and there also it is associated with Queen Margaret.</p> + +<p>“I described the statues at the apex of the east gable at Melrose +as those of James <small>IV.</small> and Margaret (p. 53). You say ‘this is an +entire assumption’ (p. 381), and then you immediately <i>assume</i> that +they illustrate the coronation of the Blessed Virgin. If your +interpretation is correct, the act of coronation must be indicated, +and the two figures must be correlated, Christ being turned towards +the Blessed<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_630" id="page_630">{630}</a></span> Virgin, either to crown her by His own hand, or to +indicate His interest in the ceremony, whilst Mary is turned +towards Christ in an attitude of tenderness and adoration. These +are obvious requirements. The figures are so disposed in the +examples you cited and illustrated, and it is true of all the +examples I have studied on the Continent and in the cathedrals of +England. At Melrose the figures are not in any way related to each +other. They look straight forward, and, as I proved by the aid of a +telescope before writing my description, no act of crowning is +indicated. The male figure corresponds exactly with that on the +seal of James <small>IV.</small> to which I referred, and the group does not +differ from that shown in a MS. of the middle of the fifteenth +century, which represents a king and queen and their court. I +understand and appreciate the fact that you see no significance in +the angels in the niches below the central group of the king and +queen, and that it is of no importance to you that the figures +which were ranged on either side were not those of saints and +martyrs, but of Churchmen, evidently contemporaries of King James. +As the statue of an archbishop graces the apex of the east gable of +York Minster, there is nothing ridiculous, as you would wish to +make it appear, in a king and queen occupying a similar place at +Melrose. The circumstances and temper of the moment made it appear +appropriate. There is no sarcasm in the concluding paragraph of my +work, although you profess to be able to detect it. It was not +unpleasant to me to find that the point made by the author of <i>The +Stones of Venice</i>, from exactly similar exhibitions of vainglory, +could be made from the stones of Scotland.</p> + +<p class="rt"> +P. MACGREGOR CHALMERS.”</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_631" id="page_631">{631}</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="TOPOGRAPHICAL_INDEX_OF_BUILDINGS_DESCRIBED_IN_THE_WHOLE_WORK" id="TOPOGRAPHICAL_INDEX_OF_BUILDINGS_DESCRIBED_IN_THE_WHOLE_WORK"></a>TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF BUILDINGS DESCRIBED IN THE WHOLE WORK.</h2> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><th colspan="3">ABERDEENSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> + +Aberdeen, King’s College Chapel<br /> +—— Greyfriars’ Church<br /> +—— St. Nicholas’<br /> +Aberdour, St. Drostan’s<br /> +Auchendoir Church<br /></td><td> +Deer Abbey<br /> +Deer Parish Church<br /> +Ellon Monument<br /> +Insch Church<br /> +Kinkell Church<br /> +Kintore Church<br /> +Leask, St. Adamnan’s<br /> +Lonmay, St. Colm’s<br /></td><td> +Monymusk Church<br /> +Old Aberdeen, St. Machar’s Cathedral<br /> +Peterhead, St. Peter’s<br /> +Rattray, St. Mary’s<br /> +Rathan Church<br /> +Turriff Church<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">ARGYLESHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Ardchattan Priory<br /> +Dunstaffnage Castle Chapel<br /> +Eilean Munde, Lochleven<br /> +Eilean Naomh<br /> +Faslane Church<br /> +Islay, Kilchieran Church<br /> +—— Kildalton Church<br /> +—— Kilnaughton Church<br /> +—— Kilneave Church<br /></td><td> +Iona Cathedral and Priory<br /> +—— Nunnery<br /> +Iona, St. Oran’s<br /> +Inchkenneth, Ulva<br /> +Kilmun Collegiate Church<br /> +Kintyre, Cara Church<br /> +—— Gigha, St. Catan’s<br /> +—— Kiels, St. Columba’s<br /> +—— Kilchenzie Church<br /> +—— Kilchieven Church<br /> +—— Kilchouslan Church<br /> +—— Killean Church<br /> +—— Sanda, St. Ninian’s<br /></td><td> +Knapdale, Eilean Mor<br /> +—— Kilbride Church<br /> +—— Kilmory Church<br /> +—— St. Carmaig’s, Keil<br /> +Lismore Cathedral<br /> +Mull, Laggan Church<br /> +—— Pennygowan Church<br /> +—— Inch Kenneth<br /> +Oronsay Priory<br /> +Tiree, Kilchenzie Church<br /> +—— Kirkapoll Church<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">AYRSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Alloway Kirk<br /> +Crosraguel Abbey<br /> +Kilmaurs, Monument<br /> +Kilwinning Abbey<br /> +Kirkoswald Church<br /></td><td> +Loudoun Church<br /> +Maybole Collegiate Church<br /> +Monkton, St. Cuthbert’s<br /> +Old Dailly Church<br /> +Prestwick, St. Nicholas’<br /></td><td> +Southannan Castle and Church<br /> +Straiton Church<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">BANFFSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Boyndie, St. Brandon’s<br /> +Cullen Collegiate Church<br /></td><td> +Deskford, Sacrament House<br /></td><td> +Gamrie, St. John’s<br /> +Mortlach, St. Moloc’s<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">BERWICKSHIRE. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_632" id="page_632">{632}</a></span></th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Abbey St. Bathans’<br /> +Ayton Church<br /></td><td> +Bassendean Church<br /> +Bunkle Church<br /></td><td> +Chirnside Church<br /> +Cockburnspath Church<br /></td></tr> + +<tr><td> +Coldingham Priory<br /> +Dryburgh Abbey<br /> +Duns Church<br /> +Edrom Church<br /></td><td> +Greenlaw Church<br /> +Ladykirk Church<br /> +Lauder Church<br /> +Legerwood Church<br /></td><td> +Oldhamstocks Church<br /> +Polwarth Church<br /> +Preston Church<br /> +St. Helen’s, Cockburnspath<br /></td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">BUTESHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Rothesay, St. Mary’s Abbey<br /></td><td> +Rothesay Castle Chapel<br /></td><td> +St. Blane’s Church</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">CAITHNESS-SHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Lybster, St. Mary’s<br /></td><td> +Olrig Church<br /></td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">DUMBARTONSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Dumbarton Collegiate Church<br /></td><td> +Dumbarton Parish Church<br /></td><td> +Kirkton of Kilmahew<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">DUMFRIESSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Canonby Priory<br /> +Kirkbride Church<br /></td><td> +Moffat, St. Cuthbert’s<br /></td><td> +Sanquhar Church<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">ELGIN OR MORAYSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Altyre Church<br /> +Birnie, St. Brandon’s<br /> +Drainie Church<br /></td><td> +Elgin Cathedral<br /> +—— Greyfriars’ Church<br /> +Kinloss Abbey<br /></td><td> +Michael Kirk<br /> +Pluscardine Priory<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">FIFESHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Abdie Church<br /> +Anstruther, Easter and Wester, Churches of<br /> +Ballingry Church<br /> +Balmerino Abbey<br /> +Burntisland, St. Adamnan’s<br /> +Carnock Church<br /> +Crail, St. Macrubha’s Collegiate Church<br /> +Creich, St. Devenic’s<br /> +Cupar, St. Michael’s<br /> +Dalgety, St. Bridget’s<br /></td><td> +Dunfermline Abbey<br /> +Dysart, St. Serf’s<br /> +Fordel Chapel<br /> +Inchcolm Abbey<br /> +Inverkeithing, St. Peter’s<br /> +Kemback Church<br /> +Kilconquhar Church<br /> +Kilrenny Church<br /> +Leuchars Church<br /> +Lindores Abbey<br /> +Markinch Church<br /> +Pittenweem Priory<br /></td><td> +Rosyth Church<br /> +St. Andrews Cathedral and Priory<br /> +—— Dominican Church<br /> +—— Holy Trinity<br /> +—— St. Mary’s, Kirkheugh<br /> +—— St. Leonard’s<br /> +—— St. Regulus’ or St. Rule’s<br /> +—— St. Salvator’s<br /> +St. Monans Church<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">FORFARSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Airlie Church<br /> +Arbroath Abbey<br /> +—— Abbot’s House<br /> +Auchterhouse, St. Mary’s<br /> +Brechin Cathedral<br /> +—— Maison Dieu<br /></td><td> +Dundee Church<br /> +Eassie Church<br /> +Invergowrie Church<br /> +Lundie, St. Lawrence<br /> +Mains Church<br /></td><td> +Maryton Church<br /> +Nevay Church<br /> +Pert Church<br /> +Restennet Priory<br /> +St. Vigean’s Church<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_633" id="page_633">{633}</a></span> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">HADDINGTONSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Dunbar, Redfriars’<br /> +Douglass, St. Mary’s<br /> +Garvald Church<br /> +Gladsmuir Church<br /> +Gullane, St. Andrew’s<br /> +Haddington, St. Martin’s<br /> +—— St. Mary’s<br /></td><td> +Herdmanston, Font<br /> +Keith, St. Maelrubba’s<br /> +Luffness, Redfriars’<br /> +Morham Church<br /> +Ormiston, St. Giles’<br /> +Pencaitland Church<br /> +Prestonkirk, St. Baldred’s<br /></td><td> +Prestonpans Church<br /> +Seton Collegiate Church<br /> +Stenton Parish Church<br /> +Tynninghame Church<br /> +Whitekirk Church<br /> +Yester Parish Church<br /> +—— St. Bothan’s<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">INVERNESS-SHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Barra, St. Michael’s, Borve<br /> +—— Kilbar<br /> +Beauly Priory<br /> +Benbecula, Nuntown<br /> +—— St. Columba’s, Balivanich<br /></td><td> +Harris, Sound of Pabba<br /> +—— Toehead<br /> +Raasay, St. Moluac’s<br /> +Rowdil, St. Clement’s Priory<br /> +Skye, Kilmuir<br /></td><td> +Skye, St, Maelrubba’s Font<br /> +—— Mugstot<br /> +—— Skeabost<br /> +—— Trumpan<br /> +Uist, North, Carinish<br /> +—— South, Howmore<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">KINCARDINESHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Arbuthnott Collegiate Church<br /></td><td> +Cowie Church<br /> +Feteresso, St. Cavan’s<br /></td><td> +Fordoun, St. Palladius’<br /> +Nigg, St. Fiacre’s<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Buittle, St. Colmonel’s<br /> +Dalry, St. John’s<br /> +Dundrennan Abbey<br /></td><td> +Lincluden College<br /> +New Abbey or Sweetheart Abbey<br /></td><td> +Old Girthon Church<br /> +Terregles Church<br /> +Tungland Abbey<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">LANARKSHIRE</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Biggar Church<br /> +Bothwell, St. Bride’s<br /> +Blantyre Priory<br /> +Carnwath Collegiate Church<br /></td><td> +Covington, St. Michael’s<br /> +Douglas, St. Bride’s<br /> +Glasgow, St. Mungo’s Cathedral<br /> +—— Tron Spire<br /></td><td> +Lamington Church<br /> +Lanark, St. Kentigern’s<br /> +Rutherglen, St. Mary’s<br /> +Walston Church<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">LINLITHGOWSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Abercorn Church<br /> +Auldcathie Church<br /> +Bathgate Church<br /> +Dalmeny Church<br /></td><td> +Kinneil Church<br /> +Kirkliston Church<br /> +Linlithgow, St. Michael’s<br /> +Strathbroc, St. Nicholas’<br /></td><td> +Queensferry, South, Carmelites’ Church<br /> +Torphichen Church<br /> +Uphall, St. Nicholas’<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">MID-LOTHIAN.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Borthwick, St. Mungo’s<br /> +Calder, East, St. Cuthbert’s<br /> +Cockpen Church<br /> +Edinburgh, St. Cuthbert’s Pulpit<br /> +—— St. Giles’ Collegiate Church<br /> +—— Trinity College Church<br /></td><td> + +Corstorphine, St. John Baptist<br /> +Crichton, St. Mary’s<br /> +Dalkeith, St. Nicholas’<br /> +Gogar, Font<br /> +Holyrood Abbey<br /> +Lasswade Church<br /> +Mid-Calder Church<br /> +Newbattle Abbey<br /> +Ratho, St. Mary’s +</td><td> + +Duddingston Church<br /> +Edinburgh Castle, St. Margaret’s Chapel<br /> +—— St. Anthony’s Chapel<br /> +Restalrig, St. Triduan’s<br /> +Rosslyn, St. Matthew’s Collegiate Church<br /> +Stow Church<br /> +Temple Church<br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_634" id="page_634">{634}</a></span> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">ORKNEY.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Birsay, Brough of<br /> +Deerness, Brough of<br /> +Egilsey Church<br /> +Enhallow Church<br /> +Head of Holland Chapel<br /></td><td> +Halcro Chapel, South Ronaldshay<br /> +Linton Chapel, Shapinsay<br /> +Orphir Church<br /> +St. Ola, Kirkwall<br /></td><td> +St. Magnus, Kirkwall<br /> +St. Tredwell’s Chapel<br /> +Swendro Church, Rousay<br /> +Westray Chapel<br /> +Wyre Church<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">PEEBLESSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Lyne Church<br /> +Newlands Church<br /></td><td> +Peebles, Holy Cross<br /> +Peebles, St. Andrew’s<br /></td><td> +Stobo Church<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">PERTHSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Aberdalgie, Monument<br /> +Abernethy Round Tower<br /> +Aberuthven, St. Cathan’s<br /> +Alyth, St. Moloc’s<br /> +Auchterarder Church<br /> +Blair Church<br /> +Cambusmichael Church<br /> +Coupar Abbey<br /> +Culross Abbey<br /> +—— Parish Church<br /> +Dron Church<br /> +Dunblane Cathedral<br /> +Dunkeld Cathedral<br /></td><td> +Dunning, St. Serf’s<br /> +Ecclesiamagirdle Church<br /> +Forgandenny Church<br /> +Forteviot Church<br /> +Foulis Easter, St. Marnan’s<br /> +Grandtully, St. Mary’s<br /> +Inchaffray Abbey<br /> +Innerpeffray Collegiate Church<br /> +Kinfauns Church<br /> +Kinkell, St. Bean’s<br /> +Kinnoull Church<br /></td><td> +Meigle Church<br /> +Methven Collegiate Church<br /> +Moncrieff Chapel<br /> +Muckersey Font<br /> +Muthill Church<br /> +Perth, St. John Baptist<br /> +Stobhall Church<br /> +Tullibardine Collegiate Church<br /> +Wast-town Church<br /> +Weem Church<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">RENFREWSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Castle Semple Collegiate Church<br /> +Houston Church<br /></td><td> +Kilmalcolm Church<br /> +Paisley Abbey<br /></td><td> +Renfrew Church<br /> +St. Fillan’s Church<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">ROSS-SHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Dun Othail, Lewis<br /> +Eorrapidh, Lewis<br /> +Fearn Abbey<br /> +Flannain Isles, or Seven Hunters<br /> +Fortrose Cathedral<br /></td><td> +Holy Cross, South Galston, Lewis<br /> +St. Aula, Gress, Lewis<br /> +St. Columba’s, Ey, Lewis<br /> +—— Isle, Lewis<br /> +St. John Baptist, South Bragair, Lewis<br /></td><td> +St. Ronan, North Rona<br /> +Tain, St. Duthus’<br /> +Teampull, Beannachadh<br /> +—— Pheadair, Lewis<br /> +—— Sula Sgeir<br /> +Tigh Beannachadh, Lewis<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_635" id="page_635">{635}</a></span> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">ROXBURGHSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Jedburgh Abbey<br /> +Kelso Abbey<br /></td><td> +Linton Church<br /> +Melrose Abbey<br /></td><td> +St. Boswell’s Church<br /> +Smailholm Church<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">SELKIRKSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"> +Selkirk Church<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">SHETLAND.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Culbinsbrough, Bressay<br /> +Kirkaby, Westing, Unst<br /> +Meal, Colvidale, Unst<br /></td><td> +Ness Kirk, North Yell<br /> +Noss Chapel, Bressay<br /></td><td> +St. John’s Kirk, Norwick, Unst<br /> +Uya, Church at<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">STIRLINGSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Airth Church<br /> +Cambuskenneth Abbey<br /></td><td> +Inchmahome Priory<br /></td><td> +Stirling Parish Church<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">SUTHERLANDSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td colspan="3"> +Durness, Church of<br /> +</td></tr> + +<tr><th colspan="3">WIGTONSHIRE.