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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sir George Etienne Cartier, by John Boyd

-

-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and

-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions

-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms

-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at

-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you

-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before

-using this eBook.

-

-Title: Sir George Etienne Cartier

-       His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal

-

-Author: John Boyd

-

-Release Date: February 19, 2021 [eBook #64593]

-

-Language: English

-

-Character set encoding: UTF-8

-

-Produced by: Sonya Schermann, Martin Pettit and the Online Distributed

-             Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was

-             produced from images generously made available by The Internet

-             Archive)

-

-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER ***

-

-+-------------------------------------------------+

-|Transcriber's note:                              |

-|                                                 |

-|Obvious typographic errors have been corrected.  |

-|                                                 |

-+-------------------------------------------------+

-

-

-Sir George Etienne Cartier

-

-His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal

-

-

-AN ADDRESS

-

-DELIVERED BEFORE THE CANADIAN CLUB OF MONTREAL

-

-_April 7th, 1913_

-

-BY

-

-JOHN BOYD

-

-Author of The Memorial History of the Life and Times of Sir George

-Etienne Cartier

-

-(To be issued in connection with the Cartier Centenary Celebration,

-1914)

-

-

-ISSUED BY THE CARTIER CENTENARY COMMITTEE MONTREAL 1913

-

-

-

-

-THE CARTIER CENTENARY

-

-1814-1914

-

-Under the distinguished patronage of H. R. H. The Duke of Connaught

-

-

-Executive Committee

-

-

-Patron:

-

-SIR CHARLES TUPPER, BART.

-

-

-President:

-

-E. W. VILLENEUVE, ESQ.

-

-

-Vice-Presidents:

-

-SIR RODOLPHE FORGET

-HON. J. J. GUERIN

-HON. N. PERODEAU

-H. A. EKERS, ESQ.

-D. LORNE MCGIBBON, ESQ.

-

-

-Honorary Treasurers:

-

-HON. J. A. OUIMET

-President City & District Savings Bank

-

-H. V. MEREDITH, ESQ.

-General Manager, Bank of Montreal

-

-

-Honorary Secretaries:

-

-JOHN BOYD, ESQ.

-C. A. PARISEAULT, ESQ.

-F. ARTHUR JACKSON, ESQ.

-HORACE J. GAGNE, ESQ.

-

-

-Secretary:

-

-H. R. OVENDEN, ESQ.

-

-

-Bankers:

-

-THE BANK OF MONTREAL

-

-

-Address - - P. O. Box 188

-

-

-

-

-[Illustration: SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER

-

-Born Sept. 6, 1814     Died May 23, 1873]

-

-

-

-

-The accompanying address has been registered in accordance with the

-Copyright Act by JOHN BOYD.

-

-

-

-

-FOREWORD.

-

-

-The great interest that has been aroused in the Cartier Centenary

-movement was shown by the large gathering which assembled at the

-Canadian Club luncheon in the Sailors' Institute on Monday, April 7th,

-1913, to hear Mr. John Boyd speak on "Sir George Etienne Cartier, His

-Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal." The speaker's references

-to the work that Cartier had accomplished for Canada, and especially

-to the great services that he rendered to the City of Montreal, were

-enthusiastically applauded by the large audience of representative

-business men.

-

-The accompanying address which includes a summary of Sir George Etienne

-Cartier's career and achievements is but a preliminary to the Memorial

-History of the Life and Times of Cartier which is now being written

-by Mr. John Boyd, and which will deal exhaustively not only with

-Cartier's career but also with the whole period covered by that career,

-one of the most memorable periods of Canadian history. The work will

-be published next year under the auspices of the Cartier Centenary

-Committee in connection with the great commemorative celebration of the

-one hundredth anniversary of Cartier's birth.

-

-

-

-

-SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER

-

-His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal.

-

-(AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BY MR. JOHN BOYD BEFORE THE

-CANADIAN CLUB OF MONTREAL, APRIL 7th, 1913.)

-

-

-Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen:

-

-The subject of the address which I have the privilege of delivering

-to-day is "Sir George Etienne Cartier, His Work for Canada and His

-Services to Montreal."

-

-Let me at the outset, Mr. Chairman, express my deep appreciation of the

-honor the Executive of the Canadian Club has done me in inviting me to

-address the members of this important and representative organization.

-

-When, in 1892, through the efforts of Mr. Charles R. McCullough of

-Hamilton, the first Canadian Club was organized, a movement was

-inaugurated of the utmost importance to the Dominion. Every important

-centre throughout the country now has its Canadian Club, and these

-organizations, or as they have been well termed, these "universities

-of the people" now numbering nearly one hundred, are doing a splendid

-work in fostering a spirit of patriotism and in creating that national

-sentiment which is so essential to Canada's welfare. The Canadian Club

-of Montreal, composed as it is of the most representative citizens of

-the commercial metropolis, has ever been foremost in this great work,

-and it is indeed a privilege to have the opportunity of addressing such

-a gathering.

-

-What more appropriate subject, Mr. Chairman, could be found for an

-address before a Canadian Club, than the career of one of our great

-nation-builders, of one who helped to lay the foundations of Canadian

-nationality and of the Dominion's greatness?

-

-It is not my intention, Mr. Chairman, nor would time permit on this

-occasion, to deal exhaustively with the life and achievements of Sir

-George Etienne Cartier. That is now engaging my attention in another

-form, and when the Memorial History of the Life and Times of George

-Etienne Cartier shall appear, it will, I trust be found to be at

-least an exhaustive review of a great career and of one of the most

-memorable periods of Canadian history. On this occasion, owing to the

-limited time at my disposal, I shall content myself with reviewing

-succinctly Cartier's public career and achievements, dwelling briefly

-on the lessons of his life with special emphasis upon the great work

-that he did for Canada in general and the eminent services which he

-rendered to the City of Montreal in particular.

-

-I shall take it for granted, Gentleman, that you are all conversant

-with the main facts of Cartier's career, from his birth at St. Antoine

-on the Richelieu River on September 6th, 1814, until his entrance to

-public life at the age of 34 in 1848, from that date until he became

-Prime Minister of United Canada in 1858, and from that until his death

-in 1873 when he held the portfolio of Minister of Militia and Defence

-in the Dominion Government.

-

-Cartier's public career covered a period of some twenty-five years,

-that is to say from 1848 to 1873. What fruitful efforts, what

-herculanean labors, what great achievements, what struggles, defeats

-and triumphs were crowded within the compass of that career! The period

-which it covered was one of the most remarkable, if not the most

-remarkable, in the whole range of Canadian history. It was a period

-which witnessed many great constitutional changes, many transformations

-of parties, many fierce political struggles. It saw the beginning and

-the end of the Union, it marked the triumph of the long struggle for

-responsible government, it witnessed the birth of Confederation. It was

-a period fecund of great events and momentous developments, it was also

-a period rendered notable by the long succession of great statesmen

-whose names must forever be illustrious in Canadian history.

-

-During all of that period Cartier played an active part and at times

-occupied a pre-eminent position.

-

-At the beginning of his career, Cartier was a zealous reformer. In his

-youth like so many other ardent spirits of the time he came under the

-influence of Louis Joseph Papineau, when that great French Canadian

-tribune, with his incomparable eloquence, was thundering against those

-administrative abuses which were directly responsible for the troubles

-of the period. Nor was Papineau alone in his opposition to what Cartier

-described as the action of a minority which sought to dominate the

-majority and exploit the government in its own interests. Papineau,

-it should be remembered had the support of leading English-speaking

-Canadians, such as the distinguished Wolfred Nelson, afterwards Mayor

-of Montreal; in fact it is a noteworthy historical feature that some

-of the leading figures in the struggle for responsible government

-in Lower Canada were English-speaking. Cartier's participation in

-the rising of 1837 was due to the ardor and impetuosity of youth and

-the sincere convictions he held that the prevailing evils called for

-drastic measures. His experience convinced him of the folly of an

-appeal to arms; he realized that the remedy for existing evils must be

-sought, not through armed resistance to the constituted authorities,

-but through constitutional agitation and legislative action. He became

-a staunch supporter of LaFontaine's policy, and one of his earliest

-campaign speeches was made in advocacy of the principle of ministerial

-responsibility during the crisis resulting from the resignation of

-the LaFontaine-Baldwin Government in 1844. In 1848, when Cartier

-first entered Parliament, the struggle for responsible government,

-thanks to the efforts of those two great statesmen, Louis Hypolite

-LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin, whose names will forever be held in the

-highest honor by all Canadians, had been fought and won. When justice

-had been secured and existing abuses remedied by the granting of

-responsible government, Cartier became, and ever afterwards continued

-to be one of the warmest supporters and most zealous champions of

-British institutions, a strong advocate of the maintenance of British

-connection and a passionate lover of the British flag.

-

-Cartier was the destined successor of LaFontaine in the great work of

-reconstruction, pacification, and conciliation, and when LaFontaine

-retired in 1851, and was followed a few years later by that other

-eminent French-Canadian statesman, Auguste Norbert Morin, Cartier's

-path to the leadership of his native province was clear. For years he

-was the undisputed leader: his voice, as has been well said, was the

-voice of Quebec.

-

-The struggle for responsible government having been won, an era of

-marked industrial expansion and development followed under the Union.

-It was an era of railway building, of canal construction, of the

-establishment of great public works. Cartier, owing to his practical

-qualities, his great business abilities, his mastery of details, and

-his administrative capacities, was eminently qualified to obtain

-a leading position during such a period. He achieved distinction

-as a reformer, as an able administrator, as a legislator, and as a

-constructive statesman. His name is attached to some of the most

-important Acts of a period prolific of important legislation. It

-is sufficient to mention in this connection such measures as the

-construction of the Montreal and Portland Railway, the decentralization

-of the judiciary, the codification of the civil laws and of civil

-procedure, the modification of the criminal law, the Municipal Act of

-Lower Canada, the Act relating to registration offices, the abolition

-of the seigniorial tenure, the choice of Ottawa as the Capital of

-Canada, the construction of the Grand Trunk Railway and the Victoria

-Bridge, the organization of the educational system of Lower Canada, the

-improvement and deepening of the St. Lawrence, the building of canals,

-the union of the provinces of British North America, the acquisition

-of the North-West Territories, the construction of the Intercolonial

-Railway, the establishment of the Province of Manitoba, the admission

-of British Columbia into Confederation, the establishment of the

-militia system and the initiation of the Canadian Pacific Railway.

-

-It would not be in accordance with that absolute truth which is

-demanded of history, to even infer that to Cartier alone is due the

-credit for the passage of all of these great measures. Many eminent

-men contributed by their efforts to their achievement. But to Cartier

-may fairly be adjudged the merit without detracting from the merits

-of others, of having taken an active part in the achievement of all

-of these important measures, of having devoted his great energies and

-abilities to their accomplishment, and of having played a determining

-part in the achievement of some of them. Some of these measures

-were of material benefit to the progress of the country. The legal

-reforms for which Cartier is entitled to the sole credit, constitute

-in themselves a monument to his wise statesmanship. Other measures

-in which he played a determining part, such as Confederation, were

-of an epoch-making character, in connection with Canada's national

-development and well-being. As an eminent French-Canadian writer, the

-late Senator Tassé, has well remarked, more than one of these measures

-would have been sufficient to immortalize Cartier. He was, to use

-Senator Tassé's words, at one and the same time a legislator, a founder

-of constitutions, a peaceful conqueror.

-

-

-Cartier and Confederation

-

-The greatest work in which Cartier participated, and in which it

-is freely acknowledged he played a determining part, was of course

-the establishment of Confederation. The idea of a union of all the

-provinces of British North America did not originate with Cartier,

-any more than it originated with Macdonald, Tupper, Tilley, Brown or

-the other great Fathers of Confederation. Proposals to that effect

-had been made long before, and the idea was one that had arisen

-in many minds as a desirable consummation and as a remedy for the

-chaotic conditions which then prevailed. But the idea was one that was

-heartily supported by Cartier from a very early period, and to the

-Cartier-Macdonald Government of which he became the head in 1858 as

-Prime Minister of United Canada must be given the credit of having

-taken the first practical steps to bring about Confederation. One of

-the items of that government's programme was the union of the British

-North American provinces, and soon after the close of the session

-of 1858, a delegation composed of three members of the Government,

-Cartier himself, A. T. Galt, and John Rose went to England to press

-the matter upon the Imperial Government. A memorandum submitted to the

-Imperial authorities and signed by Cartier, Galt and Rose urged the

-Imperial Government to take steps to have a meeting of delegates from

-all the British North American provinces to consider the question of

-Confederation and to report upon it.

-

-Though the steps taken in 1858 had no immediate result, the fact

-remains that the Government of which Cartier was the head, was the

-first to take up the question of the union of the British North

-American provinces, that, as the lamented Thomas D'Arcy McGee remarked

-in his great speech during the Confederation debate "the first real

-stage of the success of Confederation, the thing that gave importance

-to the theory in men's minds, was the memorandum of 1858, signed by

-Cartier, Galt and Rose. The recommendation in that memorandum" said

-McGee, "laid dormant until revived by the Constitutional Committee

-which led to the coalition, which led to the Quebec Conference, which

-led to the draft of the Constitution now on our table, and which" added

-McGee with assurance "will lead, I am fain to believe, to the union

-of all these provinces,"--an assurance, which was not long afterwards

-happily fulfilled.

-

-Cartier was the leader of the Quebec wing of the Coalition Ministry.

-He was a delegate to the Charlottetown Conference, as well as a member

-of the Quebec Conference. He took a leading part in the Confederation

-debates, ably defending the measure against the attacks made upon it.

-With Macdonald, Brown and Galt he was deputed after the scheme had

-been adopted by the Legislature to go to England to confer with Her

-Majesty's Government; he was also one of the delegates who sat in

-Conference from the 4th to the 24th December, 1866, at the Westminster

-Palace Hotel in London, and at which a series of 69 resolutions, based

-on those of the Quebec Conference, were finally passed. The sittings

-of that famous conference were renewed early in January of 1867, a

-series of draft bills were drawn up, and revised by the Imperial law

-officers, a bill was submitted to the Imperial Parliament in February,

-and on March 29th, under the title of the British North America Act,

-it received the royal assent. A royal proclamation issued from Windsor

-Castle on May 22nd, 1867, appointed July 1st as the date upon which the

-Act should come into force, and the following first of July witnessed

-the birth of what the Governor-General, Lord Monck, well designated as

-"a new nationality".

-

-The men who assembled at Quebec on October 10th, 1864, to devise means

-for bringing about the union of the British North American provinces,

-had momentous problems to solve, but they were all men of the most

-ardent patriotism, of the broadest views, and with a firm determination

-to carry to a successful issue the great work with which they had

-been entrusted. How they succeeded in their task we all know. It has

-been well remarked by one of the biographers of Sir John A. Macdonald

-that there are three men besides Macdonald who in the establishment

-of Confederation and in securing the large results which followed

-from that epoch-making measure, demand special mention. Those men

-were George Etienne Cartier, Charles Tupper, and Leonard Tilley.[1]

-Justice demands that George Brown should also be named amongst the

-great Fathers of Confederation, for without the co-operation of that

-eminent Liberal statesman it is questionable whether Confederation

-under the circumstances could have been effected at that time. It

-was George Brown who made the proposals which rendered the coalition

-ministry possible, and by sinking all party considerations and personal

-differences in a grave crisis of his country's history, he performed a

-signal act of patriotism, which entitles his name to a high place on

-Canada's roll of honor. It was in fact a striking lesson in patriotism

-and in devotion to country, to find men like Macdonald and Cartier on

-the one hand, and Brown on the other, forgetting all past differences

-and even bitter personal animosities, and sitting at the same council

-board to devise means by which the public interests might be served

-at a most critical juncture. Nor, amongst the leading Fathers of

-Confederation must Sir A. T. Galt be forgotten, for that distinguished

-statesman was a most zealous advocate of Confederation, holding that

-unless a union was effected, the provinces would inevitably drift

-into the United States. During the parliamentary session of 1858 he

-strongly advocated the federal union of all the British North American

-provinces, and as has been justly said, the resolutions which Galt then

-moved in favor of such a union, entitle him to a high place amongst the

-promoters of Confederation[2].

-

-Of the thirty-two statesmen who assembled at Quebec in 1864 and framed

-the Quebec resolutions which formed the basis of Confederation, but one

-survives to-day, and the Cartier Centenary movement has the privilege

-of having that great statesman whose name will forever be linked with

-the names of Macdonald and Cartier, as its patron. Still hale and

-hearty in his 92nd year, Sir Charles Tupper enjoys the veneration

-and esteem of all Canadians. It has been justly said by Sir John A.

-Macdonald's biographer, that in the "reconciliation of Nova Scotia to

-Confederation; in carrying out a great expensive and hazardous railway

-policy; in the establishment of a national fiscal system; in making

-Canadian expansion compatible with complete allegiance to the Empire,

-the aid which Macdonald received from Sir Charles Tupper, can scarcely

-be exaggerated. In him great natural ability and power as a platform

-speaker were united with a splendid optimism about his country, a

-courage that feared nothing, and a resoluteness of purpose which

-despised any obstacles with which he could be confronted."[3]

-

-It is not minimizing the services of any of the other illustrious

-Fathers of Confederation, to say that Cartier played a leading, in

-fact a determining part, in the achievement of that measure. His great

-colleagues have generously testified to the pre-eminent services which

-he rendered at that time.

-

-"Cartier was as bold as a lion. He was just the man I wanted: but for

-him Confederation should not have been carried," was the emphatic

-declaration made by Sir John A. Macdonald on the day when he unveiled

-the statue of his great colleague at Ottawa.

-

-Sir Charles Tupper's tribute is equally eloquent and emphatic. "I have

-no hesitation," he says, "in saying that without Cartier there would

-have been no Confederation, and therefore Canada owes him a debt that

-can never be repaid."

-

-Dr Parkin in his life of Sir John A. Macdonald, in the "Makers of

-Canada" series, also pays a just tribute to Cartier for his work in

-connection with Confederation when he says: "Without Cartier's loyal

-help, it would scarcely have been possible, when the effort for union

-came, to allay the anxiety of the French-Canadians lest they should be

-swallowed up, and their individuality be lost in the large proposed

-confederacy."

-

-Cartier's position at that time, it must be remembered, was an

-extremely difficult one, in fact, it is the difficulties which he

-then encountered and the manner in which he triumphed over them, that

-entitled him to all the more credit. "Never did a French-Canadian

-statesman" as an eminent French-Canadian writer has remarked, "have to

-face a greater responsibility than that which Cartier assumed the day

-when he had the alternative of accepting or refusing Confederation.

-Neither Papineau nor LaFontaine had to place in the balance such grave

-issues. Their role was reduced to demanding liberty for Canadians.

-Cartier had to choose between a problematical future and a recognized

-state of affairs, with well defined advantages. Would as many

-guarantees be found in the edifice which was to be constructed? By

-accepting the confederation of the provinces, was it not leaving the

-certain for the uncertain? Such were the questions which agitated minds

-anxiously weighed."[4]

-

-There was strong opposition to Confederation in Quebec as well as

-in other provinces. Cartier had to face the powerful attacks of

-redoubtable and able antagonists who maintained that Confederation

-would be detrimental to the interests of the French-Canadians. His

-contention was that with general interests entrusted to a central

-government and local interests to local legislatures, the rights of

-the French-Canadians would be amply safeguarded. Cartier maintained

-his position in the face of the most determined opposition and even

-against bitter personal attacks. He had his vindication when in the

-elections of 1867 the people of Quebec returned him to Parliament with

-a triumphant following.

-

-And has not the course of events since Confederation vindicated the

-position which Cartier then took? The French-Canadians have not only

-enjoyed the fullest freedom in the direction of provincial affairs,

-but they have played a large and important part in the public life

-of Canada, a French-Canadian has occupied the exalted position of

-Prime Minister of the Dominion, and no matter whether they agree

-with his policy or not, all fair-minded Canadians must admit that

-Sir Wilfrid Laurier personally filled that great office with the

-utmost distinction, with credit to himself and to his country. Under

-Confederation there has been friction at times due in most cases to

-demagogic appeals to popular passion and racial feeling, but the sound

-common sense of the mass of the people has always asserted itself,

-and the governmental and legislative machinery has been found elastic

-enough to meet ever increasing demands.

-

-A notable tribute was recently paid to Cartier and the other great

-Fathers of Confederation by that distinguished British statesman,

-diplomat, and author, Right Hon. James Bryce, when in addressing this

-Club a few weeks ago he said: "Not less remarkable than your material

-progress has been the growth of your constitutional government,

-although in its early days there were not wanting people to show that

-Canada could never be a great nation. Your federal system has worked

-on the whole with wonderful success and with little friction. It has

-worked perhaps better than anywhere else in the world; I think the

-only example of equal success is that of Switzerland. You have had the

-great problem of two races living side by side, of peoples different in

-race and language, whom the federal system was designed to unite, while

-the federation of districts so dissimilar as the province of British

-Columbia, the prairies, and the Maritime Provinces shows that as far

-as adaptation to local conditions is concerned the federal system has

-been an unqualified success. And this success is a tribute to the

-capacity of the men who have governed as well as to those who framed

-the constitution."

-

-The successful working of the federal system in Canada to which Mr.

-Bryce bore testimony, is another striking proof of the wise and

-far-sighted statesmanship of Cartier and the other public men who

-framed our constitution.

-

-

-Other Great Measures

-

-Confederation having been accomplished, Cartier's energies were

-directed to measures for the strengthening and defence of the national

-fabric. He was largely instrumental in determining the route of the

-Intercolonial Railway, and in having that road, which it is admitted

-has been a most important factor in consolidating the Dominion,

-completed. One of the most important measures of Cartier's public

-career, was undoubtedly the one which, as Minister of Militia and

-Defence, he presented to Parliament on March 31st, 1868, and which

-provided for the organization of the Canadian Militia, a measure that

-is the basis of our whole militia system.

-

-Confederation, as you know, originally included only the four provinces

-of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. It was the desire

-of Cartier, as it was that of Macdonald, to see established a united

-Canada, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific, a great maritime

-as well as land power with the furthest east united to the furthest

-west by a great transcontinental railway system. When the union of

-the four provinces had been accomplished, Cartier was steadfast in

-his efforts to secure the accomplishment of the larger idea. He fully

-realized the possibilities of the great West and the importance of

-securing for the Dominion that vast territory, the development of which

-has been the marvel of the past quarter of a century. Largely through

-his efforts, the great western territory now forming the Provinces

-of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, was secured from the Hudson's

-Bay Company on most advantageous terms. When we realize that this

-immensely rich territory, the "granary of the Empire" was acquired

-for the Dominion for the insignificant sum of $1,500,000, largely

-through the negotiations which Cartier conducted in England, some idea

-of the importance of the services he rendered in that connection,

-may be formed. Cartier also framed the bill creating the Province of

-Manitoba, which he presented and had passed at the session of 1871.

-Only one thing was needed to round out Confederation, and that was

-the admission of British Columbia. In the negotiations which resulted

-in the admission of that great Province into the Dominion, Cartier

-played a leading part, and it was he, who on November 28th, 1871,

-presented the bill to Parliament providing that British Columbia should

-become a portion of the Dominion. On that occasion Cartier hailed the

-realization of his dream of a united Canada extending from ocean to

-ocean, with pardonable pride.

-

-"I cannot close my explanations," he declared, "without impressing

-on the honorable members the greatness of the work. This young

-Confederation is on the point of extending over the whole northern

-portion of the continent, and when we consider that it took our

-neighbors sixty years to extend to the Pacific, where will be found

-in the history of the world anything comparable to our marvellous

-prosperity? I have always maintained that a nation to be great must

-have maritime power. We possess maritime power in a high degree. Our

-union with the maritime provinces gives us a seaboard on the east, and

-now our union with British Columbia will give us a seaboard on the

-west."

-

-With the admission of British Columbia to Confederation, the dream

-of Cartier and of Macdonald, of a united Canada extending from ocean

-to ocean, was realized. But one thing more was required to bind the

-scattered provinces firmly together-a great transcontinental railway.

-Cartier was one of the strongest advocates of such an undertaking,

-and to him belongs the glory of having had passed the first charter

-for the Canadian Pacific Railway. One of the terms of the union of

-British Columbia with Canada under the Act presented by Cartier, was

-the construction of such a road. It is related that the delegates of

-British Columbia during the negotiations urged upon Cartier that a

-railway should be built across the Prairies to the foot of the Rockies,

-and that a colonization road should be laid out from the foot of the

-Rockies to the Coast. "No," replied Cartier, "that will not do; ask for

-a railway the whole way and you will get it." Some leading public men

-of the time thought that Cartier was willing to undertake too great

-an obligation, but events have more than justified his optimism. At

-the session of 1872, Cartier presented resolutions providing for the

-construction of the Canadian Pacific. After a remarkable debate, a

-bill based on the resolutions was adopted, and Cartier, springing to

-his feet, gave utterance amidst loud cheers to the expression which has

-become historic: "All aboard for the West."

-

-It was the last great triumph of his public career. He did not live to

-see the realization of his dream, for it was not until thirteen years

-afterwards, that is to say, on November 7th, 1885, that the last spike

-of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway was driven by Sir

-Donald Smith, now Lord Strathcona, at Craigellachie, a small village

-of British Columbia, and on July 24th, 1886, Cartier's great colleague

-and fellow-worker for a united Canada, Sir John A. Macdonald personally

-reached the Pacific by rail from Ottawa.

-

-Though Cartier did not live to see the completion of the gigantic

-undertaking which meant so much for Canada, it is one of his chief

-merits that he was one of its initiators and strongest supporters, and

-that he foresaw and foretold its great future.

-

-"Before very long", he declared, addressing Parliament, "the English

-traveller who lands at Halifax will be able in five or six days to

-cover half of the continent inhabited by British subjects."

-

-How Cartier's prophecy has been fulfilled we all know. The traveller

-landing to-day at Halifax can reach Victoria by means of the Canadian

-Pacific in less than six days. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company has

-become one of the greatest corporations in the world, operating not

-only a great transcontinental railway, and a chain of palatial hotels,

-but also possessing magnificent fleets on the Atlantic and the Pacific,

-with its vessels now encircling the globe. It has progressed stage by

-stage until under the able direction of its present distinguished head,

-Sir Thomas Shaughnessy, it has attained the greatest position in its

-history. The company's expansion has in fact been one of the marvels

-of history, and with the continued development of the Dominion, its

-achievements, great as they have been, will undoubtedly be surpassed

-in the future. Cartier, by his strenuous advocacy of the construction

-of the road in days when faith in the future was at a discount, gave

-another evidence of his great foresight as well as of his faith in the

-future of the Dominion which he did so much to establish.

-

-

-Cartier and Macdonald

-

-No review of Cartier's career, however summary, would be complete

-without some reference to the alliance that existed between him and

-that other great Canadian statesman, Sir John A. Macdonald, an alliance

-which was for a long period a most important factor in the public

-life of Canada. In his great painting "The Fathers of Confederation,"

-the artist Harris most appropriately places Macdonald and Cartier

-conspicuously in the centre of the group, and the names of those two

-great statesmen must forever be linked in connection with that epoch

-making measure.

-

-Macdonald and Cartier began their public careers within a few years

-of each other, Macdonald being first returned to Parliament in 1844,

-while Cartier became a member in 1848. The two men first became

-closely associated as members of the same Government, the MacNab-Taché

-Ministry, formed in 1855, in which ministry Macdonald held the

-portfolio of Attorney-General for Upper Canada while Cartier was

-Provincial Secretary, the first public office he held. From that time

-until the day of Cartier's death, the association between the two

-men remained practically unbroken. Their alliance, as has been well

-said, was based on equal consideration for the rightful claims of both

-nationalities.

-

-Each of the two men had qualities not possessed by the other.

-Macdonald had a magnetic personality, he was a consummate tactician,

-an incomparable leader of men. He had that genius which enables its

-possessor to seize and make the most of an opportunity. He had that

-quality so indispensable in a great leader of gaining the loyal and

-devoted support of men of widely different characters and temperaments.

-Macdonald in short combined the grasp of a statesman with the arts of a

-politician. Cartier excelled as an administrator, he was a tireless and

-indefatigable worker who never spared himself and who expected others

-to follow his example. He studied and analyzed all subjects which he

-had to handle to the very bottom, and when he came to discuss them he

-had a complete mastery of all the details. He was strong, nay, even

-dogmatic, in his convictions; once his mind was made up he pursued

-the path he had marked out for himself with persistent determination,

-heedless of all obstacles in his way. To his followers his word was

-law, and he exacted from them an unswerving obedience. His energy was

-prodigious: he deserved the designation given to him by Gladstone when

-that great statesman said that Cartier was "_un homme qui semble être

-légion_",--a man who was a legion in himself. Cartier's was essentially

-a strong and determined character.

-

-It was of course impossible that men of such different temperaments as

-Macdonald and Cartier and representing often such divergent interests,

-should not have their differences sometimes, but whatever differences

-they may have had never interfered with the high personal esteem and

-regard they entertained for each other.

-

-At a great banquet given in his honor by the Bar of Toronto on February

-8th, 1866, Macdonald took occasion to pay a warm and generous tribute

-to his French-Canadian colleague who was one of the guests of honor.

-

-"I wish to say," declared Macdonald, "that Hon. Mr. Cartier has a right

-to share in the honors which I am receiving to-night, because I have

-never made an appeal to him or to the Lower Canadians in vain. There

-is not in the whole of Canada a heart more devoted to his friends. If

-I have succeeded in introducing the institutions of Great Britain, it

-is due in great part, to my friend, who has never permitted under his

-administration that the bonds which attach us to England should be

-weakened."

-

-Cartier was equally generous in appreciation of his great colleague.

-Speaking at a banquet tendered Macdonald by the citizens of Kingston on

-September 6th, 1866, Cartier said:

-

-"Kingston is indeed a favored city, for it has for its representative

-a statesman who has never yet been surpassed in Canada, and who

-probably never will be in the future. I have had the happiness of being

-associated with the member for Kingston in my public career, and of

-having formed with him an alliance which has already lasted longer

-than all alliances of this kind in Canada. The success which we have

-obtained together has been due to the fact that we have repelled all

-sectional feelings and sought what might benefit Canada as a whole."

-

-That was the keynote of the Cartier-Macdonald alliance, the

-subordination of all sectional and racial feeling to the welfare of

-Canada as a whole. Cartier throughout his long public career was

-essentially a peacemaker, who always strove to promote a better feeling

-between the two races. A striking testimony to the success of his

-efforts in that direction was given on one occasion in Parliament when

-Mr. Benjamin, a leading Ontario member, declared: "I cannot refrain

-from acknowledging that Mr. Cartier has done more to unite the two

-races and to re-establish harmony between them, than any other member

-of the House."

-

-Well shall it always be for the Dominion, if its public men, no matter

-to what political party they may belong, always adhere to the sane

-and true principles upon which the Macdonald-Cartier alliance was

-based--mutual toleration and good-will, respect for the rights of all,

-the co-operation of races, the safeguarding of Canada's autonomy, and

-the development of Canadian nationality. The Macdonald-Cartier alliance

-in fact symbolized that union which should always exist between

-English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians. And why should there

-not be union? What matters it whether we speak different languages or

-worship at different altars, if we always remember that we are all

-Canadians, mutually interested in the welfare and aggrandizement of our

-common country. That was the spirit which actuated both Cartier and

-Macdonald during their long association, and it will be well if such a

-spirit always prevails in the Dominion. It is only, in fact, upon such

-a basis that the permanence of Confederation, of which Macdonald and

-Cartier were the principal architects, can be assured.

-

-

-For Canadian Nationality

-

-The aim of Macdonald, Cartier, and the other great Fathers of

-Confederation, was to establish broad and deep the foundations of a

-Canadian nationality, based on the broadest principles of justice,

-tolerance, and equal rights. All their public utterances during

-the Confederation negotiations, testify to this fact. Macdonald's

-conception was that as the Dominion progressed it would become, to use

-his own words, year by year less a case of dependence on our part, and

-of overwhelming protection on the part of the Mother Country, and more

-a case of healthy and cordial alliance, that instead of looking upon

-us as a merely dependent colony, England would have in us a friendly

-nation--a subordinate but still a powerful people--to stand by her in

-North America in peace or war.

-

-It is given to some men to have a vision that foresees the future

-and enables them to provide for momentous developments. Both Cartier

-and Macdonald were such men. It is in fact the supreme merit of

-Cartier that whilst always standing firmly for the rights of his

-French-Canadian compatriots, his vision was not confined to the

-Province of Quebec. If any one does, Cartier deserves the distinction

-of being known as a great Canadian. There was nothing narrow or

-provincial in his views. His idea was a united Canada, stretching

-from ocean to ocean, in which men of all races, languages and creeds

-should work together as brethren for the welfare and advancement of

-their common country. Cartier's desire was that his French-Canadian

-compatriots should not confine their attention to the Province of

-Quebec, but should take their full share in the life of the Dominion,

-that they should above all rejoice in the name "Canadian," be proud of

-the great Dominion and work for its welfare in co-operation with their

-English-speaking fellow countrymen.

-

-"Objection is made to our project," says Cartier, in his great speech

-during the Confederation debates, "because of the words 'a new

-nationality'. But if we unite we will form a political nationality

-independent of the national origin and religion of individuals. Some

-have regretted that we have a distinction of races and have expressed

-the hope that in time this diversity will disappear. The idea of a

-fusion of all races is utopian, it is an impossibility. Distinctions

-of this character will always exist, diversity is the order of the

-physical, moral and political worlds. As to the objection that we

-cannot form a great nation because Lower Canada is principally French

-and Catholic, Upper Canada English and Protestant, and the Maritime

-Provinces mixed, it is futile in the extreme.

-

-"Take for example the United Kingdom, inhabited as it is by three great

-races. Has the diversity of races been an obstacle to the progress and

-the welfare of Great Britain? Have not the three races united by their

-combined qualities, their energy and their courage, contributed to the

-glory of the Empire, to its laws of wise, to its success on land, on

-sea, and in commerce?

-

-"In our Confederation there will be Catholics and Protestants,

-English, French, Irish and Scotch, and each by its efforts and success

-will add to the prosperity of the Dominion, to the glory of a new

-Confederation. We are of different races, not to quarrel, but to work

-together for our common welfare. We cannot by law make the differences

-of race disappear, but I am convinced that the Anglo-Canadian and the

-French-Canadian will appreciate the advantages of their position. Set

-side by side like a great family, their contact will produce a happy

-spirit of emulation. The diversity of race will in fact, believe me,

-contribute to the common prosperity."

-

-What words of wisdom! What a spirit of true patriotism, of justice

-and of toleration they breathe! If Cartier in fact had never made any

-other utterance than this, it would be sufficient to stamp him as a

-true patriot and wise statesman. It will be well for Canada if such are

-always the guiding principles of its national life.

-

-While the idea of Macdonald and Cartier and the other great Fathers

-of Confederation was, as has been said, to establish a Canadian

-nationality, none the less was it their intention to perpetuate British

-institutions on the North American continent, to establish, to use

-Macdonald's expression, a friendly nation, enjoying, it is true, the

-most complete autonomy, but at the same time in alliance with Great

-Britain and the other portions of the Empire. No stronger believer

-in British institutions as the repository of freedom; no more ardent

-admirer of the British flag as the symbol of justice and liberty could

-be found than Cartier. In all his utterances during the Confederation,

-debates, he took special pains to emphasize that Confederation was

-intended not to weaken, but to strengthen, the ties between the

-Dominion, Great Britain and the other portions of the Empire.

-"Confederation," he said, in one of his speeches on the measure, "has

-for its first reason our common affection for British institutions, its

-object is to assure by all possible guarantees, their maintenance in

-the future."

-

-For the British flag Cartier on all occasions expressed a passionate

-devotion.

-

-"The Canadian people," he said at a great banquet given in his honor in

-London in 1869, "desires to remain faithful to the old flag of Great

-Britain, that flag which waves over all seas, which tyranny has never

-been able to overcome, that flag which symbolizes true liberty".

-

-These words expressed Cartier's deep and earnest conviction. During

-his several visits to Great Britain, he was deeply impressed by

-the greatness of British institutions. On those occasions he was

-the recipient of signal marks of honor; he was the personal guest

-of Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle for some time, and he received

-marked attention from Gladstone, Lord Lytton, and other distinguished

-British statesmen. His services in connection with the establishment

-of Confederation, as you know, were recognized by the conferring of a

-baronetcy upon him by Queen Victoria.

-

-

-CARTIER'S WORK FOR MONTREAL

-

-Having reviewed the great work which Cartier did for Canada in general,

-permit me to emphasize the eminent services which he rendered to

-Montreal. It is doubtful whether many Montrealers of the present

-generation fully realize the importance of Cartier's services to this

-city, and for that reason this portion of his career should be of

-special interest to citizens of this great metropolis.

-

-From 1861 until 1872, Cartier was one of the representatives of

-Montreal, first in the Parliament of United Canada, and afterwards

-in the House of Commons. During a portion of that period, he also

-represented Montreal-East in the Quebec Legislature under the system

-of dual representation which prevailed for some time following the

-establishment of Confederation. Montreal's interests were always dear

-to Cartier's heart, and throughout his long public career he zealously

-strove to promote the welfare and development of this city.

-

-Reference has already been made to the interest which Cartier showed

-from the outset of his career in railway construction. He realized that

-in order that Montreal might attain an unrivalled position, it would

-be necessary that railway communications should be established, that

-the St. Lawrence channel should be deepened, and that canals should be

-constructed and improved. One of the earliest of his speeches of which

-we have record was delivered at a great mass-meeting of the citizens

-of Montreal, held in 1846, on the Champ de Mars, to promote the

-construction of the Montreal & Portland Railway to connect Montreal and

-Portland. Cartier on that occasion declared that such an undertaking

-was a truly national work. Alluding to the fact that property in such

-cities as Buffalo, Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, which

-had become great railway terminals, had as a result greatly increased

-in value, he declared that the same thing would happen in the case of

-Montreal if adequate railway facilities were established.

-

-"The prosperity of Montreal," he said, "depends upon its position as

-the great emporium for the commerce of the West, and we can only assure

-that prosperity by better means of transport from the waters of the

-West to the Atlantic by our canals and railways."

-

-When he became a member of Parliament Cartier continued his agitation

-for adequate railway facilities, and one of the first speeches he

-delivered in the legislature of United Canada, February 15th, 1849, was

-in advocacy of the completion of the Montreal & Portland Railway.

-

-"There is no time to lose in the completion of the road," said Cartier

-on that occasion, "if we wish to assure for ourselves the commerce of

-the West. All the cities of the Atlantic Coast are disputing for that

-commerce."

-

-Referring to the efforts being made by New York, Philadelphia,

-Baltimore, and other American cities to capture this commerce, Cartier

-said: "In seeing the efforts that an intelligent population is making,

-we cannot doubt the importance of the trade of the lakes which they

-covet and the profits which will result. Now, we may secure the greater

-part of that trade by constructing this road as soon as possible."

-

-At another great mass meeting of the citizens of Montreal, held at the

-Bonsecours Market on July 31st, 1849, at which resolutions were adopted

-favoring the completion of the Montreal & Portland Railway, on motion

-of Cartier, seconded by John Rose, it was resolved that the city should

-take shares in the company. Cartier on that occasion made a fervent

-appeal that the interests of Montreal should be considered.

-

-"I do not fear to say," he declared, "that Montreal will be recreant

-to its best interests, and will be the most backward of cities if it

-neglects the means that is offered it to reclaim a prosperity which

-is now leaving it. I appeal to the large proprietors, to the small

-proprietors who make the prosperity of the large ones, and to the

-industrial and working classes which make the prosperity of both. We

-have an exceptional chance to attract foreign capital. The city has

-only to guarantee a bagatelle compared to the enormous debts contracted

-by the smaller cities of the United States to attract capital which

-passes through the hands of tradesmen and workingmen, to relieve trade

-which is languishing. It is an advantage which will be enjoyed even

-before the work is completed."

-

-Cartier pointed out that New York had contracted a debt of $25,000,000

-to provide proper railway facilities, as it had sufficient faith in

-itself and in the spirit of enterprise of its citizens to discount the

-future.

-

-"The time has come," said Cartier, addressing the citizens of Montreal,

-"to belie your reputation as apathetic men without energy and without a

-spirit of enterprise. Let those terms cease to be applied to the name

-'Canadian'. This great meeting is one of the first to be held in a city

-of the British Provinces to encourage an enterprise of this importance.

-It is proper that the example should come from Montreal, the commercial

-head of British America. It should show itself worthy of its position.

-Let us arouse ourselves, let us agitate."

-

-Cartier had the vision to foresee the great future in store for

-Montreal, if adequate transportation facilities were provided.

-

-"Montreal," he prophetically declared on the same occasion, "is

-destined to become the great emporium for the West. Without railways

-and canals it will be impossible for it to attain the glorious position

-which will make it one of the principal cities of the continent."

-

-Largely as the result of Cartier's persistent efforts, the Montreal

-& Portland Railway which for a long time was the only outlet during

-the winter for Canadian produce, destined for Europe, was completed,

-and inaugurated in 1851, being subsequently absorbed by the Grand

-Trunk Railway Company. Before the completion of this road, it must be

-remembered that there were only some seventy miles of railway in all

-Canada, the first road, the Laprairie and St. John's having been opened

-only a few years before, that is to say on July 21st, 1836. When we

-consider that to-day the total mileage of railways in Canada is 35,000

-miles, that last year our combined railways built 1,970 miles of new

-railway, on which was spent $30,000,000, and that the programme for

-this year provides for 2,700 miles of new track, costing $41,000,000,

-some idea may be obtained of the advance that has been made. Cartier

-deserves the credit of having been one of the first to realize the

-importance of railway construction in connection with the development

-of the country and of having been one of the strongest supporters of

-a forward policy in this respect--a policy to which we owe the three

-splendid railway systems we have to-day--the Canadian Pacific, the

-Grand Trunk, and the work of those two great railway men, Sir William

-Mackenzie and Sir Donald Mann--the Canadian Northern.

-

-One of Cartier's chief claims to honor is that it was he who secured

-the incorporation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, which has done so

-much for the development of Canada in general, and the City of Montreal

-in particular. Cartier always took the greatest pride in that fact. In

-a speech delivered in the legislature he declared that he regarded the

-construction of the Grand Trunk as the greatest benefit that had ever

-been conferred on the country. "I had charge of the Act which created

-the Grand Trunk Railway," he added, "and I am prouder of that than of

-any other action of my life." The Grand Trunk at the outset of its

-history had many difficulties, financial and otherwise, to encounter,

-and it was due to Cartier's efforts in a large measure, that the

-company was able to tide over these difficulties and that its success

-was assured.

-

-Reviewing his public career at a great banquet given in his honor by

-the citizens of Montreal, on October 30th, 1866, on the eve of his

-departure for London as one of the Confederation delegates, Cartier

-referring to the efforts he had made on behalf of the Grand Trunk

-said: "In 1852-53, encouraged by the Hincks-Morin Ministry, I asked

-for the incorporation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, and I had it

-voted despite the most furious opposition. I also had the construction

-of the Victoria Bridge voted. You will recall the prejudices there

-were against that measure. It was a work which would produce floods

-in Montreal, it was a means to divert commerce towards Portland. But

-the prejudice, against these great measures were soon dissipated, it

-was only a passing tempest. It was so, too, for the Grand Trunk and

-the Victoria Bridge. The Grand Trunk and the Victoria Bridge have

-flooded Montreal with an abundance of prosperity. What would Montreal

-be without the Grand Trunk? It has assured for us the commerce of the

-West."

-

-Addressing the electors of Montreal-East when seeking re-election in

-1867, Cartier, referring to the construction of the Victoria Bridge,

-said: "You know that there existed considerable jealousy or rivalry

-between Quebec and Montreal, and that the two cities sought at the same

-time to secure the possession of a bridge across the river. I will not

-stop to discuss the advantages of such a bridge. Thanks to my efforts

-I am proud to be able to say Montreal finally secured it. Montreal

-has the Victoria Bridge. The results you know. Our city since then has

-had a considerable development which Confederation, I am certain, will

-increase."

-

-When we consider the important factor that the Grand Trunk Railway

-Company has been in the development of Eastern Canada, and what its

-associate company, the Grand Trunk Pacific, will be in the opening up

-and development of rich new districts in the West, it will be realized

-that Cartier in the part he played in the creation and assistance of

-this great railway system, rendered another most important service to

-Canada.

-

-St. Lawrence navigation and the advancement of the Port of Montreal

-found in Cartier a steadfast advocate, and the Allan Line which was

-the pioneer in ocean navigation via the St. Lawrence, secured from him

-the heartiest encouragement and support. Speaking in the Legislative

-Assembly in 1860, in favor of a proposal to increase the mail subsidy

-to the Allans, Cartier warmly supported means to increase navigation by

-the St. Lawrence. It was humiliating, he declared, to see nearly all

-our imports arriving by the steamships, the railways, and the canals

-of the United States. "Let us rise," he said, "to the height of the

-changes wrought by progress, for we are at the beginning of a new era

-which will eclipse anything we have yet seen." The improvement of the

-harbor and port of Montreal always found in Cartier a zealous advocate,

-as he fully realized how important it was for Montreal's progress and

-prosperity.

-

-Cartier persistently advocated the enlargement of the canals, so as to

-divert the commerce of the West from American ports to this port, and

-thus benefit the City of Montreal. In a speech on the deepening of Lake

-St. Peter, delivered in the Parliament of United Canada on May 11th,

-1860, he said: "Up to the present all our debt has been contracted

-for the execution of very important public works--the Welland Canal,

-the St. Lawrence Canal, the Rideau Canal, the Lachine Canal, etc. But

-we have not yet attained our object, which is to divert the commerce

-of the great lakes from the American routes to the St. Lawrence. This

-commerce continues to pass by New York and Pennsylvania, and all that

-we see is the traffic destined for Ogdensburg and Oswego. What means

-should be taken to remedy this condition of affairs? We have come to

-the conclusion to abolish all tolls on the canals, and to make the St.

-Lawrence route perfectly free from the ocean to the great lakes."

-

-In reply to a remark by George Brown that the measure seemed to be

-designed to attract the commerce of the West to Montreal, to the

-detriment of Upper Canada, Cartier said: "I do not see why it should

-be apprehended that Montreal will secure so many advantages from this

-amelioration. This city is at the head of navigation, and is the

-principal centre of commerce; it is inspired by the spirit of progress,

-and I believe that in place of jealousy, all should be proud of its

-success. Whatever they can do, they can never prevent its being the

-most important city of the country, and from becoming a rival of the

-great American cities."

