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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..36b9ab6 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #64828 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64828) diff --git a/old/64828-0.txt b/old/64828-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 3fc1b9b..0000000 --- a/old/64828-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,722 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The French and British at Three Rivers, by -Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The French and British at Three Rivers - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: March 15, 2021 [eBook #64828] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FRENCH AND BRITISH AT THREE -RIVERS *** - - - - - The French and British - at Three Rivers - - - Prepared by the staff of the - Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen County - 1953 - - -One of a historical series, this pamphlet is published under the -direction of the governing Boards of the Public Library of Fort Wayne -and Allen County. - - BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE SCHOOL CITY OF FORT WAYNE - - B. F. Geyer, President - Joseph E. Kramer, Secretary - William C. Gerding, Treasurer - Willard Shambaugh - Mrs. Sadie Fulk Roehrs - - PUBLIC LIBRARY BOARD FOR ALLEN COUNTY - -The members of this Board include the members of the Board of Trustees -of the School City of Fort Wayne (with the same officers), together with -the following citizens chosen from Allen County outside the corporate -city of Fort Wayne. - - James E. Graham - Arthur Niemeier - Mrs. Glenn Henderson - Mrs. Charles Reynolds - - -After the discovery of America, four European states, England, France, -Holland, and Spain, laid claim to various portions of the North American -continent. The French claims were largely based upon the discovery of -the St. Lawrence by Cartier in 1521, and subsequent exploration of the -interior of the Continent by Champlain, La Salle, and other Frenchmen. -Ultimately, the territory which the French pre-empted included the St. -Lawrence Valley, the Great Lakes region, the territory extending -southward to the Ohio River, the territory immediately west of the -Mississippi River, and that part of the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico -adjacent to the mouth of the Mississippi River. The French exploited the -fur-trading and fur-producing possibilities of this vast empire; French -priests sought the conversion of the Indian inhabitants to the Catholic -faith; French military forces established a chain of forts or posts -extending along the Great Lakes, down the Wabash River, and along the -Mississippi River to the Gulf. Numerous Frenchmen came to this interior -region, but few Frenchwomen accompanied them; consequently, French -settlements were relatively few and weak. Many Frenchmen formed -temporary or permanent unions with Indian women, and in the next -generation a considerable number of half-breeds were born of these -unions. Important French posts in the area were Presque Isle, Mackinac, -Detroit, Post Miami, Vincennes, New Orleans, Kaskaskia, and St. Louis. - -The environs of the Indian village of Kekionga, located in the present -Lakeside section of Fort Wayne, were selected by the French for the -location of Post Miami, because of combined strategic, economic, and -geographic significance. The village was located at the confluence of -the St. Joseph and St. Mary’s Rivers. It was, therefore, on water -highways connecting with Lake Erie and tapping the interior of Michigan -and Ohio. Kekionga was only a few miles from the Wabash River with the -St. Lawrence-Mississippi watershed lying between the two. A shallow -lake, since drained out of existence, extended southwest from Kekionga -to present-day Waynedale, and was navigable by canoe during part of the -year. These factors inevitably made the confluence of the rivers a -portage for east and west traffic between the Great Lakes and the -Mississippi. Pelts and trade goods, passing back and forth from the East -to the Southwest, and in reverse, could travel by canoe all the way -between Lake Erie and New Orleans with the exception of a few miles at -Kekionga. This short break in navigation made the portage necessary; the -geography of the rivers made it possible. Here men were forced to carry -canoe and cargo from the navigable waters at the confluence of the -rivers to the headwaters of the Wabash River. - -The portage at Kekionga brought relative prosperity to the Indian rulers -of this region, because a tribute for portage was levied upon every -canoeload of pelts and trade goods. Possession of this valuable location -afforded the Miami Indians at Kekionga political importance, too, -because economic advantage always makes for political interest. The -political power controlling the portage, therefore, dominated the -commercial intercourse of the area. - -The French immediately sensed the importance of Kekionga and located -their post nearby at a very early date. The date of the