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diff --git a/old/64454-0.txt b/old/64454-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 3ece92c..0000000 --- a/old/64454-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1578 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Illuminated illustrations of Froissart;, by -Jean Froissart - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Illuminated illustrations of Froissart; - Selected from the ms. in the Bibliothèque royale, Paris, and - from other sources - -Author: Jean Froissart - -Compiler: Henry Noel Humphreys - -Release Date: February 03, 2021 [eBook #64454] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Turgut Dincer, Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was - produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital - Library.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUMINATED ILLUSTRATIONS OF -FROISSART; *** - - - - - +------------------------------+ - | Phrases between <f> a<nd </f>| - | are in Old English Font in | - | the original book. | - | (eBook transcriber's note.) | - +------------------------------+ - - - - [Illustration: - - ILLUMINATIONS - FROM THE - - MS - - FROISSART - IN THE - BIBLIOTHEQUE ROYALE - PARIS - AND OTHER SOURCES] - - - - - ILLUMINATED - - ILLUSTRATIONS OF FROISSART. - - - SELECTED FROM - - <f>The MS.</f> - - IN THE BIBLIOTHÈQUE ROYALE, PARIS, - - AND FROM OTHER SOURCES. - - - BY H. N. HUMPHREYS, ESQ. - - - LONDON: - WILLIAM SMITH, 113, FLEET STREET. - - MDCCCXLV. - - - - - LIST OF PLATES, - - WITH - - REFERENCES TO SMITH’S EDITION OF “FROISSART,” IN TWO VOLUMES. - - -PLATE VOL. PAGE - - I. QUEEN ISABELLA ON HER VOYAGE TO ENGLAND I. 10 - - II. EXECUTION OF SIR HUGH SPENCER I. 13 - - III. CORONATION OF KING EDWARD THE THIRD I. 14 - - IV. FUNERAL OF PHILIP OF VALOIS I. 202 - - V. EDWARD THE THIRD TAKES BERWICK I. 34 - - VI. SURRENDER OF BRISTOL TO QUEEN ISABELLA I. 11 - - VII. ROBERT BRUCE DEFIES EDWARD THE THIRD I. 16 - - VIII. EARL OF PEMBROKE ATTACKED BY THE SPANISH FLEET I. 472 - - IX. SIR GODFREY DE HARCOURT ENCOUNTERING THE MEN OF AMIENS I. 158 - - X. FROISSART IN HIS STUDY I. TITLE - - XI. A FEMALE ATTENDANT SERVING WINE TO A GROOM II. TITLE - - XII. THE DUKE OF BRITTANY AND HIS BARONS I. 592 - - XIII. PHILIP VAN ARTEVELDE HARANGUING THE PEOPLE I. 724 - - XIV. TAKING OF OUDENARDE BY FRANCIS ATREMEN II. 8 - - XV. THE BATTLE OF ROSEBECQUE I. 746 - - XVI. DEATH OF JOSSE DE HALLEBIN I. 641 - - XVII. COMBAT BETWEEN NICHOLAS CLIFFORD AND A FRENCH KNIGHT I. 634 - - XVIII. JACOB VAN ARTEVELDE HOLDING STATE IN GHENT I. 42 - - XIX. VISIT OF THE QUEEN OF NAPLES TO POPE CLEMENT I. 572 - - XX. GALEAS VISCONTI ARRESTING HIS UNCLE II. 32 - - XXI. FUNERAL OF JEHAN DE LYON I. 586 - - XXII. BEHEADING OF SILVESTER BUDES I. 574 - - XXIII. DUKE OF BURGUNDY ENTERING CHARTRES I. 324 - - XXIV. EARL OF FLANDERS SOLICITING AID OF CHARLES VI. OF FRANCE I. 722 - - XXV. MURDER OF THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY I. 658 - - XXVI. EDWARD THE THIRD BEFORE RHEIMS I. 274 - - XXVII. INTERVIEW BETWEEN RICHARD II. AND THE INSURGENTS I. 657 - -XXVIII. LORD CHARLES OF BLOIS OBTAINING POSSESSION OF JUGON I. 115 - - XXIX. BATTLE OF POICTIERS I. 217 - - XXX. ASSASSINATION OF EVAN OF WALES I. 546 - - XXXI. EARL OF FLANDERS AND CITIZENS OF GHENT I. 594 - -XXXII. EARL OF FLANDERS REPAIRING OUDENARDE I. 599 - -XXXIII. EARL OF BUCKINGHAM AND DUKE OF BRITTANY CONCERTING THE SIEGE OF -NANTES I. 618 - - XXXIV. THE BATTLE OF MONTIEL I. 386 - - XXXV. THE CANON OF ROBESART TAKING JAFFRE I. 688 - - XXXVI. JOHN BALL PREACHING I. 654 - - - - -ADVERTISEMENT. - - -The volume of Illuminated Illustrations of Froissart, from the -celebrated MS. in the British Museum, has created so much interest in -the subject among the subscribers to that work, that many letters have -been received requesting the publication of another volume to illustrate -the remaining portion of the Chronicles: the MS. in the Museum -containing unfortunately only the fourth book. When that beautiful MS. -went to the British Museum with the Harleian Collection, a sort of -tradition went with it to the effect, that the remaining portion of the -MS. was in the Bibliothèque du Roi, at Paris, and that impression still -prevails among connoisseurs. Having determined, at the solicitation of -our subscribers, to publish a second volume illustrating the remaining -portion of the Chronicles, I went to Paris, in the full hope of -discovering the other portion of the Museum MS., but found that no such -volumes exist in the Bibliothèque du Roi, nor is there any record of -their having been there. That splendid library, however, contains -several MSS. of Froissart; among others, a very beautiful one of the -first book, which is the earliest known, and the standard authority for -that portion of the Chronicles, but it has only one small illumination -on the first page. Many other portions of the Chronicles of different -ages possess no remarkable interest; but one magnificent and perfect MS. -of all four books is a truly splendid work of art, far surpassing, in -many respects, the Museum MS. It is evidently one of the splendid books -executed for Louis of Bruges, Lord of Gruthyse, who died in 1492, and -the MS. was probably executed about 1460 or 70. This Lord of Gruthyse, -as is well known, was one of the greatest patrons of art of that age, -and had a peculiar passion for richly illuminated books, of which he -created a library which, after that of the Duke of Burgundy, was the -most celebrated in all Flanders. Van Praet collected a most interesting -list of the books still in existence which once formed part of this -celebrated library, and classed this MS. of the Chronicles of Froissart -among the most beautiful. The Gruthyse library passed to his son, Jean -of Bruges, and afterwards to Louis XII. of France, who added it to the -library founded at the Château de Blois, by his father Charles of -Orleans; from that library it was brought to the Bibliothèque Royale of -Paris. The arms of Gruthyse have been, in every instance in which they -occur in the illuminations, painted over by those of France; but in some -places the more recent colour has peeled off a little, exposing the -shield beneath, and in every instance the Gruthyse arms may be easily -discerned by holding the parchment to the light. - -This magnificent work of