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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #64593 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64593)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sir George Etienne Cartier, by John Boyd
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Sir George Etienne Cartier
-       His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal
-
-Author: John Boyd
-
-Release Date: February 19, 2021 [eBook #64593]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Sonya Schermann, Martin Pettit and the Online Distributed
-             Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
-             produced from images generously made available by The Internet
-             Archive)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER ***
-
-+-------------------------------------------------+
-|Transcriber's note:                              |
-|                                                 |
-|Obvious typographic errors have been corrected.  |
-|                                                 |
-+-------------------------------------------------+
-
-
-Sir George Etienne Cartier
-
-His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal
-
-
-AN ADDRESS
-
-DELIVERED BEFORE THE CANADIAN CLUB OF MONTREAL
-
-_April 7th, 1913_
-
-BY
-
-JOHN BOYD
-
-Author of The Memorial History of the Life and Times of Sir George
-Etienne Cartier
-
-(To be issued in connection with the Cartier Centenary Celebration,
-1914)
-
-
-ISSUED BY THE CARTIER CENTENARY COMMITTEE MONTREAL 1913
-
-
-
-
-THE CARTIER CENTENARY
-
-1814-1914
-
-Under the distinguished patronage of H. R. H. The Duke of Connaught
-
-
-Executive Committee
-
-
-Patron:
-
-SIR CHARLES TUPPER, BART.
-
-
-President:
-
-E. W. VILLENEUVE, ESQ.
-
-
-Vice-Presidents:
-
-SIR RODOLPHE FORGET
-HON. J. J. GUERIN
-HON. N. PERODEAU
-H. A. EKERS, ESQ.
-D. LORNE MCGIBBON, ESQ.
-
-
-Honorary Treasurers:
-
-HON. J. A. OUIMET
-President City & District Savings Bank
-
-H. V. MEREDITH, ESQ.
-General Manager, Bank of Montreal
-
-
-Honorary Secretaries:
-
-JOHN BOYD, ESQ.
-C. A. PARISEAULT, ESQ.
-F. ARTHUR JACKSON, ESQ.
-HORACE J. GAGNE, ESQ.
-
-
-Secretary:
-
-H. R. OVENDEN, ESQ.
-
-
-Bankers:
-
-THE BANK OF MONTREAL
-
-
-Address - - P. O. Box 188
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER
-
-Born Sept. 6, 1814     Died May 23, 1873]
-
-
-
-
-The accompanying address has been registered in accordance with the
-Copyright Act by JOHN BOYD.
-
-
-
-
-FOREWORD.
-
-
-The great interest that has been aroused in the Cartier Centenary
-movement was shown by the large gathering which assembled at the
-Canadian Club luncheon in the Sailors' Institute on Monday, April 7th,
-1913, to hear Mr. John Boyd speak on "Sir George Etienne Cartier, His
-Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal." The speaker's references
-to the work that Cartier had accomplished for Canada, and especially
-to the great services that he rendered to the City of Montreal, were
-enthusiastically applauded by the large audience of representative
-business men.
-
-The accompanying address which includes a summary of Sir George Etienne
-Cartier's career and achievements is but a preliminary to the Memorial
-History of the Life and Times of Cartier which is now being written
-by Mr. John Boyd, and which will deal exhaustively not only with
-Cartier's career but also with the whole period covered by that career,
-one of the most memorable periods of Canadian history. The work will
-be published next year under the auspices of the Cartier Centenary
-Committee in connection with the great commemorative celebration of the
-one hundredth anniversary of Cartier's birth.
-
-
-
-
-SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER
-
-His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal.
-
-(AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BY MR. JOHN BOYD BEFORE THE
-CANADIAN CLUB OF MONTREAL, APRIL 7th, 1913.)
-
-
-Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen:
-
-The subject of the address which I have the privilege of delivering
-to-day is "Sir George Etienne Cartier, His Work for Canada and His
-Services to Montreal."
-
-Let me at the outset, Mr. Chairman, express my deep appreciation of the
-honor the Executive of the Canadian Club has done me in inviting me to
-address the members of this important and representative organization.
-
-When, in 1892, through the efforts of Mr. Charles R. McCullough of
-Hamilton, the first Canadian Club was organized, a movement was
-inaugurated of the utmost importance to the Dominion. Every important
-centre throughout the country now has its Canadian Club, and these
-organizations, or as they have been well termed, these "universities
-of the people" now numbering nearly one hundred, are doing a splendid
-work in fostering a spirit of patriotism and in creating that national
-sentiment which is so essential to Canada's welfare. The Canadian Club
-of Montreal, composed as it is of the most representative citizens of
-the commercial metropolis, has ever been foremost in this great work,
-and it is indeed a privilege to have the opportunity of addressing such
-a gathering.
-
-What more appropriate subject, Mr. Chairman, could be found for an
-address before a Canadian Club, than the career of one of our great
-nation-builders, of one who helped to lay the foundations of Canadian
-nationality and of the Dominion's greatness?
-
-It is not my intention, Mr. Chairman, nor would time permit on this
-occasion, to deal exhaustively with the life and achievements of Sir
-George Etienne Cartier. That is now engaging my attention in another
-form, and when the Memorial History of the Life and Times of George
-Etienne Cartier shall appear, it will, I trust be found to be at
-least an exhaustive review of a great career and of one of the most
-memorable periods of Canadian history. On this occasion, owing to the
-limited time at my disposal, I shall content myself with reviewing
-succinctly Cartier's public career and achievements, dwelling briefly
-on the lessons of his life with special emphasis upon the great work
-that he did for Canada in general and the eminent services which he
-rendered to the City of Montreal in particular.
-
-I shall take it for granted, Gentleman, that you are all conversant
-with the main facts of Cartier's career, from his birth at St. Antoine
-on the Richelieu River on September 6th, 1814, until his entrance to
-public life at the age of 34 in 1848, from that date until he became
-Prime Minister of United Canada in 1858, and from that until his death
-in 1873 when he held the portfolio of Minister of Militia and Defence
-in the Dominion Government.
-
-Cartier's public career covered a period of some twenty-five years,
-that is to say from 1848 to 1873. What fruitful efforts, what
-herculanean labors, what great achievements, what struggles, defeats
-and triumphs were crowded within the compass of that career! The period
-which it covered was one of the most remarkable, if not the most
-remarkable, in the whole range of Canadian history. It was a period
-which witnessed many great constitutional changes, many transformations
-of parties, many fierce political struggles. It saw the beginning and
-the end of the Union, it marked the triumph of the long struggle for
-responsible government, it witnessed the birth of Confederation. It was
-a period fecund of great events and momentous developments, it was also
-a period rendered notable by the long succession of great statesmen
-whose names must forever be illustrious in Canadian history.
-
-During all of that period Cartier played an active part and at times
-occupied a pre-eminent position.
-
-At the beginning of his career, Cartier was a zealous reformer. In his
-youth like so many other ardent spirits of the time he came under the
-influence of Louis Joseph Papineau, when that great French Canadian
-tribune, with his incomparable eloquence, was thundering against those
-administrative abuses which were directly responsible for the troubles
-of the period. Nor was Papineau alone in his opposition to what Cartier
-described as the action of a minority which sought to dominate the
-majority and exploit the government in its own interests. Papineau,
-it should be remembered had the support of leading English-speaking
-Canadians, such as the distinguished Wolfred Nelson, afterwards Mayor
-of Montreal; in fact it is a noteworthy historical feature that some
-of the leading figures in the struggle for responsible government
-in Lower Canada were English-speaking. Cartier's participation in
-the rising of 1837 was due to the ardor and impetuosity of youth and
-the sincere convictions he held that the prevailing evils called for
-drastic measures. His experience convinced him of the folly of an
-appeal to arms; he realized that the remedy for existing evils must be
-sought, not through armed resistance to the constituted authorities,
-but through constitutional agitation and legislative action. He became
-a staunch supporter of LaFontaine's policy, and one of his earliest
-campaign speeches was made in advocacy of the principle of ministerial
-responsibility during the crisis resulting from the resignation of
-the LaFontaine-Baldwin Government in 1844. In 1848, when Cartier
-first entered Parliament, the struggle for responsible government,
-thanks to the efforts of those two great statesmen, Louis Hypolite
-LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin, whose names will forever be held in the
-highest honor by all Canadians, had been fought and won. When justice
-had been secured and existing abuses remedied by the granting of
-responsible government, Cartier became, and ever afterwards continued
-to be one of the warmest supporters and most zealous champions of
-British institutions, a strong advocate of the maintenance of British
-connection and a passionate lover of the British flag.
-
-Cartier was the destined successor of LaFontaine in the great work of
-reconstruction, pacification, and conciliation, and when LaFontaine
-retired in 1851, and was followed a few years later by that other
-eminent French-Canadian statesman, Auguste Norbert Morin, Cartier's
-path to the leadership of his native province was clear. For years he
-was the undisputed leader: his voice, as has been well said, was the
-voice of Quebec.
-
-The struggle for responsible government having been won, an era of
-marked industrial expansion and development followed under the Union.
-It was an era of railway building, of canal construction, of the
-establishment of great public works. Cartier, owing to his practical
-qualities, his great business abilities, his mastery of details, and
-his administrative capacities, was eminently qualified to obtain
-a leading position during such a period. He achieved distinction
-as a reformer, as an able administrator, as a legislator, and as a
-constructive statesman. His name is attached to some of the most
-important Acts of a period prolific of important legislation. It
-is sufficient to mention in this connection such measures as the
-construction of the Montreal and Portland Railway, the decentralization
-of the judiciary, the codification of the civil laws and of civil
-procedure, the modification of the criminal law, the Municipal Act of
-Lower Canada, the Act relating to registration offices, the abolition
-of the seigniorial tenure, the choice of Ottawa as the Capital of
-Canada, the construction of the Grand Trunk Railway and the Victoria
-Bridge, the organization of the educational system of Lower Canada, the
-improvement and deepening of the St. Lawrence, the building of canals,
-the union of the provinces of British North America, the acquisition
-of the North-West Territories, the construction of the Intercolonial
-Railway, the establishment of the Province of Manitoba, the admission
-of British Columbia into Confederation, the establishment of the
-militia system and the initiation of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
-
-It would not be in accordance with that absolute truth which is
-demanded of history, to even infer that to Cartier alone is due the
-credit for the passage of all of these great measures. Many eminent
-men contributed by their efforts to their achievement. But to Cartier
-may fairly be adjudged the merit without detracting from the merits
-of others, of having taken an active part in the achievement of all
-of these important measures, of having devoted his great energies and
-abilities to their accomplishment, and of having played a determining
-part in the achievement of some of them. Some of these measures
-were of material benefit to the progress of the country. The legal
-reforms for which Cartier is entitled to the sole credit, constitute
-in themselves a monument to his wise statesmanship. Other measures
-in which he played a determining part, such as Confederation, were
-of an epoch-making character, in connection with Canada's national
-development and well-being. As an eminent French-Canadian writer, the
-late Senator Tassé, has well remarked, more than one of these measures
-would have been sufficient to immortalize Cartier. He was, to use
-Senator Tassé's words, at one and the same time a legislator, a founder
-of constitutions, a peaceful conqueror.
-
-
-Cartier and Confederation
-
-The greatest work in which Cartier participated, and in which it
-is freely acknowledged he played a determining part, was of course
-the establishment of Confederation. The idea of a union of all the
-provinces of British North America did not originate with Cartier,
-any more than it originated with Macdonald, Tupper, Tilley, Brown or
-the other great Fathers of Confederation. Proposals to that effect
-had been made long before, and the idea was one that had arisen
-in many minds as a desirable consummation and as a remedy for the
-chaotic conditions which then prevailed. But the idea was one that was
-heartily supported by Cartier from a very early period, and to the
-Cartier-Macdonald Government of which he became the head in 1858 as
-Prime Minister of United Canada must be given the credit of having
-taken the first practical steps to bring about Confederation. One of
-the items of that government's programme was the union of the British
-North American provinces, and soon after the close of the session
-of 1858, a delegation composed of three members of the Government,
-Cartier himself, A. T. Galt, and John Rose went to England to press
-the matter upon the Imperial Government. A memorandum submitted to the
-Imperial authorities and signed by Cartier, Galt and Rose urged the
-Imperial Government to take steps to have a meeting of delegates from
-all the British North American provinces to consider the question of
-Confederation and to report upon it.
-
-Though the steps taken in 1858 had no immediate result, the fact
-remains that the Government of which Cartier was the head, was the
-first to take up the question of the union of the British North
-American provinces, that, as the lamented Thomas D'Arcy McGee remarked
-in his great speech during the Confederation debate "the first real
-stage of the success of Confederation, the thing that gave importance
-to the theory in men's minds, was the memorandum of 1858, signed by
-Cartier, Galt and Rose. The recommendation in that memorandum" said
-McGee, "laid dormant until revived by the Constitutional Committee
-which led to the coalition, which led to the Quebec Conference, which
-led to the draft of the Constitution now on our table, and which" added
-McGee with assurance "will lead, I am fain to believe, to the union
-of all these provinces,"--an assurance, which was not long afterwards
-happily fulfilled.
-
-Cartier was the leader of the Quebec wing of the Coalition Ministry.
-He was a delegate to the Charlottetown Conference, as well as a member
-of the Quebec Conference. He took a leading part in the Confederation
-debates, ably defending the measure against the attacks made upon it.
-With Macdonald, Brown and Galt he was deputed after the scheme had
-been adopted by the Legislature to go to England to confer with Her
-Majesty's Government; he was also one of the delegates who sat in
-Conference from the 4th to the 24th December, 1866, at the Westminster
-Palace Hotel in London, and at which a series of 69 resolutions, based
-on those of the Quebec Conference, were finally passed. The sittings
-of that famous conference were renewed early in January of 1867, a
-series of draft bills were drawn up, and revised by the Imperial law
-officers, a bill was submitted to the Imperial Parliament in February,
-and on March 29th, under the title of the British North America Act,
-it received the royal assent. A royal proclamation issued from Windsor
-Castle on May 22nd, 1867, appointed July 1st as the date upon which the
-Act should come into force, and the following first of July witnessed
-the birth of what the Governor-General, Lord Monck, well designated as
-"a new nationality".
-
-The men who assembled at Quebec on October 10th, 1864, to devise means
-for bringing about the union of the British North American provinces,
-had momentous problems to solve, but they were all men of the most
-ardent patriotism, of the broadest views, and with a firm determination
-to carry to a successful issue the great work with which they had
-been entrusted. How they succeeded in their task we all know. It has
-been well remarked by one of the biographers of Sir John A. Macdonald
-that there are three men besides Macdonald who in the establishment
-of Confederation and in securing the large results which followed
-from that epoch-making measure, demand special mention. Those men
-were George Etienne Cartier, Charles Tupper, and Leonard Tilley.[1]
-Justice demands that George Brown should also be named amongst the
-great Fathers of Confederation, for without the co-operation of that
-eminent Liberal statesman it is questionable whether Confederation
-under the circumstances could have been effected at that time. It
-was George Brown who made the proposals which rendered the coalition
-ministry possible, and by sinking all party considerations and personal
-differences in a grave crisis of his country's history, he performed a
-signal act of patriotism, which entitles his name to a high place on
-Canada's roll of honor. It was in fact a striking lesson in patriotism
-and in devotion to country, to find men like Macdonald and Cartier on
-the one hand, and Brown on the other, forgetting all past differences
-and even bitter personal animosities, and sitting at the same council
-board to devise means by which the public interests might be served
-at a most critical juncture. Nor, amongst the leading Fathers of
-Confederation must Sir A. T. Galt be forgotten, for that distinguished
-statesman was a most zealous advocate of Confederation, holding that
-unless a union was effected, the provinces would inevitably drift
-into the United States. During the parliamentary session of 1858 he
-strongly advocated the federal union of all the British North American
-provinces, and as has been justly said, the resolutions which Galt then
-moved in favor of such a union, entitle him to a high place amongst the
-promoters of Confederation[2].