coming of the -first white man to this area is unknown; some believe that Champlain saw -Three Rivers as early as 1614 or 1615. The earliest extant map, dated -1632, indicates that the Maumee River was then known to French -cartographers. Other maps drawn in 1654, 1656 and 1674 chart the rather -thorough exploration of the territory by the French. There is a -possibility that La Salle was on these rivers during the period between -1679 and 1681, for he seemed to have known about the Wabash-Maumee -Portage. - -The Frenchman came on a peaceful mission. He sought trade with the -Indians and brought valuable commercial articles, which were strange, -new and desirable to the red man. The Frenchman was usually willing to -live with the Indian on terms of equality, and to take an Indian woman -in marriage. He wanted no occupation of the land; he did not seek to -dispossess the Indian; his missionaries sought no material advantage. At -first, these practices won the friendship and confidence of the simple -child of the forest, and the relations between Frenchman and Indian were -usually amicable. - -French influence, then, in the interior of America and in the region -known today as the great Middle West, was paramount in the beginning -because of primacy of arrival. Meanwhile, the land-hungry English on the -Atlantic Coast rapidly expanded over the entire seaboard driving out the -Indians. The Appalachian Mountains long proved a barrier to English -expansion westward. Not until the English could acquire a suitable beast -of burden for conveying freight and merchandise across the mountains -would French influence in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys be -jeopardized. - -The date of establishment of the first French Post at the confluence of -the Rivers is veiled in the mists of the past. We only know, as these -mists lifted, that the French were located here in a small fort, block -house, or trading post which was named Post Miami. Probably of greater -commercial and religious, rather than political importance, it was -situated on the St. Mary’s River near the present crossing of the Nickel -Plate Railroad. The French Officer Bissot may have been stationed here -as commandant in charge of French interests as early as 1697. Cadillac -passed through the portage on his way southward from Detroit in 1707; -already English influence was beginning to be felt in the area. The -Miami Indian population in and about the village approximated 400 -persons. They subsisted from their plantings along the Maumee River, -from forest products and hunting, and from their trade with the French. - -Francois Margane succeeded Sieur Bissot as commandant at Post Miami. He -extended French influence and power by establishing, first, Post -Ouiatenon at the present location of Wabash, Indiana, and later, Post -Vincennes on the present site of the city of Vincennes. During the first -quarter of the eighteenth century the English began seriously to -undermine French influence with the Indians. This rivalry became more -bitter and culminated in an Indian uprising against the French who were -not destined to dominate the portage much longer. Soon they learned that -the English had erected a stronghold on Laramie Creek, a few miles from -the present site of Sidney, Ohio. - -Chief Sanosket, known also as Chief Nicolas of the Hurons, fell under -British control; he made war against the French, and attacked a number -of French posts on the frontier. In alliance with the Miamis, the -Ottawas attacked Post Miami and partially burned the buildings. Ensign -Douville, the commandant, was absent in Detroit. The eight men forming -the garrison were captured, although two of them later escaped to -Detroit. To a certain extent, the French and Miamis soon adjusted their -relations because of mutual need for trade. However, the relationship -thereafter was never sincerely friendly. The ruined fort was partially -restored but gave much evidence of neglect. Father Jean de Bonnecamps -recorded his observations of the fort made in 1749. Griswold’s -_Pictorial History of Fort Wayne_, vol. 1, p. 46 quotes the priest as -follows: - -“The fort of the Miamis was in a very bad condition when we reached it. -Most of the palisades were decayed and fallen into ruin. There were -eight houses, or, to speak more correctly, eight miserable huts which -only the desire of making money could make endurable. The French there -number twenty-two; all of them including the commandant, had the fever. -Monsieur Raimond did not approve the situation of the fort and -maintained that it should be placed on the bank of the St. Joseph a -scant league from the present site. He wished to show me the spot, but -the hindrances of our departure prevented me from going hither. All I -could do for him was to trace the plan for his new fort. The latitude of -the old one is 41 degrees and 29 minutes.” - -Captain Raimond lost little time in relocating his fort. The site he -chose is the high ground near the present intersection of St. Joe -Boulevard and Delaware Avenue. The old buildings of the