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diff --git a/old/64451-h/64451-h.htm b/old/64451-h/64451-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 1c226ab..0000000 --- a/old/64451-h/64451-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9703 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - Palæontological Report of the Princeton Scientific Expedition of 1877, - by Henry F. Osborn, Wm. B. Scott, And Francis Speir, Jr.—a Project Gutenberg eBook. - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/epub_cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} - -p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .75em; text-indent: 1.5em;} - -hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} - -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-top: 2em;} -hr.full {width: 95%; margin-top: 2em;} -hr.tb {width: 45%;} - -table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-collapse: collapse;} -.tblcont tr:hover {background-color: #f5f5f5;} - -.pagenum {position: absolute; right: 3.5%; font-style: normal; /* prevent italics, etc. */ - font-size: small; text-align: right; color: #808080;} /* page numbers */ -.bdt {border-top: solid #000 1px;} -.bdb {border-bottom: solid #000 1px;} -.bdl {border-left: solid #000 1px;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} -.gesperrt {letter-spacing: 0.125em;} -.tdc {text-align: center; margin:0 auto; text-indent: 0;} -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.p0 {text-indent: 0;} -h1, h2, .caption2, .caption3 {font-weight: bold; text-align: center; text-indent:0;} -h1 {font-size:2.00em; margin-top: 1.5em;} -h2, .caption2 {font-size:1.50em; margin-top: 1.0em;} -.caption3 {font-size:1.25em; margin-top: 0.5em;} -.caption2nb {font-size:1.50em; text-align: center; text-indent:0; margin-top: 1.0em;} -.caption3nb {font-size:1.25em; text-align: center; text-indent:0; margin-top: 1.0em;} -.caption4nb {font-size:1.15em; text-align: center; text-indent:0; margin-top: 1.0em;} -.pmt2 {margin-top: 2em;} -.pmt1 {margin-top: 1em;} -.pmb1 {margin-bottom: 1em;} -.pmb4 {margin-bottom: 4em;} - -/* Images */ - -.fig_center {margin: auto; text-align: center;} - -.hanging {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; text-align: justify;} -.blockquot p {margin-left: 4em; text-indent: -2em; text-align: justify;} -.blockquot2 p {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: -2em; text-align: justify;} -.vtop {vertical-align: top;} -.vbot {vertical-align: bottom;} - -sub {font-size: .8em;} -sup {font-size: .8em;} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnotes {background-color: #e6e6fa; color: black; padding:1.5em; - margin-bottom:5em;} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} -.fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Palæontological Report of the Princeton Scientific Expedition of 1877, by Henry Fairfield Osborn</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Palæontological Report of the Princeton Scientific Expedition of 1877</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Henry Fairfield Osborn, William Berryman Scott and Francis Speir, Jr.</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: February 02, 2021 [eBook #64451]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Tom Cosmas derived from files generously provided by the Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain.</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PALÆONTOLOGICAL REPORT OF THE PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION OF 1877 ***</div> - - - - - -<div class="fig_center x-ebookmaker-drop" style="width: 258px;"> -<img src="images/cover.png" width="258" height="436" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[ 1 ]</a></span></p> - - - -<p class="tdc"><i>CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF GEOLOGY AND ARCHEOLOGY<br /> -OF PRINCETON COLLEGE.</i></p> - - - -<p class="caption3">No. 1.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h1><span class="smcap">Palæontological Report</span></h1> - -<p class="tdc">OF</p> - -<p class="caption2">The Princeton Scientific Expedition<br /> -<span class="smcap">of</span> 1877.</p> - - -<p class="tdc">BY</p> - -<p class="caption3 pmb4">HENRY F. OSBORN,<br /> -WM. B. SCOTT,<br /> -FRANCIS SPEIR, Jr.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="caption3">September 1, 1878.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - - -<p class="tdc pmb4">New York:<br /> -<br /> -S. W. GREEN, PRINTER, Nos. 16 AND 18 JACOB STREET.<br /> -<br /> -1878.<br /> -</p> - -<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[ 2 ]</a></span></p> - -<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[ 3 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Palæontological Division.</span></p> - -<p class="caption4nb pmb4"> -PROF. JOSEPH KARGÈ,<br /> -ROLLIN H. LYNDE,<br /> -HENRY F. OSBORN,<br /> -JOTHAM POTTER,<br /> -WM. B. SCOTT,<br /> -FRANCIS SPEIR, Jr.<br /> -</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[ 4 ]</a></span></p> - -<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[ 5 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="smcap"><i>To the Honorable the President and Board of Trustees of<br /> -the College of New Jersey:</i></span></p> - -<p><i>Gentlemen:</i></p> - -<p><i>I have the honor to transmit herewith the Palæontological Report -of the College Scientific Expedition of 1877.</i></p> - -<p><i>The fossils collected by the Palæontological party, and deposited by the -chief of the expedition in the Geological Museum, consisted of two sets, one -numbering some two thousand specimens of fossil plants and insects from -the tertiary beds of Central Colorado, the other of a considerable series of -fossil vertebrates, mostly mammals, from the tertiary beds of Wyoming -Territory, around Fort Bridger. This last collection has been studied and -worked out with unabated zeal and diligence by the three post-graduate -members of the Palæontological party, Messrs. H. Osborn, W. Scott, and -F. Speir, who devoted most of the time of their course to this special work, -with what success this Report will show.</i></p> - -<p><i>It will be a source of gratification to the generous friends of the College, -who furnished means for the Scientific Expedition of 1877, that it not -only enriched our Museum to so great an extent, but did more still by -fostering in our College a thorough study of Palæontology, which could -not have been undertaken without such means as these thus placed at the -disposal of our students.</i></p> - -<p><i>The fossil insects and plants have been intrusted to the hands of the -best specialists for determination. Dr. S. Scudder, of Cambridge, Mass., -has kindly consented to revise the insects. Prof. G. L. Lequereux the plants.</i></p> - -<p style="margin-left: 12em; text-indent:0; margin-bottom: 4em;"> -<i>Very Respectfully,</i><br /> -<br /> - <i>A. GUYOT,</i><br /> -<i>Director of the E. M. Museum of Geology and Archæology.</i><br /> -</p> - -<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[ 6 ]</a></span></p> - -<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[ 7 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="tdr"> -<span class="smcap">Princeton</span>, June 1, 1878.<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sir:</span> We transmit herewith our report upon the Palæontological collections -made by the Princeton party in the summer of 1877.</p> - -<p>The following persons constituted the Palæontological division: <span class="smcap">Rollin H. -Lynde, Henry F. Osborn, Jotham Potter, Wm. B. Scott, Francis Speir</span>, Jr. -The division remained in Colorado from the first of July until the first of -August, when, under the direction of Professor Kargè, it left the main party, -and passed the month of August in Wyoming, returning in the first part of -September. The Colorado collections were mostly made in the (probable) -Miocene beds near Florissant, and in the beds near the Garden of the Gods, -variously referred to the <i>Dakota</i> and <i>Wealden</i> groups. In Wyoming, with -Fort Bridger as a base of explorations, the division was wholly occupied in -the Bridger series, camping successively on Smith's Fork, Henry's Fork, and -Dry Creek, and exploring the beds adjacent.</p> - -<p>It has been our endeavor, in confining our attention to the remains of -vertebrated animals collected during the trip, not merely to catalogue the direct -results, but, by the aid of fresh materials, to supplement the work of others. -For, of the descriptions and data of the Bridger Eocene Fauna published up -to the present time, we find that even those which have been most accurately -prepared are lacking in important details; and that, owing to imperfect materials, -large gaps yet remain in our knowledge of genera and species named -and classed years ago. Although such supplementary work may appear, at first -sight, tedious and ill-directed, we are confident that in the end it will prove of -some value to science, and that it is therefore well worthy of our effort. While -our field work did not extend beyond a region previously well explored, we -obtained material by means of which we are able to add a number of new -fossils to the Eocene Fauna of the Bridger group.</p> - -<p>In the preparation of this report we have experienced much difficulty in -assigning some of our specimens to their proper genera and species. For, -while we have desired to respect the classifications made by others, we have -in many cases found it impossible to do so, owing to uncharacteristic definition, -which, without doubt, has been unavoidable. In all cases of uncertainty, we -have adopted the classification which appeared to be the best established. -This, in short, has proved the only available course.</p> - -<p>The drawings have been executed with much care as to accuracy of proportion -and outline. They are, with one exception, the work of a member of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[ 8 ]</a></span> -the party; and they are inserted simply to illustrate certain parts of the context, -which would be unsatisfactory without reference to figures of the kind.</p> - -<p>Now that the present work is ready for the press, we are very sensible that -it must contain errors which, while they have escaped our notice, will be readily -detected by eyes more experienced. These, we trust, will be excused, when -it is remembered that we are just entering a field which others have explored -for years; and opening a work which Princeton, with her many other lines -of study, has never hitherto attempted.</p> - -<p>We lake this opportunity to return our most hearty thanks to General -Flint, to Judge and Dr. Carter, to Mr. Hamilton, and other officers and -residents at Fort Bridger, who, by their good will and liberal assistance, -contributed largely to our success. Our gratitude is also due to Professors Leidy -and Cope for their generous aid, both in the way of advice and of material -put in our hands for comparison.</p> - -<p>The following pages do not embrace descriptions of the entire collections -made by the Princeton party last summer. The valuable specimens of fossil -plants and insects have passed into other hands.</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 12em; text-indent:0; margin-bottom: 4em;"> -Respectfully submitted,<br /> -<br /> - HENRY F. OSBORN,<br /> - WM. B. SCOTT,<br /> - FRANCIS SPEIR, Jr.</p> - -<p class="p0 pmb4"> -Dr. <span class="smcap">Arnold Guyot</span>,<br /> - <i>Director of the E. M. Museum</i>.<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[ 9 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="caption2nb">INTRODUCTORY NOTE</p> - -<p class="tdc">UPON THE</p> - -<p class="caption2nb">GEOLOGY OF THE BRIDGER BASIN.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 132px;"> -<img src="images/bar_dot.png" width="132" height="10" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Fort Bridger</span> is a government military post, situated on the high southern -plateau of western Wyoming Territory, in the midst of one of the most interesting -geological regions of the world.</p> - -<p>The country on all sides was once the bottom of a great eocene lake, the -water of which was probably slightly brackish. Whether this lake district had -direct communication with the ocean, is undetermined as yet, but there is a possibility -that it had.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Ichthyic fauna of the Green River shales, Hayden's Surveys, vol. iii., No. -4, p. 819.</p></div> - -<p>The tributaries of the Green River, which drain this plateau, render the valleys -along the edges of the streams green and wooded. Beyond this fertile -strip, wide, barren plains extend, covered by a dense growth of short "sage -brush" (Artemisia tridentata).</p> - -<p>From the fragmentary debris lying scattered over the surface of the ground, -it would seem as if the various streams formerly were of much greater size and -volume than they now are, and that long after the eocene lakes had been drained-rivers -of considerable size ploughed up the lake bottoms, excavating an immense -area. The formation known as "Mauvaises Terres" rises abruptly from the -valleys, and extends in a series of plateaus, one above the other, on either side.</p> - -<p>The high land shows the effect of violent erosion in two forms; first, the irregular -and jagged cones that appear upon the sides of the high benches; and, -second, the isolated butte structure, rising directly out of the plain.</p> - -<p>The bad lands of Cottonwood Creek, Henry's Fork, Dry Creek, etc., are examples -of the first, and Bridger Butte the best known example of the second.</p> - -<p>Bridger Butte, six miles to the south-west of Fort Bridger, rises to a height -of over a hundred feet, and is about two miles long; its sides slope steeply up, -and its level top serves as a landmark that can be seen miles away.</p> - -<p>The stratification throughout this whole formation is nearly horizontal, and -across the valley can be distinctly noted, owing to the color and appearance of -the various layers.</p> - -<p>No satisfactory explanation has been given of the causes which occasioned -the removal of the waters of these lakes, nor of the agencies necessary to accomplish -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[ 10 ]</a></span> -the great excavations that now show the former bottoms of the basins. -These and like points future investigation will undoubtedly solve.</p> - -<p>It is certain that the level of the lakes varied at different times, and also -that great stretches of marshy land surrounded their borders.</p> - -<p>The first fact is proved by the characters of the different layers of strata; the -second by the fossil remains entombed. A careful study of the formation of -the beds of Cottonwood Creek, at a point about fourteen miles south of Fort -Bridger, yielded the following result, which will serve as an example illustrative -of the regular formation in this section.</p> - -<p>Three distinct lines of bluffs are to be noticed, the first rising to a height of -one hundred and fifty feet; from these extends a plain, gently sloping south-west -to the foot of the second line of cliffs; these seem high, owing to the downward -slope of the plain, but they really rise only fifty feet higher than the first.</p> - -<p>On the top of the second, but less broad than the first, extends a level plain, -with a slight dip to the south-east; at the end of this, the third line rises two -hundred feet above the top of the second line of bluffs, making a total height, -in the series, of four hundred feet above the level of Smith's Fork.</p> - -<p>The strata throughout are nearly horizontal, and are of different color and -composition.</p> - -<p>Specimens of the rocks and clays from this section were gathered, and submitted -for analysis to Professor Cornwall, of the Scientific School at Princeton, -who has kindly furnished us with the following notes:</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>No. 1, very friable, light greenish-gray sedimentary rocks, consisting chiefly -of crystalline grains of quartz, orthoclase, and hornblende (this often in slender -crystals), with a little dark mica, and irregular fragments of a light-greenish, -transparent, not dichroitic mineral. The above are not perceptibly affected by -hot hydrochloric acid. The whole is loosely cemented with a calcareous clay, -containing considerable phosphoric acid. These rocks might result from the -disintegration of a neighboring hornblendic granite.</p> - -<p>The greatest mass of the strata is made up of this kind of rock, and it is -this which gives the peculiar color to the "Mauvaises Terres."</p> - -<p>Above this in places is found a second kind, which is a light gray indurated -clay, with a slight greenish tint. It contains much fine crystalline quartz, with -considerable carbonate of lime, and a little phosphoric acid.</p> - -<p>It appears to be of similar origin with the first, but was deposited in quieter -waters. This mineralogical evidence is strengthened by the fact that no remains -of mammals were found in strata of this kind, but only shells regularly -deposited in layers one above another.</p> - -<p>The third kind is found in thin layers, overtopping the highest line of buttes; -it consists of very fine-grained dark-brown sandstones, containing a considerable -proportion of carbonate and phosphate of lime. They are hard and -tough, and are mechanically deposited, and no fossils are found in them.