</th></tr> + +<tr valign="top"><td> +Cruggleton Church<br /> +Glenluce Abbey<br /> +Kirkmaiden Church<br /></td><td> +Leswalt Church<br /> +St. Ninian’s, the Isle<br /> +Wigton, St. Machutus’<br /></td><td> +Whithorn Priory<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_636" id="page_636">{636}</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<h2><a name="GENERAL_INDEX" id="GENERAL_INDEX"></a>GENERAL INDEX<br /><br /> +<small>TO THE WHOLE WORK.</small></h2> + +<p class="c"><a href="#A">A</a>, +<a href="#B">B</a>, +<a href="#C">C</a>, +<a href="#D">D</a>, +<a href="#E">E</a>, +<a href="#F">F</a>, +<a href="#G">G</a>, +<a href="#H">H</a>, +<a href="#I">I</a>, +<a href="#J">J</a>, +<a href="#K">K</a>, +<a href="#L">L</a>, +<a href="#M">M</a>, +<a href="#N">N</a>, +<a href="#O">O</a>, +<a href="#P">P</a>, +<a href="#Q">Q</a>, +<a href="#R">R</a>, +<a href="#S">S</a>, +<a href="#T">T</a>, +<a href="#U">U</a>, +<a href="#V">V</a>, +<a href="#W">W</a>, +<a href="#Y">Y</a>.</p> + +<p class="nind"> +<a name="A" id="A"></a>Abailard, <small>II.</small> 1.<br /> + +Abb’s, St., Chapel, <small>I.</small> 437.<br /> + +Abbey St. Bathans, description, <small>III.</small> 410.<br /> + +Abdie, <small>II.</small> 218.<br /> + +—— St. Magridin’s Church, <small>II.</small> 293.<br /> + +Abercorn Church, <small>I.</small> 318, description, 346.<br /> + +Aberdalgie, Monument at, <small>II.</small> 551.<br /> + +Aberdeen Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 47, <small>III.</small> 6, 40, 117, 408; description, 75.<br /> + +—— Carmelites, <small>III.</small> 469.<br /> + +—— King’s College, <small>II.</small> 285, 445, 504, <small>III.</small> 234.<br /> + +—— Greyfriars’ Church, description, <small>III.</small> 358.<br /> + +—— St. Nicholas, description, <small>I.</small> 426.<br /> + +Aberdour, Aberdeenshire, <small>III.</small>, description, 535.<br /> + +Aberdour Church, Fifeshire, <small>III.</small> 40, 318.<br /> + +Abernethy Tower, <small>I.</small> 11, 15, 26, description, 175; <small>II.</small> 86, 209.<br /> + +Aberuthven Church, description, <small>III.</small> 485.<br /> + +Adamnan, <small>I.</small> 11.<br /> + +—— St., Church of, Aberdeenshire, description, <small>III.</small> 387.<br /> + +Aidan, St., <small>I.</small> 11.<br /> + +Airlie Church, description, <small>III.</small> 452.<br /> + +Airth Church, description, <small>I.</small> 465.<br /> + +—— Castle, <small>I.</small> 465, 469.<br /> + +Aldcamus Church, <small>I.</small> 325.<br /> + +Alexander <small>I.</small>, <small>I.</small> 29.<br /> + +—— <small>II.</small> and <small>III.</small>, <small>I.</small> 50.<br /> + +Allen, J. Romilly, <small>I.</small> 2, 306.<br /> + +Alloway Kirk, description, <small>III.</small> 393.<br /> + +Alnwick, <small>I.</small> 47.<br /> + +Altyre Church, <small>II.</small> 290.<br /> + +Alyth Church, description, <small>III.</small> 487.<br /> + +Amiens Cathedral, <small>II.</small> 65.<br /> + +Anchorites, <small>I.</small> 1.<br /> + +Ancient details revived, <small>III.</small> 52.<br /> + +Anderson, Dr. Joseph, <small>I.</small> 2, 3, 66; <small>II.</small> 209, 210; <small>III.</small> 459.<br /> + +Anderson, R. Rowand, architect, <small>II.</small> 92; <small>III.</small> 459.<br /> + +Anstruther, Easter and Wester, description, <small>III.</small> 536-547.<br /> + +Anthony, St., Chapel, description, <small>III.</small> 145.<br /> + +Antiquaries of Scotland, <small>I.</small> 101; <small>III.</small> 623.<br /> + +—— Society of, <small>III.</small> 381.<br /> + +Apses and square east ends, <small>II.</small> 4; <small>III.</small> 2, 3.<br /> + +Arbroath Abbey, <small>I.</small> 38, 47, 48, 49; <small>II.</small> 2, 3, 4, 218, 332, description, 30; <small>III.</small> 456, 459.<br /> + +—— Abbot’s House, <small>II.</small> 49.<br /> + +—— Regality Court House, <small>II.</small> 48.<br /> + +Arbuthnott Church, <small>II.</small> 92; description, <small>III.</small> 235.<br /> + +Arched Style of Building, <small>I.</small> 32.<br /> + +Architecture, new development of, <small>II.</small> 1.<br /> + +—— Scottish, of Fourteenth to Sixteenth centuries, <small>I.</small> 50.<br /> + +—— division of, <small>I.</small> 53.<br /> + +—— ceases to be like English, <small>I.</small> 52.<br /> + +—— connection with French, <small>I.</small> 52.<br /> + +—— gap in, <small>II.</small> 331.<br /> + +Ardchattan Priory, <small>II.</small> 146, 245; description, <small>III.</small> 389.<br /> + +Ardoilean, <small>I.</small> 8.<br /> + +Armstrong, R. Bruce, <small>I.</small> 465; <small>III.</small> 431.<br /> + +Aroise Abbey, Artois, France, <small>II.</small> 230.<br /> + +Auchindoir Church, description, <small>II.</small> 281; <small>III.</small> 406.<br /> + +Auchterarder Church, description, <small>III.</small> 488.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_637" id="page_637">{637}</a></span>Auchterhouse, St. Mary’s, description, <small>III.</small> 541.<br /> + +Augustine, St., <small>I.</small> 12.<br /> + +Aula, St., Gress, Lewis, <small>I.</small> 83.<br /> + +Auldcathie Church, description, <small>III.</small> 474.<br /> + +Aytoun Church, description, <small>III.</small> 543.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="B" id="B"></a>Baberton House, <small>III.</small> 251.<br /> + +Bairhum, Andrew, painter, <small>I.</small> 417.<br /> + +Ballingry Church, description, <small>III.</small> 543.<br /> + +Balmerino Abbey, <small>II.</small> 345, description, 505.<br /> + +Bangor Monastery, <small>I.</small> 5.<br /> + +Barrel vaults, <small>II.</small> 333; <small>III.</small> 2.<br /> + +Bassendean Church, description, <small>III.</small> 412.<br /> + +Bathgate Church, description, <small>I.</small> 474.<br /> + +Batten, E. Chisholm, <small>II.</small> 147, 245, 395, 399, 402, 543.<br /> + +Bays, design of, <small>II.</small> 4.<br /> + +Beauly Priory, <small>I.</small> 289, 416, 417; <small>II.</small> 2, 146, 544, description, 245.<br /> + +Bede, <small>I.</small> 12.<br /> + +Beehive cells, <small>I.</small> 7, 24, 68.<br /> + +Benedict Biscop, <small>I.</small> 12.<br /> + +Beverley Minster, <small>I.</small> 54; <small>II.</small> 362.<br /> + +Biggar Collegiate Church, description, <small>III.</small> 343.<br /> + +Billings, R. W., <small>II.</small> 122, 389; <small>III.</small> 23, 43, 247.<br /> + +Birnie, St. Brandon’s, description, <small>I.</small> 218; <small>II.</small> 121.<br /> + +Birsay, Brough of, <small>I.</small> 135.<br /> + +Black’s <i>Brechin</i>, <small>II.</small> 204, 215.<br /> + +Blackadder’s Aisle, Glasgow, <small>II.</small> 165, 170; <small>III.</small> 4, 628.<br /> + +Blair Church, Blair-Atholl, description, <small>III.</small> 544.<br /> + +Blane’s, St., Bute, description, <small>I.</small> 292.<br /> + +Blantyre Priory, description, <small>III.</small> 470.<br /> + +Boniface, St., <small>I.</small> 14.<br /> + +Border monasteries destroyed, <small>II.</small> 331.<br /> + +Borthwick Church, <small>III.</small> 173, description, 214.<br /> + +—— Castle, <small>III.</small> 173, 305.<br /> + +Boswell’s, St., description, <small>I.</small> 377.<br /> + +Bothwell Church (St. Bride’s), <small>II.</small> 333, description, 531; <small>III.</small> 173, 174.<br /> + +—— Castle, <small>III.</small> 470.<br /> + +Boyndie, St. Brandan’s, description, <small>III.</small> 545.<br /> + +Brandon’s, St., Birnie, <small>I.</small> 218.<br /> + +Brechin Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 49, 57; <small>II.</small> 3, 86, 223, description, 203.<br /> + +—— Tower, <small>I.</small> 26, 48; <small>II.</small> 209.<br /> + +—— Maison Dieu, <small>I.</small> 48; description, <small>II.</small> 215.<br /> + +Brendan, St., <small>I.</small> 67.<br /> + +Brook, J. S., <small>III.</small> 203.<br /> + +Brown, J. Harvey, <small>III.</small> 372.<br /> + +—— T. Craig, <small>III.</small> 531.<br /> + +Brude, King, <small>I.</small> 10.<br /> + +Buchanan, George, <small>III.</small> 450, 597.<br /> + +Buckler, Messrs., architects, <small>III.</small> 61.<br /> + +Buittle Church, Kirkcudbrightshire, <small>II.</small> 334, description, 300.<br /> + +Bunkle Church, description, <small>I.</small> 314.<br /> + +Burgundy, <small>I.</small> 35.<br /> + +Burntisland Church, description, <small>II.</small> 269.<br /> + +Bute, Marquis of, <small>II.</small> xiii, 6, 19, 23, 482,<br /> + +—— St Blane’s, <small>I.</small> 292.<br /> + +Buttresses introduced, <small>I.</small> 34.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="C" id="C"></a>Caithness Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 47; <small>II.</small> 3.<br /> + +Cambuskenneth Abbey, <small>I.</small> 30; <small>II.</small> 3, 515, description, 225.<br /> + +—— Abbot of, <small>III.</small> 29.<br /> + +Cambusmichael Church, <small>III.</small> description, 489.<br /> + +Campbell, Rev. Dr., Balmerino, <small>II.</small> 505.<br /> + +<i>Candida Casa</i>, <small>I.</small> 3, 5; <small>II.</small> 479.<br /> + +Canmore, Malcolm, <small>I.</small> 15, 29.<br /> + +Canonby Priory, description, <small>III.</small> 430.<br /> + +Canterbury Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 12, 30.<br /> + +Cara, Gigha, Kintyre, <small>I.</small> 82.<br /> + +Cardonnell’s Views, <small>I.</small> 446.<br /> + +Carinish, North Uist, <small>I.</small> 81.<br /> + +Carmaig, St., Eilean Mor, <small>I.</small> 89.<br /> + +—— Knapdale, <small>I.</small> 84.<br /> + +Carnock Church, description, <small>III.</small> 436.<br /> + +Carnwath Collegiate Church, description, <small>III.</small> 349.<br /> + +Carving, third pointed, <small>III.</small> 6.<br /> + +Cashels, Irish, <small>I.</small> 7.<br /> + +Castle Semple Church, description, <small>III.</small> 351.<br /> + +Castletown Church, <small>I.</small> 378.<br /> + +Catan’s, St., Kintyre, <small>I.</small> 95.<br /> + +Cathedrals, Scottish, <small>I.</small> 49.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_638" id="page_638">{638}</a></span>—— chiefly thirteenth century, <small>II.</small> 2.<br /> + +Caves, <small>I.</small> 5.<br /> + +Cellach, <small>I.</small> 15.<br /> + +Celtic art, <small>I.</small> 1.<br /> + +—— carving, <small>I.</small> 426; <small>III.</small> 52, 370, 383.<br /> + +—— Church, <small>I.</small> 65.<br /> + +—— churches standing alone, <small>I.</small> 78.<br /> + +—— —— built with chancel and nave, <small>I.</small> 93.<br /> + +—— —— with pointed or late features, <small>I.</small> 95.<br /> + +—— structures in Scotland, <small>I.</small> 65.<br /> + +Chalmers, P. Macgregor, architect, <small>II.</small> 196, 199, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 393, 483; <small>III.</small> 9, 627.<br /> + +Chambers, Dr. Wm., <small>II.</small> 443, 455.<br /> + +Chancel architecturally distinguished, <small>I.</small> 79.<br /> + +—— added to nave, <small>I.</small> 79.<br /> + +Chapel on “The Isle,” Wigtonshire, description, <small>II.</small> 297.<br /> + +Chirnside Church, description, <small>I.</small> 322, 314.<br /> + +Choir and nave, relative length of, <small>II.</small> 5.<br /> + +Churches, dry-built, <small>I.</small> 80.<br /> + +—— oblong, modified, <small>I.</small> 82.<br /> + +—— with nave or chancel added, <small>I.</small> 88.<br /> + +—— on islands, <small>I.</small> 105.<br /> + +—— in Orkney, <small>I.</small> 100.<br /> + +—— in Shetland, <small>I.</small> 101, 145.<br /> + +Clackmannan Church, <small>II.</small> 231.<br /> + +Claverhouse’s Grave, Blair-Atholl, <small>III.</small> 544.<br /> + +Clement’s, St., Rowdil, description, <small>III.</small> 363.<br /> + +Clonmacnoise, <small>I.</small> 10.<br /> + +Cluny Loch, <small>III.</small> 40.<br /> + +Coalisport Loch, <small>I.</small> 10.<br /> + +Cockburnspath Church, <small>I.</small> 323; description, <small>III.</small> 413.<br /> + +Cockpen Church, <small>II.</small> 303.<br /> + +Coldingham Priory, <small>I.</small> 30, 48, 318, 379, 387, description, 437; <small>II.</small> 345; <small>III.</small> 543.<br /> + +Coldstream Priory, <small>III.</small> 413.<br /> + +Coles, Fred. R., <small>III.</small> 148, 469, 533.<br /> + +Collegiate Churches, <small>I.</small> 51, 60; <small>II.</small> 334; <small>III.</small> 2, 7.<br /> + +Collie, J., <small>II.</small> 163, 186.<br /> + +Columba, St., <small>I.</small> 5, 10, 67, 69.<br /> + +Columba Church, St., Balivanich, <small>I.</small> 88.<br /> + +—— Ey, Lewis, <small>I.</small> 91.<br /> + +—— Kiels, Kintyre, <small>I.</small> 92.<br /> + +—— Isle, Lewis, <small>I.</small> 97.<br /> + +Columban Church, <small>I.</small> 11, 12, 13.<br /> + +—— Churches, <small>I.</small> 25.<br /> + +Comgall, St., <small>I.</small> 5.<br /> + +Cooper, Rev. J., <small>III.</small> 356.<br /> + +Cordiner, <small>II.</small> 152, 157.<br /> + +Cormac’s Chapel, <small>I.</small> 28.<br /> + +Corstorphine Church, <small>I.</small> 371; <small>III.</small> 1, 3, 173, description, 250.<br /> + +Coupar Abbey, <small>II.</small> 345; <small>III.</small> 445, 499, description, 491.<br /> + +Covington Church, description, <small>III.</small> 472.<br /> + +Cowie Church, Kincardineshire, <small>II.</small> 273.<br /> + +Craigmillar Castle, <small>III.</small> 4.<br /> + +Crail Church, <small>III.</small> 452, description, 263.<br /> + +Crailing, Upper Church, <small>I.</small> 378.<br /> + +Cramond, <small>III.</small> 40.<br /> + +Creich Church, <small>II.</small> 554.<br /> + +Crichton Church, <small>III.</small> 173, 218, description, 243.<br /> + +Crosraguel Abbey, <small>I.</small> 57, 58; <small>II.</small> 76, 332, 342, 478, description, 402; <small>III.</small> 138, 338, 394, 397.<br /> + +Cross, St., Church, <small>I.</small> 36.<br /> + +Cross Church, Peebles, description, <small>III.</small> 482.<br /> + +Crosses, <small>I.</small> 9, 10, 17, 20.<br /> + +Cruggleton Church, description, <small>I.</small> 212.<br /> + +Culbinsbrough Church, Bressay, <small>I.</small> 157.<br /> + +Culdees, <small>I.</small> 14, 15, 30.<br /> + +Cullen Church, description, <small>III.</small> 398, 406.<br /> + +Culross Abbey, <small>I.</small> 48; <small>II.</small> 2, 3, description, 231.<br /> + +—— Palace, <small>III.</small> 572.<br /> + +—— Old Parish Church, <small>II.</small> 243.<br /> + +Cupar-Fife, St. Michael’s, description, <small>III.</small> 547.<br /> + +Cuthbert, St., <small>I.</small> 5, 12.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="D" id="D"></a>Dalgety, St. Bridget’s, <small>III.</small> 549.<br /> + +Dalkeith Church, <small>III.</small> 174, description, 205.<br /> + +Dalmeny Church, <small>I.</small> 38, 309, 378, description, 298.<br /> + +—— Early Sculpture at, <small>I.</small> 302.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_639" id="page_639">{639}</a></span>Dalriada, <small>I.</small> 10.<br /> + +Dalry, Kirkcudbrightshire, description, <small>III.</small> 551.<br /> + +David <small>I.</small>, <small>I.</small> 29, 30, 38.<br /> + +Decorated style, <small>I.</small> 52, 53; <small>II.</small> 331.<br /> + +—— examples rare in Scotland, <small>II.</small> 332.<br /> + +—— Churches in England, <small>III.</small> 1.<br /> + +Deer Abbey, <small>II.</small> 345, description, 274.<br /> + +—— Church, description, <small>II.</small> 278.<br /> + +Deerness, Brough of, <small>I.</small> 68, 101.<br /> + +Denis, St., <small>I.</small> 8.<br /> + +Deskford Church, description, <small>III.</small> 406.<br /> + +Details, late, <small>III.</small> 5.<br /> + +Devenish, Round Tower, <small>I.</small> 27.<br /> + +Dioceses, Scottish, <small>I.</small> 29.