original French -fort served as a nucleus for a settlement and were now occupied by the -few Miami Indians who still remained on friendly terms with the French. -The little village came to be known as Coldfoot’s village, in honor of -Miami Chief Coldfoot. - -In the face of waning prestige, the French made one spirited attempt to -check the English. Under the leadership of Charles Langlade, a few -Frenchmen and two hundred Chippewas and Ottawas moved down from Detroit -to attack Fort Pickawillany. Assembling their forces at the portage near -Kekionga, they turned into the St. Mary’s River, and thence marched -overland unheralded toward Pickawillany. After a surprise attack the -fort was reduced. In celebration of the victory, and in vengeance for -his friendship with the British, the Indians enjoyed a cannibal feast on -the body of La Demoiselle, chief of the Piankeshaws. This victory -temporarily restored the prestige of France with the Miamis at the -portage. The defeat of Braddock in 1755 still further diminished the -influence of the English among the Indians. Thus, the battle of -propaganda and bribery for the favor of the Indian tribes seesawed back -and forth. The pendulum, however, was swinging in favor of the British. - -During the next few years British political emissaries and traders made -ever-increasing trouble for the French; these machinations foreshadowed -the destruction of French power in the Ohio Valley. The small French -garrison, and French half-breed families living in the present Spy Run -Avenue neighborhood, led a precarious existence. The local Indians, -aided and abetted by the English, and well-fortified with whiskey -(hitherto denied them by the French) now liberally dispensed by the -British, increasingly harassed their former French allies. - -In 1756, the Seven Years’ War, known in American history as the French -and Indian War, broke out between France and England. One of the prizes -at stake in the contest was the domination of the North American -continent. After the fall of Quebec, concomitant with the defeat of -General Montcalm by General Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham, French -authority in North America passed to the English. Shortly thereafter, -the garrison at Detroit surrendered to the English. In December, 1760, -Lieutenant Butler, commanding a detachment of twenty English soldiers, -received the surrender of Fort Miami. Thereafter, the Union Jack flew -over the Maumee portage. - -During the period beginning in 1760 and ending with the termination of -the Revolutionary War, British policy seems to have emphasized commerce -and conciliation with the local Indians. British military forces were -never strong in the area, and now that the French were vanquished, the -stockade no longer possessed military value. Fort Miami fell into decay. - -A brief era of good feeling between the Indians and the British -followed. Soon, however, there were stirrings among the red men. The -great Pontiac, chief of the Ottawas, a man of superior intelligence and -great skill in statecraft, began inciting the Indians to expel the -British from the entire western country. For a long time the conspiracy -and war preparations continued in secret; not until 1763 were they -revealed. Soon the Indians attacked and laid siege to all the British -forts on the entire frontier; they captured Forts Sandusky, St. Joseph, -Michilmackinac, Ouiatanon and Miami. - -At least one romantic but tragic incident occurred in connection with -the attack on Post Miami. Ensign Holmes, English Commandant at the -isolated British fort on the St. Joseph River, was a young and very -lonely man. Rumor has it that he shared few common interests with the -men of his garrison. He sought feminine companionship and found favor in -the eyes of an Indian maiden who reciprocated his affections. - -Let Parkman tell the story: - -“On the 27th day of May, a young Indian girl, who lived with the -commandant, came to tell him that a squaw lay dangerously ill in a -wigwam near the fort, and urged him to come to her relief. Having -confidence in the girl, Holmes forgot his caution and followed her out -of the fort. Pitched on the edge of a meadow (in present-day Lakeside), -hidden from view by an intervening spur of woodland, stood a great -number of Indian wigwams. When Holmes came in sight of them his -treacherous conductress pointed out that in which the sick woman lay. He -walked on without suspicion, but, as he drew near, two guns flashed from -behind the hut and stretched him lifeless on the grass. The shots were -heard at the fort and the sergeant rashly went out to learn the cause. -He was immediately taken prisoner, amid exulting yells and whoopings. -The soldiers in the fort climbed upon the palisades to look out, when -Godefroy, a Canadian, and two other white men, made their appearance and -summoned them to surrender, promising that if they did so their lives -would be spared.” - - [Illustration: BURNING OF THE FRENCH POST MIAMI (SITE OF FORT WAYNE) - 1747. - - During the period of the Chief Nicolas conspiracy, in 