-
-Of the thirty-two statesmen who assembled at Quebec in 1864 and framed
-the Quebec resolutions which formed the basis of Confederation, but one
-survives to-day, and the Cartier Centenary movement has the privilege
-of having that great statesman whose name will forever be linked with
-the names of Macdonald and Cartier, as its patron. Still hale and
-hearty in his 92nd year, Sir Charles Tupper enjoys the veneration
-and esteem of all Canadians. It has been justly said by Sir John A.
-Macdonald's biographer, that in the "reconciliation of Nova Scotia to
-Confederation; in carrying out a great expensive and hazardous railway
-policy; in the establishment of a national fiscal system; in making
-Canadian expansion compatible with complete allegiance to the Empire,
-the aid which Macdonald received from Sir Charles Tupper, can scarcely
-be exaggerated. In him great natural ability and power as a platform
-speaker were united with a splendid optimism about his country, a
-courage that feared nothing, and a resoluteness of purpose which
-despised any obstacles with which he could be confronted."[3]
-
-It is not minimizing the services of any of the other illustrious
-Fathers of Confederation, to say that Cartier played a leading, in
-fact a determining part, in the achievement of that measure. His great
-colleagues have generously testified to the pre-eminent services which
-he rendered at that time.
-
-"Cartier was as bold as a lion. He was just the man I wanted: but for
-him Confederation should not have been carried," was the emphatic
-declaration made by Sir John A. Macdonald on the day when he unveiled
-the statue of his great colleague at Ottawa.
-
-Sir Charles Tupper's tribute is equally eloquent and emphatic. "I have
-no hesitation," he says, "in saying that without Cartier there would
-have been no Confederation, and therefore Canada owes him a debt that
-can never be repaid."
-
-Dr Parkin in his life of Sir John A. Macdonald, in the "Makers of
-Canada" series, also pays a just tribute to Cartier for his work in
-connection with Confederation when he says: "Without Cartier's loyal
-help, it would scarcely have been possible, when the effort for union
-came, to allay the anxiety of the French-Canadians lest they should be
-swallowed up, and their individuality be lost in the large proposed
-confederacy."
-
-Cartier's position at that time, it must be remembered, was an
-extremely difficult one, in fact, it is the difficulties which he
-then encountered and the manner in which he triumphed over them, that
-entitled him to all the more credit. "Never did a French-Canadian
-statesman" as an eminent French-Canadian writer has remarked, "have to
-face a greater responsibility than that which Cartier assumed the day
-when he had the alternative of accepting or refusing Confederation.
-Neither Papineau nor LaFontaine had to place in the balance such grave
-issues. Their role was reduced to demanding liberty for Canadians.
-Cartier had to choose between a problematical future and a recognized
-state of affairs, with well defined advantages. Would as many
-guarantees be found in the edifice which was to be constructed? By
-accepting the confederation of the provinces, was it not leaving the
-certain for the uncertain? Such were the questions which agitated minds
-anxiously weighed."[4]
-
-There was strong opposition to Confederation in Quebec as well as
-in other provinces. Cartier had to face the powerful attacks of
-redoubtable and able antagonists who maintained that Confederation
-would be detrimental to the interests of the French-Canadians. His
-contention was that with general interests entrusted to a central
-government and local interests to local legislatures, the rights of
-the French-Canadians would be amply safeguarded. Cartier maintained
-his position in the face of the most determined opposition and even
-against bitter personal attacks. He had his vindication when in the
-elections of 1867 the people of Quebec returned him to Parliament with
-a triumphant following.
-
-And has not the course of events since Confederation vindicated the
-position which Cartier then took? The French-Canadians have not only
-enjoyed the fullest freedom in the direction of provincial affairs,
-but they have played a large and important part in the public life
-of Canada, a French-Canadian has occupied the exalted position of
-Prime Minister of the Dominion, and no matter whether they agree
-with his policy or not, all fair-minded Canadians must admit that
-Sir Wilfrid Laurier personally filled that great office with the
-utmost distinction, with credit to himself and to his country. Under
-Confederation there has been friction at times due in most cases to
-demagogic appeals to popular passion and racial feeling, but the sound
-common sense of the mass of the people has always asserted itself,
-and the governmental and legislative machinery has been found elastic
-enough to meet ever increasing demands.
-
-A notable tribute was recently paid to Cartier and the other great
-Fathers of Confederation by that distinguished British statesman,
-diplomat, and author, Right Hon. James Bryce, when in addressing this
-Club a few weeks ago he said: "Not less remarkable than your material
-progress has been the growth of your constitutional government,
-although in its early days there were not wanting people to show that
-Canada could never be a great nation. Your federal system has worked
-on the whole with wonderful success and with little friction. It has
-worked perhaps better than anywhere else in the world; I think the
-only example of equal success is that of Switzerland. You have had the
-great problem of two races living side by side, of peoples different in
-race and language, whom the federal system was designed to unite, while
-the federation of districts so dissimilar as the province of British
-Columbia, the prairies, and the Maritime Provinces shows that as far
-as adaptation to local conditions is concerned the federal system has
-been an unqualified success. And this success is a tribute to the
-capacity of the men who have governed as well as to those who framed
-the constitution."
-
-The successful working of the federal system in Canada to which Mr.
-Bryce bore testimony, is another striking proof of the wise and
-far-sighted statesmanship of Cartier and the other public men who
-framed our constitution.
-
-
-Other Great Measures
-
-Confederation having been accomplished, Cartier's energies were
-directed to measures for the strengthening and defence of the national
-fabric. He was largely instrumental in determining the route of the
-Intercolonial Railway, and in having that road, which it is admitted
-has been a most important factor in consolidating the Dominion,
-completed. One of the most important measures of Cartier's public
-career, was undoubtedly the one which, as Minister of Militia and
-Defence, he presented to Parliament on March 31st, 1868, and which
-provided for the organization of the Canadian Militia, a measure that
-is the basis of our whole militia system.
-
-Confederation, as you know, originally included only the four provinces
-of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. It was the desire
-of Cartier, as it was that of Macdonald, to see established a united
-Canada, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific, a great maritime
-as well as land power with the furthest east united to the furthest
-west by a great transcontinental railway system. When the union of
-the four provinces had been accomplished, Cartier was steadfast in
-his efforts to secure the accomplishment of the larger idea. He fully
-realized the possibilities of the great West and the importance of
-securing for the Dominion that vast territory, the development of which
-has been the marvel of the past quarter of a century. Largely through
-his efforts, the great western territory now forming the Provinces
-of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, was secured from the Hudson's
-Bay Company on most advantageous terms. When we realize that this
-immensely rich territory, the "granary of the Empire" was acquired
-for the Dominion for the insignificant sum of $1,500,000, largely
-through the negotiations which Cartier conducted in England, some idea
-of the importance of the services he rendered in that connection,
-may be formed. Cartier also framed the bill creating the Province of
-Manitoba, which he presented and had passed at the session of 1871.
-Only one thing was needed to round out Confederation, and that was
-the admission of British Columbia. In the negotiations which resulted
-in the admission of that great Province into the Dominion, Cartier
-played a leading part, and it was he, who on November 28th, 1871,
-presented the bill to Parliament providing that British Columbia should
-become a portion of the Dominion. On that occasion Cartier hailed the
-realization of his dream of a united Canada extending from ocean to
-ocean, with pardonable pride.
-
-"I cannot close my explanations," he declared, "without impressing
-on the honorable members the greatness of the work. This young
-Confederation is on the point of extending over the whole northern
-portion of the continent, and when we consider that it took our
-neighbors sixty years to extend to the Pacific, where will be found
-in the history of the world anything comparable to our marvellous
-prosperity? I have always maintained that a nation to be great must
-have maritime power. We possess maritime power in a high degree. Our
-union with the maritime provinces gives us a seaboard on the east, and
-now our union with British Columbia will give us a seaboard on the
-west."
-
-With the admission of British Columbia to Confederation, the dream
-of Cartier and of Macdonald, of a united Canada extending from ocean
-to ocean, was realized. But one thing more was required to bind the
-scattered provinces firmly together-a great transcontinental railway.
-Cartier was one of the strongest advocates of such an undertaking,
-and to him belongs the glory of having had passed the first charter
-for the Canadian Pacific Railway. One of the terms of the union of
-British Columbia with Canada under the Act presented by Cartier, was
-the construction of such a road. It is related that the delegates of
-British Columbia during the negotiations urged upon Cartier that a
-railway should be built across the Prairies to the foot of the Rockies,
-and that a colonization road should be laid out from the foot of the
-Rockies to the Coast. "No," replied Cartier, "that will not do; ask for
-a railway the whole way and you will get it." Some leading public men
-of the time thought that Cartier was willing to undertake too great
-an obligation, but events have more than justified his optimism. At
-the session of 1872, Cartier presented resolutions providing for the
-construction of the Canadian Pacific. After a remarkable debate, a
-bill based on the resolutions was adopted, and Cartier, springing to
-his feet, gave utterance amidst loud cheers to the expression which has
-become historic: "All aboard for the West."
-
-It was the last great triumph of his public career. He did not live to
-see the realization of his dream, for it was not until thirteen years
-afterwards, that is to say, on November 7th, 1885, that the last spike
-of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway was driven by Sir
-Donald Smith, now Lord Strathcona, at Craigellachie, a small village
-of British Columbia, and on July 24th, 1886, Cartier's great colleague
-and fellow-worker for a united Canada, Sir John A. Macdonald personally
-reached the Pacific by rail from Ottawa.
-
-Though Cartier did not live to see the completion of the gigantic
-undertaking which meant so much for Canada, it is one of his chief
-merits that he was one of its initiators and strongest supporters, and
-that he foresaw and foretold its great future.
-
-"Before very long", he declared, addressing Parliament, "the English
-traveller who lands at Halifax will be able in five or six days to
-cover half of the continent inhabited by British subjects."
-
-How Cartier's prophecy has been fulfilled we all know. The traveller
-landing to-day at Halifax can reach Victoria by means of the Canadian
-Pacific in less than six days. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company has
-become one of the greatest corporations in the world, operating not
-only a great transcontinental railway, and a chain of palatial hotels,
-but also possessing magnificent fleets on the Atlantic and the Pacific,
-with its vessels now encircling the globe. It has progressed stage by
-stage until under the able direction of its present distinguished head,
-Sir Thomas Shaughnessy, it has attained the greatest position in its
-history. The company's expansion has in fact been one of the marvels
-of history, and with the continued development of the Dominion, its
-achievements, great as they have been, will undoubtedly be surpassed
-in the future. Cartier, by his strenuous advocacy of the construction
-of the road in days when faith in the future was at a discount, gave
-another evidence of his great foresight as well as of his faith in the
-future of the Dominion which he did so much to establish.
-
-
-Cartier and Macdonald
-
-No review of Cartier's career, however summary, would be complete
-without some reference to the alliance that existed between him and
-that other great Canadian statesman, Sir John A. Macdonald, an alliance
-which was for a long period a most important factor in the public
-life of Canada. In his great painting "The Fathers of Confederation,"
-the artist Harris most appropriately places Macdonald and Cartier
-conspicuously in the centre of the group, and the names of those two
-great statesmen must forever be linked in connection with that epoch
-making measure.
-
-Macdonald and Cartier began their public careers within a few years
-of each other, Macdonald being first returned to Parliament in 1844,
-while Cartier became a member in 1848. The two men first became
-closely associated as members of the same Government, the MacNab-Taché
-Ministry, formed in 1855, in which ministry Macdonald held the
-portfolio of Attorney-General for Upper Canada while Cartier was
-Provincial Secretary, the first public office he held. From that time
-until the day of Cartier's death, the association between the two
-men remained practically unbroken. Their alliance, as has been well
-said, was based on equal consideration for the rightful claims of both
-nationalities.
-
-Each of the two men had qualities not possessed by the other.
-Macdonald had a magnetic personality, he was a consummate tactician,
-an incomparable leader of men. He had that genius which enables its
-possessor to seize and make the most of an opportunity. He had that
-quality so indispensable in a great leader of gaining the loyal and
-devoted support of men of widely different characters and temperaments.
-Macdonald in short combined the grasp of a statesman with the arts of a
-politician. Cartier excelled as an administrator, he was a tireless and
-indefatigable worker who never spared himself and who expected others
-to follow his example. He studied and analyzed all subjects which he
-had to handle to the very bottom, and when he came to discuss them he
-had a complete mastery of all the details. He was strong, nay, even
-dogmatic, in his convictions; once his mind was made up he pursued
-the path he had marked out for himself with persistent determination,
-heedless of all obstacles in his way. To his followers his word was
-law, and he exacted from them an unswerving obedience. His energy was
-prodigious: he deserved the designation given to him by Gladstone when
-that great statesman said that Cartier was "_un homme qui semble être
-légion_",--a man who was a legion in himself. Cartier's was essentially
-a strong and determined character.
-
-It was of course impossible that men of such different temperaments as
-Macdonald and Cartier and representing often such divergent interests,
-should not have their differences sometimes, but whatever differences
-they may have had never interfered with the high personal esteem and
-regard they entertained for each other.
-
-At a great banquet given in his honor by the Bar of Toronto on February
-8th, 1866, Macdonald took occasion to pay a warm and generous tribute
-to his French-Canadian colleague who was one of the guests of honor.
-
-"I wish to say," declared Macdonald, "that Hon. Mr. Cartier has a right
-to share in the honors which I am receiving to-night, because I have
-never made an appeal to him or to the Lower Canadians in vain. There
-is not in the whole of Canada a heart more devoted to his friends. If
-I have succeeded in introducing the institutions of Great Britain, it
-is due in great part, to my friend, who has never permitted under his
-administration that the bonds which attach us to England should be
-weakened."
-
-Cartier was equally generous in appreciation of his great colleague.
-Speaking at a banquet tendered Macdonald by the citizens of Kingston on
-September 6th, 1866, Cartier said:
-
-"Kingston is indeed a favored city, for it has for its representative
-a statesman who has never yet been surpassed in Canada, and who
-probably never will be in the future. I have had the happiness of being
-associated with the member for Kingston in my public career, and of
-having formed with him an alliance which has already lasted longer
-than all alliances of this kind in Canada. The success which we have
-obtained together has been due to the fact that we have repelled all
-sectional feelings and sought what might benefit Canada as a whole."
-
-That was the keynote of the Cartier-Macdonald alliance, the
-subordination of all sectional and racial feeling to the welfare of
-Canada as a whole. Cartier throughout his long public career was
-essentially a peacemaker, who always strove to promote a better feeling
-between the two races. A striking testimony to the success of his
-efforts in that direction was given on one occasion in Parliament when
-Mr. Benjamin, a leading Ontario member, declared: "I cannot refrain
-from acknowledging that Mr. Cartier has done more to unite the two
-races and to re-establish harmony between them, than any other member
-of the House."
-
-Well shall it always be for the Dominion, if its public men, no matter
-to what political party they may belong, always adhere to the sane
-and true principles upon which the Macdonald-Cartier alliance was
-based--mutual toleration and good-will, respect for the rights of all,
-the co-operation of races, the safeguarding of Canada's autonomy, and
-the development of Canadian nationality. The Macdonald-Cartier alliance
-in fact symbolized that union which should always exist between
-English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians. And why should there
-not be union? What matters it whether we speak different languages or
-worship at different altars, if we always remember that we are all
-Canadians, mutually interested in the welfare and aggrandizement of our
-common country. That was the spirit which actuated both Cartier and
-Macdonald during their long association, and it will be well if such a
-spirit always prevails in the Dominion. It is only, in fact, upon such
-a basis that the permanence of Confederation, of which Macdonald and
-Cartier were the principal architects, can be assured.
