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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be7b76c --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #64832 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64832) diff --git a/old/64832-0.txt b/old/64832-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 3d548e1..0000000 --- a/old/64832-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1271 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Steam Fire Engine and the Old-time Fire -Bell, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Steam Fire Engine and the Old-time Fire Bell - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: March 15, 2021 [eBook #64832] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STEAM FIRE ENGINE AND THE -OLD-TIME FIRE BELL *** - - - - - The Steam FIRE ENGINE - _and the old-time fire bell_ - - - [Illustration: The steam fire engine on display in Carillon Park - represents the third, and perhaps most colorful, phase of man’s long - battle against fire. During the time of the bucket brigade, - fire-fighting was carried on without the help of machinery. A great - step forward occurred with development of hand-operated pumping - machines in the early 18th Century. Later, the steam fire engine - replaced human muscle in the operation of the pumps. The modern era - of fire-fighting began with use of the internal combustion engine - for both motive and pumping power.] - - -Various photographs and drawings in this booklet were reproduced through -the courtesy of the following: The H. V. Smith Museum of The Home -Insurance Company granted permission to reproduce drawings and pictures -appearing on Pages 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14 and 15; The Dayton Daily News, the -Dayton Journal-Herald and the American-LaFrance-Foamite Corporation also -contributed photographs. - - [Illustration: Horse-drawn Fire Engine] - -The steam fire engine—like the Conestoga wagon, the Concord coach and -the canal boat—has faded from the American scene. But as long as man -thrills to the battle against fire, as long as he is intrigued by -intricate machinery and stirred by bold actions, this wondrous vehicle -is not likely to be forgotten. - -This booklet summarizes the story of the steam fire engine—its birth -amid derision, its growth in utility and popularity, its golden era of -service and its final decline in the face of relentless technical -progress. - -Humor and pathos, heroics and rowdyism, brilliant inventiveness and -indomitable Yankee spirit comprise the bright pattern of steam fire -engine history. These gaudy machines are perhaps as symbolic of life in -America during the latter half of the 19th Century as any other -mechanical memento left behind by preceding generations. - -England deserves the credit for invention of the steam fire engine, but -to America goes the distinction of having perfected it. Nowhere was the -steam fire engine more widely used than in the United States, with its -preponderance of highly inflammable wooden buildings. Certainly nowhere -else were the caretakers of the glittering engines so zealous in -exhibiting their machines’ amazing qualities at every opportunity. - -Most of those who knew and admired the steam fire engine during its -heyday have departed, and few of the machines themselves have escaped -the final oblivion of the scrap heap. Those engines that have been -preserved, however, attest to the craftsmanship of their makers. In -symmetry of design, sound construction and elegant finish they -constitute a classic example of fine American manufacture. - -The cities and hamlets of America will not witness again the drama of -plunging horses speeding to a fire with a heavy, smoke-belching engine -clattering behind; the piercing alarm of the steam fire whistle has been -stilled. The era to which these things belonged lives now only in -memory, pictures and words. - -This booklet has been prepared to help recapture for present-day readers -at least a segment of that vanished world. - - - - - Leather Buckets and “Musheens” - - - [Illustration: A Fire Brigade] - -Although fire is one of man’s most useful servants, it has also been one -of his deadliest enemies. Most of the great cities of the world at one -time or another have been totally destroyed or badly damaged by fire. -The number of lives lost to flames down through history will never be -known, but it has been of staggering proportions. - -Early attempts in America at doing something about this constant peril -consisted mainly of making the best of a bad situation, since technical -knowledge was so limited that development of efficient fire-fighting -machines was slow. Thus, in the first fire society, organized in 1718, -members were charged with salvaging what they could when a neighbor’s -house caught fire. Each man in the society carried a large bag, into -which he stuffed the householder’s personal effects before they were -consumed by the flames. Other equipment included a bed key with which to -dismantle the family bed, usually the most valuable piece of furniture -the colonist owned. - -Benjamin Franklin’s broad genius was to make itself felt in the field of -fire-fighting as in others. The inventor-statesman was a co-founder of -the first fire-fighting company in Philadelphia, in 1736, and also -co-founder of the first successful fire insurance company in the United -States, in 1752. - -The development of fire-fighting machines cannot be claimed exclusively -by recent generations. As early as the reign of the Ptolemies in Egypt, -some 200 years before the Christian era, a hand-pump fire engine was -constructed which was similar to those later used in the 19th Century. -This first known fire engine was described by the Greek writer Heron, -who reported that the machine operated through a pump and air-chamber -mechanism which forced water out of a spout by means of compressed air. -As has frequently happened in the up-and-down course of history, the -techniques involved in the manufacture of this early engine were lost. - -Richard Newsham of London is generally credited with invention of the -first successful fire engine of more recent times. One of his hand-pump -machines, an early model in a long line of “musheens” (machines), was -imported by the City of New York in 1731 and was the first fire engine -to be used in that city. In 1743, the first successful American hand -pumper was built by Thomas Lote. For the most part, however, -fire-fighting in colonial America was accomplished largely through the -centuries-old “bucket brigade.” - - [Illustration: The first fire engine used in New York was this - machine imported from London in 1731. Water was pumped from the - “tub” at the bottom of the engine out through the “gooseneck” hose. - Power was supplied by sturdy colonists who pumped the handles, - called “brakes.” The engine’s water reservoir was filled with - buckets.] - -The buckets, made of leather, were customarily hung at the front of -houses. When an alarm was sounded, citizens racing to the fire would -seize the nearest bucket available. Once on the scene of the blaze, they -would locate a source of water and then form two lines between it and -the fire. One line, usually composed of men, passed the full buckets -from hand to hand. The other line, made up of women and children, would -pass back the empty buckets for refilling. Anyone who attempted to break -through these lines during the course of a fire was subject to a more -complete dousing by the fire-fighters than was the blaze itself. - -After the fire was extinguished—or when it had burned itself out—the -buckets were placed in a central public location and messengers sent -throughout the city shouting “Claim your buckets.” This seldom presented -a problem, since most householders labeled their buckets by name, and -some even emblazoned them with brilliant colors and family -coats-of-arms. - -As late as 1824 fire buckets were the sole means of combating flames in -Dayton. The importance attached to their availability is indicated by an -old ordinance which required each citizen to keep two buckets in an -easily accessible place on his premises. - -Many cities found, however, that their residents were not as dependable -in the maintenance of their fire buckets as was desirable. One New -Yorker, it is reported, used his fire bucket as a container for beans. -Rushing to a fire one night, he forgot about the beans and emptied the -contents of the bucket into the water reservoir of an old hand-pump fire -engine. The bean soup which resulted clogged up the pump and put the -apparatus out of commission for the rest of the night. - -Although the largest cities, and many smaller ones also, had fire -engines in the 18th Century, it was not until 1826 that Dayton acquired -its first hand pumper. This followed a particularly disastrous fire -which destroyed two stores on Main Street. Meanwhile a volunteer fire -company had been organized to replace the old system in which every man -served as his own fire department—with whatever help he could get from -his neighbors. - -The new Dayton fire engine was hardly a model of efficiency; yet -compared with bucket-brigade methods it represented a big step forward. -Typical of fire engines of that day, it contained a water reservoir and -a pump which operated by means of a crank, water being forced through a -leather hose at the fire or at least in its general direction. Fire -buckets were still essential, however, since they were used to fill the -pumper’s water reservoir. - - [Illustration: The Dayton hand pumper shown in an old photograph - above, Niagara No. 1, once held the United States record for the - highest “throw” of water. On August 5, 1858, at the canal at Library - Park it sent a one-inch stream of water through 600 feet of hose and - 205 feet into the air. The engine, built in Rhode Island, was an - “end-stroke” type. Its suction hose did away with the need to fill - the reservoir with buckets, provided a water source was available.] - -In 1830 another small engine was purchased by Dayton for $300 and a -second volunteer fire company of thirty-two men was organized. But the -often-singed Daytonians apparently were still not satisfied with the -protection offered. Acting on “a very large and respectable petition of -the citizens for a good engine for the use of the town,” the Council -authorized purchase of a bigger machine. Called the “Independent,” the -new pumper had two sets of handles, called brakes, and was manned by -twenty volunteers on each side. Pumping it was back-breaking work, -necessitating “spelling” of the volunteers from time to time, but -results were much improved. To house the Independent, the city erected a -building at Third and Main Streets, which became headquarters for the -new company of 100 volunteers which was formed to handle the engine. - -It was about this time that reliance on nearby wells or the Miami-Erie -Canal as sources of water was abandoned. Cisterns were built at First -and Main, Third and Main and Fifth and Main for use of the -fire-fighters. The first successful fire hydrant had been developed -about 1820, but was not adopted in Dayton until many years later. From a -wooden plug inserted to stop up the opening in the early hydrants, the -term fireplug originated. - - [Illustration: Shown above is a famous New York hand pumper, the - “Old Maid.” One of the most powerful and ornate engines of its day, - this “musheen” even had a keg for spirituous liquors attached to the - tongue. When their water supply was distant, firemen often pumped - water from one engine to the next. Rival companies then tried to - “wash” the engine ahead by overflowing its reservoir. A “washed” - engine was said to be no longer a maiden. The “Old Maid” received - its unusual name because for a long time no rival engine managed to - “wash” it.] - - [Illustration: Called “Mankiller” because it was difficult to pump, - this engine was one of the most powerful hand-operated machines ever - built. It reportedly could throw a stream of water higher and - farther than many steam fire engines built years later. This type of - hand pumper was known as a “haywagon” because of its rack-like - brakes.] - -In 1835 the Dayton City Council agreed to pay “fifty cents to each of -the sextons of the several churches, as well as to the sheriff, for -ringing their respective bells at each fire to give the alarm more -generally to the citizens.” It