1747, while - the commandant, Ensign Douville, was absent at Detroit, the savages - attacked the post situated on the St. Mary’s river in the present - city of Fort Wayne and partially destroyed it with fire. The post - was rebuilt, and later, in 1750 a new fort was established on the - left bank of the St. Joseph river. The drawing is after an old - woodcut. - - From Griswold’s _Pictorial History of Fort Wayne, Indiana_] - -Ultimately Pontiac’s Conspiracy was quelled and uneasy peace was -restored on the frontier. At the beginning of the American Revolution -the British were confronted with the problem of retaining the Indians as -allies against the Americans. The savages realized the need of British -subsidies and soon became genuinely attached to the redcoats. - -In October, 1778, Governor Hamilton’s army, advancing from Detroit -against the forces of George Rogers Clark in southern Indiana, passed -over the portage. The only military action, however, which occurred here -during the Revolutionary War is known as La Balme’s Massacre. - -Augustus La Balme, one of the volunteer French officers who had -accompanied the Marquis de LaFayette to America, was commissioned a -colonel in General Washington’s army. In October he appeared at -Kaskaskia, then under American domination since its capture by George -Rogers Clark. He gathered a considerable force of Frenchmen and Indians -and advanced northward, his objective being the expulsion of the British -from Detroit. Arriving at the Indian settlement at Three Rivers, La -Balme and his men plundered the village and destroyed a great deal of -property. At close of day he retired with his 103 men and camped on the -Aboite River. In the dead of night an Indian force under the leadership -of Little Turtle attacked the invader, destroyed nearly a half of the -little force and compelled the remainder to flee. The incident has -little significance except as the initial engagement in a series of -bloody victories won by Little Turtle and the Miami Indians against the -Americans. - -The Treaty of Paris in 1783 made the United States nominally paramount -in the Ohio Valley. However, the British, on the pretext of bad faith on -the part of the American Government, continued to occupy forts in the -area which they had contracted to evacuate under terms of the treaty. -Among the forts they still held illegally were Presque Isle, Mackinac, -Detroit, and Fort Miami near Toledo. - -From the vantage point of these forts, British military officers and -diplomatic representatives continued friendly relations with the local -Indians. By moral suasion the Indian was influenced to believe that his -friends were British rather than American. Through gifts of food, -equipment and arms, the Indian was relieved of problems of logistics -which might place him at a disadvantage with any American military -force. The Indians massacred hundreds of American settlers on the -western frontier, and burned and pillaged their homes. Under the -leadership of Little Turtle and others in 1790 and 1791, Indian warriors -inflicted overwhelming defeats upon the armies of American Generals -Harmar and St. Clair. - - [Illustration: Chief Little Turtle (Me-she-kin-no-quah) - - The above likeness was made from a cut out of a very old book which - had been reproduced from a painting made for him while in - Philadelphia. This painting was destroyed when the Capitol building - at Washington was burned by the British in the war of 1812. Head - dress on the forehead, contains three rattles from at least three - rattlesnakes; has always been considered a splendid likeness of the - famous Chief.] - -American influence and prestige were at a low ebb, indeed, and it -appeared that the Ohio Valley with the portage at Three Rivers might -fall by default to the British after all. In order to prevent this -calamity, General Wayne undertook his campaign westward into the Indian -country from Pittsburgh. He soundly defeated the Indians at Fallen -Timbers in 1794. Wayne’s expedition culminated in the building of the -fort which bears his name and in the formal occupation under the -American flag in September and October, 1794. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - - —Silently corrected a few typos. - - —Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - - —In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FRENCH AND BRITISH AT THREE -RIVERS *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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} -p.book { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0; text-align:center; margin-top:0; font-family:cursive; font-size:110%; } -p.pcapc { margin-left:2em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; font-family:cursive; } -dl.pcap { font-family:cursive; font-size:80%; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The French and British at Three Rivers, by Anonymous</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The French and British at Three Rivers</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Anonymous</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: March 15, 2021 [eBook #64828]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FRENCH AND BRITISH AT THREE RIVERS ***</div> -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="The French and British at Three Rivers" width="600" height="945" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1><span class="unbold i">The French and British -<br />at Three Rivers</span></h1> -<p class="tbcenter">Prepared by the staff of the -<br />Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen County -<br />1953</p> -</div> -<p class="tb">One of a historical series, this pamphlet is published under the direction -of the governing Boards of the Public Library of Fort Wayne and -Allen County.