</p> - -<p>In No. 2 the indurated clay is often found above a coarser sandstone than -No. 1, but of the same general appearance; with the exception that it contains -smooth, rounded pebbles, which were deposited either on a beach or in running -water. In this stratum the fossils found are separate bones, often showing -marks of having been broken before they were silicified. This would prove -that the lake level was changing continually.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[ 11 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>Several skeletons of animals have been found in a standing position, with -their legs slightly stretched out. They were probably mired, and, being unable -to extricate themselves, died in an erect position. This fact affords evidence -that extensive swamps surrounded the borders of the lake.</p> - -<p>The snow-water and the spring rains wear deep gulleys through the lines of -cliffs, and wash down fragments of bones into the dried-up water-courses. -These pieces can generally be traced up to the spot from which they came, and -the rest of the skeleton can so be secured.</p> - -<p>The fossils found in the eocene of Wyoming are entirely petrified, presenting -a darker appearance than their matrix; but loose bones washed out, and subjected -to the influence of the sun and rain, often become bleached so as to resemble -in color modern bones.</p> - -<p>The state of preservation of the fossils differs according to the matrix in -which they are found. Generally speaking, the remains found in the lower -lines of buttes have been considerably distorted by pressure; while those from -the highest line have suffered very little from this cause.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[ 12 ]</a></span></p> - -<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[ 13 ]</a></span></p> - - - -<h2><a name="MAMMALIA" id="MAMMALIA">MAMMALIA.</a></h2> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="caption3nb">PRIMATES.</p> - -<p class="caption2nb">TOMITHERIUM, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs. 1872, p. 546.</p> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Dental</span> formula of the inferior series: I. 2, C. 2, Pm. 4, -M. 3. The last molar has an expanded heel. The third premolar -consists of a cone with posterior heel. Fourth premolar -exhibits, besides its principal cone, an interior lateral one -and a large heel. The true molars support two anterior -tubercles, of which the inner is represented by two distinct -cusps in one or more of them, and the external is crescentoid -in section. The posterior part of the crown is wide and concave, -and bordered at its posterior angles by an obsolete -tubercle on the inner, and an elevated angle on the outer -side." (Palæontology, Wheeler's Survey, iv (pt. 2), p. 135.)</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Tomitherium rostratum</span>, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Loc. cit., p. 548.</p> - -<p>This species exhibits considerable variation, both in size -and proportion of the teeth. We have two specimens of it, -one of which agrees exactly with the measurements given -by Professor Cope, while the other is stouter, and probably -belonged to an old male.</p> - -<p>The incisors are too much broken for description. The -canine has a long, stout fang, which is subcircular in section; -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[ 14 ]</a></span> -the crown is compressed, and shows a distinct cutting edge -posteriorly. It is short, and tapers rapidly; in this respect -differing from <i>Notharctus</i>, Leidy, which has a long recurved -canine. The first and second premolars are inserted each by -a single fang; the third and fourth by two. The third premolar -consists of a simple conical crown with a small posterior -heel; and the fourth has this heel enlarged, with a small -tubercle developed inside and slightly behind the principal -lobe. All the premolars have striated enamel, and very feebly -marked basal ridges.</p> - -<p>The true molars are considerably larger than the premolars; -the third is the longest of the series, and the second -is the widest. They all seem to be inserted by two fangs. -The posterior fang of the last molar is a flat quadrate, of the -same size throughout, having a great fore-and-aft diameter, -and apparently no nerve cavity. The mandible is strong but -shallow, has a curved alveolus and lower margin, and the -teeth form a curve with convexity outwards. The symphysis -is short and oblique.</p> - -<p>This genus presents a close resemblance to the modern -<i>Lemur</i>, but at the same time shows several differences. We -may give these differences in systematic order: (1) Greater -number of premolars, in <i>Tomitherium</i> = 4, in <i>Lemur</i> = 2. It -will be observed, however, that the first and second premolars -of <i>Tomitherium</i> are very small and single-rooted, and that -their disappearance is a comparatively slight change. (2) The -canines are subcircular in section, not nearly so much compressed. -(3) Greater breadth of the molars in proportion to -their length. (4) Two internal cusps on the molar. (5) Much -greater size of the last molar. (6) Greater depth and thickness -of the jaw. (7) Greater curvature of alveolus and -lower margin of ramus. (8) Longer and more oblique symphysis.</p> - -<p>The third and fourth premolars of <i>Tomitherium</i> correspond -almost exactly to the first and second of <i>Lemur</i>, but they are -not quite so high and sharp. The interior tubercle of the -second premolar is not so distinct in the latter genus.</p> - -<p>In the second specimen the cusps are all low, and the -crests prominent, giving the molars something of the appearance -of <i>Opisthotomus</i>. This difference is probably sexual.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[ 15 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="bdt bdb"></td> - <td class="bdt bdl bdb tdc">M.<br /> T. No. 1. </td> - <td class="bdt bdl bdb tdc">M.<br /> T. No. 2. </td> - <td class="bdt bdl bdb tdc">M.<br /> T. No. 3. </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of entire molar series</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·038 </td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·032 </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of premolar series</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·017 </td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·0125</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of true molar series</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·021 </td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·0195</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of canine</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·003 </td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·005 </td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·0065</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of last molar<a name="FNanchor_1_2" id="FNanchor_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_2" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·008 </td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·005 </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of last molar</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·004 </td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·003 </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of second molar</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·007 </td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·007 </td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·0072</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of second molar</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·005 </td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·006 </td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·005 </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of last premolar</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·0055</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·007 </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of penultimate premolar</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·004 </td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·005 </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Depth of jaw at second molar</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·012 </td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·012 </td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·0095</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bdb">Thickness of jaw at second molar</td> - <td class="bdl bdb tdc">·0065</td> - <td class="bdl bdb tdc">·009 </td> - <td class="bdl bdb tdc">·004 </td> -</tr> -</table> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1_2" id="Footnote_1_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_2"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> In measurements of teeth we use the word <i>length</i> to mean antero-posterior -diameter, and <i>width</i> to mean transverse diameter.</p></div> - -<p>Specimen No. 1 was found at Cottonwood Creek, and -specimen No, 2 at Henry's Fork, Wyoming.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">HYOPSODUS, Leidy.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 110.</p> - -<p>Lower teeth: I. 3, C. 1, Pm. 4, M. 3, in uninterrupted succession. -Last molar has cusps in opposing pairs; the antero-internal -cusp on all the molars is single; the last molar has a -heel, and the last premolar has an inner cusp. The true molar -cusps are all high and simple.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Hyopsodus paulus</span>, Leidy.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Loc. cit., p. 110.</p> - -<p>This is one of the most common fossils found in the -Bridger Basin. We have numerous specimens, chiefly from -Henry's Fork, exhibiting a large range of individual and -sexual variation. As Dr. Leidy has already pointed out, the -strength and depth of the lower jaw is extremely variable, increasing -with the age of the animal; so that the most worn -teeth are associated with the deepest jaws.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[ 16 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>In addition to the jaws and teeth, (which have been very -accurately described), we have a portion of a pelvis and femur, -which are important as tending to confirm the reference of -this genus to the Lemurs.</p> - -<p>The <i>pelvis</i> is represented by the acetabulum and a small -portion of ilium and ischium. They resemble the corresponding -parts in the skeleton of <i>Stenops gracilis</i>. The acetabulum -is a long oval, not subcircular, deep, and quite narrow -from side to side. It appears to be directed nearly straight -outwards. The ilium is narrow, has a concave gluteal surface, -and a prominent acetabular border. The pubis evidently -projected forward, making a right angle with the ilium; while -the ischium is slender and nearly in the same plane with the -ilium. The femur is thoroughly lemurine in shape. The shaft, -(as much of it as is preserved), is straight and sub-cylindrical; -it is not flattened even distally, but becomes very thick and trihedral -in shape just above the trochlea. The trochlea is long, -and rises obliquely upon the shaft; the groove is deep, and the -two divisions are asymmetrical, the external somewhat the -larger. The condyles are large. They are but slightly convex -in either direction and project backwards, and are broadest -posteriorly. The internal is the larger. They are separated -by a deep but not wide popliteal groove, which does -not extend into a popliteal fossa. The position and shape of -the condyles are such as show that the femur must have been -very oblique to the tibia, as in the other lemurs. The tuberosities, -especially the internal, are very large and prominent. -The whole distal end has an asymmetrical appearance, owing -to the greater size of the internal condyle.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width:25em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of ilium at acetabulum</td> - <td class="tdl"> ·0065</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vertical diameter of acetabulum</td> - <td class="tdl">·007</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of acetabulum</td> - <td class="tdl">·009</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of shaft of femur above trochlea</td> - <td class="tdl"> ·0065</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of shaft above trochlea</td> - <td class="tdl"> ·0065</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of trochlea</td> - <td class="tdl">·004</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of trochlea</td> - <td class="tdl"> ·0075</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth over condyles</td> - <td class="tdl">·010</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of inner condyles</td> - <td class="tdl">·005</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[ 17 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="caption3nb">OLIGOTOMUS, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey of the Terrs., 1872, p. 607.</p> - -<p>"Molars constructed much as in <i>Hyopsodus</i> and <i>Lophiotherium</i>, -viz., with two external subtrihedral cusps which wear -into crescents, the posterior connected by a low oblique ridge -with the basis of the anterior cone of the inner side; the -latter with two conic cusps. It differs from these genera and -from <i>Orotherium</i> in the possession of two premolars; the inferior -molars are probably six, leaving four true molars."</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Oligotomus cinctus</span>, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Loc. cit.</p> - -<p>Represented in our collection by the penultimate lower -molar, and a caudal vertebra, which has a remarkably long, -slender, and simple centrum, with rudimentary metapophyses.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">OPISTHOTOMUS, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Wheeler's Survey, Pal. v. iv., pt. 11, p. 152.</p> - -<p>"The inferior lower molars do not display a bifid or double -anterior cusp; and the crowns exhibit two anterior cones, and -an inner cone and outer crescent posteriorly. The posterior -crescent is well defined, and is continued on a narrow crest -to the anterior inner tubercle. The posterior molar presents -the peculiarity of a series of three cusps in one line, the -median having another or lateral cusp near it."</p> - -<p>This genus has hitherto been found only in the Wahsatch -formation; but we have discovered it to be represented in the -Bridger series by the species <i>O. astutus</i>, Cope. Our specimen -consists of a part of the ramus mandibuli containing a single -molar tooth.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[ 18 ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CARNIVORA" id="CARNIVORA">CARNIVORA</a></h2> - - -<p class="caption3nb">SINOPA, Leidy.</p> - -<p>A genus of small carnivorous animals, which Dr. Leidy -regards as intermediate between the recent <i>Canis</i> and the extinct -<i>Hyænodon</i>. Owing to the fragmentary condition of the -remains found, no satisfactory generic definition has been -given.</p> - -<p>From the portion in our collection, we are able to throw -some further light upon the genus, summing up the generic -characteristics thus: Small carnivores, which have the last -upper premolar as sectorial (thus differing from <i>Hyænodon</i>), -the other premolars simple and conical.</p> - -<p>The sectorial is shorter, antero-posteriorly, than the preceding -tooth; has a short blade of a single lobe, and a large -cusp developed from the posterior part; a cingulum surrounds -the entire crown. The <i>lower</i> sectorial has the blade -of a single lobe, and with a short heel.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Sinopa rapax</span>, Leidy.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Proceedings of Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 115.</p> - -<p>In addition to the molars of the lower jaw, described by -Dr. Leidy we have what corresponds to the third and fourth -premolars of the fox, their dental formulas being probably the -same.</p> - -<p>The third premolar is small and pointed; differing from the -corresponding tooth in the fox, (1) in its being less compressed, -(2) in its shorter antero-posterior diameter, (3) in -the straighter and more nearly equal margins, and in (4) the -absence of a posterior heel.</p> - -<p>The tooth is inserted by two fangs, as in <i>Canis</i> and <i>Hyænodon</i>. -The posterior shows a rudiment of a third, which is -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[ 19 ]</a></span> -connate with its entire length above the alveolus. There is -an indistinct cingulum around the entire crown.</p> - -<p>The fourth premolar has a very curious shape. The blade -of this tooth resembles the crown of the third, but is smaller. -It is inserted by three fangs, the disposition of which is opposite -to that in <i>Canis</i>, the internal, being on the same transverse -line as the posterior external, instead of the anterior, as in -<i>Canis</i>. From the internal fang arises a sharp cusp, which is -nearly as large as the blade of the tooth, the two are connate -at base. The anterior face of the crown is much worn, and -there is a small anterior heel formed by the basal ridge. The -cingulum is complete all around.