<br /> + +Donoughmore, County Meath, <small>II.</small> 210.<br /> + +Doorways, <small>I.</small> 55.<br /> + +Dore Abbey, Hertfordshire, <small>II.</small> 186, 381; <small>III.</small> 172.<br /> + +Dornoch Cathedral, <small>II.</small> 3.<br /> + +Douglas Church, description, <small>II.</small> 520.<br /> + +Drainie Church, description, <small>III.</small> 553.<br /> + +Dron Church, description, <small>III.</small> 497.<br /> + +Drummond, James, R.S.A., <small>I.</small> 2, 323, 426; <small>III.</small> 49, 91.<br /> + +Dryburgh Abbey, <small>I.</small> 38, 47, 48, 49, 57, description, 448; tailpiece, 478; <small>II.</small> 4, 267, 332, 345, 346, 349, 365.<br /> + +Dryden, Sir Henry, <small>I.</small> 3, 68, 101, 172, 273, 282, 288, 290, 292.<br /> + +Duddingston Church, <small>I.</small> 39, 382, description, 333.<br /> + +Dumbarton Parish and Collegiate Churches, description, <small>III.</small> 423.<br /> + +Dunbar, Redfriars, description, <small>III.</small> 462.<br /> + +Dunblane Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 38, 48, 49, 50; <small>II.</small> 2, 3, 4, 116, description, 86; <small>III.</small> 121, 123, 331.<br /> + +—— Celtic Cross at, <small>II.</small> 102.<br /> + +Dundee Church, <small>II.</small> 218, 235; <small>III.</small> 116, description, 123.<br /> + +Dundrennan Abbey, <small>I.</small> 30, 47, 48, 387, description, 388; <small>II.</small> 2, 3, 335, 342.<br /> + +Dunfermline Abbey, <small>I.</small> 38, 309, 439, description, 230; <small>II.</small> 3, 92, 147, 486; <small>III.</small> 105.<br /> + +Dunglass Church, <small>III.</small> 1, 3, 167, 173, description, 179.<br /> + +Dunkeld Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 47, 49, 62; <small>II.</small> 3; <small>III.</small> 12, 21, 23, 121, 123, 318, 418, 487, description, 23.<br /> + +Dunning, St. Serf’s, description, <small>I.</small> 204; <small>III.</small> 500.<br /> + +Dun Othail, Lewis, <small>I.</small> 81.<br /> + +Duns Church, description, <small>I.</small> 381.<br /> + +Dunstaffnage Castle, <small>I.</small> 48.<br /> + +—— Chapel, description, <small>II.</small> 299.<br /> + +Durham Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 37; <small>II.</small> 92, 345, 471.<br /> + +Durness Church, description, <small>III.</small> 557.<br /> + +Dysart Church, <small>II.</small> 235; <small>III.</small> 308, 318, description, 437.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="E" id="E"></a>Earl’s Hall, <small>III.</small> 527.<br /> + +Eassie Church, description, <small>III.</small> 560.<br /> + +East Calder Church, description, <small>III.</small> 559.<br /> + +Ecclesiamagirdle, description, <small>III.</small> 499.<br /> + +Edinburgh Castle Chapel, <small>I.</small> 29, description, 224.<br /> + +Edinburgh, St. Giles’, description, <small>II.</small> 419.<br /> + +Edrom Church, <small>I.</small> 314, 316; <small>II.</small> 162.<br /> + +Edward <small>I.</small>, <small>I.</small> 51.<br /> + +Egilsay, Orkney, Church on, <small>I.</small> 26, 27; <small>II.</small> 209.<br /> + +—— Choir, <small>I.</small> 100.<br /> + +Eilean, Naomh, <small>I.</small> 66.<br /> + +—— Mor, <small>I.</small> 77, 89.<br /> + +—— Munde, <small>I.</small> 83.<br /> + +Elgin Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 47, 48, 49, 387; <small>II.</small> 2, 3, 4, 146, 147, 152, 154, 196, 372, 331, description, 121.<br /> + +—— Greyfriars’ Church description, <small>III.</small> 356.<br /> + +—— St. Giles’, <small>II.</small> 157.<br /> + +Ellon Monument, <small>III.</small> 85.<br /> + +Ely, <small>II.</small> 92.<br /> + +England, Church in, <small>I.</small> 12.<br /> + +English Cathedrals, <small>I.</small> 40, 43.<br /> + +—— influence, <small>III.</small> 5, 6.<br /> + +Enhallow, Orkney, <small>I.</small> 116.<br /> + +Eorrapidh, Lewis, <small>I.</small> 99.<br /> + +Errol, Earl of, <small>III.</small> 493.<br /> + +Eyre, Archbishop, <small>II.</small> 195.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="F" id="F"></a>Fail Abbey, <small>II.</small> 76.<br /> + +Falaise, Normandy, <small>II.</small> 30.<br /> + +Farne Island, <small>I.</small> 12.<br /> + +Faslane Church, <small>II.</small> 557.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_640" id="page_640">{640}</a></span>Fearn Abbey, Ross-shire, <small>II.</small> 542.<br /> + +Ferguson, Mr. J., Duns, <small>I.</small> 382; <small>III.</small> 410, 416, 417.<br /> + +Ferguson, Rev. John, <small>III.</small> 112.<br /> + +Fernie, Cupar-Fife, <small>III.</small> 547.<br /> + +Ferrerius, John, <small>I.</small> 416; <small>II.</small> 246.<br /> + +Fetteresso Church, <small>III.</small> 562.<br /> + +Fillans, St., Church, <small>III.</small> 527.<br /> + +Finnian, St., School of, <small>I.</small> 5.<br /> + +First pointed style, <small>I.</small> 39; <small>II.</small> 1, 2.<br /> + +—— Introduced from England, <small>II.</small> 3.<br /> + +—— in Scotland, <small>I.</small> 46.<br /> + +—— Details of, <small>II.</small> 4.<br /> + +Flamboyant style, <small>I.</small> 2, 57, 58.<br /> + +—— tracery, <small>III.</small> 6.<br /> + +Flannain Isles, <small>I.</small> 77.<br /> + +Font at Birnie, St. Brandon’s, <small>I.</small> 219.<br /> + +—— Forgandenny, <small>III.</small> 502.<br /> + +—— Fortrose, <small>II.</small> 401.<br /> + +—— Foulis Easter, <small>III.</small> 196.<br /> + +—— Gogar, <small>III.</small> 306.<br /> + +—— Herdmanston, <small>I.</small> 384.<br /> + +—— Inverkeithing, <small>II.</small> 549.<br /> + +—— Isle, the, <small>II.</small> 298.<br /> + +—— Kinkell, <small>III.</small> 385.<br /> + +—— Meigle, <small>III.</small> 517.<br /> + +—— Muckersey, <small>III.</small> 502.<br /> + +—— Newbottle, <small>II.</small> 258.<br /> + +—— Restennet, <small>I.</small> 185.<br /> + +—— Selkirk, <small>III.</small> 529.<br /> + +—— Stenton, <small>III.</small> 611.<br /> + +—— Strathbroc, <small>I.</small> 345.<br /> + +—— Whithorn, <small>II.</small> 485.<br /> + +Fordel Church, description, <small>III.</small> 565.<br /> + +Fordoun, St. Palladius, description, <small>III.</small> 468.<br /> + +Forgandenny Church, description, <small>III.</small> 500.<br /> + +Fortrose Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 57; <small>II.</small> 331, description, 394.<br /> + +Fortune, Mr. G., architect, <small>III.</small> 410.<br /> + +Foulis, Easter Church, description, <small>III.</small> 189.<br /> + +France, architecture in, <small>I.</small> 40, 42, 43.<br /> + +Franciscans, Haddington, <small>II.</small> 492.<br /> + +French influence, <small>III.</small> 5, 6.<br /> + +Fullar, John, <small>III.</small> 111.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="G" id="G"></a>Galloway, Cathedral of, <small>II.</small> 3.<br /> + +—— A church in, <small>II.</small> 378.<br /> + +—— William, architect, <small>I.</small> 178, 185, 213, 297, 383; <small>II.</small> 76, 80, 81, 297, 482, 486; <small>III.</small> 356, 372, 377, 551, 625.<br /> + +Galloway, Alex., <small>III.</small> 358, 385, 386.<br /> + +Gallowhead, <small>I.</small> 80.<br /> + +Gamrie Church, description, <small>III.</small> 567.<br /> + +Garvald Church, description, <small>III.</small> 567.<br /> + +Germany, <small>I.</small> 35.<br /> + +Gibbs, Wm., architect, <small>I.</small> 426.<br /> + +Giles’, St., Edinburgh, <small>I.</small> 49, 51, 57, 60, 62; <small>II.</small> 331, 457, 460, 466, 504, description, 419; <small>III.</small> 130, 295, 324.<br /> + +Giric, King, <small>I.</small> 15.<br /> + +Gladsmuir Church, description, <small>III.</small> 569.<br /> + +Glasgow, Bishop of, <small>I.</small> 29.<br /> + +—— Tron Steeple, description, <small>III.</small> 571.<br /> + +—— Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 47, 48, 49, 50, 57, 58; <small>II.</small> 2, 3, 4, 125, 186, 324, 331, 379, 382, 520, description, 160; <small>III.</small> 4, 6, 21, 159, 172, 174, 175, 179.<br /> + +—— High Kirk, <small>II.</small> 378.<br /> + +—— College, <small>III.</small> 206.<br /> + +—— Tolbooth, <small>III.</small> 295.<br /> + +Glenluce Abbey, <small>II.</small> 379, description, <small>III.</small> 132.<br /> + +Gloucester Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 401.<br /> + +Gogar Church Font, description, <small>II.</small> 306.<br /> + +Gothic architecture in Scotland, <small>I.</small> 2.<br /> + +Grandtully Church, description, <small>III.</small> 571.<br /> + +Greenlaw Church, description, <small>III.</small> 574.<br /> + +Grose, Capt., <small>I.</small> 444, 446; <small>II.</small> 76, 80, 171, 204, 391, 393; <small>III.</small> 223, 343, 393, 482, 485.<br /> + +Gullane, St. Andrews, <small>I.</small> 339.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="H" id="H"></a>Haddington, St. Martin’s, description, <small>I.</small> 362.<br /> + +—— Priory, <small>III.</small> 264.<br /> + +—— Nunnery, <small>II.</small> 492.<br /> + +—— St. Mary’s Parish Church, <small>II.</small> 445 description, 491; <small>III.</small> 1, 234.<br /> + +Haddow’s Hole Church (St. Giles’), <small>II.</small> 454.<br /> + +Hagnaston Church, Derbyshire, <small>I.</small> 306.<br /> + +Halcro Chapel, South Ronaldshay, <small>I.</small> 105.<br /> + +Halkerston, John, <small>III.</small> 121.<br /> + +Hassendean, <small>I.</small> 378.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_641" id="page_641">{641}</a></span>Hay, Rev. R. A., <small>III.</small> 151.<br /> + +Head of Holland, Church at, <small>I.</small> 105.<br /> + +Helen’s, St., Church, <small>I.</small> 314, 366, description, 323.<br /> + +Henry <small>VII.</small>’s Chapel, <small>III.</small> 6, 175.<br /> + +Heraldic Panel, Prestonpans Church, description, <small>III.</small> 602.<br /> + +Herdmanston Font, description, <small>I.</small> 384.<br /> + +Heriot Parish, <small>III.</small> 218.<br /> + +Hermiston House, <small>III.</small> 251.<br /> + +Hermits’ cells, <small>I.</small> 73.<br /> + +Hexham, <small>I.</small> 12; <small>II.</small> 6, 345.<br /> + +Holy Cross Church, Lewis, <small>I.</small> 83.<br /> + +Holyrood Abbey, <small>I.</small> 30, 38, 47, 48, 371, 416; <small>II.</small> 2, 3, 4, 330, 332, description, 53; <small>III.</small> 251, 269, 363, 373.<br /> + +Honeyman, John, architect, <small>II.</small> 160, 161, 165, 168, 169, 171, 198.<br /> + +Horndene, <small>III.</small> 218.<br /> + +Houston Church, description, <small>III.</small> 527.<br /> + +Howmore, South Uist, <small>I.</small> 70.<br /> + +Hunter, Blair, F. C., <small>II.</small> 402.<br /> + +Hutton Collection, <small>I.</small> 180; <small>III.</small> 180, 188, 205, 496.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="I" id="I"></a>Iffley Church, <small>I.</small> 317.<br /> + +Inchaffray Abbey, <small>III.</small> 486, 489, description, 502.<br /> + +Inchcolm Abbey, <small>I.</small> 29, 48; <small>II.</small> 2, 92, description, 307; <small>III.</small> 29.<br /> + +—— Oratory, <small>I.</small> 24; <small>II.</small> 310.<br /> + +Inchkenneth, Ulva, <small>I.</small> 98, 165.<br /> + +—— Mull, <small>I.</small> 165.<br /> + +Inchmahome, <small>I.</small> 48; <small>II.</small> 3, description, 112.<br /> + +Innerpeffray Collegiate Church, description, <small>III.</small> 506.<br /> + +Insch Church, description, <small>III.</small> 575.<br /> + +Inverboyndie Church, <small>III.</small> 545.<br /> + +Invergowrie Church, description, <small>III.</small> 454.<br /> + +Inverkeithing Church, <small>II.</small> 507; description, 547.<br /> + +Inverness Fort, <small>I.</small> 417.<br /> + +Iona, <small>I.</small> 10, 11, 14.<br /> + +—— Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 49, 62; <small>III.</small> 29, 130, 363, 370, 381, 389, description, 47.<br /> + +—— Carved Slabs, <small>I.</small> 23.<br /> + +—— St. Oran’s Chapel, <small>I.</small> 220.<br /> + +—— the Nunnery, description, <small>I.</small> 421.<br /> + +Irish influence, <small>I.</small> 2, 9.<br /> + +Irish style of building, <small>I.</small> 8, 9.<br /> + +—— Round Towers, <small>I.</small> 26, 27, 28.<br /> + +Islands, Churches on, <small>I.</small> 8.<br /> + +—— Western, Architecture of, <small>I.</small> 65, 80.<br /> + +Isle, the, Chapel on, description, <small>II.</small> 297.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="J" id="J"></a>Jarrow, <small>I.</small> 12, 13.<br /> + +Jedburgh Abbey, <small>I.</small> 38, 49, 309, 387, description, 398; <small>II.</small> 2, 75, 162, 332, 345.<br /> + +Jervise, Andrew, <small>II.</small> 282, 283; <small>III.</small> 399, 404, 469.<br /> + +John Baptist, Church of, Lewis, <small>I.</small> 95.<br /> + +John, St., Kirk of, Unst, <small>I.</small> 148.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="K" id="K"></a>Keith Church, description, <small>III.</small> 465.<br /> + +Kelso Abbey, <small>I.</small> 38, 39, 387, description, 347; <small>II.</small> 2, 75, 345, 520.<br /> + +Kemback Church, description, <small>III.</small> 576.<br /> + +Kenmore Aisle, <small>III.</small> 551.<br /> + +Kentigern, St., <small>I.</small> 11.<br /> + +Kerr, Henry F., architect, <small>II.</small> 492.<br /> + +Kevin, St., cell of, <small>I.</small> 9.<br /> + +Kiels, Knapdale, <small>I.</small> 84.<br /> + +Kilallan (<i>see</i> St. Fillans).<br /> + +Kilbar, Barra, <small>I.</small> 71, 72.<br /> + +Kilbride, Knapdale, <small>I.</small> 98.<br /> + +Kilchenich, Tiree, <small>I.</small> 88.<br /> + +Kilchenzie, Kintyre, <small>I.</small> 93.<br /> + +Kilchieran, Islay, <small>I.</small> 96.<br /> + +Kilchoman Cross, <small>I.</small> 22.<br /> + +Kilchouslan, Kintyre, <small>I.</small> 92.<br /> + +Kilconquhar Church, description, <small>III.</small> 441.<br /> + +Kildalton, Islay, <small>I.</small> 96.<br /> + +Kilfillan (<i>see</i> St. Fillans).<br /> + +Killean, Kintyre, <small>I.</small> 98.<br /> + +Kilmahew, Kirkton of, description, <small>III.</small> 426.<br /> + +Kilmalcolm Church, description, <small>III.</small> 527, 529.<br /> + +Kilmaurs, Monument at, <small>III.</small> 577.<br /> + +Kilmory, Knapdale, <small>I.</small> 85.<br /> + +Kilmuir, Skye, <small>I.</small> 84.<br /> + +Kilmun Collegiate Church, description, <small>III.</small> 390.<br /> + +Kilnaughton, Islay, <small>I.</small> 96.<br /> + +Kilneave, Islay, <small>I.</small> 96.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_642" id="page_642">{642}</a></span>Kilrenny Church, description, <small>III.</small> 442.<br /> + +Kilrimont, <small>I.</small> 11.<br /> + +Kilwinning Abbey, <small>II.</small> 2, 3, 4, 332, description, 73; <small>III.</small> 425.<br /> + +Kineddar Church, <small>II.</small> 121; <small>III.</small> 553.<br /> + +Kinfauns Church, description, <small>III.</small> 513.<br /> + +King’s College, Aberdeen, <small>I.</small> 62; <small>II.</small> 285, 445, 504; description, <small>III.</small> 287.<br /> + +—— Cambridge, <small>II.</small> 393.<br /> + +Kinkell Church, Aberdeenshire, description, <small>III.</small> 383, 386, 406.<br /> + +—— St. Bean’s, description, <small>III.</small> 579.<br /> + +Kinloss Abbey, <small>I.</small> 30, 289, description, 416; <small>II.</small> 121, 232, 246, 345, 402.<br /> + +—— Abbot’s House, <small>II.</small> 417, 421.<br /> + +Kinneil Church, description, <small>III.</small> 578.<br /> + +Kinnoul Church, description, <small>III.</small> 580.<br /> + +Kinross, J., architect, <small>II.</small> 6, 23; <small>III.</small> 300.<br /> + +Kintore, Sacrament House, <small>III.</small> 386.<br /> + +Kintyre, <small>I.</small> 3, 10, 82.<br /> + +Kirkaby, Westray, Shetland, <small>I.</small> 147.<br /> + +Kirkapoll, Tiree, <small>I.</small> 87.<br /> + +Kirkbryde Church, description, <small>III.</small> 431.<br /> + +Kirkham Priory, <small>I.</small> 317.<br /> + +Kirkheugh, St. Mary’s, <small>II.</small> 29.<br /> + +Kirkliston Church, description, <small>I.