</p> -<p class="center">BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE SCHOOL CITY OF FORT WAYNE</p> -<dl class="undent"><dt>B. F. Geyer, President</dt> -<dt>Joseph E. Kramer, Secretary</dt> -<dt>William C. Gerding, Treasurer</dt> -<dt>Willard Shambaugh</dt> -<dt>Mrs. Sadie Fulk Roehrs</dt></dl> -<p class="center">PUBLIC LIBRARY BOARD FOR ALLEN COUNTY</p> -<p>The members of this Board include the members of the Board of -Trustees of the School City of Fort Wayne (with the same officers), together -with the following citizens chosen from Allen County outside the corporate -city of Fort Wayne.</p> -<dl class="undent"><dt>James E. Graham</dt> -<dt>Arthur Niemeier</dt> -<dt>Mrs. Glenn Henderson</dt> -<dt>Mrs. Charles Reynolds</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<p class="tb">After the discovery of America, four European states, England, -France, Holland, and Spain, laid claim to various portions of the North -American continent. The French claims were largely based upon the discovery -of the St. Lawrence by Cartier in 1521, and subsequent exploration -of the interior of the Continent by Champlain, La Salle, and other Frenchmen. -Ultimately, the territory which the French pre-empted included the -St. Lawrence Valley, the Great Lakes region, the territory extending southward -to the Ohio River, the territory immediately west of the Mississippi -River, and that part of the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico adjacent to the -mouth of the Mississippi River. The French exploited the fur-trading and -fur-producing possibilities of this vast empire; French priests sought the -conversion of the Indian inhabitants to the Catholic faith; French military -forces established a chain of forts or posts extending along the Great Lakes, -down the Wabash River, and along the Mississippi River to the Gulf. Numerous -Frenchmen came to this interior region, but few Frenchwomen accompanied -them; consequently, French settlements were relatively few -and weak. Many Frenchmen formed temporary or permanent unions with -Indian women, and in the next generation a considerable number of half-breeds -were born of these unions. Important French posts in the area were -Presque Isle, Mackinac, Detroit, Post Miami, Vincennes, New Orleans, -Kaskaskia, and St. Louis.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<p>The environs of the Indian village of Kekionga, located in the present -Lakeside section of Fort Wayne, were selected by the French for the -location of Post Miami, because of combined strategic, economic, and -geographic significance. The village was located at the confluence of the -St. Joseph and St. Mary’s Rivers. It was, therefore, on water highways -connecting with Lake Erie and tapping the interior of Michigan and Ohio. -Kekionga was only a few miles from the Wabash River with the St. Lawrence-Mississippi -watershed lying between the two. A shallow lake, since -drained out of existence, extended southwest from Kekionga to present-day -Waynedale, and was navigable by canoe during part of the year. These -factors inevitably made the confluence of the rivers a portage for east and -west traffic between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi. Pelts and trade -goods, passing back and forth from the East to the Southwest, and in reverse, -could travel by canoe all the way between Lake Erie and New Orleans -with the exception of a few miles at Kekionga. This short break in navigation -made the portage necessary; the geography of the rivers made it -possible. Here men were forced to carry canoe and cargo from the navigable -waters at the confluence of the rivers to the headwaters of the Wabash -River.</p> -<p>The portage at Kekionga brought relative prosperity to the Indian -rulers of this region, because a tribute for portage was levied upon every -canoeload of pelts and trade goods. Possession of this valuable location -afforded the Miami Indians at Kekionga political importance, too, because -economic advantage always makes for political interest. The political -<span class="pb" id="Page_3">3</span> -power controlling the portage, therefore, dominated the commercial intercourse -of the area.