</p> - -<p>The <i>maxillary</i> does not show the outward bulge at the -third premolar, which is so marked in the fox. The alveolus -is straighter, and the palatine plates are comparatively thicker -and flatter. The infraorbital foramen is oval, and not so -much compressed as in the fox, to which it corresponds very -nearly in position, though situated slightly forward as in <i>Hyænodon</i>.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" style="width:25em;"><i>Upper Jaw.</i></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of third premolar</td> - <td class="tdl">·007</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of third premolar</td> - <td class="tdl">·004</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of fourth premolar</td> - <td class="tdl">·007</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of fourth premolar</td> - <td class="tdl">·007</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Lower Molars</i>, from Dr. Leidy.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of last premolar</td> - <td class="tdl"> ·0075</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of first molar</td> - <td class="tdl">·009</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>These exhibit nearly the same proportionate size as in the -gray fox.</p> - -<p class="tdc"> -<i>Genus</i> ——. <i>Species</i> ——.<br /> -</p> - -<p><i>Sacrum</i> (<a href="#Plate_9">Plate IX.</a>, Fig. 8).—This peculiar sacrum is composed -of only one true vertebra; there may have been one or -more pseudo-sacrals, but this is not certain.</p> - -<p>The centrum is very long, strongly depressed, and straight -on the inner margin, not curved as in the sacrum of most -mammals. The anterior articular face is much depressed, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[ 20 ]</a></span> -is one third larger than the posterior. The neural canal is -low and subtriangular, resembling very much that of <i>Canis</i>. -The pleuropophysial plates for articulation with the ilia are -large and stout. The laminæ are heavy and concave on their -upper side, supporting a very long, stout spine, which is retroverted -and decidedly tuberous at the end.</p> - -<p>The pedicles are deeply notched behind; and on the fore -part, just inside the metapophyses, there is a deep fossa.</p> - -<p>The chief features of this sacrum are decidedly carnivorous; -but to what genus or family it should be referred we -are unable to say.</p> - -<p>It has some of the characteristics of <i>Canis</i>, but the length -and retroversion of the spine, as well as the size of the centrum, -prevent this classification. In the general form of the pleuropophysial -plates it approximates to the <i>seals</i>; while in its angle -and curvature, it partakes of the character of the <i>Ursidæ</i>.</p> - -<p>The chief point of interest in this fossil centres in the fact -that it was found only a few feet from the brain cast that is -described below.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Measurements of Sacrum.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width:25em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of centrum</td> - <td class="tdl">·031</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Long diameter of anterior articular face</td> - <td class="tdl">·024</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Long diameter of posterior articular face</td> - <td class="tdl">·017</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of neural canal</td> - <td class="tdl">·019</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Height of neural canal</td> - <td class="tdl">·011</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of neural spine</td> - <td class="tdl">·036</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Extreme width of sacrum</td> - <td class="tdl">·052</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="caption3nb">MEGENCEPHALON.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Megencephalon primævus.</span> <i>Gen. et spec. nov.</i></p> - -<p>In close proximity to the pelvis of the <i>Uintatherium Leidianum</i>, -in one of the upper beds we found an intracranial -cast, separate from the bone which had enclosed it, and in -such preservation as to warrant a partial determination, at -least, of the type to which it belonged. Wishing to obtain as -full information as the nature of the cast permitted, we put it -in the hands of Dr. Spitzka, of New York, who kindly undertook -an examination, and sent us the following as the result:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[ 21 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir:</span> The specimen submitted to me is the intracranial cast of some species -of Placental Mammals. The cranium had been subject to the influences of the -atmosphere, etc., for a considerable period preceding the formation of the cast, -and therefore the cast reflects the sutural dislocations which occurred in consequence. -The base of the brain cast it is not advisable to attempt to expose, on -account of the treacherous nature of the material. The convolutions corresponding -to the internal aspect of the <i>Os temporale</i> have not been clearly demarcated -by the bone surface. The two narrow eminences on it are casts of the -grooves of the middle meningeal arteries. The convolutions of the occipital -surface had been well marked, but somewhat obliterated through denudation, -etc. The important region bordering on each side of the median fissure, and -corresponding to the fronto-parietal suture, is unfortunately as good as destroyed; -and with this destruction the key to the interpretation of the specimen -is lost. However, this much can be stated with absolute certainty, that the -frontal region is sufficiently well preserved to state that its convolutions do not -correspond to those of the brain of the tapir, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, elephant, -pig, horse, hyrax, manatus, or any ruminant or cetacean.</p> - -<p>"They also differ in important particulars from those of the <i>Canidæ</i>, differ less -from those of the <i>Felidæ</i>, still less from the <i>Ursidæ</i>, although corresponding to none -of them. The outline of the cerebral cast is found in two living animals—the -marine otter and the seal. But in the seal the gyri show the transverse interrupting -series of sulci, characteristic of extreme brachycephaly; and it therefore -cannot belong to any animal corresponding to the seal.</p> - -<p>"The sea otter's convolutional details are unknown to me, and I believe have -not yet been studied. I therefore content myself with stating that the outline -of this cast corresponds to the outline of the sea otter's cranium.</p> - -<p>"It would help us a great deal if we could decide the existence or non-existence -of a bony tentorium. The sutures of this cranium, as far as I can reconstruct -them, ran as in the diagram.</p> - -<p>"We may state definitely that this was not an ursine, feline, or canine brain, -nor the brain of any terrestrial viverrine. It is an open question between an -<i>aquatic carnivore</i> and an <i>aquatic pachyderm</i>; and although not placing my conclusion -on an exact basis, yet, in view of the general outline, the course of the -convolutions, and the course of the sutures, I incline to the former view.</p> - -<p>"It certainly corresponds to no known brain of a living creature. In one -point I was inclined to suspect it to be a pachyderm, namely, the decided asymmetry -of some of the sulci, but this, by itself, is not decisive."</p> - -<p class="tdr">"<span class="smcap">Dr. Spitzka</span>.</p> - -<p class="p0">"308 East 123d street."</p> - -</div> - -<p>The interesting letter quoted in full above, contains as near -a determination of the character of the animal to which the -brain belonged, as the nature of the cast and the materials for -comparison would permit. In a later report, by means of -more complete comparative material, we hope to be able to -reach a more satisfactory conclusion. However, as Dr. -Spitzka writes, the <i>general outline</i>, the <i>course</i> of the <i>convolutions</i>, -and the <i>line</i> of the <i>sutures</i> offer strong presumptive evidence -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[ 22 ]</a></span> -that the cast belongs to one of the <i>Aquatic carnivores</i>. Not -far from the brain was found a sacrum, which is described -above as belonging to some carnivore, though further determination -was impossible. Whether there was any connection -between the two is difficult to state. The presence -of an aquatic carnivore in the Bridger eocene is new to -science; but, aside from this, the brain is of a much higher -order than previous discoveries would lead us to expect in -such an early formation.</p> - -<p>Professor Marsh's researches have led him to form the -opinion that the eocene mammals had brains of a low character; -but this specimen shows that this is not true of all, if it is -of most of them. The convolutions are not only numerous -and well marked, but they are complicated, showing the -transverse as well as the longitudinal folds. To such an extent -is this true that the brain will bear comparison with the -very highest modern carnivorous types.</p> - -<p>We hope to be able to give further notes upon this interesting -specimen at a later date.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[ 23 ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="PERISSODACTYLA" id="PERISSODACTYLA">PERISSODACTYLA.</a></h2> - - -<p class="caption3nb">ANCHITHERIUM.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Von Meyer, Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, 1844, p. 298.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Anchitherium</span> —— ?</p> - -<p>A small calcaneum and astragalus of equine type are provisionally -referred to this genus until further material enables -us to determine them with certainty.</p> - -<p>The <i>astragalus</i> has narrow and very oblique condyles, -which are more equal in size than in <i>Orohippus</i>; the neck is -very short, the internal condyle reaching to the face for the -navicular; the posterior projection of this condyle is much -shorter than in that genus. The articular face for the navicular -is quadrate in shape and concave; the cuboid face is -very narrow. The articulation with the calcaneum is made -by a narrow, convex face. When the two are in position the -navicular face of the astragalus is in the same horizontal line -as the cuboid face of the calcaneum, thus resembling the -arrangement of the horse's tarsus rather than that of <i>Orohippus</i>.</p> - -<p>The calcaneum is a short, slender bone, having the upper -and lower margins convergent toward the tuberosity, and -not parallel as in <i>Orohippus</i>. The tuberosity is especially -small. The face for the cuboid is very narrow.</p> - -<p>From the articular facets of these two bones we can see -that the tarsus resembled very much that of the modern -horse, with a broad, short navicular, and a narrow cuboid. -The strata in which these remains were found were somewhat -higher than those containing the bones of <i>Orohippus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[ 24 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width:25em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Greatest length of astragalus</td> - <td class="tdl">0·021</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Greatest breadth of ditto</td> - <td class="tdl"> ·018</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of neck of ditto</td> - <td class="tdl"> ·005</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width between the condyles</td> - <td class="tdl"> ·010</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vertical diameter of face for navicular</td> - <td class="tdl"> ·012</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of ditto</td> - <td class="tdl"> ·012</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of calcaneum</td> - <td class="tdl"> ·046</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of face for cuboid</td> - <td class="tdl"> ·006</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>From Henry's Fork.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">OROHIPPUS, Marsh.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Am. Jour. Sc. vol iv., p. 207, third series.</p> - -<p><i>Generic Characteristics.</i>—"The crowns of the upper true -molars are composed of a pair of external cusps similar to -those of anchitherium. There are two corresponding inner -tubercles, from which ridges extend obliquely to the anterior -inner margin of the outer cusps; but the anterior ridge is -divided so as to form an intermediate anterior tubercle. All -the teeth preserved have a distinct basal ridge."</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Species Known.</i>—</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Orohippus pumilus</span>, Marsh.<br /> - <span class="smcap">Orohippus major</span>, Marsh.<br /> - <span class="smcap">Orohippus agilis</span>, Marsh.<br /> - <span class="smcap">Orohippus gracilis</span>, Marsh.</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Orohippus pumilus?</span> Marsh.</p> - -<p>Specimen obtained. Penultimate and third superior molars, -with part of zygoma.</p> - -<p>From Cottonwood Creek.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Orohippus major?</span> Marsh.</p> - -<p><i>Femur</i> (<a href="#Plate_9">Plate IX.</a>, Fig. 1).—The femur has a small, nearly -hemispherical head, developed on a long and slender neck; -the head is but slightly out of the axis of the shaft, and has a -large pit for ligamentous insertion. The shaft is long, simple, -and curved slightly forward. At the proximal end it is -broad and flattened axially; below this it becomes expanded -fore-and-aft, but it thickens greatly at the distal end, just -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[ 25 ]</a></span> -above the condyles. The great trochanter is large and retroverted, -rising above the head, with two prominences rising from -it, one on top, the other back. The digital fossa is wide and -deep, penetrating far into the great trochanter. The second -trochanter is a small rounded ridge; the third trochanter is -large and prominent, curving slightly forward. The condyles -are long and narrow, projecting very far back, and are separated -by a wide and deep popliteal groove. From the external -condyle a low ridge runs obliquely, forming the upper -border of the shallow popliteal space. The trochleæ are long, -very convex, deeply grooved, and symmetrical.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Measurements of Femur.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width:25em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width between head and great trochanter</td> - <td class="tdl">·019</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width at third trochanter</td> - <td class="tdl">·034</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of head</td> - <td class="tdl">·019</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width at condyles</td> - <td class="tdl">·028</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of trochlea</td> - <td class="tdl">·015</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Height of great trochanter</td> - <td class="tdl">·015</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter fore-and-aft of shaft at middle</td> - <td class="tdl">·018</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>The <i>tibia</i> (<a href="#Plate_9">Plate IX.</a>, Fig. 3) is very long and heavy, with -broad proximal articular face, the inner borders of which are -prolonged upward and separated by a groove.</p> - -<p>The shaft at the tuberosity is subtriangular, with strongly -concave sides. The tuberosity is prominent, with a deep pit -on its upper surface for the insertion of the ligament of the -patella. The shaft below becomes sub-cylindrical, and decreases -regularly in size downward. Its curvature is forward. -The distal articular face is divided by a smooth ridge -into two deep facets. The malleolus is long.</p> - -<p>The <i>fibula</i> (<a href="#Plate_9">Plate IX.</a>, Fig. 2) is distinct, straight, and very -slender. The distal end is but slightly expanded, and is -strongly marked by a vertical groove externally. The proximal -end articulates with the overhanging portion of the -proximal face of the tibia.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmb1"><i>Measurements of Tibia.</i></p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1">TIBIA.</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" style="width:25em;"><i>Upper Jaw.</i></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length</td> - <td class="tdl">·178</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of proximal surfaces (transverse)</td> - <td class="tdl">·032</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of proximal surfaces (antero-posterior)</td> - <td class="tdl">·019</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of shaft</td> - <td class="tdl">·022</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Antero-posterior diameter of distal articulation</td> - <td class="tdl">·018</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of distal articulation</td> - <td class="tdl">·018</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[ 26 ]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>The tarsus.