-
-
-For Canadian Nationality
-
-The aim of Macdonald, Cartier, and the other great Fathers of
-Confederation, was to establish broad and deep the foundations of a
-Canadian nationality, based on the broadest principles of justice,
-tolerance, and equal rights. All their public utterances during
-the Confederation negotiations, testify to this fact. Macdonald's
-conception was that as the Dominion progressed it would become, to use
-his own words, year by year less a case of dependence on our part, and
-of overwhelming protection on the part of the Mother Country, and more
-a case of healthy and cordial alliance, that instead of looking upon
-us as a merely dependent colony, England would have in us a friendly
-nation--a subordinate but still a powerful people--to stand by her in
-North America in peace or war.
-
-It is given to some men to have a vision that foresees the future
-and enables them to provide for momentous developments. Both Cartier
-and Macdonald were such men. It is in fact the supreme merit of
-Cartier that whilst always standing firmly for the rights of his
-French-Canadian compatriots, his vision was not confined to the
-Province of Quebec. If any one does, Cartier deserves the distinction
-of being known as a great Canadian. There was nothing narrow or
-provincial in his views. His idea was a united Canada, stretching
-from ocean to ocean, in which men of all races, languages and creeds
-should work together as brethren for the welfare and advancement of
-their common country. Cartier's desire was that his French-Canadian
-compatriots should not confine their attention to the Province of
-Quebec, but should take their full share in the life of the Dominion,
-that they should above all rejoice in the name "Canadian," be proud of
-the great Dominion and work for its welfare in co-operation with their
-English-speaking fellow countrymen.
-
-"Objection is made to our project," says Cartier, in his great speech
-during the Confederation debates, "because of the words 'a new
-nationality'. But if we unite we will form a political nationality
-independent of the national origin and religion of individuals. Some
-have regretted that we have a distinction of races and have expressed
-the hope that in time this diversity will disappear. The idea of a
-fusion of all races is utopian, it is an impossibility. Distinctions
-of this character will always exist, diversity is the order of the
-physical, moral and political worlds. As to the objection that we
-cannot form a great nation because Lower Canada is principally French
-and Catholic, Upper Canada English and Protestant, and the Maritime
-Provinces mixed, it is futile in the extreme.
-
-"Take for example the United Kingdom, inhabited as it is by three great
-races. Has the diversity of races been an obstacle to the progress and
-the welfare of Great Britain? Have not the three races united by their
-combined qualities, their energy and their courage, contributed to the
-glory of the Empire, to its laws of wise, to its success on land, on
-sea, and in commerce?
-
-"In our Confederation there will be Catholics and Protestants,
-English, French, Irish and Scotch, and each by its efforts and success
-will add to the prosperity of the Dominion, to the glory of a new
-Confederation. We are of different races, not to quarrel, but to work
-together for our common welfare. We cannot by law make the differences
-of race disappear, but I am convinced that the Anglo-Canadian and the
-French-Canadian will appreciate the advantages of their position. Set
-side by side like a great family, their contact will produce a happy
-spirit of emulation. The diversity of race will in fact, believe me,
-contribute to the common prosperity."
-
-What words of wisdom! What a spirit of true patriotism, of justice
-and of toleration they breathe! If Cartier in fact had never made any
-other utterance than this, it would be sufficient to stamp him as a
-true patriot and wise statesman. It will be well for Canada if such are
-always the guiding principles of its national life.
-
-While the idea of Macdonald and Cartier and the other great Fathers
-of Confederation was, as has been said, to establish a Canadian
-nationality, none the less was it their intention to perpetuate British
-institutions on the North American continent, to establish, to use
-Macdonald's expression, a friendly nation, enjoying, it is true, the
-most complete autonomy, but at the same time in alliance with Great
-Britain and the other portions of the Empire. No stronger believer
-in British institutions as the repository of freedom; no more ardent
-admirer of the British flag as the symbol of justice and liberty could
-be found than Cartier. In all his utterances during the Confederation,
-debates, he took special pains to emphasize that Confederation was
-intended not to weaken, but to strengthen, the ties between the
-Dominion, Great Britain and the other portions of the Empire.
-"Confederation," he said, in one of his speeches on the measure, "has
-for its first reason our common affection for British institutions, its
-object is to assure by all possible guarantees, their maintenance in
-the future."
-
-For the British flag Cartier on all occasions expressed a passionate
-devotion.
-
-"The Canadian people," he said at a great banquet given in his honor in
-London in 1869, "desires to remain faithful to the old flag of Great
-Britain, that flag which waves over all seas, which tyranny has never
-been able to overcome, that flag which symbolizes true liberty".
-
-These words expressed Cartier's deep and earnest conviction. During
-his several visits to Great Britain, he was deeply impressed by
-the greatness of British institutions. On those occasions he was
-the recipient of signal marks of honor; he was the personal guest
-of Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle for some time, and he received
-marked attention from Gladstone, Lord Lytton, and other distinguished
-British statesmen. His services in connection with the establishment
-of Confederation, as you know, were recognized by the conferring of a
-baronetcy upon him by Queen Victoria.
-
-
-CARTIER'S WORK FOR MONTREAL
-
-Having reviewed the great work which Cartier did for Canada in general,
-permit me to emphasize the eminent services which he rendered to
-Montreal. It is doubtful whether many Montrealers of the present
-generation fully realize the importance of Cartier's services to this
-city, and for that reason this portion of his career should be of
-special interest to citizens of this great metropolis.
-
-From 1861 until 1872, Cartier was one of the representatives of
-Montreal, first in the Parliament of United Canada, and afterwards
-in the House of Commons. During a portion of that period, he also
-represented Montreal-East in the Quebec Legislature under the system
-of dual representation which prevailed for some time following the
-establishment of Confederation. Montreal's interests were always dear
-to Cartier's heart, and throughout his long public career he zealously
-strove to promote the welfare and development of this city.
-
-Reference has already been made to the interest which Cartier showed
-from the outset of his career in railway construction. He realized that
-in order that Montreal might attain an unrivalled position, it would
-be necessary that railway communications should be established, that
-the St. Lawrence channel should be deepened, and that canals should be
-constructed and improved. One of the earliest of his speeches of which
-we have record was delivered at a great mass-meeting of the citizens
-of Montreal, held in 1846, on the Champ de Mars, to promote the
-construction of the Montreal & Portland Railway to connect Montreal and
-Portland. Cartier on that occasion declared that such an undertaking
-was a truly national work. Alluding to the fact that property in such
-cities as Buffalo, Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, which
-had become great railway terminals, had as a result greatly increased
-in value, he declared that the same thing would happen in the case of
-Montreal if adequate railway facilities were established.
-
-"The prosperity of Montreal," he said, "depends upon its position as
-the great emporium for the commerce of the West, and we can only assure
-that prosperity by better means of transport from the waters of the
-West to the Atlantic by our canals and railways."
-
-When he became a member of Parliament Cartier continued his agitation
-for adequate railway facilities, and one of the first speeches he
-delivered in the legislature of United Canada, February 15th, 1849, was
-in advocacy of the completion of the Montreal & Portland Railway.
-
-"There is no time to lose in the completion of the road," said Cartier
-on that occasion, "if we wish to assure for ourselves the commerce of
-the West. All the cities of the Atlantic Coast are disputing for that
-commerce."
-
-Referring to the efforts being made by New York, Philadelphia,
-Baltimore, and other American cities to capture this commerce, Cartier
-said: "In seeing the efforts that an intelligent population is making,
-we cannot doubt the importance of the trade of the lakes which they
-covet and the profits which will result. Now, we may secure the greater
-part of that trade by constructing this road as soon as possible."
-
-At another great mass meeting of the citizens of Montreal, held at the
-Bonsecours Market on July 31st, 1849, at which resolutions were adopted
-favoring the completion of the Montreal & Portland Railway, on motion
-of Cartier, seconded by John Rose, it was resolved that the city should
-take shares in the company. Cartier on that occasion made a fervent
-appeal that the interests of Montreal should be considered.
-
-"I do not fear to say," he declared, "that Montreal will be recreant
-to its best interests, and will be the most backward of cities if it
-neglects the means that is offered it to reclaim a prosperity which
-is now leaving it. I appeal to the large proprietors, to the small
-proprietors who make the prosperity of the large ones, and to the
-industrial and working classes which make the prosperity of both. We
-have an exceptional chance to attract foreign capital. The city has
-only to guarantee a bagatelle compared to the enormous debts contracted
-by the smaller cities of the United States to attract capital which
-passes through the hands of tradesmen and workingmen, to relieve trade
-which is languishing. It is an advantage which will be enjoyed even
-before the work is completed."
-
-Cartier pointed out that New York had contracted a debt of $25,000,000
-to provide proper railway facilities, as it had sufficient faith in
-itself and in the spirit of enterprise of its citizens to discount the
-future.
-
-"The time has come," said Cartier, addressing the citizens of Montreal,
-"to belie your reputation as apathetic men without energy and without a
-spirit of enterprise. Let those terms cease to be applied to the name
-'Canadian'. This great meeting is one of the first to be held in a city
-of the British Provinces to encourage an enterprise of this importance.
-It is proper that the example should come from Montreal, the commercial
-head of British America. It should show itself worthy of its position.
-Let us arouse ourselves, let us agitate."
-
-Cartier had the vision to foresee the great future in store for
-Montreal, if adequate transportation facilities were provided.
-
-"Montreal," he prophetically declared on the same occasion, "is
-destined to become the great emporium for the West. Without railways
-and canals it will be impossible for it to attain the glorious position
-which will make it one of the principal cities of the continent."
-
-Largely as the result of Cartier's persistent efforts, the Montreal
-& Portland Railway which for a long time was the only outlet during
-the winter for Canadian produce, destined for Europe, was completed,
-and inaugurated in 1851, being subsequently absorbed by the Grand
-Trunk Railway Company. Before the completion of this road, it must be
-remembered that there were only some seventy miles of railway in all
-Canada, the first road, the Laprairie and St. John's having been opened
-only a few years before, that is to say on July 21st, 1836. When we
-consider that to-day the total mileage of railways in Canada is 35,000
-miles, that last year our combined railways built 1,970 miles of new
-railway, on which was spent $30,000,000, and that the programme for
-this year provides for 2,700 miles of new track, costing $41,000,000,
-some idea may be obtained of the advance that has been made. Cartier
-deserves the credit of having been one of the first to realize the
-importance of railway construction in connection with the development
-of the country and of having been one of the strongest supporters of
-a forward policy in this respect--a policy to which we owe the three
-splendid railway systems we have to-day--the Canadian Pacific, the
-Grand Trunk, and the work of those two great railway men, Sir William
-Mackenzie and Sir Donald Mann--the Canadian Northern.
-
-One of Cartier's chief claims to honor is that it was he who secured
-the incorporation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, which has done so
-much for the development of Canada in general, and the City of Montreal
-in particular. Cartier always took the greatest pride in that fact. In
-a speech delivered in the legislature he declared that he regarded the
-construction of the Grand Trunk as the greatest benefit that had ever
-been conferred on the country. "I had charge of the Act which created
-the Grand Trunk Railway," he added, "and I am prouder of that than of
-any other action of my life." The Grand Trunk at the outset of its
-history had many difficulties, financial and otherwise, to encounter,
-and it was due to Cartier's efforts in a large measure, that the
-company was able to tide over these difficulties and that its success
-was assured.
-
-Reviewing his public career at a great banquet given in his honor by
-the citizens of Montreal, on October 30th, 1866, on the eve of his
-departure for London as one of the Confederation delegates, Cartier
-referring to the efforts he had made on behalf of the Grand Trunk
-said: "In 1852-53, encouraged by the Hincks-Morin Ministry, I asked
-for the incorporation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, and I had it
-voted despite the most furious opposition. I also had the construction
-of the Victoria Bridge voted. You will recall the prejudices there
-were against that measure. It was a work which would produce floods
-in Montreal, it was a means to divert commerce towards Portland. But
-the prejudice, against these great measures were soon dissipated, it
-was only a passing tempest. It was so, too, for the Grand Trunk and
-the Victoria Bridge. The Grand Trunk and the Victoria Bridge have
-flooded Montreal with an abundance of prosperity. What would Montreal
-be without the Grand Trunk? It has assured for us the commerce of the
-West."
-
-Addressing the electors of Montreal-East when seeking re-election in
-1867, Cartier, referring to the construction of the Victoria Bridge,
-said: "You know that there existed considerable jealousy or rivalry
-between Quebec and Montreal, and that the two cities sought at the same
-time to secure the possession of a bridge across the river. I will not
-stop to discuss the advantages of such a bridge. Thanks to my efforts
-I am proud to be able to say Montreal finally secured it. Montreal
-has the Victoria Bridge. The results you know. Our city since then has
-had a considerable development which Confederation, I am certain, will
-increase."
-
-When we consider the important factor that the Grand Trunk Railway
-Company has been in the development of Eastern Canada, and what its
-associate company, the Grand Trunk Pacific, will be in the opening up
-and development of rich new districts in the West, it will be realized
-that Cartier in the part he played in the creation and assistance of
-this great railway system, rendered another most important service to
-Canada.
-
-St. Lawrence navigation and the advancement of the Port of Montreal
-found in Cartier a steadfast advocate, and the Allan Line which was
-the pioneer in ocean navigation via the St. Lawrence, secured from him
-the heartiest encouragement and support. Speaking in the Legislative
-Assembly in 1860, in favor of a proposal to increase the mail subsidy
-to the Allans, Cartier warmly supported means to increase navigation by
-the St. Lawrence. It was humiliating, he declared, to see nearly all
-our imports arriving by the steamships, the railways, and the canals
-of the United States. "Let us rise," he said, "to the height of the
-changes wrought by progress, for we are at the beginning of a new era
-which will eclipse anything we have yet seen." The improvement of the
-harbor and port of Montreal always found in Cartier a zealous advocate,
-as he fully realized how important it was for Montreal's progress and
-prosperity.
-
-Cartier persistently advocated the enlargement of the canals, so as to
-divert the commerce of the West from American ports to this port, and
-thus benefit the City of Montreal. In a speech on the deepening of Lake
-St. Peter, delivered in the Parliament of United Canada on May 11th,
-1860, he said: "Up to the present all our debt has been contracted
-for the execution of very important public works--the Welland Canal,
-the St. Lawrence Canal, the Rideau Canal, the Lachine Canal, etc. But
-we have not yet attained our object, which is to divert the commerce
-of the great lakes from the American routes to the St. Lawrence. This
-commerce continues to pass by New York and Pennsylvania, and all that
-we see is the traffic destined for Ogdensburg and Oswego. What means
-should be taken to remedy this condition of affairs? We have come to
-the conclusion to abolish all tolls on the canals, and to make the St.
-Lawrence route perfectly free from the ocean to the great lakes."
-
-In reply to a remark by George Brown that the measure seemed to be
-designed to attract the commerce of the West to Montreal, to the
-detriment of Upper Canada, Cartier said: "I do not see why it should
-be apprehended that Montreal will secure so many advantages from this
-amelioration. This city is at the head of navigation, and is the
-principal centre of commerce; it is inspired by the spirit of progress,
-and I believe that in place of jealousy, all should be proud of its
-success. Whatever they can do, they can never prevent its being the
-most important city of the country, and from becoming a rival of the
-great American cities."