was not until ten years later, in Boston, -that the first telegraphic fire alarm was developed. The new system -employed fire-alarm boxes, similar to those in use today, which sent the -alarm to a central point, from which alarm bells were struck -electrically, replacing the old church bell method. - - [Illustration: Old-time volunteer firemen often wore flamboyant - uniforms, although their habitual attire at fires was the clothing - they happened to be wearing when the alarm sounded. The “vamps” - bought their own uniforms and took great pride in the appearance of - their companies at such public events as parades.] - -Between 1830 and 1850, hand pumpers were being improved in many ways. -The old “tub” engines with water reservoirs which had to be filled with -buckets eventually gave way to suction pumpers. These machines still -employed a water reservoir but the tank was filled—provided a dependable -water source was available—through a heavy hose which drew water into -the engine. Unfortunately, a good water supply was not always close at -hand. When the water supply was distant, the engines would be formed in -line and water pumped from one engine to the reservoir of the next. At -one New York fire, more than thirty engines were lined up for a mile and -a half in order to produce a single small stream of water. - -When operating in a line, the companies usually engaged in one of their -most popular contests—that of trying to “wash” the engine ahead of them. -An engine was said to be washed when its reservoir was filled to -overflowing by the superior pumping power of the engine behind. To allow -this to happen was considered a great disgrace. Handicapped by an -inefficient engine, men in danger of being washed would often speed up -their pumping to the rate of 120 strokes a minute, a pace that could be -maintained for only a few minutes even by the most rugged. When -thoroughly fatigued, a volunteer would drop off the pump handles and -another man would rush in to take his place. During high operating -speeds, this could be dangerous, with cuts, broken fingers and fractured -arms resulting. - -An unfortunate counterpart of the technical gains achieved in -fire-fighting during the hand-pump period was the sharp increase in -rivalry among different volunteer companies. In many cases this spirit -of competition spilled over into acts of violence. - -Not content to use fair means of reaching a fire first, some rival -volunteer companies put obstructions in front of their competitors’ -engines, chopped hose to ribbons and broke into fisticuffs at every -opportunity; one famous battle in Manhattan lasted for several hours. -Many companies found the sidewalks smoother than the streets; whenever -possible they pulled their engines at full speed down the sidewalk, -scattering hapless pedestrians aside like ten pin’s. The spirit of the -day was “Go as you please” and “Hit a head wherever you see one.” If -fists wouldn’t do the job, wrenches and axes were called upon. If they -were insufficient, even firearms were sometimes employed. - -Such behaviour was not confined only to the largest cities. Dayton -historian Charlotte Reeve Conover reported that “Sometime during the -fifties the [fire] companies changed in personnel. The solid citizens -took to lying abed and letting the boys about town fight fires, with the -result that demoralization set in which put an end to the volunteer -system. It was competition which ruined them.” - -She adds, “It will not be found surprising that in time there came to be -something that Daytonians dreaded worse than a fire, and that was the -Fire Department.” - -The extent of the inter-company rivalry was dramatized by a memorable -street battle which occurred in 1856 in Dayton. While fire was -destroying a carpentry shop, the “Vigilance” and the “Deluge” fire -companies began arguing over which should take the more advantageous -position for battling the flames. Eventually the fire was forgotten as -the volunteers engaged in a free-for-all. One fireman during the course -of the fight was mortally injured when hit on the head with a brick. -This incident was only one of several which led to the disbandment of -Dayton’s volunteer fire companies in 1863 and the setting up of a -regular paid fire department. - -It was during the pre-Civil War period of strife, and only forty miles -southwest of Dayton, that an unknown mechanical genius named Moses Latta -was perfecting the steam fire engine. Although the Cincinnatian’s -development would one day make the old hand pumpers as obsolete as the -fire buckets which preceded them, it would still be some time yet before -the full significance of his work was realized. - - [Illustration: Intense rivalry among volunteer companies in the era - of the hand pumpers frequently resulted in street fights. One battle - began when two companies argued over use of a fire hydrant. The - so-called hydrant later turned out to be only a half-buried cannon - used as a hitching post.] - - - - - “Uncle Joe Ross” Arrives - - -Moses Latta was not the first man to harness steam as a replacement for -muscles in fire-fighting. The earliest steam fire engine had been -fashioned in 1829 in London by George Braithwaite, a noted engineer. His -assistant on the project was John Ericsson, who more than three decades -later was to win recognition in this country as the designer of the -ironclad “Monitor” of Civil War fame. Appropriately dubbed the -“Novelty,” Braithwaite’s steam fire engine never captured the public’s -fancy, although a few were sold on the Continent, one purchaser being -the King of Prussia. In 1833 Braithwaite gave up his project. - -The idea would not die quite so easily, however. In 1840 another English -engineer, Paul Hodge, built a steam fire engine for several New York -insurance companies which were finding the fire-fighting inefficiency of -that day extremely costly. - -Hodge’s engine never had a fair chance. For a long time not a single -volunteer company in New York would undertake to man the cumbersome -machine, fearing it would replace the volunteers’ beloved hand-pump -engines and spoil what had become their favorite pastime—fighting fires -in the rough and tumble old-fashioned way. After a little pressure, -however, one fire company agreed to operate the machine, and a trial -period of several months followed. Almost immediately, the firemen began -grumbling about the engine’s awkwardness. They also claimed it didn’t -produce enough steam. The constant derision that had greeted their -innovation finally discouraged the sponsoring insurance companies. -Concluding that the loss in the volunteers’ morale more than outweighed -any advantages offered by steam, they dropped their short-lived crusade, -and sold Hodge’s engine to a manufacturing firm. There it served the -remainder of its days in the unglamorous role of a stationary engine. - -The same John Ericsson who in 1829 worked with George Braithwaite on the -world’s first steam fire engine, designed one of his own in 1841. But -even though the engine looked good on paper, it was never actually -built. The old aversion to progress by firemen of the day was -responsible. - -Not only New York but other cities as well were guilty of similar -heel-dragging. In 1851, a Philadelphian named William Lay came up with -another engine design. But again, antipathy, on the part of firemen -prevented the engine from ever emerging beyond the drawing board. -Fearful—and rightly so—that the advent of steam would spoil their -“sport” and excitement, the firemen would not budge. - -Such was the setting when, in 1852, Moses Latta of Cincinnati developed -his first steam fire engine. This earliest Latta engine was only an -experimental model, but it was good enough to prompt the Cincinnati city -fathers in 1853 to loosen their municipal purse strings to the extent of -$5,000 for construction of the world’s first successful steam fire -engine, the “Uncle Joe Ross.” - -A colorful account of Latta and his engine appears in William T. King’s -“The American Steam Fire Engine.” Describing Latta in his workshop, King -wrote: - -“It was a long, high room, the walls on the east side being hung with -drawings of the engine. Beneath the drawings ran a long workbench, and -at this stood a man; a very diminutive specimen of humanity, short and -spare, stoop-shouldered, even to deformity. - -“He had a square, white-paper hat on his head, and was busy measuring -something. While looking at him, the stranger saw that his head redeemed -his poor body; for it was massive, and the eyes had in them the light of -genius....” - - [Illustration: One of the most noted of the early steamers was - “Manhattan No. 8.” In 1863 it was shipped from New York to London - with a crew of men to compete in an international water-throwing - contest.] - -After explaining the wonders of his invention, Latta is said to have -told a visitor: “The trouble is that there is no certainty that this, or -any other steam fire engine, will ever be allowed to work at a fire. You -are probably not aware how bitter is the feeling of the volunteer -firemen against this engine. They say it shall never throw a stream of -water on a fire in this city; and I sometimes fear that I shall never -live to see this grand idea brought into the service of the world. The -recent riots here show what a mob can do in our city. My steps are -dogged. Spies are continually on my track ... threatening me with all -sorts of ills and evils unless I drop work on this engine and pronounce -it a failure. - -“I’ll never give up! I’ll build it, and there are enough men in this -city to see that it has a fair trial; and it shall have it. When it is -finished, it will be heard from at the first fire, and woe to those who -stand in its way.” - -As the date of the trial approached, the Cincinnati firemen were in -ferment. It would never do to destroy the engine before the trial, they -reasoned. On the other hand, if the trial proved successful, it would be -equally risky to destroy the engine then. Consequently, a plan was -formulated: make no demonstration of any kind at the trial, but—if the -engine was a success—wait for its first appearance at the scene of a -real blaze. Then wreck the engine and render equally useless anyone who -contributed to its operation. - - [Illustration: In this photograph taken in 1909, a steamer is pulled - past old Steele High School. The occasion was a parade which honored - the Wright brothers.] - -The trial was a great success, exceeding even Latta’s highest hopes, and -now the whole city waited for the first fire on which the “Uncle Joe -Ross” would be used. They did not have to wait long. A few nights after -the trial, a large warehouse broke into flames in the middle of the -night. Historian King describes what followed: - -“Down came the great steam fire engine, four mammoth gray horses in -front of it at a gallop; the smoke streaming from its stack, the fire -flashing from its grates. Its ponderous wheels ground the cobblestones -into powder as they struck them; and as the great monster went down the -hill, people woke as out of a trance and started after it ... the time -had come.” - -The engine had just started to “play” water on the flames when a cry -rang out: “The hose is cut.” The volunteer firemen had taken the first -step in carrying out their plan. - -Then occurred one of the most critical of all the melees that -characterized fire-fighting of that time—a pitched battle between -ordinary citizens and the irate volunteer firemen. Fortunately for the -engine, for Latta and for the public in general, the citizens proved the -stronger. Thoroughly whipped, the firemen gave up the struggle and the -big steamer soon had drowned out the fire. - -The next day Latta found himself the hero of Cincinnati. Although few -were aware of it at the time, the era of the steam fire engine had -finally arrived. - - - - - “We Do Save” ... Through Steam - - - [Illustration: This view of the Dayton firehouse at Main and - Monument shows a steamer and a ladder wagon, with their crews. The - year is 1910.] - -The advent of steam in the age-old field of fire-fighting soon swept -aside most of the old hand-operated engines. It also cleared away many -of the impediments to fire-fighting efficiency inherent in the old -volunteer system. Operating a steam fire engine required something more -than sheer brute power and the ability to “knock in” sundry heads. - -Thus it was not