middle-age art will furnish most of the -Illustrations in the present volume. But a few will be added from other -sources, which will add to the variety and interest of the work even if -inferior in execution. - -I may here mention that I searched all the other public libraries of -Paris, in hope of meeting with the lost volumes of our museum MS., -finding in that of the Arsenal a very beautiful and complete MS. of the -Chronicles, with the borders in colours and gold, but the miniatures -only in black and white, of about the same date as the Museum MS. The -remaining volumes of _that_ MS., however, could nowhere be discovered, -and it is to be feared are lost. But the Gruthyse MS., being undoubtedly -a finer work, will no doubt afford our subscribers greater gratification -than the lost books, could they have been found. - - H. N. H. - -LONDON, - -_January, 1844_. - -[Illustration: <f>Isabella, Queen of Edward II. on her voyage to England, -with Sir John of Hainault.</f>] - - - - -PLATE I. - -QUEEN ISABELLA ON HER VOYAGE TO ENGLAND. - - -Before commencing the History of Edward III., with which Froissart -commences his Chronicles, he devotes a few short chapters to the latter -events of the previous reign. In Chapters VIII. and IX. he relates the -arrival of Isabella, Queen of Edward II., in Hainault, and the -determination of Sir John of Hainault, brother to the Earl, to accompany -her to England with an armed force, and restore her and her son to their -rank and influence, usurped by the Spencers, the favourites of the weak -monarch. The Illumination,[1] which is most beautifully executed, -represents the Queen on her voyage; Sir John of Hainault is conversing -with her; and she is accompanied by several ladies of her suite. Many -interesting details of costume are carefully and accurately executed, -and the whole miniature forms a most pleasing composition. - -[Illustration: <f>Execution of Sir Hugh Spencer.</f>] - - - - -PLATE II. - -EXECUTION OF SIR HUGH SPENCER. - - -Froissart relates that so many powerful Barons joined the party of Queen -Isabella and her son, that they determined to besiege the city of -Bristol, where the King and the Spencers then were. The King and the -younger Spencer retired to the Castle, whilst the elder Spencer, then -ninety years of age, and the Earl of Arundel, who had married his -grand-daughter, remained in the town; which being surrendered by the -citizens, they were taken prisoners and executed in front of the Castle, -in sight of the King and the younger Spencer. The weak King and his -favourite, seeing no other chance of escape, embarked secretly in a -small boat at the back of the Castle, thinking to gain the coast of -Wales, but being driven back by stress of weather, they were perceived -and captured. The King was sent under strong guard to Berkely Castle, by -the advice of the Barons, where he remained a prisoner till his death; -thus closing one of the most inglorious reigns of the English annals. -Sir Hugh Spencer was led to Hereford, where the feast of All Saints was -celebrated with great magnificence, in honour of the noble foreigners, -who had so mainly contributed to the successful termination of the cause -of the Queen and Prince Edward. Chapter XIII., at the head of which is -the Illumination represented in Plate II., commences “Quant la feste fut -passée le Messᵉ Huon, qui point nestoit aimé la,” &c. &c.--“_when the -feast was over, Sir Huon, who was not beloved in those parts_, was -brought before the Queen and the assembled Barons and Knights.” He was -condemned to death, and executed with horrible mutilation, being affixed -to a high ladder in the market-place, in order that the disgusting -ceremony might be visible to all the assembled populace[2]. - -The Illumination is executed with exquisite care and neatness, and the -whole page surrounded with an elaborately wrought border of great -beauty. Our plate only takes in a portion of one column and the -adjoining angle of the border. - -[Illustration: <f>Coronation of Edward III. on Christmas day 1326.</f>] - - - - -PLATE III. - -THE CORONATION OF KING EDWARD III. - - -Edward II. being formally deposed in a general assembly of the great -Barons, his eldest son was called to the throne, and crowned on -Christmas-day, 1326, in the sixteenth year of his age, “during the -lifetime of his father.” - -The Illumination only represents the group immediately surrounding the -King, but is very carefully executed; the white draperies in particular -being very elaborately finished. The chair or throne bears sufficient -resemblance to that (so called) of Edward the Confessor, in Westminster -Abbey, as to lead one to suppose that a description, or perhaps a rough -sketch, had been furnished to the artist. - -[Illustration: <f>The funeral of Philip of Valois, King of France.</f>] - - - - -PLATE IV. - -THE FUNERAL OF PHILIP OF VALOIS, KING OF FRANCE. - - -Charles, son of Philip the Fair, having died in the year 1326 without -heirs male, though thrice married, the twelve Peers and Barons of France -assembled at Paris, and with one consent gave the throne to Philip of -Valois, nephew of Philip the Fair, to the exclusion of Isabella, Queen -of England, and her son, who stood in the more direct line, she being -sister to the late king; the Council, however, determined, according to -Froissart, “that the kingdom of France was of such great nobleness, that -it ought not to fall by succession to a female;” thus, says Froissart, -“as it seemed to many people, the succession went out of the right line, -which has been the occasion of the most destructive wars and -devastations of countries, as well in France as elsewhere, as you will -learn hereafter; the real object of this history being to relate the -great enterprises and deeds of arms achieved in these wars; for, from -the time of good Charlemagne, King of France, never were such feats -performed.” - -The son of Isabella, when crowned King Edward III., was soon persuaded -to lay claim to the throne of Philip, who, during a reign of twenty-four -years, maintained the war with various success, suffering among his -reverses the ever-memorable defeat of Crecy. He died at Nogent-le-roi, -in the year 1350, and his burial, which took place at St. Denis, is -graphically delineated in the accompanying Illumination. - -The architectural portion of the picture is very carefully drawn, and -the dresses of the figures bearing the coffin are executed in a very -beautiful manner. The style of arrangement is somewhat different from -many other of the Illuminations in this noble MS.; the figures being -fewer and larger in proportion to the picture, and the landscape portion -made quite subordinate, whilst it is generally treated with extreme care -as a principal feature of the composition. - -[Illustration: <f>Edward the third takes Berwick.