-
-Reference has been made to the prominent part that Cartier took in
-advocating the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway; and in
-desiring to see the accomplishment of that great undertaking, he had
-an eye to the interests of Montreal. In a speech to the electors of
-Montreal-East on August 8th, 1872, he promised that Montreal would
-be the principal terminus of that great road. "I have," he said, to
-the citizens of Montreal on that occasion, "devoted all my efforts to
-further your interests and I have always desired that Montreal should
-have the lion's share."
-
-The mercantile and business interests always found in Cartier a
-friend, in fact had he not been a public man, it is likely that his
-inclinations would have made him a great business man.
-
-"Merchants," he said, speaking at a dinner tendered him by the
-merchants of Quebec, on December 23rd, 1869, "contribute greatly to the
-progress of the country. Without the English merchants, England could
-not have kept its possessions in the world. Like Rome she would have
-lost her Colonies soon after their conquest. But the English merchant
-was the means of forming bonds between the new possessions of the
-Empire. I respect the interests of those here present. Those interests
-have greatly contributed to render Canada prosperous. Those who devote
-themselves to commerce form in every country one of the most important
-classes of society."
-
-Cartier's efforts on behalf of the mercantile interests of Montreal,
-and his faith in the future of this city never wavered, and he
-predicted its great expansion in wealth and population.
-
-"Our city," he said, addressing the electors of Montreal-East in 1867,
-"now counts 150,000 souls. In twenty years under Confederation, I
-predict that it will have more than 250,000 inhabitants."
-
-How Cartier's faith in Montreal has been justified, we all know. What
-was at the time he spoke a town of 150,000 people, has become a great
-metropolis of over 600,000 souls, and it is destined to have before
-many years a population of over one million people. As Montrealers we
-are all, as we have a right to be, proud of the great position which
-the city has attained, and of the still greater future which awaits it.
-Let us, in its day of greatness not forgot those, like Cartier, who in
-the days of small things foresaw the great future before Montreal and
-gave their best efforts to promote its interests.
-
-To the very end of his public career, Cartier's interest in the welfare
-of Montreal and his efforts to promote its advancement continued. His
-own words conveyed but the simple truth when he said in one of his last
-addresses, to his fellow citizens: "I frankly avow that all that my
-heart inspires, all that my knowledge and experience furnish, have been
-devoted to the welfare and prosperity of my compatriots in general and
-of Montreal in particular."
-
-Like many other statesmen, Cartier experienced the vicissitudes, as
-well as the triumphs, of public life. His last appeal to the electors
-of Montreal, made when he was practically a dying man, resulted, owing
-to a combination of circumstances, in his crushing defeat. He was
-greeted not with bouquets but with stones, from people of a city for
-which he had worked so hard, and for the advancement of which he had
-done so much. Another seat was found for him in Provencher, Manitoba,
-but his public career was over. In an effort to secure the restoration
-of his health he went to England, but the hope was vain: the incessant
-labors of a long public career had broken down a naturally robust
-constitution, and the great statesman passed away in London, England,
-on May 23rd, 1873. His last thoughts were for his beloved country.
-
-"Say to his friends in Canada," wrote one of his daughters in a
-touching letter announcing his death to a friend in Montreal, "say to
-his friends in Canada that he loved his country to the last, that his
-only desire was to return. Two days before his death he had all the
-Canadian newspapers read to him. Even his enemies, I hope, will not
-refuse to admit that before all he loved his country."
-
-The national mourning that followed the announcement of his death, the
-enconiums pronounced by the newspapers of all shades of opinion, the
-eulogies delivered in Parliament, the scene of his labors for so many
-years, and the imposing public funeral that was given his remains in
-Montreal, all bore eloquent testimony to the fact that the Canadian
-people, regardless of party, recognized that in his death Canada had
-indeed lost one who before all had loved his country. His remains rest
-beneath the soil of Mount Royal, which overlooks the city that he loved
-so well, and for the interests of which he worked so hard.
-
-
-Lessons of Cartier's Life
-
-What were the lessons of Cartier's life? They may be summed up in the
-three words--patriotism, duty, and tolerance. He loved his country and
-sought to promote its interests, he wore himself out in the discharge
-of his public duties, he was a man of the broadest views and the utmost
-tolerance. As Sir Adolphe Routhier has well remarked, to most public
-men public life is a career, but for Cartier it was an apostolate,
-a patriotic mission, and to fulfill that mission he sacrificed
-everything, even the modest fortune of which his family had need.[5]
-
-A French-Canadian and proud of his origin, a Roman Catholic and true
-to his faith, strong in his convictions, Cartier at the same time was
-a man of generous sympathies, of broad views, and great tolerance. His
-charity was broad enough to include men of all races, languages, and
-creeds. "My policy, and I think it best," he said on one occasion,
-"is respect for the rights of all." Actuated by that spirit he stood
-firmly on all occasions where there was justification for the rights
-of minorities, whether French or English, Catholic or Protestant. At
-the time of Confederation, for instance, some fear was expressed that
-the interests of the Protestant minority of Quebec would be jeopardized
-under the new constitution. Cartier pledged his word that nothing of
-the kind would happen. "I have already had occasion to proclaim in
-Parliament," he said, addressing the citizens of Montreal, "that the
-Protestant minority of Lower Canada have nothing to fear from the
-Provincial Legislature under Confederation. My word is given, and I
-repeat that nothing will be done of a nature to injure the principles
-and the rights of that minority."
-
-Cartier's pledge, it is needless to say, has been sacredly kept.
-
-On the same occasion, Cartier showed his largeness of views by
-declaring: "You know that I am a Catholic. I love my religion,
-believing it the best, but whilst proudly declaring myself a Catholic,
-I believe it my duty as a public man to respect the sincerity and the
-religious convictions of others. I am also a French-Canadian. I love my
-race. I of course have for it a predilection which is assuredly only
-natural, but as a public man and as a citizen, I also love others."
-Such were Cartier's guiding principles throughout life.
-
-Cartier, like all other human beings, had his faults, as well as
-his virtues, his public career was not without its mistakes, but
-nobody ever questioned his ardent love for his country, his absolute
-sincerity, his high sense of honor, his personal honesty and integrity,
-his fearless energy, and the firmness with which he always stood for
-his convictions. His motto "_Franc Et Sans Dol_"--"Frank And Without
-Deceit," well describes the character of the man.
-
-Did time permit, Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, a great deal more
-might be said of Cartier and his works. But has not sufficient been
-said to justify the contention that Cartier was a great Canadian, a
-nation-builder in the truest sense of that term, one whose memory
-is entitled to lasting honor from all Canadians? Does not the
-summary record of his career, which has been given, amply justify
-the declaration of the great Lord Dufferin that Cartier's name must
-forever be indissolubly incorporated with the most eventful and most
-glorious epoch of his country's history, commencing as it did with his
-entrance into political life and culminating in that consolidation of
-the Provinces to which his genius, courage and ability so materially
-contributed.
-
-Macdonald, Cartier, Tupper, Tilley, Brown, Galt, and the other great
-Fathers of Confederation builded better even than they knew. As the
-result of their wise statesmanship and patriotic efforts, Canada
-to-day stands a young giant amongst the peoples of the world. Under
-Confederation there has been witnessed a marvellous expansion and an
-unprecedented prosperity. We have to-day, to use the words of one of
-the most patriotic of our national poets, John Daniel Logan,--we have
-to-day a land:--
-
-
-     Blessed with youth and strength, with health and peace.
-
-
-And great as is the position of the Dominion at present, it is
-insignificant to what it will be if Canadians are only true to the
-teachings of the Fathers, if they all work together for the common
-welfare, if they are true to the national interests of the Dominion,
-and guard their great heritage against all influences of an insidious
-character.
-
-
-Honor Cartier's Memory
-
-Canadians do well to honor the memories of those great men who laid
-broad and deep the foundations of Canadian nationality, and who
-accomplished great works for the welfare of the Dominion. In the
-leading cities of Canada, stately monuments attest the recognition of a
-grateful people of the services of that great Father of Confederation,
-and that illustrious Canadian statesman, Sir John A. Macdonald. Brown
-and Tilley, too, have their monuments. Sir Charles Tupper is still
-happily with us in person, and I am sure that we all trust that his
-life may long be spared. His name will always be remembered as that of
-one of the leading Fathers of Confederation and one of our greatest
-statesmen.
-
-Does not justice demand that fitting honor should be done to that other
-great Father of Confederation, Sir George Etienne Cartier, by the
-erection of a memorial in the city which he represented in Parliament
-for so many years, and for whose interests he strove so zealously?
-
-When in November, 1910, at a meeting held at the St. Jean Baptiste
-Market Hall in this city, it was proposed by Mr. E. W. Villeneuve, now
-president of the Cartier Centenary Committee, whom we have with us
-to-day, that the centenary of Cartier's birth should be appropriately
-commemorated and that steps should be taken for the erection of a
-monument to his memory, the proposal was enthusiastically taken up.
-Since then the movement has assumed not only a national but an Empire
-scope, and representatives of every portion of the Empire will be
-present at the commemorative celebration next year. The movement, it
-may be mentioned is absolutely non-partisan in character, it being
-recognized that Cartier's memory is a national possession. The Prime
-Minister of the Dominion, Right Hon. R. L. Borden; the leader of the
-Liberal Party, Sir Wilfrid Laurier; the Prime Minister of the Province
-of Quebec, Sir Lomer Gouin; the Prime Ministers of all the Provinces;
-leading Liberals as well as Conservatives, throughout the Dominion,
-have united to render homage to the memory of one who did so much
-for Canada. Thanks to the co-operation and support of the Dominion
-Government and the Governments of all the Provinces, the erection of
-a splendid memorial, which will stand on one of the slopes of Mount
-Royal, and the first stone of which will be laid by His Royal Highness
-the Duke of Connaught, on September 1st next, is now practically
-assured. The memorial, the work of the eminent Canadian sculptor, Mr.
-G. W. Hill, will not only serve to honor and perpetuate Cartier's
-memory, but will also commemorate the establishment of Confederation,
-in which he played such a conspicuous part. In addition to the imposing
-statue of Cartier the memorial will bear statues representing every one
-of the nine provinces of the Dominion, the whole symbolical of that
-United Canada, which was one of Cartier's cherished dreams.
-
-In connection with the unveiling of the memorial, it is proposed to
-hold a series of commemorative celebrations, and it is confidently
-expected that the citizens of Montreal, ever alive as they are to the
-interests and reputation of the commercial metropolis, will give their
-hearty support and co-operation in making the celebration worthy not
-only of the memory of the great statesman, but also of the leading city
-of the Dominion, with which he was so closely identified.
-
-And when, Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, on the 6th of September of
-next year, the one hundredth anniversary of Cartier's birth, amidst
-the plaudits of hundreds of thousands of Canadians of all origins,
-creeds, and political leanings, the veil shall be removed from the
-magnificent memorial which shall stand on one of the commanding slopes
-of Mount Royal, testifying to the grateful recognition of the whole
-Dominion, justice shall have been done to the memory of one who loved
-his country, who accomplished great works for its benefit, whose heart
-was ever stirred by that feeling of ardent devotion to his native land
-which he himself expressed in those burning words of patriotism:
-
-"_O Canada, Mon Pays, Mes Amours!_"[6]
-
-
-
-
-O CANADA, MY OWN BELOVED LAND![7]
-
-From the French "O CANADA, MON PAYS, MES AMOURS," of Sir George Etienne
-Cartier.
-
-
-BY JOHN BOYD
-
-For the Cartier Centenary.
-
-
-     "One's own land is best of all,"
-       So an ancient adage says;
-     To sing it is the poet's call,
-       Mine be to sing my fair land's praise.
-     Strangers behold with envious eyes
-       St. Lawrence's tide so swift and grand,
-     But the Canadian proudly cries,
-       O Canada, my own beloved land!
-
-     Rivers and streams in myriad maze
-       Meander through our fertile plains,
-     Midst many a lofty mountain's haze,
-       What vast expanse the vision chains!
-     Vales, hills and rapids, forest brakes--
-       What panorama near so grand!
-     Who doth not love thy limpid lakes,
-       O Canada, my own beloved land!
-
-     Each season of the passing year,
-       In turn, attractions hath to bless.
-     Spring like an ardent wooer, dear,
-       Besports fair flowers and verdant dress;
-     Summer anon prepares to wrest
-       The harvest rare with joyful hand;
-     In Fall and Winter, feast and jest.
-       O Canada, my own beloved land!
-
-     Canadians, like their sires of old
-       Revel in song and gaily live,
-     Mild, gentle, free, not overbold,
-       Polite and gallant, welcome give.
-     Patriots, to country ever leal,
-       They, foes of slavery, staunchly stand;
-     Their watchword is the peace and weal
-       Of Canada, their beloved land.
-
-     Each country vaunts its damsels fair,
-       (I quite agree with truth they boast)
-     But our Canadian girls must share
-       The witching charm of beauty's host,
-     So lovely they and so sincere,
-       With that French charm of magic wand,
-     Coquettish just to make them dear.
-       O Canada, my own beloved land!
-
-     O my country, thou art blest,
-       Favoured of all the nations now!
-     But the stranger's vile behest
-       Would the seeds of discord sow.
-     May thy brave sons for thy sake
-       Join to help thee, hand in hand,
-     For thy great day doth e'en now break,
-       O Canada, my own beloved land!
-
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[1] Dr. Parkin--Life of Sir John A. Macdonald.
-
-[2] John Lewis, Life of George Brown.
-
-[3] Dr. Parkin--Life of Sir John A. Macdonald.
-
-[4] A. D. DeCelles, Cartier Et Son Temps.
-
-[5] Sir Adolphe Routhier-Conférence sur Sir George Etienne Cartier,
-issued by the Cartier Centenary Committee in pamphlet form.
-
-[6] See following pages.
-
-[7] The above which is a faithful translation of the famous
-French-Canadian national song, "O Canada Mon Pays, Mes Amours," is
-intended simply to give the sense of the original. The song was
-composed in 1835 by George Etienne Cartier, then a young man of 21 who
-was destined to become one of the most illustrious figures in Canadian
-history. Cartier was for some time secretary of the St. Jean Baptiste
-Association which was founded by Ludger Duvernay in 1834, and it was
-at the first celebration of St. Jean Baptiste day held in Montreal in
-1835, that the song was sung for the first time by Cartier himself.
-
-As the result of the indefatigable efforts of the president of the
-Cartier Centenary Committee, Mr. E. W. Villeneuve and those associated
-with him in this patriotic undertaking, the Centenary of Sir George
-Etienne Cartier's birth will be commemorated in 1914 by the unveiling
-of a magnificent monument on Mount Royal, and a series of historic
-celebrations. A brilliant success is assured for the Centenary
-celebration, and the splendid memorial which will stand on one of the
-slopes of Mount Royal will forever commemorate the illustrious career
-of Cartier and the great work of Canadian Confederation with which he
-was prominently identified.