</small> 366.<br /> + +Kirkmadrine, Crosses at, <small>I.</small> 4.<br /> + +Kirkmaiden, description, <small>I.</small> 383.<br /> + +Kirkoswald Church, description, <small>III.</small> 582.<br /> + +Kirkton of Kilmahew, description, <small>III.</small> 426.<br /> + +Kirkwall, St. Magnus’ Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 38, 48, 50, 417, description, 259; <small>II.</small> 3, 4.<br /> + +—— St. Ola, <small>I.</small> 109.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="L" id="L"></a>Ladykirk, <small>III.</small> 3, 5, 173, 208, 310, 349, 446, description, 218.<br /> + +Laggan, Mull, <small>I.</small> 98.<br /> + +Laing, Alexander, <small>II.</small> 218, 219, 220.<br /> + +—— Dr. David, <small>II.</small> 429; <small>III.</small> 7, 103, 188, 251, 253, 258, 475.<br /> + +Lamington Church, description, <small>I.</small> 376; <small>II.</small> 37.<br /> + +Lanark Church, <small>I.</small> 50; description, <small>II.</small> 266.<br /> + +Lancet windows, <small>II.</small> 4.<br /> + +Lasswade Church, description, <small>I.</small> 471; <small>III.</small> 214.<br /> + +Late or third pointed style, <small>I.</small> 58.<br /> + +—— in Scotland, <small>I.</small> 60; <small>III.</small> 1, 2.<br /> + +Lauder Church, description, <small>III.</small> 582.<br /> + +Lees, Very Rev. Dr. J. Cameron, <small>III.</small> 7, 23, 25.<br /> + +Leeswalt Church, description, <small>III.</small> 585.<br /> + +Legerwood Church, <small>I.</small> 314, 382, description, 320.<br /> + +Leonard’s, St., St. Andrews, description, <small>III.</small> 448.<br /> + +Lerida Cathedral, Spain, <small>II.</small> 37.<br /> + +Leuchars Church, <small>I.</small> 38, 378, description, 309.<br /> + +Lewis, Butt of, <small>I.</small> 75.<br /> + +Lincluden College, <small>I.</small> 57; <small>II.</small> 120, 333, 379, 381, 535, description, 383; <small>III.</small> 1, 6, 174.<br /> + +Lincoln Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 45, 47; <small>II.</small> 3, 121.<br /> + +Lindisfarne, <small>I.</small> 11; <small>II.</small> 354.<br /> + +Lindores Abbey, <small>II.</small> 4, 294, description, 217; <small>III.</small> 123.<br /> + +Linlithgow Church, <small>I.</small> 57; <small>II.</small> 445, 504, description, 455; <small>III.</small> 3, 82, 116, 117, 121, 174, 208, 315, 324, 456.<br /> + +—— Palace, <small>III.</small> 121.<br /> + +Linton Church, Roxburghshire, <small>I.</small> 318, description, 378.<br /> + +Linton Chapel, Shapinsay, <small>I.</small> 122.<br /> + +Lismore Cathedral, description, <small>II.</small> 263.<br /> + +Loch Tay Monastery, <small>III.</small> 29.<br /> + +Logierait Cross, <small>I.</small> 18.<br /> + +Lombardy, <small>I.</small> 35.<br /> + +Lonmay Church, description, <small>III.</small> 587.<br /> + +Loudoun Church, description, <small>III.</small> 587.<br /> + +Luffness Monastery, description, <small>II.</small> 288.<br /> + +Lundie, St. Lawrence, description, <small>I.</small> 382.<br /> + +Lybster, Caithness, <small>I.</small> 162.<br /> + +Lyne Church, description, <small>III.</small> 589.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="M" id="M"></a>Macalpine, Kenneth, <small>I.</small> 14.<br /> + +Macdonald, W. Rae, <small>III.</small> 45, 198, 261, 525.<br /> + +Maces of Universities, <small>III.</small> 203.<br /> + +Mackenzie, A. M., architect, <small>III.</small> 236, 359.<br /> + +Mackison, William, architect, <small>II.</small> 227.<br /> + +M‘Lean’s Cross, Iona, <small>I.</small> 21.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_643" id="page_643">{643}</a></span>Macpherson, Dr. Norman, <small>III.</small> 289, 371.<br /> + +Macpherson, Archibald, architect, <small>III.</small> 453.<br /> + +Madoe’s Cross, <small>I.</small> 17.<br /> + +Maelrubba, St., Skye, Font, description, <small>III.</small> 381.<br /> + +Magnus’, St., Cathedral, Kirkwall (<i>see</i> Kirkwall).<br /> + +Mains Church, description, <small>III.</small> 455.<br /> + +Maison Dieu, Brechin, description, <small>II.</small> 215.<br /> + +Margaret, Queen, <small>I.</small> 15, 28, 29.<br /> + +Marischal College, Aberdeen, <small>III.</small> 359.<br /> + +Markinch Church, description, <small>I.</small> 193.<br /> + +Martin, <small>III.</small> 377.<br /> + +Martin’s, St., Haddington, description, <small>I.</small> 362.<br /> + +—— St., Cross, Iona, <small>I.</small> 21.<br /> + +Martine’s <i>Reliquiæ Divi Andreæ</i>, <small>II.</small> 19, 23, 24, 27, 29.<br /> + +Mary’s, St., Lybster, <small>I.</small> 93, 94.<br /> + +—— Ratho, description, <small>I.</small> 371.<br /> + +—— Rutherglen, description, <small>I.</small> 372.<br /> + +Maryton Church, description, <small>III.</small> 456.<br /> + +Mason’s contract, St. Giles’, <small>II.</small> 420.<br /> + +Matheson, Robert, architect, <small>I.</small> 262.<br /> + +Mavisbank House, <small>II.</small> 258.<br /> + +May, Isle of, <small>III.</small> 599.<br /> + +Maybole Collegiate Church, description, <small>III.</small> 338.<br /> + +Meal, Colvidale, Unst, <small>I.</small> 148.<br /> + +Medan’s, St., Cave, <small>I.</small> 5.<br /> + +Meigle Font, <small>III.</small> 517.<br /> + +Melrose Abbey, <small>I.</small> 30, 47, 49, 51, 52, 55, 58, 62, 451; <small>II.</small> 19, 160, 251, 277, 331, 332, 342, 438, description, 344.<br /> + +—— Resemblance of details to York, <small>II.</small> 333; <small>III.</small> 1, 3, 6, 167, 174, 456, 627.<br /> + +—— Old, <small>I.</small> 11.<br /> + +Merlioun, Walter, <small>III.</small> 106, 121.<br /> + +Methven Church, <small>III.</small> 397, description, 519.<br /> + +Michael’s, St., Barra, <small>I.</small> 95.<br /> + +Michael Kirk, description, <small>III.</small> 553.<br /> + +Mid-Calder Church, description, <small>III.</small> 279.<br /> + +—— Bond concerning, <small>III.</small> 279.<br /> + +Middle Ages, art of, <small>I.</small> 2.<br /> + +Middleton Church, <small>I.</small> 317.<br /> + +Middle pointed style, characteristics, <small>I.</small> 53.<br /> + +Middle pointed style in Scotland, <small>I.</small> 55; <small>II.</small> 331; <small>III.</small> 1.<br /> + +Miller, Rev. Alex., <small>III.</small> 557.<br /> + +—— A. H., <small>III.</small> 619.<br /> + +Mirin’s, St., Chapel, <small>III.</small> 3, 9; description, 23.<br /> + +Moffat, St. Cuthbert’s, description, <small>III.</small> 433.<br /> + +Moluac, St., Raasay, <small>I.</small> 98.<br /> + +—— Teampull, Lewis, <small>I.</small> 99.<br /> + +—— Mortlach, description, <small>III.</small> 408.<br /> + +—— Alyth, description, <small>II.</small> 487.<br /> + +Monans, St., <small>III.</small> 10, 445.<br /> + +Monasteries established, <small>I.</small> 31.<br /> + +—— in Scotland, proportions, <small>I.</small> 49.<br /> + +Moncrieff Chapel, description, <small>III.</small> 521.<br /> + +Monkton Church, description, <small>II.</small> 285.<br /> + +Monkwearmouth, <small>I.</small> 12, 13.<br /> + +Monuments—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abbey St. Bathans, <small>III.</small> 411.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abdie, <small>II.</small> 296.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abercorn Church, <small>I.</small> 346.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aberdalgie, <small>II.</small> 551.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aberdeen, St. Machar’s, <small>III.</small> 83, 84, 85, 86, 88.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">—— St. Nicholas’, <small>I.</small> 431.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aberdour, <small>III.</small> 536.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Airth, <small>I.</small> 469.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ardchattan, <small>III.</small> 390.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Balmerino, <small>II.</small> 517.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bathgate, <small>I.</small> 475.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beauly, <small>II.</small> 249.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Borthwick Church, <small>III.</small> 216.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bothwell, <small>II.</small> 536.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cambuskenneth, <small>II.</small> 231.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carnwath Church, <small>III.</small> 349.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castle Semple Church, <small>III.</small> 354.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coldingham, <small>I.</small> 446.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Corstorphine Church, <small>III.</small> 261.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coupar Abbey, <small>III.</small> 496.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creich, <small>II.</small> 556.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crichton Church, <small>III.</small> 247.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cullen Church, <small>III.</small> 401.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Culross Parish Church, <small>II.</small> 245.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cupar, <small>III.</small> 549.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dalgety, <small>III.</small> 549.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dalkeith, <small>III.</small> 209.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Deer Church, <small>II.</small> 278.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Douglas, <small>II.</small> 520.</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_644" id="page_644">{644}</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dunblane, <small>II.</small> 112.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dundrennan Abbey, <small>I.</small> 395, 398.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dunfermline Abbey, <small>I.</small> 258.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dunkeld Cathedral, <small>III.</small> 32, 43, 45.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Durness Church, <small>III.</small> 559.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edinburgh, St. Giles’, <small>II.</small> 449.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elgin Cathedral, <small>II.</small> 142.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ellon, <small>III.</small> 85.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Errol, Earl of, <small>III.</small> 493.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fearn, <small>II.</small> 546.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fortrose Cathedral, <small>II.</small> 399.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glasgow Cathedral, <small>II.</small> 203.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Glencairn, Kilmaurs, <small>III.</small> 577.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haddington, <small>II.</small> 498.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holyrood, <small>II.</small> 54.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Houston Church, <small>III.</small> 527.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Inchkenneth, <small>I.</small> 171.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Inchmahome, <small>II.</small> 119.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Iona, <small>I.</small> 426; <small>III.</small> 74.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Keith Church, <small>III.</small> 466.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kennedy, Ballantrae, <small>III.</small> 577.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kilmaurs, <small>III.</small> 577.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kilrenny Church, <small>III.</small> 442.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kinfauns, <small>III.</small> 513.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kinnoul, <small>III.</small> 580.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kirkwall Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 290.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lasswade Church, <small>I.</small> 474.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leswalt, <small>III.</small> 585.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lindores, <small>II.</small> 225.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maryton, <small>III.</small> 456.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maybole, <small>III.</small> 341.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">M‘Lellan, Kirkcudbright, <small>III.</small> 578.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montgomerie, Largs, <small>III.</small> 620.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mortlach, <small>III.</small> 409.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Newbottle, <small>II.</small> 251.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oransay, <small>III.</small> 376.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ormiston, <small>III.</small> 596.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paisley Abbey, <small>III.</small> 25.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Renfrew Church, <small>III.</small> 525.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rosslyn, <small>III.</small> 179.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rothesay Abbey, III. 418.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rowdil, <small>III.</small> 367.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Andrews, St. Leonard’s, <small>III.</small> 450.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">—— St. Salvator’s, <small>III.</small> 203.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Giles’, Edinburgh, <small>II.</small> 441; <small>III.</small> 597.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Mirren’s Chapel, <small>III.</small> 25.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sanquhar Church, <small>III.</small> 436.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Selkirk, <small>III.</small> 530.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seton Church, <small>III.</small> 228, 234, 620.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stirling Church, <small>III.</small> 324, 328.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Weem, <small>III.</small> 620.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yester Church, <small>III.</small> 312.</span><br /> + +Monymusk, <small>I.</small> 30; description, 215.<br /> + +Morham Church, description, <small>III.</small> 591.<br /> + +Morris, James A., <small>II.</small> 405.<br /> + +Mortlach, <small>III.</small> 75, 238; description, 408.<br /> + +Muckersey Font, <small>III.</small> 502.<br /> + +Mugstot, Skye, <small>I.</small> 69.<br /> + +Muir, T. S., <small>I.</small> 2, 26, 65, 195, 214, 316, 323; <small>II.</small> 215, 247, 283, 299, 395, 396, 449, 479; <small>III.</small> 247, 263, 368, 370, 381, 418, 455, 470, 487, 533.<br /> + +Murray, Regent, Monument, <small>III.</small> 597.<br /> + +Muthill Church, description, <small>I.</small> 196.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="N" id="N"></a>Nattes, J. Claude, <small>I.</small> 196.<br /> + +Neal’s <i>Ecclesiological Notes</i>, <small>II.</small> 538, 540.<br /> + +Ness, North Yell, <small>I.</small> 151.<br /> + +Netherlands, <small>I.</small> 2; <small>III.</small> 264.<br /> + +Nevay Church, description, <small>III.</small> 560.<br /> + +New Abbey, <small>I.</small> 50; <small>II.</small> 332, description, 334.<br /> + +Newbattle Abbey, <small>I.</small> 30; <small>II.</small> 75, 332, 345, 346, description, 251.<br /> + +Newlands Church, description, <small>III.</small> 479.<br /> + +Newtown, Benbecula, <small>I.</small> 83.<br /> + +Nicholas’, St., Aberdeen, <small>I.