</f>] - - - - -PLATE V. - -EDWARD III. TAKES BERWICK. - - -Froissart commences the XXVIth Chapter of his first Book as follows, -“You have heard related all that passed between the English and Scotch, -during the three years that the truce lasted:--and for one year more the -two nations were at peace. This had not happened before for two hundred -years, during which they had been constantly at war with each other. It -fell out that king Edward was informed that the young king David of -Scotland, who had married his sister, kept possession of Berwick, which -of right belonged to his kingdom, and which king Edward his ancestor had -held, and the king his father also, very peaceably for a long time -afterwards. He was also informed, that the kingdom of Scotland was -dependant on his crown as a fief, and that the young king of Scots, his -brother-in-law, had never acknowledged it, or done homage for it. The -king of England therefore sent ambassadors to the king of Scots, to -request that he would withdraw his people from the city of Berwick and -give him possession of it, as it was his just inheritance, and had -always appertained to the kings of England his predecessors. They also -summoned him to come and do his homage for the kingdom of Scotland, -which he ought to hold from the crown of England as a fief----” - -The answers of the King of Scotland, a youth of fifteen, being -unsatisfactory, it was determined, on the meeting of Parliament, that -the King should lead a powerful army into Scotland: an invasion -consequently took place, the King passed Berwick, penetrating as far as -Dunbarton, and laying waste the country in every direction,--then making -a “handsome retreat,” as our Chronicler describes it, he came before -Berwick, which, after an obstinate resistance, was compelled to -surrender. “The king,” continues Froissart, “made his public entry into -Berwick with great pomp and sounding of trumpets, and tarried there -twelve days. He appointed as governor thereof a knight called Sir Edward -Baliol, with whom he left, when he quitted Berwick, many young knights -and esquires, to assist him in keeping the conquests he had made from -the Scots, and to guard the frontiers. The king and all his people then -returned towards London, and gave full liberty for every man to go to -his own home. He himself went to Windsor, where he chiefly resided.” - -The Illumination is in the same style as the surrender of Bristol, -exhibiting great care in the landscape, to the picturesque features of -which the artist seems to have paid peculiar attention. His castles, for -instance, are never represented as new, as in many other MSS. is always -the case; but the weather stains are introduced with clever and pleasing -tinting, and the parasitic weeds or climbing plants, the tenants of old -walls, are made to minister to the general picturesqueness of the -composition, each in its proper situation, with almost the skill of a -modern landscape painter. - -[Illustration: <f>Bristol surrenders to Queen Isabella &c&c.</f>] - - - - -PLATE VI. - -BRISTOL SURRENDERS TO QUEEN ISABELLA. - - -This Illumination represents a group of citizens, assembled at one of -the principal gates, in the act of surrendering the city to the Queen -and her party. The whole picture forms a beautiful and spirited -representation of the period;--the town gate, the turreted walls, the -house roofs, with the gray cathedral towering above them--the civic -costumes of the citizens, the brilliant armour and rich housings of the -knights and their horses, surrounding the Queen, and the characteristic -treatment of the distant landscape--all tend to exhibit with wonderful -faithfulness the striking features of an epoch, of which we have no -other pictorial record than the Illuminations contained in the wonderful -manuscripts of the period. - -[Illustration: <f>Robert Bruce sends a defiance to Edward III.</f>] - - - - -PLATE VII. - -ROBERT BRUCE, KING OF SCOTLAND, DEFIES KING EDWARD III. - - -“It happened that Robert, King of Scotland, who, though brave, had -suffered much in his wars with England, having often been defeated by -King Edward, grandfather of the young king, being at this time very old, -and afflicted with leprosy, hearing that the King (Edward II.) had been -taken prisoner, and deposed, and his counsellors put to death, thought -this a favourable opportunity to send a defiance to the present King, as -yet a youth, whose barons were not on good terms with each other, and to -attempt the conquest of some part of England. About Easter, 1327, he -sent a defiance to King Edward and all the country; informing them that -he would enter the kingdom, and burn it as far as he had done before, -after the defeat of Stirling.” - -The Illumination represents the King receiving the messenger of Bruce in -an open vestibule or pavilion, who, on one knee, delivers the defiance -of his master to the English nation. In the background, the river Thames -is seen, with the Scottish vessel at anchor. The whole is executed with -great care and neatness. - -Great armies were raised on either side, but, like most of the wars of -that period, conducted without any settled object. The affair ended -without any gain to either party--the great suffering of the unfortunate -people of the Borders being the only permanent result. A truce for three -years shortly followed, during which King Robert, of Scotland, died. - -[Illustration: <f>The Earl of Pembroke attacked by the Spanish Fleet, -before la Rochelle</f>.] - - - - -PLATE VIII. - -THE EARL OF PEMBROKE ATTACKED BY THE SPANISH FLEET. - - -This is one of the finest Illuminations of the splendid MS. in the -Bibliothèque Royale, and exhibits, in a most striking manner, the great -features of a naval combat of the period. The immense number of figures, -all in appropriate and energetic action, and the general effect of -multitude and movement, forcibly call to mind the celebrated, though -uncompleted, picture of Raphael, of the Battle of Constantine and -Maxentius, so ably finished by his great pupil, Julio. But it is -impossible, in a plate coloured in by hand in large numbers, to convey -an adequate idea of the extreme beauty and careful execution of every -minute part of this beautiful Illumination; though our Plate will convey -an excellent general idea of the composition and effect. - -The Earl of Pembroke was appointed by King Edward III., in 1372, to -command an expedition sent to the assistance of the Gascons and -Poitevins.