-

-Reference has been made to the prominent part that Cartier took in

-advocating the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway; and in

-desiring to see the accomplishment of that great undertaking, he had

-an eye to the interests of Montreal. In a speech to the electors of

-Montreal-East on August 8th, 1872, he promised that Montreal would

-be the principal terminus of that great road. "I have," he said, to

-the citizens of Montreal on that occasion, "devoted all my efforts to

-further your interests and I have always desired that Montreal should

-have the lion's share."

-

-The mercantile and business interests always found in Cartier a

-friend, in fact had he not been a public man, it is likely that his

-inclinations would have made him a great business man.

-

-"Merchants," he said, speaking at a dinner tendered him by the

-merchants of Quebec, on December 23rd, 1869, "contribute greatly to the

-progress of the country. Without the English merchants, England could

-not have kept its possessions in the world. Like Rome she would have

-lost her Colonies soon after their conquest. But the English merchant

-was the means of forming bonds between the new possessions of the

-Empire. I respect the interests of those here present. Those interests

-have greatly contributed to render Canada prosperous. Those who devote

-themselves to commerce form in every country one of the most important

-classes of society."

-

-Cartier's efforts on behalf of the mercantile interests of Montreal,

-and his faith in the future of this city never wavered, and he

-predicted its great expansion in wealth and population.

-

-"Our city," he said, addressing the electors of Montreal-East in 1867,

-"now counts 150,000 souls. In twenty years under Confederation, I

-predict that it will have more than 250,000 inhabitants."

-

-How Cartier's faith in Montreal has been justified, we all know. What

-was at the time he spoke a town of 150,000 people, has become a great

-metropolis of over 600,000 souls, and it is destined to have before

-many years a population of over one million people. As Montrealers we

-are all, as we have a right to be, proud of the great position which

-the city has attained, and of the still greater future which awaits it.

-Let us, in its day of greatness not forgot those, like Cartier, who in

-the days of small things foresaw the great future before Montreal and

-gave their best efforts to promote its interests.

-

-To the very end of his public career, Cartier's interest in the welfare

-of Montreal and his efforts to promote its advancement continued. His

-own words conveyed but the simple truth when he said in one of his last

-addresses, to his fellow citizens: "I frankly avow that all that my

-heart inspires, all that my knowledge and experience furnish, have been

-devoted to the welfare and prosperity of my compatriots in general and

-of Montreal in particular."

-

-Like many other statesmen, Cartier experienced the vicissitudes, as

-well as the triumphs, of public life. His last appeal to the electors

-of Montreal, made when he was practically a dying man, resulted, owing

-to a combination of circumstances, in his crushing defeat. He was

-greeted not with bouquets but with stones, from people of a city for

-which he had worked so hard, and for the advancement of which he had

-done so much. Another seat was found for him in Provencher, Manitoba,

-but his public career was over. In an effort to secure the restoration

-of his health he went to England, but the hope was vain: the incessant

-labors of a long public career had broken down a naturally robust

-constitution, and the great statesman passed away in London, England,

-on May 23rd, 1873. His last thoughts were for his beloved country.

-

-"Say to his friends in Canada," wrote one of his daughters in a

-touching letter announcing his death to a friend in Montreal, "say to

-his friends in Canada that he loved his country to the last, that his

-only desire was to return. Two days before his death he had all the

-Canadian newspapers read to him. Even his enemies, I hope, will not

-refuse to admit that before all he loved his country."

-

-The national mourning that followed the announcement of his death, the

-enconiums pronounced by the newspapers of all shades of opinion, the

-eulogies delivered in Parliament, the scene of his labors for so many

-years, and the imposing public funeral that was given his remains in

-Montreal, all bore eloquent testimony to the fact that the Canadian

-people, regardless of party, recognized that in his death Canada had

-indeed lost one who before all had loved his country. His remains rest

-beneath the soil of Mount Royal, which overlooks the city that he loved

-so well, and for the interests of which he worked so hard.

-

-

-Lessons of Cartier's Life

-

-What were the lessons of Cartier's life? They may be summed up in the

-three words--patriotism, duty, and tolerance. He loved his country and

-sought to promote its interests, he wore himself out in the discharge

-of his public duties, he was a man of the broadest views and the utmost

-tolerance. As Sir Adolphe Routhier has well remarked, to most public

-men public life is a career, but for Cartier it was an apostolate,

-a patriotic mission, and to fulfill that mission he sacrificed

-everything, even the modest fortune of which his family had need.[5]

-

-A French-Canadian and proud of his origin, a Roman Catholic and true

-to his faith, strong in his convictions, Cartier at the same time was

-a man of generous sympathies, of broad views, and great tolerance. His

-charity was broad enough to include men of all races, languages, and

-creeds. "My policy, and I think it best," he said on one occasion,

-"is respect for the rights of all." Actuated by that spirit he stood

-firmly on all occasions where there was justification for the rights

-of minorities, whether French or English, Catholic or Protestant. At

-the time of Confederation, for instance, some fear was expressed that

-the interests of the Protestant minority of Quebec would be jeopardized

-under the new constitution. Cartier pledged his word that nothing of

-the kind would happen. "I have already had occasion to proclaim in

-Parliament," he said, addressing the citizens of Montreal, "that the

-Protestant minority of Lower Canada have nothing to fear from the

-Provincial Legislature under Confederation. My word is given, and I

-repeat that nothing will be done of a nature to injure the principles

-and the rights of that minority."

-

-Cartier's pledge, it is needless to say, has been sacredly kept.

-

-On the same occasion, Cartier showed his largeness of views by

-declaring: "You know that I am a Catholic. I love my religion,

-believing it the best, but whilst proudly declaring myself a Catholic,

-I believe it my duty as a public man to respect the sincerity and the

-religious convictions of others. I am also a French-Canadian. I love my

-race. I of course have for it a predilection which is assuredly only

-natural, but as a public man and as a citizen, I also love others."

-Such were Cartier's guiding principles throughout life.

-

-Cartier, like all other human beings, had his faults, as well as

-his virtues, his public career was not without its mistakes, but

-nobody ever questioned his ardent love for his country, his absolute

-sincerity, his high sense of honor, his personal honesty and integrity,

-his fearless energy, and the firmness with which he always stood for

-his convictions. His motto "_Franc Et Sans Dol_"--"Frank And Without

-Deceit," well describes the character of the man.

-

-Did time permit, Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, a great deal more

-might be said of Cartier and his works. But has not sufficient been

-said to justify the contention that Cartier was a great Canadian, a

-nation-builder in the truest sense of that term, one whose memory

-is entitled to lasting honor from all Canadians? Does not the

-summary record of his career, which has been given, amply justify

-the declaration of the great Lord Dufferin that Cartier's name must

-forever be indissolubly incorporated with the most eventful and most

-glorious epoch of his country's history, commencing as it did with his

-entrance into political life and culminating in that consolidation of

-the Provinces to which his genius, courage and ability so materially

-contributed.

-

-Macdonald, Cartier, Tupper, Tilley, Brown, Galt, and the other great

-Fathers of Confederation builded better even than they knew. As the

-result of their wise statesmanship and patriotic efforts, Canada

-to-day stands a young giant amongst the peoples of the world. Under

-Confederation there has been witnessed a marvellous expansion and an

-unprecedented prosperity. We have to-day, to use the words of one of

-the most patriotic of our national poets, John Daniel Logan,--we have

-to-day a land:--

-

-

-     Blessed with youth and strength, with health and peace.

-

-

-And great as is the position of the Dominion at present, it is

-insignificant to what it will be if Canadians are only true to the

-teachings of the Fathers, if they all work together for the common

-welfare, if they are true to the national interests of the Dominion,

-and guard their great heritage against all influences of an insidious

-character.

-

-

-Honor Cartier's Memory

-

-Canadians do well to honor the memories of those great men who laid

-broad and deep the foundations of Canadian nationality, and who

-accomplished great works for the welfare of the Dominion. In the

-leading cities of Canada, stately monuments attest the recognition of a

-grateful people of the services of that great Father of Confederation,

-and that illustrious Canadian statesman, Sir John A. Macdonald. Brown

-and Tilley, too, have their monuments. Sir Charles Tupper is still

-happily with us in person, and I am sure that we all trust that his

-life may long be spared. His name will always be remembered as that of

-one of the leading Fathers of Confederation and one of our greatest

-statesmen.

-

-Does not justice demand that fitting honor should be done to that other

-great Father of Confederation, Sir George Etienne Cartier, by the

-erection of a memorial in the city which he represented in Parliament

-for so many years, and for whose interests he strove so zealously?

-

-When in November, 1910, at a meeting held at the St. Jean Baptiste

-Market Hall in this city, it was proposed by Mr. E. W. Villeneuve, now

-president of the Cartier Centenary Committee, whom we have with us

-to-day, that the centenary of Cartier's birth should be appropriately

-commemorated and that steps should be taken for the erection of a

-monument to his memory, the proposal was enthusiastically taken up.

-Since then the movement has assumed not only a national but an Empire

-scope, and representatives of every portion of the Empire will be

-present at the commemorative celebration next year. The movement, it

-may be mentioned is absolutely non-partisan in character, it being

-recognized that Cartier's memory is a national possession. The Prime

-Minister of the Dominion, Right Hon. R. L. Borden; the leader of the

-Liberal Party, Sir Wilfrid Laurier; the Prime Minister of the Province

-of Quebec, Sir Lomer Gouin; the Prime Ministers of all the Provinces;

-leading Liberals as well as Conservatives, throughout the Dominion,

-have united to render homage to the memory of one who did so much

-for Canada. Thanks to the co-operation and support of the Dominion

-Government and the Governments of all the Provinces, the erection of

-a splendid memorial, which will stand on one of the slopes of Mount

-Royal, and the first stone of which will be laid by His Royal Highness

-the Duke of Connaught, on September 1st next, is now practically

-assured. The memorial, the work of the eminent Canadian sculptor, Mr.

-G. W. Hill, will not only serve to honor and perpetuate Cartier's

-memory, but will also commemorate the establishment of Confederation,

-in which he played such a conspicuous part. In addition to the imposing

-statue of Cartier the memorial will bear statues representing every one

-of the nine provinces of the Dominion, the whole symbolical of that

-United Canada, which was one of Cartier's cherished dreams.

-

-In connection with the unveiling of the memorial, it is proposed to

-hold a series of commemorative celebrations, and it is confidently

-expected that the citizens of Montreal, ever alive as they are to the

-interests and reputation of the commercial metropolis, will give their

-hearty support and co-operation in making the celebration worthy not

-only of the memory of the great statesman, but also of the leading city

-of the Dominion, with which he was so closely identified.

-

-And when, Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, on the 6th of September of

-next year, the one hundredth anniversary of Cartier's birth, amidst

-the plaudits of hundreds of thousands of Canadians of all origins,

-creeds, and political leanings, the veil shall be removed from the

-magnificent memorial which shall stand on one of the commanding slopes

-of Mount Royal, testifying to the grateful recognition of the whole

-Dominion, justice shall have been done to the memory of one who loved

-his country, who accomplished great works for its benefit, whose heart

-was ever stirred by that feeling of ardent devotion to his native land

-which he himself expressed in those burning words of patriotism:

-

-"_O Canada, Mon Pays, Mes Amours!_"[6]

-

-

-

-

-O CANADA, MY OWN BELOVED LAND![7]

-

-From the French "O CANADA, MON PAYS, MES AMOURS," of Sir George Etienne

-Cartier.

-

-

-BY JOHN BOYD

-

-For the Cartier Centenary.

-

-

-     "One's own land is best of all,"

-       So an ancient adage says;

-     To sing it is the poet's call,

-       Mine be to sing my fair land's praise.

-     Strangers behold with envious eyes

-       St. Lawrence's tide so swift and grand,

-     But the Canadian proudly cries,

-       O Canada, my own beloved land!

-

-     Rivers and streams in myriad maze

-       Meander through our fertile plains,

-     Midst many a lofty mountain's haze,

-       What vast expanse the vision chains!

-     Vales, hills and rapids, forest brakes--

-       What panorama near so grand!

-     Who doth not love thy limpid lakes,

-       O Canada, my own beloved land!

-

-     Each season of the passing year,

-       In turn, attractions hath to bless.

-     Spring like an ardent wooer, dear,

-       Besports fair flowers and verdant dress;

-     Summer anon prepares to wrest

-       The harvest rare with joyful hand;

-     In Fall and Winter, feast and jest.

-       O Canada, my own beloved land!

-

-     Canadians, like their sires of old

-       Revel in song and gaily live,

-     Mild, gentle, free, not overbold,

-       Polite and gallant, welcome give.

-     Patriots, to country ever leal,

-       They, foes of slavery, staunchly stand;

-     Their watchword is the peace and weal

-       Of Canada, their beloved land.

-

-     Each country vaunts its damsels fair,

-       (I quite agree with truth they boast)

-     But our Canadian girls must share

-       The witching charm of beauty's host,

-     So lovely they and so sincere,

-       With that French charm of magic wand,

-     Coquettish just to make them dear.

-       O Canada, my own beloved land!

-

-     O my country, thou art blest,

-       Favoured of all the nations now!

-     But the stranger's vile behest

-       Would the seeds of discord sow.

-     May thy brave sons for thy sake

-       Join to help thee, hand in hand,

-     For thy great day doth e'en now break,

-       O Canada, my own beloved land!

-

-

-FOOTNOTES:

-

-[1] Dr. Parkin--Life of Sir John A. Macdonald.

-

-[2] John Lewis, Life of George Brown.

-

-[3] Dr. Parkin--Life of Sir John A. Macdonald.

-

-[4] A. D. DeCelles, Cartier Et Son Temps.

-

-[5] Sir Adolphe Routhier-Conférence sur Sir George Etienne Cartier,

-issued by the Cartier Centenary Committee in pamphlet form.

-

-[6] See following pages.

-

-[7] The above which is a faithful translation of the famous

-French-Canadian national song, "O Canada Mon Pays, Mes Amours," is

-intended simply to give the sense of the original. The song was

-composed in 1835 by George Etienne Cartier, then a young man of 21 who

-was destined to become one of the most illustrious figures in Canadian

-history. Cartier was for some time secretary of the St. Jean Baptiste

-Association which was founded by Ludger Duvernay in 1834, and it was

-at the first celebration of St. Jean Baptiste day held in Montreal in

-1835, that the song was sung for the first time by Cartier himself.

-

-As the result of the indefatigable efforts of the president of the

-Cartier Centenary Committee, Mr. E. W. Villeneuve and those associated

-with him in this patriotic undertaking, the Centenary of Sir George

-Etienne Cartier's birth will be commemorated in 1914 by the unveiling

-of a magnificent monument on Mount Royal, and a series of historic

-celebrations. A brilliant success is assured for the Centenary

-celebration, and the splendid memorial which will stand on one of the

-slopes of Mount Royal will forever commemorate the illustrious career

-of Cartier and the great work of Canadian Confederation with which he

-was prominently identified.

-

-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER ***

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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 64593 ***
+
++-------------------------------------------------+
+|Transcriber's note:                              |
+|                                                 |
+|Obvious typographic errors have been corrected.  |
+|                                                 |
++-------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+Sir George Etienne Cartier
+
+His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal
+
+
+AN ADDRESS
+
+DELIVERED BEFORE THE CANADIAN CLUB OF MONTREAL
+
+_April 7th, 1913_
+
+BY
+
+JOHN BOYD
+
+Author of The Memorial History of the Life and Times of Sir George
+Etienne Cartier
+
+(To be issued in connection with the Cartier Centenary Celebration,
+1914)
+
+
+ISSUED BY THE CARTIER CENTENARY COMMITTEE MONTREAL 1913
+
+
+
+
+THE CARTIER CENTENARY
+
+1814-1914
+
+Under the distinguished patronage of H. R. H. The Duke of Connaught
+
+
+Executive Committee
+
+
+Patron:
+
+SIR CHARLES TUPPER, BART.
+
+
+President:
+
+E. W. VILLENEUVE, ESQ.
+
+
+Vice-Presidents:
+
+SIR RODOLPHE FORGET
+HON. J. J. GUERIN
+HON. N. PERODEAU
+H. A. EKERS, ESQ.
+D. LORNE MCGIBBON, ESQ.
+
+
+Honorary Treasurers:
+
+HON. J. A. OUIMET
+President City & District Savings Bank
+
+H. V. MEREDITH, ESQ.
+General Manager, Bank of Montreal
+
+
+Honorary Secretaries:
+
+JOHN BOYD, ESQ.
+C. A. PARISEAULT, ESQ.
+F. ARTHUR JACKSON, ESQ.
+HORACE J. GAGNE, ESQ.
+
+
+Secretary:
+
+H. R. OVENDEN, ESQ.
+
+
+Bankers:
+
+THE BANK OF MONTREAL
+
+
+Address - - P. O. Box 188
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER
+
+Born Sept. 6, 1814     Died May 23, 1873]
+
+
+
+
+The accompanying address has been registered in accordance with the
+Copyright Act by JOHN BOYD.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD.
+
+
+The great interest that has been aroused in the Cartier Centenary
+movement was shown by the large gathering which assembled at the
+Canadian Club luncheon in the Sailors' Institute on Monday, April 7th,
+1913, to hear Mr. John Boyd speak on "Sir George Etienne Cartier, His
+Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal." The speaker's references
+to the work that Cartier had accomplished for Canada, and especially
+to the great services that he rendered to the City of Montreal, were
+enthusiastically applauded by the large audience of representative
+business men.
+
+The accompanying address which includes a summary of Sir George Etienne
+Cartier's career and achievements is but a preliminary to the Memorial
+History of the Life and Times of Cartier which is now being written
+by Mr. John Boyd, and which will deal exhaustively not only with
+Cartier's career but also with the whole period covered by that career,
+one of the most memorable periods of Canadian history. The work will
+be published next year under the auspices of the Cartier Centenary
+Committee in connection with the great commemorative celebration of the
+one hundredth anniversary of Cartier's birth.
+
+
+
+
+SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER
+
+His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal.
+
+(AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BY MR. JOHN BOYD BEFORE THE
+CANADIAN CLUB OF MONTREAL, APRIL 7th, 1913.)
+
+
+Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen:
+
+The subject of the address which I have the privilege of delivering
+to-day is "Sir George Etienne Cartier, His Work for Canada and His
+Services to Montreal."
+
+Let me at the outset, Mr. Chairman, express my deep appreciation of the
+honor the Executive of the Canadian Club has done me in inviting me to
+address the members of this important and representative organization.
+
+When, in 1892, through the efforts of Mr. Charles R. McCullough of
+Hamilton, the first Canadian Club was organized, a movement was
+inaugurated of the utmost importance to the Dominion. Every important
+centre throughout the country now has its Canadian Club, and these
+organizations, or as they have been well termed, these "universities
+of the people" now numbering nearly one hundred, are doing a splendid
+work in fostering a spirit of patriotism and in creating that national
+sentiment which is so essential to Canada's welfare. The Canadian Club
+of Montreal, composed as it is of the most representative citizens of
+the commercial metropolis, has ever been foremost in this great work,
+and it is indeed a privilege to have the opportunity of addressing such
+a gathering.
+
+What more appropriate subject, Mr. Chairman, could be found for an
+address before a Canadian Club, than the career of one of our great
+nation-builders, of one who helped to lay the foundations of Canadian
+nationality and of the Dominion's greatness?
+
+It is not my intention, Mr. Chairman, nor would time permit on this
+occasion, to deal exhaustively with the life and achievements of Sir
+George Etienne Cartier. That is now engaging my attention in another
+form, and when the Memorial History of the Life and Times of George
+Etienne Cartier shall appear, it will, I trust be found to be at
+least an exhaustive review of a great career and of one of the most
+memorable periods of Canadian history. On this occasion, owing to the
+limited time at my disposal, I shall content myself with reviewing
+succinctly Cartier's public career and achievements, dwelling briefly
+on the lessons of his life with special emphasis upon the great work
+that he did for Canada in general and the eminent services which he
+rendered to the City of Montreal in particular.
+
+I shall take it for granted, Gentleman, that you are all conversant
+with the main facts of Cartier's career, from his birth at St. Antoine
+on the Richelieu River on September 6th, 1814, until his entrance to
+public life at the age of 34 in 1848, from that date until he became
+Prime Minister of United Canada in 1858, and from that until his death
+in 1873 when he held the portfolio of Minister of Militia and Defence
+in the Dominion Government.
+
+Cartier's public career covered a period of some twenty-five years,
+that is to say from 1848 to 1873. What fruitful efforts, what
+herculanean labors, what great achievements, what struggles, defeats
+and triumphs were crowded within the compass of that career! The period
+which it covered was one of the most remarkable, if not the most
+remarkable, in the whole range of Canadian history. It was a period
+which witnessed many great constitutional changes, many transformations
+of parties, many fierce political struggles. It saw the beginning and
+the end of the Union, it marked the triumph of the long struggle for
+responsible government, it witnessed the birth of Confederation. It was
+a period fecund of great events and momentous developments, it was also
+a period rendered notable by the long succession of great statesmen
+whose names must forever be illustrious in Canadian history.
+
+During all of that period Cartier played an active part and at times
+occupied a pre-eminent position.
+
+At the beginning of his career, Cartier was a zealous reformer. In his
+youth like so many other ardent spirits of the time he came under the
+influence of Louis Joseph Papineau, when that great French Canadian
+tribune, with his incomparable eloquence, was thundering against those
+administrative abuses which were directly responsible for the troubles
+of the period. Nor was Papineau alone in his opposition to what Cartier
+described as the action of a minority which sought to dominate the
+majority and exploit the government in its own interests. Papineau,
+it should be remembered had the support of leading English-speaking
+Canadians, such as the distinguished Wolfred Nelson, afterwards Mayor
+of Montreal; in fact it is a noteworthy historical feature that some
+of the leading figures in the struggle for responsible government
+in Lower Canada were English-speaking. Cartier's participation in
+the rising of 1837 was due to the ardor and impetuosity of youth and
+the sincere convictions he held that the prevailing evils called for
+drastic measures. His experience convinced him of the folly of an
+appeal to arms; he realized that the remedy for existing evils must be
+sought, not through armed resistance to the constituted authorities,
+but through constitutional agitation and legislative action. He became
+a staunch supporter of LaFontaine's policy, and one of his earliest
+campaign speeches was made in advocacy of the principle of ministerial
+responsibility during the crisis resulting from the resignation of
+the LaFontaine-Baldwin Government in 1844. In 1848, when Cartier
+first entered Parliament, the struggle for responsible government,
+thanks to the efforts of those two great statesmen, Louis Hypolite
+LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin, whose names will forever be held in the
+highest honor by all Canadians, had been fought and won. When justice
+had been secured and existing abuses remedied by the granting of
+responsible government, Cartier became, and ever afterwards continued
+to be one of the warmest supporters and most zealous champions of
+British institutions, a strong advocate of the maintenance of British
+connection and a passionate lover of the British flag.
+
+Cartier was the destined successor of LaFontaine in the great work of
+reconstruction, pacification, and conciliation, and when LaFontaine
+retired in 1851, and was followed a few years later by that other
+eminent French-Canadian statesman, Auguste Norbert Morin, Cartier's
+path to the leadership of his native province was clear. For years he
+was the undisputed leader: his voice, as has been well said, was the
+voice of Quebec.
+
+The struggle for responsible government having been won, an era of
+marked industrial expansion and development followed under the Union.
+It was an era of railway building, of canal construction, of the
+establishment of great public works. Cartier, owing to his practical
+qualities, his great business abilities, his mastery of details, and
+his administrative capacities, was eminently qualified to obtain
+a leading position during such a period. He achieved distinction
+as a reformer, as an able administrator, as a legislator, and as a
+constructive statesman. His name is attached to some of the most
+important Acts of a period prolific of important legislation. It
+is sufficient to mention in this connection such measures as the
+construction of the Montreal and Portland Railway, the decentralization
+of the judiciary, the codification of the civil laws and of civil
+procedure, the modification of the criminal law, the Municipal Act of
+Lower Canada, the Act relating to registration offices, the abolition
+of the seigniorial tenure, the choice of Ottawa as the Capital of
+Canada, the construction of the Grand Trunk Railway and the Victoria
+Bridge, the organization of the educational system of Lower Canada, the
+improvement and deepening of the St. Lawrence, the building of canals,
+the union of the provinces of British North America, the acquisition
+of the North-West Territories, the construction of the Intercolonial
+Railway, the establishment of the Province of Manitoba, the admission
+of British Columbia into Confederation, the establishment of the
+militia system and the initiation of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
+
+It would not be in accordance with that absolute truth which is
+demanded of history, to even infer that to Cartier alone is due the
+credit for the passage of all of these great measures. Many eminent
+men contributed by their efforts to their achievement. But to Cartier
+may fairly be adjudged the merit without detracting from the merits
+of others, of having taken an active part in the achievement of all
+of these important measures, of having devoted his great energies and
+abilities to their accomplishment, and of having played a determining
+part in the achievement of some of them. Some of these measures
+were of material benefit to the progress of the country. The legal
+reforms for which Cartier is entitled to the sole credit, constitute
+in themselves a monument to his wise statesmanship. Other measures
+in which he played a determining part, such as Confederation, were
+of an epoch-making character, in connection with Canada's national
+development and well-being. As an eminent French-Canadian writer, the
+late Senator Tassé, has well remarked, more than one of these measures
+would have been sufficient to immortalize Cartier. He was, to use
+Senator Tassé's words, at one and the same time a legislator, a founder
+of constitutions, a peaceful conqueror.
+
+
+Cartier and Confederation
+
+The greatest work in which Cartier participated, and in which it
+is freely acknowledged he played a determining part, was of course
+the establishment of Confederation. The idea of a union of all the
+provinces of British North America did not originate with Cartier,
+any more than it originated with Macdonald, Tupper, Tilley, Brown or
+the other great Fathers of Confederation. Proposals to that effect
+had been made long before, and the idea was one that had arisen
+in many minds as a desirable consummation and as a remedy for the
+chaotic conditions which then prevailed. But the idea was one that was
+heartily supported by Cartier from a very early period, and to the
+Cartier-Macdonald Government of which he became the head in 1858 as
+Prime Minister of United Canada must be given the credit of having
+taken the first practical steps to bring about Confederation. One of
+the items of that government's programme was the union of the British
+North American provinces, and soon after the close of the session
+of 1858, a delegation composed of three members of the Government,
+Cartier himself, A. T. Galt, and John Rose went to England to press
+the matter upon the Imperial Government. A memorandum submitted to the
+Imperial authorities and signed by Cartier, Galt and Rose urged the
+Imperial Government to take steps to have a meeting of delegates from
+all the British North American provinces to consider the question of
+Confederation and to report upon it.
+
+Though the steps taken in 1858 had no immediate result, the fact
+remains that the Government of which Cartier was the head, was the
+first to take up the question of the union of the British North
+American provinces, that, as the lamented Thomas D'Arcy McGee remarked
+in his great speech during the Confederation debate "the first real
+stage of the success of Confederation, the thing that gave importance
+to the theory in men's minds, was the memorandum of 1858, signed by
+Cartier, Galt and Rose. The recommendation in that memorandum" said
+McGee, "laid dormant until revived by the Constitutional Committee
+which led to the coalition, which led to the Quebec Conference, which
+led to the draft of the Constitution now on our table, and which" added
+McGee with assurance "will lead, I am fain to believe, to the union
+of all these provinces,"--an assurance, which was not long afterwards
+happily fulfilled.
+
+Cartier was the leader of the Quebec wing of the Coalition Ministry.
+He was a delegate to the Charlottetown Conference, as well as a member
+of the Quebec Conference. He took a leading part in the Confederation
+debates, ably defending the measure against the attacks made upon it.
+With Macdonald, Brown and Galt he was deputed after the scheme had
+been adopted by the Legislature to go to England to confer with Her
+Majesty's Government; he was also one of the delegates who sat in
+Conference from the 4th to the 24th December, 1866, at the Westminster
+Palace Hotel in London, and at which a series of 69 resolutions, based
+on those of the Quebec Conference, were finally passed. The sittings
+of that famous conference were renewed early in January of 1867, a
+series of draft bills were drawn up, and revised by the Imperial law
+officers, a bill was submitted to the Imperial Parliament in February,
+and on March 29th, under the title of the British North America Act,
+it received the royal assent. A royal proclamation issued from Windsor
+Castle on May 22nd, 1867, appointed July 1st as the date upon which the
+Act should come into force, and the following first of July witnessed
+the birth of what the Governor-General, Lord Monck, well designated as
+"a new nationality".
+
+The men who assembled at Quebec on October 10th, 1864, to devise means
+for bringing about the union of the British North American provinces,
+had momentous problems to solve, but they were all men of the most
+ardent patriotism, of the broadest views, and with a firm determination
+to carry to a successful issue the great work with which they had
+been entrusted. How they succeeded in their task we all know. It has
+been well remarked by one of the biographers of Sir John A. Macdonald
+that there are three men besides Macdonald who in the establishment
+of Confederation and in securing the large results which followed
+from that epoch-making measure, demand special mention. Those men
+were George Etienne Cartier, Charles Tupper, and Leonard Tilley.[1]
+Justice demands that George Brown should also be named amongst the
+great Fathers of Confederation, for without the co-operation of that
+eminent Liberal statesman it is questionable whether Confederation
+under the circumstances could have been effected at that time. It
+was George Brown who made the proposals which rendered the coalition
+ministry possible, and by sinking all party considerations and personal
+differences in a grave crisis of his country's history, he performed a
+signal act of patriotism, which entitles his name to a high place on
+Canada's roll of honor. It was in fact a striking lesson in patriotism
+and in devotion to country, to find men like Macdonald and Cartier on
+the one hand, and Brown on the other, forgetting all past differences
+and even bitter personal animosities, and sitting at the same council
+board to devise means by which the public interests might be served
+at a most critical juncture. Nor, amongst the leading Fathers of
+Confederation must Sir A. T. Galt be forgotten, for that distinguished
+statesman was a most zealous advocate of Confederation, holding that
+unless a union was effected, the provinces would inevitably drift
+into the United States. During the parliamentary session of 1858 he
+strongly advocated the federal union of all the British North American
+provinces, and as has been justly said, the resolutions which Galt then
+moved in favor of such a union, entitle him to a high place amongst the
+promoters of Confederation[2].
+
+Of the thirty-two statesmen who assembled at Quebec in 1864 and framed
+the Quebec resolutions which formed the basis of Confederation, but one
+survives to-day, and the Cartier Centenary movement has the privilege
+of having that great statesman whose name will forever be linked with
+the names of Macdonald and Cartier, as its patron. Still hale and
+hearty in his 92nd year, Sir Charles Tupper enjoys the veneration
+and esteem of all Canadians. It has been justly said by Sir John A.
+Macdonald's biographer, that in the "reconciliation of Nova Scotia to
+Confederation; in carrying out a great expensive and hazardous railway
+policy; in the establishment of a national fiscal system; in making
+Canadian expansion compatible with complete allegiance to the Empire,
+the aid which Macdonald received from Sir Charles Tupper, can scarcely
+be exaggerated. In him great natural ability and power as a platform
+speaker were united with a splendid optimism about his country, a
+courage that feared nothing, and a resoluteness of purpose which
+despised any obstacles with which he could be confronted."[3]
+
+It is not minimizing the services of any of the other illustrious
+Fathers of Confederation, to say that Cartier played a leading, in
+fact a determining part, in the achievement of that measure. His great
+colleagues have generously testified to the pre-eminent services which
+he rendered at that time.
+
+"Cartier was as bold as a lion. He was just the man I wanted: but for
+him Confederation should not have been carried," was the emphatic
+declaration made by Sir John A. Macdonald on the day when he unveiled
+the statue of his great colleague at Ottawa.
+
+Sir Charles Tupper's tribute is equally eloquent and emphatic. "I have
+no hesitation," he says, "in saying that without Cartier there would
+have been no Confederation, and therefore Canada owes him a debt that
+can never be repaid."
+
+Dr Parkin in his life of Sir John A. Macdonald, in the "Makers of
+Canada" series, also pays a just tribute to Cartier for his work in
+connection with Confederation when he says: "Without Cartier's loyal
+help, it would scarcely have been possible, when the effort for union
+came, to allay the anxiety of the French-Canadians lest they should be
+swallowed up, and their individuality be lost in the large proposed
+confederacy."
+
+Cartier's position at that time, it must be remembered, was an
+extremely difficult one, in fact, it is the difficulties which he
+then encountered and the manner in which he triumphed over them, that
+entitled him to all the more credit. "Never did a French-Canadian
+statesman" as an eminent French-Canadian writer has remarked, "have to
+face a greater responsibility than that which Cartier assumed the day
+when he had the alternative of accepting or refusing Confederation.
+Neither Papineau nor LaFontaine had to place in the balance such grave
+issues. Their role was reduced to demanding liberty for Canadians.
+Cartier had to choose between a problematical future and a recognized
+state of affairs, with well defined advantages. Would as many
+guarantees be found in the edifice which was to be constructed? By
+accepting the confederation of the provinces, was it not leaving the
+certain for the uncertain? Such were the questions which agitated minds
+anxiously weighed."[4]
+
+There was strong opposition to Confederation in Quebec as well as
+in other provinces. Cartier had to face the powerful attacks of
+redoubtable and able antagonists who maintained that Confederation
+would be detrimental to the interests of the French-Canadians. His
+contention was that with general interests entrusted to a central
+government and local interests to local legislatures, the rights of
+the French-Canadians would be amply safeguarded. Cartier maintained
+his position in the face of the most determined opposition and even
+against bitter personal attacks. He had his vindication when in the
+elections of 1867 the people of Quebec returned him to Parliament with
+a triumphant following.
+
+And has not the course of events since Confederation vindicated the
+position which Cartier then took? The French-Canadians have not only
+enjoyed the fullest freedom in the direction of provincial affairs,
+but they have played a large and important part in the public life
+of Canada, a French-Canadian has occupied the exalted position of
+Prime Minister of the Dominion, and no matter whether they agree
+with his policy or not, all fair-minded Canadians must admit that
+Sir Wilfrid Laurier personally filled that great office with the
+utmost distinction, with credit to himself and to his country. Under
+Confederation there has been friction at times due in most cases to
+demagogic appeals to popular passion and racial feeling, but the sound
+common sense of the mass of the people has always asserted itself,
+and the governmental and legislative machinery has been found elastic
+enough to meet ever increasing demands.
+
+A notable tribute was recently paid to Cartier and the other great
+Fathers of Confederation by that distinguished British statesman,
+diplomat, and author, Right Hon. James Bryce, when in addressing this
+Club a few weeks ago he said: "Not less remarkable than your material
+progress has been the growth of your constitutional government,
+although in its early days there were not wanting people to show that
+Canada could never be a great nation. Your federal system has worked
+on the whole with wonderful success and with little friction. It has
+worked perhaps better than anywhere else in the world; I think the
+only example of equal success is that of Switzerland. You have had the
+great problem of two races living side by side, of peoples different in
+race and language, whom the federal system was designed to unite, while
+the federation of districts so dissimilar as the province of British
+Columbia, the prairies, and the Maritime Provinces shows that as far
+as adaptation to local conditions is concerned the federal system has
+been an unqualified success. And this success is a tribute to the
+capacity of the men who have governed as well as to those who framed
+the constitution."
+
+The successful working of the federal system in Canada to which Mr.
+Bryce bore testimony, is another striking proof of the wise and
+far-sighted statesmanship of Cartier and the other public men who
+framed our constitution.
+
+
+Other Great Measures
+
+Confederation having been accomplished, Cartier's energies were
+directed to measures for the strengthening and defence of the national
+fabric. He was largely instrumental in determining the route of the
+Intercolonial Railway, and in having that road, which it is admitted
+has been a most important factor in consolidating the Dominion,
+completed. One of the most important measures of Cartier's public
+career, was undoubtedly the one which, as Minister of Militia and
+Defence, he presented to Parliament on March 31st, 1868, and which
+provided for the organization of the Canadian Militia, a measure that
+is the basis of our whole militia system.
+
+Confederation, as you know, originally included only the four provinces
+of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. It was the desire
+of Cartier, as it was that of Macdonald, to see established a united
+Canada, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific, a great maritime
+as well as land power with the furthest east united to the furthest
+west by a great transcontinental railway system. When the union of
+the four provinces had been accomplished, Cartier was steadfast in
+his efforts to secure the accomplishment of the larger idea. He fully
+realized the possibilities of the great West and the importance of
+securing for the Dominion that vast territory, the development of which
+has been the marvel of the past quarter of a century. Largely through
+his efforts, the great western territory now forming the Provinces
+of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, was secured from the Hudson's
+Bay Company on most advantageous terms. When we realize that this
+immensely rich territory, the "granary of the Empire" was acquired
+for the Dominion for the insignificant sum of $1,500,000, largely
+through the negotiations which Cartier conducted in England, some idea
+of the importance of the services he rendered in that connection,
+may be formed. Cartier also framed the bill creating the Province of
+Manitoba, which he presented and had passed at the session of 1871.
+Only one thing was needed to round out Confederation, and that was
+the admission of British Columbia. In the negotiations which resulted
+in the admission of that great Province into the Dominion, Cartier
+played a leading part, and it was he, who on November 28th, 1871,
+presented the bill to Parliament providing that British Columbia should
+become a portion of the Dominion. On that occasion Cartier hailed the
+realization of his dream of a united Canada extending from ocean to
+ocean, with pardonable pride.
+
+"I cannot close my explanations," he declared, "without impressing
+on the honorable members the greatness of the work. This young
+Confederation is on the point of extending over the whole northern
+portion of the continent, and when we consider that it took our
+neighbors sixty years to extend to the Pacific, where will be found
+in the history of the world anything comparable to our marvellous
+prosperity? I have always maintained that a nation to be great must
+have maritime power. We possess maritime power in a high degree. Our
+union with the maritime provinces gives us a seaboard on the east, and
+now our union with British Columbia will give us a seaboard on the
+west."
+
+With the admission of British Columbia to Confederation, the dream
+of Cartier and of Macdonald, of a united Canada extending from ocean
+to ocean, was realized. But one thing more was required to bind the
+scattered provinces firmly together-a great transcontinental railway.
+Cartier was one of the strongest advocates of such an undertaking,
+and to him belongs the glory of having had passed the first charter
+for the Canadian Pacific Railway. One of the terms of the union of
+British Columbia with Canada under the Act presented by Cartier, was
+the construction of such a road. It is related that the delegates of
+British Columbia during the negotiations urged upon Cartier that a
+railway should be built across the Prairies to the foot of the Rockies,
+and that a colonization road should be laid out from the foot of the
+Rockies to the Coast. "No," replied Cartier, "that will not do; ask for
+a railway the whole way and you will get it." Some leading public men
+of the time thought that Cartier was willing to undertake too great
+an obligation, but events have more than justified his optimism. At
+the session of 1872, Cartier presented resolutions providing for the
+construction of the Canadian Pacific. After a remarkable debate, a
+bill based on the resolutions was adopted, and Cartier, springing to
+his feet, gave utterance amidst loud cheers to the expression which has
+become historic: "All aboard for the West."
+
+It was the last great triumph of his public career. He did not live to
+see the realization of his dream, for it was not until thirteen years
+afterwards, that is to say, on November 7th, 1885, that the last spike
+of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway was driven by Sir
+Donald Smith, now Lord Strathcona, at Craigellachie, a small village
+of British Columbia, and on July 24th, 1886, Cartier's great colleague
+and fellow-worker for a united Canada, Sir John A. Macdonald personally
+reached the Pacific by rail from Ottawa.
+
+Though Cartier did not live to see the completion of the gigantic
+undertaking which meant so much for Canada, it is one of his chief
+merits that he was one of its initiators and strongest supporters, and
+that he foresaw and foretold its great future.
+
+"Before very long", he declared, addressing Parliament, "the English
+traveller who lands at Halifax will be able in five or six days to
+cover half of the continent inhabited by British subjects."
+
+How Cartier's prophecy has been fulfilled we all know. The traveller
+landing to-day at Halifax can reach Victoria by means of the Canadian
+Pacific in less than six days. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company has
+become one of the greatest corporations in the world, operating not
+only a great transcontinental railway, and a chain of palatial hotels,
+but also possessing magnificent fleets on the Atlantic and the Pacific,
+with its vessels now encircling the globe. It has progressed stage by
+stage until under the able direction of its present distinguished head,
+Sir Thomas Shaughnessy, it has attained the greatest position in its
+history. The company's expansion has in fact been one of the marvels
+of history, and with the continued development of the Dominion, its
+achievements, great as they have been, will undoubtedly be surpassed
+in the future. Cartier, by his strenuous advocacy of the construction
+of the road in days when faith in the future was at a discount, gave
+another evidence of his great foresight as well as of his faith in the
+future of the Dominion which he did so much to establish.
+
+
+Cartier and Macdonald
+
+No review of Cartier's career, however summary, would be complete
+without some reference to the alliance that existed between him and
+that other great Canadian statesman, Sir John A. Macdonald, an alliance
+which was for a long period a most important factor in the public
+life of Canada. In his great painting "The Fathers of Confederation,"
+the artist Harris most appropriately places Macdonald and Cartier
+conspicuously in the centre of the group, and the names of those two
+great statesmen must forever be linked in connection with that epoch
+making measure.
+
+Macdonald and Cartier began their public careers within a few years
+of each other, Macdonald being first returned to Parliament in 1844,
+while Cartier became a member in 1848. The two men first became
+closely associated as members of the same Government, the MacNab-Taché
+Ministry, formed in 1855, in which ministry Macdonald held the
+portfolio of Attorney-General for Upper Canada while Cartier was
+Provincial Secretary, the first public office he held. From that time
+until the day of Cartier's death, the association between the two
+men remained practically unbroken. Their alliance, as has been well
+said, was based on equal consideration for the rightful claims of both
+nationalities.
+
+Each of the two men had qualities not possessed by the other.
+Macdonald had a magnetic personality, he was a consummate tactician,
+an incomparable leader of men. He had that genius which enables its
+possessor to seize and make the most of an opportunity. He had that
+quality so indispensable in a great leader of gaining the loyal and
+devoted support of men of widely different characters and temperaments.
+Macdonald in short combined the grasp of a statesman with the arts of a
+politician. Cartier excelled as an administrator, he was a tireless and
+indefatigable worker who never spared himself and who expected others
+to follow his example. He studied and analyzed all subjects which he
+had to handle to the very bottom, and when he came to discuss them he
+had a complete mastery of all the details. He was strong, nay, even
+dogmatic, in his convictions; once his mind was made up he pursued
+the path he had marked out for himself with persistent determination,
+heedless of all obstacles in his way. To his followers his word was
+law, and he exacted from them an unswerving obedience. His energy was
+prodigious: he deserved the designation given to him by Gladstone when
+that great statesman said that Cartier was "_un homme qui semble être
+légion_",--a man who was a legion in himself. Cartier's was essentially
+a strong and determined character.
+
+It was of course impossible that men of such different temperaments as
+Macdonald and Cartier and representing often such divergent interests,
+should not have their differences sometimes, but whatever differences
+they may have had never interfered with the high personal esteem and
+regard they entertained for each other.
+
+At a great banquet given in his honor by the Bar of Toronto on February
+8th, 1866, Macdonald took occasion to pay a warm and generous tribute
+to his French-Canadian colleague who was one of the guests of honor.
+
+"I wish to say," declared Macdonald, "that Hon. Mr. Cartier has a right
+to share in the honors which I am receiving to-night, because I have
+never made an appeal to him or to the Lower Canadians in vain. There
+is not in the whole of Canada a heart more devoted to his friends. If
+I have succeeded in introducing the institutions of Great Britain, it
+is due in great part, to my friend, who has never permitted under his
+administration that the bonds which attach us to England should be
+weakened."
+
+Cartier was equally generous in appreciation of his great colleague.
+Speaking at a banquet tendered Macdonald by the citizens of Kingston on
+September 6th, 1866, Cartier said:
+
+"Kingston is indeed a favored city, for it has for its representative
+a statesman who has never yet been surpassed in Canada, and who
+probably never will be in the future. I have had the happiness of being
+associated with the member for Kingston in my public career, and of
+having formed with him an alliance which has already lasted longer
+than all alliances of this kind in Canada. The success which we have
+obtained together has been due to the fact that we have repelled all
+sectional feelings and sought what might benefit Canada as a whole."
+
+That was the keynote of the Cartier-Macdonald alliance, the
+subordination of all sectional and racial feeling to the welfare of
+Canada as a whole. Cartier throughout his long public career was
+essentially a peacemaker, who always strove to promote a better feeling
+between the two races. A striking testimony to the success of his
+efforts in that direction was given on one occasion in Parliament when
+Mr. Benjamin, a leading Ontario member, declared: "I cannot refrain
+from acknowledging that Mr. Cartier has done more to unite the two
+races and to re-establish harmony between them, than any other member
+of the House."
+
+Well shall it always be for the Dominion, if its public men, no matter
+to what political party they may belong, always adhere to the sane
+and true principles upon which the Macdonald-Cartier alliance was
+based--mutual toleration and good-will, respect for the rights of all,
+the co-operation of races, the safeguarding of Canada's autonomy, and
+the development of Canadian nationality. The Macdonald-Cartier alliance
+in fact symbolized that union which should always exist between
+English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians. And why should there
+not be union? What matters it whether we speak different languages or
+worship at different altars, if we always remember that we are all
+Canadians, mutually interested in the welfare and aggrandizement of our
+common country. That was the spirit which actuated both Cartier and
+Macdonald during their long association, and it will be well if such a
+spirit always prevails in the Dominion. It is only, in fact, upon such
+a basis that the permanence of Confederation, of which Macdonald and
+Cartier were the principal architects, can be assured.
+
+
+For Canadian Nationality
+
+The aim of Macdonald, Cartier, and the other great Fathers of
+Confederation, was to establish broad and deep the foundations of a
+Canadian nationality, based on the broadest principles of justice,
+tolerance, and equal rights. All their public utterances during
+the Confederation negotiations, testify to this fact. Macdonald's
+conception was that as the Dominion progressed it would become, to use
+his own words, year by year less a case of dependence on our part, and
+of overwhelming protection on the part of the Mother Country, and more
+a case of healthy and cordial alliance, that instead of looking upon
+us as a merely dependent colony, England would have in us a friendly
+nation--a subordinate but still a powerful people--to stand by her in
+North America in peace or war.
+
+It is given to some men to have a vision that foresees the future
+and enables them to provide for momentous developments. Both Cartier
+and Macdonald were such men. It is in fact the supreme merit of
+Cartier that whilst always standing firmly for the rights of his
+French-Canadian compatriots, his vision was not confined to the
+Province of Quebec. If any one does, Cartier deserves the distinction
+of being known as a great Canadian. There was nothing narrow or
+provincial in his views. His idea was a united Canada, stretching
+from ocean to ocean, in which men of all races, languages and creeds
+should work together as brethren for the welfare and advancement of
+their common country. Cartier's desire was that his French-Canadian
+compatriots should not confine their attention to the Province of
+Quebec, but should take their full share in the life of the Dominion,
+that they should above all rejoice in the name "Canadian," be proud of
+the great Dominion and work for its welfare in co-operation with their
+English-speaking fellow countrymen.
+
+"Objection is made to our project," says Cartier, in his great speech
+during the Confederation debates, "because of the words 'a new
+nationality'. But if we unite we will form a political nationality
+independent of the national origin and religion of individuals. Some
+have regretted that we have a distinction of races and have expressed
+the hope that in time this diversity will disappear. The idea of a
+fusion of all races is utopian, it is an impossibility. Distinctions
+of this character will always exist, diversity is the order of the
+physical, moral and political worlds. As to the objection that we
+cannot form a great nation because Lower Canada is principally French
+and Catholic, Upper Canada English and Protestant, and the Maritime
+Provinces mixed, it is futile in the extreme.
+
+"Take for example the United Kingdom, inhabited as it is by three great
+races. Has the diversity of races been an obstacle to the progress and
+the welfare of Great Britain? Have not the three races united by their
+combined qualities, their energy and their courage, contributed to the
+glory of the Empire, to its laws of wise, to its success on land, on
+sea, and in commerce?
+
+"In our Confederation there will be Catholics and Protestants,
+English, French, Irish and Scotch, and each by its efforts and success
+will add to the prosperity of the Dominion, to the glory of a new
+Confederation. We are of different races, not to quarrel, but to work
+together for our common welfare. We cannot by law make the differences
+of race disappear, but I am convinced that the Anglo-Canadian and the
+French-Canadian will appreciate the advantages of their position. Set
+side by side like a great family, their contact will produce a happy
+spirit of emulation. The diversity of race will in fact, believe me,
+contribute to the common prosperity."
+
+What words of wisdom! What a spirit of true patriotism, of justice
+and of toleration they breathe! If Cartier in fact had never made any
+other utterance than this, it would be sufficient to stamp him as a
+true patriot and wise statesman. It will be well for Canada if such are
+always the guiding principles of its national life.
+
+While the idea of Macdonald and Cartier and the other great Fathers
+of Confederation was, as has been said, to establish a Canadian
+nationality, none the less was it their intention to perpetuate British
+institutions on the North American continent, to establish, to use
+Macdonald's expression, a friendly nation, enjoying, it is true, the
+most complete autonomy, but at the same time in alliance with Great
+Britain and the other portions of the Empire. No stronger believer
+in British institutions as the repository of freedom; no more ardent
+admirer of the British flag as the symbol of justice and liberty could
+be found than Cartier. In all his utterances during the Confederation,
+debates, he took special pains to emphasize that Confederation was
+intended not to weaken, but to strengthen, the ties between the
+Dominion, Great Britain and the other portions of the Empire.
+"Confederation," he said, in one of his speeches on the measure, "has
+for its first reason our common affection for British institutions, its
+object is to assure by all possible guarantees, their maintenance in
+the future."
+
+For the British flag Cartier on all occasions expressed a passionate
+devotion.
+
+"The Canadian people," he said at a great banquet given in his honor in
+London in 1869, "desires to remain faithful to the old flag of Great
+Britain, that flag which waves over all seas, which tyranny has never
+been able to overcome, that flag which symbolizes true liberty".
+
+These words expressed Cartier's deep and earnest conviction. During
+his several visits to Great Britain, he was deeply impressed by
+the greatness of British institutions. On those occasions he was
+the recipient of signal marks of honor; he was the personal guest
+of Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle for some time, and he received
+marked attention from Gladstone, Lord Lytton, and other distinguished
+British statesmen. His services in connection with the establishment
+of Confederation, as you know, were recognized by the conferring of a
+baronetcy upon him by Queen Victoria.
+
+
+CARTIER'S WORK FOR MONTREAL
+
+Having reviewed the great work which Cartier did for Canada in general,
+permit me to emphasize the eminent services which he rendered to
+Montreal. It is doubtful whether many Montrealers of the present
+generation fully realize the importance of Cartier's services to this
+city, and for that reason this portion of his career should be of
+special interest to citizens of this great metropolis.
+
+From 1861 until 1872, Cartier was one of the representatives of
+Montreal, first in the Parliament of United Canada, and afterwards
+in the House of Commons. During a portion of that period, he also
+represented Montreal-East in the Quebec Legislature under the system
+of dual representation which prevailed for some time following the
+establishment of Confederation. Montreal's interests were always dear
+to Cartier's heart, and throughout his long public career he zealously
+strove to promote the welfare and development of this city.
+
+Reference has already been made to the interest which Cartier showed
+from the outset of his career in railway construction. He realized that
+in order that Montreal might attain an unrivalled position, it would
+be necessary that railway communications should be established, that
+the St. Lawrence channel should be deepened, and that canals should be
+constructed and improved. One of the earliest of his speeches of which
+we have record was delivered at a great mass-meeting of the citizens
+of Montreal, held in 1846, on the Champ de Mars, to promote the
+construction of the Montreal & Portland Railway to connect Montreal and
+Portland. Cartier on that occasion declared that such an undertaking
+was a truly national work. Alluding to the fact that property in such
+cities as Buffalo, Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, which
+had become great railway terminals, had as a result greatly increased
+in value, he declared that the same thing would happen in the case of
+Montreal if adequate railway facilities were established.
+
+"The prosperity of Montreal," he said, "depends upon its position as
+the great emporium for the commerce of the West, and we can only assure
+that prosperity by better means of transport from the waters of the
+West to the Atlantic by our canals and railways."
+
+When he became a member of Parliament Cartier continued his agitation
+for adequate railway facilities, and one of the first speeches he
+delivered in the legislature of United Canada, February 15th, 1849, was
+in advocacy of the completion of the Montreal & Portland Railway.
+
+"There is no time to lose in the completion of the road," said Cartier
+on that occasion, "if we wish to assure for ourselves the commerce of
+the West. All the cities of the Atlantic Coast are disputing for that
+commerce."
+
+Referring to the efforts being made by New York, Philadelphia,
+Baltimore, and other American cities to capture this commerce, Cartier
+said: "In seeing the efforts that an intelligent population is making,
+we cannot doubt the importance of the trade of the lakes which they
+covet and the profits which will result. Now, we may secure the greater
+part of that trade by constructing this road as soon as possible."
+
+At another great mass meeting of the citizens of Montreal, held at the
+Bonsecours Market on July 31st, 1849, at which resolutions were adopted
+favoring the completion of the Montreal & Portland Railway, on motion
+of Cartier, seconded by John Rose, it was resolved that the city should
+take shares in the company. Cartier on that occasion made a fervent
+appeal that the interests of Montreal should be considered.
+
+"I do not fear to say," he declared, "that Montreal will be recreant
+to its best interests, and will be the most backward of cities if it
+neglects the means that is offered it to reclaim a prosperity which
+is now leaving it. I appeal to the large proprietors, to the small
+proprietors who make the prosperity of the large ones, and to the
+industrial and working classes which make the prosperity of both. We
+have an exceptional chance to attract foreign capital. The city has
+only to guarantee a bagatelle compared to the enormous debts contracted
+by the smaller cities of the United States to attract capital which
+passes through the hands of tradesmen and workingmen, to relieve trade
+which is languishing. It is an advantage which will be enjoyed even
+before the work is completed."
+
+Cartier pointed out that New York had contracted a debt of $25,000,000
+to provide proper railway facilities, as it had sufficient faith in
+itself and in the spirit of enterprise of its citizens to discount the
+future.
+
+"The time has come," said Cartier, addressing the citizens of Montreal,
+"to belie your reputation as apathetic men without energy and without a
+spirit of enterprise. Let those terms cease to be applied to the name
+'Canadian'. This great meeting is one of the first to be held in a city
+of the British Provinces to encourage an enterprise of this importance.
+It is proper that the example should come from Montreal, the commercial
+head of British America. It should show itself worthy of its position.
+Let us arouse ourselves, let us agitate."
+
+Cartier had the vision to foresee the great future in store for
+Montreal, if adequate transportation facilities were provided.
+
+"Montreal," he prophetically declared on the same occasion, "is
+destined to become the great emporium for the West. Without railways
+and canals it will be impossible for it to attain the glorious position
+which will make it one of the principal cities of the continent."
+
+Largely as the result of Cartier's persistent efforts, the Montreal
+& Portland Railway which for a long time was the only outlet during
+the winter for Canadian produce, destined for Europe, was completed,
+and inaugurated in 1851, being subsequently absorbed by the Grand
+Trunk Railway Company. Before the completion of this road, it must be
+remembered that there were only some seventy miles of railway in all
+Canada, the first road, the Laprairie and St. John's having been opened
+only a few years before, that is to say on July 21st, 1836. When we
+consider that to-day the total mileage of railways in Canada is 35,000
+miles, that last year our combined railways built 1,970 miles of new
+railway, on which was spent $30,000,000, and that the programme for
+this year provides for 2,700 miles of new track, costing $41,000,000,
+some idea may be obtained of the advance that has been made. Cartier
+deserves the credit of having been one of the first to realize the
+importance of railway construction in connection with the development
+of the country and of having been one of the strongest supporters of
+a forward policy in this respect--a policy to which we owe the three
+splendid railway systems we have to-day--the Canadian Pacific, the
+Grand Trunk, and the work of those two great railway men, Sir William
+Mackenzie and Sir Donald Mann--the Canadian Northern.
+
+One of Cartier's chief claims to honor is that it was he who secured
+the incorporation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, which has done so
+much for the development of Canada in general, and the City of Montreal
+in particular. Cartier always took the greatest pride in that fact. In
+a speech delivered in the legislature he declared that he regarded the
+construction of the Grand Trunk as the greatest benefit that had ever
+been conferred on the country. "I had charge of the Act which created
+the Grand Trunk Railway," he added, "and I am prouder of that than of
+any other action of my life." The Grand Trunk at the outset of its
+history had many difficulties, financial and otherwise, to encounter,
+and it was due to Cartier's efforts in a large measure, that the
+company was able to tide over these difficulties and that its success
+was assured.
+
+Reviewing his public career at a great banquet given in his honor by
+the citizens of Montreal, on October 30th, 1866, on the eve of his
+departure for London as one of the Confederation delegates, Cartier
+referring to the efforts he had made on behalf of the Grand Trunk
+said: "In 1852-53, encouraged by the Hincks-Morin Ministry, I asked
+for the incorporation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, and I had it
+voted despite the most furious opposition. I also had the construction
+of the Victoria Bridge voted. You will recall the prejudices there
+were against that measure. It was a work which would produce floods
+in Montreal, it was a means to divert commerce towards Portland. But
+the prejudice, against these great measures were soon dissipated, it
+was only a passing tempest. It was so, too, for the Grand Trunk and
+the Victoria Bridge. The Grand Trunk and the Victoria Bridge have
+flooded Montreal with an abundance of prosperity. What would Montreal
+be without the Grand Trunk? It has assured for us the commerce of the
+West."
+
+Addressing the electors of Montreal-East when seeking re-election in
+1867, Cartier, referring to the construction of the Victoria Bridge,
+said: "You know that there existed considerable jealousy or rivalry
+between Quebec and Montreal, and that the two cities sought at the same
+time to secure the possession of a bridge across the river. I will not
+stop to discuss the advantages of such a bridge. Thanks to my efforts
+I am proud to be able to say Montreal finally secured it. Montreal
+has the Victoria Bridge. The results you know. Our city since then has
+had a considerable development which Confederation, I am certain, will
+increase."
+
+When we consider the important factor that the Grand Trunk Railway
+Company has been in the development of Eastern Canada, and what its
+associate company, the Grand Trunk Pacific, will be in the opening up
+and development of rich new districts in the West, it will be realized
+that Cartier in the part he played in the creation and assistance of
+this great railway system, rendered another most important service to
+Canada.
+
+St. Lawrence navigation and the advancement of the Port of Montreal
+found in Cartier a steadfast advocate, and the Allan Line which was
+the pioneer in ocean navigation via the St. Lawrence, secured from him
+the heartiest encouragement and support. Speaking in the Legislative
+Assembly in 1860, in favor of a proposal to increase the mail subsidy
+to the Allans, Cartier warmly supported means to increase navigation by
+the St. Lawrence. It was humiliating, he declared, to see nearly all
+our imports arriving by the steamships, the railways, and the canals
+of the United States. "Let us rise," he said, "to the height of the
+changes wrought by progress, for we are at the beginning of a new era
+which will eclipse anything we have yet seen." The improvement of the
+harbor and port of Montreal always found in Cartier a zealous advocate,
+as he fully realized how important it was for Montreal's progress and
+prosperity.
+
+Cartier persistently advocated the enlargement of the canals, so as to
+divert the commerce of the West from American ports to this port, and
+thus benefit the City of Montreal. In a speech on the deepening of Lake
+St. Peter, delivered in the Parliament of United Canada on May 11th,
+1860, he said: "Up to the present all our debt has been contracted
+for the execution of very important public works--the Welland Canal,
+the St. Lawrence Canal, the Rideau Canal, the Lachine Canal, etc. But
+we have not yet attained our object, which is to divert the commerce
+of the great lakes from the American routes to the St. Lawrence. This
+commerce continues to pass by New York and Pennsylvania, and all that
+we see is the traffic destined for Ogdensburg and Oswego. What means
+should be taken to remedy this condition of affairs? We have come to
+the conclusion to abolish all tolls on the canals, and to make the St.
+Lawrence route perfectly free from the ocean to the great lakes."
+
+In reply to a remark by George Brown that the measure seemed to be
+designed to attract the commerce of the West to Montreal, to the
+detriment of Upper Canada, Cartier said: "I do not see why it should
+be apprehended that Montreal will secure so many advantages from this
+amelioration. This city is at the head of navigation, and is the
+principal centre of commerce; it is inspired by the spirit of progress,
+and I believe that in place of jealousy, all should be proud of its
+success. Whatever they can do, they can never prevent its being the
+most important city of the country, and from becoming a rival of the
+great American cities."
+
+Reference has been made to the prominent part that Cartier took in
+advocating the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway; and in
+desiring to see the accomplishment of that great undertaking, he had
+an eye to the interests of Montreal. In a speech to the electors of
+Montreal-East on August 8th, 1872, he promised that Montreal would
+be the principal terminus of that great road. "I have," he said, to
+the citizens of Montreal on that occasion, "devoted all my efforts to
+further your interests and I have always desired that Montreal should
+have the lion's share."
+
+The mercantile and business interests always found in Cartier a
+friend, in fact had he not been a public man, it is likely that his
+inclinations would have made him a great business man.
+
+"Merchants," he said, speaking at a dinner tendered him by the
+merchants of Quebec, on December 23rd, 1869, "contribute greatly to the
+progress of the country. Without the English merchants, England could
+not have kept its possessions in the world. Like Rome she would have
+lost her Colonies soon after their conquest. But the English merchant
+was the means of forming bonds between the new possessions of the
+Empire. I respect the interests of those here present. Those interests
+have greatly contributed to render Canada prosperous. Those who devote
+themselves to commerce form in every country one of the most important
+classes of society."
+
+Cartier's efforts on behalf of the mercantile interests of Montreal,
+and his faith in the future of this city never wavered, and he
+predicted its great expansion in wealth and population.
+
+"Our city," he said, addressing the electors of Montreal-East in 1867,
+"now counts 150,000 souls. In twenty years under Confederation, I
+predict that it will have more than 250,000 inhabitants."
+
+How Cartier's faith in Montreal has been justified, we all know. What
+was at the time he spoke a town of 150,000 people, has become a great
+metropolis of over 600,000 souls, and it is destined to have before
+many years a population of over one million people. As Montrealers we
+are all, as we have a right to be, proud of the great position which
+the city has attained, and of the still greater future which awaits it.
+Let us, in its day of greatness not forgot those, like Cartier, who in
+the days of small things foresaw the great future before Montreal and
+gave their best efforts to promote its interests.
+
+To the very end of his public career, Cartier's interest in the welfare
+of Montreal and his efforts to promote its advancement continued. His
+own words conveyed but the simple truth when he said in one of his last
+addresses, to his fellow citizens: "I frankly avow that all that my
+heart inspires, all that my knowledge and experience furnish, have been
+devoted to the welfare and prosperity of my compatriots in general and
+of Montreal in particular."
+
+Like many other statesmen, Cartier experienced the vicissitudes, as
+well as the triumphs, of public life. His last appeal to the electors
+of Montreal, made when he was practically a dying man, resulted, owing
+to a combination of circumstances, in his crushing defeat. He was
+greeted not with bouquets but with stones, from people of a city for
+which he had worked so hard, and for the advancement of which he had
+done so much. Another seat was found for him in Provencher, Manitoba,
+but his public career was over. In an effort to secure the restoration
+of his health he went to England, but the hope was vain: the incessant
+labors of a long public career had broken down a naturally robust
+constitution, and the great statesman passed away in London, England,
+on May 23rd, 1873. His last thoughts were for his beloved country.
+
+"Say to his friends in Canada," wrote one of his daughters in a
+touching letter announcing his death to a friend in Montreal, "say to
+his friends in Canada that he loved his country to the last, that his
+only desire was to return. Two days before his death he had all the
+Canadian newspapers read to him. Even his enemies, I hope, will not
+refuse to admit that before all he loved his country."
+
+The national mourning that followed the announcement of his death, the
+enconiums pronounced by the newspapers of all shades of opinion, the
+eulogies delivered in Parliament, the scene of his labors for so many
+years, and the imposing public funeral that was given his remains in
+Montreal, all bore eloquent testimony to the fact that the Canadian
+people, regardless of party, recognized that in his death Canada had
+indeed lost one who before all had loved his country. His remains rest
+beneath the soil of Mount Royal, which overlooks the city that he loved
+so well, and for the interests of which he worked so hard.
+
+
+Lessons of Cartier's Life
+
+What were the lessons of Cartier's life? They may be summed up in the
+three words--patriotism, duty, and tolerance. He loved his country and
+sought to promote its interests, he wore himself out in the discharge
+of his public duties, he was a man of the broadest views and the utmost
+tolerance. As Sir Adolphe Routhier has well remarked, to most public
+men public life is a career, but for Cartier it was an apostolate,
+a patriotic mission, and to fulfill that mission he sacrificed
+everything, even the modest fortune of which his family had need.[5]
+
+A French-Canadian and proud of his origin, a Roman Catholic and true
+to his faith, strong in his convictions, Cartier at the same time was
+a man of generous sympathies, of broad views, and great tolerance. His
+charity was broad enough to include men of all races, languages, and
+creeds. "My policy, and I think it best," he said on one occasion,
+"is respect for the rights of all." Actuated by that spirit he stood
+firmly on all occasions where there was justification for the rights
+of minorities, whether French or English, Catholic or Protestant. At
+the time of Confederation, for instance, some fear was expressed that
+the interests of the Protestant minority of Quebec would be jeopardized
+under the new constitution. Cartier pledged his word that nothing of
+the kind would happen. "I have already had occasion to proclaim in
+Parliament," he said, addressing the citizens of Montreal, "that the
+Protestant minority of Lower Canada have nothing to fear from the
+Provincial Legislature under Confederation. My word is given, and I
+repeat that nothing will be done of a nature to injure the principles
+and the rights of that minority."
+
+Cartier's pledge, it is needless to say, has been sacredly kept.
+
+On the same occasion, Cartier showed his largeness of views by
+declaring: "You know that I am a Catholic. I love my religion,
+believing it the best, but whilst proudly declaring myself a Catholic,
+I believe it my duty as a public man to respect the sincerity and the
+religious convictions of others. I am also a French-Canadian. I love my
+race. I of course have for it a predilection which is assuredly only
+natural, but as a public man and as a citizen, I also love others."
+Such were Cartier's guiding principles throughout life.
+
+Cartier, like all other human beings, had his faults, as well as
+his virtues, his public career was not without its mistakes, but
+nobody ever questioned his ardent love for his country, his absolute
+sincerity, his high sense of honor, his personal honesty and integrity,
+his fearless energy, and the firmness with which he always stood for
+his convictions. His motto "_Franc Et Sans Dol_"--"Frank And Without
+Deceit," well describes the character of the man.
+
+Did time permit, Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, a great deal more
+might be said of Cartier and his works. But has not sufficient been
+said to justify the contention that Cartier was a great Canadian, a
+nation-builder in the truest sense of that term, one whose memory
+is entitled to lasting honor from all Canadians? Does not the
+summary record of his career, which has been given, amply justify
+the declaration of the great Lord Dufferin that Cartier's name must
+forever be indissolubly incorporated with the most eventful and most
+glorious epoch of his country's history, commencing as it did with his
+entrance into political life and culminating in that consolidation of
+the Provinces to which his genius, courage and ability so materially
+contributed.
+
+Macdonald, Cartier, Tupper, Tilley, Brown, Galt, and the other great
+Fathers of Confederation builded better even than they knew. As the
+result of their wise statesmanship and patriotic efforts, Canada
+to-day stands a young giant amongst the peoples of the world. Under
+Confederation there has been witnessed a marvellous expansion and an
+unprecedented prosperity. We have to-day, to use the words of one of
+the most patriotic of our national poets, John Daniel Logan,--we have
+to-day a land:--
+
+
+     Blessed with youth and strength, with health and peace.
+
+
+And great as is the position of the Dominion at present, it is
+insignificant to what it will be if Canadians are only true to the
+teachings of the Fathers, if they all work together for the common
+welfare, if they are true to the national interests of the Dominion,
+and guard their great heritage against all influences of an insidious
+character.
+
+
+Honor Cartier's Memory
+
+Canadians do well to honor the memories of those great men who laid
+broad and deep the foundations of Canadian nationality, and who
+accomplished great works for the welfare of the Dominion. In the
+leading cities of Canada, stately monuments attest the recognition of a
+grateful people of the services of that great Father of Confederation,
+and that illustrious Canadian statesman, Sir John A. Macdonald. Brown
+and Tilley, too, have their monuments. Sir Charles Tupper is still
+happily with us in person, and I am sure that we all trust that his
+life may long be spared. His name will always be remembered as that of
+one of the leading Fathers of Confederation and one of our greatest
+statesmen.
+
+Does not justice demand that fitting honor should be done to that other
+great Father of Confederation, Sir George Etienne Cartier, by the
+erection of a memorial in the city which he represented in Parliament
+for so many years, and for whose interests he strove so zealously?
+
+When in November, 1910, at a meeting held at the St. Jean Baptiste
+Market Hall in this city, it was proposed by Mr. E. W. Villeneuve, now
+president of the Cartier Centenary Committee, whom we have with us
+to-day, that the centenary of Cartier's birth should be appropriately
+commemorated and that steps should be taken for the erection of a
+monument to his memory, the proposal was enthusiastically taken up.
+Since then the movement has assumed not only a national but an Empire
+scope, and representatives of every portion of the Empire will be
+present at the commemorative celebration next year. The movement, it
+may be mentioned is absolutely non-partisan in character, it being
+recognized that Cartier's memory is a national possession. The Prime
+Minister of the Dominion, Right Hon. R. L. Borden; the leader of the
+Liberal Party, Sir Wilfrid Laurier; the Prime Minister of the Province
+of Quebec, Sir Lomer Gouin; the Prime Ministers of all the Provinces;
+leading Liberals as well as Conservatives, throughout the Dominion,
+have united to render homage to the memory of one who did so much
+for Canada. Thanks to the co-operation and support of the Dominion
+Government and the Governments of all the Provinces, the erection of
+a splendid memorial, which will stand on one of the slopes of Mount
+Royal, and the first stone of which will be laid by His Royal Highness
+the Duke of Connaught, on September 1st next, is now practically
+assured. The memorial, the work of the eminent Canadian sculptor, Mr.
+G. W. Hill, will not only serve to honor and perpetuate Cartier's
+memory, but will also commemorate the establishment of Confederation,
+in which he played such a conspicuous part. In addition to the imposing
+statue of Cartier the memorial will bear statues representing every one
+of the nine provinces of the Dominion, the whole symbolical of that
+United Canada, which was one of Cartier's cherished dreams.
+
+In connection with the unveiling of the memorial, it is proposed to
+hold a series of commemorative celebrations, and it is confidently
+expected that the citizens of Montreal, ever alive as they are to the
+interests and reputation of the commercial metropolis, will give their
+hearty support and co-operation in making the celebration worthy not
+only of the memory of the great statesman, but also of the leading city
+of the Dominion, with which he was so closely identified.
+
+And when, Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, on the 6th of September of
+next year, the one hundredth anniversary of Cartier's birth, amidst
+the plaudits of hundreds of thousands of Canadians of all origins,
+creeds, and political leanings, the veil shall be removed from the
+magnificent memorial which shall stand on one of the commanding slopes
+of Mount Royal, testifying to the grateful recognition of the whole
+Dominion, justice shall have been done to the memory of one who loved
+his country, who accomplished great works for its benefit, whose heart
+was ever stirred by that feeling of ardent devotion to his native land
+which he himself expressed in those burning words of patriotism:
+
+"_O Canada, Mon Pays, Mes Amours!_"[6]
+
+
+
+
+O CANADA, MY OWN BELOVED LAND![7]
+
+From the French "O CANADA, MON PAYS, MES AMOURS," of Sir George Etienne
+Cartier.
+
+
+BY JOHN BOYD
+
+For the Cartier Centenary.
+
+
+     "One's own land is best of all,"
+       So an ancient adage says;
+     To sing it is the poet's call,
+       Mine be to sing my fair land's praise.
+     Strangers behold with envious eyes
+       St. Lawrence's tide so swift and grand,
+     But the Canadian proudly cries,
+       O Canada, my own beloved land!
+
+     Rivers and streams in myriad maze
+       Meander through our fertile plains,
+     Midst many a lofty mountain's haze,
+       What vast expanse the vision chains!
+     Vales, hills and rapids, forest brakes--
+       What panorama near so grand!
+     Who doth not love thy limpid lakes,
+       O Canada, my own beloved land!
+
+     Each season of the passing year,
+       In turn, attractions hath to bless.
+     Spring like an ardent wooer, dear,
+       Besports fair flowers and verdant dress;
+     Summer anon prepares to wrest
+       The harvest rare with joyful hand;
+     In Fall and Winter, feast and jest.
+       O Canada, my own beloved land!
+
+     Canadians, like their sires of old
+       Revel in song and gaily live,
+     Mild, gentle, free, not overbold,
+       Polite and gallant, welcome give.
+     Patriots, to country ever leal,
+       They, foes of slavery, staunchly stand;
+     Their watchword is the peace and weal
+       Of Canada, their beloved land.
+
+     Each country vaunts its damsels fair,
+       (I quite agree with truth they boast)
+     But our Canadian girls must share
+       The witching charm of beauty's host,
+     So lovely they and so sincere,
+       With that French charm of magic wand,
+     Coquettish just to make them dear.
+       O Canada, my own beloved land!
+
+     O my country, thou art blest,
+       Favoured of all the nations now!
+     But the stranger's vile behest
+       Would the seeds of discord sow.
+     May thy brave sons for thy sake
+       Join to help thee, hand in hand,
+     For thy great day doth e'en now break,
+       O Canada, my own beloved land!
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Dr. Parkin--Life of Sir John A. Macdonald.
+
+[2] John Lewis, Life of George Brown.
+
+[3] Dr. Parkin--Life of Sir John A. Macdonald.
+
+[4] A. D. DeCelles, Cartier Et Son Temps.
+
+[5] Sir Adolphe Routhier-Conférence sur Sir George Etienne Cartier,
+issued by the Cartier Centenary Committee in pamphlet form.
+
+[6] See following pages.
+
+[7] The above which is a faithful translation of the famous
+French-Canadian national song, "O Canada Mon Pays, Mes Amours," is
+intended simply to give the sense of the original. The song was
+composed in 1835 by George Etienne Cartier, then a young man of 21 who
+was destined to become one of the most illustrious figures in Canadian
+history. Cartier was for some time secretary of the St. Jean Baptiste
+Association which was founded by Ludger Duvernay in 1834, and it was
+at the first celebration of St. Jean Baptiste day held in Montreal in
+1835, that the song was sung for the first time by Cartier himself.
+
+As the result of the indefatigable efforts of the president of the
+Cartier Centenary Committee, Mr. E. W. Villeneuve and those associated
+with him in this patriotic undertaking, the Centenary of Sir George
+Etienne Cartier's birth will be commemorated in 1914 by the unveiling
+of a magnificent monument on Mount Royal, and a series of historic
+celebrations. A brilliant success is assured for the Centenary
+celebration, and the splendid memorial which will stand on one of the
+slopes of Mount Royal will forever commemorate the illustrious career
+of Cartier and the great work of Canadian Confederation with which he
+was prominently identified.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 64593 ***
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-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sir George Etienne Cartier, by John Boyd</div>