</p> -<p>The French immediately sensed the importance of Kekionga and -located their post nearby at a very early date. The date of the coming of -the first white man to this area is unknown; some believe that Champlain -saw Three Rivers as early as 1614 or 1615. The earliest extant map, dated -1632, indicates that the Maumee River was then known to French cartographers. -Other maps drawn in 1654, 1656 and 1674 chart the rather thorough -exploration of the territory by the French. There is a possibility that -La Salle was on these rivers during the period between 1679 and 1681, for -he seemed to have known about the Wabash-Maumee Portage.</p> -<p>The Frenchman came on a peaceful mission. He sought trade with -the Indians and brought valuable commercial articles, which were strange, -new and desirable to the red man. The Frenchman was usually willing to -live with the Indian on terms of equality, and to take an Indian woman in -marriage. He wanted no occupation of the land; he did not seek to dispossess -the Indian; his missionaries sought no material advantage. At -first, these practices won the friendship and confidence of the simple child -of the forest, and the relations between Frenchman and Indian were usually -amicable.</p> -<p>French influence, then, in the interior of America and in the region -known today as the great Middle West, was paramount in the beginning because -of primacy of arrival. Meanwhile, the land-hungry English on the -Atlantic Coast rapidly expanded over the entire seaboard driving out the -<span class="pb" id="Page_4">4</span> -Indians. The Appalachian Mountains long proved a barrier to English expansion -westward. Not until the English could acquire a suitable beast of -burden for conveying freight and merchandise across the mountains would -French influence in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys be jeopardized.</p> -<p>The date of establishment of the first French Post at the confluence -of the Rivers is veiled in the mists of the past. We only know, as these -mists lifted, that the French were located here in a small fort, block house, -or trading post which was named Post Miami. Probably of greater commercial -and religious, rather than political importance, it was situated on -the St. Mary’s River near the present crossing of the Nickel Plate Railroad. -The French Officer Bissot may have been stationed here as commandant -in charge of French interests as early as 1697. Cadillac passed through -the portage on his way southward from Detroit in 1707; already English influence -was beginning to be felt in the area. The Miami Indian population -in and about the village approximated 400 persons. They subsisted from -their plantings along the Maumee River, from forest products and hunting, -and from their trade with the French.</p> -<p>Francois Margane succeeded Sieur Bissot as commandant at Post -Miami. He extended French influence and power by establishing, first, -Post Ouiatenon at the present location of Wabash, Indiana, and later, Post -Vincennes on the present site of the city of Vincennes. During the first -quarter of the eighteenth century the English began seriously to undermine -French influence with the Indians. This rivalry became more bitter and -culminated in an Indian uprising against the French who were not destined -<span class="pb" id="Page_5">5</span> -to dominate the portage much longer. Soon they learned that the English -had erected a stronghold on Laramie Creek, a few miles from the present -site of Sidney, Ohio.</p> -<p>Chief Sanosket, known also as Chief Nicolas of the Hurons, fell -under British control; he made war against the French, and attacked a -number of French posts on the frontier. In alliance with the Miamis, the -Ottawas attacked Post Miami and partially burned the buildings. Ensign -Douville, the commandant, was absent in Detroit. The eight men forming -the garrison were captured, although two of them later escaped to Detroit. -To a certain extent, the French and Miamis soon adjusted their relations -because of mutual need for trade. However, the relationship thereafter -was never sincerely friendly. The ruined fort was partially restored but -gave much evidence of neglect. Father Jean de Bonnecamps recorded his -observations of the fort made in 1749. Griswold’s <i>Pictorial History of -Fort Wayne</i>, vol. 1, p. 46 quotes the priest as follows:</p> -<p>“The fort of the Miamis was in a very bad condition when we reached -it. Most of the palisades were decayed and fallen into ruin. There were -eight houses, or, to speak more correctly, eight miserable huts which -only the desire of making money could make endurable. The French there -number twenty-two; all of them including the commandant, had the fever. -Monsieur Raimond did not approve the situation of the fort and maintained -that it should be placed on the bank of the St. Joseph a scant league from -the present site. He wished to show me the spot, but the hindrances of -our departure prevented me from going hither. All I could do for him was -<span class="pb" id="Page_6">6</span> -to trace the plan for his new fort. The latitude of the old one is 41 degrees -and 29 minutes.”