</small> 39; description, 426.<br /> + +Nicholas’, St., Strathbroc, description, <small>I.</small> 342.<br /> + +Niddisdale, <small>II.</small> 378.<br /> + +Nigg Church, description, <small>III.</small> 592.<br /> + +Ninian, St., <small>I.</small> 3.<br /> + +—— Sanda, <small>I.</small> 97.<br /> + +Norham Castle, <small>III.</small> 218.<br /> + +Norman architecture, <small>I.</small> 1, 28.<br /> + +—— in Scotland, <small>I.</small> 191.<br /> + +Norman immigrants, <small>I.</small> 30.<br /> + +—— influence, <small>I.</small> 79, 84.<br /> + +—— piers, <small>II.</small> 4.<br /> + +—— style, <small>I.</small> 35.<br /> + +—— —— in Scotland, <small>I.</small> 38, 314.<br /> + +Norsemen, <small>I.</small> 14.<br /> + +North Berwick, Convent, <small>III.</small> 441.<br /> + +Northumbria, Church in, <small>I.</small> 11, 12.<br /> + +Noss, Kirk of Bressay, <small>I.</small> 146.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_645" id="page_645">{645}</a></span>Nunnery, Iona, description, <small>I.</small> 421.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="O" id="O"></a>Ola’s, St., Kirkwall, <small>I.</small> 109.<br /> + +Old Dailly Church, description, <small>III.</small> 394.<br /> + +Old Girthon Church, description, <small>III.</small> 469.<br /> + +Oldhamstocks Church, description, <small>III.</small> 594.<br /> + +Olrig Castle, Caithness, <small>I.</small> 99.<br /> + +Oran’s, St., Iona, <small>I.</small> 220.<br /> + +Oransay Cross, <small>I.</small> 22.<br /> + +—— Priory, description, <small>III.</small> 372.<br /> + +Oratories, Irish, <small>I.</small> 8.<br /> + +“Orders” in architecture, <small>I.</small> 33.<br /> + +Orkney, <small>I.</small> 3.<br /> + +—— Cathedral, <small>II.</small> 3.<br /> + +Orkney and Shetland, churches in, <small>I.</small> 101.<br /> + +—— characteristics, <small>I.</small> 159.<br /> + +—— dates, <small>I.</small> 162.<br /> + +—— monuments, <small>I.</small> 160.<br /> + +—— proportions, <small>I.</small> 161.<br /> + +Ormiston Church, <small>III.</small> 596.<br /> + +Ornament, <small>I.</small> 35.<br /> + +Orphir, Church, Orkney, <small>I.</small> 141.<br /> + +Oswald’s, St., Oxtail, <small>I.</small> 47.<br /> + +Oudenarde, Belgium, <small>I.</small> 447.<br /> + +Oxenham Church, <small>I.</small> 378.<br /> + +Oxford Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 403.<br /> + +Oxtall, St. Oswald’s, <small>I.</small> 47.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="P" id="P"></a>Pabba, Harris, <small>I.</small> 84.<br /> + +Painting in churches, <small>I.</small> 417; <small>II.</small> 123; <small>III.</small> 196, 217, 509, 511.<br /> + +Paisley Abbey, <small>I.</small> 47, 62; <small>II.</small> 75, 286, 332, 378, 379, 393, 402, 501; <small>III.</small> 1, 40, 43, 47, 130, 328, 394, 397, 488, description, 7.<br /> + +Palladius, St., <small>I.</small> 5.<br /> + +—— Church, Fordoun, description, <small>III.</small> 468.<br /> + +Papa, Westray, <small>I.</small> 106.<br /> + +Parish churches, <small>II.</small> 5.<br /> + +Parochial divisions, <small>I.</small> 31.<br /> + +Parwick Church, Derbyshire, <small>I.</small> 306.<br /> + +Patrick, St., <small>I.</small> 5.<br /> + +Peebles, Cross Church, description, <small>III.</small> 482.<br /> + +—— St. Andrew’s, description, <small>III.</small> 485.<br /> + +Pencaitland Church, description, <small>II.</small> 304.<br /> + +Pennant’s <i>Tours</i>, <small>II.</small> 392, 394; <small>III.</small> 376, 377, 380, 381.<br /> + +Pennygowan, Mull, <small>I.</small> 98.<br /> + +Periods of architecture, <small>I.</small> 2.<br /> + +Perpendicular style, <small>I.</small> 2, 57, 58; <small>III.</small> 350, 450.<br /> + +Pert Church, description, <small>III.</small> 458.<br /> + +Perth, Blackfriars, <small>III.</small> 46, 104, 105.<br /> + +—— St. John the Baptist’s, description, <small>III.</small> 105.<br /> + +—— Carmelites, <small>III.</small> 104, 105.<br /> + +—— Carthusians, <small>III.</small> 104, 123.<br /> + +—— Greyfriars, <small>III.</small> 104.<br /> + +Peterhead, St. Peter’s, <small>I.</small> 371.<br /> + +Petrie, Dr., <small>I.</small> 3, 26.<br /> + +Pictish Church, <small>III.</small> 29.<br /> + +Piers, <small>I.</small> 55.<br /> + +—— first-pointed, <small>II.</small> 4.<br /> + +Pillar stones, <small>I.</small> 9.<br /> + +Pinches, Frederick, <small>II.</small> 378.<br /> + +Pinkie House, <small>III.</small> 572.<br /> + +Pittenweem Priory, <small>III.</small> 547; description, 599.<br /> + +Pluscardine Priory, <small>I.</small> 58; <small>II.</small> 2, 3, 4, 153, 349, description, 146.<br /> + +Pointed arch, <small>I.</small> 79.<br /> + +—— in Scotland, <small>II.</small> 2.<br /> + +—— style, <small>I.</small> 40; <small>II.</small> 2, 3.<br /> + +Polwarth Church, <small>III.</small> 601.<br /> + +Porches, <small>III.</small> 6.<br /> + +Pratt, Rev. Dr., <small>III.</small> 568.<br /> + +Pre-Norman Churches, <small>I.</small> 13, 186.<br /> + +Preston Church, Berwickshire, description, <small>III.</small> 416.<br /> + +Prestonkirk Church, description, <small>II.</small> 271.<br /> + +Prestonpans Church, <small>III.</small> 602.<br /> + +Prestwick Church, <small>II.</small> 286.<br /> + +—— de Burgo, <small>II.</small> 286.<br /> + +—— Monachorum, <small>II.</small> 286.<br /> + +—— St. Nicholas’, description, <small>II.</small> 285.<br /> + +Provence, <small>III.</small> 4.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="Q" id="Q"></a>Queen Mary of Gueldres, <small>III.</small> 89, 104, 121.<br /> + +Queensferry, Carmelites’ Church, <small>III.</small> 3, 147, 173, 310, 542; description, 296.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="R" id="R"></a>Ramsay, John, <small>II.</small> 253, 255.<br /> + +Rathan Church, description, <small>III.</small> 604.<br /> + +Ratho, St. Mary’s, description, <small>I.</small> 371.<br /> + +“Raths,” Irish, <small>I.</small> 6.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_646" id="page_646">{646}</a></span>Rattray, St. Mary’s, <small>II.</small> 292.<br /> + +Redfriars’ Monastery, Luffness, <small>II.</small> 288.<br /> + +Reeves, Dr., <small>I.</small> 3.<br /> + +Reformation, architecture after, <small>III.</small> 534.<br /> + +Regulus’, St., St Andrews, <small>I.</small> 13, 28; description, 185.<br /> + +Reilig Oran, <small>I.</small> 28.<br /> + +Renfrew Church, description, <small>III.</small> 525.<br /> + +Restalrig Collegiate Church, <small>I.</small> 471; description, III. 475.<br /> + +Restennet Priory, <small>I.</small> 13, 48, description, 178; <small>III.</small> 454.<br /> + +Restoration of churches in fifteenth century, <small>II.</small> 331.<br /> + +Ribs, ornamented, <small>III.</small> 3.<br /> + +Richard <small>II.</small>, <small>I.</small> 51, 57.<br /> + +Rievalle, <small>II.</small> 345.<br /> + +Rievaux Abbey, <small>I.</small> 47.<br /> + +Ripon, <small>I.</small> 12.<br /> + +Robb’s <i>Guide to Haddington</i>, <small>II.</small> 492, 504.<br /> + +Robert <small>I.</small>, <small>I.</small> 51, 55, 57.<br /> + +Roberts, David, R.A., <small>III.</small> 165.<br /> + +Robertson, T. S., architect, <small>I.</small> 181, 382; <small>II.</small> 42, 48, 49, 50, 51, 273, 517; <small>III.</small> 11, 21, 189, 191, 193, 236, 414, 456, 458, 459, 517, 544, 576, 585.<br /> + +—— Dr. Joseph, <small>I.</small> 185.<br /> + +Roman Church, <small>I.</small> 12, 14, 15, 65.<br /> + +—— Masonry, <small>I.</small> 32.<br /> + +Romanesque architecture, <small>I.</small> 1, 28, 32, 33.<br /> + +—— abandoned, <small>II.</small> 1.<br /> + +Romsey Abbey, <small>I.</small> 401; <small>III.</small> 172.<br /> + +Ronan’s, St., <small>I.</small> 73, 426.<br /> + +Rosemarkie, <small>II.</small> 394, 395.<br /> + +Ross, Alexander, architect, <small>III.</small> 363.<br /> + +Ross, Cathedral of, <small>II.</small> 331.<br /> + +Rossie, Priory Cross at, <small>I.</small> 19.<br /> + +Rosslyn Church, <small>II.</small> 186, 199; <small>III.</small> 5, 6, 208; description, 149.<br /> + +Rosyth Church, description, <small>III.</small> 444.<br /> + +Rothesay Castle Chapel, <small>II.</small> 517.<br /> + +—— St. Mary’s Abbey, description, <small>III.</small> 418.<br /> + +Round arch in Scotland, <small>II.</small> 2.<br /> + +—— churches, <small>I.</small> 145.<br /> + +Rowdil, St. Clement’s, description, <small>III.</small> 363.<br /> + +Royal Domain, France, <small>I.</small> 40.<br /> + +Royal Scottish Academy, <small>III.</small> 413.<br /> + +Rutherglen, St. Mary’s, description, <small>I.</small> 372.<br /> + +Ruthwell Cross, <small>III.</small> 623.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="S" id="S"></a>Sacrament Houses—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Airlie Church, <small>III.</small> 452.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Auchindoir Church, <small>II.</small> 283.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cullen Church, <small>III.</small> 402.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Deskford Church, <small>III.</small> 406.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kinfauns Church, <small>III.</small> 514.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kinkell Church, <small>III.</small> 384.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kintore Church, <small>III.</small> 386.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lundie, <small>I.</small> 383.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pluscardine Priory, <small>II.</small> 156.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Temple Church, <small>II.</small> 489.</span><br /> + +Salisbury Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 41, 44; <small>II.</small> 3, 186.<br /> + +Salvator’s, St., St. Andrews, <small>I.</small> 471.<br /> + +Sanquhar Church, description, <small>III.</small> 434.<br /> + +Saxon influence, <small>I.</small> 1.<br /> + +Schultz, R. Weir, architect, <small>III.</small> 431, 435, 587.<br /> + +Scone Abbey, <small>I.</small> 29, 47; <small>III.</small> 29, 105, 106.<br /> + +Scott, Sir Walter’s, grave, <small>I.</small> 464.<br /> + +—— Sir G. Gilbert, <small>II.</small> 172.<br /> + +Sculptured stones, <small>I.</small> 3, 15, 16.<br /> + +—— from Forteviot, <small>III.</small> 623.<br /> + +Sculptures, symbolic, <small>I.</small> 10.<br /> + +Selkirk Church, description, <small>III.</small> 529.<br /> + +Semple, David, <small>III.</small> 9, 26.<br /> + +Seton Church, <small>II.</small> 501; <small>III.</small> 3, 173, 174, 208, description, 223.<br /> + +Seton, Chancellor, tomb of, <small>III.</small> 551.<br /> + +Seven Hunters, <small>I.</small> 77.<br /> + +Sharp’s <i>Cistercian Architecture</i>, <small>II.</small> 241, 242.<br /> + +Shetland, <small>I.</small> 3.<br /> + +—— Churches in, <small>I.</small> 101, 145.<br /> + +Sixteenth and seventeenth century churches, <small>III.</small> 534.<br /> + +Skeabost, Skye, <small>I.</small> 68.<br /> + +Skellig, Mhichel, <small>I.</small> 7.<br /> + +Skipness, St. Columba, <small>I.</small> 48; <small>II.</small> 300.<br /> + +Slabs, cross-bearing, <small>I.</small> 9, 15, 17.<br /> + +Slezer (Culross), <small>II.</small> 233, 234, 235.<br /> + +Small, J. W., architect, <small>III.</small> 326.<br /> + +Smailholm Church, description, <small>I.</small> 378.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_647" id="page_647">{647}</a></span>Smith, Dr. John, <small>II.</small> 378.<br /> + +Southannan Castle and Church, description, <small>III.</small> 607.<br /> + +Spires, with open work, <small>I.</small> 62.<br /> + +Spottiswoode, Archbishop, <small>II.</small> 19, 29, 107.<br /> + +Spynie Church, <small>II.</small> 121, 140; <small>III.</small> 553.<br /> + +Stirling Parish Church, <small>III.</small> 3, 116, 208; description, 315.<br /> + +—— Castle, <small>III.</small> 6, 121, 318.<br /> + +Stobo Church, <small>I.</small> 39; description, 329.<br /> + +Stenton Church, description, <small>III.</small> 609.<br /> + +Stobhall, <small>III.</small> 511.<br /> + +Stokes, Miss, <small>I.</small> 3; <small>II.</small> 209.<br /> + +Stoney, Oxfordshire, <small>I.</small> 317.<br /> + +Stone roofs, <small>II.</small> 333; <small>III.</small> 3, 4.<br /> + +Stow Church, <small>III.</small> 218; description, 611.<br /> + +Strathbroc, St. Nicholas’, description, <small>I.</small> 342.<br /> + +Straiton Church, description, <small>III.</small> 396.<br /> + +Subordination of arches, &c., <small>I.</small> 35.<br /> + +Suger, Abbé, <small>I.</small> 40.<br /> + +Sweetheart Abbey, <small>I.</small> 49, 67, 395; <small>II.</small> 300, 332, description, 334.<br /> + +Swendro, Rousay, <small>I.</small> 108.<br /> + +Symbols, <small>I.</small> 16.<br /> + +St. Abb’s Chapel, <small>I.</small> 437.<br /> + +St. Adamnan, <small>I.</small> 11; <small>III.</small> 387.<br /> + +—— Burntisland, <small>II.</small> 269.<br /> + +St. Aidan, <small>I.</small> 11.<br /> + +St. Alban’s Abbey, <small>II.</small> 73, 92.<br /> + +St. Andrews, Blackfriars’, <small>III.</small> 445.<br /> + +—— Cathedral and Priory, <small>I.</small> 15, 30, 38, 47, 49; <small>II.</small> xiii, 2, 3, 4, 53, 86, 125, 256, 331, 342, 378, 379, description, 5; <small>III.</small> 72, 114, 469.<br /> + +—— Franciscans, <small>III.</small> 199.<br /> + +—— Holy Trinity, description, <small>III.</small> 451.<br /> + +—— St. Leonard’s, description, <small>II.</small> 448.<br /> + +—— St. Mary’s, Kirkheugh, <small>II.</small> 29.<br /> + +—— Towers, <small>II.</small> 3.<br /> + +St. Andrew’s, Peebles, <small>III.</small> 485.<br /> + +—— Gullane, <small>I.</small> 339.<br /> + +St. Anthony’s Chapel, description, <small>III.</small> 145.<br /> + +St. Augustine, <small>I.</small> 12.<br /> + +St. Aula, Gress, Lewis, <small>I.</small> 83.<br /> + +St. Bathans, Abbey, description, <small>III.</small> 410.<br /> + +St. Bean’s, <small>II.</small> 86.<br /> + +St. Blane’s, Bute, <small>I.</small> 292; <small>II.</small> 86; <small>III.</small> 625.<br /> + +St. Bothan’s, Yester, description, <small>III.</small> 309.<br /> + +St. Brandan, Boyndie, description, <small>III.</small> 545.<br /> + +St. Brandon’s, Birnie, <small>I.</small> 218.<br /> + +St. Brendan, <small>I.</small> 67.<br /> + +St. Bride’s Collegiate Church, Bothwell, description, <small>II.</small> 531.<br /> + +St. Bridget’s or St. Bride’s, Douglas, description, <small>II.</small> 520.<br /> + +—— Dalgety, <small>III.</small> 549.<br /> + +St. Carmaig, Eilean Mor, <small>I.</small> 90.<br /> + +—— Knapdale, <small>I.</small> 84.<br /> + +St. Catan’s, Kintyre, <small>I.</small> 95.<br /> + +St. Cavan’s, Fetteresso, description, <small>III.</small> 562.<br /> + +St. Clement’s, Rowdil, description, <small>III.</small> 363.<br /> + +St. Colmanel of Butyle, description, <small>II.</small> 300, 344.<br /> + +St. Columba (<i>see</i> Columba).<br /> + +St. Comgall, <small>I.</small> 5.<br /> + +St. Cuthbert, <small>I.</small> 5, 12.<br /> + +St. Cuthbert’s, East Calder, <small>III.</small> 559.<br /> + +—— Edinburgh, Pulpit in, <small>III.</small> 562.<br /> + +—— Monkton, <small>II.</small> 285.<br /> + +St. Denis, <small>I.</small> 40.<br /> + +St. Duthus’ Church, Tain, description, <small>II.</small> 537.<br /> + +St. Fillan’s, <small>III.</small> 527.<br /> + +St. Giles’, Edinburgh, <small>I.</small> 49, 51, 57, 60, 62; <small>II.</small> 331, 457, 460, 466, 504; description, 419; <small>III.</small> 130, 295, 324.<br /> + +—— Divisions of, <small>II.</small> 454.<br /> + +—— mason’s contract at, <small>II.</small> 420.<br /> + +—— Elgin, <small>II.</small> 157.<br /> + +St. Helen’s Church, <small>I.</small> 314, 366; description, 323.<br /> + +St. John’s, Gamrie, <small>III.</small> 567.<br /> + +—— Dairy, description, <small>III.</small> 551.