</i>—The <i>astragalus</i> (<a href="#Plate_9">Plate IX.</a>, Fig. 5) has the -condyles asymmetrical and divided by a deep groove; the -head is narrow, with the neck elongate. The face for the -cuboid is small, and confined to the external border.</p> - -<p>The <i>calcaneum</i> (<a href="#Plate_9">Plate IX.</a>, Fig. 4) is long and compressed, -with its upper and lower margins straight and nearly parallel; -its tuberosity is large. The face for the cuboid is small.</p> - -<p>The <i>navicular</i> (<a href="#Plate_9">Plate IX.</a>, Fig. 6) is proportionately longer -and narrower than it is in the modern horse. The internal -and middle cuneiforms were probably separate.</p> - -<p><i>Metatarsals</i> (<a href="#Plate_9">Plate IX.</a>, Fig. 7).—Three in number. Are -very much shorter proportionately than in the modern -horse. In shape they are compressed and arched forward. -The distal ends are flattened vertically, arched forward, and -deeply grooved in the middle.</p> - -<p>The <i>phalanges</i> (<a href="#Plate_9">Plate IX.</a>, Fig. 7) are very short, rather -stout, and very smooth and convex above.</p> - -<p>The ungual phalanges are very thin and crescent shaped.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmb1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1">ASTRAGALUS.</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width:25em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Greatest width</td> - <td class="tdl">·029</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Greatest length</td> - <td class="tdl">·022</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of navicular facet</td> - <td class="tdl">·017</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of navicular facet</td> - <td class="tdl">·012</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of tibial trochleæ externally</td> - <td class="tdl">·016</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="tdc pmt1">CALCANEUM.</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width:25em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Total length</td> - <td class="tdl">·058</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Total width</td> - <td class="tdl">·019</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Depth in front</td> - <td class="tdl">·022</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of heel</td> - <td class="tdl">·035</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Depth of heel</td> - <td class="tdl">·018</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of cuboid facet</td> - <td class="tdl">·014</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="tdc pmt1">NAVICULAR.</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width:25em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width</td> - <td class="tdl">·009</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length</td> - <td class="tdl">·010</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[ 27 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1">PHALANGES.</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width:25em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of first phalanx</td> - <td class="tdl">·022</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of first phalanx</td> - <td class="tdl">·012</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of second phalanx</td> - <td class="tdl">·013</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of second phalanx</td> - <td class="tdl">·010</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of ungual phalanx</td> - <td class="tdl">·005</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of ungual phalanx</td> - <td class="tdl">·010</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="caption3nb">PALÆOSYOPS, Leidy.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Hayden's Geological Survey of Montana, 1871.—Proceedings Academy Natural -Sciences, Philadelphia, 1871, p. 118.—<i>Limnohyus.</i>—Marsh, American Journal -Science and Arts, 1872, p. 124.</p></div> - -<p><i>Generic characters.</i>—The dentition is full, I. 3, C. 1, Pm. 4, -M. 3; the same in lower jaw. The internal cones of the superior -molars isolated from the crescentoid crests. One inner -tubercle on the last three premolars. One internal cone on -the last superior molar. In lower jaw, true molars with four -acute tubercles alternating in pairs and connected by oblique -crests. The last molar adds a fifth posterior tubercle. The -last premolar lacks the posterior inner tubercle. The canines -are in continuity with the incisors.</p> - -<p>A broad, triangular forehead. A wide zygoma. Long, -projecting nasals. Large temporal fossæ. High sagittal -crest. Prominent and nearly vertical occiput.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Palæosyops major</span>, Leidy.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Survey of Wyoming, 1871, p. 359.—<i>Limnohyus robustus.</i>—Marsh, American -Journal Science and Arts, 1872, p. 124.</p></div> - -<p><i>Specific characters.</i>—Sagittal crest short and thick. Temporal -fossæ not very deep. Frontals diverge rapidly. Occipital -condyles wide and low; the same is true of the foramen -magnum. Meatus auditorius high and deep. Glenoid -cavity shallow; no internal process. As compared with <i>P. -Paludosus</i>, post-glenoid process not so much compressed. -Occipital region comparatively higher and not so concave. -The occipital condyles are more prominent. The zygomas -are lighter. Head larger than <i>Paludosus</i>, perhaps not so large -as <i>Vallidens</i>.</p> - -<p>Description from (i) a head, complete, but distorted, with -complete dentition, upper and lower. (2) A head somewhat -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[ 28 ]</a></span> -crushed, and lacking some portions, with full set of upper -molars and canines. (3) A great number of fragmentary specimens -of different parts of the body.</p> - -<p><i>Dentition.</i>—In the upper jaw the incisors are arranged in a -semi-circle as in <i>P. paludosus</i>; they have long fangs and short, -conical crowns, with a decided basal ridge, which is very -strong in the third. They increase from first to third, which -is very large and pointed.</p> - -<p>The canines have very large and long fangs (longer than -the crowns). The crowns are very stout and pointed, constituting -formidable weapons. In section they are nearly circular, -with a distinct hinder margin and a slight recurve. A -rudimentary anterior margin is sometimes present, and of the -faces thus marked off, the inner is much smaller and flatter. -The general direction is forwards, downwards, and slightly -outwards. There is a diastema of about half an inch between -the incisors and canines.</p> - -<p><i>Premolars.</i>—The first is very small, about half an inch -from the canine, simple and conical, with an obscurely marked -basal ridge, and two heavy fangs.</p> - -<p>Further description of the upper dentition is unnecessary, -owing to the complete work of Dr. Leidy upon the subject.</p> - -<p>The <i>lower incisors</i> are placed in a semi-circular row, and -are somewhat procumbent, though hardly as much so as in the -tapir. They are much as in <i>P. paludosus</i>, but are relatively -smaller, and have not such distinct basal ridges; features -which indicate a departure from the carnivorous type, and a -nearer approach to the herbivorous type. The lateral incisor, -though the largest of the series, is not so large nor so pointed -as in <i>P. paludosus</i>. There is no diastema.</p> - -<p>The <i>canines</i> are about equal in size to those of the upper -jaw, growing from stout fangs and permanent pulps. The -margins of the crowns are more decided, and are smooth, -leaving a very narrow and flat inner face. A feeble basal -ridge. When the jaw was closed, the lower canines passed -inside and in front of the upper.</p> - -<p>The <i>first premolar</i> stands immediately behind the canine, -is longer than that of the upper jaw, consisting of a single -pointed lobe implanted by one fang, slightly recurved with a -flat inner and convex outer face. Passing in front of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[ 29 ]</a></span> -first upper premolar, it leaves a considerable diastema between -this and the second premolar.</p> - -<p>The <i>mandible</i> approximates in form that of the tapir; the -lower border is less curved fore and aft, the alveolar border -is slightly concave antero-posteriorly. The molars converge -in front, presenting a very different arrangement from that in -<i>Sus</i>. The ramus is heavy, contracting in depth forward, and -very slightly in section. Below the alveolus, on the interior -side, the ramus is greatly swollen for two thirds of its depth, -to accommodate the very long and strong molar fangs.</p> - -<p>The rami converge to the second premolar, where they -expand laterally to the canine alveolus. The symphysis is -shorter relatively than in <i>P. paludosus</i>, and the chin is regularly -rounded in front. The mental foramen is below the second -premolar. The dental foramen is small, very high up, and far -behind the molars. The alveolar border ascends rapidly behind -the last molar, expanding laterally into two ridges.</p> - -<p>The coronoid is slender and recurved. The condyle is -broad, flat behind, inclines forward internally; there is -scarcely any depression between the condyle and the coronoid. -The masseteric fossa is very wide and deep. The -angle of the ramus is broken, but evidently has no such -posterior extension as in <i>P. paludosus</i>. It thins out rapidly -behind.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmb1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="bdt" style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="bdt bdl bdb tdc"> P. pal. </td> - <td class="bdt bdl bdb tdc"> P. major. </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc">UPPER JAW.</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">M.</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of entire molar series</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·147</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·170</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of three true molars</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·085</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·102</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of three premolars</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·058</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·068</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of last molar, transverse</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·039</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·047</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of last molar, antero-posterior</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·036</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·036</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of second molar, transverse</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·036</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·040</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of second molar, antero-posterior</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·033</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·036</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of incisor series</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·075</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of canine at base</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·016</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·021</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of crown of canine</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·033</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diastema between canines and incisors</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·013</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bdb">Diastema between canines and molars</td> - <td class="bdl bdb tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl bdb tdc">·010</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[ 30 ]</a></span></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="bdt" style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="bdt bdl bdb tdc"> P. pal. </td> - <td class="bdt bdl bdb tdc"> P. major. </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc">LOWER JAW.</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">M.</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Incisor series</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·073</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Median incisor fang, length</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·034</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">incisor crown, length</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·012</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of median incisor crown, transverse</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·009</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of lateral incisor crown, transverse</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·011</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of lateral incisor crown, antero-posterior</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·012</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of fang of canine</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·055</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·052</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> breadth of fang of canine</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·023</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·024</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Crown of canine, length</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·034</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Crown of canine, fore-and-aft diameter at base</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·019</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·021</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of first premolar, antero-posterior</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·015</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·010</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of first premolar, transverse</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·009</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·007</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diastema between first and second premolars</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·014</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of entire molar series</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·164</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·186</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of molar series, omitting first premolar</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·132</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·163</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of last molar, antero-posterior</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·017</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·050</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of last molar, transverse</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·027</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bdb">Depth of jaw below last molar</td> - <td class="bdl bdb tdc">·068</td> - <td class="bdl bdb tdc">·075</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>Among other specimens obtained at the divide between -Henry's Fork and Cottonwood Creek, was a nearly complete -but somewhat shattered skeleton of a <i>Palæosyops major</i>, -found contiguous to the head of the same, parts of which are -just described. Portions of these are figured on a one fourth -scale in <a href="#Plate_2">Plate II</a>. The description is from a nearly perfect -atlas and axis, several cervical, dorsal, and lumbar vertebræ, -more or less complete, and a portion of the sacrum and -pelvis, in addition to several bones of the limbs.</p> - -<p>The <i>atlas</i> has a broad inferior arch, contracted antero-posteriorly, -and deeply notched for the prominent odontoid -of the axis. The heavy superior arch, inclosing a large and -depressed neural canal, is capped by a low tuberosity. It -slopes into a flat, and very broad transverse process, which -thickens backwards, and is perforated by the vertebraterial -canal. Forwards the transverse process is notched for the -exit of the first spinal nerve. The anterior or condylar faces -are continuous, deeply concave from above downwards; and -slightly so from side to side; while the posterior faces are -oval, nearly flat, and directed backwards and inwards.</p> - -<p>The <i>axis</i> is proportionately small, with a long opisthocœlous -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[ 31 ]</a></span> -centrum, depressed, and produced forwards into a stout -conical odontoid process, and marked below by a strong -hypapophysial keel, which, developed on the latter half, -thickens backwards. The wide and thin pedicles inclose a -high neural canal, support the posterior zygapophyses and a -prominent and peculiar neural spine. The latter is flattened, -broad, and recurved posteriorly, thinning rapidly forwards -into a prow-shaped recurved edge. The transverse processes -arising from the latter half of the centrum are undersized -and widely perforated at base. The anterior faces are very -broad, directed outwards, and slightly rounded from above -downwards; they expand as they diverge (see Fig. 2). The -post-zygapophyses are small convex faces, projecting at the -base of the neural spine.