[3] - -[Illustration: <f>Sir Godfrey de Harcourt encounters the men of Amiens on -their way to Paris.</f>] - - - - -PLATE IX. - -SIR GODFREY DE HARCOURT ENCOUNTERING THE MEN OF AMIENS. - - -Sir Godfrey de Harcourt, who had espoused the cause of the English, in -consequence of his disgrace and banishment by the court of France, -performed many deeds of great bravery, but was eventually defeated and -slain at the battle of Coutantin. Froissart gives the following spirited -account of his death:--“The army of Sir Godfrey would not keep the order -he had appointed, according to the promise made to him; but the greater -part fled, and could not withstand the French. Sir Godfrey, on seeing -this, declared, that he would prefer death to being taken; and arming -himself with a battle-axe, halted where he was; he placed one foot -before the other, to be firmer; for he was lame of one leg, though very -strong in his arms. In this position he fought a long time most -valiantly, so that few dared to encounter his blows: when two Frenchmen -mounted their horses, and placing their lances in their rests, charged -him at the same time, and struck him to the ground: some men-at-arms -immediately rushed upon him with their swords, which they ran through -his body, and killed him on the spot. The greater part of his army were -slain or made prisoners, and those who were able to escape returned to -Saint Sauveur le Viscomte. This happened in the winter of 1356, about -Martinmas.” - -The Illumination (one of the most beautifully drawn and executed of the -MS.), represents the defeat, by Sir Godfrey, of a body of men from -Amiens, on their march to join the King of France. - -[Illustration: <f>Froissart in his Study.</f>] - - - - -PLATE X. - -FROISSART IN HIS STUDY. - - -This Illumination is taken from an odd volume of a MS. of Froissart’s -Chronicles, among the royal MSS. now in the British Museum. It contains -few illuminations beyond the present subject, which forms a sort of -frontispiece, or title-page, in which the illuminator has not, as usual, -represented the principal event of the first chapter, but has thought it -more appropriate to picture the author of the book in his study. He is -just receiving a letter from some person of note, (as appears from the -bearer wearing the arms or badge of his lord upon his breast,) whilst a -clerk, or amanuensis, is busily employed in transcribing what we may -suppose to be a portion of the famous Chronicles. The present plate only -represents a portion of the original illumination, in which, not only -the interior of Froissart’s study is exhibited by the usual device, an -excision of a portion of the wall, but also the exterior of the -building, with a side-entrance, court-yard, and a distant view; a -portion of which is given in the next plate. - -The present plate conveys a very vivid and pleasing impression of a -comfortably furnished apartment of the fifteenth century; the whole -being executed with great care; but the figures are inferior to many -works of the period, and are principally interesting on account of the -costume. - -[Illustration: <f>A female attendant serving wine to a groom.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XI. - -A FEMALE ATTENDANT SERVING WINE TO A GROOM. - - -This subject is another portion of illumination, partly given in the -previous plate, and forms the principal part of the exterior view. A -groom is holding the horse of the messenger, who, in the previous plate, -delivers the letter, whilst a female attendant is serving him with wine, -from a tankard of precisely similar form to those still used in many -parts of Belgium. Though, in some respects, rudely drawn, it forms a -very characteristic group, and serves to convey an idea of the entire -Illumination, which is surrounded by a rich border, the whole, nearly -occupying the entire page of a large folio volume; leaving space only -for an enriched capital, and four or five lines of the beginning of the -chapter. - -[Illustration: <f>The Duke of Brittany and his Barons.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XII. - -THE DUKE OF BRITTANY AND HIS BARONS. - - -This Illumination is from another volume, containing a portion of -Froissart’s Chronicles, among the Royal MSS. in the British Museum, from -which several of the ensuing subjects will be selected, some with -remarkably rich borders. The present subject represents a meeting of the -Barons of Brittany to remonstrate with their Lord, the Duke. - -[Illustration: <f>Philip van Artevelde preaching.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XIII. - -PHILIP VAN ARTEVELDE HARANGUING THE PEOPLE. - - -The story of Philip van Artevelde, the Rienzi of Flanders, has been -rendered popular, in the highest sense of the term, by the noble drama -of Mr. Taylor. In the present Illumination, we see him exhibited, by a -nearly contemporary artist, haranguing the people in the market-place of -Ypres. The artist, although in a rude manner, has attempted to exhibit -the scene at the moment when Philip, at the close of his oration, -exclaimed:--“Let all those who are determined to remain true to the -cause, according to the oath they took, gallantly lift up their hands to -heaven as a token of their loyalty;”--an example, if one were wanting, -that at public meetings then, as now, a majority was determined by a -show of hands. - -The commencement of the chapter, given under the Illumination, -is--“Cestui meschret se passa, on le mist en oubliance et Phle’ -Dartevelle se parti de Bruges et vint a Ypre ou il fut recuelli a grand -joye et pietre du Bois sen vint a Commines ou le plat pays etoit -assemble et la entendi a ses besoignes et fut tous.” Of which the -following is Johnes’s translation:--“This affair passed off, and was -soon forgotten. Philip van Artevelde departed from Bruges, and came to -Ypres, where he was most joyfully received. Peter Du Bois went to -Comines, where all the inhabitants of the flat country were assembled, -and instantly began his preparations, and all--” which relates to the -destruction of the bridges, to oppose the entry of the army of the King -of France into Flanders.