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-<table style='min-width:0; padding:0; margin-left:0; border-collapse:collapse'>

-  <tr><td>Title:</td><td>Sir George Etienne Cartier</td></tr>

-  <tr><td></td><td>His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal</td></tr>

-</table>

-

-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: John Boyd</div>

-

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-

-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER ***</div>

-

-<div class="mynote"><p class="center">Transcriber's Note:<br /><br />

-Obvious typographic errors have been corrected.<br /></p></div>

-

-<hr />

-

-<div class="center"><img src="images/front.jpg" alt="front" /></div>

-

-<hr />

-

-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>

-

-<h1>Sir George Etienne Cartier</h1>

-

-<p class="bold">His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal</p>

-

-<p class="bold2 space-above"><span class="double-underline">AN ADDRESS</span></p>

-

-<p class="bold">DELIVERED BEFORE THE<br />CANADIAN CLUB OF MONTREAL</p>

-

-<p class="bold"><i>April 7th, 1913</i></p>

-

-<p class="bold space-above">BY</p>

-

-<p class="bold2">JOHN BOYD</p>

-

-<p class="bold">Author of The Memorial History of the Life<br />and Times of Sir George

-Etienne Cartier</p>

-

-<p class="bold">(To be issued in connection with the<br />Cartier Centenary Celebration,

-1914)</p>

-

-<p class="bold space-above"><span class="smcap">Issued by the</span> CARTIER CENTENARY COMMITTEE<br />MONTREAL<br />1913</p>

-

-<hr />

-

-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>

-

-<div class="center"><img src="images/i002.jpg" alt="THE CARTIER CENTENARY" /></div>

-

-<hr />

-

-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>

-

-<div class="center"><img src="images/frontis.jpg" alt="SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER" /></div>

-

-<hr />

-

-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>

-

-<p class="center">The accompanying address has been registered in accordance<br />with the

-Copyright Act by <span class="smcap">John Boyd</span>.</p>

-

-<hr />

-

-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>

-

-<h2>FOREWORD.</h2>

-

-<p>The great interest that has been aroused in the Cartier Centenary

-movement was shown by the large gathering which assembled at the

-Canadian Club luncheon in the Sailors' Institute on Monday, April 7th,

-1913, to hear Mr. John Boyd speak on "Sir George Etienne Cartier, His

-Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal." The speaker's references

-to the work that Cartier had accomplished for Canada, and especially

-to the great services that he rendered to the City of Montreal, were

-enthusiastically applauded by the large audience of representative

-business men.</p>

-

-<p>The accompanying address which includes a summary of Sir George Etienne

-Cartier's career and achievements is but a preliminary to the Memorial

-History of the Life and Times of Cartier which is now being written

-by Mr. John Boyd, and which will deal exhaustively not only with

-Cartier's career but also with the whole period covered by that career,

-one of the most memorable periods of Canadian history. The work will

-be published next year under the auspices of the Cartier Centenary

-Committee in connection with the great commemorative celebration of the

-one hundredth anniversary of Cartier's birth.</p>

-

-<hr />

-

-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>

-

-<h2>SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER</h2>

-

-<p class="bold">His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal.</p>

-

-<p class="center">(AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BY MR. JOHN BOYD BEFORE<br />THE

-CANADIAN CLUB OF MONTREAL, APRIL 7th, 1913.)</p>

-

-<hr class="smler" />

-

-<p>Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen:</p>

-

-<p>The subject of the address which I have the privilege of delivering

-to-day is "Sir George Etienne Cartier, His Work for Canada and His

-Services to Montreal."</p>

-

-<p>Let me at the outset, Mr. Chairman, express my deep appreciation of the

-honor the Executive of the Canadian Club has done me in inviting me to

-address the members of this important and representative organization.</p>

-

-<p>When, in 1892, through the efforts of Mr. Charles R. McCullough of

-Hamilton, the first Canadian Club was organized, a movement was

-inaugurated of the utmost importance to the Dominion. Every important

-centre throughout the country now has its Canadian Club, and these

-organizations, or as they have been well termed, these "universities

-of the people" now numbering nearly one hundred, are doing a splendid

-work in fostering a spirit of patriotism and in creating that national

-sentiment which is so essential to Canada's welfare. The Canadian Club

-of Montreal, composed as it is of the most representative citizens of

-the commercial metropolis, has ever been foremost in this great work,

-and it is indeed a privilege to have the opportunity of addressing such

-a gathering.</p>

-

-<p>What more appropriate subject, Mr. Chairman, could be found for an

-address before a Canadian Club, than the career of one of our great

-nation-builders, of one who helped to lay the foundations of Canadian

-nationality and of the Dominion's greatness?</p>

-

-<p>It is not my intention, Mr. Chairman, nor would time permit on this

-occasion, to deal exhaustively with the life and achievements of Sir

-George Etienne Cartier. That is now engaging my attention in another

-form, and when the Memorial History of the Life and Times of George

-Etienne Cartier shall appear, it will, I trust be found to be at

-least an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> exhaustive review of a great career and of one of the most

-memorable periods of Canadian history. On this occasion, owing to the

-limited time at my disposal, I shall content myself with reviewing

-succinctly Cartier's public career and achievements, dwelling briefly

-on the lessons of his life with special emphasis upon the great work

-that he did for Canada in general and the eminent services which he

-rendered to the City of Montreal in particular.</p>

-

-<p>I shall take it for granted, Gentleman, that you are all conversant

-with the main facts of Cartier's career, from his birth at St. Antoine

-on the Richelieu River on September 6th, 1814, until his entrance to

-public life at the age of 34 in 1848, from that date until he became

-Prime Minister of United Canada in 1858, and from that until his death

-in 1873 when he held the portfolio of Minister of Militia and Defence

-in the Dominion Government.</p>

-

-<p>Cartier's public career covered a period of some twenty-five years,

-that is to say from 1848 to 1873. What fruitful efforts, what

-herculanean labors, what great achievements, what struggles, defeats

-and triumphs were crowded within the compass of that career! The period

-which it covered was one of the most remarkable, if not the most

-remarkable, in the whole range of Canadian history. It was a period

-which witnessed many great constitutional changes, many transformations

-of parties, many fierce political struggles. It saw the beginning and

-the end of the Union, it marked the triumph of the long struggle for

-responsible government, it witnessed the birth of Confederation. It was

-a period fecund of great events and momentous developments, it was also

-a period rendered notable by the long succession of great statesmen

-whose names must forever be illustrious in Canadian history.</p>

-

-<p>During all of that period Cartier played an active part and at times

-occupied a pre-eminent position.</p>

-

-<p>At the beginning of his career, Cartier was a zealous reformer. In his

-youth like so many other ardent spirits of the time he came under the

-influence of Louis Joseph Papineau, when that great French Canadian

-tribune, with his incomparable eloquence, was thundering against those

-administrative abuses which were directly responsible for the troubles

-of the period. Nor was Papineau alone in his opposition to what Cartier

-described as the action of a minority which sought to dominate the

-majority and exploit the government in its own interests. Papineau,

-it should be remembered had the support of leading English-speaking

-Canadians, such as the distinguished Wolfred Nelson, afterwards Mayor

-of Montreal; in fact it is a noteworthy historical feature that some

-of the leading figures in the struggle for responsible government

-in Lower Canada were English-speaking. Cartier's participation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> in

-the rising of 1837 was due to the ardor and impetuosity of youth and

-the sincere convictions he held that the prevailing evils called for

-drastic measures. His experience convinced him of the folly of an

-appeal to arms; he realized that the remedy for existing evils must be

-sought, not through armed resistance to the constituted authorities,

-but through constitutional agitation and legislative action. He became

-a staunch supporter of LaFontaine's policy, and one of his earliest

-campaign speeches was made in advocacy of the principle of ministerial

-responsibility during the crisis resulting from the resignation of

-the LaFontaine-Baldwin Government in 1844. In 1848, when Cartier

-first entered Parliament, the struggle for responsible government,

-thanks to the efforts of those two great statesmen, Louis Hypolite

-LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin, whose names will forever be held in the

-highest honor by all Canadians, had been fought and won. When justice

-had been secured and existing abuses remedied by the granting of

-responsible government, Cartier became, and ever afterwards continued

-to be one of the warmest supporters and most zealous champions of

-British institutions, a strong advocate of the maintenance of British

-connection and a passionate lover of the British flag.</p>

-

-<p>Cartier was the destined successor of LaFontaine in the great work of

-reconstruction, pacification, and conciliation, and when LaFontaine

-retired in 1851, and was followed a few years later by that other

-eminent French-Canadian statesman, Auguste Norbert Morin, Cartier's

-path to the leadership of his native province was clear. For years he

-was the undisputed leader: his voice, as has been well said, was the

-voice of Quebec.</p>

-

-<p>The struggle for responsible government having been won, an era of

-marked industrial expansion and development followed under the Union.

-It was an era of railway building, of canal construction, of the

-establishment of great public works. Cartier, owing to his practical

-qualities, his great business abilities, his mastery of details, and

-his administrative capacities, was eminently qualified to obtain

-a leading position during such a period. He achieved distinction

-as a reformer, as an able administrator, as a legislator, and as a

-constructive statesman. His name is attached to some of the most

-important Acts of a period prolific of important legislation. It

-is sufficient to mention in this connection such measures as the

-construction of the Montreal and Portland Railway, the decentralization

-of the judiciary, the codification of the civil laws and of civil

-procedure, the modification of the criminal law, the Municipal Act of

-Lower Canada, the Act relating to registration offices, the abolition

-of the seigniorial tenure, the choice of Ottawa as the Capital of

-Canada, the construction of the Grand Trunk Railway<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> and the Victoria

-Bridge, the organization of the educational system of Lower Canada, the

-improvement and deepening of the St. Lawrence, the building of canals,

-the union of the provinces of British North America, the acquisition

-of the North-West Territories, the construction of the Intercolonial

-Railway, the establishment of the Province of Manitoba, the admission

-of British Columbia into Confederation, the establishment of the

-militia system and the initiation of the Canadian Pacific Railway.</p>

-

-<p>It would not be in accordance with that absolute truth which is

-demanded of history, to even infer that to Cartier alone is due the

-credit for the passage of all of these great measures. Many eminent

-men contributed by their efforts to their achievement. But to Cartier

-may fairly be adjudged the merit without detracting from the merits

-of others, of having taken an active part in the achievement of all

-of these important measures, of having devoted his great energies and

-abilities to their accomplishment, and of having played a determining

-part in the achievement of some of them. Some of these measures

-were of material benefit to the progress of the country. The legal

-reforms for which Cartier is entitled to the sole credit, constitute

-in themselves a monument to his wise statesmanship. Other measures

-in which he played a determining part, such as Confederation, were

-of an epoch-making character, in connection with Canada's national

-development and well-being. As an eminent French-Canadian writer, the

-late Senator Tassé, has well remarked, more than one of these measures

-would have been sufficient to immortalize Cartier. He was, to use

-Senator Tassé's words, at one and the same time a legislator, a founder

-of constitutions, a peaceful conqueror.</p>

-

-<h3>Cartier and Confederation</h3>

-

-<p>The greatest work in which Cartier participated, and in which it

-is freely acknowledged he played a determining part, was of course

-the establishment of Confederation. The idea of a union of all the

-provinces of British North America did not originate with Cartier,

-any more than it originated with Macdonald, Tupper, Tilley, Brown or

-the other great Fathers of Confederation. Proposals to that effect

-had been made long before, and the idea was one that had arisen

-in many minds as a desirable consummation and as a remedy for the

-chaotic conditions which then prevailed. But the idea was one that was

-heartily supported by Cartier from a very early period, and to the

-Cartier-Macdonald Government of which he became the head in 1858 as

-Prime<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> Minister of United Canada must be given the credit of having

-taken the first practical steps to bring about Confederation. One of

-the items of that government's programme was the union of the British

-North American provinces, and soon after the close of the session

-of 1858, a delegation composed of three members of the Government,

-Cartier himself, A. T. Galt, and John Rose went to England to press

-the matter upon the Imperial Government. A memorandum submitted to the

-Imperial authorities and signed by Cartier, Galt and Rose urged the

-Imperial Government to take steps to have a meeting of delegates from

-all the British North American provinces to consider the question of

-Confederation and to report upon it.</p>

-

-<p>Though the steps taken in 1858 had no immediate result, the fact

-remains that the Government of which Cartier was the head, was the

-first to take up the question of the union of the British North

-American provinces, that, as the lamented Thomas D'Arcy McGee remarked

-in his great speech during the Confederation debate "the first real

-stage of the success of Confederation, the thing that gave importance

-to the theory in men's minds, was the memorandum of 1858, signed by

-Cartier, Galt and Rose. The recommendation in that memorandum" said

-McGee, "laid dormant until revived by the Constitutional Committee

-which led to the coalition, which led to the Quebec Conference, which

-led to the draft of the Constitution now on our table, and which" added

-McGee with assurance "will lead, I am fain to believe, to the union

-of all these provinces,"&mdash;an assurance, which was not long afterwards

-happily fulfilled.</p>

-

-<p>Cartier was the leader of the Quebec wing of the Coalition Ministry.

-He was a delegate to the Charlottetown Conference, as well as a member

-of the Quebec Conference. He took a leading part in the Confederation

-debates, ably defending the measure against the attacks made upon it.

-With Macdonald, Brown and Galt he was deputed after the scheme had

-been adopted by the Legislature to go to England to confer with Her

-Majesty's Government; he was also one of the delegates who sat in

-Conference from the 4th to the 24th December, 1866, at the Westminster

-Palace Hotel in London, and at which a series of 69 resolutions, based

-on those of the Quebec Conference, were finally passed. The sittings

-of that famous conference were renewed early in January of 1867, a

-series of draft bills were drawn up, and revised by the Imperial law

-officers, a bill was submitted to the Imperial Parliament in February,

-and on March 29th, under the title of the British North America Act,

-it received the royal assent. A royal proclamation issued from Windsor

-Castle on May 22nd, 1867, appointed July 1st as the date upon which the

-Act should come into force, and the following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> first of July witnessed

-the birth of what the Governor-General, Lord Monck, well designated as

-"a new nationality".</p>

-

-<p>The men who assembled at Quebec on October 10th, 1864, to devise means

-for bringing about the union of the British North American provinces,

-had momentous problems to solve, but they were all men of the most

-ardent patriotism, of the broadest views, and with a firm determination

-to carry to a successful issue the great work with which they had

-been entrusted. How they succeeded in their task we all know. It has

-been well remarked by one of the biographers of Sir John A. Macdonald

-that there are three men besides Macdonald who in the establishment

-of Confederation and in securing the large results which followed

-from that epoch-making measure, demand special mention. Those men

-were George Etienne Cartier, Charles Tupper, and Leonard Tilley.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>

-Justice demands that George Brown should also be named amongst the

-great Fathers of Confederation, for without the co-operation of that

-eminent Liberal statesman it is questionable whether Confederation

-under the circumstances could have been effected at that time. It

-was George Brown who made the proposals which rendered the coalition

-ministry possible, and by sinking all party considerations and personal

-differences in a grave crisis of his country's history, he performed a

-signal act of patriotism, which entitles his name to a high place on

-Canada's roll of honor. It was in fact a striking lesson in patriotism

-and in devotion to country, to find men like Macdonald and Cartier on

-the one hand, and Brown on the other, forgetting all past differences

-and even bitter personal animosities, and sitting at the same council

-board to devise means by which the public interests might be served

-at a most critical juncture. Nor, amongst the leading Fathers of

-Confederation must Sir A. T. Galt be forgotten, for that distinguished

-statesman was a most zealous advocate of Confederation, holding that

-unless a union was effected, the provinces would inevitably drift

-into the United States. During the parliamentary session of 1858 he

-strongly advocated the federal union of all the British North American

-provinces, and as has been justly said, the resolutions which Galt then

-moved in favor of such a union, entitle him to a high place amongst the

-promoters of Confederation<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>.</p>

-

-<p>Of the thirty-two statesmen who assembled at Quebec in 1864 and framed

-the Quebec resolutions which formed the basis of Confederation, but one

-survives to-day, and the Cartier Centenary movement has the privilege

-of having that great statesman whose name will forever be linked with

-the names of Macdonald and Cartier, as its patron. Still<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> hale and

-hearty in his 92nd year, Sir Charles Tupper enjoys the veneration

-and esteem of all Canadians. It has been justly said by Sir John A.