</p> - -<p>The <i>remaining cervicals</i>, five in number, are short, all -carinate, except the seventh, and opisthocœlous; with the -faces expanding only slightly beyond the body of the centrum. -A peculiar feature is a small pit upon the convex -anterior face, indicating either a ligamentous attachment -with the antecedent vertebra, or a remnant of the notochord. -This is a feature we have not noticed elsewhere. A long -and heavy transverse process supports a large and widely-perforated -inferior lamella. The pedicles are quite wide at -base, inclosing a large neural canal. The entire upper part -of the arch is unfortunately wanting.</p> - -<p>The dorsal centra are smaller than the cervical, slightly -opisthocœlous, and carinate. They are sub-cylindrical anteriorly, -with decided costal surfaces before and behind; -approaching the lumbar region they become subtriangular. -A high neural arch supports a stout, but never very high -neural spine; this projects backwards, keeled in front, expanding -and deeply grooved behind. The zygapophyses are -small and nearly vertical. There is a short and thick transverse -process.</p> - -<p>The <i>lumbar</i> vertebræ are long, decidedly opisthocœlous, -becoming wider and more depressed as they approach the -sacrum. The first <i>sacral</i> vertebra presents the same characteristics -as the last lumbar, only the body of the centrum is -slightly shorter. It has a very broad pleuropophysial plate. -The remaining sacral vertebræ are broad, and very greatly -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[ 32 ]</a></span> -depressed, rapidly decreasing in size. The transverse processes -are slender. The very low neural spines anchylose -into a long ridge. The number cannot be ascertained, owing -to the fragmentary state of the sacrum. The caudals indicate -a tail of not very great length; as the neural canal is -small and persists in only a few of the anterior vertebræ.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmb1"><i>Measurements of Vertebræ.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class=""></td> - <td class="tdc"><i>Pal, major.</i><br />M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Atlas, width, including transverse processes</td> - <td class="tdc">·195</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Atlas, length of inferior arch</td> - <td class="tdc">·082</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Atlas, height, including superior and inferior arches</td> - <td class="tdc">·078</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Axis, width, anterior articular faces</td> - <td class="tdc">·110</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Axis, length, excluding odontoid process</td> - <td class="tdc">·058</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Axis, height of neural spine</td> - <td class="tdc">·096</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Axis, length of odontoid process</td> - <td class="tdc">·025</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Seventh cervical, length of centrum</td> - <td class="tdc">·037</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Seventh cervical, width of posterior face</td> - <td class="tdc">·043</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Dorsals, anterior region, length</td> - <td class="tdc">·038</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Dorsals, anterior region, width, articular face</td> - <td class="tdc">·034</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Lumbar, width of posterior face</td> - <td class="tdc">·058</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Lumbar, length of centrum</td> - <td class="tdc">·056</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">First sacral, width of anterior face</td> - <td class="tdc">·059</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>The ribs, of which great quantities of fragments remain, -were slender and not of very great width.</p> - -<p>The <i>femur</i>, which is figured in <a href="#Plate_1">Plate I.</a>, has a small head, -supported by a short neck. The shaft, very broad below the -head, supports the third trochanter one third of the way -down; below which it takes a cylindrical form, and expands -slightly above the trochlea. The two condyles, separated by -a wide and deep popliteal groove, are nearly subequal in -size—the internal somewhat the larger, while the trochlea is -long, narrow, and symmetrical. The great trochanter rises -slightly above the head, and overhangs a long and quite -deep digital fossa. The second trochanter is small. The -popliteal space is slightly concave.</p> - -<p><i>Tibia.</i>—The proximal end of the tibia is very large, with -massive rugosities for muscular attachment. The two proximal -faces are subequal, slightly convex, and separated by a -prominent spine, which is grooved at the top. The shaft is -long, straight, and compressed antero-posteriorly; the anterior -ridge on upper third is very high, and expands into the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[ 33 ]</a></span> -tuberosity, which is enormous; while on the posterior face is -a deep fossa just below the head. The distal end of the -shaft is remarkably small, with two concave faces—the internal -the smallest—with a low oblique ridge dividing them. -There is a prominent malleolus.</p> - -<p>The fibula (which is a distinct bone) has a small proximal -end, and expands slightly below, with a large external malleolus.</p> - -<p><i>Measurements of Limbs.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Femur, total length</td> - <td class="tdc">·420</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Femur, transverse diameter at distal end</td> - <td class="tdc">·098</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Tibia, length</td> - <td class="tdc">·310</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Tibia, transverse diameter, proximal articular face</td> - <td class="tdc">·090</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Tibia, transverse diameter, distal articular face</td> - <td class="tdc">·077</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>The <i>pelvis</i> is described from the right and left ilia, which -are broken as they expand towards the crest; the acetabulum -is fragmentary, but all the parts remain. The ischium and -pubis are only represented by fragments. As figured in -<a href="#Plate_5">Plate V.</a>, the acetabulum is restored from a somewhat smaller -specimen. The most striking feature of the <i>ilium</i> is the long -and somewhat constricted neck. The acetabular border is -long and curved forward, thinning gradually as it approaches -the crest; and marked on the iliac surface, near the acetabulum, -by a slight rugosity for the rectus muscle.</p> - -<p>The ischial border, while less arched, is probably longer; -and the sacral surface, distinctly defined, indicates that the -rounded upper border of the ilium rarely reached above the -sacral spines. There is a deep groove between the ischial -and pubic borders, the latter disappearing about half way up -the iliac surface. The gluteal surface near the acetabulum -is much depressed; above it expands into a broad, flat, thin -plate.</p> - -<p>The <i>ischium</i> has a stout neck and thick expansion below; -the upper border is very heavy. From what remains of the -<i>ischium</i> and <i>pubis</i> we can infer a large elliptical obturator -foramen, a short pubic symphysis, a narrow and rather -slight pubis, with a small nearly cylindrical neck. The -acetabulum is deep, with a thick well-raised border, and a -large, oblong, and very deep pit for the ligamentum teres.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[ 34 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="tdc pmb1"><i>Measurements of Pelvis.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ilium, transverse diameter above acetabulum</td> - <td class="tdc">·062</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ilium, long diameter (estimated)</td> - <td class="tdc">·232</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Acetabulum, greatest diameter</td> - <td class="tdc">·050</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ischium, transverse diameter below acetabulum</td> - <td class="tdc">·041</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Pubis, diameter at obturator foramen</td> - <td class="tdc">·035</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>The <i>tarsus</i> is arranged in the usual Perissodactyle order. -The <i>calcaneum</i> is stout, of good length, tuberous, but not -expanding much at the extremity; presenting two faces for -the astragalus, of which the internal is the largest, and a -large distal face for the cuboid. The <i>astragalus</i> is wide, with -less asymmetry in the two articular facets than is common. -It articulates with both the cuboid and navicular.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmb1"><i>Measurements of Tarsus.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">AAstragalus, total width, tibial facets</td> - <td class="tdc">·048</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Astragalus, total length</td> - <td class="tdc">·056</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Astragalus, length, navicular facet</td> - <td class="tdc">·046</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Astragalus, width, navicular facet</td> - <td class="tdc">·035</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Calcaneum, total length</td> - <td class="tdc">·120</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Calcaneum, total breadth</td> - <td class="tdc">·057</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Calcaneum, length of tuber calcis</td> - <td class="tdc">·050</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>All the above were found at Henry's Fork Divide. In -another locality, in connection with a fine head of <i>P. major</i>, -was found the lower half of a <i>humerus</i>.</p> - -<p>The <i>shaft</i> is cylindrical and twisted, expanding widely at -the distal end. Of the two condyles the external is the -largest; and, to quote from Dr. Leidy, "a deep supra-condylar -fossa occupies the front of the humerus, opposed by a -deeper and more capacious anconeal fossa." The greatest -breadth between the supracondyloid eminences is ·091 m.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Palæosyops paludosus</span>, Leidy.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="tdc">Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun, <i>P. lævidens</i> Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs, 1872, -p. 591.</p></div> - -<p><i>Specific characters.</i>—Second superior molar has but one -outer tubercle. The cones are low as compared with <i>P. major</i>. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[ 35 ]</a></span> -The cingula are much less developed. The angle of the -lower ramus is much longer. The zygoma is massive and -wide. An internal process on the glenoid cavity. Temporal -fossæ very deep. Crest of occiput nearly in same vertical -line as occipital condyles.</p> - -<p>The full details of <i>P. paludosus</i>, which follow, may seem -somewhat unnecessary, to one familiar with the comprehensive -work of Dr. Leidy upon the subject. Care has been -taken not to retrace any of his steps; and the descriptions -given below are of those parts of the animal which he did -not possess at the time of writing. They include (1) a -cranium perfect posterior to the orbits; (2) a right <i>ramus</i> -mandibuli, with full dentition, except the first premolar; (3) -portions of the fore-limbs, scapula, and pelvis, pes and -manus, and many fragments of other parts.</p> - -<p>Among the first discoveries on Cottonwood Creek, in a -stratum of fine green sand, was a head of <i>P. paludosus</i>, complete -posteriorly, and broken off just behind the orbit. A -rear view of this has been admirably figured in <a href="#Plate_1">Plate I</a>.</p> - -<p><i>General appearance.</i>—The base of the cranium is of great -width; the occiput is high, inclined very slightly backwards, -and deeply concave from side to side. The forehead is triangular -and narrow. The temporal fossa is of immense size -and depth, leaving a small intracranial cavity. The zygomas -are heavy, and arching widely outwards give this part of the -head a strong resemblance to the <i>Felidæ</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Description in detail.</i>—The narrow but prominent <i>basioccipital</i> -segment is broadest posteriorly and tapers forwards; -divided by a median ridge, which expands anteriorly into a -large tuberosity; a feature also characteristic of the tapir. -About half an inch in advance of the condyles are the condylar -foramina. The <i>condyles</i> are formed of the exoccipitals, -which are low and of great lateral expansion. Their junction -with the mastoids is marked by a large foramen. The <i>par-occipitals</i> -are short and styliform. The <i>supra-occipital</i> region is -very large, high, and deeply concave from side to side, much -wider than in the tapir, with a marked interparietal suture. -The <i>condyles</i> are wide, but not very deep, approaching each -other very closely below. The <i>basisphenoids</i> are long and narrow, -tapering forwards. The <i>alisphenoids</i> are mutilated, but -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[ 36 ]</a></span> -indicate large vertical ridges joining the parietals, and heavy -pterygoid processes, perforated at the base by the alisphenoid -canal. They are again perforated by the foramen ovale -three fourths of an inch behind this. This completes the -base of the skull.</p> - -<p>The <i>parietals</i> are very large, they form nearly the whole -of the temporal fossil; which, deep and wide, enclosing a -small cranial cavity, contrast strongly with the long and -shallow temporal fossæ of the tapir. The parietal crest is -very broad, and grooved at the top. This high crest and -deep adjacent temporal fossæ we at first mistook as pointing -to an exclusively carnivorous type. The forehead has a triangular -appearance, from the divergence of the two side -ridges of the sagittal crest. The <i>postorbital</i> processes are -very large, but do not reach the opposing processes of the -<i>malar</i>. The orbit is thus left incomplete posteriorly, while in -form it greatly resembles that of the <i>Sus</i>. The <i>squamosal</i> -encroaches considerably upon the temporal; and sends outwards -and downwards a great zygomatic process, which -arches outwards from the skull as in the <i>Felidæ</i>, and is more -powerful than in any living carnivore (Leidy.) A strong -downward direction is especially characteristic, the whole -describing a sigmoid curve. The <i>mastoids</i> are of great size -vertically, and transversely they are confluent with the par-occipitals. -A low, thick process on the internal side of the -glenoid cavity prevents lateral motion.</p> - -<p>The <i>nasals</i> are long, broad, and thick, convex from side to -side, narrowing slightly anteriorly. They are straight, as in -<i>Sus</i>, which they resemble more than they do either tapir -or rhinoceros. The anterior borders are rounded, and do -not reach as far forward as the symphysis of the premaxillary. -The <i>malar</i> is broad and thick, probably forming but -little of the face, being directed downwards and backwards -to meet the zygoma. The postorbital process is short, and -rather larger than Dr. Leidy has indicated. The <i>maxillaries</i>, -smaller proportionately than in <i>Sus</i>, form posteriorly the -floor of the orbit; while the infraorbital foramen is situated -over the last premolar. The premaxillaries fail to reach the -nasals.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[ 37 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="tdc pmb1"><i>Comparative Measurements of Head.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="bdt bdb"></td> - <td class="bdt bdl bdb tdc"> P. paludosus. </td> - <td class="bdt bdl bdb tdc"> P. major. </td> - <td class="bdt bdl bdb tdc"> P. Tapir. </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="bdl tdc">M.</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">M.