[4] - -[Illustration: <f>The taking of Oudenarde by Francis Atremen.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XIV. - -THE TAKING OF OUDENARDE, BY FRANCIS ATREMEN. - - -Froissart tells us that Francis Atremen, Peter du Bois, Peter le Nuitre, -and other captains of the Artevelde party, having returned from the -siege of Ypres, “were daily and nightly imagining how they could annoy -their enemies.” Among their various plans the favourite one was the -taking of Oudenarde, which had successfully resisted all their former -attempts. The men of Oudenarde holding the Ghent men in contempt, were -grown somewhat careless; and the governor, Gilbert de Lienegen, being -absent, no doubt causing the watch and general discipline to be still -more lax, Francis Atremen and his followers stormed the place by -surprise, with ladders, as represented in the Illumination. The -operation was much facilitated by the ditches being dry, the inhabitants -having emptied them of water to get the fish. The captors pillaged the -town, sending out all the women and children in the meanest dress they -had, who were forced to take refuge in Mons, Arras, and other places. - -[Illustration: <f>The Battle of Rosebecque.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XV. - -THE BATTLE OF ROSEBECQUE. - - -The Illuminator, in this attempt to convey an idea of the battle of -Rosebecque, has not omitted the story of the White Dove, related by -Froissart, who tells that he heard from the Lord d’Estonnenort, who -witnessed it as well as many others, that when the oriflamme was -displayed, a white dove hovered round, and making several circles, -settled on one of the banners of the King of France; which was -considered an omen of victory. The Chronicle informs that it was the -general opinion among men of arms, that the defeat and death of Philip -van Artevelde, at the battle of Rosebecque, was owing to his having, in -over-confidence in his numbers and anxiety to engage more quickly, -quitted a strong position, which he had taken up with great judgment, to -fight at a disadvantage in one where the compact mass of his Flemish -infantry could be assailed on all sides by the cavalry of France. The -consequence was the well-known defeat and slaughter of Rosebecque, in -which disastrous conflict Froissart states the loss of the Flemings to -have exceeded, in the battle and pursuit, upwards of thirty thousand. -When once seized with panic, they were unable to offer any resistance, -and in one dense disorderly crowd were slain without mercy. Froissart -describes the pursuit by the French, as making a noise “greater than if -all the armourers of Bruxelles and Paris had been there working at their -trade,” so constant was the clattering of maces and battle-axes on the -helmets of the unfortunate Flemings, making a din that prevented any -other sound being heard. Such was the last scene in the career of Philip -van Artevelde, whose bold but ill-matured and irregular attempt to free -Flanders from the despotic government of its feudal tyrants could -scarcely have been successful under any circumstances at that period. -His body was sought among the slain, and hanged upon a tree. - -Froissart exhibits strongly the aristocratic prejudices of the time in -his concluding remarks on this event; which, he says, was “very -honourable to all Christendom as well as to the nobility and gentry; for -had those lowbred peasants succeeded, there would have been unheard-of -cruelties practised, to the destruction of all gentlemen, by the common -people.[5] The banners of the Flemings in illumination are very -interesting, as exhibiting the implements of the different trades, -precisely as in the flags of trades-unions of the present day. - -[Illustration: <f>Messire Josse de Hallebin, killed before Ghent.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XVI. - -DEATH OF JOSSE DE HALLEBIN. - - -This Illumination represents the death of Sir Josse de Hallebin, at the -passage of Long-pont, one of the innumerable encounters and disasters -consequent upon the revolt of Flanders. - -[Illustration: <f>Combat between Nicolas Clifford and a French Knight.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XVII. - -COMBAT BETWEEN NICHOLAS CLIFFORD AND A FRENCH KNIGHT. - - -This Illumination has been selected as exhibiting the mode and -ceremonial of a single combat, and though coarsely and somewhat -carelessly executed, it portrays, with considerable graphic effect, the -arrangements, and positions of the witnesses, judges, and combatants, on -such occasions. - -It is intended to represent the encounter between an English esquire, -named Nicholas Clifford, and a French knight, the latter of whom was -slain. - -[Illustration: <f>Jacob Van Arteveld holding his state in Ghent.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XVIII. - -JACOB VAN ARTEVELDE HOLDING STATE IN GHENT. - - -Though so frequently occurring in illuminated manuscripts of the -fifteenth century, it has so happened that our selection of subjects has -not fallen on one containing a portraiture of the Fool or Jester--a -prominent figure in the social groups of that period. - -In the present miniature the artist has attempted to exhibit the great -state kept by Jacob van Artevelde, who, after assuming the supreme power -in Flanders, surrounded himself with men-at-arms, numerous attendants, -not omitting the Jester, it would seem, and such a train of retainers as -was usual with the great Lords and Sovereigns of that time. - -[Illustration: <f>The Queen of Naples visits Pope Clement at Rome.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XIX. - -VISIT OF THE QUEEN OF NAPLES TO POPE CLEMENT. - - -Queen Joan of Naples, the daughter of Louis of Sicily, remaining without -heirs, having been four times married, determined to fulfil the last -request of her father, to the effect that, should she die without -offspring, she should surrender Naples, and all her other possessions, -to the church. For this purpose she met Clement, Pope of Avignon, at -Fondi, which interview is represented in the accompanying Illumination. -Pope Clement, as is well known, made over these possessions to the Duke -of Anjou, brother to the King of France. - -[Illustration: <f>Galeas of Milan surprises and imprisons his Uncle.