</p> -<p>Captain Raimond lost little time in relocating his fort. The site -he chose is the high ground near the present intersection of St. Joe Boulevard -and Delaware Avenue. The old buildings of the original French fort -served as a nucleus for a settlement and were now occupied by the few -Miami Indians who still remained on friendly terms with the French. The -little village came to be known as Coldfoot’s village, in honor of Miami -Chief Coldfoot.</p> -<p>In the face of waning prestige, the French made one spirited attempt -to check the English. Under the leadership of Charles Langlade, a few -Frenchmen and two hundred Chippewas and Ottawas moved down from Detroit -to attack Fort Pickawillany. Assembling their forces at the portage near -Kekionga, they turned into the St. Mary’s River, and thence marched overland -unheralded toward Pickawillany. After a surprise attack the fort was -reduced. In celebration of the victory, and in vengeance for his friendship -with the British, the Indians enjoyed a cannibal feast on the body of -La Demoiselle, chief of the Piankeshaws. This victory temporarily restored -the prestige of France with the Miamis at the portage. The defeat -of Braddock in 1755 still further diminished the influence of the English -among the Indians. Thus, the battle of propaganda and bribery for the favor -of the Indian tribes seesawed back and forth. The pendulum, however, was -swinging in favor of the British.</p> -<p>During the next few years British political emissaries and traders -<span class="pb" id="Page_7">7</span> -made ever-increasing trouble for the French; these machinations foreshadowed -the destruction of French power in the Ohio Valley. The small -French garrison, and French half-breed families living in the present Spy -Run Avenue neighborhood, led a precarious existence. The local Indians, -aided and abetted by the English, and well-fortified with whiskey -(hitherto denied them by the French) now liberally dispensed by the British, -increasingly harassed their former French allies.</p> -<p>In 1756, the Seven Years’ War, known in American history as the -French and Indian War, broke out between France and England. One of the -prizes at stake in the contest was the domination of the North American -continent. After the fall of Quebec, concomitant with the defeat of General -Montcalm by General Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham, French authority in -North America passed to the English. Shortly thereafter, the garrison at -Detroit surrendered to the English. In December, 1760, Lieutenant Butler, -commanding a detachment of twenty English soldiers, received the surrender -of Fort Miami. Thereafter, the Union Jack flew over the Maumee -portage.</p> -<p>During the period beginning in 1760 and ending with the termination -of the Revolutionary War, British policy seems to have emphasized commerce -and conciliation with the local Indians. British military forces were -never strong in the area, and now that the French were vanquished, the -stockade no longer possessed military value. Fort Miami fell into decay.</p> -<p>A brief era of good feeling between the Indians and the British followed. -Soon, however, there were stirrings among the red men. The great -<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span> -Pontiac, chief of the Ottawas, a man of superior intelligence and great -skill in statecraft, began inciting the Indians to expel the British from the -entire western country. For a long time the conspiracy and war preparations -continued in secret; not until 1763 were they revealed. Soon the -Indians attacked and laid siege to all the British forts on the entire frontier; -they captured Forts Sandusky, St. Joseph, Michilmackinac, Ouiatanon and -Miami.</p> -<p>At least one romantic but tragic incident occurred in connection -with the attack on Post Miami. Ensign Holmes, English Commandant at -the isolated British fort on the St. Joseph River, was a young and very lonely -man. Rumor has it that he shared few common interests with the men of -his garrison. He sought feminine companionship and found favor in the -eyes of an Indian maiden who reciprocated his affections.</p> -<p>Let Parkman tell the story:</p> -<p>“On the 27th day of May, a young Indian girl, who lived with the -commandant, came to tell him that a squaw lay dangerously ill in a wigwam -near the fort, and urged him to come to her relief. Having confidence in -the girl, Holmes forgot his caution and followed her out of the fort. Pitched -on the edge of a meadow (in present-day Lakeside), hidden from view by -an intervening spur of woodland, stood a great number of Indian wigwams. -When Holmes came in sight of them his treacherous conductress pointed -out that in which the sick woman lay. He walked on without suspicion, but, -as he drew near, two guns flashed from behind the hut and stretched him -lifeless on the grass. The shots were heard at the fort and the sergeant -rashly went out to learn the cause. He was immediately taken prisoner, -amid exulting yells and whoopings. The soldiers in the fort climbed upon -the palisades to look out, when Godefroy, a Canadian, and two other white -men, made their appearance and summoned them to surrender, promising -that if they did so their lives would be spared.