-Macdonald's biographer, that in the "reconciliation of Nova Scotia to

-Confederation; in carrying out a great expensive and hazardous railway

-policy; in the establishment of a national fiscal system; in making

-Canadian expansion compatible with complete allegiance to the Empire,

-the aid which Macdonald received from Sir Charles Tupper, can scarcely

-be exaggerated. In him great natural ability and power as a platform

-speaker were united with a splendid optimism about his country, a

-courage that feared nothing, and a resoluteness of purpose which

-despised any obstacles with which he could be confronted."<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>

-

-<p>It is not minimizing the services of any of the other illustrious

-Fathers of Confederation, to say that Cartier played a leading, in

-fact a determining part, in the achievement of that measure. His great

-colleagues have generously testified to the pre-eminent services which

-he rendered at that time.</p>

-

-<p>"Cartier was as bold as a lion. He was just the man I wanted: but for

-him Confederation should not have been carried," was the emphatic

-declaration made by Sir John A. Macdonald on the day when he unveiled

-the statue of his great colleague at Ottawa.</p>

-

-<p>Sir Charles Tupper's tribute is equally eloquent and emphatic. "I have

-no hesitation," he says, "in saying that without Cartier there would

-have been no Confederation, and therefore Canada owes him a debt that

-can never be repaid."</p>

-

-<p>Dr Parkin in his life of Sir John A. Macdonald, in the "Makers of

-Canada" series, also pays a just tribute to Cartier for his work in

-connection with Confederation when he says: "Without Cartier's loyal

-help, it would scarcely have been possible, when the effort for union

-came, to allay the anxiety of the French-Canadians lest they should be

-swallowed up, and their individuality be lost in the large proposed

-confederacy."</p>

-

-<p>Cartier's position at that time, it must be remembered, was an

-extremely difficult one, in fact, it is the difficulties which he

-then encountered and the manner in which he triumphed over them, that

-entitled him to all the more credit. "Never did a French-Canadian

-statesman" as an eminent French-Canadian writer has remarked, "have to

-face a greater responsibility than that which Cartier assumed the day

-when he had the alternative of accepting or refusing Confederation.

-Neither Papineau nor LaFontaine had to place in the balance such grave

-issues. Their role was reduced to demanding liberty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> for Canadians.

-Cartier had to choose between a problematical future and a recognized

-state of affairs, with well defined advantages. Would as many

-guarantees be found in the edifice which was to be constructed? By

-accepting the confederation of the provinces, was it not leaving the

-certain for the uncertain? Such were the questions which agitated minds

-anxiously weighed."<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>

-

-<p>There was strong opposition to Confederation in Quebec as well as

-in other provinces. Cartier had to face the powerful attacks of

-redoubtable and able antagonists who maintained that Confederation

-would be detrimental to the interests of the French-Canadians. His

-contention was that with general interests entrusted to a central

-government and local interests to local legislatures, the rights of

-the French-Canadians would be amply safeguarded. Cartier maintained

-his position in the face of the most determined opposition and even

-against bitter personal attacks. He had his vindication when in the

-elections of 1867 the people of Quebec returned him to Parliament with

-a triumphant following.</p>

-

-<p>And has not the course of events since Confederation vindicated the

-position which Cartier then took? The French-Canadians have not only

-enjoyed the fullest freedom in the direction of provincial affairs,

-but they have played a large and important part in the public life

-of Canada, a French-Canadian has occupied the exalted position of

-Prime Minister of the Dominion, and no matter whether they agree

-with his policy or not, all fair-minded Canadians must admit that

-Sir Wilfrid Laurier personally filled that great office with the

-utmost distinction, with credit to himself and to his country. Under

-Confederation there has been friction at times due in most cases to

-demagogic appeals to popular passion and racial feeling, but the sound

-common sense of the mass of the people has always asserted itself,

-and the governmental and legislative machinery has been found elastic

-enough to meet ever increasing demands.</p>

-

-<p>A notable tribute was recently paid to Cartier and the other great

-Fathers of Confederation by that distinguished British statesman,

-diplomat, and author, Right Hon. James Bryce, when in addressing this

-Club a few weeks ago he said: "Not less remarkable than your material

-progress has been the growth of your constitutional government,

-although in its early days there were not wanting people to show that

-Canada could never be a great nation. Your federal system has worked

-on the whole with wonderful success and with little friction. It has

-worked perhaps better than anywhere else in the world; I think<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> the

-only example of equal success is that of Switzerland. You have had the

-great problem of two races living side by side, of peoples different in

-race and language, whom the federal system was designed to unite, while

-the federation of districts so dissimilar as the province of British

-Columbia, the prairies, and the Maritime Provinces shows that as far

-as adaptation to local conditions is concerned the federal system has

-been an unqualified success. And this success is a tribute to the

-capacity of the men who have governed as well as to those who framed

-the constitution."</p>

-

-<p>The successful working of the federal system in Canada to which Mr.

-Bryce bore testimony, is another striking proof of the wise and

-far-sighted statesmanship of Cartier and the other public men who

-framed our constitution.</p>

-

-<h3>Other Great Measures</h3>

-

-<p>Confederation having been accomplished, Cartier's energies were

-directed to measures for the strengthening and defence of the national

-fabric. He was largely instrumental in determining the route of the

-Intercolonial Railway, and in having that road, which it is admitted

-has been a most important factor in consolidating the Dominion,

-completed. One of the most important measures of Cartier's public

-career, was undoubtedly the one which, as Minister of Militia and

-Defence, he presented to Parliament on March 31st, 1868, and which

-provided for the organization of the Canadian Militia, a measure that

-is the basis of our whole militia system.</p>

-

-<p>Confederation, as you know, originally included only the four provinces

-of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. It was the desire

-of Cartier, as it was that of Macdonald, to see established a united

-Canada, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific, a great maritime

-as well as land power with the furthest east united to the furthest

-west by a great transcontinental railway system. When the union of

-the four provinces had been accomplished, Cartier was steadfast in

-his efforts to secure the accomplishment of the larger idea. He fully

-realized the possibilities of the great West and the importance of

-securing for the Dominion that vast territory, the development of which

-has been the marvel of the past quarter of a century. Largely through

-his efforts, the great western territory now forming the Provinces

-of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, was secured from the Hudson's

-Bay Company on most advantageous terms. When we realize that this

-immensely rich territory, the "granary of the Empire" was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> acquired

-for the Dominion for the insignificant sum of $1,500,000, largely

-through the negotiations which Cartier conducted in England, some idea

-of the importance of the services he rendered in that connection,

-may be formed. Cartier also framed the bill creating the Province of

-Manitoba, which he presented and had passed at the session of 1871.

-Only one thing was needed to round out Confederation, and that was

-the admission of British Columbia. In the negotiations which resulted

-in the admission of that great Province into the Dominion, Cartier

-played a leading part, and it was he, who on November 28th, 1871,

-presented the bill to Parliament providing that British Columbia should

-become a portion of the Dominion. On that occasion Cartier hailed the

-realization of his dream of a united Canada extending from ocean to

-ocean, with pardonable pride.</p>

-

-<p>"I cannot close my explanations," he declared, "without impressing

-on the honorable members the greatness of the work. This young

-Confederation is on the point of extending over the whole northern

-portion of the continent, and when we consider that it took our

-neighbors sixty years to extend to the Pacific, where will be found

-in the history of the world anything comparable to our marvellous

-prosperity? I have always maintained that a nation to be great must

-have maritime power. We possess maritime power in a high degree. Our

-union with the maritime provinces gives us a seaboard on the east, and

-now our union with British Columbia will give us a seaboard on the

-west."</p>

-

-<p>With the admission of British Columbia to Confederation, the dream

-of Cartier and of Macdonald, of a united Canada extending from ocean

-to ocean, was realized. But one thing more was required to bind the

-scattered provinces firmly together-a great transcontinental railway.

-Cartier was one of the strongest advocates of such an undertaking,

-and to him belongs the glory of having had passed the first charter

-for the Canadian Pacific Railway. One of the terms of the union of

-British Columbia with Canada under the Act presented by Cartier, was

-the construction of such a road. It is related that the delegates of

-British Columbia during the negotiations urged upon Cartier that a

-railway should be built across the Prairies to the foot of the Rockies,

-and that a colonization road should be laid out from the foot of the

-Rockies to the Coast. "No," replied Cartier, "that will not do; ask for

-a railway the whole way and you will get it." Some leading public men

-of the time thought that Cartier was willing to undertake too great

-an obligation, but events have more than justified his optimism. At

-the session of 1872, Cartier presented resolutions providing for the

-construction of the Canadian Pacific. After a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>remarkable debate, a

-bill based on the resolutions was adopted, and Cartier, springing to

-his feet, gave utterance amidst loud cheers to the expression which has

-become historic: "All aboard for the West."</p>

-

-<p>It was the last great triumph of his public career. He did not live to

-see the realization of his dream, for it was not until thirteen years

-afterwards, that is to say, on November 7th, 1885, that the last spike

-of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway was driven by Sir

-Donald Smith, now Lord Strathcona, at Craigellachie, a small village

-of British Columbia, and on July 24th, 1886, Cartier's great colleague

-and fellow-worker for a united Canada, Sir John A. Macdonald personally

-reached the Pacific by rail from Ottawa.</p>

-

-<p>Though Cartier did not live to see the completion of the gigantic

-undertaking which meant so much for Canada, it is one of his chief

-merits that he was one of its initiators and strongest supporters, and

-that he foresaw and foretold its great future.</p>

-

-<p>"Before very long", he declared, addressing Parliament, "the English

-traveller who lands at Halifax will be able in five or six days to

-cover half of the continent inhabited by British subjects."</p>

-

-<p>How Cartier's prophecy has been fulfilled we all know. The traveller

-landing to-day at Halifax can reach Victoria by means of the Canadian

-Pacific in less than six days. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company has

-become one of the greatest corporations in the world, operating not

-only a great transcontinental railway, and a chain of palatial hotels,

-but also possessing magnificent fleets on the Atlantic and the Pacific,

-with its vessels now encircling the globe. It has progressed stage by

-stage until under the able direction of its present distinguished head,

-Sir Thomas Shaughnessy, it has attained the greatest position in its

-history. The company's expansion has in fact been one of the marvels

-of history, and with the continued development of the Dominion, its

-achievements, great as they have been, will undoubtedly be surpassed

-in the future. Cartier, by his strenuous advocacy of the construction

-of the road in days when faith in the future was at a discount, gave

-another evidence of his great foresight as well as of his faith in the

-future of the Dominion which he did so much to establish.</p>

-

-<h3>Cartier and Macdonald</h3>

-

-<p>No review of Cartier's career, however summary, would be complete

-without some reference to the alliance that existed between him and

-that other great Canadian statesman, Sir John A. Macdonald, an alliance

-which was for a long period a most important factor in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> public

-life of Canada. In his great painting "The Fathers of Confederation,"

-the artist Harris most appropriately places Macdonald and Cartier

-conspicuously in the centre of the group, and the names of those two

-great statesmen must forever be linked in connection with that epoch

-making measure.</p>

-

-<p>Macdonald and Cartier began their public careers within a few years

-of each other, Macdonald being first returned to Parliament in 1844,

-while Cartier became a member in 1848. The two men first became

-closely associated as members of the same Government, the MacNab-Taché

-Ministry, formed in 1855, in which ministry Macdonald held the

-portfolio of Attorney-General for Upper Canada while Cartier was

-Provincial Secretary, the first public office he held. From that time

-until the day of Cartier's death, the association between the two

-men remained practically unbroken. Their alliance, as has been well

-said, was based on equal consideration for the rightful claims of both

-nationalities.</p>

-

-<p>Each of the two men had qualities not possessed by the other.

-Macdonald had a magnetic personality, he was a consummate tactician,

-an incomparable leader of men. He had that genius which enables its

-possessor to seize and make the most of an opportunity. He had that

-quality so indispensable in a great leader of gaining the loyal and

-devoted support of men of widely different characters and temperaments.

-Macdonald in short combined the grasp of a statesman with the arts of a

-politician. Cartier excelled as an administrator, he was a tireless and

-indefatigable worker who never spared himself and who expected others

-to follow his example. He studied and analyzed all subjects which he

-had to handle to the very bottom, and when he came to discuss them he

-had a complete mastery of all the details. He was strong, nay, even

-dogmatic, in his convictions; once his mind was made up he pursued

-the path he had marked out for himself with persistent determination,

-heedless of all obstacles in his way. To his followers his word was

-law, and he exacted from them an unswerving obedience. His energy was

-prodigious: he deserved the designation given to him by Gladstone when

-that great statesman said that Cartier was "<i>un homme qui semble être

-légion</i>",&mdash;a man who was a legion in himself. Cartier's was essentially

-a strong and determined character.</p>

-

-<p>It was of course impossible that men of such different temperaments as

-Macdonald and Cartier and representing often such divergent interests,

-should not have their differences sometimes, but whatever differences

-they may have had never interfered with the high personal esteem and

-regard they entertained for each other. </p>

-

-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>

-

-<p>At a great banquet given in his honor by the Bar of Toronto on February

-8th, 1866, Macdonald took occasion to pay a warm and generous tribute

-to his French-Canadian colleague who was one of the guests of honor.</p>

-

-<p>"I wish to say," declared Macdonald, "that Hon. Mr. Cartier has a right

-to share in the honors which I am receiving to-night, because I have

-never made an appeal to him or to the Lower Canadians in vain. There

-is not in the whole of Canada a heart more devoted to his friends. If

-I have succeeded in introducing the institutions of Great Britain, it

-is due in great part, to my friend, who has never permitted under his

-administration that the bonds which attach us to England should be

-weakened."</p>

-

-<p>Cartier was equally generous in appreciation of his great colleague.

-Speaking at a banquet tendered Macdonald by the citizens of Kingston on

-September 6th, 1866, Cartier said:</p>

-

-<p>"Kingston is indeed a favored city, for it has for its representative

-a statesman who has never yet been surpassed in Canada, and who

-probably never will be in the future. I have had the happiness of being

-associated with the member for Kingston in my public career, and of

-having formed with him an alliance which has already lasted longer

-than all alliances of this kind in Canada. The success which we have

-obtained together has been due to the fact that we have repelled all

-sectional feelings and sought what might benefit Canada as a whole."</p>

-

-<p>That was the keynote of the Cartier-Macdonald alliance, the

-subordination of all sectional and racial feeling to the welfare of

-Canada as a whole. Cartier throughout his long public career was

-essentially a peacemaker, who always strove to promote a better feeling

-between the two races. A striking testimony to the success of his

-efforts in that direction was given on one occasion in Parliament when

-Mr. Benjamin, a leading Ontario member, declared: "I cannot refrain

-from acknowledging that Mr. Cartier has done more to unite the two

-races and to re-establish harmony between them, than any other member

-of the House."</p>

-

-<p>Well shall it always be for the Dominion, if its public men, no matter

-to what political party they may belong, always adhere to the sane

-and true principles upon which the Macdonald-Cartier alliance was

-based&mdash;mutual toleration and good-will, respect for the rights of all,

-the co-operation of races, the safeguarding of Canada's autonomy, and

-the development of Canadian nationality. The Macdonald-Cartier alliance

-in fact symbolized that union which should always exist between

-English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians. And why<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> should there

-not be union? What matters it whether we speak different languages or

-worship at different altars, if we always remember that we are all

-Canadians, mutually interested in the welfare and aggrandizement of our

-common country. That was the spirit which actuated both Cartier and

-Macdonald during their long association, and it will be well if such a

-spirit always prevails in the Dominion. It is only, in fact, upon such

-a basis that the permanence of Confederation, of which Macdonald and

-Cartier were the principal architects, can be assured.</p>

-

-<h3>For Canadian Nationality</h3>

-

-<p>The aim of Macdonald, Cartier, and the other great Fathers of

-Confederation, was to establish broad and deep the foundations of a

-Canadian nationality, based on the broadest principles of justice,

-tolerance, and equal rights. All their public utterances during

-the Confederation negotiations, testify to this fact. Macdonald's

-conception was that as the Dominion progressed it would become, to use

-his own words, year by year less a case of dependence on our part, and

-of overwhelming protection on the part of the Mother Country, and more

-a case of healthy and cordial alliance, that instead of looking upon

-us as a merely dependent colony, England would have in us a friendly

-nation&mdash;a subordinate but still a powerful people&mdash;to stand by her in

-North America in peace or war.</p>

-

-<p>It is given to some men to have a vision that foresees the future

-and enables them to provide for momentous developments. Both Cartier

-and Macdonald were such men. It is in fact the supreme merit of

-Cartier that whilst always standing firmly for the rights of his

-French-Canadian compatriots, his vision was not confined to the

-Province of Quebec. If any one does, Cartier deserves the distinction

-of being known as a great Canadian. There was nothing narrow or

-provincial in his views. His idea was a united Canada, stretching

-from ocean to ocean, in which men of all races, languages and creeds

-should work together as brethren for the welfare and advancement of

-their common country. Cartier's desire was that his French-Canadian

-compatriots should not confine their attention to the Province of

-Quebec, but should take their full share in the life of the Dominion,

-that they should above all rejoice in the name "Canadian," be proud of

-the great Dominion and work for its welfare in co-operation with their

-English-speaking fellow countrymen.</p>

-

-<p>"Objection is made to our project," says Cartier, in his great speech

-during the Confederation debates, "because of the words 'a new

-nationality'. But if we unite we will form a political nationality<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>

-independent of the national origin and religion of individuals. Some

-have regretted that we have a distinction of races and have expressed

-the hope that in time this diversity will disappear. The idea of a

-fusion of all races is utopian, it is an impossibility. Distinctions

-of this character will always exist, diversity is the order of the

-physical, moral and political worlds. As to the objection that we

-cannot form a great nation because Lower Canada is principally French

-and Catholic, Upper Canada English and Protestant, and the Maritime

-Provinces mixed, it is futile in the extreme.</p>

-

-<p>"Take for example the United Kingdom, inhabited as it is by three great

-races. Has the diversity of races been an obstacle to the progress and

-the welfare of Great Britain? Have not the three races united by their

-combined qualities, their energy and their courage, contributed to the

-glory of the Empire, to its laws of wise, to its success on land, on

-sea, and in commerce?</p>

-

-<p>"In our Confederation there will be Catholics and Protestants,

-English, French, Irish and Scotch, and each by its efforts and success

-will add to the prosperity of the Dominion, to the glory of a new

-Confederation. We are of different races, not to quarrel, but to work

-together for our common welfare. We cannot by law make the differences

-of race disappear, but I am convinced that the Anglo-Canadian and the

-French-Canadian will appreciate the advantages of their position. Set

-side by side like a great family, their contact will produce a happy

-spirit of emulation. The diversity of race will in fact, believe me,

-contribute to the common prosperity."</p>

-

-<p>What words of wisdom! What a spirit of true patriotism, of justice

-and of toleration they breathe! If Cartier in fact had never made any

-other utterance than this, it would be sufficient to stamp him as a

-true patriot and wise statesman. It will be well for Canada if such are

-always the guiding principles of its national life.</p>

-

-<p>While the idea of Macdonald and Cartier and the other great Fathers

-of Confederation was, as has been said, to establish a Canadian

-nationality, none the less was it their intention to perpetuate British

-institutions on the North American continent, to establish, to use

-Macdonald's expression, a friendly nation, enjoying, it is true, the

-most complete autonomy, but at the same time in alliance with Great

-Britain and the other portions of the Empire. No stronger believer

-in British institutions as the repository of freedom; no more ardent

-admirer of the British flag as the symbol of justice and liberty could

-be found than Cartier. In all his utterances during the Confederation,

-debates, he took special pains to emphasize that Confederation was

-intended not to weaken, but to strengthen, the ties between the

-Dominion, Great Britain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> and the other portions of the Empire.

-"Confederation," he said, in one of his speeches on the measure, "has

-for its first reason our common affection for British institutions, its

-object is to assure by all possible guarantees, their maintenance in

-the future."</p>

-

-<p>For the British flag Cartier on all occasions expressed a passionate

-devotion.</p>

-

-<p>"The Canadian people," he said at a great banquet given in his honor in

-London in 1869, "desires to remain faithful to the old flag of Great

-Britain, that flag which waves over all seas, which tyranny has never

-been able to overcome, that flag which symbolizes true liberty".</p>

-

-<p>These words expressed Cartier's deep and earnest conviction. During

-his several visits to Great Britain, he was deeply impressed by

-the greatness of British institutions. On those occasions he was

-the recipient of signal marks of honor; he was the personal guest

-of Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle for some time, and he received

-marked attention from Gladstone, Lord Lytton, and other distinguished

-British statesmen. His services in connection with the establishment

-of Confederation, as you know, were recognized by the conferring of a

-baronetcy upon him by Queen Victoria.</p>

-

-<h3>CARTIER'S WORK FOR MONTREAL</h3>

-

-<p>Having reviewed the great work which Cartier did for Canada in general,

-permit me to emphasize the eminent services which he rendered to

-Montreal. It is doubtful whether many Montrealers of the present

-generation fully realize the importance of Cartier's services to this

-city, and for that reason this portion of his career should be of

-special interest to citizens of this great metropolis.</p>

-

-<p>From 1861 until 1872, Cartier was one of the representatives of

-Montreal, first in the Parliament of United Canada, and afterwards

-in the House of Commons. During a portion of that period, he also

-represented Montreal-East in the Quebec Legislature under the system

-of dual representation which prevailed for some time following the

-establishment of Confederation. Montreal's interests were always dear

-to Cartier's heart, and throughout his long public career he zealously

-strove to promote the welfare and development of this city.</p>

-

-<p>Reference has already been made to the interest which Cartier showed

-from the outset of his career in railway construction. He realized that

-in order that Montreal might attain an unrivalled position, it would

-be necessary that railway communications should be established,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> that

-the St. Lawrence channel should be deepened, and that canals should be

-constructed and improved. One of the earliest of his speeches of which

-we have record was delivered at a great mass-meeting of the citizens

-of Montreal, held in 1846, on the Champ de Mars, to promote the

-construction of the Montreal &amp; Portland Railway to connect Montreal and

-Portland. Cartier on that occasion declared that such an undertaking

-was a truly national work. Alluding to the fact that property in such

-cities as Buffalo, Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, which

-had become great railway terminals, had as a result greatly increased

-in value, he declared that the same thing would happen in the case of

-Montreal if adequate railway facilities were established.</p>

-

-<p>"The prosperity of Montreal," he said, "depends upon its position as

-the great emporium for the commerce of the West, and we can only assure

-that prosperity by better means of transport from the waters of the

-West to the Atlantic by our canals and railways."</p>

-

-<p>When he became a member of Parliament Cartier continued his agitation

-for adequate railway facilities, and one of the first speeches he

-delivered in the legislature of United Canada, February 15th, 1849, was

-in advocacy of the completion of the Montreal &amp; Portland Railway.</p>

-

-<p>"There is no time to lose in the completion of the road," said Cartier

-on that occasion, "if we wish to assure for ourselves the commerce of

-the West. All the cities of the Atlantic Coast are disputing for that

-commerce."</p>

-

-<p>Referring to the efforts being made by New York, Philadelphia,

-Baltimore, and other American cities to capture this commerce, Cartier

-said: "In seeing the efforts that an intelligent population is making,

-we cannot doubt the importance of the trade of the lakes which they

-covet and the profits which will result. Now, we may secure the greater

-part of that trade by constructing this road as soon as possible."</p>

-

-<p>At another great mass meeting of the citizens of Montreal, held at the

-Bonsecours Market on July 31st, 1849, at which resolutions were adopted

-favoring the completion of the Montreal &amp; Portland Railway, on motion

-of Cartier, seconded by John Rose, it was resolved that the city should

-take shares in the company. Cartier on that occasion made a fervent

-appeal that the interests of Montreal should be considered.</p>

-

-<p>"I do not fear to say," he declared, "that Montreal will be recreant

-to its best interests, and will be the most backward of cities if it

-neglects the means that is offered it to reclaim a prosperity which

-is now leaving it. I appeal to the large proprietors, to the small

-proprietors who make the prosperity of the large ones, and to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>

-industrial and working classes which make the prosperity of both. We

-have an exceptional chance to attract foreign capital. The city has

-only to guarantee a bagatelle compared to the enormous debts contracted

-by the smaller cities of the United States to attract capital which

-passes through the hands of tradesmen and workingmen, to relieve trade

-which is languishing. It is an advantage which will be enjoyed even

-before the work is completed."</p>

-

-<p>Cartier pointed out that New York had contracted a debt of $25,000,000

-to provide proper railway facilities, as it had sufficient faith in

-itself and in the spirit of enterprise of its citizens to discount the

-future.</p>

-

-<p>"The time has come," said Cartier, addressing the citizens of Montreal,

-"to belie your reputation as apathetic men without energy and without a

-spirit of enterprise. Let those terms cease to be applied to the name

-'Canadian'. This great meeting is one of the first to be held in a city

-of the British Provinces to encourage an enterprise of this importance.

-It is proper that the example should come from Montreal, the commercial

-head of British America. It should show itself worthy of its position.

-Let us arouse ourselves, let us agitate."</p>

-

-<p>Cartier had the vision to foresee the great future in store for

-Montreal, if adequate transportation facilities were provided.</p>

-

-<p>"Montreal," he prophetically declared on the same occasion, "is

-destined to become the great emporium for the West. Without railways

-and canals it will be impossible for it to attain the glorious position

-which will make it one of the principal cities of the continent."</p>

-

-<p>Largely as the result of Cartier's persistent efforts, the Montreal

-&amp; Portland Railway which for a long time was the only outlet during

-the winter for Canadian produce, destined for Europe, was completed,

-and inaugurated in 1851, being subsequently absorbed by the Grand

-Trunk Railway Company. Before the completion of this road, it must be

-remembered that there were only some seventy miles of railway in all

-Canada, the first road, the Laprairie and St. John's having been opened

-only a few years before, that is to say on July 21st, 1836. When we

-consider that to-day the total mileage of railways in Canada is 35,000

-miles, that last year our combined railways built 1,970 miles of new

-railway, on which was spent $30,000,000, and that the programme for

-this year provides for 2,700 miles of new track, costing $41,000,000,

-some idea may be obtained of the advance that has been made. Cartier

-deserves the credit of having been one of the first to realize the

-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>importance of railway construction in connection with the development

-of the country and of having been one of the strongest supporters of

-a forward policy in this respect&mdash;a policy to which we owe the three

-splendid railway systems we have to-day&mdash;the Canadian Pacific, the

-Grand Trunk, and the work of those two great railway men, Sir William

-Mackenzie and Sir Donald Mann&mdash;the Canadian Northern.</p>

-

-<p>One of Cartier's chief claims to honor is that it was he who secured

-the incorporation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, which has done so

-much for the development of Canada in general, and the City of Montreal

-in particular. Cartier always took the greatest pride in that fact. In

-a speech delivered in the legislature he declared that he regarded the

-construction of the Grand Trunk as the greatest benefit that had ever

-been conferred on the country. "I had charge of the Act which created

-the Grand Trunk Railway," he added, "and I am prouder of that than of

-any other action of my life." The Grand Trunk at the outset of its

-history had many difficulties, financial and otherwise, to encounter,

-and it was due to Cartier's efforts in a large measure, that the

-company was able to tide over these difficulties and that its success

-was assured.</p>

-

-<p>Reviewing his public career at a great banquet given in his honor by

-the citizens of Montreal, on October 30th, 1866, on the eve of his

-departure for London as one of the Confederation delegates, Cartier

-referring to the efforts he had made on behalf of the Grand Trunk

-said: "In 1852-53, encouraged by the Hincks-Morin Ministry, I asked

-for the incorporation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, and I had it

-voted despite the most furious opposition. I also had the construction

-of the Victoria Bridge voted. You will recall the prejudices there

-were against that measure. It was a work which would produce floods

-in Montreal, it was a means to divert commerce towards Portland. But

-the prejudice, against these great measures were soon dissipated, it

-was only a passing tempest. It was so, too, for the Grand Trunk and

-the Victoria Bridge. The Grand Trunk and the Victoria Bridge have

-flooded Montreal with an abundance of prosperity. What would Montreal

-be without the Grand Trunk? It has assured for us the commerce of the

-West."</p>

-

-<p>Addressing the electors of Montreal-East when seeking re-election in

-1867, Cartier, referring to the construction of the Victoria Bridge,

-said: "You know that there existed considerable jealousy or rivalry

-between Quebec and Montreal, and that the two cities sought at the same

-time to secure the possession of a bridge across the river. I will not

-stop to discuss the advantages of such a bridge. Thanks to my efforts

-I am proud to be able to say Montreal finally secured it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> Montreal

-has the Victoria Bridge. The results you know. Our city since then has

-had a considerable development which Confederation, I am certain, will

-increase."</p>

-

-<p>When we consider the important factor that the Grand Trunk Railway

-Company has been in the development of Eastern Canada, and what its

-associate company, the Grand Trunk Pacific, will be in the opening up

-and development of rich new districts in the West, it will be realized

-that Cartier in the part he played in the creation and assistance of

-this great railway system, rendered another most important service to

-Canada.</p>

-

-<p>St. Lawrence navigation and the advancement of the Port of Montreal

-found in Cartier a steadfast advocate, and the Allan Line which was

-the pioneer in ocean navigation via the St. Lawrence, secured from him

-the heartiest encouragement and support. Speaking in the Legislative

-Assembly in 1860, in favor of a proposal to increase the mail subsidy

-to the Allans, Cartier warmly supported means to increase navigation by

-the St. Lawrence. It was humiliating, he declared, to see nearly all

-our imports arriving by the steamships, the railways, and the canals

-of the United States. "Let us rise," he said, "to the height of the

-changes wrought by progress, for we are at the beginning of a new era

-which will eclipse anything we have yet seen." The improvement of the

-harbor and port of Montreal always found in Cartier a zealous advocate,

-as he fully realized how important it was for Montreal's progress and

-prosperity.</p>

-

-<p>Cartier persistently advocated the enlargement of the canals, so as to

-divert the commerce of the West from American ports to this port, and

-thus benefit the City of Montreal. In a speech on the deepening of Lake

-St. Peter, delivered in the Parliament of United Canada on May 11th,

-1860, he said: "Up to the present all our debt has been contracted

-for the execution of very important public works&mdash;the Welland Canal,

-the St. Lawrence Canal, the Rideau Canal, the Lachine Canal, etc. But

-we have not yet attained our object, which is to divert the commerce

-of the great lakes from the American routes to the St. Lawrence. This

-commerce continues to pass by New York and Pennsylvania, and all that

-we see is the traffic destined for Ogdensburg and Oswego. What means

-should be taken to remedy this condition of affairs? We have come to

-the conclusion to abolish all tolls on the canals, and to make the St.

-Lawrence route perfectly free from the ocean to the great lakes."</p>

-

-<p>In reply to a remark by George Brown that the measure seemed to be

-designed to attract the commerce of the West to Montreal, to the

-detriment of Upper Canada, Cartier said: "I do not see why it should<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>

-be apprehended that Montreal will secure so many advantages from this

-amelioration. This city is at the head of navigation, and is the

-principal centre of commerce; it is inspired by the spirit of progress,

-and I believe that in place of jealousy, all should be proud of its

-success. Whatever they can do, they can never prevent its being the

-most important city of the country, and from becoming a rival of the

-great American cities."</p>

-

-<p>Reference has been made to the prominent part that Cartier took in

-advocating the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway; and in

-desiring to see the accomplishment of that great undertaking, he had

-an eye to the interests of Montreal. In a speech to the electors of

-Montreal-East on August 8th, 1872, he promised that Montreal would

-be the principal terminus of that great road. "I have," he said, to

-the citizens of Montreal on that occasion, "devoted all my efforts to

-further your interests and I have always desired that Montreal should

-have the lion's share."</p>

-

-<p>The mercantile and business interests always found in Cartier a

-friend, in fact had he not been a public man, it is likely that his

-inclinations would have made him a great business man.</p>

-

-<p>"Merchants," he said, speaking at a dinner tendered him by the

-merchants of Quebec, on December 23rd, 1869, "contribute greatly to the

-progress of the country. Without the English merchants, England could

-not have kept its possessions in the world. Like Rome she would have

-lost her Colonies soon after their conquest. But the English merchant

-was the means of forming bonds between the new possessions of the

-Empire. I respect the interests of those here present. Those interests

-have greatly contributed to render Canada prosperous. Those who devote

-themselves to commerce form in every country one of the most important

-classes of society."</p>

-

-<p>Cartier's efforts on behalf of the mercantile interests of Montreal,

-and his faith in the future of this city never wavered, and he

-predicted its great expansion in wealth and population.</p>

-

-<p>"Our city," he said, addressing the electors of Montreal-East in 1867,

-"now counts 150,000 souls. In twenty years under Confederation, I

-predict that it will have more than 250,000 inhabitants."</p>

-

-<p>How Cartier's faith in Montreal has been justified, we all know. What

-was at the time he spoke a town of 150,000 people, has become a great

-metropolis of over 600,000 souls, and it is destined to have before

-many years a population of over one million people.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> As Montrealers we

-are all, as we have a right to be, proud of the great position which

-the city has attained, and of the still greater future which awaits it.

-Let us, in its day of greatness not forgot those, like Cartier, who in

-the days of small things foresaw the great future before Montreal and

-gave their best efforts to promote its interests.</p>

-

-<p>To the very end of his public career, Cartier's interest in the welfare

-of Montreal and his efforts to promote its advancement continued. His

-own words conveyed but the simple truth when he said in one of his last

-addresses, to his fellow citizens: "I frankly avow that all that my

-heart inspires, all that my knowledge and experience furnish, have been

-devoted to the welfare and prosperity of my compatriots in general and

-of Montreal in particular."</p>

-

-<p>Like many other statesmen, Cartier experienced the vicissitudes, as

-well as the triumphs, of public life. His last appeal to the electors

-of Montreal, made when he was practically a dying man, resulted, owing

-to a combination of circumstances, in his crushing defeat. He was

-greeted not with bouquets but with stones, from people of a city for

-which he had worked so hard, and for the advancement of which he had

-done so much. Another seat was found for him in Provencher, Manitoba,

-but his public career was over. In an effort to secure the restoration

-of his health he went to England, but the hope was vain: the incessant

-labors of a long public career had broken down a naturally robust

-constitution, and the great statesman passed away in London, England,

-on May 23rd, 1873. His last thoughts were for his beloved country.</p>

-

-<p>"Say to his friends in Canada," wrote one of his daughters in a

-touching letter announcing his death to a friend in Montreal, "say to

-his friends in Canada that he loved his country to the last, that his

-only desire was to return. Two days before his death he had all the

-Canadian newspapers read to him. Even his enemies, I hope, will not

-refuse to admit that before all he loved his country."</p>

-

-<p>The national mourning that followed the announcement of his death, the

-enconiums pronounced by the newspapers of all shades of opinion, the

-eulogies delivered in Parliament, the scene of his labors for so many

-years, and the imposing public funeral that was given his remains in

-Montreal, all bore eloquent testimony to the fact that the Canadian

-people, regardless of party, recognized that in his death Canada had

-indeed lost one who before all had loved his country. His remains rest

-beneath the soil of Mount Royal, which overlooks the city that he loved

-so well, and for the interests of which he worked so hard.</p>

-

-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>

-

-<h3>Lessons of Cartier's Life</h3>

-

-<p>What were the lessons of Cartier's life? They may be summed up in the

-three words&mdash;patriotism, duty, and tolerance. He loved his country and

-sought to promote its interests, he wore himself out in the discharge

-of his public duties, he was a man of the broadest views and the utmost

-tolerance. As Sir Adolphe Routhier has well remarked, to most public

-men public life is a career, but for Cartier it was an apostolate,

-a patriotic mission, and to fulfill that mission he sacrificed

-everything, even the modest fortune of which his family had need.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>

-

-<p>A French-Canadian and proud of his origin, a Roman Catholic and true

-to his faith, strong in his convictions, Cartier at the same time was

-a man of generous sympathies, of broad views, and great tolerance. His

-charity was broad enough to include men of all races, languages, and

-creeds. "My policy, and I think it best," he said on one occasion,

-"is respect for the rights of all." Actuated by that spirit he stood

-firmly on all occasions where there was justification for the rights

-of minorities, whether French or English, Catholic or Protestant. At

-the time of Confederation, for instance, some fear was expressed that

-the interests of the Protestant minority of Quebec would be jeopardized

-under the new constitution. Cartier pledged his word that nothing of

-the kind would happen. "I have already had occasion to proclaim in

-Parliament," he said, addressing the citizens of Montreal, "that the

-Protestant minority of Lower Canada have nothing to fear from the

-Provincial Legislature under Confederation. My word is given, and I

-repeat that nothing will be done of a nature to injure the principles

-and the rights of that minority."</p>

-

-<p>Cartier's pledge, it is needless to say, has been sacredly kept.</p>

-

-<p>On the same occasion, Cartier showed his largeness of views by

-declaring: "You know that I am a Catholic. I love my religion,

-believing it the best, but whilst proudly declaring myself a Catholic,

-I believe it my duty as a public man to respect the sincerity and the

-religious convictions of others. I am also a French-Canadian. I love my

-race. I of course have for it a predilection which is assuredly only

-natural, but as a public man and as a citizen, I also love others."

-Such were Cartier's guiding principles throughout life.</p>

-

-<p>Cartier, like all other human beings, had his faults, as well as

-his virtues, his public career was not without its mistakes, but

-nobody ever questioned his ardent love for his country, his absolute

-sincerity, his high sense of honor, his personal honesty and integrity,

-his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> fearless energy, and the firmness with which he always stood for

-his convictions. His motto "<i>Franc Et Sans Dol</i>"&mdash;"Frank And Without

-Deceit," well describes the character of the man.</p>

-

-<p>Did time permit, Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, a great deal more

-might be said of Cartier and his works. But has not sufficient been

-said to justify the contention that Cartier was a great Canadian, a

-nation-builder in the truest sense of that term, one whose memory

-is entitled to lasting honor from all Canadians? Does not the

-summary record of his career, which has been given, amply justify

-the declaration of the great Lord Dufferin that Cartier's name must

-forever be indissolubly incorporated with the most eventful and most

-glorious epoch of his country's history, commencing as it did with his

-entrance into political life and culminating in that consolidation of

-the Provinces to which his genius, courage and ability so materially

-contributed.</p>

-

-<p>Macdonald, Cartier, Tupper, Tilley, Brown, Galt, and the other great

-Fathers of Confederation builded better even than they knew. As the

-result of their wise statesmanship and patriotic efforts, Canada

-to-day stands a young giant amongst the peoples of the world. Under

-Confederation there has been witnessed a marvellous expansion and an

-unprecedented prosperity. We have to-day, to use the words of one of

-the most patriotic of our national poets, John Daniel Logan,&mdash;we have

-to-day a land:&mdash;</p>

-

-<p class="center">Blessed with youth and strength, with health and peace.</p>

-

-<p>And great as is the position of the Dominion at present, it is

-insignificant to what it will be if Canadians are only true to the

-teachings of the Fathers, if they all work together for the common

-welfare, if they are true to the national interests of the Dominion,

-and guard their great heritage against all influences of an insidious

-character.</p>

-

-<h3>Honor Cartier's Memory</h3>

-

-<p>Canadians do well to honor the memories of those great men who laid

-broad and deep the foundations of Canadian nationality, and who

-accomplished great works for the welfare of the Dominion. In the

-leading cities of Canada, stately monuments attest the recognition of a

-grateful people of the services of that great Father of Confederation,

-and that illustrious Canadian statesman, Sir John A. Macdonald. Brown

-and Tilley, too, have their monuments. Sir Charles Tupper is still

-happily with us in person, and I am sure that we all trust that his

-life may long be spared. His name will always be remembered as that of

-one of the leading Fathers of Confederation and one of our greatest

-statesmen. </p>

-

-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>

-

-<p>Does not justice demand that fitting honor should be done to that other

-great Father of Confederation, Sir George Etienne Cartier, by the

-erection of a memorial in the city which he represented in Parliament

-for so many years, and for whose interests he strove so zealously?</p>

-

-<p>When in November, 1910, at a meeting held at the St. Jean Baptiste

-Market Hall in this city, it was proposed by Mr. E. W. Villeneuve, now

-president of the Cartier Centenary Committee, whom we have with us

-to-day, that the centenary of Cartier's birth should be appropriately

-commemorated and that steps should be taken for the erection of a

-monument to his memory, the proposal was enthusiastically taken up.

-Since then the movement has assumed not only a national but an Empire

-scope, and representatives of every portion of the Empire will be

-present at the commemorative celebration next year. The movement, it

-may be mentioned is absolutely non-partisan in character, it being

-recognized that Cartier's memory is a national possession. The Prime

-Minister of the Dominion, Right Hon. R. L. Borden; the leader of the

-Liberal Party, Sir Wilfrid Laurier; the Prime Minister of the Province

-of Quebec, Sir Lomer Gouin; the Prime Ministers of all the Provinces;

-leading Liberals as well as Conservatives, throughout the Dominion,

-have united to render homage to the memory of one who did so much

-for Canada. Thanks to the co-operation and support of the Dominion

-Government and the Governments of all the Provinces, the erection of

-a splendid memorial, which will stand on one of the slopes of Mount

-Royal, and the first stone of which will be laid by His Royal Highness

-the Duke of Connaught, on September 1st next, is now practically

-assured. The memorial, the work of the eminent Canadian sculptor, Mr.

-G. W. Hill, will not only serve to honor and perpetuate Cartier's

-memory, but will also commemorate the establishment of Confederation,

-in which he played such a conspicuous part. In addition to the imposing

-statue of Cartier the memorial will bear statues representing every one

-of the nine provinces of the Dominion, the whole symbolical of that

-United Canada, which was one of Cartier's cherished dreams.</p>

-

-<p>In connection with the unveiling of the memorial, it is proposed to

-hold a series of commemorative celebrations, and it is confidently

-expected that the citizens of Montreal, ever alive as they are to the

-interests and reputation of the commercial metropolis, will give their

-hearty support and co-operation in making the celebration worthy not

-only of the memory of the great statesman, but also of the leading city

-of the Dominion, with which he was so closely identified.</p>

-

-<p>And when, Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, on the 6th of September of

-next year, the one hundredth anniversary of Cartier's birth, amidst<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>

-the plaudits of hundreds of thousands of Canadians of all origins,

-creeds, and political leanings, the veil shall be removed from the

-magnificent memorial which shall stand on one of the commanding slopes

-of Mount Royal, testifying to the grateful recognition of the whole

-Dominion, justice shall have been done to the memory of one who loved

-his country, who accomplished great works for its benefit, whose heart

-was ever stirred by that feeling of ardent devotion to his native land

-which he himself expressed in those burning words of patriotism:</p>

-

-<p>"<i>O Canada, Mon Pays, Mes Amours!</i>"<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>

-

-<hr />

-

-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>

-

-<h2>O CANADA, MY OWN BELOVED LAND!<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></h2>

-

-<p class="center">From the French "O CANADA, MON PAYS, MES AMOURS,"<br />of Sir George Etienne

-Cartier.</p>

-

-<hr class="smler" />

-

-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By John Boyd</span></p>

-

-<p class="center">For the Cartier Centenary.</p>

-

-<div class="center"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza">

-<div>"One's own land is best of all,"</div>

-<div class="i1">So an ancient adage says;</div>

-<div>To sing it is the poet's call,</div>

-<div class="i1">Mine be to sing my fair land's praise.</div>

-<div>Strangers behold with envious eyes</div>

-<div class="i1">St. Lawrence's tide so swift and grand,</div>

-<div>But the Canadian proudly cries,</div>

-<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<div>Rivers and streams in myriad maze</div>

-<div class="i1">Meander through our fertile plains,</div>

-<div>Midst many a lofty mountain's haze,</div>

-<div class="i1">What vast expanse the vision chains!</div>

-<div>Vales, hills and rapids, forest brakes&mdash;</div>

-<div class="i1">What panorama near so grand!</div>

-<div>Who doth not love thy limpid lakes,</div>

-<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<div>Each season of the passing year,</div>

-<div class="i1">In turn, attractions hath to bless.</div>

-<div>Spring like an ardent wooer, dear,</div>

-<div class="i1">Besports fair flowers and verdant dress;</div>

-<div>Summer anon prepares to wrest</div>

-<div class="i1">The harvest rare with joyful hand;</div>

-<div>In Fall and Winter, feast and jest.</div>

-<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>Canadians, like their sires of old</div>

-<div class="i1">Revel in song and gaily live,</div>

-<div>Mild, gentle, free, not overbold,</div>

-<div class="i1">Polite and gallant, welcome give.</div>

-<div>Patriots, to country ever leal,</div>

-<div class="i1">They, foes of slavery, staunchly stand;</div>

-<div>Their watchword is the peace and weal</div>

-<div class="i1">Of Canada, their beloved land.</div>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<div>Each country vaunts its damsels fair,</div>

-<div class="i1">(I quite agree with truth they boast)</div>

-<div>But our Canadian girls must share</div>

-<div class="i1">The witching charm of beauty's host,</div>

-<div>So lovely they and so sincere,</div>

-<div class="i1">With that French charm of magic wand,</div>

-<div>Coquettish just to make them dear.</div>

-<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>

-</div><div class="stanza">

-<div>O my country, thou art blest,</div>

-<div class="i1">Favoured of all the nations now!</div>

-<div>But the stranger's vile behest</div>

-<div class="i1">Would the seeds of discord sow.</div>

-<div>May thy brave sons for thy sake</div>

-<div class="i1">Join to help thee, hand in hand,</div>

-<div>For thy great day doth e'en now break,</div>

-<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>

-</div></div></div>

-

-<hr />

-

-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>

-

-<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Dr. Parkin&mdash;Life of Sir John A. Macdonald.</p></div>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> John Lewis, Life of George Brown.</p></div>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Dr. Parkin&mdash;Life of Sir John A. Macdonald.</p></div>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> A. D. DeCelles, Cartier Et Son Temps.</p></div>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Sir Adolphe Routhier-Conférence sur Sir George Etienne

-Cartier, issued by the Cartier Centenary Committee in pamphlet form.</p></div>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> See following pages.</p></div>

-

-<div class="footnote">

-

-<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> The above which is a faithful translation of the famous

-French-Canadian national song, "O Canada Mon Pays, Mes Amours," is

-intended simply to give the sense of the original. The song was

-composed in 1835 by George Etienne Cartier, then a young man of 21 who

-was destined to become one of the most illustrious figures in Canadian

-history. Cartier was for some time secretary of the St. Jean Baptiste

-Association which was founded by Ludger Duvernay in 1834, and it was

-at the first celebration of St. Jean Baptiste day held in Montreal in

-1835, that the song was sung for the first time by Cartier himself.