</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Height of occiput</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·122</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·148</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·120</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of occiput at post tympanic processes</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·160</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·166</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·110</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of cranium at ends of post-glenoid processes</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·172</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·210</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·126</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of occipital foramen</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·031</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·049</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·040</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vertical diameter of occipital foramen</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·027</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·033</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·027</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Depth of occipital condyles</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·033</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·039</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·029</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of occipital condyles</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·040</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·049</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·041</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth at occipital condyles together</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·082</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·100</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·082</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of basioccipital at anterior condyloid foramina</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·038</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·039</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·028</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of basioccipital at junction with basisphenoid</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·025</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·032</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·020</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of crest dividing the temporal fossæ posteriorly</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·011</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·020</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·011</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of cranium outside of zygomata</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·262</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·280</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·180</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl bdb">Depth of zygoma</td> - <td class="bdl bdb tdc">·046</td> - <td class="bdl bdb tdc">····</td> - <td class="bdl bdb tdc">·036</td> -</tr> -</table> - - - -<p><i>Lower jaw</i> of <i>P. paludosus</i> described from another specimen.</p> - -<p>The peculiar feature of this jaw is its remarkable extension -back of the molar series (a feature which has not been -noticed heretofore), the distance from the last tooth to the -angle being greater than the length of the entire molar -series. From beneath the last molar, the lower margin -curves gently up to the symphysis. The alveolar border is -but slightly curved. Behind the last molar the lower margin -forms a sigmoid curve, much more decided than in <i>P. -major</i> (first upwards and then downwards), and the ramus -thins out rapidly to the angle, where it has a slightly raised -border; at the diastema the ramus curves outwards so as to -throw the canines out of the line of the molars. The symphysis -is long.</p> - -<p><i>Dentition.</i>—The incisors, three in number, from length -and shape indicate a semi-circular arrangement, as in most -Perissodactyles. They increase from first to third. The -crown of the first resembles very much that of the ruminants, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[ 38 ]</a></span> -but has a straight posterior basal ridge. Its forward edge is -worn so as to expose a small tract of dentine. The second is -larger, but very much like the first in conformation; while the -third has an acute conical crown with a strong basal ridge.</p> - -<p>Of the <i>premolars</i> the first is wanting in this specimen. -The second is bilobed, the anterior lobe much the larger. It -has a small accessory tubercle on its anterior slope. The -outer face is rounded, the inner nearly flat. The posterior -lobe is very small and obtuse, and with the inner face slightly -grooved. In third and fourth the valley between the lobes -and the groove on their faces enlarge; while the anterior lobe -becomes relatively smaller.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmb1"><i>Measurements of Lower Jaw.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diastema between canine and first premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·024</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of entire molar series</td> - <td class="tdc">·143</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Distance between last molar and extremity of angle</td> - <td class="tdc">·147</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Depth of jaw at last molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·070</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>Among the first discoveries on Cottonwood Creek, in connection -with the lower jaw of <i>P. paludosus</i> just described, -were an ulna and radius, and part of the manus and scapula -of the same. These have been figured, together with other -fragments belonging to the same species, in <a href="#Plate_3">Plate III.</a>, and -form an interesting complement to the nearly complete hind -limb of <i>P. major</i> previously described.</p> - -<p>The <i>scapula</i> has a shallow oval glenoid cavity, which is -concave longitudinally. Separated from it by a narrow notch -is a strongly recurved coracoid, placed on the inner side of -the bone. Above the coracoid the border is thin, and arches -inwards and then forwards; while the glenoid border is much -straighter, rising from a slight tuberosity. The spine rises -gradually from the glenoid, and does not bear any indication -of an acromion.</p> - -<p>The <i>humerus</i> is represented by proximal and distal extremities. -The latter presents the same characters on a -smaller scale as in <i>P. major</i>. Upon the proximal end there -is a deep bicipital groove. The greater tuberosity has a -hooked anterior projection, and runs back into a ridge behind. -(See Fig 7, <a href="#Plate_3">Plate III</a>.)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[ 39 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>The proximal end of the <i>ulna</i> (of median breadth anteriorly) -narrows into a prominent ridge behind. This gives a -trihedral character to the shaft. This is persistent, but is -less marked as the fore-and-aft diameter decreases. The -remaining features of note are a high tuberous olecranon -expanding behind; a shallow sigmoid, divided by a deep fossa -into two long divergent articular faces; a trihedral shaft -tapering slightly, but distinct from the radius; a narrow distal -extremity, with a small irregular face for the cuneiform.</p> - -<p>The <i>radius</i> has a rather short shaft, curved forwards, -expanding below, and placed immediately in front of the ulna. -A strong ridge runs from the external tuberosity up the posterior -face of the shaft, disappearing two inches from the -top. The proximal end, fitting against the ulna by two small -faces, forms the greater part of the elbow-joint, a strong -median ridge dividing the proximal face into two subequal -surfaces with well-raised borders. The distal end of the -shaft is rugose, and more prominent than the proximal. It -has an oblong transverse face, which is slightly concave fore -and aft. The position of the radius, immediately in front of -the ulna, and its manner of articulation, remove any possibility -of rotation, a feature in strong contrast with what we -should expect from the character of the head.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmb1"><i>Measurements of Ulna and Radius.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ulna, length, excluding olecranon</td> - <td class="tdc">·224</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ulna, length of olecranon</td> - <td class="tdc">·080</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ulna, transverse diameter, proximal surfaces</td> - <td class="tdc">·041</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ulna, diameter of shaft at median line</td> - <td class="tdc">·038</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ulna, fore-and-aft diameter, distal face</td> - <td class="tdc">·025</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ulna, transverse diameter, distal face</td> - <td class="tdc">·017</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Radius, proximal face, transverse</td> - <td class="tdc">·048</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Radius, proximal lace, fore-and-aft</td> - <td class="tdc">·030</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Radius, median diameter, shaft</td> - <td class="tdc">·019</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Radius, median diameter distal face, transverse</td> - <td class="tdc">·043</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Radius, median diameter distal face, fore-and-aft</td> - <td class="tdc">·016</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>The <i>manus</i> is described from the third and fourth metatarsals, -with three phalanges. The metatarsals are short, with a -wide, stout shaft, flat in front and slightly arched forwards -behind. The proximal ends unite and form a continuous -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[ 40 ]</a></span> -articular face, concave from side to side; while upon the -exposed sides are smooth facets, indicating the presence of -two additional toes of less size. (See <a href="#Plate_3">Plate III</a>.) The convex -distal faces are marked behind by a slight groove.</p> - -<p>The <i>phalanges</i> are very short and broad, the lower facets -marked by a shallow median groove. The ungual phalanx -is wide and short, with a crescentic outline.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmb1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Third metatarsal, total length</td> - <td class="tdc">·090</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Third metatarsal, transverse diameter, proximal face</td> - <td class="tdc">·017</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Third metatarsal, transverse diameter, distal end</td> - <td class="tdc">·019</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Second phalanx, length</td> - <td class="tdc">·024</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Third phalanx</td> - <td class="tdc">·014</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Total estimated length of manus (6 inches)</td> - <td class="tdc">·155</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Palæosyops vallidens</span>, Cope.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Proceedings Am. Phil. Society, 1872, p. 487; Hayden's Survey, 1872, p. 572.</p></div> - -<p><i>Specific characters.</i>—Founded on details of dental structure. -Superior size. In the upper molars two strong transverse -ridges connect the inner tubercle with the outer crescents, -inclosing a pit between them. In the premolars the outer -crescents fuse almost into a single ridge. These united crescents -are relatively narrower. The inner molars are also -narrower, and the posterior tubercle of the last is an elevated -cone.</p> - -<p>Fragment of a lower jaw containing the two posterior -molars. The measurements of the teeth are identical with -those given by Professor Cope. The depth of the ramus -below the last molar is three and one third inches, and it is -slightly heavier below than in <i>P. major</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Restoration of Palæosyops.</i>—The elevation of <i>Palæosyops -major</i>, which is taken as a type, was approximately the same -as that of <i>Palæotherium magnum</i> as restored by Cuvier.</p> - -<p>The nearly complete ilium, femur, tibia, and tarsus of <i>P. -major</i> in our possession, enable us to make the following estimate -of the elevation of the hind quarters.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[ 41 ]</a></span></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td>INCHES.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Pelvis</i>, height of ilium above acetabulum</td> - <td class="tdc">9</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Femur</i> and <i>tibia</i> by actual measurement, allowing for bend at the knee</td> - <td class="tdc">26</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Tarsus</i>, from astragalus, and cuboid</td> - <td class="tdc">3</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><i>Metatarsus</i> and <i>phalanges</i> (estimated from manus of <i>P. paludosus</i>)</td> - <td class="tdc">8</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc bdt">46</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>It is probable that the fore-shoulders were of the same -height. From the atlas, axis, and from other cervicals, several -dorso-lumbar vertebræ, and part of the sacrum, a rude -estimate places the length of the animal at sixty-seven inches, -or nearly six feet, including the head, and excluding the tail.</p> - -<p>In general features it strongly resembled the tapir, with -stout body, slender tail, and very short neck, compensated by -a proboscis of considerable length. In comparing the heads -of the ancient and modern representatives of this class of -Perissodactyles, the points of contrast are the wide stout -zygomas, the deep temporal fossæ, the protruding nasals, and -the narrow gaps in the dental series of the older type.</p> - -<p>There are also strong points of resemblance in the structure -of the <i>Palæosyops</i> and <i>Palæothere</i>. Some of the cranial -homologues have been detailed by Dr. Leidy. The femur of -the Palæothere is shorter, the tibia longer; they are both -much stouter. The tarsus of the <i>Palæosyops</i> is narrower, -while the remainder of the Pes is very similar. The pelvis, -and particularly the ilium and acetabulum of <i>Palæosyops</i>, is -more palæotheroid than tapiroid. The similarity of the fore-shoulder -in the two types is also striking. The neck of the -<i>Palæosyops</i> was probably shorter.</p> - -<p>In the descending series of <i>Palæotheres</i> terminating in -the diminutive <i>P. minus</i>, and characteristic of the upper -eocene of France, we have an interesting counterpart in the -large family of <i>Palæosyops</i>, of equal diversity of size and -characteristic of our lower eocene, and it is hoped that future -discoveries will render a complete discussion of this interesting -coincidence possible.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">LIMNOHYUS, Leidy.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences, Phil., 1872, p. 242; <i>Palæosyops</i>; -Marsh, American Journal Sci. and Arts, 1872, p. 122; Hayden's Survey, -1872, p. 592, Cope.</p></div> - -<p><i>Generic characters.</i>—Resembles <i>Palæosyops</i> in general features. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[ 42 ]</a></span> -Distinction founded on the possession of two conic -tubercles, of the inner series, on the last superior molar instead of one.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Limnohyus laticeps</span>, Marsh.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Palæosyops Laticeps.</i> Am. Journ. of Sc. v. iv. p. 122.</p> - -<p><i>Specific characters.</i>—"Cranium is broad. The zygomatic -arches much expanded. The nasals are narrow and elongated, -and more like the corresponding bones in Hyrax than -those in the larger pachyderms."</p> - -<p>Fragments of the upper molar and premolar series. The -species is determined by measurements given by Dr. Leidy -of the second upper molar.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">LEUROCEPHALUS, <i>Gen. Nov.</i></p> - -<p>Established on a specimen having a nearly complete dentition, -and portions of the cranium.</p> - -<p>Dental Formula: (I. <sup>3</sup>/<sub>3</sub>, C. <sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub>, Pm. <sup>4</sup>/<sub>4</sub>, M. <sup>3</sup>/<sub>3</sub>,) × 2 = 44.</p> - -<p>Upper incisors acute, with strong posterior ridges, lower -incisors compressed and laniariform, canines compressed, with -serrated cutting edges; first upper premolar with rudimentary -anterior lobe, last upper molar with rudimentary postero-internal -cusp. Molars constructed as in <i>Palæosyops</i>, but -higher, with sharper cones and more erect external lobes. -Internal median valley very much deeper. Little or no -depression at the forehead; zygomatic arch round, comparatively -straight and does not project outwards, and with obscure -postorbital process. Premaxillaries short and straight. -Mandible with nearly straight lower margin, and shallow -masseteric fossa; mental foramen single.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Leurocephalus cultridens</span>, <i>Sp. Nov.</i></p> - -<p>This species was considerably larger than <i>Palæosyops major</i>, -with which it shows affinities, as also with <i>Titanotherium -Proutii</i>. See <a href="#Plate_4">Plate IV</a>.