<br /> + +St. John Baptist, Lewis, <small>I.</small> 95.<br /> + +St. John, Unst, <small>I.</small> 148.<br /> + +—— Baptist, Perth, description, <small>III.</small> 104.<br /> + +St. Kentigern, <small>I.</small> 11.<br /> + +—— Lanark, description, <small>II.</small> 266.<br /> + +St. Kevin, Cell of, <small>I.</small> 9.<br /> + +St. Leonard’s, St. Andrews, <small>II.</small> 23; description, <small>III.</small> 448.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_648" id="page_648">{648}</a></span>St. Machar’s Cathedral, Aberdeen, <small>III.</small> 535; description, 75.<br /> + +St. Madoe’s Cross, <small>I.</small> 17.<br /> + +St. Maelrubba, Skye, <small>III.</small> 381.<br /> + +St. Magnus’ Cathedral, Kirkwall, <small>I.</small> 17; description, 259; <small>II.</small> 3.<br /> + +St. Magridin’s, Abdie, description, <small>II.</small> 293.<br /> + +St. Mahutus, Wigton, <small>III.</small> 533.<br /> + +St. Martin’s, Haddington, description, <small>I.</small> 362; <small>II.</small> 491.<br /> + +—— Cross, Iona, <small>I.</small> 21.<br /> + +St. Mary’s, Kirkheugh, St. Andrews, <small>II.</small> 29.<br /> + +—— Auchterhouse, <small>III.</small> 541.<br /> + +—— Grantully, <small>III.</small> 571.<br /> + +—— Haddington, <small>II.</small> 445, description, 491.<br /> + +—— Lybster, <small>I.</small> 93, 94.<br /> + +—— Ratho, description, <small>I.</small> 371.<br /> + +—— Rattray, <small>II.</small> 292.<br /> + +—— Rothesay, description, <small>III.</small> 418.<br /> + +—— Rutherglen, description, <small>I.</small> 372.<br /> + +—— Whitekirk, <small>III.</small> 3, 6, 173, description, 269.<br /> + +St. Medan’s Cave, <small>I.</small> 5.<br /> + +St. Michael’s Church, Linlithgow, description, <small>II.</small> 455, 445, 504.<br /> + +St. Michael’s, Barra, <small>I.</small> 95.<br /> + +—— Cupar-Fife, description, <small>III.</small> 547.<br /> + +St. Mirren’s, Paisley, description, <small>III.</small> 25.<br /> + +St. Moloc, Alyth, description <small>III.</small> 487.<br /> + +—— Mortlach, description, <small>III.</small> 408.<br /> + +St. Moluac, Raasay, <small>I.</small> 98.<br /> + +St. Moluach, Lewis, <small>I.</small> 99.<br /> + +St. Monan’s, description, <small>II.</small> 471; <small>III.</small> 10.<br /> + +St. Mungo’s Cathedral, Glasgow, <small>I.</small> 47, 48, 49, 50, 57, 58; <small>II.</small> 2, 3, 4, 125, 186, 324, 331, 379, 382, 520; description, 160; <small>III.</small> 4, 6, 21, 159, 172, 174, 175, 179.<br /> + +—— Borthwick, <small>III.</small> 214.<br /> + +—— Church, Culross, <small>II.</small> 232.<br /> + +St. Nicholas’, Aberdeen, <small>I.</small> 39; description, 426.<br /> + +—— Newcastle, <small>II.</small> 445.<br /> + +—— Prestwick, description, <small>II.</small> 285.<br /> + +—— Strathbroc, description, <small>I.</small> 342.<br /> + +St. Ninian, <small>I.</small> 3.<br /> + +—— Sanda, <small>I.</small> 97.<br /> + +St. Ninian’s on “The Isle,” <small>II.</small> 297.<br /> + +St. Ola, Kirkwall, <small>I.</small> 109.<br /> + +St. Oran, Iona, <small>I.</small> 220.<br /> + +St. Oswald, Oxstall, <small>I.</small> 47.<br /> + +St. Palladius’, <small>I.</small> 5; <small>III.</small> 468.<br /> + +St. Peter’s, Peterhead, <small>I.</small> 371.<br /> + +St. Regulus’, St. Andrews, <small>I.</small> 13, 28; description, 185.<br /> + +St. Ronan, <small>I.</small> 73.<br /> + +St. Salvator’s, St. Andrews, <small>I.</small> 471; <small>III.</small> 175; description, 199.<br /> + +St. Serf’s, Dunning, description, <small>I.</small> 204.<br /> + +St. Stephen’s, St. Albans, <small>II.</small> 73.<br /> + +St. Thenaw’s, Glasgow, <small>III.</small> 571.<br /> + +St. Tredwell’s, <small>I.</small> 106.<br /> + +St. Vigean’s, Cross of, <small>I.</small> 20.<br /> + +—— Church, <small>III.</small> 459.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="T" id="T"></a>Tain, St. Duthus’, description, <small>II.</small> 537.<br /> + +Talla Castle, <small>II.</small> 113, 119.<br /> + +Tapestry, <small>III.</small> 333.<br /> + +Teampull, Chalumchille, <small>I.</small> 89.<br /> + +—— Pheadair, Lewis, <small>I.</small> 83.<br /> + +—— Rona, <small>I.</small> 73, 74.<br /> + +—— Sula Sgeir, <small>I.</small> 75, 76.<br /> + +—— Na-Trianaide, <small>I.</small> 81.<br /> + +Temple Church, <small>II.</small> 486.<br /> + +Terregles Church, description, <small>III.</small> 615.<br /> + +Third or late pointed style, <small>II.</small> 332.<br /> + +Thirlstane Castle, <small>III.</small> 584.<br /> + +Thomas, Capt., <small>I.</small> 82.<br /> + +Throndhjeim Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 273, 280.<br /> + +Tigh Beannachadh, <small>I.</small> 76, 77, 78, 80.<br /> + +Tiles, encaustic, <small>II.</small> 262.<br /> + +Toehead, Harris, <small>I.</small> 83.<br /> + +Tolbooth Church, St. Giles’, Edinburgh, <small>II.</small> 454<br /> + +Torphichen Church, <small>II.</small> 235; <small>III.</small> 147, 308, 318; description, 139.<br /> + +Towers, Central, <small>II.</small> 3.<br /> + +—— late, <small>III.</small> 6.<br /> + +Transition style, <small>I.</small> 387; <small>II.</small> 2.<br /> + +—— from Celtic to Norman, <small>I.</small> 174.<br /> + +Tredwell’s, St., Chapel, <small>I.</small> 106.<br /> + +Triforium omitted, <small>II.</small> 4.<br /> + +Trinity College Church, Edinburgh, <small>I.</small> 57, 60; <small>II.</small> 426, 478; <small>III.</small> 2, 4, 6, 175; description, 89, 596.<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_649" id="page_649">{649}</a></span>Trinity, Holy, St. Andrews, description, <small>III.</small> 451.<br /> + +Trinity Hospital, <small>III.</small> 89, 100, 121.<br /> + +Tron Steeple, Glasgow, <small>III.</small> 571.<br /> + +Trophime, St., Arles, <small>I.</small> 33.<br /> + +Trumpan, Skye, <small>I.</small> 84.<br /> + +Tudor buildings, <small>III.</small> 175.<br /> + +Tullibardine Church, description, <small>III.</small> 330.<br /> + +Tungland Abbey, description, <small>II.</small> 301.<br /> + +Turgot, <small>I.</small> 29; <small>II.</small> 6.<br /> + +Turriff Church, description, <small>III.</small> 615.<br /> + +Tynninghame Church, <small>I.</small> 325, description, 326; <small>II.</small> 234; <small>III.</small> 269.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="U" id="U"></a>Uphall Church, <small>I.</small> 39; description, 342.<br /> + +Upsalla Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 273, 280.<br /> + +Upsetlington Church, <small>III.</small> 218.<br /> + +Urquhart Priory, <small>I.</small> 30; <small>II.</small> 121, 146.<br /> + +Uya Church, Shetland, <small>I.</small> 149.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="V" id="V"></a>Vaults, Barrel, <small>I.</small> 33; <small>II.</small> 333; <small>III.</small> 2.<br /> + +—— groined, <small>I.</small> 34; <small>III.</small> 4.<br /> + +—— late, <small>I.</small> 58.<br /> + +—— pointed, <small>I.</small> 40; <small>II.</small> 2.<br /> + +—— in England, <small>III.</small> 3.<br /> + +—— in Scottish Castles, <small>III.</small> 5.<br /> + +Vigean’s, St., Church, description, <small>III.</small> 459.<br /> + +—— Cross of, <small>I.</small> 20.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="W" id="W"></a>Walker, J. Russell, architect, <small>III.</small> 381.<br /> + +Walker, R. C., <small>III.</small> 127, 236.<br /> + +Walston Church, <small>III.</small> 617.<br /> + +Wast-town Church, description, <small>III.</small> 522.<br /> + +Watson, Robt., architect, <small>II.</small> 172, 173, 184.<br /> + +Watt, J. C., architect, <small>III.</small> 295.<br /> + +Wattle construction, <small>I.</small> 6.<br /> + +Wedale Church, <small>III.</small> 612.<br /> + +Weem Church, description, <small>III.</small> 619.<br /> + +Wenlock Abbey, <small>I.</small> 47; <small>III.</small> 7.<br /> + +Westness Chapel, <small>I.</small> 108.<br /> + +Westray, Orkney, <small>I.</small> 124.<br /> + +Whitekirk, St. Mary’s, <small>I.</small> 326; <small>III.</small> 3, 6, 173; description, 269.<br /> + +—— Tithe Barn, <small>III.</small> 275.<br /> + +Whithorn, crosses at, <small>I.</small> 4.<br /> + +—— Priory, <small>I.</small> 213, 306; <small>II.</small> 379, 542; description, 479.<br /> + +Wigton Church, description, <small>III.</small> 533.<br /> + +Wilfred, St., <small>I.</small> 12.<br /> + +William the Lion, <small>I.</small> 38.<br /> + +Wilson, Sir Daniel, <small>I.</small> 2.<br /> + +Winchester Cathedral, <small>I.</small> 61; <small>II.</small> 373; <small>III.</small> 3.<br /> + +Windows, late, <small>III.</small> 2, 3.<br /> + +—— elliptical, <small>III.</small> 5.<br /> + +Wooden roofs, <small>I.</small> 60; <small>II.</small> 2.<br /> + +Wyntoun House, <small>II.</small> 306.<br /> + +Wyntown’s <i>Chronykill</i>, <small>II.</small> 8, 19, 27.<br /> + +Wyre, Orkney, <small>I.</small> 113.<br /> + +<br /> +<a name="Y" id="Y"></a>Yester, St. Bothan’s, description, <small>III.</small> 309.<br /> + +—— Monument in, <small>III.</small> 312.<br /> + +—— Parish Church, description, <small>III.</small> 622.<br /> + +York Cathedral, <small>II.</small> 3, 333, 363, 381.<br /> +</p> + +<p class="fint">FINIS.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_650" id="page_650">{650}</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 353px;"> +<a href="images/ill_pg_631.jpg"> +<img src="images/ill_pg_631.jpg" width="353" height="344" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> +</div> + +<div class="footnotes"><p class="cb">FOOTNOTES:</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> See <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of +Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>V.</small> p. 530.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> Vol. <small>V.</small> pp. 536, 538.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See Mr. Chalmers’ remarks in his work, p. 37.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, +Vol. <small>III.</small> p. 25.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> See Vol. <small>I.</small> p. 61.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, +Vol. <small>V.</small> p. 536.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> The Bannatyne Club, 1861.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>St. Mirin</i>, David Semple, p. v.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <i>A Scots Mediæval Architect</i>, p. 14 (P. M‘Gregor +Chalmers).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> See <i>ante</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 378.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> The “place” is illustrated and described in <i>The +Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>V.</small> p. 11.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> We are indebted to Mr. T. S. Robertson for assistance in +connection with this Plan.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> From a Sketch by Mr. T. S. Robertson.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Lees’ <i>Paisley Abbey</i>, p. 211.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> <i>St. Mirin’s</i>, p. 23.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> See <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of +Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>V.</small> p. 11.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Martine’s <i>Reliquiæ Divi Andreæ</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> <i>Celtic Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 307.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 374.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> The steps of the wheel stair, which exist, have been +accidentally omitted in the Plan.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Myln’s <i>Vitæ Dunkeldensis Ecclesiæ Episcoporum</i>, p. 13.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> pp. 16, 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 20.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Inscription on tomb of Bishop Cardeny:—“Hic jacet Dns. +Robertus de Cardony Eppis Dunkeldenni qui ... ad incarnationem Dne. +<small>MCCCCXX.</small>”—<i>Monuments and Monumental Inscriptions in Scotland</i>, by Rev. +Charles Rogers, LL.D., &c., for Grampian Club, 2 vols., 1871 and 1872.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Myln’s <i>Vitæ Dunkeldensis Ecclesiæ Episcoporum</i>, p. 22.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, +Vol. <small>III.</small> pp. 432 and 589.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 478.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> The following reading of the arms on this monument is +kindly supplied by Mr. W. Rae MacDonald:—On the recessed tomb of Bishop +Cardeny in the nave there are several coats of arms. These, so far as +they are legible, are—In centre of arch a small shield, quarterly 1st +and 4th, a fess chequé (of two rows of panes only) between three open +crowns, for Stewart and the Lordship of Garrioch; 2nd and 3rd, a bend +between six crosses potent fitchée, for Mar; the 3rd quarter is defaced, +but no doubt was the same as the 2nd. These arms appear on the seal of +Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar in right of his wife, Isabell Douglas +(see Laing’s <i>Seals</i>, Vol. <small>I.</small>, No. 796). There is a shield at each end +of the arch label; that on the east side is defaced; the west one bears +two chevronells engrailed, and has a mitre above it, for Bishop Cardeny. +On the pedestal there are four shields, supported by angels under arched +canopies, the shields being separated by five figures of ecclesiastics +with folded hands, and standing on pedestals. These four shields +bear—(1) Three pallets, for Atholl; (2) two chevronells, for Strathearn +(?); (3) defaced, but probably same as first; (4) faint traces of two +chevronells.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Inscription on tomb of the “Wolf of Badenoch”:—“Hic jacet +Alexander Senescalus, filius Roberti Regis Scotorum et Elizabeth More, +Dominus de Buchan et Dns <i>de Badenoch, qui obit vigessimo quarto die +Julii</i>.” The words in italics have been restored, and there is a mistake +in the date, as Alexander Stewart died 20th February 1394.—<i>Monuments +and Monumental Inscriptions in Scotland</i>, by Rev. Charles Rogers, LL. +D., &c., for Grampian Club, 2 vols., 1871 and 1872.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Introduction, Vol. <small>I.</small> p. 10.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> <i>Celtic Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 96.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> <i>Celtic Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 416.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Vol. <small>I.</small> p. 20.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>. p. 220.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>. p. 421.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <i>Ibid</i>. p. 20.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> <i>Celtic Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 415.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> In <i>Iona</i>, by the Bishop of Argyll and the Isles (1866).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Vol. <small>I.</small> (Fig. 382.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> <i>View of the Diocese of Aberdeen</i>: Spalding Club, p. 151.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 148.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 163.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Orme’s <i>Description of Old Aberdeen</i>, p. 61.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> See Orme, p. 28.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> View of the Diocese, p. 150.