-</p>

-<p>

-As the result of the indefatigable efforts of the president of the

-Cartier Centenary Committee, Mr. E. W. Villeneuve and those associated

-with him in this patriotic undertaking, the Centenary of Sir George

-Etienne Cartier's birth will be commemorated in 1914 by the unveiling

-of a magnificent monument on Mount Royal, and a series of historic

-celebrations. A brilliant success is assured for the Centenary

-celebration, and the splendid memorial which will stand on one of the

-slopes of Mount Royal will forever commemorate the illustrious career

-of Cartier and the great work of Canadian Confederation with which he

-was prominently identified.</p></div></div>

-

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+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sir George Etienne Cartier, by John Boyd.
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+<body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 64593 ***</div>
+
+<div class="mynote"><p class="center">Transcriber's Note:<br /><br />
+Obvious typographic errors have been corrected.<br /></p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/front.jpg" alt="front" /></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+<h1>Sir George Etienne Cartier</h1>
+
+<p class="bold">His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal</p>
+
+<p class="bold2 space-above"><span class="double-underline">AN ADDRESS</span></p>
+
+<p class="bold">DELIVERED BEFORE THE<br />CANADIAN CLUB OF MONTREAL</p>
+
+<p class="bold"><i>April 7th, 1913</i></p>
+
+<p class="bold space-above">BY</p>
+
+<p class="bold2">JOHN BOYD</p>
+
+<p class="bold">Author of The Memorial History of the Life<br />and Times of Sir George
+Etienne Cartier</p>
+
+<p class="bold">(To be issued in connection with the<br />Cartier Centenary Celebration,
+1914)</p>
+
+<p class="bold space-above"><span class="smcap">Issued by the</span> CARTIER CENTENARY COMMITTEE<br />MONTREAL<br />1913</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/i002.jpg" alt="THE CARTIER CENTENARY" /></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/frontis.jpg" alt="SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER" /></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">The accompanying address has been registered in accordance<br />with the
+Copyright Act by <span class="smcap">John Boyd</span>.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>FOREWORD.</h2>
+
+<p>The great interest that has been aroused in the Cartier Centenary
+movement was shown by the large gathering which assembled at the
+Canadian Club luncheon in the Sailors' Institute on Monday, April 7th,
+1913, to hear Mr. John Boyd speak on "Sir George Etienne Cartier, His
+Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal." The speaker's references
+to the work that Cartier had accomplished for Canada, and especially
+to the great services that he rendered to the City of Montreal, were
+enthusiastically applauded by the large audience of representative
+business men.</p>
+
+<p>The accompanying address which includes a summary of Sir George Etienne
+Cartier's career and achievements is but a preliminary to the Memorial
+History of the Life and Times of Cartier which is now being written
+by Mr. John Boyd, and which will deal exhaustively not only with
+Cartier's career but also with the whole period covered by that career,
+one of the most memorable periods of Canadian history. The work will
+be published next year under the auspices of the Cartier Centenary
+Committee in connection with the great commemorative celebration of the
+one hundredth anniversary of Cartier's birth.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER</h2>
+
+<p class="bold">His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BY MR. JOHN BOYD BEFORE<br />THE
+CANADIAN CLUB OF MONTREAL, APRIL 7th, 1913.)</p>
+
+<hr class="smler" />
+
+<p>Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen:</p>
+
+<p>The subject of the address which I have the privilege of delivering
+to-day is "Sir George Etienne Cartier, His Work for Canada and His
+Services to Montreal."</p>
+
+<p>Let me at the outset, Mr. Chairman, express my deep appreciation of the
+honor the Executive of the Canadian Club has done me in inviting me to
+address the members of this important and representative organization.</p>
+
+<p>When, in 1892, through the efforts of Mr. Charles R. McCullough of
+Hamilton, the first Canadian Club was organized, a movement was
+inaugurated of the utmost importance to the Dominion. Every important
+centre throughout the country now has its Canadian Club, and these
+organizations, or as they have been well termed, these "universities
+of the people" now numbering nearly one hundred, are doing a splendid
+work in fostering a spirit of patriotism and in creating that national
+sentiment which is so essential to Canada's welfare. The Canadian Club
+of Montreal, composed as it is of the most representative citizens of
+the commercial metropolis, has ever been foremost in this great work,
+and it is indeed a privilege to have the opportunity of addressing such
+a gathering.</p>
+
+<p>What more appropriate subject, Mr. Chairman, could be found for an
+address before a Canadian Club, than the career of one of our great
+nation-builders, of one who helped to lay the foundations of Canadian
+nationality and of the Dominion's greatness?</p>
+
+<p>It is not my intention, Mr. Chairman, nor would time permit on this
+occasion, to deal exhaustively with the life and achievements of Sir
+George Etienne Cartier. That is now engaging my attention in another
+form, and when the Memorial History of the Life and Times of George
+Etienne Cartier shall appear, it will, I trust be found to be at
+least an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> exhaustive review of a great career and of one of the most
+memorable periods of Canadian history. On this occasion, owing to the
+limited time at my disposal, I shall content myself with reviewing
+succinctly Cartier's public career and achievements, dwelling briefly
+on the lessons of his life with special emphasis upon the great work
+that he did for Canada in general and the eminent services which he
+rendered to the City of Montreal in particular.</p>
+
+<p>I shall take it for granted, Gentleman, that you are all conversant
+with the main facts of Cartier's career, from his birth at St. Antoine
+on the Richelieu River on September 6th, 1814, until his entrance to
+public life at the age of 34 in 1848, from that date until he became
+Prime Minister of United Canada in 1858, and from that until his death
+in 1873 when he held the portfolio of Minister of Militia and Defence
+in the Dominion Government.</p>
+
+<p>Cartier's public career covered a period of some twenty-five years,
+that is to say from 1848 to 1873. What fruitful efforts, what
+herculanean labors, what great achievements, what struggles, defeats
+and triumphs were crowded within the compass of that career! The period
+which it covered was one of the most remarkable, if not the most
+remarkable, in the whole range of Canadian history. It was a period
+which witnessed many great constitutional changes, many transformations
+of parties, many fierce political struggles. It saw the beginning and
+the end of the Union, it marked the triumph of the long struggle for
+responsible government, it witnessed the birth of Confederation. It was
+a period fecund of great events and momentous developments, it was also
+a period rendered notable by the long succession of great statesmen
+whose names must forever be illustrious in Canadian history.</p>
+
+<p>During all of that period Cartier played an active part and at times
+occupied a pre-eminent position.</p>
+
+<p>At the beginning of his career, Cartier was a zealous reformer. In his
+youth like so many other ardent spirits of the time he came under the
+influence of Louis Joseph Papineau, when that great French Canadian
+tribune, with his incomparable eloquence, was thundering against those
+administrative abuses which were directly responsible for the troubles
+of the period. Nor was Papineau alone in his opposition to what Cartier
+described as the action of a minority which sought to dominate the
+majority and exploit the government in its own interests. Papineau,
+it should be remembered had the support of leading English-speaking
+Canadians, such as the distinguished Wolfred Nelson, afterwards Mayor
+of Montreal; in fact it is a noteworthy historical feature that some
+of the leading figures in the struggle for responsible government
+in Lower Canada were English-speaking. Cartier's participation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> in
+the rising of 1837 was due to the ardor and impetuosity of youth and
+the sincere convictions he held that the prevailing evils called for
+drastic measures. His experience convinced him of the folly of an
+appeal to arms; he realized that the remedy for existing evils must be
+sought, not through armed resistance to the constituted authorities,
+but through constitutional agitation and legislative action. He became
+a staunch supporter of LaFontaine's policy, and one of his earliest
+campaign speeches was made in advocacy of the principle of ministerial
+responsibility during the crisis resulting from the resignation of
+the LaFontaine-Baldwin Government in 1844. In 1848, when Cartier
+first entered Parliament, the struggle for responsible government,
+thanks to the efforts of those two great statesmen, Louis Hypolite
+LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin, whose names will forever be held in the
+highest honor by all Canadians, had been fought and won. When justice
+had been secured and existing abuses remedied by the granting of
+responsible government, Cartier became, and ever afterwards continued
+to be one of the warmest supporters and most zealous champions of
+British institutions, a strong advocate of the maintenance of British
+connection and a passionate lover of the British flag.</p>
+
+<p>Cartier was the destined successor of LaFontaine in the great work of
+reconstruction, pacification, and conciliation, and when LaFontaine
+retired in 1851, and was followed a few years later by that other
+eminent French-Canadian statesman, Auguste Norbert Morin, Cartier's
+path to the leadership of his native province was clear. For years he
+was the undisputed leader: his voice, as has been well said, was the
+voice of Quebec.</p>
+
+<p>The struggle for responsible government having been won, an era of
+marked industrial expansion and development followed under the Union.
+It was an era of railway building, of canal construction, of the
+establishment of great public works. Cartier, owing to his practical
+qualities, his great business abilities, his mastery of details, and
+his administrative capacities, was eminently qualified to obtain
+a leading position during such a period. He achieved distinction
+as a reformer, as an able administrator, as a legislator, and as a
+constructive statesman. His name is attached to some of the most
+important Acts of a period prolific of important legislation. It
+is sufficient to mention in this connection such measures as the
+construction of the Montreal and Portland Railway, the decentralization
+of the judiciary, the codification of the civil laws and of civil
+procedure, the modification of the criminal law, the Municipal Act of
+Lower Canada, the Act relating to registration offices, the abolition
+of the seigniorial tenure, the choice of Ottawa as the Capital of
+Canada, the construction of the Grand Trunk Railway<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> and the Victoria
+Bridge, the organization of the educational system of Lower Canada, the
+improvement and deepening of the St. Lawrence, the building of canals,
+the union of the provinces of British North America, the acquisition
+of the North-West Territories, the construction of the Intercolonial
+Railway, the establishment of the Province of Manitoba, the admission
+of British Columbia into Confederation, the establishment of the
+militia system and the initiation of the Canadian Pacific Railway.</p>
+
+<p>It would not be in accordance with that absolute truth which is
+demanded of history, to even infer that to Cartier alone is due the
+credit for the passage of all of these great measures. Many eminent
+men contributed by their efforts to their achievement. But to Cartier
+may fairly be adjudged the merit without detracting from the merits
+of others, of having taken an active part in the achievement of all
+of these important measures, of having devoted his great energies and
+abilities to their accomplishment, and of having played a determining
+part in the achievement of some of them. Some of these measures
+were of material benefit to the progress of the country. The legal
+reforms for which Cartier is entitled to the sole credit, constitute
+in themselves a monument to his wise statesmanship. Other measures
+in which he played a determining part, such as Confederation, were
+of an epoch-making character, in connection with Canada's national
+development and well-being. As an eminent French-Canadian writer, the
+late Senator Tassé, has well remarked, more than one of these measures
+would have been sufficient to immortalize Cartier. He was, to use
+Senator Tassé's words, at one and the same time a legislator, a founder
+of constitutions, a peaceful conqueror.</p>
+
+<h3>Cartier and Confederation</h3>
+
+<p>The greatest work in which Cartier participated, and in which it
+is freely acknowledged he played a determining part, was of course
+the establishment of Confederation. The idea of a union of all the
+provinces of British North America did not originate with Cartier,
+any more than it originated with Macdonald, Tupper, Tilley, Brown or
+the other great Fathers of Confederation. Proposals to that effect
+had been made long before, and the idea was one that had arisen
+in many minds as a desirable consummation and as a remedy for the
+chaotic conditions which then prevailed. But the idea was one that was
+heartily supported by Cartier from a very early period, and to the
+Cartier-Macdonald Government of which he became the head in 1858 as
+Prime<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> Minister of United Canada must be given the credit of having
+taken the first practical steps to bring about Confederation. One of
+the items of that government's programme was the union of the British
+North American provinces, and soon after the close of the session
+of 1858, a delegation composed of three members of the Government,
+Cartier himself, A. T. Galt, and John Rose went to England to press
+the matter upon the Imperial Government. A memorandum submitted to the
+Imperial authorities and signed by Cartier, Galt and Rose urged the
+Imperial Government to take steps to have a meeting of delegates from
+all the British North American provinces to consider the question of
+Confederation and to report upon it.</p>
+
+<p>Though the steps taken in 1858 had no immediate result, the fact
+remains that the Government of which Cartier was the head, was the
+first to take up the question of the union of the British North
+American provinces, that, as the lamented Thomas D'Arcy McGee remarked
+in his great speech during the Confederation debate "the first real
+stage of the success of Confederation, the thing that gave importance
+to the theory in men's minds, was the memorandum of 1858, signed by
+Cartier, Galt and Rose. The recommendation in that memorandum" said
+McGee, "laid dormant until revived by the Constitutional Committee
+which led to the coalition, which led to the Quebec Conference, which
+led to the draft of the Constitution now on our table, and which" added
+McGee with assurance "will lead, I am fain to believe, to the union
+of all these provinces,"&mdash;an assurance, which was not long afterwards
+happily fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p>Cartier was the leader of the Quebec wing of the Coalition Ministry.
+He was a delegate to the Charlottetown Conference, as well as a member
+of the Quebec Conference. He took a leading part in the Confederation
+debates, ably defending the measure against the attacks made upon it.
+With Macdonald, Brown and Galt he was deputed after the scheme had
+been adopted by the Legislature to go to England to confer with Her
+Majesty's Government; he was also one of the delegates who sat in
+Conference from the 4th to the 24th December, 1866, at the Westminster
+Palace Hotel in London, and at which a series of 69 resolutions, based
+on those of the Quebec Conference, were finally passed. The sittings
+of that famous conference were renewed early in January of 1867, a
+series of draft bills were drawn up, and revised by the Imperial law
+officers, a bill was submitted to the Imperial Parliament in February,
+and on March 29th, under the title of the British North America Act,
+it received the royal assent. A royal proclamation issued from Windsor
+Castle on May 22nd, 1867, appointed July 1st as the date upon which the
+Act should come into force, and the following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> first of July witnessed
+the birth of what the Governor-General, Lord Monck, well designated as
+"a new nationality".</p>
+
+<p>The men who assembled at Quebec on October 10th, 1864, to devise means
+for bringing about the union of the British North American provinces,
+had momentous problems to solve, but they were all men of the most
+ardent patriotism, of the broadest views, and with a firm determination
+to carry to a successful issue the great work with which they had
+been entrusted. How they succeeded in their task we all know. It has
+been well remarked by one of the biographers of Sir John A. Macdonald
+that there are three men besides Macdonald who in the establishment
+of Confederation and in securing the large results which followed
+from that epoch-making measure, demand special mention. Those men
+were George Etienne Cartier, Charles Tupper, and Leonard Tilley.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+Justice demands that George Brown should also be named amongst the
+great Fathers of Confederation, for without the co-operation of that
+eminent Liberal statesman it is questionable whether Confederation
+under the circumstances could have been effected at that time. It
+was George Brown who made the proposals which rendered the coalition
+ministry possible, and by sinking all party considerations and personal
+differences in a grave crisis of his country's history, he performed a
+signal act of patriotism, which entitles his name to a high place on
+Canada's roll of honor. It was in fact a striking lesson in patriotism
+and in devotion to country, to find men like Macdonald and Cartier on
+the one hand, and Brown on the other, forgetting all past differences
+and even bitter personal animosities, and sitting at the same council
+board to devise means by which the public interests might be served
+at a most critical juncture. Nor, amongst the leading Fathers of
+Confederation must Sir A. T. Galt be forgotten, for that distinguished
+statesman was a most zealous advocate of Confederation, holding that
+unless a union was effected, the provinces would inevitably drift
+into the United States. During the parliamentary session of 1858 he
+strongly advocated the federal union of all the British North American
+provinces, and as has been justly said, the resolutions which Galt then
+moved in favor of such a union, entitle him to a high place amongst the
+promoters of Confederation<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Of the thirty-two statesmen who assembled at Quebec in 1864 and framed
+the Quebec resolutions which formed the basis of Confederation, but one
+survives to-day, and the Cartier Centenary movement has the privilege
+of having that great statesman whose name will forever be linked with
+the names of Macdonald and Cartier, as its patron. Still<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> hale and
+hearty in his 92nd year, Sir Charles Tupper enjoys the veneration
+and esteem of all Canadians. It has been justly said by Sir John A.
+Macdonald's biographer, that in the "reconciliation of Nova Scotia to
+Confederation; in carrying out a great expensive and hazardous railway
+policy; in the establishment of a national fiscal system; in making
+Canadian expansion compatible with complete allegiance to the Empire,
+the aid which Macdonald received from Sir Charles Tupper, can scarcely
+be exaggerated. In him great natural ability and power as a platform
+speaker were united with a splendid optimism about his country, a
+courage that feared nothing, and a resoluteness of purpose which
+despised any obstacles with which he could be confronted."<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is not minimizing the services of any of the other illustrious
+Fathers of Confederation, to say that Cartier played a leading, in
+fact a determining part, in the achievement of that measure. His great
+colleagues have generously testified to the pre-eminent services which
+he rendered at that time.</p>
+
+<p>"Cartier was as bold as a lion. He was just the man I wanted: but for
+him Confederation should not have been carried," was the emphatic
+declaration made by Sir John A. Macdonald on the day when he unveiled
+the statue of his great colleague at Ottawa.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Charles Tupper's tribute is equally eloquent and emphatic. "I have
+no hesitation," he says, "in saying that without Cartier there would
+have been no Confederation, and therefore Canada owes him a debt that
+can never be repaid."</p>
+
+<p>Dr Parkin in his life of Sir John A. Macdonald, in the "Makers of
+Canada" series, also pays a just tribute to Cartier for his work in
+connection with Confederation when he says: "Without Cartier's loyal
+help, it would scarcely have been possible, when the effort for union
+came, to allay the anxiety of the French-Canadians lest they should be
+swallowed up, and their individuality be lost in the large proposed
+confederacy."</p>
+
+<p>Cartier's position at that time, it must be remembered, was an
+extremely difficult one, in fact, it is the difficulties which he
+then encountered and the manner in which he triumphed over them, that
+entitled him to all the more credit. "Never did a French-Canadian
+statesman" as an eminent French-Canadian writer has remarked, "have to
+face a greater responsibility than that which Cartier assumed the day
+when he had the alternative of accepting or refusing Confederation.
+Neither Papineau nor LaFontaine had to place in the balance such grave
+issues. Their role was reduced to demanding liberty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> for Canadians.
+Cartier had to choose between a problematical future and a recognized
+state of affairs, with well defined advantages. Would as many
+guarantees be found in the edifice which was to be constructed? By
+accepting the confederation of the provinces, was it not leaving the
+certain for the uncertain? Such were the questions which agitated minds
+anxiously weighed."<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>There was strong opposition to Confederation in Quebec as well as
+in other provinces. Cartier had to face the powerful attacks of
+redoubtable and able antagonists who maintained that Confederation
+would be detrimental to the interests of the French-Canadians. His
+contention was that with general interests entrusted to a central
+government and local interests to local legislatures, the rights of
+the French-Canadians would be amply safeguarded. Cartier maintained
+his position in the face of the most determined opposition and even
+against bitter personal attacks. He had his vindication when in the
+elections of 1867 the people of Quebec returned him to Parliament with
+a triumphant following.</p>
+
+<p>And has not the course of events since Confederation vindicated the
+position which Cartier then took? The French-Canadians have not only
+enjoyed the fullest freedom in the direction of provincial affairs,
+but they have played a large and important part in the public life
+of Canada, a French-Canadian has occupied the exalted position of
+Prime Minister of the Dominion, and no matter whether they agree
+with his policy or not, all fair-minded Canadians must admit that
+Sir Wilfrid Laurier personally filled that great office with the
+utmost distinction, with credit to himself and to his country. Under
+Confederation there has been friction at times due in most cases to
+demagogic appeals to popular passion and racial feeling, but the sound
+common sense of the mass of the people has always asserted itself,
+and the governmental and legislative machinery has been found elastic
+enough to meet ever increasing demands.</p>
+
+<p>A notable tribute was recently paid to Cartier and the other great
+Fathers of Confederation by that distinguished British statesman,
+diplomat, and author, Right Hon. James Bryce, when in addressing this
+Club a few weeks ago he said: "Not less remarkable than your material
+progress has been the growth of your constitutional government,
+although in its early days there were not wanting people to show that
+Canada could never be a great nation. Your federal system has worked
+on the whole with wonderful success and with little friction. It has
+worked perhaps better than anywhere else in the world; I think<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> the
+only example of equal success is that of Switzerland. You have had the
+great problem of two races living side by side, of peoples different in
+race and language, whom the federal system was designed to unite, while
+the federation of districts so dissimilar as the province of British
+Columbia, the prairies, and the Maritime Provinces shows that as far
+as adaptation to local conditions is concerned the federal system has
+been an unqualified success. And this success is a tribute to the
+capacity of the men who have governed as well as to those who framed
+the constitution."</p>
+
+<p>The successful working of the federal system in Canada to which Mr.
+Bryce bore testimony, is another striking proof of the wise and
+far-sighted statesmanship of Cartier and the other public men who
+framed our constitution.</p>
+
+<h3>Other Great Measures</h3>
+
+<p>Confederation having been accomplished, Cartier's energies were
+directed to measures for the strengthening and defence of the national
+fabric. He was largely instrumental in determining the route of the
+Intercolonial Railway, and in having that road, which it is admitted
+has been a most important factor in consolidating the Dominion,
+completed. One of the most important measures of Cartier's public
+career, was undoubtedly the one which, as Minister of Militia and
+Defence, he presented to Parliament on March 31st, 1868, and which
+provided for the organization of the Canadian Militia, a measure that
+is the basis of our whole militia system.</p>
+
+<p>Confederation, as you know, originally included only the four provinces
+of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. It was the desire
+of Cartier, as it was that of Macdonald, to see established a united
+Canada, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific, a great maritime
+as well as land power with the furthest east united to the furthest
+west by a great transcontinental railway system. When the union of
+the four provinces had been accomplished, Cartier was steadfast in
+his efforts to secure the accomplishment of the larger idea. He fully
+realized the possibilities of the great West and the importance of
+securing for the Dominion that vast territory, the development of which
+has been the marvel of the past quarter of a century. Largely through
+his efforts, the great western territory now forming the Provinces
+of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, was secured from the Hudson's
+Bay Company on most advantageous terms. When we realize that this
+immensely rich territory, the "granary of the Empire" was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> acquired
+for the Dominion for the insignificant sum of $1,500,000, largely
+through the negotiations which Cartier conducted in England, some idea
+of the importance of the services he rendered in that connection,
+may be formed. Cartier also framed the bill creating the Province of
+Manitoba, which he presented and had passed at the session of 1871.
+Only one thing was needed to round out Confederation, and that was
+the admission of British Columbia. In the negotiations which resulted
+in the admission of that great Province into the Dominion, Cartier
+played a leading part, and it was he, who on November 28th, 1871,
+presented the bill to Parliament providing that British Columbia should
+become a portion of the Dominion. On that occasion Cartier hailed the
+realization of his dream of a united Canada extending from ocean to
+ocean, with pardonable pride.</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot close my explanations," he declared, "without impressing
+on the honorable members the greatness of the work. This young
+Confederation is on the point of extending over the whole northern
+portion of the continent, and when we consider that it took our
+neighbors sixty years to extend to the Pacific, where will be found
+in the history of the world anything comparable to our marvellous
+prosperity? I have always maintained that a nation to be great must
+have maritime power. We possess maritime power in a high degree. Our
+union with the maritime provinces gives us a seaboard on the east, and
+now our union with British Columbia will give us a seaboard on the
+west."</p>
+
+<p>With the admission of British Columbia to Confederation, the dream
+of Cartier and of Macdonald, of a united Canada extending from ocean
+to ocean, was realized. But one thing more was required to bind the
+scattered provinces firmly together-a great transcontinental railway.
+Cartier was one of the strongest advocates of such an undertaking,
+and to him belongs the glory of having had passed the first charter
+for the Canadian Pacific Railway. One of the terms of the union of
+British Columbia with Canada under the Act presented by Cartier, was
+the construction of such a road. It is related that the delegates of
+British Columbia during the negotiations urged upon Cartier that a
+railway should be built across the Prairies to the foot of the Rockies,
+and that a colonization road should be laid out from the foot of the
+Rockies to the Coast. "No," replied Cartier, "that will not do; ask for
+a railway the whole way and you will get it." Some leading public men
+of the time thought that Cartier was willing to undertake too great
+an obligation, but events have more than justified his optimism. At
+the session of 1872, Cartier presented resolutions providing for the
+construction of the Canadian Pacific. After a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>remarkable debate, a
+bill based on the resolutions was adopted, and Cartier, springing to
+his feet, gave utterance amidst loud cheers to the expression which has
+become historic: "All aboard for the West."</p>
+
+<p>It was the last great triumph of his public career. He did not live to
+see the realization of his dream, for it was not until thirteen years
+afterwards, that is to say, on November 7th, 1885, that the last spike
+of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway was driven by Sir
+Donald Smith, now Lord Strathcona, at Craigellachie, a small village
+of British Columbia, and on July 24th, 1886, Cartier's great colleague
+and fellow-worker for a united Canada, Sir John A. Macdonald personally
+reached the Pacific by rail from Ottawa.</p>
+
+<p>Though Cartier did not live to see the completion of the gigantic
+undertaking which meant so much for Canada, it is one of his chief
+merits that he was one of its initiators and strongest supporters, and
+that he foresaw and foretold its great future.</p>
+
+<p>"Before very long", he declared, addressing Parliament, "the English
+traveller who lands at Halifax will be able in five or six days to
+cover half of the continent inhabited by British subjects."</p>
+
+<p>How Cartier's prophecy has been fulfilled we all know. The traveller
+landing to-day at Halifax can reach Victoria by means of the Canadian
+Pacific in less than six days. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company has
+become one of the greatest corporations in the world, operating not
+only a great transcontinental railway, and a chain of palatial hotels,
+but also possessing magnificent fleets on the Atlantic and the Pacific,
+with its vessels now encircling the globe. It has progressed stage by
+stage until under the able direction of its present distinguished head,
+Sir Thomas Shaughnessy, it has attained the greatest position in its
+history. The company's expansion has in fact been one of the marvels
+of history, and with the continued development of the Dominion, its
+achievements, great as they have been, will undoubtedly be surpassed
+in the future. Cartier, by his strenuous advocacy of the construction
+of the road in days when faith in the future was at a discount, gave
+another evidence of his great foresight as well as of his faith in the
+future of the Dominion which he did so much to establish.</p>
+
+<h3>Cartier and Macdonald</h3>
+
+<p>No review of Cartier's career, however summary, would be complete
+without some reference to the alliance that existed between him and
+that other great Canadian statesman, Sir John A. Macdonald, an alliance
+which was for a long period a most important factor in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> public
+life of Canada. In his great painting "The Fathers of Confederation,"
+the artist Harris most appropriately places Macdonald and Cartier
+conspicuously in the centre of the group, and the names of those two
+great statesmen must forever be linked in connection with that epoch
+making measure.</p>
+
+<p>Macdonald and Cartier began their public careers within a few years
+of each other, Macdonald being first returned to Parliament in 1844,
+while Cartier became a member in 1848. The two men first became
+closely associated as members of the same Government, the MacNab-Taché
+Ministry, formed in 1855, in which ministry Macdonald held the
+portfolio of Attorney-General for Upper Canada while Cartier was
+Provincial Secretary, the first public office he held. From that time
+until the day of Cartier's death, the association between the two
+men remained practically unbroken. Their alliance, as has been well
+said, was based on equal consideration for the rightful claims of both
+nationalities.</p>
+
+<p>Each of the two men had qualities not possessed by the other.
+Macdonald had a magnetic personality, he was a consummate tactician,
+an incomparable leader of men. He had that genius which enables its
+possessor to seize and make the most of an opportunity. He had that
+quality so indispensable in a great leader of gaining the loyal and
+devoted support of men of widely different characters and temperaments.
+Macdonald in short combined the grasp of a statesman with the arts of a
+politician. Cartier excelled as an administrator, he was a tireless and
+indefatigable worker who never spared himself and who expected others
+to follow his example. He studied and analyzed all subjects which he
+had to handle to the very bottom, and when he came to discuss them he
+had a complete mastery of all the details. He was strong, nay, even
+dogmatic, in his convictions; once his mind was made up he pursued
+the path he had marked out for himself with persistent determination,
+heedless of all obstacles in his way. To his followers his word was
+law, and he exacted from them an unswerving obedience. His energy was
+prodigious: he deserved the designation given to him by Gladstone when
+that great statesman said that Cartier was "<i>un homme qui semble être
+légion</i>",&mdash;a man who was a legion in himself. Cartier's was essentially
+a strong and determined character.</p>
+
+<p>It was of course impossible that men of such different temperaments as
+Macdonald and Cartier and representing often such divergent interests,
+should not have their differences sometimes, but whatever differences
+they may have had never interfered with the high personal esteem and
+regard they entertained for each other. </p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At a great banquet given in his honor by the Bar of Toronto on February
+8th, 1866, Macdonald took occasion to pay a warm and generous tribute
+to his French-Canadian colleague who was one of the guests of honor.</p>
+
+<p>"I wish to say," declared Macdonald, "that Hon. Mr. Cartier has a right
+to share in the honors which I am receiving to-night, because I have
+never made an appeal to him or to the Lower Canadians in vain. There
+is not in the whole of Canada a heart more devoted to his friends. If
+I have succeeded in introducing the institutions of Great Britain, it
+is due in great part, to my friend, who has never permitted under his
+administration that the bonds which attach us to England should be
+weakened."</p>
+
+<p>Cartier was equally generous in appreciation of his great colleague.
+Speaking at a banquet tendered Macdonald by the citizens of Kingston on
+September 6th, 1866, Cartier said:</p>
+
+<p>"Kingston is indeed a favored city, for it has for its representative
+a statesman who has never yet been surpassed in Canada, and who
+probably never will be in the future. I have had the happiness of being
+associated with the member for Kingston in my public career, and of
+having formed with him an alliance which has already lasted longer
+than all alliances of this kind in Canada. The success which we have
+obtained together has been due to the fact that we have repelled all
+sectional feelings and sought what might benefit Canada as a whole."</p>
+
+<p>That was the keynote of the Cartier-Macdonald alliance, the
+subordination of all sectional and racial feeling to the welfare of
+Canada as a whole. Cartier throughout his long public career was
+essentially a peacemaker, who always strove to promote a better feeling
+between the two races. A striking testimony to the success of his
+efforts in that direction was given on one occasion in Parliament when
+Mr. Benjamin, a leading Ontario member, declared: "I cannot refrain
+from acknowledging that Mr. Cartier has done more to unite the two
+races and to re-establish harmony between them, than any other member
+of the House."</p>
+
+<p>Well shall it always be for the Dominion, if its public men, no matter
+to what political party they may belong, always adhere to the sane
+and true principles upon which the Macdonald-Cartier alliance was
+based&mdash;mutual toleration and good-will, respect for the rights of all,
+the co-operation of races, the safeguarding of Canada's autonomy, and
+the development of Canadian nationality. The Macdonald-Cartier alliance
+in fact symbolized that union which should always exist between
+English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians. And why<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> should there
+not be union? What matters it whether we speak different languages or
+worship at different altars, if we always remember that we are all
+Canadians, mutually interested in the welfare and aggrandizement of our
+common country. That was the spirit which actuated both Cartier and
+Macdonald during their long association, and it will be well if such a
+spirit always prevails in the Dominion. It is only, in fact, upon such
+a basis that the permanence of Confederation, of which Macdonald and
+Cartier were the principal architects, can be assured.</p>
+
+<h3>For Canadian Nationality</h3>
+
+<p>The aim of Macdonald, Cartier, and the other great Fathers of
+Confederation, was to establish broad and deep the foundations of a
+Canadian nationality, based on the broadest principles of justice,
+tolerance, and equal rights. All their public utterances during
+the Confederation negotiations, testify to this fact. Macdonald's
+conception was that as the Dominion progressed it would become, to use
+his own words, year by year less a case of dependence on our part, and
+of overwhelming protection on the part of the Mother Country, and more
+a case of healthy and cordial alliance, that instead of looking upon
+us as a merely dependent colony, England would have in us a friendly
+nation&mdash;a subordinate but still a powerful people&mdash;to stand by her in
+North America in peace or war.</p>
+
+<p>It is given to some men to have a vision that foresees the future
+and enables them to provide for momentous developments. Both Cartier
+and Macdonald were such men. It is in fact the supreme merit of
+Cartier that whilst always standing firmly for the rights of his
+French-Canadian compatriots, his vision was not confined to the
+Province of Quebec. If any one does, Cartier deserves the distinction
+of being known as a great Canadian. There was nothing narrow or
+provincial in his views. His idea was a united Canada, stretching
+from ocean to ocean, in which men of all races, languages and creeds
+should work together as brethren for the welfare and advancement of
+their common country. Cartier's desire was that his French-Canadian
+compatriots should not confine their attention to the Province of
+Quebec, but should take their full share in the life of the Dominion,
+that they should above all rejoice in the name "Canadian," be proud of
+the great Dominion and work for its welfare in co-operation with their
+English-speaking fellow countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>"Objection is made to our project," says Cartier, in his great speech
+during the Confederation debates, "because of the words 'a new
+nationality'. But if we unite we will form a political nationality<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+independent of the national origin and religion of individuals. Some
+have regretted that we have a distinction of races and have expressed
+the hope that in time this diversity will disappear. The idea of a
+fusion of all races is utopian, it is an impossibility. Distinctions
+of this character will always exist, diversity is the order of the
+physical, moral and political worlds. As to the objection that we
+cannot form a great nation because Lower Canada is principally French
+and Catholic, Upper Canada English and Protestant, and the Maritime
+Provinces mixed, it is futile in the extreme.</p>
+
+<p>"Take for example the United Kingdom, inhabited as it is by three great
+races. Has the diversity of races been an obstacle to the progress and
+the welfare of Great Britain? Have not the three races united by their
+combined qualities, their energy and their courage, contributed to the
+glory of the Empire, to its laws of wise, to its success on land, on
+sea, and in commerce?</p>
+
+<p>"In our Confederation there will be Catholics and Protestants,
+English, French, Irish and Scotch, and each by its efforts and success
+will add to the prosperity of the Dominion, to the glory of a new
+Confederation. We are of different races, not to quarrel, but to work
+together for our common welfare. We cannot by law make the differences
+of race disappear, but I am convinced that the Anglo-Canadian and the
+French-Canadian will appreciate the advantages of their position. Set
+side by side like a great family, their contact will produce a happy
+spirit of emulation. The diversity of race will in fact, believe me,
+contribute to the common prosperity."</p>
+
+<p>What words of wisdom! What a spirit of true patriotism, of justice
+and of toleration they breathe! If Cartier in fact had never made any
+other utterance than this, it would be sufficient to stamp him as a
+true patriot and wise statesman. It will be well for Canada if such are
+always the guiding principles of its national life.</p>
+
+<p>While the idea of Macdonald and Cartier and the other great Fathers
+of Confederation was, as has been said, to establish a Canadian
+nationality, none the less was it their intention to perpetuate British
+institutions on the North American continent, to establish, to use
+Macdonald's expression, a friendly nation, enjoying, it is true, the
+most complete autonomy, but at the same time in alliance with Great
+Britain and the other portions of the Empire. No stronger believer
+in British institutions as the repository of freedom; no more ardent
+admirer of the British flag as the symbol of justice and liberty could
+be found than Cartier. In all his utterances during the Confederation,
+debates, he took special pains to emphasize that Confederation was
+intended not to weaken, but to strengthen, the ties between the
+Dominion, Great Britain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> and the other portions of the Empire.
+"Confederation," he said, in one of his speeches on the measure, "has
+for its first reason our common affection for British institutions, its
+object is to assure by all possible guarantees, their maintenance in
+the future."</p>
+
+<p>For the British flag Cartier on all occasions expressed a passionate
+devotion.</p>
+
+<p>"The Canadian people," he said at a great banquet given in his honor in
+London in 1869, "desires to remain faithful to the old flag of Great
+Britain, that flag which waves over all seas, which tyranny has never
+been able to overcome, that flag which symbolizes true liberty".</p>
+
+<p>These words expressed Cartier's deep and earnest conviction. During
+his several visits to Great Britain, he was deeply impressed by
+the greatness of British institutions. On those occasions he was
+the recipient of signal marks of honor; he was the personal guest
+of Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle for some time, and he received
+marked attention from Gladstone, Lord Lytton, and other distinguished
+British statesmen. His services in connection with the establishment
+of Confederation, as you know, were recognized by the conferring of a
+baronetcy upon him by Queen Victoria.</p>
+
+<h3>CARTIER'S WORK FOR MONTREAL</h3>
+
+<p>Having reviewed the great work which Cartier did for Canada in general,
+permit me to emphasize the eminent services which he rendered to
+Montreal. It is doubtful whether many Montrealers of the present
+generation fully realize the importance of Cartier's services to this
+city, and for that reason this portion of his career should be of
+special interest to citizens of this great metropolis.</p>
+
+<p>From 1861 until 1872, Cartier was one of the representatives of
+Montreal, first in the Parliament of United Canada, and afterwards
+in the House of Commons. During a portion of that period, he also
+represented Montreal-East in the Quebec Legislature under the system
+of dual representation which prevailed for some time following the
+establishment of Confederation. Montreal's interests were always dear
+to Cartier's heart, and throughout his long public career he zealously
+strove to promote the welfare and development of this city.</p>
+
+<p>Reference has already been made to the interest which Cartier showed
+from the outset of his career in railway construction. He realized that
+in order that Montreal might attain an unrivalled position, it would
+be necessary that railway communications should be established,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> that
+the St. Lawrence channel should be deepened, and that canals should be
+constructed and improved. One of the earliest of his speeches of which
+we have record was delivered at a great mass-meeting of the citizens
+of Montreal, held in 1846, on the Champ de Mars, to promote the
+construction of the Montreal &amp; Portland Railway to connect Montreal and
+Portland. Cartier on that occasion declared that such an undertaking
+was a truly national work. Alluding to the fact that property in such
+cities as Buffalo, Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, which
+had become great railway terminals, had as a result greatly increased
+in value, he declared that the same thing would happen in the case of
+Montreal if adequate railway facilities were established.</p>
+
+<p>"The prosperity of Montreal," he said, "depends upon its position as
+the great emporium for the commerce of the West, and we can only assure
+that prosperity by better means of transport from the waters of the
+West to the Atlantic by our canals and railways."</p>
+
+<p>When he became a member of Parliament Cartier continued his agitation
+for adequate railway facilities, and one of the first speeches he
+delivered in the legislature of United Canada, February 15th, 1849, was
+in advocacy of the completion of the Montreal &amp; Portland Railway.</p>
+
+<p>"There is no time to lose in the completion of the road," said Cartier
+on that occasion, "if we wish to assure for ourselves the commerce of
+the West. All the cities of the Atlantic Coast are disputing for that
+commerce."</p>
+
+<p>Referring to the efforts being made by New York, Philadelphia,
+Baltimore, and other American cities to capture this commerce, Cartier
+said: "In seeing the efforts that an intelligent population is making,
+we cannot doubt the importance of the trade of the lakes which they
+covet and the profits which will result. Now, we may secure the greater
+part of that trade by constructing this road as soon as possible."</p>
+
+<p>At another great mass meeting of the citizens of Montreal, held at the
+Bonsecours Market on July 31st, 1849, at which resolutions were adopted
+favoring the completion of the Montreal &amp; Portland Railway, on motion
+of Cartier, seconded by John Rose, it was resolved that the city should
+take shares in the company. Cartier on that occasion made a fervent
+appeal that the interests of Montreal should be considered.</p>
+
+<p>"I do not fear to say," he declared, "that Montreal will be recreant
+to its best interests, and will be the most backward of cities if it
+neglects the means that is offered it to reclaim a prosperity which
+is now leaving it. I appeal to the large proprietors, to the small
+proprietors who make the prosperity of the large ones, and to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+industrial and working classes which make the prosperity of both. We
+have an exceptional chance to attract foreign capital. The city has
+only to guarantee a bagatelle compared to the enormous debts contracted
+by the smaller cities of the United States to attract capital which
+passes through the hands of tradesmen and workingmen, to relieve trade
+which is languishing. It is an advantage which will be enjoyed even
+before the work is completed."</p>
+
+<p>Cartier pointed out that New York had contracted a debt of $25,000,000
+to provide proper railway facilities, as it had sufficient faith in
+itself and in the spirit of enterprise of its citizens to discount the
+future.</p>
+
+<p>"The time has come," said Cartier, addressing the citizens of Montreal,
+"to belie your reputation as apathetic men without energy and without a
+spirit of enterprise. Let those terms cease to be applied to the name
+'Canadian'. This great meeting is one of the first to be held in a city
+of the British Provinces to encourage an enterprise of this importance.
+It is proper that the example should come from Montreal, the commercial
+head of British America. It should show itself worthy of its position.
+Let us arouse ourselves, let us agitate."</p>
+
+<p>Cartier had the vision to foresee the great future in store for
+Montreal, if adequate transportation facilities were provided.</p>
+
+<p>"Montreal," he prophetically declared on the same occasion, "is
+destined to become the great emporium for the West. Without railways
+and canals it will be impossible for it to attain the glorious position
+which will make it one of the principal cities of the continent."</p>
+
+<p>Largely as the result of Cartier's persistent efforts, the Montreal
+&amp; Portland Railway which for a long time was the only outlet during
+the winter for Canadian produce, destined for Europe, was completed,
+and inaugurated in 1851, being subsequently absorbed by the Grand
+Trunk Railway Company. Before the completion of this road, it must be
+remembered that there were only some seventy miles of railway in all
+Canada, the first road, the Laprairie and St. John's having been opened
+only a few years before, that is to say on July 21st, 1836. When we
+consider that to-day the total mileage of railways in Canada is 35,000
+miles, that last year our combined railways built 1,970 miles of new
+railway, on which was spent $30,000,000, and that the programme for
+this year provides for 2,700 miles of new track, costing $41,000,000,
+some idea may be obtained of the advance that has been made. Cartier
+deserves the credit of having been one of the first to realize the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>importance of railway construction in connection with the development
+of the country and of having been one of the strongest supporters of
+a forward policy in this respect&mdash;a policy to which we owe the three
+splendid railway systems we have to-day&mdash;the Canadian Pacific, the
+Grand Trunk, and the work of those two great railway men, Sir William
+Mackenzie and Sir Donald Mann&mdash;the Canadian Northern.</p>
+
+<p>One of Cartier's chief claims to honor is that it was he who secured
+the incorporation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, which has done so
+much for the development of Canada in general, and the City of Montreal
+in particular. Cartier always took the greatest pride in that fact. In
+a speech delivered in the legislature he declared that he regarded the
+construction of the Grand Trunk as the greatest benefit that had ever
+been conferred on the country. "I had charge of the Act which created
+the Grand Trunk Railway," he added, "and I am prouder of that than of
+any other action of my life." The Grand Trunk at the outset of its
+history had many difficulties, financial and otherwise, to encounter,
+and it was due to Cartier's efforts in a large measure, that the
+company was able to tide over these difficulties and that its success
+was assured.</p>
+
+<p>Reviewing his public career at a great banquet given in his honor by
+the citizens of Montreal, on October 30th, 1866, on the eve of his
+departure for London as one of the Confederation delegates, Cartier
+referring to the efforts he had made on behalf of the Grand Trunk
+said: "In 1852-53, encouraged by the Hincks-Morin Ministry, I asked
+for the incorporation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, and I had it
+voted despite the most furious opposition. I also had the construction
+of the Victoria Bridge voted. You will recall the prejudices there
+were against that measure. It was a work which would produce floods
+in Montreal, it was a means to divert commerce towards Portland. But
+the prejudice, against these great measures were soon dissipated, it
+was only a passing tempest. It was so, too, for the Grand Trunk and
+the Victoria Bridge. The Grand Trunk and the Victoria Bridge have
+flooded Montreal with an abundance of prosperity. What would Montreal
+be without the Grand Trunk? It has assured for us the commerce of the
+West."</p>
+
+<p>Addressing the electors of Montreal-East when seeking re-election in
+1867, Cartier, referring to the construction of the Victoria Bridge,
+said: "You know that there existed considerable jealousy or rivalry
+between Quebec and Montreal, and that the two cities sought at the same
+time to secure the possession of a bridge across the river. I will not
+stop to discuss the advantages of such a bridge. Thanks to my efforts
+I am proud to be able to say Montreal finally secured it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> Montreal
+has the Victoria Bridge. The results you know. Our city since then has
+had a considerable development which Confederation, I am certain, will
+increase."</p>
+
+<p>When we consider the important factor that the Grand Trunk Railway
+Company has been in the development of Eastern Canada, and what its
+associate company, the Grand Trunk Pacific, will be in the opening up
+and development of rich new districts in the West, it will be realized
+that Cartier in the part he played in the creation and assistance of
+this great railway system, rendered another most important service to
+Canada.</p>
+
+<p>St. Lawrence navigation and the advancement of the Port of Montreal
+found in Cartier a steadfast advocate, and the Allan Line which was
+the pioneer in ocean navigation via the St. Lawrence, secured from him
+the heartiest encouragement and support. Speaking in the Legislative
+Assembly in 1860, in favor of a proposal to increase the mail subsidy
+to the Allans, Cartier warmly supported means to increase navigation by
+the St. Lawrence. It was humiliating, he declared, to see nearly all
+our imports arriving by the steamships, the railways, and the canals
+of the United States. "Let us rise," he said, "to the height of the
+changes wrought by progress, for we are at the beginning of a new era
+which will eclipse anything we have yet seen." The improvement of the
+harbor and port of Montreal always found in Cartier a zealous advocate,
+as he fully realized how important it was for Montreal's progress and
+prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>Cartier persistently advocated the enlargement of the canals, so as to
+divert the commerce of the West from American ports to this port, and