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XX. - -GALEAS VISCONTI ARRESTS HIS UNCLE. - - -Galeas Visconti, count of Vertus, imagining that his uncle, Sir Bernabo -Visconti, duke of Milan, had some intention of dispossessing him of his -Lordships, proved himself the keener politician of the two, by being -beforehand with his uncle and arresting him. He the more easily formed a -party for this purpose, as Sir Bernabo had cruelly oppressed that part -of Lombardy over which he ruled. Sir Galeas fixed upon the opportunity -of his uncle’s passing from one castle to another, to waylay him, by -three ambuscades, as represented in the Illumination, which it was -impossible to escape. The person of Sir Bernabo being thus treacherously -secured, he was thrown into prison, where he died shortly after, as it -is supposed, by foul means. - -The cotemporary opinion respecting events of this description may be -inferred from the circumstance that Galeas Visconti, becoming thus duke -of Milan, was enabled to marry his daughter to the then most powerful -prince in Europe, Charles VI., king of France. - -[Illustration: <f>The Funeral of Jehan de Lyon.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XXI. - -THE FUNERAL OF JEHAN DE LYON. - - -Froissart enters into great detail upon the subject of the petty -quarrels which he supposes led to the revolt of Ghent. The favour of -Jehan de Lyon with the Earl of Flanders, and his subsequent disgrace, he -makes one of the principal causes. It is well known that Jehan de Lyon -was the leader of the first serious rising, and the founder of the -association called White-hoods. After the taking of Bruges, he was -seized with sudden illness, at the small town of Damme, “after having -supped in great revelry with the ladies of the place,” whence he was -carried on a litter to Ardenburg, where he died. From the swelling of -his body and other symptoms, it is supposed he was poisoned by some -agent of the Earl of Flanders. “His body was conveyed to Ghent, where he -was much beloved by all except the party of the earl. The clergy went -out to meet the body, and conducted it into the town with as much -solemnity as if it had been that of the earl himself.” This is the -passage illustrated by the Illuminator. - -[Illustration: <f>The beheading of Silvester Budes.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XXII. - -BEHEADING OF SILVESTER BUDES. - - -Silvester Budes, marching against Pope Urban the Sixth, was defeated by -Sir John Hawkwood, who commanded the Papal forces, and carried prisoner -to Rome: he was in daily expectation of being put to death, when he -effected his escape, and took shelter with the rival Pope--Clement, at -Avignon; he was, however, unfavourably received, and at the instigation -of the Cardinal of Amiens, whose baggage and plate he had formerly -plundered to pay his soldiers, he was beheaded in the city of Mascon. -The Illumination represents the headsman performing his office with a -two-handed sword, in the presence of the Pope and Cardinal. - -[Illustration: <f>The Duke of Burgundy and his Army.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XXIII. - -THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY ENTERING CHARTRES. - - -The Duke of Burgundy having received the command of an expedition from -his brother, Charles the Fifth of France, after taking several towns and -castles, retired to Chartres to recruit his forces: his entrance into -that town appears to be the subject of the present Illumination, which, -surrounded by a rich border, forms the frontispiece to a manuscript of -the Chronicles of Froissart, which are unfortunately incomplete, the -first volume only being preserved in the collection of the British -Museum. The background, and some unimportant features, have been -slightly compressed, to accommodate the subject to the size of our work; -in other respects, the Plate is an exact copy of the original, which -exhibits in an interesting manner the party-coloured uniform of the -Archers, and many other details of contemporary costume. - -[Illustration: <f>The Earl of Flanders soliciting the aid of -Charles</f> VI. <f>of France.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XXIV. - -THE EARL OF FLANDERS SOLICITING AID OF CHARLES VI. OF FRANCE. - - -The Earl of Flanders, finding his own force insufficient to cope with -his revolted subjects, sought the aid of the young Charles the Sixth of -France, whose assistance, readily granted, led to the defeat of the -Flemings, and the death of Philip Van Artevelde, at the famous battle of -Rosbecque. The Illumination represents the Earl soliciting the aid of -the King of France at Peronne, where the interview took place. - -[Illustration: <f>The Murder of the Archbishop of Canterbury.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XXV. - -THE MURDER OF THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. - - -In the revolt headed by Wat Tyler, John Ball, and others, many excesses -were committed; among others, the murder of the Archbishop of -Canterbury, in the Tower, which, according to Froissart, happened in the -following manner:--“The king having agreed to a parley with the rebels -in a meadow at Mile End, passed out of the Tower with his retinue, for -the purpose of proceeding there; the mob, taking advantage of the open -gates, rushed in, and running from chamber to chamber, at last found the -Archbishop of Canterbury, who was Chancellor of England, and put him -instantly to death.” They also murdered the Prior of St. John’s, and a -Franciscan Friar, a doctor of physic, as represented in the -Illumination. - -[Illustration: <f>Edward III. before Rheims.