</p> - -<p>The <i>Frontal</i> is narrow and flat, or slightly arched. It -sends out a strong curved postorbital process, which projects -outwards, but not so much outwards as in <i>Palæosyops</i>. The -sagittal crest runs back from the postorbital in a low rounded -ridge, rising but little as it recedes. The superciliary ridge -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[ 43 ]</a></span> -is distinct, and is pierced by two small venous foramina. The -shape of the entire bone is much as we find it in the dog, -except that it does not arch so much. One of the most marked -differences between this genus and <i>Palæosyops</i> is here shown. -In the latter the forehead rises abruptly from behind the -orbit, while in the former there is only a slight rise for some -distance behind the orbit. As the bone is broken here, it is -impossible to state whether there is any rise at all. Probably -not, however. Below the postorbital process, on the -lateral aspect of the bone, there is a low ridge which separates -the orbit from the temporal fossa. The under surface of -the frontal is smooth.</p> - -<p>The <i>Nasal</i>, of which but a small portion is preserved, is flat -on top, but bends downward at the angle.</p> - -<p>The <i>Maxillary</i> is long and stout, over the last and penultimate -molars it broadens to form the floor of the orbit, which -is of unusual size. Between the canine and the malar the -maxillary arches inwards, forming a perceptible concavity, at -this point it reaches its greatest vertical height, as it rises to -join the nasal. The alveolar border is curved in two directions, -one with the convexity outwards, and the other downwards. -It exhibits no emargination in the diastema between -the canines and molars. The palatine plate is long, thick, -and narrow; it is flat fore-and-aft, but concave transversely, -owing to the elevation of the alveolus; the suture also is -raised slightly. In thickness it varies; being thickest between -the canine and the second premolar, and beyond this becoming -thinner. Its forward termination seems to be obtuse, running -for a short distance along the premaxillaries. The infraorbital -foramen is large, situated over the fourth premolar, -lower down, and nearer to the malar than in <i>Palæosyops</i>.</p> - -<p>The <i>Premaxillary</i> is rather short and stout; it is slightly -compressed, and ends in a sharp keel on top. Although not -so thick as in <i>Palæosyops</i>, it is much larger vertically. The -inner surface is ridged; it has no palatine process, and no -spine, so that the incisive foramen is large and undivided. -There was no symphysis between the two premaxillaries, they -do not show even any articular faces for each other, so that -they may not have been in contact during life. The animal -was adult, but not old. The incisive alveolus is short and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[ 44 ]</a></span> -straight, and is but little out of the line of the molars. There -is a very long diastema between the incisors and the canine, -and here the premaxillary is deeply notched to allow the passage -of the lower canine.</p> - -<p>The <i>Malar</i> is very different in shape and size from the same -bone in <i>Palæosyops</i>. Its facial extent is greater, as it articulates -with the maxillary as far forward as the first molar. -It is not so broad from above downwards, but is considerably -thicker; the articulation with the squamosal is by flat surfaces. -The postorbital process is small and indistinct. The -orbit is of great size; its breadth, shown by the maxillary -floor is unusual, but its fore-and-aft diameter is extreme, -being nearly twice as great as in a large <i>Palæosyops major</i>.</p> - -<p>The <i>Squamosal</i> is a short, slender, and trihedral bone; it is -not at all like the squamosal of <i>Palæosyops</i>. It is smaller -even than that of <i>P. paludosus</i>; its outer margin is not turned -up, making the upper surface concave; it does not project -much outward, and scarcely at all downwards, as this is rendered -unnecessary by the flatness of the forehead. The chief -difference, in the size of this bone, between this genus and -<i>Palæosyops</i> is found in the much greater vertical and lateral -diameter of the latter; in length they are about equal. The -glenoid cavity is large, shallow, and transverse.</p> - -<p>As a whole, the zygomatic arch is comparatively slender; -it is rounded, and does not project much laterally from the -side of the head; but its chief peculiarity consists in the fact -that it is nearly horizontal. It is thus altogether different -from the arch of <i>Palæosyops</i>.</p> - -<p>The <i>Occipital Condyles</i> are different from those of that genus. -They are flatter, shorter from above downwards, and proportionately -much smaller; but are expanded laterally in much -the same manner. At the border of the foramen magnum -they are gently rounded instead of having a sharp angle. -These borders are segments of circles, but as the condyles are -broken from the rest of the occiput, we cannot infer from this -the shape of the foramen.</p> - -<p>The <i>Mandible</i> is long, stout, but comparatively shallow. -It is of nearly uniform thickness throughout, and does not -exhibit the thickening of the alveolus and thinning, of the -lower margin, which is shown in <i>Palæosyops</i>, especially in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[ 45 ]</a></span> -<i>P. major</i>; and the downward and inward arching of the alveolar -border is not marked to the same extent as in that species. -The lower border is nearly straight, and has but one slight -emargination just behind the symphysis. The ascending -portion of the ramus rises near the last molar quite abruptly, -and makes an angle of nearly 90° with the horizontal portion. -The masseteric fossa is shallow and obscure, and the anterior -bounding ridge is almost obsolete. This part of the jaw is -very different from any of the species of <i>Palæosyops</i>. The -symphysis is quite long, and extends back as far as the second -premolar; the chin is probably rounded. The dental foramen -is situated high up in the ascending portion of the ramus; -the mental foramen is placed below the second premolar; it -is large and single.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmb1"><i>Cranial Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of frontal at postorbital process</td> - <td class="tdc">·045</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of frontal in front of postorbital</td> - <td class="tdc">·030</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of nasal just in front of orbit</td> - <td class="tdc">·032</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length from angle of nares to end of premaxillary</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·1235</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of premaxillary</td> - <td class="tdc">·056</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of maxillary</td> - <td class="tdc">·230</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of palatine process at canine</td> - <td class="tdc">·026</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of palatine process at second premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·029</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vertical height of maxillary at angle of nares</td> - <td class="tdc">·064</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of maxillary across floor of orbit</td> - <td class="tdc">·058</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of orbit</td> - <td class="tdc">·054</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of malar along maxillary</td> - <td class="tdc">·094</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vertical diameter of malar behind maxillary</td> - <td class="tdc">·029</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of malar behind maxillary</td> - <td class="tdc">·033</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of glenoid cavity (about)</td> - <td class="tdc">·029</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vertical diameter of squamosal at end of malar articulation</td> - <td class="tdc">·032</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of squamosal at end of malar articulation</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0325</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of ramus mandibuli from symphysis to ascending portion</td> - <td class="tdc">·177</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Depth of jaw at last molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·068</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Depth of jaw at second premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·061</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="caption3nb">DENTITION.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Upper Jaw.</span>—The incisors, three in number, are placed -close together in a nearly straight line, which does not make -so great an angle with the line of molars as in <i>Palæosyops</i>. -They increase regularly in size from the first to the third, -which is very large. They all have stout rounded fangs, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[ 46 ]</a></span> -and sharp pyramidal crowns, with strong basal ridges separated -from the acute blades by deep clefts. Between the -incisors and the canine there is a long diastema.</p> - -<p>The <i>canine</i> is of great size; it has a swollen fang, and a -long recurved crown which is much compressed, and has -sharp serrated cutting-edges. The external face is the more -convex, the internal has a well-marked basal ridge, and both -are longitudinally striated. The canine is separated from -the premolars by a short diastema.</p> - -<p><i>Premolars.</i>—The first premolar stands by itself, separated -by a short interval from the second. It is implanted by two -fangs, and has a compressed crown with sharp cutting-edges. -It is nearly twice the size of the corresponding tooth in -<i>Palæosyops</i>, which is simple and conical. In the specimen -under description there is, besides the principal lobe of the -tooth, a rudimentary anterior lobe which gives the crown an -elongate shape. The basal ridge is shown on the inner side -only. The second premolar has a crown which is oval in -section. The external part consists of two sharp-pointed -cusps, separated by a valley, but confluent at base; while the -internal division is a low ridge (not a pointed cone as in -<i>Palæosyops</i>) with a tubercle developed behind it. The basal -ridge is marked all around, and sends up a buttress along the -antero-external lobe; as is also the case in the third and -fourth premolars. These are enlarged copies of the second; -but have the internal lobe elevated into a sharp cone, and -showing a much stronger basal ridge and deeper median valley. -These teeth differ in several respects from the premolars -of <i>Palæosyops</i>. The crowns are higher and the lobes sharper; -the basal ridge is more distinct, and is not interrupted at the -internal cusp; the external ascending buttress is stronger; -and there is no fold between the external lobes of the fourth.</p> - -<p>The molars are constructed in a manner which resembles -that of <i>P. paludosus</i> rather than of <i>P. major</i>, but its -resemblance to the form shown in <i>Titanotherium</i> is stronger than -to either. They have broad, square crowns, which increase -progressively in size from first to last. There is a convexity -running up the median line of the external lobes, and the two -posterior lobes are connected together at their bases. The -first molar does not exhibit such a decided increase in size -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[ 47 ]</a></span> -over the last premolar as is seen in <i>Palæosyops</i>; the two external -lobes are more erect and sharper than in any form of -that genus. The cingulum is complete even across the -internal cones, and the median valley is very deep, as in -<i>Titanotherium</i>. There is a conspicuous fold at the junction -of the external lobes, and a minute tubercle between the two -anterior lobes; this tubercle is present only in the first -molar, and not throughout the series, as in <i>Palæosyops</i>. The -second molar in general form is like the first; but is larger, -has a deeper median valley, more conspicuous external folds, -and a stronger basal ridge. There is also some change in -the proportions of the crown; the first measuring the same -in both directions, while the second is wider than it is long. -The last molar has but one internal cone; the second is -represented by a tubercle; which however is a true rudimentary -lobe and not a development of the basal ridge. In -this tooth, the external fold is very large and the median -valley very deep.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Lower Jaw.</span>—The lower molars and premolars are very -much like those of <i>Palæosyops</i>, but are longer, narrower, and -higher. The incisors are not at all like <i>Palæosyops</i>, but are -compressed and laniariform, with acute crowns and sharp -cutting-edges. The canine is not present in our specimen; -but that it was large, is shown by the long diastema between -the upper canine and incisors.</p> - -<p><i>Premolars.</i>—The first is small, simple, and implanted by a -single fang close to the canine. The diastema between it -and the second premolar is about one half of that in <i>P. major</i>. -The second premolar is the most peculiar tooth in the lower -series; as it carries the development of the anterior lobe at the -expense of the posterior lobe, to a still greater extent than in -<i>Palæosyops</i>., forming a crown like the blade of the carnivorous -sectorial. The third lobe of the last molar is no longer a -simple cone, but a functional lobe, with two crests running -from it, which bound a median valley.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[ 48 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="tdc pmb1"><i>Teeth Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" style="width: 22em;">UPPER JAW.</td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of entire dental series</td> - <td class="tdc">·275</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of incisor series</td> - <td class="tdc">·375</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of diastema between canine and incisors</td> - <td class="tdc">·018</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of canine</td> - <td class="tdc">·019</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of canine</td> - <td class="tdc">·015</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of diastema between canine and premolars</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0145</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of premolar series</td> - <td class="tdc">·083</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of first premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·016</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of first premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·009</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of second premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·021</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of second premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·017</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of third premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·022</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of third premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·022</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of fourth premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·024</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of fourth premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·027</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of true molar series</td> - <td class="tdc">·106</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of first molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·031</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of first molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·031</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of second molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·037</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of second molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·040</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of third molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·038</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of third molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·041</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" style="width: 22em;">LOWER JAW.</td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of entire molar series</td> - <td class="tdc">·202</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of premolar series</td> - <td class="tdc">·081</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of true molar series</td> - <td class="tdc">·121</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of second premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·024</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of second premolar</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0125</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of third premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·022</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of third premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·014</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of fourth premolar</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0235</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of fourth premolar</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0155</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of first molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·030</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of first molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·017</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of second molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·038</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of second molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·021</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of third molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·053</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of third molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·024</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>Found at Henry's Fork Divide.