+thus benefit the City of Montreal. In a speech on the deepening of Lake
+St. Peter, delivered in the Parliament of United Canada on May 11th,
+1860, he said: "Up to the present all our debt has been contracted
+for the execution of very important public works&mdash;the Welland Canal,
+the St. Lawrence Canal, the Rideau Canal, the Lachine Canal, etc. But
+we have not yet attained our object, which is to divert the commerce
+of the great lakes from the American routes to the St. Lawrence. This
+commerce continues to pass by New York and Pennsylvania, and all that
+we see is the traffic destined for Ogdensburg and Oswego. What means
+should be taken to remedy this condition of affairs? We have come to
+the conclusion to abolish all tolls on the canals, and to make the St.
+Lawrence route perfectly free from the ocean to the great lakes."</p>
+
+<p>In reply to a remark by George Brown that the measure seemed to be
+designed to attract the commerce of the West to Montreal, to the
+detriment of Upper Canada, Cartier said: "I do not see why it should<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+be apprehended that Montreal will secure so many advantages from this
+amelioration. This city is at the head of navigation, and is the
+principal centre of commerce; it is inspired by the spirit of progress,
+and I believe that in place of jealousy, all should be proud of its
+success. Whatever they can do, they can never prevent its being the
+most important city of the country, and from becoming a rival of the
+great American cities."</p>
+
+<p>Reference has been made to the prominent part that Cartier took in
+advocating the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway; and in
+desiring to see the accomplishment of that great undertaking, he had
+an eye to the interests of Montreal. In a speech to the electors of
+Montreal-East on August 8th, 1872, he promised that Montreal would
+be the principal terminus of that great road. "I have," he said, to
+the citizens of Montreal on that occasion, "devoted all my efforts to
+further your interests and I have always desired that Montreal should
+have the lion's share."</p>
+
+<p>The mercantile and business interests always found in Cartier a
+friend, in fact had he not been a public man, it is likely that his
+inclinations would have made him a great business man.</p>
+
+<p>"Merchants," he said, speaking at a dinner tendered him by the
+merchants of Quebec, on December 23rd, 1869, "contribute greatly to the
+progress of the country. Without the English merchants, England could
+not have kept its possessions in the world. Like Rome she would have
+lost her Colonies soon after their conquest. But the English merchant
+was the means of forming bonds between the new possessions of the
+Empire. I respect the interests of those here present. Those interests
+have greatly contributed to render Canada prosperous. Those who devote
+themselves to commerce form in every country one of the most important
+classes of society."</p>
+
+<p>Cartier's efforts on behalf of the mercantile interests of Montreal,
+and his faith in the future of this city never wavered, and he
+predicted its great expansion in wealth and population.</p>
+
+<p>"Our city," he said, addressing the electors of Montreal-East in 1867,
+"now counts 150,000 souls. In twenty years under Confederation, I
+predict that it will have more than 250,000 inhabitants."</p>
+
+<p>How Cartier's faith in Montreal has been justified, we all know. What
+was at the time he spoke a town of 150,000 people, has become a great
+metropolis of over 600,000 souls, and it is destined to have before
+many years a population of over one million people.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> As Montrealers we
+are all, as we have a right to be, proud of the great position which
+the city has attained, and of the still greater future which awaits it.
+Let us, in its day of greatness not forgot those, like Cartier, who in
+the days of small things foresaw the great future before Montreal and
+gave their best efforts to promote its interests.</p>
+
+<p>To the very end of his public career, Cartier's interest in the welfare
+of Montreal and his efforts to promote its advancement continued. His
+own words conveyed but the simple truth when he said in one of his last
+addresses, to his fellow citizens: "I frankly avow that all that my
+heart inspires, all that my knowledge and experience furnish, have been
+devoted to the welfare and prosperity of my compatriots in general and
+of Montreal in particular."</p>
+
+<p>Like many other statesmen, Cartier experienced the vicissitudes, as
+well as the triumphs, of public life. His last appeal to the electors
+of Montreal, made when he was practically a dying man, resulted, owing
+to a combination of circumstances, in his crushing defeat. He was
+greeted not with bouquets but with stones, from people of a city for
+which he had worked so hard, and for the advancement of which he had
+done so much. Another seat was found for him in Provencher, Manitoba,
+but his public career was over. In an effort to secure the restoration
+of his health he went to England, but the hope was vain: the incessant
+labors of a long public career had broken down a naturally robust
+constitution, and the great statesman passed away in London, England,
+on May 23rd, 1873. His last thoughts were for his beloved country.</p>
+
+<p>"Say to his friends in Canada," wrote one of his daughters in a
+touching letter announcing his death to a friend in Montreal, "say to
+his friends in Canada that he loved his country to the last, that his
+only desire was to return. Two days before his death he had all the
+Canadian newspapers read to him. Even his enemies, I hope, will not
+refuse to admit that before all he loved his country."</p>
+
+<p>The national mourning that followed the announcement of his death, the
+enconiums pronounced by the newspapers of all shades of opinion, the
+eulogies delivered in Parliament, the scene of his labors for so many
+years, and the imposing public funeral that was given his remains in
+Montreal, all bore eloquent testimony to the fact that the Canadian
+people, regardless of party, recognized that in his death Canada had
+indeed lost one who before all had loved his country. His remains rest
+beneath the soil of Mount Royal, which overlooks the city that he loved
+so well, and for the interests of which he worked so hard.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>Lessons of Cartier's Life</h3>
+
+<p>What were the lessons of Cartier's life? They may be summed up in the
+three words&mdash;patriotism, duty, and tolerance. He loved his country and
+sought to promote its interests, he wore himself out in the discharge
+of his public duties, he was a man of the broadest views and the utmost
+tolerance. As Sir Adolphe Routhier has well remarked, to most public
+men public life is a career, but for Cartier it was an apostolate,
+a patriotic mission, and to fulfill that mission he sacrificed
+everything, even the modest fortune of which his family had need.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>A French-Canadian and proud of his origin, a Roman Catholic and true
+to his faith, strong in his convictions, Cartier at the same time was
+a man of generous sympathies, of broad views, and great tolerance. His
+charity was broad enough to include men of all races, languages, and
+creeds. "My policy, and I think it best," he said on one occasion,
+"is respect for the rights of all." Actuated by that spirit he stood
+firmly on all occasions where there was justification for the rights
+of minorities, whether French or English, Catholic or Protestant. At
+the time of Confederation, for instance, some fear was expressed that
+the interests of the Protestant minority of Quebec would be jeopardized
+under the new constitution. Cartier pledged his word that nothing of
+the kind would happen. "I have already had occasion to proclaim in
+Parliament," he said, addressing the citizens of Montreal, "that the
+Protestant minority of Lower Canada have nothing to fear from the
+Provincial Legislature under Confederation. My word is given, and I
+repeat that nothing will be done of a nature to injure the principles
+and the rights of that minority."</p>
+
+<p>Cartier's pledge, it is needless to say, has been sacredly kept.</p>
+
+<p>On the same occasion, Cartier showed his largeness of views by
+declaring: "You know that I am a Catholic. I love my religion,
+believing it the best, but whilst proudly declaring myself a Catholic,
+I believe it my duty as a public man to respect the sincerity and the
+religious convictions of others. I am also a French-Canadian. I love my
+race. I of course have for it a predilection which is assuredly only
+natural, but as a public man and as a citizen, I also love others."
+Such were Cartier's guiding principles throughout life.</p>
+
+<p>Cartier, like all other human beings, had his faults, as well as
+his virtues, his public career was not without its mistakes, but
+nobody ever questioned his ardent love for his country, his absolute
+sincerity, his high sense of honor, his personal honesty and integrity,
+his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> fearless energy, and the firmness with which he always stood for
+his convictions. His motto "<i>Franc Et Sans Dol</i>"&mdash;"Frank And Without
+Deceit," well describes the character of the man.</p>
+
+<p>Did time permit, Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, a great deal more
+might be said of Cartier and his works. But has not sufficient been
+said to justify the contention that Cartier was a great Canadian, a
+nation-builder in the truest sense of that term, one whose memory
+is entitled to lasting honor from all Canadians? Does not the
+summary record of his career, which has been given, amply justify
+the declaration of the great Lord Dufferin that Cartier's name must
+forever be indissolubly incorporated with the most eventful and most
+glorious epoch of his country's history, commencing as it did with his
+entrance into political life and culminating in that consolidation of
+the Provinces to which his genius, courage and ability so materially
+contributed.</p>
+
+<p>Macdonald, Cartier, Tupper, Tilley, Brown, Galt, and the other great
+Fathers of Confederation builded better even than they knew. As the
+result of their wise statesmanship and patriotic efforts, Canada
+to-day stands a young giant amongst the peoples of the world. Under
+Confederation there has been witnessed a marvellous expansion and an
+unprecedented prosperity. We have to-day, to use the words of one of
+the most patriotic of our national poets, John Daniel Logan,&mdash;we have
+to-day a land:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">Blessed with youth and strength, with health and peace.</p>
+
+<p>And great as is the position of the Dominion at present, it is
+insignificant to what it will be if Canadians are only true to the
+teachings of the Fathers, if they all work together for the common
+welfare, if they are true to the national interests of the Dominion,
+and guard their great heritage against all influences of an insidious
+character.</p>
+
+<h3>Honor Cartier's Memory</h3>
+
+<p>Canadians do well to honor the memories of those great men who laid
+broad and deep the foundations of Canadian nationality, and who
+accomplished great works for the welfare of the Dominion. In the
+leading cities of Canada, stately monuments attest the recognition of a
+grateful people of the services of that great Father of Confederation,
+and that illustrious Canadian statesman, Sir John A. Macdonald. Brown
+and Tilley, too, have their monuments. Sir Charles Tupper is still
+happily with us in person, and I am sure that we all trust that his
+life may long be spared. His name will always be remembered as that of
+one of the leading Fathers of Confederation and one of our greatest
+statesmen. </p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Does not justice demand that fitting honor should be done to that other
+great Father of Confederation, Sir George Etienne Cartier, by the
+erection of a memorial in the city which he represented in Parliament
+for so many years, and for whose interests he strove so zealously?</p>
+
+<p>When in November, 1910, at a meeting held at the St. Jean Baptiste
+Market Hall in this city, it was proposed by Mr. E. W. Villeneuve, now
+president of the Cartier Centenary Committee, whom we have with us
+to-day, that the centenary of Cartier's birth should be appropriately
+commemorated and that steps should be taken for the erection of a
+monument to his memory, the proposal was enthusiastically taken up.
+Since then the movement has assumed not only a national but an Empire
+scope, and representatives of every portion of the Empire will be
+present at the commemorative celebration next year. The movement, it
+may be mentioned is absolutely non-partisan in character, it being
+recognized that Cartier's memory is a national possession. The Prime
+Minister of the Dominion, Right Hon. R. L. Borden; the leader of the
+Liberal Party, Sir Wilfrid Laurier; the Prime Minister of the Province
+of Quebec, Sir Lomer Gouin; the Prime Ministers of all the Provinces;
+leading Liberals as well as Conservatives, throughout the Dominion,
+have united to render homage to the memory of one who did so much
+for Canada. Thanks to the co-operation and support of the Dominion
+Government and the Governments of all the Provinces, the erection of
+a splendid memorial, which will stand on one of the slopes of Mount
+Royal, and the first stone of which will be laid by His Royal Highness
+the Duke of Connaught, on September 1st next, is now practically
+assured. The memorial, the work of the eminent Canadian sculptor, Mr.
+G. W. Hill, will not only serve to honor and perpetuate Cartier's
+memory, but will also commemorate the establishment of Confederation,
+in which he played such a conspicuous part. In addition to the imposing
+statue of Cartier the memorial will bear statues representing every one
+of the nine provinces of the Dominion, the whole symbolical of that
+United Canada, which was one of Cartier's cherished dreams.</p>
+
+<p>In connection with the unveiling of the memorial, it is proposed to
+hold a series of commemorative celebrations, and it is confidently
+expected that the citizens of Montreal, ever alive as they are to the
+interests and reputation of the commercial metropolis, will give their
+hearty support and co-operation in making the celebration worthy not
+only of the memory of the great statesman, but also of the leading city
+of the Dominion, with which he was so closely identified.</p>
+
+<p>And when, Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, on the 6th of September of
+next year, the one hundredth anniversary of Cartier's birth, amidst<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+the plaudits of hundreds of thousands of Canadians of all origins,
+creeds, and political leanings, the veil shall be removed from the
+magnificent memorial which shall stand on one of the commanding slopes
+of Mount Royal, testifying to the grateful recognition of the whole
+Dominion, justice shall have been done to the memory of one who loved
+his country, who accomplished great works for its benefit, whose heart
+was ever stirred by that feeling of ardent devotion to his native land
+which he himself expressed in those burning words of patriotism:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>O Canada, Mon Pays, Mes Amours!</i>"<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>O CANADA, MY OWN BELOVED LAND!<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></h2>
+
+<p class="center">From the French "O CANADA, MON PAYS, MES AMOURS,"<br />of Sir George Etienne
+Cartier.</p>
+
+<hr class="smler" />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By John Boyd</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">For the Cartier Centenary.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<div>"One's own land is best of all,"</div>
+<div class="i1">So an ancient adage says;</div>
+<div>To sing it is the poet's call,</div>
+<div class="i1">Mine be to sing my fair land's praise.</div>
+<div>Strangers behold with envious eyes</div>
+<div class="i1">St. Lawrence's tide so swift and grand,</div>
+<div>But the Canadian proudly cries,</div>
+<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<div>Rivers and streams in myriad maze</div>
+<div class="i1">Meander through our fertile plains,</div>
+<div>Midst many a lofty mountain's haze,</div>
+<div class="i1">What vast expanse the vision chains!</div>
+<div>Vales, hills and rapids, forest brakes&mdash;</div>
+<div class="i1">What panorama near so grand!</div>
+<div>Who doth not love thy limpid lakes,</div>
+<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<div>Each season of the passing year,</div>
+<div class="i1">In turn, attractions hath to bless.</div>
+<div>Spring like an ardent wooer, dear,</div>
+<div class="i1">Besports fair flowers and verdant dress;</div>
+<div>Summer anon prepares to wrest</div>
+<div class="i1">The harvest rare with joyful hand;</div>
+<div>In Fall and Winter, feast and jest.</div>
+<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>Canadians, like their sires of old</div>
+<div class="i1">Revel in song and gaily live,</div>
+<div>Mild, gentle, free, not overbold,</div>
+<div class="i1">Polite and gallant, welcome give.</div>
+<div>Patriots, to country ever leal,</div>
+<div class="i1">They, foes of slavery, staunchly stand;</div>
+<div>Their watchword is the peace and weal</div>
+<div class="i1">Of Canada, their beloved land.</div>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<div>Each country vaunts its damsels fair,</div>
+<div class="i1">(I quite agree with truth they boast)</div>
+<div>But our Canadian girls must share</div>
+<div class="i1">The witching charm of beauty's host,</div>
+<div>So lovely they and so sincere,</div>
+<div class="i1">With that French charm of magic wand,</div>
+<div>Coquettish just to make them dear.</div>
+<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<div>O my country, thou art blest,</div>
+<div class="i1">Favoured of all the nations now!</div>
+<div>But the stranger's vile behest</div>
+<div class="i1">Would the seeds of discord sow.</div>
+<div>May thy brave sons for thy sake</div>
+<div class="i1">Join to help thee, hand in hand,</div>
+<div>For thy great day doth e'en now break,</div>
+<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Dr. Parkin&mdash;Life of Sir John A. Macdonald.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> John Lewis, Life of George Brown.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Dr. Parkin&mdash;Life of Sir John A. Macdonald.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> A. D. DeCelles, Cartier Et Son Temps.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Sir Adolphe Routhier-Conférence sur Sir George Etienne
+Cartier, issued by the Cartier Centenary Committee in pamphlet form.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> See following pages.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> The above which is a faithful translation of the famous
+French-Canadian national song, "O Canada Mon Pays, Mes Amours," is
+intended simply to give the sense of the original. The song was
+composed in 1835 by George Etienne Cartier, then a young man of 21 who
+was destined to become one of the most illustrious figures in Canadian
+history. Cartier was for some time secretary of the St. Jean Baptiste
+Association which was founded by Ludger Duvernay in 1834, and it was
+at the first celebration of St. Jean Baptiste day held in Montreal in
+1835, that the song was sung for the first time by Cartier himself.
+</p>
+<p>
+As the result of the indefatigable efforts of the president of the
+Cartier Centenary Committee, Mr. E. W. Villeneuve and those associated
+with him in this patriotic undertaking, the Centenary of Sir George
+Etienne Cartier's birth will be commemorated in 1914 by the unveiling
+of a magnificent monument on Mount Royal, and a series of historic
+celebrations. A brilliant success is assured for the Centenary
+celebration, and the splendid memorial which will stand on one of the
+slopes of Mount Royal will forever commemorate the illustrious career
+of Cartier and the great work of Canadian Confederation with which he
+was prominently identified.</p></div></div>
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 64593 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sir George Etienne Cartier, by John Boyd
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
+will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
+using this eBook.
+
+Title: Sir George Etienne Cartier
+       His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal
+
+Author: John Boyd
+
+Release Date: February 19, 2021 [eBook #64593]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+Produced by: Sonya Schermann, Martin Pettit and the Online Distributed
+             Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+             produced from images generously made available by The Internet
+             Archive)
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER ***
+
++-------------------------------------------------+
+|Transcriber's note:                              |
+|                                                 |
+|Obvious typographic errors have been corrected.  |
+|                                                 |
++-------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+Sir George Etienne Cartier
+
+His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal
+
+
+AN ADDRESS
+
+DELIVERED BEFORE THE CANADIAN CLUB OF MONTREAL
+
+_April 7th, 1913_
+
+BY
+
+JOHN BOYD
+
+Author of The Memorial History of the Life and Times of Sir George
+Etienne Cartier
+
+(To be issued in connection with the Cartier Centenary Celebration,
+1914)
+
+
+ISSUED BY THE CARTIER CENTENARY COMMITTEE MONTREAL 1913
+
+
+
+
+THE CARTIER CENTENARY
+
+1814-1914
+
+Under the distinguished patronage of H. R. H. The Duke of Connaught
+
+
+Executive Committee
+
+
+Patron:
+
+SIR CHARLES TUPPER, BART.
+
+
+President:
+
+E. W. VILLENEUVE, ESQ.
+
+
+Vice-Presidents:
+
+SIR RODOLPHE FORGET
+HON. J. J. GUERIN
+HON. N. PERODEAU
+H. A. EKERS, ESQ.
+D. LORNE MCGIBBON, ESQ.
+
+
+Honorary Treasurers:
+
+HON. J. A. OUIMET
+President City & District Savings Bank
+
+H. V. MEREDITH, ESQ.
+General Manager, Bank of Montreal
+
+
+Honorary Secretaries:
+
+JOHN BOYD, ESQ.
+C. A. PARISEAULT, ESQ.
+F. ARTHUR JACKSON, ESQ.
+HORACE J. GAGNE, ESQ.
+
+
+Secretary:
+
+H. R. OVENDEN, ESQ.
+
+
+Bankers:
+
+THE BANK OF MONTREAL
+
+
+Address - - P. O. Box 188
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER
+
+Born Sept. 6, 1814     Died May 23, 1873]
+
+
+
+
+The accompanying address has been registered in accordance with the
+Copyright Act by JOHN BOYD.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD.
+
+
+The great interest that has been aroused in the Cartier Centenary
+movement was shown by the large gathering which assembled at the
+Canadian Club luncheon in the Sailors' Institute on Monday, April 7th,
+1913, to hear Mr. John Boyd speak on "Sir George Etienne Cartier, His
+Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal." The speaker's references
+to the work that Cartier had accomplished for Canada, and especially
+to the great services that he rendered to the City of Montreal, were
+enthusiastically applauded by the large audience of representative
+business men.
+
+The accompanying address which includes a summary of Sir George Etienne
+Cartier's career and achievements is but a preliminary to the Memorial
+History of the Life and Times of Cartier which is now being written
+by Mr. John Boyd, and which will deal exhaustively not only with
+Cartier's career but also with the whole period covered by that career,
+one of the most memorable periods of Canadian history. The work will
+be published next year under the auspices of the Cartier Centenary
+Committee in connection with the great commemorative celebration of the
+one hundredth anniversary of Cartier's birth.
+
+
+
+
+SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER
+
+His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal.
+
+(AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BY MR. JOHN BOYD BEFORE THE
+CANADIAN CLUB OF MONTREAL, APRIL 7th, 1913.)
+
+
+Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen:
+
+The subject of the address which I have the privilege of delivering
+to-day is "Sir George Etienne Cartier, His Work for Canada and His
+Services to Montreal."
+
+Let me at the outset, Mr. Chairman, express my deep appreciation of the
+honor the Executive of the Canadian Club has done me in inviting me to
+address the members of this important and representative organization.
+
+When, in 1892, through the efforts of Mr. Charles R. McCullough of
+Hamilton, the first Canadian Club was organized, a movement was
+inaugurated of the utmost importance to the Dominion. Every important
+centre throughout the country now has its Canadian Club, and these
+organizations, or as they have been well termed, these "universities
+of the people" now numbering nearly one hundred, are doing a splendid
+work in fostering a spirit of patriotism and in creating that national
+sentiment which is so essential to Canada's welfare. The Canadian Club
+of Montreal, composed as it is of the most representative citizens of
+the commercial metropolis, has ever been foremost in this great work,
+and it is indeed a privilege to have the opportunity of addressing such
+a gathering.
+
+What more appropriate subject, Mr. Chairman, could be found for an
+address before a Canadian Club, than the career of one of our great
+nation-builders, of one who helped to lay the foundations of Canadian
+nationality and of the Dominion's greatness?
+
+It is not my intention, Mr. Chairman, nor would time permit on this
+occasion, to deal exhaustively with the life and achievements of Sir
+George Etienne Cartier. That is now engaging my attention in another
+form, and when the Memorial History of the Life and Times of George
+Etienne Cartier shall appear, it will, I trust be found to be at
+least an exhaustive review of a great career and of one of the most
+memorable periods of Canadian history. On this occasion, owing to the
+limited time at my disposal, I shall content myself with reviewing
+succinctly Cartier's public career and achievements, dwelling briefly
+on the lessons of his life with special emphasis upon the great work
+that he did for Canada in general and the eminent services which he
+rendered to the City of Montreal in particular.
+
+I shall take it for granted, Gentleman, that you are all conversant
+with the main facts of Cartier's career, from his birth at St. Antoine
+on the Richelieu River on September 6th, 1814, until his entrance to
+public life at the age of 34 in 1848, from that date until he became
+Prime Minister of United Canada in 1858, and from that until his death
+in 1873 when he held the portfolio of Minister of Militia and Defence
+in the Dominion Government.
+
+Cartier's public career covered a period of some twenty-five years,
+that is to say from 1848 to 1873. What fruitful efforts, what
+herculanean labors, what great achievements, what struggles, defeats
+and triumphs were crowded within the compass of that career! The period
+which it covered was one of the most remarkable, if not the most
+remarkable, in the whole range of Canadian history. It was a period
+which witnessed many great constitutional changes, many transformations
+of parties, many fierce political struggles. It saw the beginning and
+the end of the Union, it marked the triumph of the long struggle for
+responsible government, it witnessed the birth of Confederation. It was
+a period fecund of great events and momentous developments, it was also
+a period rendered notable by the long succession of great statesmen
+whose names must forever be illustrious in Canadian history.
+
+During all of that period Cartier played an active part and at times
+occupied a pre-eminent position.
+
+At the beginning of his career, Cartier was a zealous reformer. In his
+youth like so many other ardent spirits of the time he came under the
+influence of Louis Joseph Papineau, when that great French Canadian
+tribune, with his incomparable eloquence, was thundering against those
+administrative abuses which were directly responsible for the troubles
+of the period. Nor was Papineau alone in his opposition to what Cartier
+described as the action of a minority which sought to dominate the
+majority and exploit the government in its own interests. Papineau,
+it should be remembered had the support of leading English-speaking
+Canadians, such as the distinguished Wolfred Nelson, afterwards Mayor
+of Montreal; in fact it is a noteworthy historical feature that some
+of the leading figures in the struggle for responsible government
+in Lower Canada were English-speaking. Cartier's participation in
+the rising of 1837 was due to the ardor and impetuosity of youth and
+the sincere convictions he held that the prevailing evils called for
+drastic measures. His experience convinced him of the folly of an
+appeal to arms; he realized that the remedy for existing evils must be
+sought, not through armed resistance to the constituted authorities,
+but through constitutional agitation and legislative action. He became
+a staunch supporter of LaFontaine's policy, and one of his earliest
+campaign speeches was made in advocacy of the principle of ministerial
+responsibility during the crisis resulting from the resignation of
+the LaFontaine-Baldwin Government in 1844. In 1848, when Cartier
+first entered Parliament, the struggle for responsible government,
+thanks to the efforts of those two great statesmen, Louis Hypolite
+LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin, whose names will forever be held in the
+highest honor by all Canadians, had been fought and won. When justice
+had been secured and existing abuses remedied by the granting of
+responsible government, Cartier became, and ever afterwards continued
+to be one of the warmest supporters and most zealous champions of
+British institutions, a strong advocate of the maintenance of British
+connection and a passionate lover of the British flag.
+
+Cartier was the destined successor of LaFontaine in the great work of
+reconstruction, pacification, and conciliation, and when LaFontaine
+retired in 1851, and was followed a few years later by that other
+eminent French-Canadian statesman, Auguste Norbert Morin, Cartier's
+path to the leadership of his native province was clear. For years he
+was the undisputed leader: his voice, as has been well said, was the
+voice of Quebec.
+
+The struggle for responsible government having been won, an era of
+marked industrial expansion and development followed under the Union.
+It was an era of railway building, of canal construction, of the
+establishment of great public works. Cartier, owing to his practical
+qualities, his great business abilities, his mastery of details, and
+his administrative capacities, was eminently qualified to obtain
+a leading position during such a period. He achieved distinction
+as a reformer, as an able administrator, as a legislator, and as a
+constructive statesman. His name is attached to some of the most
+important Acts of a period prolific of important legislation. It
+is sufficient to mention in this connection such measures as the
+construction of the Montreal and Portland Railway, the decentralization
+of the judiciary, the codification of the civil laws and of civil
+procedure, the modification of the criminal law, the Municipal Act of
+Lower Canada, the Act relating to registration offices, the abolition
+of the seigniorial tenure, the choice of Ottawa as the Capital of
+Canada, the construction of the Grand Trunk Railway and the Victoria
+Bridge, the organization of the educational system of Lower Canada, the
+improvement and deepening of the St. Lawrence, the building of canals,
+the union of the provinces of British North America, the acquisition
+of the North-West Territories, the construction of the Intercolonial
+Railway, the establishment of the Province of Manitoba, the admission
+of British Columbia into Confederation, the establishment of the
+militia system and the initiation of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
+
+It would not be in accordance with that absolute truth which is
+demanded of history, to even infer that to Cartier alone is due the
+credit for the passage of all of these great measures. Many eminent
+men contributed by their efforts to their achievement. But to Cartier
+may fairly be adjudged the merit without detracting from the merits
+of others, of having taken an active part in the achievement of all
+of these important measures, of having devoted his great energies and
+abilities to their accomplishment, and of having played a determining
+part in the achievement of some of them. Some of these measures
+were of material benefit to the progress of the country. The legal
+reforms for which Cartier is entitled to the sole credit, constitute
+in themselves a monument to his wise statesmanship. Other measures
+in which he played a determining part, such as Confederation, were
+of an epoch-making character, in connection with Canada's national
+development and well-being. As an eminent French-Canadian writer, the
+late Senator Tassé, has well remarked, more than one of these measures
+would have been sufficient to immortalize Cartier. He was, to use
+Senator Tassé's words, at one and the same time a legislator, a founder
+of constitutions, a peaceful conqueror.
+
+
+Cartier and Confederation
+
+The greatest work in which Cartier participated, and in which it
+is freely acknowledged he played a determining part, was of course
+the establishment of Confederation. The idea of a union of all the
+provinces of British North America did not originate with Cartier,
+any more than it originated with Macdonald, Tupper, Tilley, Brown or
+the other great Fathers of Confederation. Proposals to that effect
+had been made long before, and the idea was one that had arisen
+in many minds as a desirable consummation and as a remedy for the
+chaotic conditions which then prevailed. But the idea was one that was
+heartily supported by Cartier from a very early period, and to the
+Cartier-Macdonald Government of which he became the head in 1858 as
+Prime Minister of United Canada must be given the credit of having
+taken the first practical steps to bring about Confederation. One of
+the items of that government's programme was the union of the British
+North American provinces, and soon after the close of the session
+of 1858, a delegation composed of three members of the Government,
+Cartier himself, A. T. Galt, and John Rose went to England to press
+the matter upon the Imperial Government. A memorandum submitted to the
+Imperial authorities and signed by Cartier, Galt and Rose urged the
+Imperial Government to take steps to have a meeting of delegates from
+all the British North American provinces to consider the question of
+Confederation and to report upon it.
+
+Though the steps taken in 1858 had no immediate result, the fact
+remains that the Government of which Cartier was the head, was the
+first to take up the question of the union of the British North
+American provinces, that, as the lamented Thomas D'Arcy McGee remarked
+in his great speech during the Confederation debate "the first real
+stage of the success of Confederation, the thing that gave importance
+to the theory in men's minds, was the memorandum of 1858, signed by
+Cartier, Galt and Rose. The recommendation in that memorandum" said
+McGee, "laid dormant until revived by the Constitutional Committee
+which led to the coalition, which led to the Quebec Conference, which
+led to the draft of the Constitution now on our table, and which" added
+McGee with assurance "will lead, I am fain to believe, to the union
+of all these provinces,"--an assurance, which was not long afterwards
+happily fulfilled.
+
+Cartier was the leader of the Quebec wing of the Coalition Ministry.
+He was a delegate to the Charlottetown Conference, as well as a member
+of the Quebec Conference. He took a leading part in the Confederation
+debates, ably defending the measure against the attacks made upon it.
+With Macdonald, Brown and Galt he was deputed after the scheme had
+been adopted by the Legislature to go to England to confer with Her
+Majesty's Government; he was also one of the delegates who sat in
+Conference from the 4th to the 24th December, 1866, at the Westminster
+Palace Hotel in London, and at which a series of 69 resolutions, based
+on those of the Quebec Conference, were finally passed. The sittings
+of that famous conference were renewed early in January of 1867, a
+series of draft bills were drawn up, and revised by the Imperial law
+officers, a bill was submitted to the Imperial Parliament in February,
+and on March 29th, under the title of the British North America Act,
+it received the royal assent. A royal proclamation issued from Windsor
+Castle on May 22nd, 1867, appointed July 1st as the date upon which the
+Act should come into force, and the following first of July witnessed
+the birth of what the Governor-General, Lord Monck, well designated as
+"a new nationality".
+
+The men who assembled at Quebec on October 10th, 1864, to devise means
+for bringing about the union of the British North American provinces,
+had momentous problems to solve, but they were all men of the most
+ardent patriotism, of the broadest views, and with a firm determination
+to carry to a successful issue the great work with which they had
+been entrusted. How they succeeded in their task we all know. It has
+been well remarked by one of the biographers of Sir John A. Macdonald
+that there are three men besides Macdonald who in the establishment
+of Confederation and in securing the large results which followed
+from that epoch-making measure, demand special mention. Those men
+were George Etienne Cartier, Charles Tupper, and Leonard Tilley.[1]
+Justice demands that George Brown should also be named amongst the
+great Fathers of Confederation, for without the co-operation of that
+eminent Liberal statesman it is questionable whether Confederation
+under the circumstances could have been effected at that time. It
+was George Brown who made the proposals which rendered the coalition
+ministry possible, and by sinking all party considerations and personal
+differences in a grave crisis of his country's history, he performed a
+signal act of patriotism, which entitles his name to a high place on
+Canada's roll of honor. It was in fact a striking lesson in patriotism
+and in devotion to country, to find men like Macdonald and Cartier on
+the one hand, and Brown on the other, forgetting all past differences
+and even bitter personal animosities, and sitting at the same council
+board to devise means by which the public interests might be served
+at a most critical juncture. Nor, amongst the leading Fathers of
+Confederation must Sir A. T. Galt be forgotten, for that distinguished
+statesman was a most zealous advocate of Confederation, holding that
+unless a union was effected, the provinces would inevitably drift
+into the United States. During the parliamentary session of 1858 he
+strongly advocated the federal union of all the British North American
+provinces, and as has been justly said, the resolutions which Galt then
+moved in favor of such a union, entitle him to a high place amongst the
+promoters of Confederation[2].
+
+Of the thirty-two statesmen who assembled at Quebec in 1864 and framed
+the Quebec resolutions which formed the basis of Confederation, but one
+survives to-day, and the Cartier Centenary movement has the privilege
+of having that great statesman whose name will forever be linked with
+the names of Macdonald and Cartier, as its patron. Still hale and
+hearty in his 92nd year, Sir Charles Tupper enjoys the veneration
+and esteem of all Canadians. It has been justly said by Sir John A.
+Macdonald's biographer, that in the "reconciliation of Nova Scotia to
+Confederation; in carrying out a great expensive and hazardous railway
+policy; in the establishment of a national fiscal system; in making
+Canadian expansion compatible with complete allegiance to the Empire,
+the aid which Macdonald received from Sir Charles Tupper, can scarcely
+be exaggerated. In him great natural ability and power as a platform
+speaker were united with a splendid optimism about his country, a
+courage that feared nothing, and a resoluteness of purpose which
+despised any obstacles with which he could be confronted."[3]
+
+It is not minimizing the services of any of the other illustrious
+Fathers of Confederation, to say that Cartier played a leading, in
+fact a determining part, in the achievement of that measure. His great
+colleagues have generously testified to the pre-eminent services which
+he rendered at that time.
+
+"Cartier was as bold as a lion. He was just the man I wanted: but for
+him Confederation should not have been carried," was the emphatic
+declaration made by Sir John A. Macdonald on the day when he unveiled
+the statue of his great colleague at Ottawa.
+
+Sir Charles Tupper's tribute is equally eloquent and emphatic. "I have
+no hesitation," he says, "in saying that without Cartier there would
+have been no Confederation, and therefore Canada owes him a debt that
+can never be repaid."
+
+Dr Parkin in his life of Sir John A. Macdonald, in the "Makers of
+Canada" series, also pays a just tribute to Cartier for his work in
+connection with Confederation when he says: "Without Cartier's loyal
+help, it would scarcely have been possible, when the effort for union
+came, to allay the anxiety of the French-Canadians lest they should be
+swallowed up, and their individuality be lost in the large proposed
+confederacy."
+
+Cartier's position at that time, it must be remembered, was an
+extremely difficult one, in fact, it is the difficulties which he
+then encountered and the manner in which he triumphed over them, that
+entitled him to all the more credit. "Never did a French-Canadian
+statesman" as an eminent French-Canadian writer has remarked, "have to
+face a greater responsibility than that which Cartier assumed the day
+when he had the alternative of accepting or refusing Confederation.
+Neither Papineau nor LaFontaine had to place in the balance such grave
+issues. Their role was reduced to demanding liberty for Canadians.
+Cartier had to choose between a problematical future and a recognized
+state of affairs, with well defined advantages. Would as many
+guarantees be found in the edifice which was to be constructed? By
+accepting the confederation of the provinces, was it not leaving the
+certain for the uncertain? Such were the questions which agitated minds
+anxiously weighed."[4]
+
+There was strong opposition to Confederation in Quebec as well as
+in other provinces. Cartier had to face the powerful attacks of
+redoubtable and able antagonists who maintained that Confederation
+would be detrimental to the interests of the French-Canadians. His
+contention was that with general interests entrusted to a central
+government and local interests to local legislatures, the rights of
+the French-Canadians would be amply safeguarded. Cartier maintained
+his position in the face of the most determined opposition and even
+against bitter personal attacks. He had his vindication when in the
+elections of 1867 the people of Quebec returned him to Parliament with
+a triumphant following.
+
+And has not the course of events since Confederation vindicated the
+position which Cartier then took? The French-Canadians have not only
+enjoyed the fullest freedom in the direction of provincial affairs,
+but they have played a large and important part in the public life
+of Canada, a French-Canadian has occupied the exalted position of
+Prime Minister of the Dominion, and no matter whether they agree
+with his policy or not, all fair-minded Canadians must admit that
+Sir Wilfrid Laurier personally filled that great office with the
+utmost distinction, with credit to himself and to his country. Under
+Confederation there has been friction at times due in most cases to
+demagogic appeals to popular passion and racial feeling, but the sound
+common sense of the mass of the people has always asserted itself,
+and the governmental and legislative machinery has been found elastic
+enough to meet ever increasing demands.
+
+A notable tribute was recently paid to Cartier and the other great
+Fathers of Confederation by that distinguished British statesman,
+diplomat, and author, Right Hon. James Bryce, when in addressing this
+Club a few weeks ago he said: "Not less remarkable than your material
+progress has been the growth of your constitutional government,
+although in its early days there were not wanting people to show that
+Canada could never be a great nation. Your federal system has worked
+on the whole with wonderful success and with little friction. It has
+worked perhaps better than anywhere else in the world; I think the
+only example of equal success is that of Switzerland. You have had the
+great problem of two races living side by side, of peoples different in
+race and language, whom the federal system was designed to unite, while
+the federation of districts so dissimilar as the province of British
+Columbia, the prairies, and the Maritime Provinces shows that as far
+as adaptation to local conditions is concerned the federal system has
+been an unqualified success. And this success is a tribute to the
+capacity of the men who have governed as well as to those who framed
+the constitution."
+
+The successful working of the federal system in Canada to which Mr.
+Bryce bore testimony, is another striking proof of the wise and
+far-sighted statesmanship of Cartier and the other public men who
+framed our constitution.
+
+
+Other Great Measures
+
+Confederation having been accomplished, Cartier's energies were
+directed to measures for the strengthening and defence of the national
+fabric. He was largely instrumental in determining the route of the
+Intercolonial Railway, and in having that road, which it is admitted
+has been a most important factor in consolidating the Dominion,
+completed. One of the most important measures of Cartier's public
+career, was undoubtedly the one which, as Minister of Militia and
+Defence, he presented to Parliament on March 31st, 1868, and which
+provided for the organization of the Canadian Militia, a measure that
+is the basis of our whole militia system.
+
+Confederation, as you know, originally included only the four provinces
+of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. It was the desire
+of Cartier, as it was that of Macdonald, to see established a united
+Canada, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific, a great maritime
+as well as land power with the furthest east united to the furthest
+west by a great transcontinental railway system. When the union of
+the four provinces had been accomplished, Cartier was steadfast in
+his efforts to secure the accomplishment of the larger idea. He fully
+realized the possibilities of the great West and the importance of
+securing for the Dominion that vast territory, the development of which
+has been the marvel of the past quarter of a century. Largely through
+his efforts, the great western territory now forming the Provinces
+of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, was secured from the Hudson's
+Bay Company on most advantageous terms. When we realize that this
+immensely rich territory, the "granary of the Empire" was acquired
+for the Dominion for the insignificant sum of $1,500,000, largely
+through the negotiations which Cartier conducted in England, some idea
+of the importance of the services he rendered in that connection,
+may be formed. Cartier also framed the bill creating the Province of
+Manitoba, which he presented and had passed at the session of 1871.
+Only one thing was needed to round out Confederation, and that was
+the admission of British Columbia. In the negotiations which resulted
+in the admission of that great Province into the Dominion, Cartier
+played a leading part, and it was he, who on November 28th, 1871,
+presented the bill to Parliament providing that British Columbia should
+become a portion of the Dominion. On that occasion Cartier hailed the
+realization of his dream of a united Canada extending from ocean to
+ocean, with pardonable pride.
+
+"I cannot close my explanations," he declared, "without impressing
+on the honorable members the greatness of the work. This young
+Confederation is on the point of extending over the whole northern
+portion of the continent, and when we consider that it took our
+neighbors sixty years to extend to the Pacific, where will be found
+in the history of the world anything comparable to our marvellous
+prosperity? I have always maintained that a nation to be great must
+have maritime power. We possess maritime power in a high degree. Our
+union with the maritime provinces gives us a seaboard on the east, and
+now our union with British Columbia will give us a seaboard on the
+west."
+
+With the admission of British Columbia to Confederation, the dream
+of Cartier and of Macdonald, of a united Canada extending from ocean
+to ocean, was realized. But one thing more was required to bind the
+scattered provinces firmly together-a great transcontinental railway.
+Cartier was one of the strongest advocates of such an undertaking,
+and to him belongs the glory of having had passed the first charter
+for the Canadian Pacific Railway. One of the terms of the union of
+British Columbia with Canada under the Act presented by Cartier, was
+the construction of such a road. It is related that the delegates of
+British Columbia during the negotiations urged upon Cartier that a
+railway should be built across the Prairies to the foot of the Rockies,
+and that a colonization road should be laid out from the foot of the
+Rockies to the Coast. "No," replied Cartier, "that will not do; ask for
+a railway the whole way and you will get it." Some leading public men
+of the time thought that Cartier was willing to undertake too great
+an obligation, but events have more than justified his optimism. At
+the session of 1872, Cartier presented resolutions providing for the
+construction of the Canadian Pacific. After a remarkable debate, a
+bill based on the resolutions was adopted, and Cartier, springing to
+his feet, gave utterance amidst loud cheers to the expression which has
+become historic: "All aboard for the West."
+
+It was the last great triumph of his public career. He did not live to
+see the realization of his dream, for it was not until thirteen years
+afterwards, that is to say, on November 7th, 1885, that the last spike
+of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway was driven by Sir
+Donald Smith, now Lord Strathcona, at Craigellachie, a small village
+of British Columbia, and on July 24th, 1886, Cartier's great colleague
+and fellow-worker for a united Canada, Sir John A. Macdonald personally
+reached the Pacific by rail from Ottawa.
+
+Though Cartier did not live to see the completion of the gigantic
+undertaking which meant so much for Canada, it is one of his chief
+merits that he was one of its initiators and strongest supporters, and
+that he foresaw and foretold its great future.
+
+"Before very long", he declared, addressing Parliament, "the English
+traveller who lands at Halifax will be able in five or six days to
+cover half of the continent inhabited by British subjects."
+
+How Cartier's prophecy has been fulfilled we all know. The traveller
+landing to-day at Halifax can reach Victoria by means of the Canadian
+Pacific in less than six days. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company has
+become one of the greatest corporations in the world, operating not
+only a great transcontinental railway, and a chain of palatial hotels,
+but also possessing magnificent fleets on the Atlantic and the Pacific,
+with its vessels now encircling the globe. It has progressed stage by
+stage until under the able direction of its present distinguished head,
+Sir Thomas Shaughnessy, it has attained the greatest position in its
+history. The company's expansion has in fact been one of the marvels
+of history, and with the continued development of the Dominion, its
+achievements, great as they have been, will undoubtedly be surpassed
+in the future. Cartier, by his strenuous advocacy of the construction
+of the road in days when faith in the future was at a discount, gave
+another evidence of his great foresight as well as of his faith in the
+future of the Dominion which he did so much to establish.
+
+
+Cartier and Macdonald
+
+No review of Cartier's career, however summary, would be complete
+without some reference to the alliance that existed between him and
+that other great Canadian statesman, Sir John A. Macdonald, an alliance
+which was for a long period a most important factor in the public
+life of Canada. In his great painting "The Fathers of Confederation,"
+the artist Harris most appropriately places Macdonald and Cartier
+conspicuously in the centre of the group, and the names of those two
+great statesmen must forever be linked in connection with that epoch
+making measure.
+
+Macdonald and Cartier began their public careers within a few years
+of each other, Macdonald being first returned to Parliament in 1844,
+while Cartier became a member in 1848. The two men first became
+closely associated as members of the same Government, the MacNab-Taché
+Ministry, formed in 1855, in which ministry Macdonald held the
+portfolio of Attorney-General for Upper Canada while Cartier was
+Provincial Secretary, the first public office he held. From that time
+until the day of Cartier's death, the association between the two
+men remained practically unbroken. Their alliance, as has been well
+said, was based on equal consideration for the rightful claims of both
+nationalities.
+
+Each of the two men had qualities not possessed by the other.
+Macdonald had a magnetic personality, he was a consummate tactician,
+an incomparable leader of men. He had that genius which enables its
+possessor to seize and make the most of an opportunity. He had that
+quality so indispensable in a great leader of gaining the loyal and
+devoted support of men of widely different characters and temperaments.
+Macdonald in short combined the grasp of a statesman with the arts of a
+politician. Cartier excelled as an administrator, he was a tireless and
+indefatigable worker who never spared himself and who expected others
+to follow his example. He studied and analyzed all subjects which he
+had to handle to the very bottom, and when he came to discuss them he
+had a complete mastery of all the details. He was strong, nay, even
+dogmatic, in his convictions; once his mind was made up he pursued
+the path he had marked out for himself with persistent determination,
+heedless of all obstacles in his way. To his followers his word was
+law, and he exacted from them an unswerving obedience. His energy was
+prodigious: he deserved the designation given to him by Gladstone when
+that great statesman said that Cartier was "_un homme qui semble être
+légion_",--a man who was a legion in himself. Cartier's was essentially
+a strong and determined character.
+
+It was of course impossible that men of such different temperaments as
+Macdonald and Cartier and representing often such divergent interests,
+should not have their differences sometimes, but whatever differences
+they may have had never interfered with the high personal esteem and
+regard they entertained for each other.
+
+At a great banquet given in his honor by the Bar of Toronto on February
+8th, 1866, Macdonald took occasion to pay a warm and generous tribute
+to his French-Canadian colleague who was one of the guests of honor.
+
+"I wish to say," declared Macdonald, "that Hon. Mr. Cartier has a right
+to share in the honors which I am receiving to-night, because I have
+never made an appeal to him or to the Lower Canadians in vain. There
+is not in the whole of Canada a heart more devoted to his friends. If
+I have succeeded in introducing the institutions of Great Britain, it
+is due in great part, to my friend, who has never permitted under his
+administration that the bonds which attach us to England should be
+weakened."
+
+Cartier was equally generous in appreciation of his great colleague.
+Speaking at a banquet tendered Macdonald by the citizens of Kingston on
+September 6th, 1866, Cartier said:
+
+"Kingston is indeed a favored city, for it has for its representative
+a statesman who has never yet been surpassed in Canada, and who
+probably never will be in the future. I have had the happiness of being
+associated with the member for Kingston in my public career, and of
+having formed with him an alliance which has already lasted longer
+than all alliances of this kind in Canada. The success which we have
+obtained together has been due to the fact that we have repelled all
+sectional feelings and sought what might benefit Canada as a whole."
+
+That was the keynote of the Cartier-Macdonald alliance, the
+subordination of all sectional and racial feeling to the welfare of
+Canada as a whole. Cartier throughout his long public career was
+essentially a peacemaker, who always strove to promote a better feeling