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XXVI. - -EDWARD III. BEFORE RHEIMS. - - -The present Plate represents King Edward the Third before the city of -Rheims, whence it appears his followers proceeded to pillage the country -round to a considerable distance in every direction, which our -chronicler naïvely terms, “seeking adventures.” After seven weeks, the -siege was abandoned, without attempting any serious assault; and the -scene of operations transferred to Troyes and other places in Champagne, -where a similar mode of warfare was carried on. The illuminator has -bestowed extraordinary pains in the enrichment of the tents and in -delineating the cannon and other preparatives for a siege. This Plate is -from the fine Manuscript in the Bibliothèque Royale, Paris. - -[Illustration: <f>Interview on the Thames between Richard II and the -Insurgents.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XXVII. - -INTERVIEW BETWEEN RICHARD II. AND THE INSURGENTS. - - -In the commencement of the Wat Tyler rebellion, an interview was -attempted between the king and the rebels at Rotherhithe, which is thus -described by Froissart:-- - -“On Corpus Christi day, King Richard heard mass in the Tower of London, -with all his Lords, and afterwards entered his barge, attended by the -Earls of Salisbury, Warwick, and Suffolk, with other knights. He rowed -down the Thames towards Rotherhithe, a manor belonging to the Crown, -where were upwards of ten thousand men, who had come from Blackheath to -see the king and to speak to him: when they perceived his barge -approach, they set up such shouts and cries as if all the devils in hell -had been in their company. They had their knight, Sir John Newtoun, with -them: for in case the king did not come and they found he had made a -jest of them, they would, as they threatened, have cut him to pieces. -When the king and his lords saw this crowd and the wildness of their -manner, there was not one among them so bold and determined but felt -alarmed: the king was advised by his barons not to land, but to have his -barge rowed up and down the river. ‘What do you wish for?’ demanded the -king; ‘I am come hither to hear what you have to say.’ Those near him -cried out, ‘We wish thee to land, when we will remonstrate with thee and -tell thee more at our ease what our wants are.’ The Earl of Salisbury -then replied for the king, and said, ‘Gentlemen, you are not properly -dressed, or in fit condition for the king to talk with you.’ Nothing -more was said; for the king was advised to return to the Tower of -London, from whence he had set out.” - -[Illustration: <f>Lord Charles of Blois obtains possession of the town of -Jugon.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XXVIII. - -LORD CHARLES OF BLOIS OBTAINING POSSESSION OF JUGON. - - -Between the feasts of St. Remy and All Saints in the year 1342, a rich -merchant of Jugon was taken prisoner by a follower of the Lord Charles -of Blois. Being in fear of his life, he agreed to betray the town into -the hands of the Lord Charles, upon being set free; and he had every -opportunity of doing so, as he was so much respected that none had any -suspicion of his intentions. The gate was thrown open at midnight, and -Lord Charles obtained possession of the place, but the citizens having -retreated to the castle, and with them the treacherous merchant, his -treason was soon discovered, and he was hanged outside the battlements -before the surrender of the castle. - -[Illustration: <f>The Battle of Poictiers.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XXIX. - -BATTLE OF POICTIERS. - - -The present beautiful Illumination is a spirited composition full of -movement and invention, representing the great victory of Poictiers -gained by the Black Prince over King John of France, whose army numbered -seven to one of the English. The Illumination is especially intended to -exhibit the great havoc and confusion caused by the English archers -among the French horsemen, which, as Froissart asserts, mainly -contributed to the fortune of the day. - -[Illustration: <f>EVAN of Wales assassinated before Mortmain-sur-mer.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XXX. - -ASSASSINATION OF EVAN OF WALES. - - -“Evan of Wales,” says Froissart, “was the son of a Prince of Wales, whom -King Edward, for some reason I am ignorant of, had put to death, and -seized his principality, which he had given to his son the Prince of -Wales.” Evan having gone to France to lay his complaint before the -French King, received the command of a body of men, and much annoyed the -English on many occasions; he eventually laid siege to the town of -Mortmain in Poitou; during the siege it was his custom to seat himself -in the open air, to have his hair combed and plaited, attended only by -one John Lamb, by whom, on one of these occasions, he was treacherously -stabbed to death with a short Spanish dagger, and not the singular -weapon represented by the illuminator. It appears from an entry relating -to the expenses of the war, that Lamb received a hundred francs -recompense for this deed, as one exceedingly agreeable to the Prince of -Wales. - -[Illustration: <f>The Earl of Flanders receives the men of Ghent.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XXXI. - -EARL OF FLANDERS AND CITIZENS OF GHENT. - - -This Illumination represents an interview between the citizens of Ghent -and the Earl of Flanders, and is very carefully executed in every -detail. It was principally selected, however, for the purpose of -introducing a portion of the rich border which surrounds the page of -which it forms a part. - -[Illustration: <f>The Earl of Flanders directing the Repairs of -Oudenarde.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XXXII. - -THE EARL OF FLANDERS REPAIRS OUDENARDE. - - -This Illumination has been selected for the purpose of showing masons at -work in the fifteenth century, which it does in a very graphic and -interesting manner. - -[Illustration: <f>The Duke of Brittany and the Earl of Buckingham -concerting the Siege of Nantes.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XXXIII. - -THE EARL OF BUCKINGHAM AND THE DUKE OF BRITTANY CONCERT THE SIEGE OF -NANTES. - - -The Earl of Buckingham (the Compte de Bouquinghé, as he is called in the -Chronicles,) being appointed to the command of a force despatched to the -assistance of the Duke of Brittany, their meeting is thus described by -Froissart:-- - -“Fair brother of Brittany,” said the Earl, “it shall not be long, if you -follow my advice, before you punish these rebels; for, with the forces -which you have yourself, and those we have brought, with the additional -reinforcements that may arrive from England every day, we shall bring -your subjects into such a state of submission that they will gladly -throw themselves on your mercy. With these, and such like speeches, they -conversed for a long time, when each returned to his hotel. On the -morrow they rode out together; it was then settled that the council,” -&c. &c. - -The Illumination exhibits the arms of Brittany and England correctly; -and the rich housings of the leaders’ horses are executed with good -effect. - -[Illustration: <f>The Battle of Montiel.