coincidence that saw most volunteer fire companies being -replaced by professional fire fighters about the same time hand pumpers -were succeeded by steamers. Cincinnati had pioneered the first -successful steam fire engine, and it was Cincinnati that established the -first paid fire department in 1853—the same year that marked the triumph -of Moses Latta’s ponderous “Uncle Joe Ross.” The Queen City was also the -first to have an all-steam fire department. - -Dayton followed her neighbor’s example a decade later when three -steamers were purchased following the burning of the old Dayton Journal -by a mob incensed over Civil War issues. This famous blaze proved to be -the last stand of the old volunteers and also the final time that hand -pumpers were operated in Dayton without the assistance of steam fire -engines. - -Early in 1864 the Dayton City Council resolved that “an appropriation be -made in favor of fire department for the sum of $300, payable to the -chief of said department for the payment of employed men, purchase of -feed, etc.” It was also decided that “compensation of engineers of steam -fire engines shall be $50 per month and the firemen, drivers and pipemen -shall be $36 per month until further ordered by Council.” - -At the same time a paid fire department was established in Dayton, the -Council summarily disbanded all the volunteer organizations as of March -1, 1864. The reputation of the volunteers at the time of disbandment -must have been at an all-time low. Nowhere in its various resolutions -did the Council extend a single word of thanks for the colorful vamps’ -(volunteers’) four decades of service without pay. The rowdy behavior of -the old-time volunteers is in sharp contrast to the efficient community -service performed by today’s volunteer firemen. - - [Illustration: Fire marks, which were usually metal plaques, first - appeared in the 17th Century. They were issued by insurance - companies which maintained their own fire brigades. If a burning - house bore the fire mark of a company, that company’s fire-fighters - would lend assistance. If not, they customarily refused to help. - After fire-fighting became a community effort, however, fire marks - were simply a form of advertising. Shown above are the fire marks of - three Dayton insurance companies. The Cooper mark was issued in - 1867.] - - [Illustration: The Columbia mark’s issuance date is unknown.] - - [Illustration: The Dayton Insurance Company mark was issued in - 1851.] - -By now, conversion to steam was taking place throughout the United -States. The steam fire engine, often called a “bulljine,” could run for -hours without tiring. It made its debut in cities large and small, and -firehouses began to assume some of the aspects of livery barns, since -the steamers were usually too heavy to be pulled by men. Hay and oats -soon came to be as much a part of fire department supplies as hose and -axes, although just as firemen had opposed steamers as an insult to -their strength, so they opposed at first the use of horses to pull -equipment to the fires. In some cases horses were obtained, after an -alarm was sounded, at nearby livery barns, but the delay inherent in -this procedure proved prohibitive. - -As the trend to steam fire engines grew to landslide proportions, -manufacturers of the new machines mushroomed all over the eastern United -States. Almost every heavy machine shop which had had any experience -with steam brought out an engine. Some erstwhile manufacturers never -built more than one machine; others produced hundreds. Moses Latta, the -pioneer in the field, enjoyed only a few brief years with minor -competition, eventually selling his business. - -The city or town which wanted to replace its old hand-pump engines and -modernize its fire-fighting facilities had a wide choice in steam fire -engines. If funds were low and the needs modest, an engine could be -purchased for as little as $800. One such economy engine, built by the -Knowles Steam Pump Works at Warren, Massachusetts, was as plain and -homely as it could be; it offered no shiny plating or fancy striping, -but it put out fires just the same. - -At the other extreme were such monsters as those turned out by the -Manchester Locomotive Works at Manchester, New Hampshire. One of this -firm’s machines, the “Extra First Size,” towered more than ten feet and -was almost twenty-five feet long. It weighed four and a half tons minus -water, and was guaranteed to deliver at least 1,100 gallons a minute. - - [Illustration: The fire mark of Dayton’s Teutonia Insurance Company, - shown above, first appeared about 1870.] - - [Illustration: The mark of the Farmers & Merchants Insurance Company - of Dayton was taken from a building on First Street. It was issued - about 1865.] - - [Illustration: This unusual action picture shows a typical - three-horse team used for pulling heavier steamers. Firehorses were - carefully trained.] - -Training fire horses to pull the heavy engines was a long and -complicated task. The setting off of the fire gong, which often -automatically opened the stable doors, was the signal for the horse to -take his proper place without guidance under the swinging harness which -hung from the rafters of the engine house. This was of vital importance; -a wrong or clumsy move would entangle the delicately arranged harness, -delaying the run to the fire. - -Running at full speed over rough and often poorly lighted streets with a -several-ton engine rolling behind required perfect coordination with the -other horse or horses in the team. Animals were often badly injured in -falls and had to be destroyed. Like race horses, fire horses had to be -kept in top condition. - -The confining life of the fireman and his constant proximity to and -dependence on the horses resulted in close relationships between the men -and animals. When a horse grew too old for the demanding fire department -life, his departure from the firehouse for a less arduous job, such as -pulling a delivery wagon, was usually a touching occasion and a trying -one, too, since it meant another long breaking-in process for his -successor. It is no myth that former firehorses seldom forgot their -original training. Stories are still heard of how the owners of former -fire horses were dragged unwillingly to fires in their buggies and -delivery wagons by horses which heard the alarm and immediately -responded to their old training. Many fire horses could actually tell by -the first digit of the alarm whether the fire would be a run for their -own company, and most soon came to realize that a burning building was -always their destination. - -All over America, in cities large and small, the exciting spectacle of -the steam fire engine rumbling to the scene of a blaze became -commonplace, but never so commonplace that it failed to thrill both -young and old. The interest in steam fire engines, which was kindled by -various water-throwing contests, spurred additional competition, which -in turn increased interest in the steamers still further. - - [Illustration: Like the caretakers of the old hand pumpers, firemen - who operated “bulljines” usually kept their equipment in immaculate - condition. The steamer shown below has been fitted with a tarpaulin - behind the front wheels to keep mud off the engine.] - -As had been the case in the era of the old hand pumpers, different -companies vied for honors in decorative skill also. Ornate and costly -scrollwork and platings appeared on the engines with increasing -frequency. Terse mottoes which set forth the firemen’s creed, such as -“We Do Save,” were beautifully lettered on the engines. Many a -latter-day fire captain climbed his first rung to higher rank by proving -to be a capable man with the brass polish in his days as a rookie -fireman. The phrase, “All dressed up like a fire engine,” had its origin -in the loving care given the steamers and the old “musheens” which -preceded them. - - [Illustration: Residents of Detroit lined downtown streets on April - 10, 1922, to witness the last run of this steam fire engine. Matched - horses of high quality were not unusual during the heyday of the - steamers.] - -Along with pay for firemen also came a more professional stature. The -engineer of a steam fire engine in a well-respected company was a man of -some standing, especially among the younger set. The American’s -traditional love for machinery and for gadgets to make his work simpler -found one of its most potent outlets in these glittering machines. A -locomotive, its valve gear flashing as the engineer thundered past a -Middle West whistle stop, was a stirring sight at any time, but it could -hardly compare with the glamor inherent in the old fire engine. Here -were all the wonders of steam with the added dramatic ingredients of -danger and the fight against man’s eternal enemy, fire. It is not -surprising that “running with the engine” became as popular a sport as -the church socials or Saturday night band concerts that characterized -America in the late 19th Century. - -During the heyday of the steamers, progress in fire-fighting was being -made in other directions also. The first aerial ladder truck was -perfected in 1870 and became popular following the famous Chicago fire -of 1871. The aerial ladders were often called “big sticks,” and at first -were raised by manual power. The water tower, which placed a powerful -stream forty-five to sixty feet in the air, developed from a “hose -elevator” constructed before the great Chicago fire and had a platform -which could be raised or lowered. The water tower eventually became one -of the fire-fighter’s most potent weapons. - -The sprinkler system was introduced in 1874, and an automatic alarm -device used in conjunction with sprinklers has proved to be one of the -most effective fire-fighting aids ever devised. The same year, -Rochester, New York, became the first city to install a high pressure -water system, which delivered water at fireplugs under such great -pressure that pumpers were not required, but the high cost resulted in a -delay of twenty-five years until other cities began adopting similar -systems. - -Although the steam fire engine brought great gains in fire-fighting -efficiency and ended many of the evils inherent in the old volunteer -system, it was not a panacea for all the fire-fighting problems of the -time. In most cities, politicians recognized a good thing when they saw -it, and were quick to take an interest in the newly created paid -departments. One historian wrote that Dayton’s paid fire department from -1864 to 1880 was under the “mismanagement of council” and largely -subject to “the caprice, partisan aims and hunger of the politicians.” - -But in 1880, disgusted with the estate to which the department had -fallen, the citizens of Dayton obtained passage in the Legislature of a -bill which created a non-partisan board of fire commissioners. The board -immediately appointed Daniel C. Larkin as fire chief, and with this -appointment the more modern era in Dayton fire-fighting history began. -The department was reorganized after adoption of the commission-manager -form of government in 1913, and has continued at a high level of -efficiency. - - - - - The Steamers’ Last Stand - - - [Illustration: The above diagram shows how the Carillon Park engine - operates. Heat from the firebox (A) converts the water in the boiler - (B) to steam. The steam enters the cylinder (C), causing the piston - to move up and down. This motion is transmitted to the piston of the - water pump (D), which draws water up through the suction hose and - pumps it in the direction of the arrows. The air chamber (E) - maintains constant pressure on the water, causing it to be fed to - the nozzle smoothly instead of in spurts.] - -The demise of the steam fire engine was not an overnight occurrence. -Most of the time-tested machines survived well into the 20th Century, -despite the coming of the automobile and the accompanying mechanization -of most forms of transportation. - -At first, in the early 1900’s, gasoline tractors were attached to many -of the steamers, retiring the luckier fire horses to pasture and the -others to a more strenuous life. As gasoline engines increased in -reliability, however, the next logical step was to use the gasoline -power plant to run the pumps as well as to pull the vehicle. By the -advent of World War I, most large cities had partially converted their -fire-fighting equipment to