+between the two races. A striking testimony to the success of his
+efforts in that direction was given on one occasion in Parliament when
+Mr. Benjamin, a leading Ontario member, declared: "I cannot refrain
+from acknowledging that Mr. Cartier has done more to unite the two
+races and to re-establish harmony between them, than any other member
+of the House."
+
+Well shall it always be for the Dominion, if its public men, no matter
+to what political party they may belong, always adhere to the sane
+and true principles upon which the Macdonald-Cartier alliance was
+based--mutual toleration and good-will, respect for the rights of all,
+the co-operation of races, the safeguarding of Canada's autonomy, and
+the development of Canadian nationality. The Macdonald-Cartier alliance
+in fact symbolized that union which should always exist between
+English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians. And why should there
+not be union? What matters it whether we speak different languages or
+worship at different altars, if we always remember that we are all
+Canadians, mutually interested in the welfare and aggrandizement of our
+common country. That was the spirit which actuated both Cartier and
+Macdonald during their long association, and it will be well if such a
+spirit always prevails in the Dominion. It is only, in fact, upon such
+a basis that the permanence of Confederation, of which Macdonald and
+Cartier were the principal architects, can be assured.
+
+
+For Canadian Nationality
+
+The aim of Macdonald, Cartier, and the other great Fathers of
+Confederation, was to establish broad and deep the foundations of a
+Canadian nationality, based on the broadest principles of justice,
+tolerance, and equal rights. All their public utterances during
+the Confederation negotiations, testify to this fact. Macdonald's
+conception was that as the Dominion progressed it would become, to use
+his own words, year by year less a case of dependence on our part, and
+of overwhelming protection on the part of the Mother Country, and more
+a case of healthy and cordial alliance, that instead of looking upon
+us as a merely dependent colony, England would have in us a friendly
+nation--a subordinate but still a powerful people--to stand by her in
+North America in peace or war.
+
+It is given to some men to have a vision that foresees the future
+and enables them to provide for momentous developments. Both Cartier
+and Macdonald were such men. It is in fact the supreme merit of
+Cartier that whilst always standing firmly for the rights of his
+French-Canadian compatriots, his vision was not confined to the
+Province of Quebec. If any one does, Cartier deserves the distinction
+of being known as a great Canadian. There was nothing narrow or
+provincial in his views. His idea was a united Canada, stretching
+from ocean to ocean, in which men of all races, languages and creeds
+should work together as brethren for the welfare and advancement of
+their common country. Cartier's desire was that his French-Canadian
+compatriots should not confine their attention to the Province of
+Quebec, but should take their full share in the life of the Dominion,
+that they should above all rejoice in the name "Canadian," be proud of
+the great Dominion and work for its welfare in co-operation with their
+English-speaking fellow countrymen.
+
+"Objection is made to our project," says Cartier, in his great speech
+during the Confederation debates, "because of the words 'a new
+nationality'. But if we unite we will form a political nationality
+independent of the national origin and religion of individuals. Some
+have regretted that we have a distinction of races and have expressed
+the hope that in time this diversity will disappear. The idea of a
+fusion of all races is utopian, it is an impossibility. Distinctions
+of this character will always exist, diversity is the order of the
+physical, moral and political worlds. As to the objection that we
+cannot form a great nation because Lower Canada is principally French
+and Catholic, Upper Canada English and Protestant, and the Maritime
+Provinces mixed, it is futile in the extreme.
+
+"Take for example the United Kingdom, inhabited as it is by three great
+races. Has the diversity of races been an obstacle to the progress and
+the welfare of Great Britain? Have not the three races united by their
+combined qualities, their energy and their courage, contributed to the
+glory of the Empire, to its laws of wise, to its success on land, on
+sea, and in commerce?
+
+"In our Confederation there will be Catholics and Protestants,
+English, French, Irish and Scotch, and each by its efforts and success
+will add to the prosperity of the Dominion, to the glory of a new
+Confederation. We are of different races, not to quarrel, but to work
+together for our common welfare. We cannot by law make the differences
+of race disappear, but I am convinced that the Anglo-Canadian and the
+French-Canadian will appreciate the advantages of their position. Set
+side by side like a great family, their contact will produce a happy
+spirit of emulation. The diversity of race will in fact, believe me,
+contribute to the common prosperity."
+
+What words of wisdom! What a spirit of true patriotism, of justice
+and of toleration they breathe! If Cartier in fact had never made any
+other utterance than this, it would be sufficient to stamp him as a
+true patriot and wise statesman. It will be well for Canada if such are
+always the guiding principles of its national life.
+
+While the idea of Macdonald and Cartier and the other great Fathers
+of Confederation was, as has been said, to establish a Canadian
+nationality, none the less was it their intention to perpetuate British
+institutions on the North American continent, to establish, to use
+Macdonald's expression, a friendly nation, enjoying, it is true, the
+most complete autonomy, but at the same time in alliance with Great
+Britain and the other portions of the Empire. No stronger believer
+in British institutions as the repository of freedom; no more ardent
+admirer of the British flag as the symbol of justice and liberty could
+be found than Cartier. In all his utterances during the Confederation,
+debates, he took special pains to emphasize that Confederation was
+intended not to weaken, but to strengthen, the ties between the
+Dominion, Great Britain and the other portions of the Empire.
+"Confederation," he said, in one of his speeches on the measure, "has
+for its first reason our common affection for British institutions, its
+object is to assure by all possible guarantees, their maintenance in
+the future."
+
+For the British flag Cartier on all occasions expressed a passionate
+devotion.
+
+"The Canadian people," he said at a great banquet given in his honor in
+London in 1869, "desires to remain faithful to the old flag of Great
+Britain, that flag which waves over all seas, which tyranny has never
+been able to overcome, that flag which symbolizes true liberty".
+
+These words expressed Cartier's deep and earnest conviction. During
+his several visits to Great Britain, he was deeply impressed by
+the greatness of British institutions. On those occasions he was
+the recipient of signal marks of honor; he was the personal guest
+of Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle for some time, and he received
+marked attention from Gladstone, Lord Lytton, and other distinguished
+British statesmen. His services in connection with the establishment
+of Confederation, as you know, were recognized by the conferring of a
+baronetcy upon him by Queen Victoria.
+
+
+CARTIER'S WORK FOR MONTREAL
+
+Having reviewed the great work which Cartier did for Canada in general,
+permit me to emphasize the eminent services which he rendered to
+Montreal. It is doubtful whether many Montrealers of the present
+generation fully realize the importance of Cartier's services to this
+city, and for that reason this portion of his career should be of
+special interest to citizens of this great metropolis.
+
+From 1861 until 1872, Cartier was one of the representatives of
+Montreal, first in the Parliament of United Canada, and afterwards
+in the House of Commons. During a portion of that period, he also
+represented Montreal-East in the Quebec Legislature under the system
+of dual representation which prevailed for some time following the
+establishment of Confederation. Montreal's interests were always dear
+to Cartier's heart, and throughout his long public career he zealously
+strove to promote the welfare and development of this city.
+
+Reference has already been made to the interest which Cartier showed
+from the outset of his career in railway construction. He realized that
+in order that Montreal might attain an unrivalled position, it would
+be necessary that railway communications should be established, that
+the St. Lawrence channel should be deepened, and that canals should be
+constructed and improved. One of the earliest of his speeches of which
+we have record was delivered at a great mass-meeting of the citizens
+of Montreal, held in 1846, on the Champ de Mars, to promote the
+construction of the Montreal & Portland Railway to connect Montreal and
+Portland. Cartier on that occasion declared that such an undertaking
+was a truly national work. Alluding to the fact that property in such
+cities as Buffalo, Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, which
+had become great railway terminals, had as a result greatly increased
+in value, he declared that the same thing would happen in the case of
+Montreal if adequate railway facilities were established.
+
+"The prosperity of Montreal," he said, "depends upon its position as
+the great emporium for the commerce of the West, and we can only assure
+that prosperity by better means of transport from the waters of the
+West to the Atlantic by our canals and railways."
+
+When he became a member of Parliament Cartier continued his agitation
+for adequate railway facilities, and one of the first speeches he
+delivered in the legislature of United Canada, February 15th, 1849, was
+in advocacy of the completion of the Montreal & Portland Railway.
+
+"There is no time to lose in the completion of the road," said Cartier
+on that occasion, "if we wish to assure for ourselves the commerce of
+the West. All the cities of the Atlantic Coast are disputing for that
+commerce."
+
+Referring to the efforts being made by New York, Philadelphia,
+Baltimore, and other American cities to capture this commerce, Cartier
+said: "In seeing the efforts that an intelligent population is making,
+we cannot doubt the importance of the trade of the lakes which they
+covet and the profits which will result. Now, we may secure the greater
+part of that trade by constructing this road as soon as possible."
+
+At another great mass meeting of the citizens of Montreal, held at the
+Bonsecours Market on July 31st, 1849, at which resolutions were adopted
+favoring the completion of the Montreal & Portland Railway, on motion
+of Cartier, seconded by John Rose, it was resolved that the city should
+take shares in the company. Cartier on that occasion made a fervent
+appeal that the interests of Montreal should be considered.
+
+"I do not fear to say," he declared, "that Montreal will be recreant
+to its best interests, and will be the most backward of cities if it
+neglects the means that is offered it to reclaim a prosperity which
+is now leaving it. I appeal to the large proprietors, to the small
+proprietors who make the prosperity of the large ones, and to the
+industrial and working classes which make the prosperity of both. We
+have an exceptional chance to attract foreign capital. The city has
+only to guarantee a bagatelle compared to the enormous debts contracted
+by the smaller cities of the United States to attract capital which
+passes through the hands of tradesmen and workingmen, to relieve trade
+which is languishing. It is an advantage which will be enjoyed even
+before the work is completed."
+
+Cartier pointed out that New York had contracted a debt of $25,000,000
+to provide proper railway facilities, as it had sufficient faith in
+itself and in the spirit of enterprise of its citizens to discount the
+future.
+
+"The time has come," said Cartier, addressing the citizens of Montreal,
+"to belie your reputation as apathetic men without energy and without a
+spirit of enterprise. Let those terms cease to be applied to the name
+'Canadian'. This great meeting is one of the first to be held in a city
+of the British Provinces to encourage an enterprise of this importance.
+It is proper that the example should come from Montreal, the commercial
+head of British America. It should show itself worthy of its position.
+Let us arouse ourselves, let us agitate."
+
+Cartier had the vision to foresee the great future in store for
+Montreal, if adequate transportation facilities were provided.
+
+"Montreal," he prophetically declared on the same occasion, "is
+destined to become the great emporium for the West. Without railways
+and canals it will be impossible for it to attain the glorious position
+which will make it one of the principal cities of the continent."
+
+Largely as the result of Cartier's persistent efforts, the Montreal
+& Portland Railway which for a long time was the only outlet during
+the winter for Canadian produce, destined for Europe, was completed,
+and inaugurated in 1851, being subsequently absorbed by the Grand
+Trunk Railway Company. Before the completion of this road, it must be
+remembered that there were only some seventy miles of railway in all
+Canada, the first road, the Laprairie and St. John's having been opened
+only a few years before, that is to say on July 21st, 1836. When we
+consider that to-day the total mileage of railways in Canada is 35,000
+miles, that last year our combined railways built 1,970 miles of new
+railway, on which was spent $30,000,000, and that the programme for
+this year provides for 2,700 miles of new track, costing $41,000,000,
+some idea may be obtained of the advance that has been made. Cartier
+deserves the credit of having been one of the first to realize the
+importance of railway construction in connection with the development
+of the country and of having been one of the strongest supporters of
+a forward policy in this respect--a policy to which we owe the three
+splendid railway systems we have to-day--the Canadian Pacific, the
+Grand Trunk, and the work of those two great railway men, Sir William
+Mackenzie and Sir Donald Mann--the Canadian Northern.
+
+One of Cartier's chief claims to honor is that it was he who secured
+the incorporation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, which has done so
+much for the development of Canada in general, and the City of Montreal
+in particular. Cartier always took the greatest pride in that fact. In
+a speech delivered in the legislature he declared that he regarded the
+construction of the Grand Trunk as the greatest benefit that had ever
+been conferred on the country. "I had charge of the Act which created
+the Grand Trunk Railway," he added, "and I am prouder of that than of
+any other action of my life." The Grand Trunk at the outset of its
+history had many difficulties, financial and otherwise, to encounter,
+and it was due to Cartier's efforts in a large measure, that the
+company was able to tide over these difficulties and that its success
+was assured.
+
+Reviewing his public career at a great banquet given in his honor by
+the citizens of Montreal, on October 30th, 1866, on the eve of his
+departure for London as one of the Confederation delegates, Cartier
+referring to the efforts he had made on behalf of the Grand Trunk
+said: "In 1852-53, encouraged by the Hincks-Morin Ministry, I asked
+for the incorporation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, and I had it
+voted despite the most furious opposition. I also had the construction
+of the Victoria Bridge voted. You will recall the prejudices there
+were against that measure. It was a work which would produce floods
+in Montreal, it was a means to divert commerce towards Portland. But
+the prejudice, against these great measures were soon dissipated, it
+was only a passing tempest. It was so, too, for the Grand Trunk and
+the Victoria Bridge. The Grand Trunk and the Victoria Bridge have
+flooded Montreal with an abundance of prosperity. What would Montreal
+be without the Grand Trunk? It has assured for us the commerce of the
+West."
+
+Addressing the electors of Montreal-East when seeking re-election in
+1867, Cartier, referring to the construction of the Victoria Bridge,
+said: "You know that there existed considerable jealousy or rivalry
+between Quebec and Montreal, and that the two cities sought at the same
+time to secure the possession of a bridge across the river. I will not
+stop to discuss the advantages of such a bridge. Thanks to my efforts
+I am proud to be able to say Montreal finally secured it. Montreal
+has the Victoria Bridge. The results you know. Our city since then has
+had a considerable development which Confederation, I am certain, will
+increase."
+
+When we consider the important factor that the Grand Trunk Railway
+Company has been in the development of Eastern Canada, and what its
+associate company, the Grand Trunk Pacific, will be in the opening up
+and development of rich new districts in the West, it will be realized
+that Cartier in the part he played in the creation and assistance of
+this great railway system, rendered another most important service to
+Canada.
+
+St. Lawrence navigation and the advancement of the Port of Montreal
+found in Cartier a steadfast advocate, and the Allan Line which was
+the pioneer in ocean navigation via the St. Lawrence, secured from him
+the heartiest encouragement and support. Speaking in the Legislative
+Assembly in 1860, in favor of a proposal to increase the mail subsidy
+to the Allans, Cartier warmly supported means to increase navigation by
+the St. Lawrence. It was humiliating, he declared, to see nearly all
+our imports arriving by the steamships, the railways, and the canals
+of the United States. "Let us rise," he said, "to the height of the
+changes wrought by progress, for we are at the beginning of a new era
+which will eclipse anything we have yet seen." The improvement of the
+harbor and port of Montreal always found in Cartier a zealous advocate,
+as he fully realized how important it was for Montreal's progress and
+prosperity.
+
+Cartier persistently advocated the enlargement of the canals, so as to
+divert the commerce of the West from American ports to this port, and
+thus benefit the City of Montreal. In a speech on the deepening of Lake
+St. Peter, delivered in the Parliament of United Canada on May 11th,
+1860, he said: "Up to the present all our debt has been contracted
+for the execution of very important public works--the Welland Canal,
+the St. Lawrence Canal, the Rideau Canal, the Lachine Canal, etc. But
+we have not yet attained our object, which is to divert the commerce
+of the great lakes from the American routes to the St. Lawrence. This
+commerce continues to pass by New York and Pennsylvania, and all that
+we see is the traffic destined for Ogdensburg and Oswego. What means
+should be taken to remedy this condition of affairs? We have come to
+the conclusion to abolish all tolls on the canals, and to make the St.
+Lawrence route perfectly free from the ocean to the great lakes."
+
+In reply to a remark by George Brown that the measure seemed to be
+designed to attract the commerce of the West to Montreal, to the
+detriment of Upper Canada, Cartier said: "I do not see why it should
+be apprehended that Montreal will secure so many advantages from this
+amelioration. This city is at the head of navigation, and is the
+principal centre of commerce; it is inspired by the spirit of progress,
+and I believe that in place of jealousy, all should be proud of its
+success. Whatever they can do, they can never prevent its being the
+most important city of the country, and from becoming a rival of the
+great American cities."
+
+Reference has been made to the prominent part that Cartier took in
+advocating the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway; and in
+desiring to see the accomplishment of that great undertaking, he had
+an eye to the interests of Montreal. In a speech to the electors of
+Montreal-East on August 8th, 1872, he promised that Montreal would
+be the principal terminus of that great road. "I have," he said, to
+the citizens of Montreal on that occasion, "devoted all my efforts to
+further your interests and I have always desired that Montreal should
+have the lion's share."
+
+The mercantile and business interests always found in Cartier a
+friend, in fact had he not been a public man, it is likely that his
+inclinations would have made him a great business man.
+
+"Merchants," he said, speaking at a dinner tendered him by the
+merchants of Quebec, on December 23rd, 1869, "contribute greatly to the
+progress of the country. Without the English merchants, England could
+not have kept its possessions in the world. Like Rome she would have
+lost her Colonies soon after their conquest. But the English merchant
+was the means of forming bonds between the new possessions of the
+Empire. I respect the interests of those here present. Those interests
+have greatly contributed to render Canada prosperous. Those who devote
+themselves to commerce form in every country one of the most important
+classes of society."
+
+Cartier's efforts on behalf of the mercantile interests of Montreal,
+and his faith in the future of this city never wavered, and he
+predicted its great expansion in wealth and population.
+
+"Our city," he said, addressing the electors of Montreal-East in 1867,
+"now counts 150,000 souls. In twenty years under Confederation, I
+predict that it will have more than 250,000 inhabitants."
+
+How Cartier's faith in Montreal has been justified, we all know. What
+was at the time he spoke a town of 150,000 people, has become a great
+metropolis of over 600,000 souls, and it is destined to have before
+many years a population of over one million people. As Montrealers we
+are all, as we have a right to be, proud of the great position which
+the city has attained, and of the still greater future which awaits it.
+Let us, in its day of greatness not forgot those, like Cartier, who in
+the days of small things foresaw the great future before Montreal and
+gave their best efforts to promote its interests.
+
+To the very end of his public career, Cartier's interest in the welfare
+of Montreal and his efforts to promote its advancement continued. His
+own words conveyed but the simple truth when he said in one of his last
+addresses, to his fellow citizens: "I frankly avow that all that my
+heart inspires, all that my knowledge and experience furnish, have been
+devoted to the welfare and prosperity of my compatriots in general and
+of Montreal in particular."
+
+Like many other statesmen, Cartier experienced the vicissitudes, as
+well as the triumphs, of public life. His last appeal to the electors
+of Montreal, made when he was practically a dying man, resulted, owing
+to a combination of circumstances, in his crushing defeat. He was
+greeted not with bouquets but with stones, from people of a city for
+which he had worked so hard, and for the advancement of which he had
+done so much. Another seat was found for him in Provencher, Manitoba,
+but his public career was over. In an effort to secure the restoration
+of his health he went to England, but the hope was vain: the incessant
+labors of a long public career had broken down a naturally robust
+constitution, and the great statesman passed away in London, England,
+on May 23rd, 1873. His last thoughts were for his beloved country.
+
+"Say to his friends in Canada," wrote one of his daughters in a
+touching letter announcing his death to a friend in Montreal, "say to
+his friends in Canada that he loved his country to the last, that his
+only desire was to return. Two days before his death he had all the
+Canadian newspapers read to him. Even his enemies, I hope, will not
+refuse to admit that before all he loved his country."
+
+The national mourning that followed the announcement of his death, the
+enconiums pronounced by the newspapers of all shades of opinion, the
+eulogies delivered in Parliament, the scene of his labors for so many
+years, and the imposing public funeral that was given his remains in
+Montreal, all bore eloquent testimony to the fact that the Canadian
+people, regardless of party, recognized that in his death Canada had
+indeed lost one who before all had loved his country. His remains rest
+beneath the soil of Mount Royal, which overlooks the city that he loved
+so well, and for the interests of which he worked so hard.
+
+
+Lessons of Cartier's Life
+
+What were the lessons of Cartier's life? They may be summed up in the
+three words--patriotism, duty, and tolerance. He loved his country and
+sought to promote its interests, he wore himself out in the discharge
+of his public duties, he was a man of the broadest views and the utmost
+tolerance. As Sir Adolphe Routhier has well remarked, to most public
+men public life is a career, but for Cartier it was an apostolate,
+a patriotic mission, and to fulfill that mission he sacrificed
+everything, even the modest fortune of which his family had need.[5]
+
+A French-Canadian and proud of his origin, a Roman Catholic and true
+to his faith, strong in his convictions, Cartier at the same time was
+a man of generous sympathies, of broad views, and great tolerance. His
+charity was broad enough to include men of all races, languages, and
+creeds. "My policy, and I think it best," he said on one occasion,
+"is respect for the rights of all." Actuated by that spirit he stood
+firmly on all occasions where there was justification for the rights
+of minorities, whether French or English, Catholic or Protestant. At
+the time of Confederation, for instance, some fear was expressed that
+the interests of the Protestant minority of Quebec would be jeopardized
+under the new constitution. Cartier pledged his word that nothing of
+the kind would happen. "I have already had occasion to proclaim in
+Parliament," he said, addressing the citizens of Montreal, "that the
+Protestant minority of Lower Canada have nothing to fear from the
+Provincial Legislature under Confederation. My word is given, and I
+repeat that nothing will be done of a nature to injure the principles
+and the rights of that minority."
+
+Cartier's pledge, it is needless to say, has been sacredly kept.
+
+On the same occasion, Cartier showed his largeness of views by
+declaring: "You know that I am a Catholic. I love my religion,
+believing it the best, but whilst proudly declaring myself a Catholic,
+I believe it my duty as a public man to respect the sincerity and the
+religious convictions of others. I am also a French-Canadian. I love my
+race. I of course have for it a predilection which is assuredly only
+natural, but as a public man and as a citizen, I also love others."
+Such were Cartier's guiding principles throughout life.
+
+Cartier, like all other human beings, had his faults, as well as
+his virtues, his public career was not without its mistakes, but
+nobody ever questioned his ardent love for his country, his absolute
+sincerity, his high sense of honor, his personal honesty and integrity,
+his fearless energy, and the firmness with which he always stood for
+his convictions. His motto "_Franc Et Sans Dol_"--"Frank And Without
+Deceit," well describes the character of the man.
+
+Did time permit, Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, a great deal more
+might be said of Cartier and his works. But has not sufficient been
+said to justify the contention that Cartier was a great Canadian, a
+nation-builder in the truest sense of that term, one whose memory
+is entitled to lasting honor from all Canadians? Does not the
+summary record of his career, which has been given, amply justify
+the declaration of the great Lord Dufferin that Cartier's name must
+forever be indissolubly incorporated with the most eventful and most
+glorious epoch of his country's history, commencing as it did with his
+entrance into political life and culminating in that consolidation of
+the Provinces to which his genius, courage and ability so materially
+contributed.
+
+Macdonald, Cartier, Tupper, Tilley, Brown, Galt, and the other great
+Fathers of Confederation builded better even than they knew. As the
+result of their wise statesmanship and patriotic efforts, Canada
+to-day stands a young giant amongst the peoples of the world. Under
+Confederation there has been witnessed a marvellous expansion and an
+unprecedented prosperity. We have to-day, to use the words of one of
+the most patriotic of our national poets, John Daniel Logan,--we have
+to-day a land:--
+
+
+     Blessed with youth and strength, with health and peace.
+
+
+And great as is the position of the Dominion at present, it is
+insignificant to what it will be if Canadians are only true to the
+teachings of the Fathers, if they all work together for the common
+welfare, if they are true to the national interests of the Dominion,
+and guard their great heritage against all influences of an insidious
+character.
+
+
+Honor Cartier's Memory
+
+Canadians do well to honor the memories of those great men who laid
+broad and deep the foundations of Canadian nationality, and who
+accomplished great works for the welfare of the Dominion. In the
+leading cities of Canada, stately monuments attest the recognition of a
+grateful people of the services of that great Father of Confederation,
+and that illustrious Canadian statesman, Sir John A. Macdonald. Brown
+and Tilley, too, have their monuments. Sir Charles Tupper is still
+happily with us in person, and I am sure that we all trust that his
+life may long be spared. His name will always be remembered as that of
+one of the leading Fathers of Confederation and one of our greatest
+statesmen.
+
+Does not justice demand that fitting honor should be done to that other
+great Father of Confederation, Sir George Etienne Cartier, by the
+erection of a memorial in the city which he represented in Parliament
+for so many years, and for whose interests he strove so zealously?
+
+When in November, 1910, at a meeting held at the St. Jean Baptiste
+Market Hall in this city, it was proposed by Mr. E. W. Villeneuve, now
+president of the Cartier Centenary Committee, whom we have with us
+to-day, that the centenary of Cartier's birth should be appropriately
+commemorated and that steps should be taken for the erection of a
+monument to his memory, the proposal was enthusiastically taken up.
+Since then the movement has assumed not only a national but an Empire
+scope, and representatives of every portion of the Empire will be
+present at the commemorative celebration next year. The movement, it
+may be mentioned is absolutely non-partisan in character, it being
+recognized that Cartier's memory is a national possession. The Prime
+Minister of the Dominion, Right Hon. R. L. Borden; the leader of the
+Liberal Party, Sir Wilfrid Laurier; the Prime Minister of the Province
+of Quebec, Sir Lomer Gouin; the Prime Ministers of all the Provinces;
+leading Liberals as well as Conservatives, throughout the Dominion,
+have united to render homage to the memory of one who did so much
+for Canada. Thanks to the co-operation and support of the Dominion
+Government and the Governments of all the Provinces, the erection of
+a splendid memorial, which will stand on one of the slopes of Mount
+Royal, and the first stone of which will be laid by His Royal Highness
+the Duke of Connaught, on September 1st next, is now practically
+assured. The memorial, the work of the eminent Canadian sculptor, Mr.
+G. W. Hill, will not only serve to honor and perpetuate Cartier's
+memory, but will also commemorate the establishment of Confederation,
+in which he played such a conspicuous part. In addition to the imposing
+statue of Cartier the memorial will bear statues representing every one
+of the nine provinces of the Dominion, the whole symbolical of that
+United Canada, which was one of Cartier's cherished dreams.
+
+In connection with the unveiling of the memorial, it is proposed to
+hold a series of commemorative celebrations, and it is confidently
+expected that the citizens of Montreal, ever alive as they are to the
+interests and reputation of the commercial metropolis, will give their
+hearty support and co-operation in making the celebration worthy not
+only of the memory of the great statesman, but also of the leading city
+of the Dominion, with which he was so closely identified.
+
+And when, Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, on the 6th of September of
+next year, the one hundredth anniversary of Cartier's birth, amidst
+the plaudits of hundreds of thousands of Canadians of all origins,
+creeds, and political leanings, the veil shall be removed from the
+magnificent memorial which shall stand on one of the commanding slopes
+of Mount Royal, testifying to the grateful recognition of the whole
+Dominion, justice shall have been done to the memory of one who loved
+his country, who accomplished great works for its benefit, whose heart
+was ever stirred by that feeling of ardent devotion to his native land
+which he himself expressed in those burning words of patriotism:
+
+"_O Canada, Mon Pays, Mes Amours!_"[6]
+
+
+
+
+O CANADA, MY OWN BELOVED LAND![7]
+
+From the French "O CANADA, MON PAYS, MES AMOURS," of Sir George Etienne
+Cartier.
+
+
+BY JOHN BOYD
+
+For the Cartier Centenary.
+
+
+     "One's own land is best of all,"
+       So an ancient adage says;
+     To sing it is the poet's call,
+       Mine be to sing my fair land's praise.
+     Strangers behold with envious eyes
+       St. Lawrence's tide so swift and grand,
+     But the Canadian proudly cries,
+       O Canada, my own beloved land!
+
+     Rivers and streams in myriad maze
+       Meander through our fertile plains,
+     Midst many a lofty mountain's haze,
+       What vast expanse the vision chains!
+     Vales, hills and rapids, forest brakes--
+       What panorama near so grand!
+     Who doth not love thy limpid lakes,
+       O Canada, my own beloved land!
+
+     Each season of the passing year,
+       In turn, attractions hath to bless.
+     Spring like an ardent wooer, dear,
+       Besports fair flowers and verdant dress;
+     Summer anon prepares to wrest
+       The harvest rare with joyful hand;
+     In Fall and Winter, feast and jest.
+       O Canada, my own beloved land!
+
+     Canadians, like their sires of old
+       Revel in song and gaily live,
+     Mild, gentle, free, not overbold,
+       Polite and gallant, welcome give.
+     Patriots, to country ever leal,
+       They, foes of slavery, staunchly stand;
+     Their watchword is the peace and weal
+       Of Canada, their beloved land.
+
+     Each country vaunts its damsels fair,
+       (I quite agree with truth they boast)
+     But our Canadian girls must share
+       The witching charm of beauty's host,
+     So lovely they and so sincere,
+       With that French charm of magic wand,
+     Coquettish just to make them dear.
+       O Canada, my own beloved land!
+
+     O my country, thou art blest,
+       Favoured of all the nations now!
+     But the stranger's vile behest
+       Would the seeds of discord sow.
+     May thy brave sons for thy sake
+       Join to help thee, hand in hand,
+     For thy great day doth e'en now break,
+       O Canada, my own beloved land!
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Dr. Parkin--Life of Sir John A. Macdonald.
+
+[2] John Lewis, Life of George Brown.
+
+[3] Dr. Parkin--Life of Sir John A. Macdonald.
+
+[4] A. D. DeCelles, Cartier Et Son Temps.
+
+[5] Sir Adolphe Routhier-Conférence sur Sir George Etienne Cartier,
+issued by the Cartier Centenary Committee in pamphlet form.
+
+[6] See following pages.
+
+[7] The above which is a faithful translation of the famous
+French-Canadian national song, "O Canada Mon Pays, Mes Amours," is
+intended simply to give the sense of the original. The song was
+composed in 1835 by George Etienne Cartier, then a young man of 21 who
+was destined to become one of the most illustrious figures in Canadian
+history. Cartier was for some time secretary of the St. Jean Baptiste
+Association which was founded by Ludger Duvernay in 1834, and it was
+at the first celebration of St. Jean Baptiste day held in Montreal in
+1835, that the song was sung for the first time by Cartier himself.
+
+As the result of the indefatigable efforts of the president of the
+Cartier Centenary Committee, Mr. E. W. Villeneuve and those associated
+with him in this patriotic undertaking, the Centenary of Sir George
+Etienne Cartier's birth will be commemorated in 1914 by the unveiling
+of a magnificent monument on Mount Royal, and a series of historic
+celebrations. A brilliant success is assured for the Centenary
+celebration, and the splendid memorial which will stand on one of the
+slopes of Mount Royal will forever commemorate the illustrious career
+of Cartier and the great work of Canadian Confederation with which he
+was prominently identified.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER ***
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+<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sir George Etienne Cartier, by John Boyd</div>
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+<table style='min-width:0; padding:0; margin-left:0; border-collapse:collapse'>
+  <tr><td>Title:</td><td>Sir George Etienne Cartier</td></tr>
+  <tr><td></td><td>His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: John Boyd</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: February 19, 2021 [eBook #64593]</div>
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+
+<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER ***</div>
+
+<div class="mynote"><p class="center">Transcriber's Note:<br /><br />
+Obvious typographic errors have been corrected.<br /></p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/front.jpg" alt="front" /></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+<h1>Sir George Etienne Cartier</h1>
+
+<p class="bold">His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal</p>
+
+<p class="bold2 space-above"><span class="double-underline">AN ADDRESS</span></p>
+
+<p class="bold">DELIVERED BEFORE THE<br />CANADIAN CLUB OF MONTREAL</p>
+
+<p class="bold"><i>April 7th, 1913</i></p>
+
+<p class="bold space-above">BY</p>
+
+<p class="bold2">JOHN BOYD</p>
+
+<p class="bold">Author of The Memorial History of the Life<br />and Times of Sir George
+Etienne Cartier</p>
+
+<p class="bold">(To be issued in connection with the<br />Cartier Centenary Celebration,
+1914)</p>
+
+<p class="bold space-above"><span class="smcap">Issued by the</span> CARTIER CENTENARY COMMITTEE<br />MONTREAL<br />1913</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/i002.jpg" alt="THE CARTIER CENTENARY" /></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/frontis.jpg" alt="SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER" /></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">The accompanying address has been registered in accordance<br />with the
+Copyright Act by <span class="smcap">John Boyd</span>.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>FOREWORD.</h2>
+
+<p>The great interest that has been aroused in the Cartier Centenary
+movement was shown by the large gathering which assembled at the
+Canadian Club luncheon in the Sailors' Institute on Monday, April 7th,
+1913, to hear Mr. John Boyd speak on "Sir George Etienne Cartier, His
+Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal." The speaker's references
+to the work that Cartier had accomplished for Canada, and especially
+to the great services that he rendered to the City of Montreal, were
+enthusiastically applauded by the large audience of representative
+business men.</p>
+
+<p>The accompanying address which includes a summary of Sir George Etienne
+Cartier's career and achievements is but a preliminary to the Memorial
+History of the Life and Times of Cartier which is now being written
+by Mr. John Boyd, and which will deal exhaustively not only with
+Cartier's career but also with the whole period covered by that career,
+one of the most memorable periods of Canadian history. The work will
+be published next year under the auspices of the Cartier Centenary
+Committee in connection with the great commemorative celebration of the
+one hundredth anniversary of Cartier's birth.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER</h2>
+
+<p class="bold">His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BY MR. JOHN BOYD BEFORE<br />THE
+CANADIAN CLUB OF MONTREAL, APRIL 7th, 1913.)</p>
+
+<hr class="smler" />
+
+<p>Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen:</p>
+
+<p>The subject of the address which I have the privilege of delivering
+to-day is "Sir George Etienne Cartier, His Work for Canada and His
+Services to Montreal."</p>
+
+<p>Let me at the outset, Mr. Chairman, express my deep appreciation of the
+honor the Executive of the Canadian Club has done me in inviting me to
+address the members of this important and representative organization.</p>
+
+<p>When, in 1892, through the efforts of Mr. Charles R. McCullough of
+Hamilton, the first Canadian Club was organized, a movement was
+inaugurated of the utmost importance to the Dominion. Every important
+centre throughout the country now has its Canadian Club, and these
+organizations, or as they have been well termed, these "universities
+of the people" now numbering nearly one hundred, are doing a splendid
+work in fostering a spirit of patriotism and in creating that national
+sentiment which is so essential to Canada's welfare. The Canadian Club
+of Montreal, composed as it is of the most representative citizens of
+the commercial metropolis, has ever been foremost in this great work,
+and it is indeed a privilege to have the opportunity of addressing such
+a gathering.</p>
+
+<p>What more appropriate subject, Mr. Chairman, could be found for an
+address before a Canadian Club, than the career of one of our great
+nation-builders, of one who helped to lay the foundations of Canadian
+nationality and of the Dominion's greatness?</p>
+
+<p>It is not my intention, Mr. Chairman, nor would time permit on this
+occasion, to deal exhaustively with the life and achievements of Sir
+George Etienne Cartier. That is now engaging my attention in another
+form, and when the Memorial History of the Life and Times of George
+Etienne Cartier shall appear, it will, I trust be found to be at
+least an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> exhaustive review of a great career and of one of the most
+memorable periods of Canadian history. On this occasion, owing to the
+limited time at my disposal, I shall content myself with reviewing
+succinctly Cartier's public career and achievements, dwelling briefly
+on the lessons of his life with special emphasis upon the great work
+that he did for Canada in general and the eminent services which he
+rendered to the City of Montreal in particular.</p>
+
+<p>I shall take it for granted, Gentleman, that you are all conversant
+with the main facts of Cartier's career, from his birth at St. Antoine
+on the Richelieu River on September 6th, 1814, until his entrance to
+public life at the age of 34 in 1848, from that date until he became
+Prime Minister of United Canada in 1858, and from that until his death
+in 1873 when he held the portfolio of Minister of Militia and Defence
+in the Dominion Government.</p>
+
+<p>Cartier's public career covered a period of some twenty-five years,
+that is to say from 1848 to 1873. What fruitful efforts, what
+herculanean labors, what great achievements, what struggles, defeats
+and triumphs were crowded within the compass of that career! The period
+which it covered was one of the most remarkable, if not the most
+remarkable, in the whole range of Canadian history. It was a period
+which witnessed many great constitutional changes, many transformations
+of parties, many fierce political struggles. It saw the beginning and
+the end of the Union, it marked the triumph of the long struggle for
+responsible government, it witnessed the birth of Confederation. It was
+a period fecund of great events and momentous developments, it was also
+a period rendered notable by the long succession of great statesmen
+whose names must forever be illustrious in Canadian history.</p>
+
+<p>During all of that period Cartier played an active part and at times
+occupied a pre-eminent position.</p>
+
+<p>At the beginning of his career, Cartier was a zealous reformer. In his
+youth like so many other ardent spirits of the time he came under the
+influence of Louis Joseph Papineau, when that great French Canadian
+tribune, with his incomparable eloquence, was thundering against those
+administrative abuses which were directly responsible for the troubles
+of the period. Nor was Papineau alone in his opposition to what Cartier
+described as the action of a minority which sought to dominate the
+majority and exploit the government in its own interests. Papineau,
+it should be remembered had the support of leading English-speaking
+Canadians, such as the distinguished Wolfred Nelson, afterwards Mayor
+of Montreal; in fact it is a noteworthy historical feature that some
+of the leading figures in the struggle for responsible government
+in Lower Canada were English-speaking. Cartier's participation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> in
+the rising of 1837 was due to the ardor and impetuosity of youth and
+the sincere convictions he held that the prevailing evils called for
+drastic measures. His experience convinced him of the folly of an
+appeal to arms; he realized that the remedy for existing evils must be
+sought, not through armed resistance to the constituted authorities,
+but through constitutional agitation and legislative action. He became
+a staunch supporter of LaFontaine's policy, and one of his earliest
+campaign speeches was made in advocacy of the principle of ministerial
+responsibility during the crisis resulting from the resignation of
+the LaFontaine-Baldwin Government in 1844. In 1848, when Cartier
+first entered Parliament, the struggle for responsible government,
+thanks to the efforts of those two great statesmen, Louis Hypolite
+LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin, whose names will forever be held in the
+highest honor by all Canadians, had been fought and won. When justice
+had been secured and existing abuses remedied by the granting of
+responsible government, Cartier became, and ever afterwards continued
+to be one of the warmest supporters and most zealous champions of
+British institutions, a strong advocate of the maintenance of British
+connection and a passionate lover of the British flag.</p>
+
+<p>Cartier was the destined successor of LaFontaine in the great work of
+reconstruction, pacification, and conciliation, and when LaFontaine
+retired in 1851, and was followed a few years later by that other
+eminent French-Canadian statesman, Auguste Norbert Morin, Cartier's
+path to the leadership of his native province was clear. For years he
+was the undisputed leader: his voice, as has been well said, was the
+voice of Quebec.</p>
+
+<p>The struggle for responsible government having been won, an era of
+marked industrial expansion and development followed under the Union.
+It was an era of railway building, of canal construction, of the
+establishment of great public works. Cartier, owing to his practical
+qualities, his great business abilities, his mastery of details, and
+his administrative capacities, was eminently qualified to obtain
+a leading position during such a period. He achieved distinction
+as a reformer, as an able administrator, as a legislator, and as a
+constructive statesman. His name is attached to some of the most
+important Acts of a period prolific of important legislation. It
+is sufficient to mention in this connection such measures as the
+construction of the Montreal and Portland Railway, the decentralization
+of the judiciary, the codification of the civil laws and of civil
+procedure, the modification of the criminal law, the Municipal Act of
+Lower Canada, the Act relating to registration offices, the abolition
+of the seigniorial tenure, the choice of Ottawa as the Capital of
+Canada, the construction of the Grand Trunk Railway<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> and the Victoria
+Bridge, the organization of the educational system of Lower Canada, the
+improvement and deepening of the St. Lawrence, the building of canals,
+the union of the provinces of British North America, the acquisition
+of the North-West Territories, the construction of the Intercolonial
+Railway, the establishment of the Province of Manitoba, the admission
+of British Columbia into Confederation, the establishment of the
+militia system and the initiation of the Canadian Pacific Railway.</p>
+
+<p>It would not be in accordance with that absolute truth which is
+demanded of history, to even infer that to Cartier alone is due the
+credit for the passage of all of these great measures. Many eminent
+men contributed by their efforts to their achievement. But to Cartier
+may fairly be adjudged the merit without detracting from the merits
+of others, of having taken an active part in the achievement of all
+of these important measures, of having devoted his great energies and
+abilities to their accomplishment, and of having played a determining
+part in the achievement of some of them. Some of these measures
+were of material benefit to the progress of the country. The legal
+reforms for which Cartier is entitled to the sole credit, constitute
+in themselves a monument to his wise statesmanship. Other measures
+in which he played a determining part, such as Confederation, were
+of an epoch-making character, in connection with Canada's national
+development and well-being. As an eminent French-Canadian writer, the
+late Senator Tassé, has well remarked, more than one of these measures
+would have been sufficient to immortalize Cartier. He was, to use
+Senator Tassé's words, at one and the same time a legislator, a founder
+of constitutions, a peaceful conqueror.</p>
+
+<h3>Cartier and Confederation</h3>
+
+<p>The greatest work in which Cartier participated, and in which it
+is freely acknowledged he played a determining part, was of course
+the establishment of Confederation. The idea of a union of all the
+provinces of British North America did not originate with Cartier,
+any more than it originated with Macdonald, Tupper, Tilley, Brown or
+the other great Fathers of Confederation. Proposals to that effect
+had been made long before, and the idea was one that had arisen
+in many minds as a desirable consummation and as a remedy for the
+chaotic conditions which then prevailed. But the idea was one that was
+heartily supported by Cartier from a very early period, and to the
+Cartier-Macdonald Government of which he became the head in 1858 as
+Prime<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> Minister of United Canada must be given the credit of having
+taken the first practical steps to bring about Confederation. One of
+the items of that government's programme was the union of the British
+North American provinces, and soon after the close of the session
+of 1858, a delegation composed of three members of the Government,
+Cartier himself, A. T. Galt, and John Rose went to England to press
+the matter upon the Imperial Government. A memorandum submitted to the
+Imperial authorities and signed by Cartier, Galt and Rose urged the
+Imperial Government to take steps to have a meeting of delegates from
+all the British North American provinces to consider the question of
+Confederation and to report upon it.</p>
+
+<p>Though the steps taken in 1858 had no immediate result, the fact
+remains that the Government of which Cartier was the head, was the
+first to take up the question of the union of the British North
+American provinces, that, as the lamented Thomas D'Arcy McGee remarked
+in his great speech during the Confederation debate "the first real
+stage of the success of Confederation, the thing that gave importance
+to the theory in men's minds, was the memorandum of 1858, signed by
+Cartier, Galt and Rose. The recommendation in that memorandum" said
+McGee, "laid dormant until revived by the Constitutional Committee
+which led to the coalition, which led to the Quebec Conference, which
+led to the draft of the Constitution now on our table, and which" added
+McGee with assurance "will lead, I am fain to believe, to the union
+of all these provinces,"&mdash;an assurance, which was not long afterwards
+happily fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p>Cartier was the leader of the Quebec wing of the Coalition Ministry.
+He was a delegate to the Charlottetown Conference, as well as a member
+of the Quebec Conference. He took a leading part in the Confederation
+debates, ably defending the measure against the attacks made upon it.
+With Macdonald, Brown and Galt he was deputed after the scheme had
+been adopted by the Legislature to go to England to confer with Her
+Majesty's Government; he was also one of the delegates who sat in
+Conference from the 4th to the 24th December, 1866, at the Westminster
+Palace Hotel in London, and at which a series of 69 resolutions, based
+on those of the Quebec Conference, were finally passed. The sittings
+of that famous conference were renewed early in January of 1867, a
+series of draft bills were drawn up, and revised by the Imperial law
+officers, a bill was submitted to the Imperial Parliament in February,
+and on March 29th, under the title of the British North America Act,
+it received the royal assent. A royal proclamation issued from Windsor
+Castle on May 22nd, 1867, appointed July 1st as the date upon which the
+Act should come into force, and the following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> first of July witnessed
+the birth of what the Governor-General, Lord Monck, well designated as
+"a new nationality".</p>
+
+<p>The men who assembled at Quebec on October 10th, 1864, to devise means
+for bringing about the union of the British North American provinces,
+had momentous problems to solve, but they were all men of the most
+ardent patriotism, of the broadest views, and with a firm determination
+to carry to a successful issue the great work with which they had
+been entrusted. How they succeeded in their task we all know. It has
+been well remarked by one of the biographers of Sir John A. Macdonald
+that there are three men besides Macdonald who in the establishment
+of Confederation and in securing the large results which followed
+from that epoch-making measure, demand special mention. Those men
+were George Etienne Cartier, Charles Tupper, and Leonard Tilley.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+Justice demands that George Brown should also be named amongst the
+great Fathers of Confederation, for without the co-operation of that
+eminent Liberal statesman it is questionable whether Confederation
+under the circumstances could have been effected at that time. It
+was George Brown who made the proposals which rendered the coalition
+ministry possible, and by sinking all party considerations and personal
+differences in a grave crisis of his country's history, he performed a
+signal act of patriotism, which entitles his name to a high place on
+Canada's roll of honor. It was in fact a striking lesson in patriotism
+and in devotion to country, to find men like Macdonald and Cartier on
+the one hand, and Brown on the other, forgetting all past differences
+and even bitter personal animosities, and sitting at the same council
+board to devise means by which the public interests might be served
+at a most critical juncture. Nor, amongst the leading Fathers of
+Confederation must Sir A. T. Galt be forgotten, for that distinguished
+statesman was a most zealous advocate of Confederation, holding that
+unless a union was effected, the provinces would inevitably drift
+into the United States. During the parliamentary session of 1858 he
+strongly advocated the federal union of all the British North American
+provinces, and as has been justly said, the resolutions which Galt then
+moved in favor of such a union, entitle him to a high place amongst the
+promoters of Confederation<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Of the thirty-two statesmen who assembled at Quebec in 1864 and framed
+the Quebec resolutions which formed the basis of Confederation, but one
+survives to-day, and the Cartier Centenary movement has the privilege
+of having that great statesman whose name will forever be linked with
+the names of Macdonald and Cartier, as its patron. Still<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> hale and
+hearty in his 92nd year, Sir Charles Tupper enjoys the veneration
+and esteem of all Canadians. It has been justly said by Sir John A.
+Macdonald's biographer, that in the "reconciliation of Nova Scotia to
+Confederation; in carrying out a great expensive and hazardous railway
+policy; in the establishment of a national fiscal system; in making
+Canadian expansion compatible with complete allegiance to the Empire,
+the aid which Macdonald received from Sir Charles Tupper, can scarcely
+be exaggerated. In him great natural ability and power as a platform