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Orme, pp. 42 and 62.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 43.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Orme, p. 132.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Wilson’s <i>Memorials of Edinburgh</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 133.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, +Vol. <small>V.</small> p. 532.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> This Plan is copied from that in the <i>Collegiate Churches +of Midlothian</i>, by D. Laing.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Vol. <small>II.</small></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Sir D. Wilson states that the whole church was roofed with +stone till 1814, when slates were substituted.—<i>Memorials of +Edinburgh</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 174.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> <i>The Collegiate Churches of Mid-Lothian</i>, p. xxxi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> <i>The Collegiate Churches of Mid-Lothian</i>, p. xxii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Bannatyne Club, 1842.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> <i>Memorabilia of Perth</i>, pp. 63-66: Perth, 1806.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <i>The Church of Scotland in the Thirteenth Century</i>, by +William Lockhart, <small>A.M.</small></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> <i>Memorabilia</i>, p. 23.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> <i>Exchequer Rolls</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. cxii.; Vol. <small>III.</small> p. lxxii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <i>Book of Perth</i>, p. xxvi., by John Lawson: Edinburgh, +1847.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> <i>Perth: Its Annals and Archives</i>, by David Peacock, 1849, +p. 589.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> <i>Historical Manuscripts Commission</i>, 14th Report, +Appendix, Part <small>III.</small> p. 26.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> <i>Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer</i>, Vol. <small>I.</small> p. 121.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 323.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> <i>Book of Perth</i>, p. 168.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <i>Chronicle</i>, p. 7.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 11.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> <i>Book of Perth</i>, p. 275.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> We are indebted to Mr. Ramsay Traquair, architect, +Edinburgh, for assistance in connection with the Plan of this church.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> <i>Chronicle of Perth</i>, Maitland Club.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> <i>Scottish Antiquary</i>, January 1897, p. 137.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> See <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of +Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>V.</small> pp. 529, 530.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> <i>Book of Perth</i>, p. 109.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> <i>Lindores Abbey</i>, by A. Laing, pp. 55, 107.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> Mr. R. C. Walker, Dundee.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> M‘Kerlie’s <i>Galloway</i>, Vol. i. p. 172.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> <i>New Statistical Account.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> <i>Maitland’s History of Edinburgh</i>, p. 152.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, +Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 358.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, Scotland, +1896.</i> We are indebted to Mr. Coles for the Plan of the site (see Fig. +<a href="#fig_1066">1066</a>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> See <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of +Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>I.</small> p. 366.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, Scotland</i>, +Vol. <small>XII.</small> p. 223.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> <i>The Collegiate Churches of Mid-Lothian</i> (Bannatyne Club), +p. xciv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> <i>Transactions of the Royal Institute of British +Architects, 1846.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> In this connection George Gilbert Scott, in his <i>Essay on +the History of English Church Architecture</i>, p. 111., says that it is an +“exceedingly able example of the style of the Scottish architecture of +the fifteenth century.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> See <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of +Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>III</small>. p. 26.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> In the Advocates’ Library, Edinburgh.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> <i>Heraldry</i>, Vol. <small>I.</small> p. 274, and Vol. <small>II.</small> pp. 21 and 151.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> <i>Preface to Churches of Mid-Lothian</i>, Bannatyne Club, p. +<small>III</small>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> <i>Collegiate Churches of Mid-Lothian</i>, by David Laing. +Bannatyne Club, p. <small>II</small>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> We are indebted to Mr. T. S. Robertson, architect, Dundee, +for assistance with the drawings and description of this church.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> We have to thank Mr. W. R. Macdonald for descriptive notes +of these pictures.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> We have to thank the Curators for permission to publish +this illustration.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> <i>Collegiate Churches of Mid-Lothian</i>, Bannatyne Club, p. +xci.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> See <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of +Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>IV.</small> p. 160.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, +Session 1857-8, p. 25.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 94.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 27.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> See <span class="smcap">Bannatyne Miscellany</span>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 101.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> <i>Collegiate Churches in Mid-Lothian</i>, Bannatyne Club, p. +lxxxiv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> A plan and view of the church before it was rebuilt and +some notes regarding the building are given in the <i>Arniston Memoirs</i>, +by G. W. T. Omond, p. 6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> <i>Arniston Memoirs.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Vol. <small>I.</small> p. 64.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> In regard to this church we are indebted to an +illustrated article by Mr. A. M. Mackenzie, in the <i>Transactions of the +Aberdeen Ecclesiological Society, 1890</i>, and to Mr. T. S. Robertson and +Mr. W. S. Walker of Dundee.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Arbuthnott Missal, 1864, p. lxxxvii. The Pitsligo Press.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries</i>, Session +1892. Vol. <small>II.</small> third Series, by William MacGillivray, W.S., F.S.A., +Scot.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Particulars regarding this church are to be found in <i>The +Collegiate Churches of Mid-Lothian</i>, Bannatyne Club, edited by David +Laing; and a paper by the same author in the <i>Proceedings of The Society +of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>XI.</small> 1874-76, p. 353.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> <i>The Collegiate Churches of Mid-Lothian</i>, p. lxvi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Chamberlain Rolls, Vol. <small>III.</small> p. 263.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> See Crawfurd’s <i>Officers of State</i>, p. 311; and +Crawfurd’s <i>Peerage</i>, p. 148.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> We have to thank Mr. W. Rae Macdonald for assistance in +connection with this heraldry.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> <i>Ancient Parochial and Collegiate Churches of Scotland</i>, +p. 53.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> See <i>The East Neuk of Fife</i>, p. 405, and <i>sequ.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> From <i>The Churches of St. Baldred</i>, by C. L. Ritchie, p. +31.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> See <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of +Scotland</i>, Session 1857 and 1860, p. 160, where the “bond” will be found +transcribed, with other information regarding the church.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> <i>Archæologia Scotica</i>, Vol. <small>V.</small> Part <small>III.</small> p. 436, by +Norman Macpherson, LL.D.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, +New Series, Vol. <small>XI.</small>, by P. J. Anderson, M.A., LL.B.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> We are indebted for these dimensions and for Figs. 1208, +1212, and 1213 to Mr. J. C. Watt, architect, Aberdeen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> <i>The History of the Troubles and Memorable Transactions +in Scotland</i>, by John Spalding.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> <i>Early Scottish History</i>, by Innes, p. 314.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> <i>Fasti Aberdonenses</i>, p. 283.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> <i>Caledonia</i>, pp. 433, 512, 534. Nisbet, <i>An Essay on +Armories</i>, p. 98.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> A short account of this church, pointing out the relation +which existed in the sixteenth century between the domestic and +ecclesiastical architecture of Scotland, is given in <i>The Castellated +and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>V.</small> p. 141, but the main +features of the edifice are not there fully described.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> See Fig. <a href="#fig_1258">1258</a> in Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 142 of <i>The Castellated and +Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> <i>The Story of the Parish Church of Stirling</i>, by +Treasurer Ronald, p. 12.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> See also Fig. <a href="#fig_1259">1259</a> in <i>The Castellated and Domestic +Architecture of Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>V.</small> p. 143.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> We are indebted for this Plan and other details of the +chapel to Mr. John W. Small, architect, Stirling.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> Spottiswoode.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> Illustrated in <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture +of Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>III.</small> p. 498.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> <i>History of the Kennedies</i>, p. 167.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> <i>Biggar and the House of Fleming</i>, p. 164.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> <i>The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 483.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Information regarding the history of this church is +derived from a paper on the subject by the Rev. J. Cooper, M.A., in the +<i>Transactions of the Aberdeen Ecclesiological Society, 1891</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> <i>View of the Diocese of Aberdeen</i>, p. 200.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> We are indebted to A. Marshall Mackenzie, A.R.S.A., +architect, Aberdeen, for the plan and measured drawings of this church.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> <i>New History of Aberdeenshire</i>, Vol. <small>I.</small> p. 157.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> <i>Old Statistical Account</i>, Vol. <small>X.</small> p. 378.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> See paper by Alexander Ross, architect, Inverness; +<i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, 1884-85, p. +118. See also Muir’s <i>Characteristics</i>, p. 69.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> See Mr. Ross’s Paper, p. 125.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> We are indebted to Mr. William Galloway, architect, for +the Plan of this priory and for most of the description of the +buildings; while our thanks are due to Mr. J. Harvey Brown for the +photographs from which the views are copied.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> See Vol. <small>I.</small> p. 65.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Pennant, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 271.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Pennant, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 270.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Figured by Pennant, and in Stuart’s <i>Sculptured Stones of +Scotland</i>, plates 38 and 39.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> T. S. Muir, <i>Ecclesiological Notes</i>, p. 34.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> “Life of Bishop Elphinston,” <i>Orme’s History</i>, p. 26.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> Spalding Club, p. 388.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> <i>Antiquities of Aberdeen and Banff</i>, Vol. <small>III.</small> p. 147.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> <i>Celtic Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 411.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Statistical Account.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> For information regarding the inscriptions in this +church, we are indebted to a paper by the late Mr. Andrew Jervise in the +<i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>IX.</small> p. +278.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> See <i>Aberdeen Ecclesiological Society’s Transactions, +1893</i>, p. 95.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> See <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of +Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>IV.</small> p. 394.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Illustrated in Dr. Stuart’s work on the sculptured +stones.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> In connection with the Berwickshire churches, we are +indebted to Mr. Ferguson and Mr. Fortune, Duns.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> Mackenzie Walcott, in his notice of “St. Bothan’s,” in +<i>The Ancient Church of Scotland</i>, p. 379, says, “The chapel measured 58 +feet by 84 feet,” and he quotes the <i>Caledonia</i>, where, however, nothing +is said about its dimensions.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> <i>Caledonia</i>, Vol. <small>II</small>. p. 344.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> To whom we are indebted for the drawings and notes in +connection with this church.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, +Vol. <small>V.</small> p. 382.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> <i>The pre-Reformation Churches of Berwickshire</i>, p. 18.