gasoline, and by the mid-twenties the -steamers were making their last stand, even in the smaller towns. - -Just as the old “vamps” had opposed the steamers as replacements for -hand pumpers, so opposition developed when the steamers were in turn -replaced by gasoline equipment. Many firemen, willing to concede that -the automobile was here to stay, were not so sure about the -gasoline-powered fire truck. A few diehards took a dim view about the -internal-combustion engine in general. Cries of “undependable” and -“cantankerous” were hurled in answer to talk about substituting gasoline -power for the faithful fire horses. Such sentimental objections were a -strong factor in postponing the death of the steamers. - - [Illustration: Combination steam-gasoline fire engines bridged the - gap between old-time steamers and present-day equipment. This Dayton - engine depended upon an internal combustion engine for motive power, - but used steam to drive its pumps.] - -There was one big advantage to gasoline mechanization, however, that -could not be shouted down. Dependable as they were, the fire horses cost -money. A few gallons of fuel, it became apparent, were much cheaper than -the constant drain on the supply of hay and oats needed for the horses. -According to one estimate, the savings each year after a gasoline -tractor replaced the hungry horses that formerly pulled the steamer -amounted to almost $1,000. - -When these economic facts finally became apparent, it was obvious to -most fire departments that all of the sentimental considerations in the -world could not arrest the decline of the old steamers. More and more -cities, including Dayton in 1916, joined the parade to gasoline. - -At first, most of the cities replacing their steamers kept some of the -old machines in reserve, but after several years they were usually -consigned to the scrap heap, so that today only a tiny fraction of the -machines once in use are still intact. Although they date back much -farther, more of the hand pumpers perhaps have been preserved than their -successors. In many older towns throughout the United States the old -“musheens” are still operated at firemen’s festivals and other civic -events similar to the old-time firemen’s musters. - -Although gone forever, the steamers are far from forgotten. To many, -modern-day fire-fighting equipment pales in comparison. Like the Clipper -Ship, the steam fire engine seems likely to endure as one of the most -colorful legacies in our great American heritage. - - - - - The Carillon Park Engine - - -The steam fire engine on display at Carillon Park has been preserved -through the efforts of the Sidney and Dayton Fire Departments. -Originally the property of the Sidney Fire Department, it was donated to -the Dayton Fire Department in 1953 for reconditioning and subsequent -display. The refurbished engine, in like-new condition, was moved to -Carillon Park concurrently with the opening of the park’s 1955 season. -Educational and Musical Arts, Inc., the non-profit civic organization -which operates Carillon Park, provided the structure which houses both -the engine and the old-time fire bell which once hung in the fire -station at Fifth and Brown Streets. - -The fire engine is a single-pump Ahrens-Fox and originally cost $4,000. -It was purchased by the City of Sidney in 1883 and remained in active -service until 1916. From that time until 1928 it was kept in reserve. -After 1928, the engine remained in storage until its restoration to -original condition. The City of Dayton at one time employed a number of -similar Ahrens engines, but of larger size. None of these machines could -be located for restoration, however. - -Named for Henry Young, the chief of the Sidney Fire Department at the -time of its purchase, the engine was drawn by a team of pure black -horses throughout much of its period of use. In addition to the steamer, -the Sidney Fire Department had a ladder wagon, a hose wagon and a number -of hose reels. Although this equipment seems scant as well as out-moded -by present-day standards, Sidney in the latter 19th Century was listed -as one of the better-equipped cities for fire-fighting in the United -States in relation to its size. - -Besides participating in many major fires at Sidney during its -thirty-three years of active service and twelve years in reserve, the -Henry Young was used several times to combat out-of-town blazes. At two -of these fires, in Quincy and Piqua, the Henry Young was rushed by -railroad flatcar to the scene after the fires had passed beyond control -of the local departments. - - [Illustration: The Carillon Park engine is shown above during its - period of active service. Sidney firemen pose in the foreground.] - -During its long span of service, the Henry Young compiled an admirable -record of dependability. In operation, the engine was first fired with -wood which in turn ignited coal. Usually by the time the engine arrived -at a blaze it had already developed a head of steam and was ready for -use. As with most steamers, constant attention to the flues was required -if the engine was to operate at peak efficiency. - - [Illustration: The earliest aerial ladders were made of wood and - mounted on horse-drawn trucks, with ladders being raised or lowered - by hand-operated cranks. Today’s aerial ladder truck, as shown - above, embodies tremendous improvements in safety and efficiency.] - - [Illustration: The modern pumper pictured above has an output of - 1,500 gallons of water per minute, more than four times the pumping - capacity of the Carillon Park steam fire engine. In addition, it - carries 1,600 feet of hose. - - A 275-horsepower motor provides instant and dependable power.] - -Another problem recalled by old-time residents of Sidney was the shower -of sparks emitted when the engine was in use. Its operators were -subjected to this fiery barrage at frequent intervals, with the result -that coats and other items of clothing were often perforated by the -red-hot cinders. - -An anecdote which has survived along with the Henry Young concerns one -hectic fire run during which the engine was almost wrecked. With the -horses plunging ahead at full speed and the engine rounding a turn, one -of its wheels hit a severe bump. For several long seconds, the engine -careened wildly on two wheels. The thoroughly frightened driver sat -paralyzed, even after the engine had righted, but the veteran fire -horses headed unerringly toward the scene of the blaze. Proof that the -horses really did find the fire, old-timers say, is that the driver was -still immobilized at the end of the run, and had to be helped from his -seat. - -The Ahrens Manufacturing Company of Cincinnati, which built the Henry -Young, was at one time the largest producer of steam fire engines in the -Midwest. The ancestry of the Ahrens engines can be traced all the way -back to Moses Latta, who accomplished what the world’s mechanical -geniuses had hitherto failed to do by devising a boiler which not only -generated a lot of steam but in addition produced the steam quickly. -Once this milestone had been passed, the road to widespread and -successful usage of steam fire engines broadened, and progress became -correspondingly rapid. - -The Ahrens firm had its start in 1868, having succeeded Lane & Bodley, -the company that had bought Latta’s works. Ahrens was quick to make -significant improvements. Whereas Lane & Bodley had built only seven or -eight machines, depending on Latta’s patterns, Ahrens immediately -introduced new designs which greatly increased the efficiency of the -engines. - -Ahrens engines were made in several sizes. The larger models had two -cylinders and two pumps and were known as “double” engines. The smaller -types had a single cylinder and a single pump. The Henry Young is a -single-pump Ahrens, Size No. 2. Its steam cylinder has a diameter of -nine inches and a stroke of nine inches; its pump cylinder has a -five-and-a-half-inch bore and a nine-inch stroke. The engine weighs -5,800 pounds and can pump 350 gallons of water a minute. - - - - - The Old-Time Fire Bell - - - [Illustration: The fire bell is shown when it served as a decoration - at the Main and Monument firehouse.] - - [Illustration: The tower of the old firehouse at Fifth and Brown - where the bell was first used.] - - [Illustration: The bell as it appears today.] - -Once the pride of Dayton firemen, the large fire bell which today is -housed in Carillon Park alongside the steam fire engine is almost a -century old. It was cast in 1858 by the Meneely Bell Company, the same -concern which several generations later produced the bells used in Deeds -Carillon. - -For more than a decade after its purchase, the $700 bell tolled out fire -alarms from the tower of the firehouse at Fifth and Brown Streets. It -was considered the loudest and finest fire bell in the Dayton area. -During an extended tolling, however, the bell suddenly cracked. Although -attempts were made to repair the fissure, the bell’s tonal qualities -were lost and it was subsequently replaced. - -In 1914, the bell seemed headed for the junkyard until a group of -citizens learned of plans for its disposal. The city manager of that -period was advised that a committee opposed to destruction of the bell -would call on him to register their protest. When the committee arrived, -however, the city manager showed them the bell ... which had been -quickly converted into a giant flower urn at the Main and Monument -Firehouse. “Gentlemen, there is your bell,” he said. “You can see that -it is perfectly safe and sound.” - -The committee’s fears were thus alleviated, although it is doubtful that -they expected the bell to remain in that location for more than forty -years. It was finally transferred to Carillon Park in 1955. - - - CARILLON PARK - DAYTON, OHIO - - One of a series of Carillon Park booklets. - Price ten cents. - - AS-8575 - I15XX - PRINTED IN U.S.A. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STEAM FIRE ENGINE AND THE -OLD-TIME FIRE BELL *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Steam Fire Engine and the Old-time Fire Bell, by Anonymous</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Steam Fire Engine and the Old-time Fire Bell</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Anonymous</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: March 15, 2021 [eBook #64832]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STEAM FIRE ENGINE AND THE OLD-TIME FIRE BELL ***</div> -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="The Steam Fire Engine and the Old-Time Fire Bell" width="800" height="1257" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1>The Steam FIRE ENGINE -<br /><i class="unbold small">and the old-time fire bell</i></h1> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_i">i</div> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="756" /> -<p class="pcap">The steam fire engine on display in Carillon Park represents -the third, and perhaps most colorful, phase of man’s long -battle against fire. During the time of the bucket brigade, -fire-fighting was carried on without the help of machinery. -A great step forward occurred with development of hand-operated -pumping machines in the early 18th Century. Later, -the steam fire engine replaced human muscle in the operation -of the pumps. The modern era of fire-fighting began with -use of the internal combustion engine for both motive and -pumping power.</p> -</div> -<p class="tb small ss">Various photographs and drawings in this booklet were reproduced through the courtesy -of the following: The H. V. Smith Museum of The Home Insurance Company granted -permission to reproduce drawings and pictures appearing on Pages -<a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a> -and <a href="#Page_15">15</a>; The Dayton Daily News, the Dayton Journal-Herald and the American-LaFrance-Foamite -Corporation also contributed photographs.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p01a.jpg" alt="Horse-drawn Fire Engine" width="500" height="360" /> -</div> -<p>The steam fire engine—like the Conestoga wagon, the Concord -coach and the canal boat—has faded from the American scene. -But as long as man thrills to the battle against fire, as long as he is -intrigued by intricate machinery and stirred by bold actions, this wondrous -vehicle is not likely to be forgotten.