+speaker were united with a splendid optimism about his country, a
+courage that feared nothing, and a resoluteness of purpose which
+despised any obstacles with which he could be confronted."<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is not minimizing the services of any of the other illustrious
+Fathers of Confederation, to say that Cartier played a leading, in
+fact a determining part, in the achievement of that measure. His great
+colleagues have generously testified to the pre-eminent services which
+he rendered at that time.</p>
+
+<p>"Cartier was as bold as a lion. He was just the man I wanted: but for
+him Confederation should not have been carried," was the emphatic
+declaration made by Sir John A. Macdonald on the day when he unveiled
+the statue of his great colleague at Ottawa.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Charles Tupper's tribute is equally eloquent and emphatic. "I have
+no hesitation," he says, "in saying that without Cartier there would
+have been no Confederation, and therefore Canada owes him a debt that
+can never be repaid."</p>
+
+<p>Dr Parkin in his life of Sir John A. Macdonald, in the "Makers of
+Canada" series, also pays a just tribute to Cartier for his work in
+connection with Confederation when he says: "Without Cartier's loyal
+help, it would scarcely have been possible, when the effort for union
+came, to allay the anxiety of the French-Canadians lest they should be
+swallowed up, and their individuality be lost in the large proposed
+confederacy."</p>
+
+<p>Cartier's position at that time, it must be remembered, was an
+extremely difficult one, in fact, it is the difficulties which he
+then encountered and the manner in which he triumphed over them, that
+entitled him to all the more credit. "Never did a French-Canadian
+statesman" as an eminent French-Canadian writer has remarked, "have to
+face a greater responsibility than that which Cartier assumed the day
+when he had the alternative of accepting or refusing Confederation.
+Neither Papineau nor LaFontaine had to place in the balance such grave
+issues. Their role was reduced to demanding liberty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> for Canadians.
+Cartier had to choose between a problematical future and a recognized
+state of affairs, with well defined advantages. Would as many
+guarantees be found in the edifice which was to be constructed? By
+accepting the confederation of the provinces, was it not leaving the
+certain for the uncertain? Such were the questions which agitated minds
+anxiously weighed."<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>There was strong opposition to Confederation in Quebec as well as
+in other provinces. Cartier had to face the powerful attacks of
+redoubtable and able antagonists who maintained that Confederation
+would be detrimental to the interests of the French-Canadians. His
+contention was that with general interests entrusted to a central
+government and local interests to local legislatures, the rights of
+the French-Canadians would be amply safeguarded. Cartier maintained
+his position in the face of the most determined opposition and even
+against bitter personal attacks. He had his vindication when in the
+elections of 1867 the people of Quebec returned him to Parliament with
+a triumphant following.</p>
+
+<p>And has not the course of events since Confederation vindicated the
+position which Cartier then took? The French-Canadians have not only
+enjoyed the fullest freedom in the direction of provincial affairs,
+but they have played a large and important part in the public life
+of Canada, a French-Canadian has occupied the exalted position of
+Prime Minister of the Dominion, and no matter whether they agree
+with his policy or not, all fair-minded Canadians must admit that
+Sir Wilfrid Laurier personally filled that great office with the
+utmost distinction, with credit to himself and to his country. Under
+Confederation there has been friction at times due in most cases to
+demagogic appeals to popular passion and racial feeling, but the sound
+common sense of the mass of the people has always asserted itself,
+and the governmental and legislative machinery has been found elastic
+enough to meet ever increasing demands.</p>
+
+<p>A notable tribute was recently paid to Cartier and the other great
+Fathers of Confederation by that distinguished British statesman,
+diplomat, and author, Right Hon. James Bryce, when in addressing this
+Club a few weeks ago he said: "Not less remarkable than your material
+progress has been the growth of your constitutional government,
+although in its early days there were not wanting people to show that
+Canada could never be a great nation. Your federal system has worked
+on the whole with wonderful success and with little friction. It has
+worked perhaps better than anywhere else in the world; I think<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> the
+only example of equal success is that of Switzerland. You have had the
+great problem of two races living side by side, of peoples different in
+race and language, whom the federal system was designed to unite, while
+the federation of districts so dissimilar as the province of British
+Columbia, the prairies, and the Maritime Provinces shows that as far
+as adaptation to local conditions is concerned the federal system has
+been an unqualified success. And this success is a tribute to the
+capacity of the men who have governed as well as to those who framed
+the constitution."</p>
+
+<p>The successful working of the federal system in Canada to which Mr.
+Bryce bore testimony, is another striking proof of the wise and
+far-sighted statesmanship of Cartier and the other public men who
+framed our constitution.</p>
+
+<h3>Other Great Measures</h3>
+
+<p>Confederation having been accomplished, Cartier's energies were
+directed to measures for the strengthening and defence of the national
+fabric. He was largely instrumental in determining the route of the
+Intercolonial Railway, and in having that road, which it is admitted
+has been a most important factor in consolidating the Dominion,
+completed. One of the most important measures of Cartier's public
+career, was undoubtedly the one which, as Minister of Militia and
+Defence, he presented to Parliament on March 31st, 1868, and which
+provided for the organization of the Canadian Militia, a measure that
+is the basis of our whole militia system.</p>
+
+<p>Confederation, as you know, originally included only the four provinces
+of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. It was the desire
+of Cartier, as it was that of Macdonald, to see established a united
+Canada, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific, a great maritime
+as well as land power with the furthest east united to the furthest
+west by a great transcontinental railway system. When the union of
+the four provinces had been accomplished, Cartier was steadfast in
+his efforts to secure the accomplishment of the larger idea. He fully
+realized the possibilities of the great West and the importance of
+securing for the Dominion that vast territory, the development of which
+has been the marvel of the past quarter of a century. Largely through
+his efforts, the great western territory now forming the Provinces
+of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, was secured from the Hudson's
+Bay Company on most advantageous terms. When we realize that this
+immensely rich territory, the "granary of the Empire" was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> acquired
+for the Dominion for the insignificant sum of $1,500,000, largely
+through the negotiations which Cartier conducted in England, some idea
+of the importance of the services he rendered in that connection,
+may be formed. Cartier also framed the bill creating the Province of
+Manitoba, which he presented and had passed at the session of 1871.
+Only one thing was needed to round out Confederation, and that was
+the admission of British Columbia. In the negotiations which resulted
+in the admission of that great Province into the Dominion, Cartier
+played a leading part, and it was he, who on November 28th, 1871,
+presented the bill to Parliament providing that British Columbia should
+become a portion of the Dominion. On that occasion Cartier hailed the
+realization of his dream of a united Canada extending from ocean to
+ocean, with pardonable pride.</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot close my explanations," he declared, "without impressing
+on the honorable members the greatness of the work. This young
+Confederation is on the point of extending over the whole northern
+portion of the continent, and when we consider that it took our
+neighbors sixty years to extend to the Pacific, where will be found
+in the history of the world anything comparable to our marvellous
+prosperity? I have always maintained that a nation to be great must
+have maritime power. We possess maritime power in a high degree. Our
+union with the maritime provinces gives us a seaboard on the east, and
+now our union with British Columbia will give us a seaboard on the
+west."</p>
+
+<p>With the admission of British Columbia to Confederation, the dream
+of Cartier and of Macdonald, of a united Canada extending from ocean
+to ocean, was realized. But one thing more was required to bind the
+scattered provinces firmly together-a great transcontinental railway.
+Cartier was one of the strongest advocates of such an undertaking,
+and to him belongs the glory of having had passed the first charter
+for the Canadian Pacific Railway. One of the terms of the union of
+British Columbia with Canada under the Act presented by Cartier, was
+the construction of such a road. It is related that the delegates of
+British Columbia during the negotiations urged upon Cartier that a
+railway should be built across the Prairies to the foot of the Rockies,
+and that a colonization road should be laid out from the foot of the
+Rockies to the Coast. "No," replied Cartier, "that will not do; ask for
+a railway the whole way and you will get it." Some leading public men
+of the time thought that Cartier was willing to undertake too great
+an obligation, but events have more than justified his optimism. At
+the session of 1872, Cartier presented resolutions providing for the
+construction of the Canadian Pacific. After a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>remarkable debate, a
+bill based on the resolutions was adopted, and Cartier, springing to
+his feet, gave utterance amidst loud cheers to the expression which has
+become historic: "All aboard for the West."</p>
+
+<p>It was the last great triumph of his public career. He did not live to
+see the realization of his dream, for it was not until thirteen years
+afterwards, that is to say, on November 7th, 1885, that the last spike
+of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway was driven by Sir
+Donald Smith, now Lord Strathcona, at Craigellachie, a small village
+of British Columbia, and on July 24th, 1886, Cartier's great colleague
+and fellow-worker for a united Canada, Sir John A. Macdonald personally
+reached the Pacific by rail from Ottawa.</p>
+
+<p>Though Cartier did not live to see the completion of the gigantic
+undertaking which meant so much for Canada, it is one of his chief
+merits that he was one of its initiators and strongest supporters, and
+that he foresaw and foretold its great future.</p>
+
+<p>"Before very long", he declared, addressing Parliament, "the English
+traveller who lands at Halifax will be able in five or six days to
+cover half of the continent inhabited by British subjects."</p>
+
+<p>How Cartier's prophecy has been fulfilled we all know. The traveller
+landing to-day at Halifax can reach Victoria by means of the Canadian
+Pacific in less than six days. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company has
+become one of the greatest corporations in the world, operating not
+only a great transcontinental railway, and a chain of palatial hotels,
+but also possessing magnificent fleets on the Atlantic and the Pacific,
+with its vessels now encircling the globe. It has progressed stage by
+stage until under the able direction of its present distinguished head,
+Sir Thomas Shaughnessy, it has attained the greatest position in its
+history. The company's expansion has in fact been one of the marvels
+of history, and with the continued development of the Dominion, its
+achievements, great as they have been, will undoubtedly be surpassed
+in the future. Cartier, by his strenuous advocacy of the construction
+of the road in days when faith in the future was at a discount, gave
+another evidence of his great foresight as well as of his faith in the
+future of the Dominion which he did so much to establish.</p>
+
+<h3>Cartier and Macdonald</h3>
+
+<p>No review of Cartier's career, however summary, would be complete
+without some reference to the alliance that existed between him and
+that other great Canadian statesman, Sir John A. Macdonald, an alliance
+which was for a long period a most important factor in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> public
+life of Canada. In his great painting "The Fathers of Confederation,"
+the artist Harris most appropriately places Macdonald and Cartier
+conspicuously in the centre of the group, and the names of those two
+great statesmen must forever be linked in connection with that epoch
+making measure.</p>
+
+<p>Macdonald and Cartier began their public careers within a few years
+of each other, Macdonald being first returned to Parliament in 1844,
+while Cartier became a member in 1848. The two men first became
+closely associated as members of the same Government, the MacNab-Taché
+Ministry, formed in 1855, in which ministry Macdonald held the
+portfolio of Attorney-General for Upper Canada while Cartier was
+Provincial Secretary, the first public office he held. From that time
+until the day of Cartier's death, the association between the two
+men remained practically unbroken. Their alliance, as has been well
+said, was based on equal consideration for the rightful claims of both
+nationalities.</p>
+
+<p>Each of the two men had qualities not possessed by the other.
+Macdonald had a magnetic personality, he was a consummate tactician,
+an incomparable leader of men. He had that genius which enables its
+possessor to seize and make the most of an opportunity. He had that
+quality so indispensable in a great leader of gaining the loyal and
+devoted support of men of widely different characters and temperaments.
+Macdonald in short combined the grasp of a statesman with the arts of a
+politician. Cartier excelled as an administrator, he was a tireless and
+indefatigable worker who never spared himself and who expected others
+to follow his example. He studied and analyzed all subjects which he
+had to handle to the very bottom, and when he came to discuss them he
+had a complete mastery of all the details. He was strong, nay, even
+dogmatic, in his convictions; once his mind was made up he pursued
+the path he had marked out for himself with persistent determination,
+heedless of all obstacles in his way. To his followers his word was
+law, and he exacted from them an unswerving obedience. His energy was
+prodigious: he deserved the designation given to him by Gladstone when
+that great statesman said that Cartier was "<i>un homme qui semble être
+légion</i>",&mdash;a man who was a legion in himself. Cartier's was essentially
+a strong and determined character.</p>
+
+<p>It was of course impossible that men of such different temperaments as
+Macdonald and Cartier and representing often such divergent interests,
+should not have their differences sometimes, but whatever differences
+they may have had never interfered with the high personal esteem and
+regard they entertained for each other. </p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At a great banquet given in his honor by the Bar of Toronto on February
+8th, 1866, Macdonald took occasion to pay a warm and generous tribute
+to his French-Canadian colleague who was one of the guests of honor.</p>
+
+<p>"I wish to say," declared Macdonald, "that Hon. Mr. Cartier has a right
+to share in the honors which I am receiving to-night, because I have
+never made an appeal to him or to the Lower Canadians in vain. There
+is not in the whole of Canada a heart more devoted to his friends. If
+I have succeeded in introducing the institutions of Great Britain, it
+is due in great part, to my friend, who has never permitted under his
+administration that the bonds which attach us to England should be
+weakened."</p>
+
+<p>Cartier was equally generous in appreciation of his great colleague.
+Speaking at a banquet tendered Macdonald by the citizens of Kingston on
+September 6th, 1866, Cartier said:</p>
+
+<p>"Kingston is indeed a favored city, for it has for its representative
+a statesman who has never yet been surpassed in Canada, and who
+probably never will be in the future. I have had the happiness of being
+associated with the member for Kingston in my public career, and of
+having formed with him an alliance which has already lasted longer
+than all alliances of this kind in Canada. The success which we have
+obtained together has been due to the fact that we have repelled all
+sectional feelings and sought what might benefit Canada as a whole."</p>
+
+<p>That was the keynote of the Cartier-Macdonald alliance, the
+subordination of all sectional and racial feeling to the welfare of
+Canada as a whole. Cartier throughout his long public career was
+essentially a peacemaker, who always strove to promote a better feeling
+between the two races. A striking testimony to the success of his
+efforts in that direction was given on one occasion in Parliament when
+Mr. Benjamin, a leading Ontario member, declared: "I cannot refrain
+from acknowledging that Mr. Cartier has done more to unite the two
+races and to re-establish harmony between them, than any other member
+of the House."</p>
+
+<p>Well shall it always be for the Dominion, if its public men, no matter
+to what political party they may belong, always adhere to the sane
+and true principles upon which the Macdonald-Cartier alliance was
+based&mdash;mutual toleration and good-will, respect for the rights of all,
+the co-operation of races, the safeguarding of Canada's autonomy, and
+the development of Canadian nationality. The Macdonald-Cartier alliance
+in fact symbolized that union which should always exist between
+English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians. And why<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> should there
+not be union? What matters it whether we speak different languages or
+worship at different altars, if we always remember that we are all
+Canadians, mutually interested in the welfare and aggrandizement of our
+common country. That was the spirit which actuated both Cartier and
+Macdonald during their long association, and it will be well if such a
+spirit always prevails in the Dominion. It is only, in fact, upon such
+a basis that the permanence of Confederation, of which Macdonald and
+Cartier were the principal architects, can be assured.</p>
+
+<h3>For Canadian Nationality</h3>
+
+<p>The aim of Macdonald, Cartier, and the other great Fathers of
+Confederation, was to establish broad and deep the foundations of a
+Canadian nationality, based on the broadest principles of justice,
+tolerance, and equal rights. All their public utterances during
+the Confederation negotiations, testify to this fact. Macdonald's
+conception was that as the Dominion progressed it would become, to use
+his own words, year by year less a case of dependence on our part, and
+of overwhelming protection on the part of the Mother Country, and more
+a case of healthy and cordial alliance, that instead of looking upon
+us as a merely dependent colony, England would have in us a friendly
+nation&mdash;a subordinate but still a powerful people&mdash;to stand by her in
+North America in peace or war.</p>
+
+<p>It is given to some men to have a vision that foresees the future
+and enables them to provide for momentous developments. Both Cartier
+and Macdonald were such men. It is in fact the supreme merit of
+Cartier that whilst always standing firmly for the rights of his
+French-Canadian compatriots, his vision was not confined to the
+Province of Quebec. If any one does, Cartier deserves the distinction
+of being known as a great Canadian. There was nothing narrow or
+provincial in his views. His idea was a united Canada, stretching
+from ocean to ocean, in which men of all races, languages and creeds
+should work together as brethren for the welfare and advancement of
+their common country. Cartier's desire was that his French-Canadian
+compatriots should not confine their attention to the Province of
+Quebec, but should take their full share in the life of the Dominion,
+that they should above all rejoice in the name "Canadian," be proud of
+the great Dominion and work for its welfare in co-operation with their
+English-speaking fellow countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>"Objection is made to our project," says Cartier, in his great speech
+during the Confederation debates, "because of the words 'a new
+nationality'. But if we unite we will form a political nationality<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+independent of the national origin and religion of individuals. Some
+have regretted that we have a distinction of races and have expressed
+the hope that in time this diversity will disappear. The idea of a
+fusion of all races is utopian, it is an impossibility. Distinctions
+of this character will always exist, diversity is the order of the
+physical, moral and political worlds. As to the objection that we
+cannot form a great nation because Lower Canada is principally French
+and Catholic, Upper Canada English and Protestant, and the Maritime
+Provinces mixed, it is futile in the extreme.</p>
+
+<p>"Take for example the United Kingdom, inhabited as it is by three great
+races. Has the diversity of races been an obstacle to the progress and
+the welfare of Great Britain? Have not the three races united by their
+combined qualities, their energy and their courage, contributed to the
+glory of the Empire, to its laws of wise, to its success on land, on
+sea, and in commerce?</p>
+
+<p>"In our Confederation there will be Catholics and Protestants,
+English, French, Irish and Scotch, and each by its efforts and success
+will add to the prosperity of the Dominion, to the glory of a new
+Confederation. We are of different races, not to quarrel, but to work
+together for our common welfare. We cannot by law make the differences
+of race disappear, but I am convinced that the Anglo-Canadian and the
+French-Canadian will appreciate the advantages of their position. Set
+side by side like a great family, their contact will produce a happy
+spirit of emulation. The diversity of race will in fact, believe me,
+contribute to the common prosperity."</p>
+
+<p>What words of wisdom! What a spirit of true patriotism, of justice
+and of toleration they breathe! If Cartier in fact had never made any
+other utterance than this, it would be sufficient to stamp him as a
+true patriot and wise statesman. It will be well for Canada if such are
+always the guiding principles of its national life.</p>
+
+<p>While the idea of Macdonald and Cartier and the other great Fathers
+of Confederation was, as has been said, to establish a Canadian
+nationality, none the less was it their intention to perpetuate British
+institutions on the North American continent, to establish, to use
+Macdonald's expression, a friendly nation, enjoying, it is true, the
+most complete autonomy, but at the same time in alliance with Great
+Britain and the other portions of the Empire. No stronger believer
+in British institutions as the repository of freedom; no more ardent
+admirer of the British flag as the symbol of justice and liberty could
+be found than Cartier. In all his utterances during the Confederation,
+debates, he took special pains to emphasize that Confederation was
+intended not to weaken, but to strengthen, the ties between the
+Dominion, Great Britain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> and the other portions of the Empire.
+"Confederation," he said, in one of his speeches on the measure, "has
+for its first reason our common affection for British institutions, its
+object is to assure by all possible guarantees, their maintenance in
+the future."</p>
+
+<p>For the British flag Cartier on all occasions expressed a passionate
+devotion.</p>
+
+<p>"The Canadian people," he said at a great banquet given in his honor in
+London in 1869, "desires to remain faithful to the old flag of Great
+Britain, that flag which waves over all seas, which tyranny has never
+been able to overcome, that flag which symbolizes true liberty".</p>
+
+<p>These words expressed Cartier's deep and earnest conviction. During
+his several visits to Great Britain, he was deeply impressed by
+the greatness of British institutions. On those occasions he was
+the recipient of signal marks of honor; he was the personal guest
+of Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle for some time, and he received
+marked attention from Gladstone, Lord Lytton, and other distinguished
+British statesmen. His services in connection with the establishment
+of Confederation, as you know, were recognized by the conferring of a
+baronetcy upon him by Queen Victoria.</p>
+
+<h3>CARTIER'S WORK FOR MONTREAL</h3>
+
+<p>Having reviewed the great work which Cartier did for Canada in general,
+permit me to emphasize the eminent services which he rendered to
+Montreal. It is doubtful whether many Montrealers of the present
+generation fully realize the importance of Cartier's services to this
+city, and for that reason this portion of his career should be of
+special interest to citizens of this great metropolis.</p>
+
+<p>From 1861 until 1872, Cartier was one of the representatives of
+Montreal, first in the Parliament of United Canada, and afterwards
+in the House of Commons. During a portion of that period, he also
+represented Montreal-East in the Quebec Legislature under the system
+of dual representation which prevailed for some time following the
+establishment of Confederation. Montreal's interests were always dear
+to Cartier's heart, and throughout his long public career he zealously
+strove to promote the welfare and development of this city.</p>
+
+<p>Reference has already been made to the interest which Cartier showed
+from the outset of his career in railway construction. He realized that
+in order that Montreal might attain an unrivalled position, it would
+be necessary that railway communications should be established,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> that
+the St. Lawrence channel should be deepened, and that canals should be
+constructed and improved. One of the earliest of his speeches of which
+we have record was delivered at a great mass-meeting of the citizens
+of Montreal, held in 1846, on the Champ de Mars, to promote the
+construction of the Montreal &amp; Portland Railway to connect Montreal and
+Portland. Cartier on that occasion declared that such an undertaking
+was a truly national work. Alluding to the fact that property in such
+cities as Buffalo, Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, which
+had become great railway terminals, had as a result greatly increased
+in value, he declared that the same thing would happen in the case of
+Montreal if adequate railway facilities were established.</p>
+
+<p>"The prosperity of Montreal," he said, "depends upon its position as
+the great emporium for the commerce of the West, and we can only assure
+that prosperity by better means of transport from the waters of the
+West to the Atlantic by our canals and railways."</p>
+
+<p>When he became a member of Parliament Cartier continued his agitation
+for adequate railway facilities, and one of the first speeches he
+delivered in the legislature of United Canada, February 15th, 1849, was
+in advocacy of the completion of the Montreal &amp; Portland Railway.</p>
+
+<p>"There is no time to lose in the completion of the road," said Cartier
+on that occasion, "if we wish to assure for ourselves the commerce of
+the West. All the cities of the Atlantic Coast are disputing for that
+commerce."</p>
+
+<p>Referring to the efforts being made by New York, Philadelphia,
+Baltimore, and other American cities to capture this commerce, Cartier
+said: "In seeing the efforts that an intelligent population is making,
+we cannot doubt the importance of the trade of the lakes which they
+covet and the profits which will result. Now, we may secure the greater
+part of that trade by constructing this road as soon as possible."</p>
+
+<p>At another great mass meeting of the citizens of Montreal, held at the
+Bonsecours Market on July 31st, 1849, at which resolutions were adopted
+favoring the completion of the Montreal &amp; Portland Railway, on motion
+of Cartier, seconded by John Rose, it was resolved that the city should
+take shares in the company. Cartier on that occasion made a fervent
+appeal that the interests of Montreal should be considered.</p>
+
+<p>"I do not fear to say," he declared, "that Montreal will be recreant
+to its best interests, and will be the most backward of cities if it
+neglects the means that is offered it to reclaim a prosperity which
+is now leaving it. I appeal to the large proprietors, to the small
+proprietors who make the prosperity of the large ones, and to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+industrial and working classes which make the prosperity of both. We
+have an exceptional chance to attract foreign capital. The city has
+only to guarantee a bagatelle compared to the enormous debts contracted
+by the smaller cities of the United States to attract capital which
+passes through the hands of tradesmen and workingmen, to relieve trade
+which is languishing. It is an advantage which will be enjoyed even
+before the work is completed."</p>
+
+<p>Cartier pointed out that New York had contracted a debt of $25,000,000
+to provide proper railway facilities, as it had sufficient faith in
+itself and in the spirit of enterprise of its citizens to discount the
+future.</p>
+
+<p>"The time has come," said Cartier, addressing the citizens of Montreal,
+"to belie your reputation as apathetic men without energy and without a
+spirit of enterprise. Let those terms cease to be applied to the name
+'Canadian'. This great meeting is one of the first to be held in a city
+of the British Provinces to encourage an enterprise of this importance.
+It is proper that the example should come from Montreal, the commercial
+head of British America. It should show itself worthy of its position.
+Let us arouse ourselves, let us agitate."</p>
+
+<p>Cartier had the vision to foresee the great future in store for
+Montreal, if adequate transportation facilities were provided.</p>
+
+<p>"Montreal," he prophetically declared on the same occasion, "is
+destined to become the great emporium for the West. Without railways
+and canals it will be impossible for it to attain the glorious position
+which will make it one of the principal cities of the continent."</p>
+
+<p>Largely as the result of Cartier's persistent efforts, the Montreal
+&amp; Portland Railway which for a long time was the only outlet during
+the winter for Canadian produce, destined for Europe, was completed,
+and inaugurated in 1851, being subsequently absorbed by the Grand
+Trunk Railway Company. Before the completion of this road, it must be
+remembered that there were only some seventy miles of railway in all
+Canada, the first road, the Laprairie and St. John's having been opened
+only a few years before, that is to say on July 21st, 1836. When we
+consider that to-day the total mileage of railways in Canada is 35,000
+miles, that last year our combined railways built 1,970 miles of new
+railway, on which was spent $30,000,000, and that the programme for
+this year provides for 2,700 miles of new track, costing $41,000,000,
+some idea may be obtained of the advance that has been made. Cartier
+deserves the credit of having been one of the first to realize the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>importance of railway construction in connection with the development
+of the country and of having been one of the strongest supporters of
+a forward policy in this respect&mdash;a policy to which we owe the three
+splendid railway systems we have to-day&mdash;the Canadian Pacific, the
+Grand Trunk, and the work of those two great railway men, Sir William
+Mackenzie and Sir Donald Mann&mdash;the Canadian Northern.</p>
+
+<p>One of Cartier's chief claims to honor is that it was he who secured
+the incorporation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, which has done so
+much for the development of Canada in general, and the City of Montreal
+in particular. Cartier always took the greatest pride in that fact. In
+a speech delivered in the legislature he declared that he regarded the
+construction of the Grand Trunk as the greatest benefit that had ever
+been conferred on the country. "I had charge of the Act which created
+the Grand Trunk Railway," he added, "and I am prouder of that than of
+any other action of my life." The Grand Trunk at the outset of its
+history had many difficulties, financial and otherwise, to encounter,
+and it was due to Cartier's efforts in a large measure, that the
+company was able to tide over these difficulties and that its success
+was assured.</p>
+
+<p>Reviewing his public career at a great banquet given in his honor by
+the citizens of Montreal, on October 30th, 1866, on the eve of his
+departure for London as one of the Confederation delegates, Cartier
+referring to the efforts he had made on behalf of the Grand Trunk
+said: "In 1852-53, encouraged by the Hincks-Morin Ministry, I asked
+for the incorporation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, and I had it
+voted despite the most furious opposition. I also had the construction
+of the Victoria Bridge voted. You will recall the prejudices there
+were against that measure. It was a work which would produce floods
+in Montreal, it was a means to divert commerce towards Portland. But
+the prejudice, against these great measures were soon dissipated, it
+was only a passing tempest. It was so, too, for the Grand Trunk and
+the Victoria Bridge. The Grand Trunk and the Victoria Bridge have
+flooded Montreal with an abundance of prosperity. What would Montreal
+be without the Grand Trunk? It has assured for us the commerce of the
+West."</p>
+
+<p>Addressing the electors of Montreal-East when seeking re-election in
+1867, Cartier, referring to the construction of the Victoria Bridge,
+said: "You know that there existed considerable jealousy or rivalry
+between Quebec and Montreal, and that the two cities sought at the same
+time to secure the possession of a bridge across the river. I will not
+stop to discuss the advantages of such a bridge. Thanks to my efforts
+I am proud to be able to say Montreal finally secured it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> Montreal
+has the Victoria Bridge. The results you know. Our city since then has
+had a considerable development which Confederation, I am certain, will
+increase."</p>
+
+<p>When we consider the important factor that the Grand Trunk Railway
+Company has been in the development of Eastern Canada, and what its
+associate company, the Grand Trunk Pacific, will be in the opening up
+and development of rich new districts in the West, it will be realized
+that Cartier in the part he played in the creation and assistance of
+this great railway system, rendered another most important service to
+Canada.</p>
+
+<p>St. Lawrence navigation and the advancement of the Port of Montreal
+found in Cartier a steadfast advocate, and the Allan Line which was
+the pioneer in ocean navigation via the St. Lawrence, secured from him
+the heartiest encouragement and support. Speaking in the Legislative
+Assembly in 1860, in favor of a proposal to increase the mail subsidy
+to the Allans, Cartier warmly supported means to increase navigation by
+the St. Lawrence. It was humiliating, he declared, to see nearly all
+our imports arriving by the steamships, the railways, and the canals
+of the United States. "Let us rise," he said, "to the height of the
+changes wrought by progress, for we are at the beginning of a new era
+which will eclipse anything we have yet seen." The improvement of the
+harbor and port of Montreal always found in Cartier a zealous advocate,
+as he fully realized how important it was for Montreal's progress and
+prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>Cartier persistently advocated the enlargement of the canals, so as to
+divert the commerce of the West from American ports to this port, and
+thus benefit the City of Montreal. In a speech on the deepening of Lake
+St. Peter, delivered in the Parliament of United Canada on May 11th,
+1860, he said: "Up to the present all our debt has been contracted
+for the execution of very important public works&mdash;the Welland Canal,
+the St. Lawrence Canal, the Rideau Canal, the Lachine Canal, etc. But
+we have not yet attained our object, which is to divert the commerce
+of the great lakes from the American routes to the St. Lawrence. This
+commerce continues to pass by New York and Pennsylvania, and all that
+we see is the traffic destined for Ogdensburg and Oswego. What means
+should be taken to remedy this condition of affairs? We have come to
+the conclusion to abolish all tolls on the canals, and to make the St.
+Lawrence route perfectly free from the ocean to the great lakes."</p>
+
+<p>In reply to a remark by George Brown that the measure seemed to be
+designed to attract the commerce of the West to Montreal, to the
+detriment of Upper Canada, Cartier said: "I do not see why it should<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+be apprehended that Montreal will secure so many advantages from this
+amelioration. This city is at the head of navigation, and is the
+principal centre of commerce; it is inspired by the spirit of progress,
+and I believe that in place of jealousy, all should be proud of its
+success. Whatever they can do, they can never prevent its being the
+most important city of the country, and from becoming a rival of the
+great American cities."</p>
+
+<p>Reference has been made to the prominent part that Cartier took in
+advocating the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway; and in
+desiring to see the accomplishment of that great undertaking, he had
+an eye to the interests of Montreal. In a speech to the electors of
+Montreal-East on August 8th, 1872, he promised that Montreal would
+be the principal terminus of that great road. "I have," he said, to
+the citizens of Montreal on that occasion, "devoted all my efforts to
+further your interests and I have always desired that Montreal should
+have the lion's share."</p>
+
+<p>The mercantile and business interests always found in Cartier a
+friend, in fact had he not been a public man, it is likely that his
+inclinations would have made him a great business man.</p>
+
+<p>"Merchants," he said, speaking at a dinner tendered him by the
+merchants of Quebec, on December 23rd, 1869, "contribute greatly to the
+progress of the country. Without the English merchants, England could
+not have kept its possessions in the world. Like Rome she would have
+lost her Colonies soon after their conquest. But the English merchant
+was the means of forming bonds between the new possessions of the
+Empire. I respect the interests of those here present. Those interests
+have greatly contributed to render Canada prosperous. Those who devote
+themselves to commerce form in every country one of the most important
+classes of society."</p>
+
+<p>Cartier's efforts on behalf of the mercantile interests of Montreal,
+and his faith in the future of this city never wavered, and he
+predicted its great expansion in wealth and population.</p>
+
+<p>"Our city," he said, addressing the electors of Montreal-East in 1867,
+"now counts 150,000 souls. In twenty years under Confederation, I
+predict that it will have more than 250,000 inhabitants."</p>
+
+<p>How Cartier's faith in Montreal has been justified, we all know. What
+was at the time he spoke a town of 150,000 people, has become a great
+metropolis of over 600,000 souls, and it is destined to have before
+many years a population of over one million people.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> As Montrealers we
+are all, as we have a right to be, proud of the great position which
+the city has attained, and of the still greater future which awaits it.
+Let us, in its day of greatness not forgot those, like Cartier, who in
+the days of small things foresaw the great future before Montreal and
+gave their best efforts to promote its interests.</p>
+
+<p>To the very end of his public career, Cartier's interest in the welfare
+of Montreal and his efforts to promote its advancement continued. His
+own words conveyed but the simple truth when he said in one of his last
+addresses, to his fellow citizens: "I frankly avow that all that my
+heart inspires, all that my knowledge and experience furnish, have been
+devoted to the welfare and prosperity of my compatriots in general and
+of Montreal in particular."</p>
+
+<p>Like many other statesmen, Cartier experienced the vicissitudes, as
+well as the triumphs, of public life. His last appeal to the electors
+of Montreal, made when he was practically a dying man, resulted, owing
+to a combination of circumstances, in his crushing defeat. He was
+greeted not with bouquets but with stones, from people of a city for
+which he had worked so hard, and for the advancement of which he had
+done so much. Another seat was found for him in Provencher, Manitoba,
+but his public career was over. In an effort to secure the restoration
+of his health he went to England, but the hope was vain: the incessant
+labors of a long public career had broken down a naturally robust
+constitution, and the great statesman passed away in London, England,
+on May 23rd, 1873. His last thoughts were for his beloved country.</p>
+
+<p>"Say to his friends in Canada," wrote one of his daughters in a
+touching letter announcing his death to a friend in Montreal, "say to
+his friends in Canada that he loved his country to the last, that his
+only desire was to return. Two days before his death he had all the
+Canadian newspapers read to him. Even his enemies, I hope, will not
+refuse to admit that before all he loved his country."</p>
+
+<p>The national mourning that followed the announcement of his death, the
+enconiums pronounced by the newspapers of all shades of opinion, the
+eulogies delivered in Parliament, the scene of his labors for so many
+years, and the imposing public funeral that was given his remains in
+Montreal, all bore eloquent testimony to the fact that the Canadian
+people, regardless of party, recognized that in his death Canada had
+indeed lost one who before all had loved his country. His remains rest
+beneath the soil of Mount Royal, which overlooks the city that he loved
+so well, and for the interests of which he worked so hard.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>Lessons of Cartier's Life</h3>
+
+<p>What were the lessons of Cartier's life? They may be summed up in the
+three words&mdash;patriotism, duty, and tolerance. He loved his country and
+sought to promote its interests, he wore himself out in the discharge
+of his public duties, he was a man of the broadest views and the utmost
+tolerance. As Sir Adolphe Routhier has well remarked, to most public
+men public life is a career, but for Cartier it was an apostolate,
+a patriotic mission, and to fulfill that mission he sacrificed
+everything, even the modest fortune of which his family had need.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>A French-Canadian and proud of his origin, a Roman Catholic and true
+to his faith, strong in his convictions, Cartier at the same time was
+a man of generous sympathies, of broad views, and great tolerance. His
+charity was broad enough to include men of all races, languages, and
+creeds. "My policy, and I think it best," he said on one occasion,
+"is respect for the rights of all." Actuated by that spirit he stood
+firmly on all occasions where there was justification for the rights
+of minorities, whether French or English, Catholic or Protestant. At
+the time of Confederation, for instance, some fear was expressed that
+the interests of the Protestant minority of Quebec would be jeopardized
+under the new constitution. Cartier pledged his word that nothing of
+the kind would happen. "I have already had occasion to proclaim in
+Parliament," he said, addressing the citizens of Montreal, "that the
+Protestant minority of Lower Canada have nothing to fear from the
+Provincial Legislature under Confederation. My word is given, and I
+repeat that nothing will be done of a nature to injure the principles
+and the rights of that minority."</p>
+
+<p>Cartier's pledge, it is needless to say, has been sacredly kept.</p>
+
+<p>On the same occasion, Cartier showed his largeness of views by
+declaring: "You know that I am a Catholic. I love my religion,
+believing it the best, but whilst proudly declaring myself a Catholic,
+I believe it my duty as a public man to respect the sincerity and the
+religious convictions of others. I am also a French-Canadian. I love my
+race. I of course have for it a predilection which is assuredly only
+natural, but as a public man and as a citizen, I also love others."
+Such were Cartier's guiding principles throughout life.</p>
+
+<p>Cartier, like all other human beings, had his faults, as well as
+his virtues, his public career was not without its mistakes, but
+nobody ever questioned his ardent love for his country, his absolute
+sincerity, his high sense of honor, his personal honesty and integrity,
+his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> fearless energy, and the firmness with which he always stood for
+his convictions. His motto "<i>Franc Et Sans Dol</i>"&mdash;"Frank And Without
+Deceit," well describes the character of the man.</p>
+
+<p>Did time permit, Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, a great deal more
+might be said of Cartier and his works. But has not sufficient been
+said to justify the contention that Cartier was a great Canadian, a
+nation-builder in the truest sense of that term, one whose memory
+is entitled to lasting honor from all Canadians? Does not the
+summary record of his career, which has been given, amply justify
+the declaration of the great Lord Dufferin that Cartier's name must
+forever be indissolubly incorporated with the most eventful and most
+glorious epoch of his country's history, commencing as it did with his
+entrance into political life and culminating in that consolidation of
+the Provinces to which his genius, courage and ability so materially
+contributed.</p>
+
+<p>Macdonald, Cartier, Tupper, Tilley, Brown, Galt, and the other great
+Fathers of Confederation builded better even than they knew. As the
+result of their wise statesmanship and patriotic efforts, Canada
+to-day stands a young giant amongst the peoples of the world. Under
+Confederation there has been witnessed a marvellous expansion and an
+unprecedented prosperity. We have to-day, to use the words of one of
+the most patriotic of our national poets, John Daniel Logan,&mdash;we have
+to-day a land:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">Blessed with youth and strength, with health and peace.</p>
+
+<p>And great as is the position of the Dominion at present, it is
+insignificant to what it will be if Canadians are only true to the
+teachings of the Fathers, if they all work together for the common
+welfare, if they are true to the national interests of the Dominion,
+and guard their great heritage against all influences of an insidious
+character.</p>
+
+<h3>Honor Cartier's Memory</h3>
+
+<p>Canadians do well to honor the memories of those great men who laid
+broad and deep the foundations of Canadian nationality, and who
+accomplished great works for the welfare of the Dominion. In the
+leading cities of Canada, stately monuments attest the recognition of a
+grateful people of the services of that great Father of Confederation,
+and that illustrious Canadian statesman, Sir John A. Macdonald. Brown
+and Tilley, too, have their monuments. Sir Charles Tupper is still
+happily with us in person, and I am sure that we all trust that his
+life may long be spared. His name will always be remembered as that of
+one of the leading Fathers of Confederation and one of our greatest
+statesmen. </p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Does not justice demand that fitting honor should be done to that other
+great Father of Confederation, Sir George Etienne Cartier, by the
+erection of a memorial in the city which he represented in Parliament
+for so many years, and for whose interests he strove so zealously?</p>
+
+<p>When in November, 1910, at a meeting held at the St. Jean Baptiste
+Market Hall in this city, it was proposed by Mr. E. W. Villeneuve, now
+president of the Cartier Centenary Committee, whom we have with us
+to-day, that the centenary of Cartier's birth should be appropriately
+commemorated and that steps should be taken for the erection of a
+monument to his memory, the proposal was enthusiastically taken up.
+Since then the movement has assumed not only a national but an Empire
+scope, and representatives of every portion of the Empire will be
+present at the commemorative celebration next year. The movement, it
+may be mentioned is absolutely non-partisan in character, it being
+recognized that Cartier's memory is a national possession. The Prime
+Minister of the Dominion, Right Hon. R. L. Borden; the leader of the
+Liberal Party, Sir Wilfrid Laurier; the Prime Minister of the Province
+of Quebec, Sir Lomer Gouin; the Prime Ministers of all the Provinces;
+leading Liberals as well as Conservatives, throughout the Dominion,
+have united to render homage to the memory of one who did so much
+for Canada. Thanks to the co-operation and support of the Dominion
+Government and the Governments of all the Provinces, the erection of
+a splendid memorial, which will stand on one of the slopes of Mount
+Royal, and the first stone of which will be laid by His Royal Highness
+the Duke of Connaught, on September 1st next, is now practically
+assured. The memorial, the work of the eminent Canadian sculptor, Mr.
+G. W. Hill, will not only serve to honor and perpetuate Cartier's
+memory, but will also commemorate the establishment of Confederation,
+in which he played such a conspicuous part. In addition to the imposing
+statue of Cartier the memorial will bear statues representing every one
+of the nine provinces of the Dominion, the whole symbolical of that
+United Canada, which was one of Cartier's cherished dreams.</p>
+
+<p>In connection with the unveiling of the memorial, it is proposed to
+hold a series of commemorative celebrations, and it is confidently
+expected that the citizens of Montreal, ever alive as they are to the
+interests and reputation of the commercial metropolis, will give their
+hearty support and co-operation in making the celebration worthy not
+only of the memory of the great statesman, but also of the leading city
+of the Dominion, with which he was so closely identified.</p>
+
+<p>And when, Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, on the 6th of September of
+next year, the one hundredth anniversary of Cartier's birth, amidst<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+the plaudits of hundreds of thousands of Canadians of all origins,
+creeds, and political leanings, the veil shall be removed from the
+magnificent memorial which shall stand on one of the commanding slopes
+of Mount Royal, testifying to the grateful recognition of the whole
+Dominion, justice shall have been done to the memory of one who loved
+his country, who accomplished great works for its benefit, whose heart
+was ever stirred by that feeling of ardent devotion to his native land
+which he himself expressed in those burning words of patriotism:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>O Canada, Mon Pays, Mes Amours!</i>"<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>O CANADA, MY OWN BELOVED LAND!<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></h2>
+
+<p class="center">From the French "O CANADA, MON PAYS, MES AMOURS,"<br />of Sir George Etienne
+Cartier.</p>
+
+<hr class="smler" />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By John Boyd</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">For the Cartier Centenary.</p>
+
+<div class="center"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<div>"One's own land is best of all,"</div>
+<div class="i1">So an ancient adage says;</div>
+<div>To sing it is the poet's call,</div>
+<div class="i1">Mine be to sing my fair land's praise.</div>
+<div>Strangers behold with envious eyes</div>
+<div class="i1">St. Lawrence's tide so swift and grand,</div>
+<div>But the Canadian proudly cries,</div>
+<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<div>Rivers and streams in myriad maze</div>
+<div class="i1">Meander through our fertile plains,</div>
+<div>Midst many a lofty mountain's haze,</div>
+<div class="i1">What vast expanse the vision chains!</div>
+<div>Vales, hills and rapids, forest brakes&mdash;</div>
+<div class="i1">What panorama near so grand!</div>
+<div>Who doth not love thy limpid lakes,</div>
+<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<div>Each season of the passing year,</div>
+<div class="i1">In turn, attractions hath to bless.</div>
+<div>Spring like an ardent wooer, dear,</div>
+<div class="i1">Besports fair flowers and verdant dress;</div>
+<div>Summer anon prepares to wrest</div>
+<div class="i1">The harvest rare with joyful hand;</div>
+<div>In Fall and Winter, feast and jest.</div>
+<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>Canadians, like their sires of old</div>
+<div class="i1">Revel in song and gaily live,</div>
+<div>Mild, gentle, free, not overbold,</div>
+<div class="i1">Polite and gallant, welcome give.</div>
+<div>Patriots, to country ever leal,</div>
+<div class="i1">They, foes of slavery, staunchly stand;</div>
+<div>Their watchword is the peace and weal</div>
+<div class="i1">Of Canada, their beloved land.</div>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<div>Each country vaunts its damsels fair,</div>
+<div class="i1">(I quite agree with truth they boast)</div>
+<div>But our Canadian girls must share</div>
+<div class="i1">The witching charm of beauty's host,</div>
+<div>So lovely they and so sincere,</div>
+<div class="i1">With that French charm of magic wand,</div>
+<div>Coquettish just to make them dear.</div>
+<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<div>O my country, thou art blest,</div>
+<div class="i1">Favoured of all the nations now!</div>
+<div>But the stranger's vile behest</div>
+<div class="i1">Would the seeds of discord sow.</div>
+<div>May thy brave sons for thy sake</div>
+<div class="i1">Join to help thee, hand in hand,</div>
+<div>For thy great day doth e'en now break,</div>
+<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Dr. Parkin&mdash;Life of Sir John A. Macdonald.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> John Lewis, Life of George Brown.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Dr. Parkin&mdash;Life of Sir John A. Macdonald.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> A. D. DeCelles, Cartier Et Son Temps.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Sir Adolphe Routhier-Conférence sur Sir George Etienne
+Cartier, issued by the Cartier Centenary Committee in pamphlet form.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> See following pages.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> The above which is a faithful translation of the famous
+French-Canadian national song, "O Canada Mon Pays, Mes Amours," is
+intended simply to give the sense of the original. The song was
+composed in 1835 by George Etienne Cartier, then a young man of 21 who
+was destined to become one of the most illustrious figures in Canadian
+history. Cartier was for some time secretary of the St. Jean Baptiste
+Association which was founded by Ludger Duvernay in 1834, and it was
+at the first celebration of St. Jean Baptiste day held in Montreal in
+1835, that the song was sung for the first time by Cartier himself.
+</p>
+<p>
+As the result of the indefatigable efforts of the president of the
+Cartier Centenary Committee, Mr. E. W. Villeneuve and those associated
+with him in this patriotic undertaking, the Centenary of Sir George
+Etienne Cartier's birth will be commemorated in 1914 by the unveiling
+of a magnificent monument on Mount Royal, and a series of historic
+celebrations. A brilliant success is assured for the Centenary
+celebration, and the splendid memorial which will stand on one of the
+slopes of Mount Royal will forever commemorate the illustrious career
+of Cartier and the great work of Canadian Confederation with which he
+was prominently identified.</p></div></div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER ***</div>
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