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="673" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="sf">BURNING OF THE FRENCH POST MIAMI (SITE OF FORT WAYNE) 1747.</span></p> -<p class="pcapc small"><span class="sf">During the period of the Chief Nicolas conspiracy, in 1747, while the commandant, -Ensign Douville, was absent at Detroit, the savages attacked the post -situated on the St. Mary’s river in the present city of Fort Wayne and partially -destroyed it with fire. The post was rebuilt, and later, in 1750 a new fort was -established on the left bank of the St. Joseph river. The drawing is after an -old woodcut.</span></p> -<p class="center">From Griswold’s <i>Pictorial History -of Fort Wayne, Indiana</i></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div> -<p>Ultimately Pontiac’s Conspiracy was quelled and uneasy peace was -restored on the frontier. At the beginning of the American Revolution the -British were confronted with the problem of retaining the Indians as allies -against the Americans. The savages realized the need of British subsidies -and soon became genuinely attached to the redcoats.</p> -<p>In October, 1778, Governor Hamilton’s army, advancing from Detroit -against the forces of George Rogers Clark in southern Indiana, passed over -the portage. The only military action, however, which occurred here during -the Revolutionary War is known as La Balme’s Massacre.</p> -<p>Augustus La Balme, one of the volunteer French officers who had -accompanied the Marquis de LaFayette to America, was commissioned a -colonel in General Washington’s army. In October he appeared at Kaskaskia, -then under American domination since its capture by George Rogers Clark. -He gathered a considerable force of Frenchmen and Indians and advanced -northward, his objective being the expulsion of the British from Detroit. -Arriving at the Indian settlement at Three Rivers, La Balme and his men -plundered the village and destroyed a great deal of property. At close of -day he retired with his 103 men and camped on the Aboite River. In the -dead of night an Indian force under the leadership of Little Turtle attacked -<span class="pb" id="Page_11">11</span> -the invader, destroyed nearly a half of the little force and compelled the -remainder to flee. The incident has little significance except as the initial -engagement in a series of bloody victories won by Little Turtle and -the Miami Indians against the Americans.</p> -<p>The Treaty of Paris in 1783 made the United States nominally paramount -in the Ohio Valley. However, the British, on the pretext of bad -faith on the part of the American Government, continued to occupy forts -in the area which they had contracted to evacuate under terms of the treaty. -Among the forts they still held illegally were Presque Isle, Mackinac, -Detroit, and Fort Miami near Toledo.</p> -<p>From the vantage point of these forts, British military officers and -diplomatic representatives continued friendly relations with the local Indians. -By moral suasion the Indian was influenced to believe that his friends -were British rather than American. Through gifts of food, equipment and -arms, the Indian was relieved of problems of logistics which might place -him at a disadvantage with any American military force. The Indians massacred -hundreds of American settlers on the western frontier, and burned and -pillaged their homes. Under the leadership of Little Turtle and others in -1790 and 1791, Indian warriors inflicted overwhelming defeats upon the -armies of American Generals Harmar and St. Clair.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="863" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="sf">Chief Little Turtle (Me-she-kin-no-quah)</span></p> -<p class="pcapc small"><span class="sf">The above likeness was made from a cut out of a very old book which had -been reproduced from a painting made for him while in Philadelphia. -This painting was destroyed when the Capitol -building at Washington was burned by the British in the war -of 1812. Head dress on the forehead, contains three rattles -from at least three rattlesnakes; has always been considered -a splendid likeness of the famous Chief.</span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div> -<p>American influence and prestige were at a low ebb, indeed, and it -appeared that the Ohio Valley with the portage at Three Rivers might fall by -default to the British after all. In order to prevent this calamity, General -Wayne undertook his campaign westward into the Indian country from -Pittsburgh. He soundly defeated the Indians at Fallen Timbers in 1794. -Wayne’s expedition culminated in the building of the fort which bears his -name and in the formal occupation under the American flag in September -and October, 1794.</p> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FRENCH AND BRITISH AT THREE RIVERS ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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