</p> -<p>This booklet summarizes the story of the steam fire engine—its birth -amid derision, its growth in utility and popularity, its golden era of -service and its final decline in the face of relentless technical progress.</p> -<p>Humor and pathos, heroics and rowdyism, brilliant inventiveness and -indomitable Yankee spirit comprise the bright pattern of steam fire -engine history. These gaudy machines are perhaps as symbolic of life -in America during the latter half of the 19th Century as any other -mechanical memento left behind by preceding generations.</p> -<p>England deserves the credit for invention of the steam fire engine, -but to America goes the distinction of having perfected it. Nowhere -was the steam fire engine more widely used than in the United States, -with its preponderance of highly inflammable wooden buildings. Certainly -nowhere else were the caretakers of the glittering engines so -zealous in exhibiting their machines’ amazing qualities at every opportunity.</p> -<p>Most of those who knew and admired the steam fire engine during -its heyday have departed, and few of the machines themselves have -escaped the final oblivion of the scrap heap. Those engines that have -been preserved, however, attest to the craftsmanship of their makers. -In symmetry of design, sound construction and elegant finish they constitute -a classic example of fine American manufacture.</p> -<p>The cities and hamlets of America will not witness again the drama -of plunging horses speeding to a fire with a heavy, smoke-belching engine -clattering behind; the piercing alarm of the steam fire whistle has been -stilled. The era to which these things belonged lives now only in memory, -pictures and words.</p> -<p>This booklet has been prepared to help recapture for present-day -readers at least a segment of that vanished world.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">Leather Buckets and “Musheens”</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="A Fire Brigade" width="1200" height="858" /> -</div> -<p>Although fire is one of man’s most useful servants, it has also been -one of his deadliest enemies. Most of the great cities of the world at -one time or another have been totally destroyed or badly damaged by -fire. The number of lives lost to flames down through history will never -be known, but it has been of staggering proportions.</p> -<p>Early attempts in America at doing something about this constant peril -consisted mainly of making the best of a bad situation, since technical -knowledge was so limited that development of efficient fire-fighting -machines was slow. Thus, in the first fire society, organized in 1718, -members were charged with salvaging what they could when a neighbor’s -house caught fire. Each man in the society carried a large bag, -into which he stuffed the householder’s personal effects before they -were consumed by the flames. Other equipment included a bed key -with which to dismantle the family bed, usually the most valuable piece -of furniture the colonist owned.</p> -<p>Benjamin Franklin’s broad genius was to make itself felt in the field -of fire-fighting as in others. The inventor-statesman was a co-founder -of the first fire-fighting company in Philadelphia, in 1736, and also -co-founder of the first successful fire insurance company in the United -States, in 1752.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<p>The development of fire-fighting machines cannot be claimed exclusively -by recent generations. As early as the reign of the Ptolemies in -Egypt, some 200 years before the Christian era, a hand-pump fire -engine was constructed which was similar to those later used in the -19th Century. This first known fire engine was described by the Greek -writer Heron, who reported that the machine operated through a pump -and air-chamber mechanism which forced water out of a spout by means -of compressed air. As has frequently happened in the up-and-down -course of history, the techniques involved in the manufacture of this -early engine were lost.</p> -<p>Richard Newsham of London is generally credited with invention of -the first successful fire engine of more recent times. One of his hand-pump -machines, an early model in a long line of “musheens” (machines), -was imported by the City of New York in 1731 and was the first fire -engine to be used in that city. In 1743, the first successful American -hand pumper was built by Thomas Lote. For the most part, however, -fire-fighting in colonial America was accomplished largely through the -centuries-old “bucket brigade.”</p> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p02a.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="826" /> -<p class="pcap">The first fire engine used in New York was this machine -imported from London in 1731. Water was pumped from -the “tub” at the bottom of the engine out through the -“gooseneck” hose. Power was supplied by sturdy colonists -who pumped the handles, called “brakes.” The engine’s -water reservoir was filled with buckets.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div> -<p>The buckets, made of leather, were customarily hung at the front -of houses. When an alarm was sounded, citizens racing to the fire would -seize the nearest bucket available. Once on the scene of the blaze, they -would locate a source of water and then form two lines between it and -the fire. One line, usually composed of men, passed the full buckets -from hand to hand. The other line, made up of women and children, -would pass back the empty buckets for refilling. Anyone who attempted -to break through these lines during the course of a fire was subject to -a more complete dousing by the fire-fighters than was the blaze itself.</p> -<p>After the fire was extinguished—or when it had burned itself out—the -buckets were placed in a central public location and messengers -sent throughout the city shouting “Claim your buckets.” This seldom -presented a problem, since most householders labeled their buckets by -name, and some even emblazoned them with brilliant colors and family -coats-of-arms.</p> -<p>As late as 1824 fire buckets were the sole means of combating flames -in Dayton. The importance attached to their availability is indicated by -an old ordinance which required each citizen to keep two buckets in an -easily accessible place on his premises.</p> -<p>Many cities found, however, that their residents were not as dependable -in the maintenance of their fire buckets as was desirable. One New -Yorker, it is reported, used his fire bucket as a container for beans. -Rushing to a fire one night, he forgot about the beans and emptied the -contents of the bucket into the water reservoir of an old hand-pump -fire engine. The bean soup which resulted clogged up the pump and -put the apparatus out of commission for the rest of the night.</p> -<p>Although the largest cities, and many smaller ones also, had fire -engines in the 18th Century, it was not until 1826 that Dayton acquired -its first hand pumper. This followed a particularly disastrous fire which -destroyed two stores on Main Street. Meanwhile a volunteer fire company -had been organized to replace the old system in which every man -served as his own fire department—with whatever help he could get -from his neighbors.</p> -<p>The new Dayton fire engine was hardly a model of efficiency; yet -compared with bucket-brigade methods it represented a big step forward. -Typical of fire engines of that day, it contained a water reservoir -and a pump which operated by means of a crank, water being forced -through a leather hose at the fire or at least in its general direction. -Fire buckets were still essential, however, since they were used to fill -the pumper’s water reservoir.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="844" /> -<p class="pcap">The Dayton hand pumper shown in an old photograph above, Niagara No. 1, once held -the United States record for the highest “throw” of water. On August 5, 1858, at the -canal at Library Park it sent a one-inch stream of water through 600 feet of hose and -205 feet into the air. The engine, built in Rhode Island, was an “end-stroke” type. Its -suction hose did away with the need to fill the reservoir with buckets, provided a water -source was available.</p> -</div> -<p>In 1830 another small engine was purchased by Dayton for $300 -and a second volunteer fire company of thirty-two men was organized. -But the often-singed Daytonians apparently were still not satisfied with -the protection offered. Acting on “a very large and respectable petition -of the citizens for a good engine for the use of the town,” the Council -authorized purchase of a bigger machine. Called the “Independent,” the -new pumper had two sets of handles, called brakes, and was manned -by twenty volunteers on each side. Pumping it was back-breaking work, -necessitating “spelling” of the volunteers from time to time, but results -were much improved. To house the Independent, the city erected a -building at Third and Main Streets, which became headquarters for -the new company of 100 volunteers which was formed to handle the -engine.</p> -<p>It was about this time that reliance on nearby wells or the Miami-Erie -Canal as sources of water was abandoned. Cisterns were built at -First and Main, Third and Main and Fifth and Main for use of the -fire-fighters. The first successful fire hydrant had been developed about -1820, but was not adopted in Dayton until many years later. From a -wooden plug inserted to stop up the opening in the early hydrants, the -term fireplug originated.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="1168" height="618" /> -<p class="pcap">Shown above is a famous New York hand pumper, the “Old Maid.” One of the most -powerful and ornate engines of its day, this “musheen” even had a keg for spirituous -liquors attached to the tongue. When their water supply was distant, firemen often -pumped water from one engine to the next. Rival companies then tried to “wash” the -engine ahead by overflowing its reservoir. A “washed” engine was said to be no longer -a maiden. The “Old Maid” received its unusual name because for a long time no rival -engine managed to “wash” it.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="572" /> -<p class="pcap">Called “Mankiller” because it was difficult to pump, this engine was one of the most -powerful hand-operated machines ever built. It reportedly could throw a stream of water -higher and farther than many steam fire engines built years later. This type of hand -pumper was known as a “haywagon” because of its rack-like brakes.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<p>In 1835 the Dayton City Council agreed to pay “fifty cents to each -of the sextons of the several churches, as well as to the sheriff, for ringing -their respective bells at each fire to give the alarm more generally -to the citizens.” It was not until ten years later, in Boston, that the first -telegraphic fire alarm was developed. The new system employed fire-alarm -boxes, similar to those in use today, which sent the alarm to a -central point, from which alarm bells were struck electrically, replacing -the old church bell method.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/p04b.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="442" /> -<p class="pcap">Old-time volunteer firemen often wore flamboyant uniforms, although their habitual -attire at fires was the clothing they happened to be wearing when the alarm sounded. -The “vamps” bought their own uniforms and took great pride in the appearance of -their companies at such public events as parades.</p> -</div> -<p>Between 1830 and 1850, hand pumpers were being improved in many -ways. The old “tub” engines with water reservoirs which had to be -filled with buckets eventually gave way to suction pumpers. These machines -still employed a water reservoir but the tank was filled—provided -a dependable water source was available—through a heavy hose which -drew water into the engine. Unfortunately, a good water supply was -not always close at hand. When the water supply was distant, the engines -would be formed in line and water pumped from one engine to the -reservoir of the next. At one New York fire, more than thirty engines -were lined up for a mile and a half in order to produce a single small -stream of water.