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> <i>The pre-Reformation Churches of Berwickshire</i>, by J. +Ferguson, Duns, to whom we are indebted for the Plan.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> <i>Characteristics of Old Church Architecture</i>, p. 57.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> <i>Archæologica Scotica</i>, Vol. <small>III.</small> p. 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> There is also an interesting paper on this subject by Mr. +James C. Roger in the <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of +Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 446.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Information regarding the history of the above structures +has been kindly supplied by Mr. Donald M‘Leod, author of <i>The God’s +Acres of Dumbarton</i>, and other works relating to the district.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> The particulars of the history of this chapel are taken +from Irving’s <i>Dumbartonshire</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> The ancient castle of the Napiers at Kilmahew is +illustrated in <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, +Vol. <small>III.</small> p. 443.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> Irving’s <i>Dumbartonshire</i>, p. 431.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> <i>History of Liddesdale and the Debateable Land</i>, by R. +Bruce Armstrong, p. 119. We are indebted to Mr. Armstrong for the +accompanying illustration.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> The plan and sketches of this structure are copied from +drawings made and kindly lent by Mr. Robert Weir Schultz, architect, +Gray’s Inn Square, London.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> This Plan has been kindly supplied by Mr. Robert Weir +Schultz, architect, London, under whose directions the excavations were +made.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> <i>History of Sanquhar</i>, by James Brown. Menzies & Co., +1891.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, +Vol. <small>V.</small> p. 145.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> <i>East Neuk of Fife</i>, p. 92.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> <i>East Neuk of Fife</i>, p. 93.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> “The Dominican Friars at St. Andrews,” <i>Transactions of +the Aberdeen Ecclesiological Society</i>, by David Henry, F.S.A. Scot. +1893.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> <i>Celtic Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 230.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> <i>Mainland Characteristics</i>, p. 47.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> The annexed drawing is from a sketch by Mr. T. S. +Robertson.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> For the drawings of this church we are indebted to Mr. T. +S. Robertson.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> For a fuller notice of this church and its sculptured +stones, see <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, +Session 1870-72, Vol. <small>IX.</small>, by the Rev. Dr. Duke, to whom we are indebted +for assistance; as also to Mr. Robertson for some notes and a sketch.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> <i>Scotland in Early Christian Times</i>, p. 49.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> For an account of this Bishop see <i>Antiquities and +History of Ireland</i>, by the Right Honourable Sir James Wace, Knight; +Dublin, 1705, p. 68 of Lists of Bishops.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> <i>History of Dunbar</i>, by James Miller, p. 184.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> See <i>Caledonia</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 332.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> <i>Celtic Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 27.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> A. Jervise in <i>The Proceedings of the Society of +Antiquaries of Scotland, 1874</i>, p. 730.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> We are indebted to Mr. F. R. Coles for the drawings and +notes of this church.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> <i>Characteristics</i>, p. 56.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, +Vol. <small>III.</small> p. 239.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> <i>Upper Ward of Lanarkshire</i>, Vol. <small>I.</small> p. 462.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> See preface to <i>Registrum of the Collegiate Churches of +Mid-Lothian</i>, by D. Laing, p. xliii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> <i>Caledonia</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 950.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> <i>Caledonia</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 942.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> <i>Caledonia</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 942.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> A. G. Reid, <i>Notes and Queries</i>, 8th. e. January 1897, p. +45.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> Information regarding this abbey has been obtained from +the <i>Rental Book of the Cistercian Abbey of Coupar Angus</i>, edited by the +Rev. Charles Rogers, LL.D. The Grampian Club, 1879.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> <i>Rental Book of Coupar</i>, Vol. <small>I</small>. p. xxiii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> <i>Rental Book of Coupar</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. xxxiv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> <i>The Spalding Club Miscellany</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 348.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> <i>Rental Book of Coupar</i>, Vol. <small>I.</small> pp. 304, 309.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> <i>Rental Book of Coupar</i>, Vol. <small>I.</small> pp. 304, 309.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> In connection with Forgandenny Church we are indebted for +assistance to Mr. Collingwood Lindsay Wood of Freeland and Mr. T. T. +Oliphant, St. Andrews, by the former of whom certain works were done to +enable the building to be examined.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> See <i>Liber Insula Missarum</i>, Bannatyne Club, 1847.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, +Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 193.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> For description of Stobhall Church, see <i>The Castellated +and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 359.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> <i>Chronicles of Strathearn</i>, D. Philips, Crieff, 1896, p. +325.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> Possibly the chamber over the vestibule above described.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> From a sketch by Mr. T. S. Robertson.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> The history of this church and its provosts, <i>The +Provostry of Methven</i>, was written by the late Rev. Thomas Morris, +assistant Old Greyfriars’, Edinburgh, and privately printed by the late +William Smythe, Esq., Methven, 1875. See also <i>Memorials of Angus and +Mearns</i>, by Andrew Jervise.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> Vol. <small>II</small>. New Series, 1887-1894.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> <i>Crawford’s Renfrewshire</i>, p. 54.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> <i>Crawford’s Renfrewshire</i>, p. 100.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> <i>Our Journall into Scotland</i>, <small>A.D.</small> 1629, by C. Lother. +Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1894.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> <i>History of Selkirkshire</i>, by T. Craig Brown.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> <i>Early Christian Symbolism</i>, by Romilly Allen, p. 374.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> We are indebted for the Plan of this church to Mr. F. R. +Coles.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> <i>Ecclesiological Notes on some of the Islands of +Scotland, &c.</i> p. 245.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, +Vol. <small>V.</small> p. 130.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> <i>Book of Deer</i>, preface, p. iv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> <i>Shires of Aberdeen and Banff</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 373.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> <i>East Neuk of Fife</i>, p. 343.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 361.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 632.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> A number of examples of this style have been illustrated +and described in <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of +Scotland</i>. See “Churches and Monuments,” Vol. <small>V.</small> p. 130.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> We have to thank Mr. T. S. Robertson, architect, Dundee, +for the Plan and description of this church.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> We have to thank Mr. William Galloway, Whithorn, for the +drawings and particulars of this structure.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> The Plan is drawn from a sketch kindly supplied by the +Rev. Alex. Miller of Buckie.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> <i>Angus or Forfarshire</i>, by Alexander J. Warden, Vol. <small>III.</small> +p. 205.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> <i>Kalendars of the Saints.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> “The Old Pulpit of St. Cuthbert’s,” by Rev. Cumberland +Hill; <i>Edinburgh Daily Review</i>, November 1868.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Described and illustrated in <i>The Castellated and +Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 237.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> <i>Guide to Buchan.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> <i>Shires of Aberdeen and Banff</i>, Spalding Club, Vol. <small>IV.</small> +p. 580.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 363.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> See <i>Red Book of Grandtully</i>, Sir William Fraser. +Privately printed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> We are indebted to Mr. T. S. Robertson, architect, for +the Plan and description of this church.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, +Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 155, and Vol. <small>III.</small> p. 304.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> Since this description was written the foundations of the +side walls have been excavated by the Duke of Hamilton, and from these +operations it has been discovered that the church was originally of +Norman construction. The foundations of a south-west doorway have been +laid bare, and show that it has had nook-shafts with Norman bases. A +north door, opposite the above, has also been discovered.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> See <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of +Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>IV</small>. p. 339.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> We have to thank Mr. T. S. Robertson, architect, for the +drawings of this church.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> For the illustrations of this church we are indebted to +Mr. R. Weir Schultz, architect, London.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> <i>Origines Parochiales.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> See <i>Caledonia</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> pp. 479 and 550.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, +Vol. <small>V.</small></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> See Mid-Calder Church.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> See Vol. <small>II</small>. p. 453.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> See description by Rev. John Struthers, <i>The Proceedings +of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>IV</small>. p. 225.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> See paper by the late Walter F. Lyon, in <i>The Proceedings +of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, 1892-3, p. 79.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> See <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of +Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>V.</small> p. 149.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> For further information see <i>Pre-Reformation Churches of +Berwickshire</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> This church is illustrated in <i>The Castellated and +Domestic Architecture of Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>V.</small> p. 171. See Paper by the +late J. Fowler Hislop in <i>The Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries +of Scotland</i>, 1892, p. 241.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> <i>View of the Diocese of Aberdeen</i>, Spalding Club, p. +133.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> <i>Shires of Aberdeen and Banff</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 392.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> Vol. <small>IV.</small> p. 126.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> <i>Caledonia</i>, Vol. <small>III.</small> p. 561.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> <i>Pont’s Cunningham</i>, by Dobie, p. 325.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> <i>The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire</i>, Vol. <small>I.</small> p. 385.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> <i>The Historical Castles and Mansions of Scotland</i>, p. +60.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> We are indebted for this sketch to Mr. A. H. Millar.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> See <i>The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of +Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>V.</small> p. 193.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> See <i>ante</i>, p. 500.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> <i>Chronicle of the Picts and Scots</i>, p. 183.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> <i>Sculptured Stones of Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 58; <i>Celtic +Scotland</i>, Vol. <small>I.</small> p. 297 and Vol. <small>II.</small> p. 265; <i>Early Christian +Symbolism</i>, by J. Romilly Allen, p. 239.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> Since this proof was revised by Mr. Galloway, a month +ago, we regret to be informed of his death.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> Since Mr. Galloway’s drawings were made the ground round +the chancel has been excavated, and the Norman base is seen to extend +along the Norman part of the chancel, as mentioned in the text.</p></div> + +</div> +<hr class="full" /> +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 65014 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/65014-h/images/cover.jpg b/65014-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4475e98 --- /dev/null +++ b/65014-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/65014-h/images/ill_pg_011.jpg b/65014-h/images/ill_pg_011.jpg 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