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER ***
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-  <tr><td>Title:</td><td>Sir George Etienne Cartier</td></tr>
-  <tr><td></td><td>His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: John Boyd</div>
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-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER ***</div>
-
-<div class="mynote"><p class="center">Transcriber's Note:<br /><br />
-Obvious typographic errors have been corrected.<br /></p></div>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div class="center"><img src="images/front.jpg" alt="front" /></div>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
-
-<h1>Sir George Etienne Cartier</h1>
-
-<p class="bold">His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal</p>
-
-<p class="bold2 space-above"><span class="double-underline">AN ADDRESS</span></p>
-
-<p class="bold">DELIVERED BEFORE THE<br />CANADIAN CLUB OF MONTREAL</p>
-
-<p class="bold"><i>April 7th, 1913</i></p>
-
-<p class="bold space-above">BY</p>
-
-<p class="bold2">JOHN BOYD</p>
-
-<p class="bold">Author of The Memorial History of the Life<br />and Times of Sir George
-Etienne Cartier</p>
-
-<p class="bold">(To be issued in connection with the<br />Cartier Centenary Celebration,
-1914)</p>
-
-<p class="bold space-above"><span class="smcap">Issued by the</span> CARTIER CENTENARY COMMITTEE<br />MONTREAL<br />1913</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="center"><img src="images/i002.jpg" alt="THE CARTIER CENTENARY" /></div>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="center"><img src="images/frontis.jpg" alt="SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER" /></div>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="center">The accompanying address has been registered in accordance<br />with the
-Copyright Act by <span class="smcap">John Boyd</span>.</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
-
-<h2>FOREWORD.</h2>
-
-<p>The great interest that has been aroused in the Cartier Centenary
-movement was shown by the large gathering which assembled at the
-Canadian Club luncheon in the Sailors' Institute on Monday, April 7th,
-1913, to hear Mr. John Boyd speak on "Sir George Etienne Cartier, His
-Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal." The speaker's references
-to the work that Cartier had accomplished for Canada, and especially
-to the great services that he rendered to the City of Montreal, were
-enthusiastically applauded by the large audience of representative
-business men.</p>
-
-<p>The accompanying address which includes a summary of Sir George Etienne
-Cartier's career and achievements is but a preliminary to the Memorial
-History of the Life and Times of Cartier which is now being written
-by Mr. John Boyd, and which will deal exhaustively not only with
-Cartier's career but also with the whole period covered by that career,
-one of the most memorable periods of Canadian history. The work will
-be published next year under the auspices of the Cartier Centenary
-Committee in connection with the great commemorative celebration of the
-one hundredth anniversary of Cartier's birth.</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
-
-<h2>SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER</h2>
-
-<p class="bold">His Work for Canada and His Services to Montreal.</p>
-
-<p class="center">(AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BY MR. JOHN BOYD BEFORE<br />THE
-CANADIAN CLUB OF MONTREAL, APRIL 7th, 1913.)</p>
-
-<hr class="smler" />
-
-<p>Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen:</p>
-
-<p>The subject of the address which I have the privilege of delivering
-to-day is "Sir George Etienne Cartier, His Work for Canada and His
-Services to Montreal."</p>
-
-<p>Let me at the outset, Mr. Chairman, express my deep appreciation of the
-honor the Executive of the Canadian Club has done me in inviting me to
-address the members of this important and representative organization.</p>
-
-<p>When, in 1892, through the efforts of Mr. Charles R. McCullough of
-Hamilton, the first Canadian Club was organized, a movement was
-inaugurated of the utmost importance to the Dominion. Every important
-centre throughout the country now has its Canadian Club, and these
-organizations, or as they have been well termed, these "universities
-of the people" now numbering nearly one hundred, are doing a splendid
-work in fostering a spirit of patriotism and in creating that national
-sentiment which is so essential to Canada's welfare. The Canadian Club
-of Montreal, composed as it is of the most representative citizens of
-the commercial metropolis, has ever been foremost in this great work,
-and it is indeed a privilege to have the opportunity of addressing such
-a gathering.</p>
-
-<p>What more appropriate subject, Mr. Chairman, could be found for an
-address before a Canadian Club, than the career of one of our great
-nation-builders, of one who helped to lay the foundations of Canadian
-nationality and of the Dominion's greatness?</p>
-
-<p>It is not my intention, Mr. Chairman, nor would time permit on this
-occasion, to deal exhaustively with the life and achievements of Sir
-George Etienne Cartier. That is now engaging my attention in another
-form, and when the Memorial History of the Life and Times of George
-Etienne Cartier shall appear, it will, I trust be found to be at
-least an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> exhaustive review of a great career and of one of the most
-memorable periods of Canadian history. On this occasion, owing to the
-limited time at my disposal, I shall content myself with reviewing
-succinctly Cartier's public career and achievements, dwelling briefly
-on the lessons of his life with special emphasis upon the great work
-that he did for Canada in general and the eminent services which he
-rendered to the City of Montreal in particular.</p>
-
-<p>I shall take it for granted, Gentleman, that you are all conversant
-with the main facts of Cartier's career, from his birth at St. Antoine
-on the Richelieu River on September 6th, 1814, until his entrance to
-public life at the age of 34 in 1848, from that date until he became
-Prime Minister of United Canada in 1858, and from that until his death
-in 1873 when he held the portfolio of Minister of Militia and Defence
-in the Dominion Government.</p>
-
-<p>Cartier's public career covered a period of some twenty-five years,
-that is to say from 1848 to 1873. What fruitful efforts, what
-herculanean labors, what great achievements, what struggles, defeats
-and triumphs were crowded within the compass of that career! The period
-which it covered was one of the most remarkable, if not the most
-remarkable, in the whole range of Canadian history. It was a period
-which witnessed many great constitutional changes, many transformations
-of parties, many fierce political struggles. It saw the beginning and
-the end of the Union, it marked the triumph of the long struggle for
-responsible government, it witnessed the birth of Confederation. It was
-a period fecund of great events and momentous developments, it was also
-a period rendered notable by the long succession of great statesmen
-whose names must forever be illustrious in Canadian history.</p>
-
-<p>During all of that period Cartier played an active part and at times
-occupied a pre-eminent position.</p>
-
-<p>At the beginning of his career, Cartier was a zealous reformer. In his
-youth like so many other ardent spirits of the time he came under the
-influence of Louis Joseph Papineau, when that great French Canadian
-tribune, with his incomparable eloquence, was thundering against those
-administrative abuses which were directly responsible for the troubles
-of the period. Nor was Papineau alone in his opposition to what Cartier
-described as the action of a minority which sought to dominate the
-majority and exploit the government in its own interests. Papineau,
-it should be remembered had the support of leading English-speaking
-Canadians, such as the distinguished Wolfred Nelson, afterwards Mayor
-of Montreal; in fact it is a noteworthy historical feature that some
-of the leading figures in the struggle for responsible government
-in Lower Canada were English-speaking. Cartier's participation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> in
-the rising of 1837 was due to the ardor and impetuosity of youth and
-the sincere convictions he held that the prevailing evils called for
-drastic measures. His experience convinced him of the folly of an
-appeal to arms; he realized that the remedy for existing evils must be
-sought, not through armed resistance to the constituted authorities,
-but through constitutional agitation and legislative action. He became
-a staunch supporter of LaFontaine's policy, and one of his earliest
-campaign speeches was made in advocacy of the principle of ministerial
-responsibility during the crisis resulting from the resignation of
-the LaFontaine-Baldwin Government in 1844. In 1848, when Cartier
-first entered Parliament, the struggle for responsible government,
-thanks to the efforts of those two great statesmen, Louis Hypolite
-LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin, whose names will forever be held in the
-highest honor by all Canadians, had been fought and won. When justice
-had been secured and existing abuses remedied by the granting of
-responsible government, Cartier became, and ever afterwards continued
-to be one of the warmest supporters and most zealous champions of
-British institutions, a strong advocate of the maintenance of British
-connection and a passionate lover of the British flag.</p>
-
-<p>Cartier was the destined successor of LaFontaine in the great work of
-reconstruction, pacification, and conciliation, and when LaFontaine
-retired in 1851, and was followed a few years later by that other
-eminent French-Canadian statesman, Auguste Norbert Morin, Cartier's
-path to the leadership of his native province was clear. For years he
-was the undisputed leader: his voice, as has been well said, was the
-voice of Quebec.</p>
-
-<p>The struggle for responsible government having been won, an era of
-marked industrial expansion and development followed under the Union.
-It was an era of railway building, of canal construction, of the
-establishment of great public works. Cartier, owing to his practical
-qualities, his great business abilities, his mastery of details, and
-his administrative capacities, was eminently qualified to obtain
-a leading position during such a period. He achieved distinction
-as a reformer, as an able administrator, as a legislator, and as a
-constructive statesman. His name is attached to some of the most
-important Acts of a period prolific of important legislation. It
-is sufficient to mention in this connection such measures as the
-construction of the Montreal and Portland Railway, the decentralization
-of the judiciary, the codification of the civil laws and of civil
-procedure, the modification of the criminal law, the Municipal Act of
-Lower Canada, the Act relating to registration offices, the abolition
-of the seigniorial tenure, the choice of Ottawa as the Capital of
-Canada, the construction of the Grand Trunk Railway<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> and the Victoria
-Bridge, the organization of the educational system of Lower Canada, the
-improvement and deepening of the St. Lawrence, the building of canals,
-the union of the provinces of British North America, the acquisition
-of the North-West Territories, the construction of the Intercolonial
-Railway, the establishment of the Province of Manitoba, the admission
-of British Columbia into Confederation, the establishment of the
-militia system and the initiation of the Canadian Pacific Railway.</p>
-
-<p>It would not be in accordance with that absolute truth which is
-demanded of history, to even infer that to Cartier alone is due the
-credit for the passage of all of these great measures. Many eminent
-men contributed by their efforts to their achievement. But to Cartier
-may fairly be adjudged the merit without detracting from the merits
-of others, of having taken an active part in the achievement of all
-of these important measures, of having devoted his great energies and
-abilities to their accomplishment, and of having played a determining
-part in the achievement of some of them. Some of these measures
-were of material benefit to the progress of the country. The legal
-reforms for which Cartier is entitled to the sole credit, constitute
-in themselves a monument to his wise statesmanship. Other measures
-in which he played a determining part, such as Confederation, were
-of an epoch-making character, in connection with Canada's national
-development and well-being. As an eminent French-Canadian writer, the
-late Senator Tassé, has well remarked, more than one of these measures
-would have been sufficient to immortalize Cartier. He was, to use
-Senator Tassé's words, at one and the same time a legislator, a founder
-of constitutions, a peaceful conqueror.</p>
-
-<h3>Cartier and Confederation</h3>
-
-<p>The greatest work in which Cartier participated, and in which it
-is freely acknowledged he played a determining part, was of course
-the establishment of Confederation. The idea of a union of all the
-provinces of British North America did not originate with Cartier,
-any more than it originated with Macdonald, Tupper, Tilley, Brown or
-the other great Fathers of Confederation. Proposals to that effect
-had been made long before, and the idea was one that had arisen
-in many minds as a desirable consummation and as a remedy for the
-chaotic conditions which then prevailed. But the idea was one that was
-heartily supported by Cartier from a very early period, and to the
-Cartier-Macdonald Government of which he became the head in 1858 as
-Prime<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> Minister of United Canada must be given the credit of having
-taken the first practical steps to bring about Confederation. One of
-the items of that government's programme was the union of the British
-North American provinces, and soon after the close of the session
-of 1858, a delegation composed of three members of the Government,
-Cartier himself, A. T. Galt, and John Rose went to England to press
-the matter upon the Imperial Government. A memorandum submitted to the
-Imperial authorities and signed by Cartier, Galt and Rose urged the
-Imperial Government to take steps to have a meeting of delegates from
-all the British North American provinces to consider the question of
-Confederation and to report upon it.</p>
-
-<p>Though the steps taken in 1858 had no immediate result, the fact
-remains that the Government of which Cartier was the head, was the
-first to take up the question of the union of the British North
-American provinces, that, as the lamented Thomas D'Arcy McGee remarked
-in his great speech during the Confederation debate "the first real
-stage of the success of Confederation, the thing that gave importance
-to the theory in men's minds, was the memorandum of 1858, signed by
-Cartier, Galt and Rose. The recommendation in that memorandum" said
-McGee, "laid dormant until revived by the Constitutional Committee
-which led to the coalition, which led to the Quebec Conference, which
-led to the draft of the Constitution now on our table, and which" added
-McGee with assurance "will lead, I am fain to believe, to the union
-of all these provinces,"&mdash;an assurance, which was not long afterwards
-happily fulfilled.</p>
-
-<p>Cartier was the leader of the Quebec wing of the Coalition Ministry.
-He was a delegate to the Charlottetown Conference, as well as a member
-of the Quebec Conference. He took a leading part in the Confederation
-debates, ably defending the measure against the attacks made upon it.
-With Macdonald, Brown and Galt he was deputed after the scheme had
-been adopted by the Legislature to go to England to confer with Her
-Majesty's Government; he was also one of the delegates who sat in
-Conference from the 4th to the 24th December, 1866, at the Westminster
-Palace Hotel in London, and at which a series of 69 resolutions, based
-on those of the Quebec Conference, were finally passed. The sittings
-of that famous conference were renewed early in January of 1867, a
-series of draft bills were drawn up, and revised by the Imperial law
-officers, a bill was submitted to the Imperial Parliament in February,
-and on March 29th, under the title of the British North America Act,
-it received the royal assent. A royal proclamation issued from Windsor
-Castle on May 22nd, 1867, appointed July 1st as the date upon which the
-Act should come into force, and the following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> first of July witnessed
-the birth of what the Governor-General, Lord Monck, well designated as
-"a new nationality".</p>
-
-<p>The men who assembled at Quebec on October 10th, 1864, to devise means
-for bringing about the union of the British North American provinces,
-had momentous problems to solve, but they were all men of the most
-ardent patriotism, of the broadest views, and with a firm determination
-to carry to a successful issue the great work with which they had
-been entrusted. How they succeeded in their task we all know. It has
-been well remarked by one of the biographers of Sir John A. Macdonald
-that there are three men besides Macdonald who in the establishment
-of Confederation and in securing the large results which followed
-from that epoch-making measure, demand special mention. Those men
-were George Etienne Cartier, Charles Tupper, and Leonard Tilley.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
-Justice demands that George Brown should also be named amongst the
-great Fathers of Confederation, for without the co-operation of that
-eminent Liberal statesman it is questionable whether Confederation
-under the circumstances could have been effected at that time. It
-was George Brown who made the proposals which rendered the coalition
-ministry possible, and by sinking all party considerations and personal
-differences in a grave crisis of his country's history, he performed a
-signal act of patriotism, which entitles his name to a high place on
-Canada's roll of honor. It was in fact a striking lesson in patriotism
-and in devotion to country, to find men like Macdonald and Cartier on
-the one hand, and Brown on the other, forgetting all past differences
-and even bitter personal animosities, and sitting at the same council
-board to devise means by which the public interests might be served
-at a most critical juncture. Nor, amongst the leading Fathers of
-Confederation must Sir A. T. Galt be forgotten, for that distinguished
-statesman was a most zealous advocate of Confederation, holding that
-unless a union was effected, the provinces would inevitably drift
-into the United States. During the parliamentary session of 1858 he
-strongly advocated the federal union of all the British North American
-provinces, and as has been justly said, the resolutions which Galt then
-moved in favor of such a union, entitle him to a high place amongst the
-promoters of Confederation<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Of the thirty-two statesmen who assembled at Quebec in 1864 and framed
-the Quebec resolutions which formed the basis of Confederation, but one
-survives to-day, and the Cartier Centenary movement has the privilege
-of having that great statesman whose name will forever be linked with
-the names of Macdonald and Cartier, as its patron. Still<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> hale and
-hearty in his 92nd year, Sir Charles Tupper enjoys the veneration
-and esteem of all Canadians. It has been justly said by Sir John A.