</p> -<p>When operating in a line, the companies usually engaged in one of -their most popular contests—that of trying to “wash” the engine ahead -of them. An engine was said to be washed when its reservoir was filled -to overflowing by the superior pumping power of the engine behind. -To allow this to happen was considered a great disgrace. Handicapped -by an inefficient engine, men in danger of being washed would often -speed up their pumping to the rate of 120 strokes a minute, a pace that -could be maintained for only a few minutes even by the most rugged. -<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span> -When thoroughly fatigued, a volunteer would drop off the pump handles -and another man would rush in to take his place. During high operating -speeds, this could be dangerous, with cuts, broken fingers and fractured -arms resulting.</p> -<p>An unfortunate counterpart of the technical gains achieved in fire-fighting -during the hand-pump period was the sharp increase in rivalry -among different volunteer companies. In many cases this spirit of competition -spilled over into acts of violence.</p> -<p>Not content to use fair means of reaching a fire first, some rival volunteer -companies put obstructions in front of their competitors’ engines, -chopped hose to ribbons and broke into fisticuffs at every opportunity; -one famous battle in Manhattan lasted for several hours. Many companies -found the sidewalks smoother than the streets; whenever possible -they pulled their engines at full speed down the sidewalk, scattering -hapless pedestrians aside like ten pin’s. The spirit of the day was “Go as -you please” and “Hit a head wherever you see one.” If fists wouldn’t -do the job, wrenches and axes were called upon. If they were insufficient, -even firearms were sometimes employed.</p> -<p>Such behaviour was not confined only to the largest cities. Dayton -historian Charlotte Reeve Conover reported that “Sometime during the -fifties the [fire] companies changed in personnel. The solid citizens -took to lying abed and letting the boys about town fight fires, with the -result that demoralization set in which put an end to the volunteer -system. It was competition which ruined them.”</p> -<p>She adds, “It will not be found surprising that in time there came -to be something that Daytonians dreaded worse than a fire, and that -was the Fire Department.”</p> -<p>The extent of the inter-company rivalry was dramatized by a memorable -street battle which occurred in 1856 in Dayton. While fire was -destroying a carpentry shop, the “Vigilance” and the “Deluge” fire -companies began arguing over which should take the more advantageous -position for battling the flames. Eventually the fire was forgotten as the -volunteers engaged in a free-for-all. One fireman during the course of -the fight was mortally injured when hit on the head with a brick. This -incident was only one of several which led to the disbandment of Dayton’s -volunteer fire companies in 1863 and the setting up of a regular -paid fire department.</p> -<p>It was during the pre-Civil War period of strife, and only forty miles -southwest of Dayton, that an unknown mechanical genius named Moses -Latta was perfecting the steam fire engine. Although the Cincinnatian’s -<span class="pb" id="Page_9">9</span> -development would one day make the old hand pumpers as obsolete as -the fire buckets which preceded them, it would still be some time yet -before the full significance of his work was realized.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="792" /> -<p class="pcap">Intense rivalry among volunteer companies in the era of the hand pumpers frequently -resulted in street fights. One battle began when two companies argued over use of a -fire hydrant. The so-called hydrant later turned out to be only a half-buried cannon -used as a hitching post.</p> -</div> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">“Uncle Joe Ross” Arrives</span></h2> -<p>Moses Latta was not the first man to harness steam as a replacement -for muscles in fire-fighting. The earliest steam fire engine had been -fashioned in 1829 in London by George Braithwaite, a noted engineer. -His assistant on the project was John Ericsson, who more than three -decades later was to win recognition in this country as the designer -of the ironclad “Monitor” of Civil War fame. Appropriately dubbed -the “Novelty,” Braithwaite’s steam fire engine never captured the public’s -fancy, although a few were sold on the Continent, one purchaser -being the King of Prussia. In 1833 Braithwaite gave up his project.</p> -<p>The idea would not die quite so easily, however. In 1840 another -English engineer, Paul Hodge, built a steam fire engine for several -New York insurance companies which were finding the fire-fighting -inefficiency of that day extremely costly.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div> -<p>Hodge’s engine never had a fair chance. For a long time not a single -volunteer company in New York would undertake to man the cumbersome -machine, fearing it would replace the volunteers’ beloved hand-pump -engines and spoil what had become their favorite pastime—fighting -fires in the rough and tumble old-fashioned way. After a little -pressure, however, one fire company agreed to operate the machine, -and a trial period of several months followed. Almost immediately, the -firemen began grumbling about the engine’s awkwardness. They also -claimed it didn’t produce enough steam. The constant derision that had -greeted their innovation finally discouraged the sponsoring insurance -companies. Concluding that the loss in the volunteers’ morale more than -outweighed any advantages offered by steam, they dropped their short-lived -crusade, and sold Hodge’s engine to a manufacturing firm. There -it served the remainder of its days in the unglamorous role of a stationary -engine.</p> -<p>The same John Ericsson who in 1829 worked with George Braithwaite -on the world’s first steam fire engine, designed one of his own -in 1841. But even though the engine looked good on paper, it was never -actually built. The old aversion to progress by firemen of the day was -responsible.</p> -<p>Not only New York but other cities as well were guilty of similar -heel-dragging. In 1851, a Philadelphian named William Lay came up -with another engine design. But again, antipathy, on the part of firemen -prevented the engine from ever emerging beyond the drawing board. -Fearful—and rightly so—that the advent of steam would spoil their -“sport” and excitement, the firemen would not budge.</p> -<p>Such was the setting when, in 1852, Moses Latta of Cincinnati developed -his first steam fire engine. This earliest Latta engine was only an -experimental model, but it was good enough to prompt the Cincinnati -city fathers in 1853 to loosen their municipal purse strings to the extent -of $5,000 for construction of the world’s first successful steam fire engine, -the “Uncle Joe Ross.”</p> -<p>A colorful account of Latta and his engine appears in William T. -King’s “The American Steam Fire Engine.” Describing Latta in his -workshop, King wrote:</p> -<p>“It was a long, high room, the walls on the east side being hung with -drawings of the engine. Beneath the drawings ran a long workbench, -and at this stood a man; a very diminutive specimen of humanity, short -and spare, stoop-shouldered, even to deformity.</p> -<p>“He had a square, white-paper hat on his head, and was busy measuring -something. While looking at him, the stranger saw that his head -<span class="pb" id="Page_11">11</span> -redeemed his poor body; for it was massive, and the eyes had in them -the light of genius....”</p> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="784" /> -<p class="pcap">One of the most noted of the early steamers was “Manhattan -No. 8.” In 1863 it was shipped from New York to London with a -crew of men to compete in an international water-throwing contest.</p> -</div> -<p>After explaining the wonders of his invention, Latta is said to have -told a visitor: “The trouble is that there is no certainty that this, or any -other steam fire engine, will ever be allowed to work at a fire. You are -probably not aware how bitter is the feeling of the volunteer firemen -against this engine. They say it shall never throw a stream of water on -a fire in this city; and I sometimes fear that I shall never live to see -this grand idea brought into the service of the world. The recent riots -here show what a mob can do in our city. My steps are dogged. Spies are -continually on my track ... threatening me with all sorts of ills and evils -unless I drop work on this engine and pronounce it a failure.</p> -<p>“I’ll never give up! I’ll build it, and there are enough men in this -city to see that it has a fair trial; and it shall have it. When it is finished, -it will be heard from at the first fire, and woe to those who stand in its -way.”</p> -<p>As the date of the trial approached, the Cincinnati firemen were in -ferment. It would never do to destroy the engine before the trial, they -reasoned. On the other hand, if the trial proved successful, it would be -equally risky to destroy the engine then. Consequently, a plan was formulated: -make no demonstration of any kind at the trial, but—if the -<span class="pb" id="Page_12">12</span> -engine was a success—wait for its first appearance at the scene of a -real blaze. Then wreck the engine and render equally useless anyone -who contributed to its operation.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="621" /> -<p class="pcap">In this photograph taken in 1909, a steamer is pulled past old Steele High School. -The occasion was a parade which honored the Wright brothers.</p> -</div> -<p>The trial was a great success, exceeding even Latta’s highest hopes, -and now the whole city waited for the first fire on which the “Uncle -Joe Ross” would be used. They did not have to wait long. A few nights -after the trial, a large warehouse broke into flames in the middle of -the night. Historian King describes what followed:</p> -<p>“Down came the great steam fire engine, four mammoth gray horses -in front of it at a gallop; the smoke streaming from its stack, the fire -flashing from its grates. Its ponderous wheels ground the cobblestones -into powder as they struck them; and as the great monster went down -the hill, people woke as out of a trance and started after it ... the time -had come.”</p> -<p>The engine had just started to “play” water on the flames when a -cry rang out: “The hose is cut.” The volunteer firemen had taken the -first step in carrying out their plan.</p> -<p>Then occurred one of the most critical of all the melees that characterized -fire-fighting of that time—a pitched battle between ordinary -citizens and the irate volunteer firemen. Fortunately for the engine, for -Latta and for the public in general, the citizens proved the stronger. -Thoroughly whipped, the firemen gave up the struggle and the big -steamer soon had drowned out the fire.</p> -<p>The next day Latta found himself the hero of Cincinnati. Although -few were aware of it at the time, the era of the steam fire engine had -finally arrived.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div> -<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">“We Do Save” ... Through Steam</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="619" /> -<p class="pcap">This view of the Dayton firehouse at Main and Monument shows a steamer -and a ladder wagon, with their crews. The year is 1910.</p> -</div> -<p>The advent of steam in the age-old field of fire-fighting soon swept -aside most of the old hand-operated engines. It also cleared away many -of the impediments to fire-fighting efficiency inherent in the old volunteer -system. Operating a steam fire engine required something more -than sheer brute power and the ability to “knock in” sundry heads.</p> -<p>Thus it was not coincidence that saw most volunteer fire companies -being replaced by professional fire fighters about the same time hand -pumpers were succeeded by steamers. Cincinnati had pioneered the first -successful steam fire engine, and it was Cincinnati that established -the first paid fire department in 1853—the same year that marked the -triumph of Moses Latta’s ponderous “Uncle Joe Ross.” The Queen City -was also the first to have an all-steam fire department.</p> -<p>Dayton followed her neighbor’s example a decade later when three -steamers were purchased following the burning of the old Dayton -Journal by a mob incensed over Civil War issues. This famous blaze -proved to be the last stand of the old volunteers and also the final time -that hand pumpers were operated in Dayton without the assistance of -steam fire engines.