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XXXIV. - -THE BATTLE OF MONTIEL. - - -Don Pedro, King of Castille, having been excommunicated by the Pope, and -his bastard brother, Don Henry, having been legitimated and declared -king, a fierce contention commenced between them--Pedro seeking -alliances among the Moors and Jews of Spain; and Henry assistance from -the free companies of France and Brittany. After many vicissitudes and -battles, gained and lost, on both sides, a decisive engagement took -place near Montiel, which ended in the complete rout of the army of -Pedro. Froissart thus commences his description of this famous -battle:--“This battle, of Spaniards against Spaniards, and two brother -kings with their allies, near Montiel, was very grand and horrible. Many -were the good knights on King Henry’s side; such as Sir Bertrand du -Guesclin, Sir Godfrey Ricon, Sir Arnold de Simonsin, Sir Gauvain de -Bailleul, Le Bègue de Villaines, Alain de St. Pot, Aliot de Calais, and -the Bretons who were there. From the kingdom of Arragon were the -Viscount de Rocabarti, the Viscount de Rodais, and many other good -knights and squires, whom I cannot name, who performed various gallant -deeds of arms, as, in truth, they had full need: they had strange people -to encounter, such as Moors and Portuguese. The Jews who were there very -soon turned their backs, and would not fight; but those from Granada and -Bellmarine fought valiantly: they were armed with bows and lances, of -which they made good use, and behaved themselves right well. Don Pedro -was in the midst, and, with intrepid courage, fought valiantly with his -battle-axe, that scarcely any dared to come near him.” Seeing all hope -of escape vain, Pedro surrendered himself to the Bègue de Villaines, who -promised not to give him up to his brother, and concealed him in his own -tent; but “he had not been there an hour, when King Henry and the -Viscount de Rocabarti, with their attendants, but not in great numbers, -came hither. As soon as King Henry had entered the chamber where Don -Pedro was, he said, ‘Where is the son of a Jewish whore, who calls -himself King of Castille!’ Don Pedro, who was a bold as well as a cruel -man, stepped forward, and said, ‘Why, thou art the Son of a whore, and I -am the son of Alphonso.’ On saying this, he caught hold of King Henry in -his arms, began to wrestle with him, and being the strongest, threw him -down under him upon a ‘materat de soye,’ and placing his hand on his -poniard, he would infallibly have killed him, if the Viscount de -Rocabarti had not been present, who, seizing Don Pedro by the legs, -turned him over, by which means, King Henry being uppermost, immediately -drew a long poniard, which he wore in his sash, and plunged it into his -body. His attendants entered the tent, and helped to despatch him. * * * -Thus died Don Pedro, King of Castille, who had formerly reigned in great -prosperity. Those who had slain him, left him three days unburied, which -was a pity, for the sake of humanity; and the Spaniards made their joke -upon him.” - -This is one of the finest and most elaborate Illuminations of the famous -MS. of the Bibliothèque Royale;--the number of single combats, the -picturesque costumes of the Moors, and the general rush and confusion of -the _melée_, (in the midst of which Pedro is seen wielding his -formidable battle-axe,) are most capitally pourtrayed, and every part is -finished with the greatest care and precision. The landscape exhibits -the romantic, rocky character which distinguish nearly all the finest of -the pictures in these beautiful volumes; and in the present instance it -is treated with great care and finish. - -[Illustration: <f>The Chanoine of Robesart takes Jaffre.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XXXV. - -THE CANON OF ROBESART SURPRISES THE TOWN OF JAFFRE. - - -This Illumination represents one of the exploits of the warlike Canon of -Robesart. To convey an idea of surprise, the illuminator has exhibited -an inhabitant of the town coming out of the gate, fingering his -walking-stick with an air of self-satisfaction that evidently shows he -has no idea even of the approach of the enemy--who already stand ranged -close to the walls, with a formidable piece of artillery, which looks as -likely to be detrimental to themselves as their adversaries. - -[Illustration: <f>John Ball Preaching.</f>] - - - - -PLATE XXXVI. - -JOHN BALL PREACHING. - - -John Ball, a priest, was one of the chief instigators of the rebellion -of 1381. He harangued the people of his village every Sunday after mass; -and as he preached equality of rank and property, he was soon popular -among the lower orders; and when the men of Kent, Essex, &c., &c., -marched to London, he, with Jack Straw, and Wat Tyler, became one of -their leaders. After the fall of Wat Tyler, and the dispersion of the -rebels in Smithfield, John Ball and Jack Straw concealed themselves in a -ruin, but were betrayed by their own men, and beheaded. In this -Illumination the names of John Ball and Waultre le Tieullier are written -in white on the respective dresses, which would seem to render it -probable that they are actual portraits. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] This and the following Illuminations are from the famous Gruthyse -MS. in the Paris Library. - -[2] See Smith’s Edition of Froissart, vol. i., page 13. - -[3] For a most interesting account of his meeting with the Spanish -fleet off Rochelle, his defeat, captivity, and death, see Smith’s -edition of Froissart, Vol. I. pp. 470, 471, 475, and 501. - -[4] See Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. i. page 724. - -[5] See Smith’s edition of Froissart, vol. i. p. 746. - - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUMINATED ILLUSTRATIONS OF -FROISSART; *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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