-Macdonald's biographer, that in the "reconciliation of Nova Scotia to
-Confederation; in carrying out a great expensive and hazardous railway
-policy; in the establishment of a national fiscal system; in making
-Canadian expansion compatible with complete allegiance to the Empire,
-the aid which Macdonald received from Sir Charles Tupper, can scarcely
-be exaggerated. In him great natural ability and power as a platform
-speaker were united with a splendid optimism about his country, a
-courage that feared nothing, and a resoluteness of purpose which
-despised any obstacles with which he could be confronted."<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
-
-<p>It is not minimizing the services of any of the other illustrious
-Fathers of Confederation, to say that Cartier played a leading, in
-fact a determining part, in the achievement of that measure. His great
-colleagues have generously testified to the pre-eminent services which
-he rendered at that time.</p>
-
-<p>"Cartier was as bold as a lion. He was just the man I wanted: but for
-him Confederation should not have been carried," was the emphatic
-declaration made by Sir John A. Macdonald on the day when he unveiled
-the statue of his great colleague at Ottawa.</p>
-
-<p>Sir Charles Tupper's tribute is equally eloquent and emphatic. "I have
-no hesitation," he says, "in saying that without Cartier there would
-have been no Confederation, and therefore Canada owes him a debt that
-can never be repaid."</p>
-
-<p>Dr Parkin in his life of Sir John A. Macdonald, in the "Makers of
-Canada" series, also pays a just tribute to Cartier for his work in
-connection with Confederation when he says: "Without Cartier's loyal
-help, it would scarcely have been possible, when the effort for union
-came, to allay the anxiety of the French-Canadians lest they should be
-swallowed up, and their individuality be lost in the large proposed
-confederacy."</p>
-
-<p>Cartier's position at that time, it must be remembered, was an
-extremely difficult one, in fact, it is the difficulties which he
-then encountered and the manner in which he triumphed over them, that
-entitled him to all the more credit. "Never did a French-Canadian
-statesman" as an eminent French-Canadian writer has remarked, "have to
-face a greater responsibility than that which Cartier assumed the day
-when he had the alternative of accepting or refusing Confederation.
-Neither Papineau nor LaFontaine had to place in the balance such grave
-issues. Their role was reduced to demanding liberty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> for Canadians.
-Cartier had to choose between a problematical future and a recognized
-state of affairs, with well defined advantages. Would as many
-guarantees be found in the edifice which was to be constructed? By
-accepting the confederation of the provinces, was it not leaving the
-certain for the uncertain? Such were the questions which agitated minds
-anxiously weighed."<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
-
-<p>There was strong opposition to Confederation in Quebec as well as
-in other provinces. Cartier had to face the powerful attacks of
-redoubtable and able antagonists who maintained that Confederation
-would be detrimental to the interests of the French-Canadians. His
-contention was that with general interests entrusted to a central
-government and local interests to local legislatures, the rights of
-the French-Canadians would be amply safeguarded. Cartier maintained
-his position in the face of the most determined opposition and even
-against bitter personal attacks. He had his vindication when in the
-elections of 1867 the people of Quebec returned him to Parliament with
-a triumphant following.</p>
-
-<p>And has not the course of events since Confederation vindicated the
-position which Cartier then took? The French-Canadians have not only
-enjoyed the fullest freedom in the direction of provincial affairs,
-but they have played a large and important part in the public life
-of Canada, a French-Canadian has occupied the exalted position of
-Prime Minister of the Dominion, and no matter whether they agree
-with his policy or not, all fair-minded Canadians must admit that
-Sir Wilfrid Laurier personally filled that great office with the
-utmost distinction, with credit to himself and to his country. Under
-Confederation there has been friction at times due in most cases to
-demagogic appeals to popular passion and racial feeling, but the sound
-common sense of the mass of the people has always asserted itself,
-and the governmental and legislative machinery has been found elastic
-enough to meet ever increasing demands.</p>
-
-<p>A notable tribute was recently paid to Cartier and the other great
-Fathers of Confederation by that distinguished British statesman,
-diplomat, and author, Right Hon. James Bryce, when in addressing this
-Club a few weeks ago he said: "Not less remarkable than your material
-progress has been the growth of your constitutional government,
-although in its early days there were not wanting people to show that
-Canada could never be a great nation. Your federal system has worked
-on the whole with wonderful success and with little friction. It has
-worked perhaps better than anywhere else in the world; I think<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> the
-only example of equal success is that of Switzerland. You have had the
-great problem of two races living side by side, of peoples different in
-race and language, whom the federal system was designed to unite, while
-the federation of districts so dissimilar as the province of British
-Columbia, the prairies, and the Maritime Provinces shows that as far
-as adaptation to local conditions is concerned the federal system has
-been an unqualified success. And this success is a tribute to the
-capacity of the men who have governed as well as to those who framed
-the constitution."</p>
-
-<p>The successful working of the federal system in Canada to which Mr.
-Bryce bore testimony, is another striking proof of the wise and
-far-sighted statesmanship of Cartier and the other public men who
-framed our constitution.</p>
-
-<h3>Other Great Measures</h3>
-
-<p>Confederation having been accomplished, Cartier's energies were
-directed to measures for the strengthening and defence of the national
-fabric. He was largely instrumental in determining the route of the
-Intercolonial Railway, and in having that road, which it is admitted
-has been a most important factor in consolidating the Dominion,
-completed. One of the most important measures of Cartier's public
-career, was undoubtedly the one which, as Minister of Militia and
-Defence, he presented to Parliament on March 31st, 1868, and which
-provided for the organization of the Canadian Militia, a measure that
-is the basis of our whole militia system.</p>
-
-<p>Confederation, as you know, originally included only the four provinces
-of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. It was the desire
-of Cartier, as it was that of Macdonald, to see established a united
-Canada, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific, a great maritime
-as well as land power with the furthest east united to the furthest
-west by a great transcontinental railway system. When the union of
-the four provinces had been accomplished, Cartier was steadfast in
-his efforts to secure the accomplishment of the larger idea. He fully
-realized the possibilities of the great West and the importance of
-securing for the Dominion that vast territory, the development of which
-has been the marvel of the past quarter of a century. Largely through
-his efforts, the great western territory now forming the Provinces
-of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, was secured from the Hudson's
-Bay Company on most advantageous terms. When we realize that this
-immensely rich territory, the "granary of the Empire" was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> acquired
-for the Dominion for the insignificant sum of $1,500,000, largely
-through the negotiations which Cartier conducted in England, some idea
-of the importance of the services he rendered in that connection,
-may be formed. Cartier also framed the bill creating the Province of
-Manitoba, which he presented and had passed at the session of 1871.
-Only one thing was needed to round out Confederation, and that was
-the admission of British Columbia. In the negotiations which resulted
-in the admission of that great Province into the Dominion, Cartier
-played a leading part, and it was he, who on November 28th, 1871,
-presented the bill to Parliament providing that British Columbia should
-become a portion of the Dominion. On that occasion Cartier hailed the
-realization of his dream of a united Canada extending from ocean to
-ocean, with pardonable pride.</p>
-
-<p>"I cannot close my explanations," he declared, "without impressing
-on the honorable members the greatness of the work. This young
-Confederation is on the point of extending over the whole northern
-portion of the continent, and when we consider that it took our
-neighbors sixty years to extend to the Pacific, where will be found
-in the history of the world anything comparable to our marvellous
-prosperity? I have always maintained that a nation to be great must
-have maritime power. We possess maritime power in a high degree. Our
-union with the maritime provinces gives us a seaboard on the east, and
-now our union with British Columbia will give us a seaboard on the
-west."</p>
-
-<p>With the admission of British Columbia to Confederation, the dream
-of Cartier and of Macdonald, of a united Canada extending from ocean
-to ocean, was realized. But one thing more was required to bind the
-scattered provinces firmly together-a great transcontinental railway.
-Cartier was one of the strongest advocates of such an undertaking,
-and to him belongs the glory of having had passed the first charter
-for the Canadian Pacific Railway. One of the terms of the union of
-British Columbia with Canada under the Act presented by Cartier, was
-the construction of such a road. It is related that the delegates of
-British Columbia during the negotiations urged upon Cartier that a
-railway should be built across the Prairies to the foot of the Rockies,
-and that a colonization road should be laid out from the foot of the
-Rockies to the Coast. "No," replied Cartier, "that will not do; ask for
-a railway the whole way and you will get it." Some leading public men
-of the time thought that Cartier was willing to undertake too great
-an obligation, but events have more than justified his optimism. At
-the session of 1872, Cartier presented resolutions providing for the
-construction of the Canadian Pacific. After a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>remarkable debate, a
-bill based on the resolutions was adopted, and Cartier, springing to
-his feet, gave utterance amidst loud cheers to the expression which has
-become historic: "All aboard for the West."</p>
-
-<p>It was the last great triumph of his public career. He did not live to
-see the realization of his dream, for it was not until thirteen years
-afterwards, that is to say, on November 7th, 1885, that the last spike
-of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway was driven by Sir
-Donald Smith, now Lord Strathcona, at Craigellachie, a small village
-of British Columbia, and on July 24th, 1886, Cartier's great colleague
-and fellow-worker for a united Canada, Sir John A. Macdonald personally
-reached the Pacific by rail from Ottawa.</p>
-
-<p>Though Cartier did not live to see the completion of the gigantic
-undertaking which meant so much for Canada, it is one of his chief
-merits that he was one of its initiators and strongest supporters, and
-that he foresaw and foretold its great future.</p>
-
-<p>"Before very long", he declared, addressing Parliament, "the English
-traveller who lands at Halifax will be able in five or six days to
-cover half of the continent inhabited by British subjects."</p>
-
-<p>How Cartier's prophecy has been fulfilled we all know. The traveller
-landing to-day at Halifax can reach Victoria by means of the Canadian
-Pacific in less than six days. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company has
-become one of the greatest corporations in the world, operating not
-only a great transcontinental railway, and a chain of palatial hotels,
-but also possessing magnificent fleets on the Atlantic and the Pacific,
-with its vessels now encircling the globe. It has progressed stage by
-stage until under the able direction of its present distinguished head,
-Sir Thomas Shaughnessy, it has attained the greatest position in its
-history. The company's expansion has in fact been one of the marvels
-of history, and with the continued development of the Dominion, its
-achievements, great as they have been, will undoubtedly be surpassed
-in the future. Cartier, by his strenuous advocacy of the construction
-of the road in days when faith in the future was at a discount, gave
-another evidence of his great foresight as well as of his faith in the
-future of the Dominion which he did so much to establish.</p>
-
-<h3>Cartier and Macdonald</h3>
-
-<p>No review of Cartier's career, however summary, would be complete
-without some reference to the alliance that existed between him and
-that other great Canadian statesman, Sir John A. Macdonald, an alliance
-which was for a long period a most important factor in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> public
-life of Canada. In his great painting "The Fathers of Confederation,"
-the artist Harris most appropriately places Macdonald and Cartier
-conspicuously in the centre of the group, and the names of those two
-great statesmen must forever be linked in connection with that epoch
-making measure.</p>
-
-<p>Macdonald and Cartier began their public careers within a few years
-of each other, Macdonald being first returned to Parliament in 1844,
-while Cartier became a member in 1848. The two men first became
-closely associated as members of the same Government, the MacNab-Taché
-Ministry, formed in 1855, in which ministry Macdonald held the
-portfolio of Attorney-General for Upper Canada while Cartier was
-Provincial Secretary, the first public office he held. From that time
-until the day of Cartier's death, the association between the two
-men remained practically unbroken. Their alliance, as has been well
-said, was based on equal consideration for the rightful claims of both
-nationalities.</p>
-
-<p>Each of the two men had qualities not possessed by the other.
-Macdonald had a magnetic personality, he was a consummate tactician,
-an incomparable leader of men. He had that genius which enables its
-possessor to seize and make the most of an opportunity. He had that
-quality so indispensable in a great leader of gaining the loyal and
-devoted support of men of widely different characters and temperaments.
-Macdonald in short combined the grasp of a statesman with the arts of a
-politician. Cartier excelled as an administrator, he was a tireless and
-indefatigable worker who never spared himself and who expected others
-to follow his example. He studied and analyzed all subjects which he
-had to handle to the very bottom, and when he came to discuss them he
-had a complete mastery of all the details. He was strong, nay, even
-dogmatic, in his convictions; once his mind was made up he pursued
-the path he had marked out for himself with persistent determination,
-heedless of all obstacles in his way. To his followers his word was
-law, and he exacted from them an unswerving obedience. His energy was
-prodigious: he deserved the designation given to him by Gladstone when
-that great statesman said that Cartier was "<i>un homme qui semble être
-légion</i>",&mdash;a man who was a legion in himself. Cartier's was essentially
-a strong and determined character.</p>
-
-<p>It was of course impossible that men of such different temperaments as
-Macdonald and Cartier and representing often such divergent interests,
-should not have their differences sometimes, but whatever differences
-they may have had never interfered with the high personal esteem and
-regard they entertained for each other. </p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>At a great banquet given in his honor by the Bar of Toronto on February
-8th, 1866, Macdonald took occasion to pay a warm and generous tribute
-to his French-Canadian colleague who was one of the guests of honor.</p>
-
-<p>"I wish to say," declared Macdonald, "that Hon. Mr. Cartier has a right
-to share in the honors which I am receiving to-night, because I have
-never made an appeal to him or to the Lower Canadians in vain. There
-is not in the whole of Canada a heart more devoted to his friends. If
-I have succeeded in introducing the institutions of Great Britain, it
-is due in great part, to my friend, who has never permitted under his
-administration that the bonds which attach us to England should be
-weakened."</p>
-
-<p>Cartier was equally generous in appreciation of his great colleague.