</p> -<p>Early in 1864 the Dayton City Council resolved that “an appropriation -be made in favor of fire department for the sum of $300, payable -<span class="pb" id="Page_14">14</span> -to the chief of said department for the payment of employed men, -purchase of feed, etc.” It was also decided that “compensation of engineers -of steam fire engines shall be $50 per month and the firemen, -drivers and pipemen shall be $36 per month until further ordered by -Council.”</p> -<p>At the same time a paid fire department was established in Dayton, -the Council summarily disbanded all the volunteer organizations as of -March 1, 1864. The reputation of the volunteers at the time of disbandment -must have been at an all-time low. Nowhere in its various resolutions -did the Council extend a single word of thanks for the colorful -vamps’ (volunteers’) four decades of service without pay. The rowdy -behavior of the old-time volunteers is in sharp contrast to the efficient -community service performed by today’s volunteer firemen.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="596" height="290" /> -<p class="pcap">Fire marks, which were usually metal plaques, first appeared in the 17th Century. -They were issued by insurance companies which maintained their own fire -brigades. If a burning house bore the fire mark of a company, that company’s -fire-fighters would lend assistance. If not, they customarily refused to help. After -fire-fighting became a community effort, however, fire marks were simply a form -of advertising. Shown above are the fire marks of three Dayton insurance companies. -The Cooper mark was issued in 1867.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig12"> -<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="294" /> -<p class="pcap">The Columbia mark’s issuance date -is unknown.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig13"> -<img src="images/p08c.jpg" alt="" width="714" height="338" /> -<p class="pcap">The Dayton Insurance Company mark was issued in 1851.</p> -</div> -<p>By now, conversion to steam was taking place throughout the United -States. The steam fire engine, often called a “bulljine,” could run for -hours without tiring. It made its debut in cities large and small, and -firehouses began to assume some of the aspects of livery barns, since the -steamers were usually too heavy to be pulled by men. Hay and oats -soon came to be as much a part of fire department supplies as hose and -axes, although just as firemen had opposed steamers as an insult to their -strength, so they opposed at first the use of horses to pull equipment -<span class="pb" id="Page_15">15</span> -to the fires. In some cases horses were obtained, after an alarm was -sounded, at nearby livery barns, but the delay inherent in this procedure -proved prohibitive.</p> -<p>As the trend to steam fire engines grew to landslide proportions, -manufacturers of the new machines mushroomed all over the eastern -United States. Almost every heavy machine shop which had had any -experience with steam brought out an engine. Some erstwhile manufacturers -never built more than one machine; others produced hundreds. -Moses Latta, the pioneer in the field, enjoyed only a few brief years -with minor competition, eventually selling his business.</p> -<p>The city or town which wanted to replace its old hand-pump engines -and modernize its fire-fighting facilities had a wide choice in steam fire -engines. If funds were low and the needs modest, an engine could be -purchased for as little as $800. One such economy engine, built by the -Knowles Steam Pump Works at Warren, Massachusetts, was as plain -and homely as it could be; it offered no shiny plating or fancy striping, -but it put out fires just the same.</p> -<p>At the other extreme were such monsters as those turned out by the -Manchester Locomotive Works at Manchester, New Hampshire. One -of this firm’s machines, the “Extra First Size,” towered more than ten -feet and was almost twenty-five feet long. It weighed four and a half -tons minus water, and was guaranteed to deliver at least 1,100 gallons -a minute.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig14"> -<img src="images/p08f.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="332" /> -<p class="pcap">The fire mark of Dayton’s Teutonia Insurance Company, shown above, first -appeared about 1870.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig15"> -<img src="images/p08g.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="322" /> -<p class="pcap">The mark of the Farmers & Merchants Insurance Company -of Dayton was taken from a building on First Street. It was issued about 1865.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<div class="img" id="fig16"> -<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="1174" /> -<p class="pcap">This unusual action picture shows a typical three-horse team used -for pulling heavier steamers. Firehorses were carefully trained.</p> -</div> -<p>Training fire horses to pull the heavy engines was a long and complicated -task. The setting off of the fire gong, which often automatically -opened the stable doors, was the signal for the horse to take his proper -place without guidance under the swinging harness which hung from -the rafters of the engine house. This was of vital importance; a wrong -or clumsy move would entangle the delicately arranged harness, delaying -the run to the fire.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div> -<p>Running at full speed over rough and often poorly lighted streets -with a several-ton engine rolling behind required perfect coordination -with the other horse or horses in the team. Animals were often -badly injured in falls and had to be destroyed. Like race horses, fire -horses had to be kept in top condition.</p> -<p>The confining life of the fireman and his constant proximity to and -dependence on the horses resulted in close relationships between the -men and animals. When a horse grew too old for the demanding fire -department life, his departure from the firehouse for a less arduous -job, such as pulling a delivery wagon, was usually a touching occasion -and a trying one, too, since it meant another long breaking-in process for -his successor. It is no myth that former firehorses seldom forgot their -original training. Stories are still heard of how the owners of former -fire horses were dragged unwillingly to fires in their buggies and delivery -wagons by horses which heard the alarm and immediately responded to -their old training. Many fire horses could actually tell by the first digit -of the alarm whether the fire would be a run for their own company, -and most soon came to realize that a burning building was always their -destination.</p> -<p>All over America, in cities large and small, the exciting spectacle of -the steam fire engine rumbling to the scene of a blaze became commonplace, -but never so commonplace that it failed to thrill both young and -old. The interest in steam fire engines, which was kindled by various -water-throwing contests, spurred additional competition, which in turn -increased interest in the steamers still further.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig17"> -<img src="images/p09a.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="640" /> -<p class="pcap">Like the caretakers of the old hand pumpers, firemen who operated -“bulljines” usually kept their equipment in immaculate condition. -The steamer shown below has been fitted with a tarpaulin behind -the front wheels to keep mud off the engine.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div> -<p>As had been the case in the era of the old hand pumpers, different -companies vied for honors in decorative skill also. Ornate and costly -scrollwork and platings appeared on the engines with increasing frequency. -Terse mottoes which set forth the firemen’s creed, such as -“We Do Save,” were beautifully lettered on the engines. Many a latter-day -fire captain climbed his first rung to higher rank by proving to be -a capable man with the brass polish in his days as a rookie fireman. -The phrase, “All dressed up like a fire engine,” had its origin in the -loving care given the steamers and the old “musheens” which preceded -them.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig18"> -<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="756" /> -<p class="pcap">Residents of Detroit lined downtown streets on April 10, 1922, to -witness the last run of this steam fire engine. Matched horses of -high quality were not unusual during the heyday of the steamers.</p> -</div> -<p>Along with pay for firemen also came a more professional stature. -The engineer of a steam fire engine in a well-respected company was a -man of some standing, especially among the younger set. The American’s -traditional love for machinery and for gadgets to make his work simpler -found one of its most potent outlets in these glittering machines. A locomotive, -its valve gear flashing as the engineer thundered past a Middle -<span class="pb" id="Page_19">19</span> -West whistle stop, was a stirring sight at any time, but it could hardly -compare with the glamor inherent in the old fire engine. Here were all -the wonders of steam with the added dramatic ingredients of danger -and the fight against man’s eternal enemy, fire. It is not surprising that -“running with the engine” became as popular a sport as the church -socials or Saturday night band concerts that characterized America in -the late 19th Century.</p> -<p>During the heyday of the steamers, progress in fire-fighting was being -made in other directions also. The first aerial ladder truck was perfected -in 1870 and became popular following the famous Chicago fire of 1871. -The aerial ladders were often called “big sticks,” and at first were raised -by manual power. The water tower, which placed a powerful stream -forty-five to sixty feet in the air, developed from a “hose elevator” constructed -before the great Chicago fire and had a platform which could -be raised or lowered. The water tower eventually became one of the -fire-fighter’s most potent weapons.</p> -<p>The sprinkler system was introduced in 1874, and an automatic alarm -device used in conjunction with sprinklers has proved to be one of the -most effective fire-fighting aids ever devised. The same year, Rochester, -New York, became the first city to install a high pressure water system, -which delivered water at fireplugs under such great pressure that -pumpers were not required, but the high cost resulted in a delay of -twenty-five years until other cities began adopting similar systems.</p> -<p>Although the steam fire engine brought great gains in fire-fighting -efficiency and ended many of the evils inherent in the old volunteer -system, it was not a panacea for all the fire-fighting problems of the -time. In most cities, politicians recognized a good thing when they saw -it, and were quick to take an interest in the newly created paid departments. -One historian wrote that Dayton’s paid fire department from -1864 to 1880 was under the “mismanagement of council” and largely -subject to “the caprice, partisan aims and hunger of the politicians.”</p> -<p>But in 1880, disgusted with the estate to which the department had -fallen, the citizens of Dayton obtained passage in the Legislature of a -bill which created a non-partisan board of fire commissioners. The board -immediately appointed Daniel C. Larkin as fire chief, and with this -appointment the more modern era in Dayton fire-fighting history began. -The department was reorganized after adoption of the commission-manager -form of government in 1913, and has continued at a high level -of efficiency.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div> -<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">The Steamers’ Last Stand</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="fig19"> -<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="885" /> -<p class="pcap">The above diagram shows how the Carillon Park engine operates. Heat -from the firebox (A) converts the water in the boiler (B) to steam. The -steam enters the cylinder (C), causing the piston to move up and down. -This motion is transmitted to the piston of the water pump (D), which -draws water up through the suction hose and pumps it in the direction of -the arrows. The air chamber (E) maintains constant pressure on the water, -causing it to be fed to the nozzle smoothly instead of in spurts.</p> -</div> -<p>The demise of the steam fire engine was not an overnight occurrence. -Most of the time-tested machines survived well into the 20th Century, -despite the coming of the automobile and the accompanying mechanization -of most forms of transportation.</p> -<p>At first, in the early 1900’s, gasoline tractors were attached to many -of the steamers, retiring the luckier fire horses to pasture and the others -to a more strenuous life. As gasoline engines increased in reliability, -however, the next logical step was to use the gasoline power plant to -run the pumps as well as to pull the vehicle. By the advent of World -War I, most large cities had partially converted their fire-fighting -equipment to gasoline, and by the mid-twenties the steamers were making -their last stand, even in the smaller towns.</p> -<p>Just as the old “vamps” had opposed the steamers as replacements for -hand pumpers, so opposition developed when the steamers were in turn -replaced by gasoline equipment. Many firemen, willing to concede that -the automobile was here to stay, were not so sure about the gasoline-powered -<span class="pb" id="Page_21">21</span> -fire truck. A few diehards took a dim view about the internal-combustion -engine in general. Cries of “undependable” and “cantankerous” -were hurled in answer to talk about substituting gasoline power -for the faithful fire horses. Such sentimental objections were a strong -factor in postponing the death of the steamers.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig20"> -<img src="images/p11a.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="825" /> -<p class="pcap">Combination steam-gasoline fire engines bridged the gap between -old-time steamers and present-day equipment. This Dayton engine -depended upon an internal combustion engine for motive power, -but used steam to drive its pumps.</p> -</div> -<p>There was one big advantage to gasoline mechanization, however, -that could not be shouted down. Dependable as they were, the fire -horses cost money. A few gallons of fuel, it became apparent, were much -cheaper than the constant drain on the supply of hay and oats needed -for the horses. According to one estimate, the savings each year after -a gasoline tractor replaced the hungry horses that formerly pulled the -steamer amounted to almost $1,000.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div> -<p>When these economic facts finally became apparent, it was obvious -to most fire departments that all of the sentimental considerations in -the world could not arrest the decline of the old steamers. More and -more cities, including Dayton in 1916, joined the parade to gasoline.</p> -<p>At first, most of the cities replacing their steamers kept some of the -old machines in reserve, but after several years they were usually consigned -to the scrap heap, so that today only a tiny fraction of the machines -once in use are still intact. Although they date back much farther, -more of the hand pumpers perhaps have been preserved than their successors. -In many older towns throughout the United States the old -“musheens” are still operated at firemen’s festivals and other civic events -similar to the old-time firemen’s musters.</p> -<p>Although gone forever, the steamers are far from forgotten. To many, -modern-day fire-fighting equipment pales in comparison. Like the -Clipper Ship, the steam fire engine seems likely to endure as one of -the most colorful legacies in our great American heritage.</p> -<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">The Carillon Park Engine</span></h2> -<p>The steam fire engine on display at Carillon Park has been preserved -through the efforts of the Sidney and Dayton Fire Departments. Originally -the property of the Sidney Fire Department, it was donated to -the Dayton Fire Department in 1953 for reconditioning and subsequent -display. The refurbished engine, in like-new condition, was moved to -Carillon Park concurrently with the opening of the park’s 1955 season. -Educational and Musical Arts, Inc., the non-profit civic organization -which operates Carillon Park, provided the structure which houses both -the engine and the old-time fire bell which once hung in the fire station -at Fifth and Brown Streets.</p> -<p>The fire engine is a single-pump Ahrens-Fox and originally cost $4,000. -It was purchased by the City of Sidney in 1883 and remained in active -service until 1916. From that time until 1928 it was kept in reserve. -After 1928, the engine remained in storage until its restoration to original -condition. The City of Dayton at one time employed a number of -similar Ahrens engines, but of larger size. None of these machines could -be located for restoration, however.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div> -<p>Named for Henry Young, the chief of the Sidney Fire Department at -the time of its purchase, the engine was drawn by a team of pure black -horses throughout much of its period of use. In addition to the steamer, -the Sidney Fire Department had a ladder wagon, a hose wagon and a -number of hose reels. Although this equipment seems scant as well as -out-moded by present-day standards, Sidney in the latter 19th Century -was listed as one of the better-equipped cities for fire-fighting in the -United States in relation to its size.</p> -<p>Besides participating in many major fires at Sidney during its thirty-three -years of active service and twelve years in reserve, the Henry -Young was used several times to combat out-of-town blazes. At two -of these fires, in Quincy and Piqua, the Henry Young was rushed by -railroad flatcar to the scene after the fires had passed beyond control -of the local departments.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig21"> -<img src="images/p12.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="767" /> -<p class="pcap">The Carillon Park engine is shown above during its period of active -service. Sidney firemen pose in the foreground.</p> -</div> -<p>During its long span of service, the Henry Young compiled an admirable -record of dependability. In operation, the engine was first fired -with wood which in turn ignited coal. Usually by the time the engine -arrived at a blaze it had already developed a head of steam and was -ready for use. As with most steamers, constant attention to the flues -was required if the engine was to operate at peak efficiency.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<div class="img" id="fig22"> -<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="596" /> -<p class="pcap">The earliest aerial ladders were made of wood and mounted on horse-drawn -trucks, with ladders being raised or lowered by hand-operated -cranks. Today’s aerial ladder truck, as shown above, embodies tremendous -improvements in safety and efficiency.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig23"> -<img src="images/p13a.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="639" /> -<p class="pcap">The modern pumper pictured above has an output of 1,500 gallons of -water per minute, more than four times the pumping capacity of the -Carillon Park steam fire engine. In addition, it carries 1,600 feet of hose.</p> -<p class="pcapc">A 275-horsepower motor provides instant and dependable power.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div> -<p>Another problem recalled by old-time residents of Sidney was the -shower of sparks emitted when the engine was in use. Its operators were -subjected to this fiery barrage at frequent intervals, with the result that -coats and other items of clothing were often perforated by the red-hot -cinders.</p> -<p>An anecdote which has survived along with the Henry Young concerns -one hectic fire run during which the engine was almost wrecked. -With the horses plunging ahead at full speed and the engine rounding -a turn, one of its wheels hit a severe bump. For several long seconds, -the engine careened wildly on two wheels. The thoroughly frightened -driver sat paralyzed, even after the engine had righted, but the veteran -fire horses headed unerringly toward the scene of the blaze. Proof that -the horses really did find the fire, old-timers say, is that the driver was -still immobilized at the end of the run, and had to be helped from his -seat.</p> -<p>The Ahrens Manufacturing Company of Cincinnati, which built the -Henry Young, was at one time the largest producer of steam fire engines -in the Midwest. The ancestry of the Ahrens engines can be traced all -the way back to Moses Latta, who accomplished what the world’s -mechanical geniuses had hitherto failed to do by devising a boiler which -not only generated a lot of steam but in addition produced the steam -quickly. Once this milestone had been passed, the road to widespread -and successful usage of steam fire engines broadened, and progress became -correspondingly rapid.</p> -<p>The Ahrens firm had its start in 1868, having succeeded Lane & -Bodley, the company that had bought Latta’s works. Ahrens was quick -to make significant improvements. Whereas Lane & Bodley had built -only seven or eight machines, depending on Latta’s patterns, Ahrens -immediately introduced new designs which greatly increased the efficiency -of the engines.</p> -<p>Ahrens engines were made in several sizes. The larger models had -two cylinders and two pumps and were known as “double” engines. The -smaller types had a single cylinder and a single pump. The Henry Young -is a single-pump Ahrens, Size No. 2. Its steam cylinder has a diameter -of nine inches and a stroke of nine inches; its pump cylinder has a -five-and-a-half-inch bore and a nine-inch stroke. The engine weighs -5,800 pounds and can pump 350 gallons of water a minute.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<h2 id="c6"><span class="small">The Old-Time Fire Bell</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="fig24"> -<img src="images/p20.jpg" alt="" width="635" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">The fire bell is shown when it served as a decoration at the Main and -Monument firehouse.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig25"> -<img src="images/p20a.jpg" alt="" width="334" height="801" /> -<p class="pcap">The tower of the old firehouse at -Fifth and Brown where the bell was first used.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig26"> -<img src="images/p20c.jpg" alt="" width="643" height="799" /> -<p class="pcap">The bell as it appears today.</p> -</div> -<p>Once the pride of Dayton firemen, the large fire bell which today is -housed in Carillon Park alongside the steam fire engine is almost a -century old. It was cast in 1858 by the Meneely Bell Company, the same -concern which several generations later produced the bells used in -Deeds Carillon.</p> -<p>For more than a decade after its purchase, the $700 bell tolled out -fire alarms from the tower of the firehouse at Fifth and Brown Streets. -It was considered the loudest and finest fire bell in the Dayton area. -During an extended tolling, however, the bell suddenly cracked. Although -attempts were made to repair the fissure, the bell’s tonal qualities -were lost and it was subsequently replaced.</p> -<p>In 1914, the bell seemed headed for the junkyard until a group of -citizens learned of plans for its disposal. The city manager of that -period was advised that a committee opposed to destruction of the bell -would call on him to register their protest. When the committee arrived, -however, the city manager showed them the bell ... which had been -quickly converted into a giant flower urn at the Main and Monument -Firehouse. “Gentlemen, there is your bell,” he said. “You can see that -it is perfectly safe and sound.”</p> -<p>The committee’s fears were thus alleviated, although it is doubtful -that they expected the bell to remain in that location for more than -forty years. It was finally transferred to Carillon Park in 1955.</p> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="ss">CARILLON PARK -<br /><span class="small">DAYTON, OHIO</span></span></p> -<p class="center smaller">One of a series of Carillon Park booklets. -<br />Price ten cents.</p> -<p class="center smallest">AS-8575 -<br />I15XX -<br />PRINTED IN U.S.A.</p> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STEAM FIRE ENGINE AND THE OLD-TIME FIRE BELL ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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