-Speaking at a banquet tendered Macdonald by the citizens of Kingston on
-September 6th, 1866, Cartier said:</p>
-
-<p>"Kingston is indeed a favored city, for it has for its representative
-a statesman who has never yet been surpassed in Canada, and who
-probably never will be in the future. I have had the happiness of being
-associated with the member for Kingston in my public career, and of
-having formed with him an alliance which has already lasted longer
-than all alliances of this kind in Canada. The success which we have
-obtained together has been due to the fact that we have repelled all
-sectional feelings and sought what might benefit Canada as a whole."</p>
-
-<p>That was the keynote of the Cartier-Macdonald alliance, the
-subordination of all sectional and racial feeling to the welfare of
-Canada as a whole. Cartier throughout his long public career was
-essentially a peacemaker, who always strove to promote a better feeling
-between the two races. A striking testimony to the success of his
-efforts in that direction was given on one occasion in Parliament when
-Mr. Benjamin, a leading Ontario member, declared: "I cannot refrain
-from acknowledging that Mr. Cartier has done more to unite the two
-races and to re-establish harmony between them, than any other member
-of the House."</p>
-
-<p>Well shall it always be for the Dominion, if its public men, no matter
-to what political party they may belong, always adhere to the sane
-and true principles upon which the Macdonald-Cartier alliance was
-based&mdash;mutual toleration and good-will, respect for the rights of all,
-the co-operation of races, the safeguarding of Canada's autonomy, and
-the development of Canadian nationality. The Macdonald-Cartier alliance
-in fact symbolized that union which should always exist between
-English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians. And why<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> should there
-not be union? What matters it whether we speak different languages or
-worship at different altars, if we always remember that we are all
-Canadians, mutually interested in the welfare and aggrandizement of our
-common country. That was the spirit which actuated both Cartier and
-Macdonald during their long association, and it will be well if such a
-spirit always prevails in the Dominion. It is only, in fact, upon such
-a basis that the permanence of Confederation, of which Macdonald and
-Cartier were the principal architects, can be assured.</p>
-
-<h3>For Canadian Nationality</h3>
-
-<p>The aim of Macdonald, Cartier, and the other great Fathers of
-Confederation, was to establish broad and deep the foundations of a
-Canadian nationality, based on the broadest principles of justice,
-tolerance, and equal rights. All their public utterances during
-the Confederation negotiations, testify to this fact. Macdonald's
-conception was that as the Dominion progressed it would become, to use
-his own words, year by year less a case of dependence on our part, and
-of overwhelming protection on the part of the Mother Country, and more
-a case of healthy and cordial alliance, that instead of looking upon
-us as a merely dependent colony, England would have in us a friendly
-nation&mdash;a subordinate but still a powerful people&mdash;to stand by her in
-North America in peace or war.</p>
-
-<p>It is given to some men to have a vision that foresees the future
-and enables them to provide for momentous developments. Both Cartier
-and Macdonald were such men. It is in fact the supreme merit of
-Cartier that whilst always standing firmly for the rights of his
-French-Canadian compatriots, his vision was not confined to the
-Province of Quebec. If any one does, Cartier deserves the distinction
-of being known as a great Canadian. There was nothing narrow or
-provincial in his views. His idea was a united Canada, stretching
-from ocean to ocean, in which men of all races, languages and creeds
-should work together as brethren for the welfare and advancement of
-their common country. Cartier's desire was that his French-Canadian
-compatriots should not confine their attention to the Province of
-Quebec, but should take their full share in the life of the Dominion,
-that they should above all rejoice in the name "Canadian," be proud of
-the great Dominion and work for its welfare in co-operation with their
-English-speaking fellow countrymen.</p>
-
-<p>"Objection is made to our project," says Cartier, in his great speech
-during the Confederation debates, "because of the words 'a new
-nationality'. But if we unite we will form a political nationality<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
-independent of the national origin and religion of individuals. Some
-have regretted that we have a distinction of races and have expressed
-the hope that in time this diversity will disappear. The idea of a
-fusion of all races is utopian, it is an impossibility. Distinctions
-of this character will always exist, diversity is the order of the
-physical, moral and political worlds. As to the objection that we
-cannot form a great nation because Lower Canada is principally French
-and Catholic, Upper Canada English and Protestant, and the Maritime
-Provinces mixed, it is futile in the extreme.</p>
-
-<p>"Take for example the United Kingdom, inhabited as it is by three great
-races. Has the diversity of races been an obstacle to the progress and
-the welfare of Great Britain? Have not the three races united by their
-combined qualities, their energy and their courage, contributed to the
-glory of the Empire, to its laws of wise, to its success on land, on
-sea, and in commerce?</p>
-
-<p>"In our Confederation there will be Catholics and Protestants,
-English, French, Irish and Scotch, and each by its efforts and success
-will add to the prosperity of the Dominion, to the glory of a new
-Confederation. We are of different races, not to quarrel, but to work
-together for our common welfare. We cannot by law make the differences
-of race disappear, but I am convinced that the Anglo-Canadian and the
-French-Canadian will appreciate the advantages of their position. Set
-side by side like a great family, their contact will produce a happy
-spirit of emulation. The diversity of race will in fact, believe me,
-contribute to the common prosperity."</p>
-
-<p>What words of wisdom! What a spirit of true patriotism, of justice
-and of toleration they breathe! If Cartier in fact had never made any
-other utterance than this, it would be sufficient to stamp him as a
-true patriot and wise statesman. It will be well for Canada if such are
-always the guiding principles of its national life.</p>
-
-<p>While the idea of Macdonald and Cartier and the other great Fathers
-of Confederation was, as has been said, to establish a Canadian
-nationality, none the less was it their intention to perpetuate British
-institutions on the North American continent, to establish, to use
-Macdonald's expression, a friendly nation, enjoying, it is true, the
-most complete autonomy, but at the same time in alliance with Great
-Britain and the other portions of the Empire. No stronger believer
-in British institutions as the repository of freedom; no more ardent
-admirer of the British flag as the symbol of justice and liberty could
-be found than Cartier. In all his utterances during the Confederation,
-debates, he took special pains to emphasize that Confederation was
-intended not to weaken, but to strengthen, the ties between the
-Dominion, Great Britain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> and the other portions of the Empire.
-"Confederation," he said, in one of his speeches on the measure, "has
-for its first reason our common affection for British institutions, its
-object is to assure by all possible guarantees, their maintenance in
-the future."</p>
-
-<p>For the British flag Cartier on all occasions expressed a passionate
-devotion.</p>
-
-<p>"The Canadian people," he said at a great banquet given in his honor in
-London in 1869, "desires to remain faithful to the old flag of Great
-Britain, that flag which waves over all seas, which tyranny has never
-been able to overcome, that flag which symbolizes true liberty".</p>
-
-<p>These words expressed Cartier's deep and earnest conviction. During
-his several visits to Great Britain, he was deeply impressed by
-the greatness of British institutions. On those occasions he was
-the recipient of signal marks of honor; he was the personal guest
-of Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle for some time, and he received
-marked attention from Gladstone, Lord Lytton, and other distinguished
-British statesmen. His services in connection with the establishment
-of Confederation, as you know, were recognized by the conferring of a
-baronetcy upon him by Queen Victoria.</p>
-
-<h3>CARTIER'S WORK FOR MONTREAL</h3>
-
-<p>Having reviewed the great work which Cartier did for Canada in general,
-permit me to emphasize the eminent services which he rendered to
-Montreal. It is doubtful whether many Montrealers of the present
-generation fully realize the importance of Cartier's services to this
-city, and for that reason this portion of his career should be of
-special interest to citizens of this great metropolis.</p>
-
-<p>From 1861 until 1872, Cartier was one of the representatives of
-Montreal, first in the Parliament of United Canada, and afterwards
-in the House of Commons. During a portion of that period, he also
-represented Montreal-East in the Quebec Legislature under the system
-of dual representation which prevailed for some time following the
-establishment of Confederation. Montreal's interests were always dear
-to Cartier's heart, and throughout his long public career he zealously
-strove to promote the welfare and development of this city.</p>
-
-<p>Reference has already been made to the interest which Cartier showed
-from the outset of his career in railway construction. He realized that
-in order that Montreal might attain an unrivalled position, it would
-be necessary that railway communications should be established,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> that
-the St. Lawrence channel should be deepened, and that canals should be
-constructed and improved. One of the earliest of his speeches of which
-we have record was delivered at a great mass-meeting of the citizens
-of Montreal, held in 1846, on the Champ de Mars, to promote the
-construction of the Montreal &amp; Portland Railway to connect Montreal and
-Portland. Cartier on that occasion declared that such an undertaking
-was a truly national work. Alluding to the fact that property in such
-cities as Buffalo, Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, which
-had become great railway terminals, had as a result greatly increased
-in value, he declared that the same thing would happen in the case of
-Montreal if adequate railway facilities were established.</p>
-
-<p>"The prosperity of Montreal," he said, "depends upon its position as
-the great emporium for the commerce of the West, and we can only assure
-that prosperity by better means of transport from the waters of the
-West to the Atlantic by our canals and railways."</p>
-
-<p>When he became a member of Parliament Cartier continued his agitation
-for adequate railway facilities, and one of the first speeches he
-delivered in the legislature of United Canada, February 15th, 1849, was
-in advocacy of the completion of the Montreal &amp; Portland Railway.</p>
-
-<p>"There is no time to lose in the completion of the road," said Cartier
-on that occasion, "if we wish to assure for ourselves the commerce of
-the West. All the cities of the Atlantic Coast are disputing for that
-commerce."</p>
-
-<p>Referring to the efforts being made by New York, Philadelphia,
-Baltimore, and other American cities to capture this commerce, Cartier
-said: "In seeing the efforts that an intelligent population is making,
-we cannot doubt the importance of the trade of the lakes which they
-covet and the profits which will result. Now, we may secure the greater
-part of that trade by constructing this road as soon as possible."</p>
-
-<p>At another great mass meeting of the citizens of Montreal, held at the
-Bonsecours Market on July 31st, 1849, at which resolutions were adopted
-favoring the completion of the Montreal &amp; Portland Railway, on motion
-of Cartier, seconded by John Rose, it was resolved that the city should
-take shares in the company. Cartier on that occasion made a fervent
-appeal that the interests of Montreal should be considered.</p>
-
-<p>"I do not fear to say," he declared, "that Montreal will be recreant
-to its best interests, and will be the most backward of cities if it
-neglects the means that is offered it to reclaim a prosperity which
-is now leaving it. I appeal to the large proprietors, to the small
-proprietors who make the prosperity of the large ones, and to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
-industrial and working classes which make the prosperity of both. We
-have an exceptional chance to attract foreign capital. The city has
-only to guarantee a bagatelle compared to the enormous debts contracted
-by the smaller cities of the United States to attract capital which
-passes through the hands of tradesmen and workingmen, to relieve trade
-which is languishing. It is an advantage which will be enjoyed even
-before the work is completed."</p>
-
-<p>Cartier pointed out that New York had contracted a debt of $25,000,000
-to provide proper railway facilities, as it had sufficient faith in
-itself and in the spirit of enterprise of its citizens to discount the
-future.</p>
-
-<p>"The time has come," said Cartier, addressing the citizens of Montreal,
-"to belie your reputation as apathetic men without energy and without a
-spirit of enterprise. Let those terms cease to be applied to the name
-'Canadian'. This great meeting is one of the first to be held in a city
-of the British Provinces to encourage an enterprise of this importance.
-It is proper that the example should come from Montreal, the commercial
-head of British America. It should show itself worthy of its position.
-Let us arouse ourselves, let us agitate."</p>
-
-<p>Cartier had the vision to foresee the great future in store for
-Montreal, if adequate transportation facilities were provided.</p>
-
-<p>"Montreal," he prophetically declared on the same occasion, "is
-destined to become the great emporium for the West. Without railways
-and canals it will be impossible for it to attain the glorious position
-which will make it one of the principal cities of the continent."</p>
-
-<p>Largely as the result of Cartier's persistent efforts, the Montreal
-&amp; Portland Railway which for a long time was the only outlet during
-the winter for Canadian produce, destined for Europe, was completed,
-and inaugurated in 1851, being subsequently absorbed by the Grand
-Trunk Railway Company. Before the completion of this road, it must be
-remembered that there were only some seventy miles of railway in all
-Canada, the first road, the Laprairie and St. John's having been opened
-only a few years before, that is to say on July 21st, 1836. When we
-consider that to-day the total mileage of railways in Canada is 35,000
-miles, that last year our combined railways built 1,970 miles of new
-railway, on which was spent $30,000,000, and that the programme for
-this year provides for 2,700 miles of new track, costing $41,000,000,
-some idea may be obtained of the advance that has been made. Cartier
-deserves the credit of having been one of the first to realize the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>importance of railway construction in connection with the development
-of the country and of having been one of the strongest supporters of
-a forward policy in this respect&mdash;a policy to which we owe the three
-splendid railway systems we have to-day&mdash;the Canadian Pacific, the
-Grand Trunk, and the work of those two great railway men, Sir William
-Mackenzie and Sir Donald Mann&mdash;the Canadian Northern.</p>
-
-<p>One of Cartier's chief claims to honor is that it was he who secured
-the incorporation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, which has done so
-much for the development of Canada in general, and the City of Montreal
-in particular. Cartier always took the greatest pride in that fact. In
-a speech delivered in the legislature he declared that he regarded the
-construction of the Grand Trunk as the greatest benefit that had ever
-been conferred on the country. "I had charge of the Act which created
-the Grand Trunk Railway," he added, "and I am prouder of that than of
-any other action of my life." The Grand Trunk at the outset of its
-history had many difficulties, financial and otherwise, to encounter,
-and it was due to Cartier's efforts in a large measure, that the
-company was able to tide over these difficulties and that its success
-was assured.</p>
-
-<p>Reviewing his public career at a great banquet given in his honor by
-the citizens of Montreal, on October 30th, 1866, on the eve of his
-departure for London as one of the Confederation delegates, Cartier
-referring to the efforts he had made on behalf of the Grand Trunk
-said: "In 1852-53, encouraged by the Hincks-Morin Ministry, I asked
-for the incorporation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, and I had it
-voted despite the most furious opposition. I also had the construction
-of the Victoria Bridge voted. You will recall the prejudices there
-were against that measure. It was a work which would produce floods
-in Montreal, it was a means to divert commerce towards Portland. But
-the prejudice, against these great measures were soon dissipated, it
-was only a passing tempest. It was so, too, for the Grand Trunk and
-the Victoria Bridge. The Grand Trunk and the Victoria Bridge have
-flooded Montreal with an abundance of prosperity. What would Montreal
-be without the Grand Trunk? It has assured for us the commerce of the
-West."</p>
-
-<p>Addressing the electors of Montreal-East when seeking re-election in
-1867, Cartier, referring to the construction of the Victoria Bridge,
-said: "You know that there existed considerable jealousy or rivalry
-between Quebec and Montreal, and that the two cities sought at the same
-time to secure the possession of a bridge across the river. I will not
-stop to discuss the advantages of such a bridge. Thanks to my efforts
-I am proud to be able to say Montreal finally secured it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> Montreal
-has the Victoria Bridge. The results you know. Our city since then has
-had a considerable development which Confederation, I am certain, will
-increase."</p>
-
-<p>When we consider the important factor that the Grand Trunk Railway
-Company has been in the development of Eastern Canada, and what its
-associate company, the Grand Trunk Pacific, will be in the opening up
-and development of rich new districts in the West, it will be realized
-that Cartier in the part he played in the creation and assistance of
-this great railway system, rendered another most important service to
-Canada.</p>
-
-<p>St. Lawrence navigation and the advancement of the Port of Montreal
-found in Cartier a steadfast advocate, and the Allan Line which was
-the pioneer in ocean navigation via the St. Lawrence, secured from him
-the heartiest encouragement and support. Speaking in the Legislative
-Assembly in 1860, in favor of a proposal to increase the mail subsidy
-to the Allans, Cartier warmly supported means to increase navigation by
-the St. Lawrence. It was humiliating, he declared, to see nearly all
-our imports arriving by the steamships, the railways, and the canals
-of the United States. "Let us rise," he said, "to the height of the
-changes wrought by progress, for we are at the beginning of a new era
-which will eclipse anything we have yet seen." The improvement of the
-harbor and port of Montreal always found in Cartier a zealous advocate,
-as he fully realized how important it was for Montreal's progress and
-prosperity.</p>
-
-<p>Cartier persistently advocated the enlargement of the canals, so as to
-divert the commerce of the West from American ports to this port, and
-thus benefit the City of Montreal. In a speech on the deepening of Lake
-St. Peter, delivered in the Parliament of United Canada on May 11th,
-1860, he said: "Up to the present all our debt has been contracted
-for the execution of very important public works&mdash;the Welland Canal,
-the St. Lawrence Canal, the Rideau Canal, the Lachine Canal, etc. But
-we have not yet attained our object, which is to divert the commerce
-of the great lakes from the American routes to the St. Lawrence. This
-commerce continues to pass by New York and Pennsylvania, and all that
-we see is the traffic destined for Ogdensburg and Oswego. What means
-should be taken to remedy this condition of affairs? We have come to
-the conclusion to abolish all tolls on the canals, and to make the St.
-Lawrence route perfectly free from the ocean to the great lakes."</p>
-
-<p>In reply to a remark by George Brown that the measure seemed to be
-designed to attract the commerce of the West to Montreal, to the
-detriment of Upper Canada, Cartier said: "I do not see why it should<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
-be apprehended that Montreal will secure so many advantages from this
-amelioration. This city is at the head of navigation, and is the
-principal centre of commerce; it is inspired by the spirit of progress,
-and I believe that in place of jealousy, all should be proud of its
-success. Whatever they can do, they can never prevent its being the
-most important city of the country, and from becoming a rival of the
-great American cities."</p>
-
-<p>Reference has been made to the prominent part that Cartier took in
-advocating the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway; and in
-desiring to see the accomplishment of that great undertaking, he had
-an eye to the interests of Montreal. In a speech to the electors of
-Montreal-East on August 8th, 1872, he promised that Montreal would
-be the principal terminus of that great road. "I have," he said, to
-the citizens of Montreal on that occasion, "devoted all my efforts to
-further your interests and I have always desired that Montreal should
-have the lion's share."</p>
-
-<p>The mercantile and business interests always found in Cartier a
-friend, in fact had he not been a public man, it is likely that his
-inclinations would have made him a great business man.</p>
-
-<p>"Merchants," he said, speaking at a dinner tendered him by the
-merchants of Quebec, on December 23rd, 1869, "contribute greatly to the
-progress of the country. Without the English merchants, England could
-not have kept its possessions in the world. Like Rome she would have
-lost her Colonies soon after their conquest. But the English merchant
-was the means of forming bonds between the new possessions of the
-Empire. I respect the interests of those here present. Those interests
-have greatly contributed to render Canada prosperous. Those who devote
-themselves to commerce form in every country one of the most important
-classes of society."</p>
-
-<p>Cartier's efforts on behalf of the mercantile interests of Montreal,
-and his faith in the future of this city never wavered, and he
-predicted its great expansion in wealth and population.</p>
-
-<p>"Our city," he said, addressing the electors of Montreal-East in 1867,
-"now counts 150,000 souls. In twenty years under Confederation, I
-predict that it will have more than 250,000 inhabitants."</p>
-
-<p>How Cartier's faith in Montreal has been justified, we all know. What
-was at the time he spoke a town of 150,000 people, has become a great
-metropolis of over 600,000 souls, and it is destined to have before
-many years a population of over one million people.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> As Montrealers we
-are all, as we have a right to be, proud of the great position which
-the city has attained, and of the still greater future which awaits it.
-Let us, in its day of greatness not forgot those, like Cartier, who in
-the days of small things foresaw the great future before Montreal and
-gave their best efforts to promote its interests.</p>
-
-<p>To the very end of his public career, Cartier's interest in the welfare
-of Montreal and his efforts to promote its advancement continued. His
-own words conveyed but the simple truth when he said in one of his last
-addresses, to his fellow citizens: "I frankly avow that all that my
-heart inspires, all that my knowledge and experience furnish, have been
-devoted to the welfare and prosperity of my compatriots in general and
-of Montreal in particular."</p>
-
-<p>Like many other statesmen, Cartier experienced the vicissitudes, as
-well as the triumphs, of public life. His last appeal to the electors
-of Montreal, made when he was practically a dying man, resulted, owing
-to a combination of circumstances, in his crushing defeat. He was
-greeted not with bouquets but with stones, from people of a city for
-which he had worked so hard, and for the advancement of which he had
-done so much. Another seat was found for him in Provencher, Manitoba,
-but his public career was over. In an effort to secure the restoration
-of his health he went to England, but the hope was vain: the incessant
-labors of a long public career had broken down a naturally robust
-constitution, and the great statesman passed away in London, England,
-on May 23rd, 1873. His last thoughts were for his beloved country.</p>
-
-<p>"Say to his friends in Canada," wrote one of his daughters in a
-touching letter announcing his death to a friend in Montreal, "say to
-his friends in Canada that he loved his country to the last, that his
-only desire was to return. Two days before his death he had all the
-Canadian newspapers read to him. Even his enemies, I hope, will not
-refuse to admit that before all he loved his country."</p>
-
-<p>The national mourning that followed the announcement of his death, the
-enconiums pronounced by the newspapers of all shades of opinion, the
-eulogies delivered in Parliament, the scene of his labors for so many
-years, and the imposing public funeral that was given his remains in
-Montreal, all bore eloquent testimony to the fact that the Canadian
-people, regardless of party, recognized that in his death Canada had
-indeed lost one who before all had loved his country. His remains rest
-beneath the soil of Mount Royal, which overlooks the city that he loved
-so well, and for the interests of which he worked so hard.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
-
-<h3>Lessons of Cartier's Life</h3>
-
-<p>What were the lessons of Cartier's life? They may be summed up in the
-three words&mdash;patriotism, duty, and tolerance. He loved his country and
-sought to promote its interests, he wore himself out in the discharge
-of his public duties, he was a man of the broadest views and the utmost
-tolerance. As Sir Adolphe Routhier has well remarked, to most public
-men public life is a career, but for Cartier it was an apostolate,
-a patriotic mission, and to fulfill that mission he sacrificed
-everything, even the modest fortune of which his family had need.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
-
-<p>A French-Canadian and proud of his origin, a Roman Catholic and true
-to his faith, strong in his convictions, Cartier at the same time was
-a man of generous sympathies, of broad views, and great tolerance. His
-charity was broad enough to include men of all races, languages, and
-creeds. "My policy, and I think it best," he said on one occasion,
-"is respect for the rights of all." Actuated by that spirit he stood
-firmly on all occasions where there was justification for the rights
-of minorities, whether French or English, Catholic or Protestant. At
-the time of Confederation, for instance, some fear was expressed that
-the interests of the Protestant minority of Quebec would be jeopardized
-under the new constitution. Cartier pledged his word that nothing of
-the kind would happen. "I have already had occasion to proclaim in
-Parliament," he said, addressing the citizens of Montreal, "that the
-Protestant minority of Lower Canada have nothing to fear from the
-Provincial Legislature under Confederation. My word is given, and I
-repeat that nothing will be done of a nature to injure the principles
-and the rights of that minority."</p>
-
-<p>Cartier's pledge, it is needless to say, has been sacredly kept.</p>
-
-<p>On the same occasion, Cartier showed his largeness of views by
-declaring: "You know that I am a Catholic. I love my religion,
-believing it the best, but whilst proudly declaring myself a Catholic,
-I believe it my duty as a public man to respect the sincerity and the
-religious convictions of others. I am also a French-Canadian. I love my
-race. I of course have for it a predilection which is assuredly only
-natural, but as a public man and as a citizen, I also love others."
-Such were Cartier's guiding principles throughout life.</p>
-
-<p>Cartier, like all other human beings, had his faults, as well as
-his virtues, his public career was not without its mistakes, but
-nobody ever questioned his ardent love for his country, his absolute
-sincerity, his high sense of honor, his personal honesty and integrity,
-his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> fearless energy, and the firmness with which he always stood for
-his convictions. His motto "<i>Franc Et Sans Dol</i>"&mdash;"Frank And Without
-Deceit," well describes the character of the man.</p>
-
-<p>Did time permit, Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, a great deal more
-might be said of Cartier and his works. But has not sufficient been
-said to justify the contention that Cartier was a great Canadian, a
-nation-builder in the truest sense of that term, one whose memory
-is entitled to lasting honor from all Canadians? Does not the
-summary record of his career, which has been given, amply justify
-the declaration of the great Lord Dufferin that Cartier's name must
-forever be indissolubly incorporated with the most eventful and most
-glorious epoch of his country's history, commencing as it did with his
-entrance into political life and culminating in that consolidation of
-the Provinces to which his genius, courage and ability so materially
-contributed.</p>
-
-<p>Macdonald, Cartier, Tupper, Tilley, Brown, Galt, and the other great
-Fathers of Confederation builded better even than they knew. As the
-result of their wise statesmanship and patriotic efforts, Canada
-to-day stands a young giant amongst the peoples of the world. Under
-Confederation there has been witnessed a marvellous expansion and an
-unprecedented prosperity. We have to-day, to use the words of one of
-the most patriotic of our national poets, John Daniel Logan,&mdash;we have
-to-day a land:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="center">Blessed with youth and strength, with health and peace.</p>
-
-<p>And great as is the position of the Dominion at present, it is
-insignificant to what it will be if Canadians are only true to the
-teachings of the Fathers, if they all work together for the common
-welfare, if they are true to the national interests of the Dominion,
-and guard their great heritage against all influences of an insidious
-character.</p>
-
-<h3>Honor Cartier's Memory</h3>
-
-<p>Canadians do well to honor the memories of those great men who laid
-broad and deep the foundations of Canadian nationality, and who
-accomplished great works for the welfare of the Dominion. In the
-leading cities of Canada, stately monuments attest the recognition of a
-grateful people of the services of that great Father of Confederation,
-and that illustrious Canadian statesman, Sir John A. Macdonald. Brown
-and Tilley, too, have their monuments. Sir Charles Tupper is still
-happily with us in person, and I am sure that we all trust that his
-life may long be spared. His name will always be remembered as that of
-one of the leading Fathers of Confederation and one of our greatest
-statesmen. </p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Does not justice demand that fitting honor should be done to that other
-great Father of Confederation, Sir George Etienne Cartier, by the
-erection of a memorial in the city which he represented in Parliament
-for so many years, and for whose interests he strove so zealously?</p>
-
-<p>When in November, 1910, at a meeting held at the St. Jean Baptiste
-Market Hall in this city, it was proposed by Mr. E. W. Villeneuve, now
-president of the Cartier Centenary Committee, whom we have with us
-to-day, that the centenary of Cartier's birth should be appropriately
-commemorated and that steps should be taken for the erection of a
-monument to his memory, the proposal was enthusiastically taken up.
-Since then the movement has assumed not only a national but an Empire
-scope, and representatives of every portion of the Empire will be
-present at the commemorative celebration next year. The movement, it
-may be mentioned is absolutely non-partisan in character, it being
-recognized that Cartier's memory is a national possession. The Prime
-Minister of the Dominion, Right Hon. R. L. Borden; the leader of the
-Liberal Party, Sir Wilfrid Laurier; the Prime Minister of the Province
-of Quebec, Sir Lomer Gouin; the Prime Ministers of all the Provinces;
-leading Liberals as well as Conservatives, throughout the Dominion,
-have united to render homage to the memory of one who did so much
-for Canada. Thanks to the co-operation and support of the Dominion
-Government and the Governments of all the Provinces, the erection of
-a splendid memorial, which will stand on one of the slopes of Mount
-Royal, and the first stone of which will be laid by His Royal Highness
-the Duke of Connaught, on September 1st next, is now practically
-assured. The memorial, the work of the eminent Canadian sculptor, Mr.
-G. W. Hill, will not only serve to honor and perpetuate Cartier's
-memory, but will also commemorate the establishment of Confederation,
-in which he played such a conspicuous part. In addition to the imposing
-statue of Cartier the memorial will bear statues representing every one
-of the nine provinces of the Dominion, the whole symbolical of that
-United Canada, which was one of Cartier's cherished dreams.</p>
-
-<p>In connection with the unveiling of the memorial, it is proposed to
-hold a series of commemorative celebrations, and it is confidently
-expected that the citizens of Montreal, ever alive as they are to the
-interests and reputation of the commercial metropolis, will give their
-hearty support and co-operation in making the celebration worthy not
-only of the memory of the great statesman, but also of the leading city
-of the Dominion, with which he was so closely identified.</p>
-
-<p>And when, Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, on the 6th of September of
-next year, the one hundredth anniversary of Cartier's birth, amidst<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
-the plaudits of hundreds of thousands of Canadians of all origins,
-creeds, and political leanings, the veil shall be removed from the
-magnificent memorial which shall stand on one of the commanding slopes
-of Mount Royal, testifying to the grateful recognition of the whole
-Dominion, justice shall have been done to the memory of one who loved
-his country, who accomplished great works for its benefit, whose heart
-was ever stirred by that feeling of ardent devotion to his native land
-which he himself expressed in those burning words of patriotism:</p>
-
-<p>"<i>O Canada, Mon Pays, Mes Amours!</i>"<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
-
-<h2>O CANADA, MY OWN BELOVED LAND!<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></h2>
-
-<p class="center">From the French "O CANADA, MON PAYS, MES AMOURS,"<br />of Sir George Etienne
-Cartier.</p>
-
-<hr class="smler" />
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By John Boyd</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">For the Cartier Centenary.</p>
-
-<div class="center"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<div>"One's own land is best of all,"</div>
-<div class="i1">So an ancient adage says;</div>
-<div>To sing it is the poet's call,</div>
-<div class="i1">Mine be to sing my fair land's praise.</div>
-<div>Strangers behold with envious eyes</div>
-<div class="i1">St. Lawrence's tide so swift and grand,</div>
-<div>But the Canadian proudly cries,</div>
-<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>
-</div><div class="stanza">
-<div>Rivers and streams in myriad maze</div>
-<div class="i1">Meander through our fertile plains,</div>
-<div>Midst many a lofty mountain's haze,</div>
-<div class="i1">What vast expanse the vision chains!</div>
-<div>Vales, hills and rapids, forest brakes&mdash;</div>
-<div class="i1">What panorama near so grand!</div>
-<div>Who doth not love thy limpid lakes,</div>
-<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>
-</div><div class="stanza">
-<div>Each season of the passing year,</div>
-<div class="i1">In turn, attractions hath to bless.</div>
-<div>Spring like an ardent wooer, dear,</div>
-<div class="i1">Besports fair flowers and verdant dress;</div>
-<div>Summer anon prepares to wrest</div>
-<div class="i1">The harvest rare with joyful hand;</div>
-<div>In Fall and Winter, feast and jest.</div>
-<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>
-</div><div class="stanza">
-<div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>Canadians, like their sires of old</div>
-<div class="i1">Revel in song and gaily live,</div>
-<div>Mild, gentle, free, not overbold,</div>
-<div class="i1">Polite and gallant, welcome give.</div>
-<div>Patriots, to country ever leal,</div>
-<div class="i1">They, foes of slavery, staunchly stand;</div>
-<div>Their watchword is the peace and weal</div>
-<div class="i1">Of Canada, their beloved land.</div>
-</div><div class="stanza">
-<div>Each country vaunts its damsels fair,</div>
-<div class="i1">(I quite agree with truth they boast)</div>
-<div>But our Canadian girls must share</div>
-<div class="i1">The witching charm of beauty's host,</div>
-<div>So lovely they and so sincere,</div>
-<div class="i1">With that French charm of magic wand,</div>
-<div>Coquettish just to make them dear.</div>
-<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>
-</div><div class="stanza">
-<div>O my country, thou art blest,</div>
-<div class="i1">Favoured of all the nations now!</div>
-<div>But the stranger's vile behest</div>
-<div class="i1">Would the seeds of discord sow.</div>
-<div>May thy brave sons for thy sake</div>
-<div class="i1">Join to help thee, hand in hand,</div>
-<div>For thy great day doth e'en now break,</div>
-<div class="i1">O Canada, my own beloved land!</div>
-</div></div></div>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Dr. Parkin&mdash;Life of Sir John A. Macdonald.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> John Lewis, Life of George Brown.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Dr. Parkin&mdash;Life of Sir John A. Macdonald.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> A. D. DeCelles, Cartier Et Son Temps.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Sir Adolphe Routhier-Conférence sur Sir George Etienne
-Cartier, issued by the Cartier Centenary Committee in pamphlet form.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> See following pages.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> The above which is a faithful translation of the famous
-French-Canadian national song, "O Canada Mon Pays, Mes Amours," is
-intended simply to give the sense of the original. The song was
-composed in 1835 by George Etienne Cartier, then a young man of 21 who
-was destined to become one of the most illustrious figures in Canadian
-history. Cartier was for some time secretary of the St. Jean Baptiste
-Association which was founded by Ludger Duvernay in 1834, and it was
-at the first celebration of St. Jean Baptiste day held in Montreal in
-1835, that the song was sung for the first time by Cartier himself.
-</p>
-<p>
-As the result of the indefatigable efforts of the president of the
-Cartier Centenary Committee, Mr. E. W. Villeneuve and those associated
-with him in this patriotic undertaking, the Centenary of Sir George
-Etienne Cartier's birth will be commemorated in 1914 by the unveiling
-of a magnificent monument on Mount Royal, and a series of historic
-celebrations. A brilliant success is assured for the Centenary
-celebration, and the splendid memorial which will stand on one of the
-slopes of Mount Royal will forever commemorate the illustrious career
-of Cartier and the great work of Canadian Confederation with which he
-was prominently identified.</p></div></div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR GEORGE ETIENNE CARTIER ***</div>
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