</p> - -<p>This may eventually prove to be a species of <i>Telmatherium</i>, -(Marsh); but the description given by him of that genus is -so brief and uncharacteristic that it might apply to any of -the allied genera. Indeed, Dr. Leidy has regarded it as a -synonym of <i>Palæosyops</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[ 49 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">HYRACHYUS, Leidy.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 229, <i>et seq</i>.</p> - -<p>A genus of tapiroid mammals, which is thus defined: -"<i>Lower Jaw:</i> Third molar with two crests; four premolars, -third and fourth with one transverse and one longitudinal -crest. <i>Upper Jaw:</i> Seven molars, first without interior heel; -premolars with two transverse crests." (Cope.)</p> - - -<p class="tdc pmt1 pmb1"><i>Synopsis of Species.</i></p> - -<table summary="Synopsis of Species 1"> -<tr> - <td class="vtop" rowspan="14">I.</td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Long diastema between lower canines and molars.</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td> A.</td> - <td class="tdl">Lower jaw with six molars</td> - <td class="tdr"><i>H. nanus</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="vtop" rowspan="12"> B.</td> - <td class="tdl">Lower jaw with seven molars.</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><i>a a.</i> Upper molars with complete - cingulum. Enamel wrinkled.</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="hanging"><i>a.</i> The last molar with two external lobes - on nearly the same transverse line.</div></td> - <td class="tdr"><i>H. intermedius</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><i>b.</i> Last molar with the external lobes on the same longitudinal line.</td> - <td class="tdr"><i>H. modestus</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><i>b b.</i> Upper molars with cingulum incomplete externally.</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><i>a.</i> With anterior conical buttress larger than anterior lobe.</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">α. Buttress separate, and no fold from - anterior lobe.</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><i>H. princeps</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">β. Buttress united, and quite large fold - from anterior lobe.</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><i>H. imperialis</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><i>b.</i> With anterior conical buttress smaller than anterior lobe.</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">α. Tooth large.</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><i>H. eximius</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">β. Tooth smaller.</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><i>H. agrarius</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="hanging"><i>c c.</i> Cingulum only on outer side of first molar, buttress separated by - a ridge from anterior lobe, fold from this lobe very prominent.</div></td> - <td class="tdr"><i>H. implicatus</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="4"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="vtop" rowspan="2">II.</td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Short diastema between lower canines and molars.</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="vtop"> A.</td> - <td class="tdl">Descending ridge from antero-external point of lower - molar extends entirely across the crown of the tooth anteriorly.</td> - <td class="tdr"><i>H. crassidens</i>.</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[ 50 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Hyrachyus imperialis</span>, <i>sp. nov.</i></p> - -<p>Established on the second and third molars of each upper -jaw, and three premolars, and one lower molar, portions of -the skull and vertebræ.</p> - -<p>This species is, with the exception of <i>H. princeps</i>, (Marsh), -the largest species of the genus as yet known. It differs from -<i>H. princeps</i> in the greater proportionate length of the molars, -in their larger size, compared with the bulk of the animal, and -in the less separation of the anterior external conical buttress. -The third molar is the largest; the fold extending from the -antero-external lobe into the valley is very conspicuous. The -basal ridge (which is very strongly marked on the posterior -edge), is very feebly indicated on the exterior. The transverse -crests are more oblique in the second than in the third, -but in the latter the valley is deeper and the crests slightly -longer. The anterior conical buttress is of great size, being -larger than the anterior lobe. The premolars have, as usual, -one internal cone; the anterior and posterior external lobes -approach close together, while the accessory fold from the -anterior lobe becomes very prominent, reaching the internal -cone and enclosing a valley between itself and the transverse -crest. The basal ridge does not extend around the inner -part of the crown as in <i>H. agrarius</i>.</p> - -<p>The only lower molar we have, seems to be a penultimate -molar of the right side. The basal ridge is large anteriorly, -very short posteriorly, but does not appear at all upon the -sides, as in <i>H. agrarius</i>.</p> - -<p>The remaining bones of the skeleton indicate a rather -small animal, the teeth are therefore proportionately very -large.</p> - -<p>The occipital condyles are small and sessile; they are -much extended laterally, and the external angles are pointed. -In other respects they resemble the condyles of <i>Palæosyops</i>. -The zygomatic arch is slender and does not curve outward -strongly. We cannot tell how far the malar encroaches upon -the face. After leaving the maxillary it becomes much compressed; -it has no postorbital process. The maxillary is of -unusual breadth, extends far backwards, and it forms the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[ 51 ]</a></span> -floor of the large orbit. The mandible is slender and compressed, -with a large dental canal.</p> - -<p>The atlas is small, and has narrow transverse processes, -which are perforated by a large vertebraterial canal. The -dorsals have considerably depressed centra, and the ribs are -slender.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmb1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of last molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·025</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of last molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·030</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of second molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·024</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of second molar</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0305</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of last (?) premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·018</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of last premolar</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0245</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of second lower molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·025</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of second lower molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·018</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>From Henry's Fork Divide.</p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Hyrachyus intermedius</span>, <i>Sp. nov.</i></p> - -<p>Established on the upper true molar series of the right -side.</p> - -<p>This species is intermediate in size between <i>H. agrarius</i> -and <i>H. modestus</i>. As in the latter species; the basal ridge extends -around the entire crown of the tooth, with a small interruption -on the antero-external lobe. It is more pronounced, -in front and less behind than in <i>H. imperialis</i>. The anterior -conical buttress is not nearly so well developed as in <i>H. imperialis</i>; -the valleys are wide, and the descending fold from -the antero-external lobe is obscure, scarcely marked at all in -the first. The transverse crests are strongly arched forwards, -and the anterior is very much the longer. The peculiar feature -of the species is the position of the postero-externa, -lobe, which is pushed to the posterior aspect of the tooth; -this is carried so far in the last molar that the two external -lobes stand on nearly the same transverse line. The antero-external -lobe is much the highest point in the tooth, and its -the first molar is remarkably sharp. The enamel is considerably -wrinkled, but not nearly so much as in <i>H. modestus</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[ 52 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="tdc pmb1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of first molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·012</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of first molar</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0155</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of second molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·015</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of second molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·017</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of third molar</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0145</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of third molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·017</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>From Cottonwood Creek.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Hyrachyus nanus</span>, Leidy.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, 20.</p> - -<p>Henry's Fork.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Hyrachyus agrarius</span>, Leidy.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, 229.</p> - -<p>Henry's Fork.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Hyrachyus eximius</span>, Leidy.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, 229.</p> - -<p>Cottonwood Creek.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Hyrachyus crassidens</span>, <i>sp. nov.</i></p> - -<p>Established on the left and a portion of the right ramus -mandibuli, containing the first molar.</p> - -<p>The jaw presents some differences from the form common -in Hyrachyus. The alveolus is more curved, especially near -the ascending portion of the ramus; the jaw is narrower, and -is especially contracted near the incisive alveolus. The lower -margin of the ramus is but slightly curved. The ramus itself -thickens regularly from before backwards, and is thickest at -the last molar; beyond which it becomes thinner again. The -depth of the jaw is comparatively small, and the teeth have a -forward inclination; the mental foramina are not so large as -in other species of <i>Hyrachyus</i>, and are four in number.</p> - -<p>The incisors are small, arranged in a semi-circle, and have -very much compressed fangs, with somewhat procumbent -crowns; the canines are small, and form a continuous series -with the incisors. There is a diastema between the canine -and first premolar; but one which is shorter than in known -species of the genus, and which does not indicate the usual -curve of the upper border of the ramus.</p> - -<p>The molar series, (so far as can be judged from their broken -condition), are much the same as in other species; except, perhaps, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[ 53 ]</a></span> -in the greater relative size of the posterior lobes, and -in the more complete closing of the median valley by the -junction of the two lobes externally. The ridge which curves -downwards and inwards from the external point of the anterior -lobe is unusually well developed, and curves across the -entire crown. The cingulum is feebly shown; it appears on -the anterior and posterior ends of the tooth (first molar) and -for a very short distance on the outside of the tooth opposite -the median valley; there is no trace of it on the inner side.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmb1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of entire molar series (about)</td> - <td class="tdc">·080</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of premolar series</td> - <td class="tdc">·033</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of true molar series (about)</td> - <td class="tdc">·047</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of fang of canine</td> - <td class="tdc">·008</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Distance between canine alveoli</td> - <td class="tdc">·009</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of diastema</td> - <td class="tdc">·115</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of the first molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·015</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of the first molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·010</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Depth of ramus below last molar</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0245</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Depth of ramus below last premolar</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0215</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Greatest thickness of ramus</td> - <td class="tdc">·017</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of symphysis (about)</td> - <td class="tdc">·030</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>Found at Henry's Fork.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Hyrachyus</span> ———— ?</p> - -<p>There are three premolars of the upper jaw which we -cannot refer to any known species; but they are too imperfect -to justify the formation of a new species for their reception.</p> - -<p>What appears to be a first premolar is inserted by a single -broad fang; it is too much worn to show the characteristic -enamel folding, and is peculiarly broad and short. The second -premolar shows the usual foldings of <i>Hyrachyus</i>; save that -a distinct valley enters the tooth from the posterior edge, -running forward to the transverse crest, and inclosed by the -curving backwards of the internal cone. The crown is nearly -square; the basal ridge is scarcely marked at all.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmb1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of first premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·011</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of first premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·016</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of second premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·012</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of second premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·014</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[ 54 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="caption3nb">HELALETES, Marsh.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Am. Journ. Sc. and Arts, 1872, p. 218.</p> - -<p>Additional material enables us to give further characteristics -of this genus, which may be thus defined: Mammals, -allied to <i>Lophiodon</i>, having a third lobe to the last lower molar, -short symphysis, and with the teeth of the lower jaw forming -a continuous series. Astragalus has narrow, oblique -condyles.</p> - -<table summary="Dental Formula"> -<tr> - <td rowspan="2">Dental formula: I.</td> - <td class="tdc bdb">? - ?</td> - <td rowspan="2">, C</td> - <td class="tdc bdb">1 - 1</td> - <td rowspan="2">, Pm.</td> - <td class="tdc bdb">4 - 4</td> - <td rowspan="2">, M.</td> - <td class="tdc bdb">3 - 3</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc">3 - 3</td> - <td class="tdc">1 - 1</td> - <td class="tdc">4 - 4</td> - <td class="tdc">3 - 3</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="tdc pmt2 pmb1">Synopsis of Species.</p> - -<table summary="Synopsis of Species 1"> -<tr> - <td class="vtop"> A.</td> - <td><div class="hanging">Teeth small; a small tubercle on the outer margin, between - the cusps of last upper molar</div></td> - <td class="tdr"><i>H. boöps</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="vtop"> B.</td> - <td><div class="hanging">Teeth much larger and proportionately broader; no tubercle - on last upper molar</div></td> - <td class="tdr"><i>H. latidens</i>.</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Helaletes latidens</span>, <i>sp. nov.</i></p> - -<p><i>Lower Jaw.</i>—The ramus is stout, and resembles in general -form that of <i>Hyrachyus</i>, but the alveolar border is -straighter than in that genus; the ascending portion forms -a right angle with the horizontal portion, and the masseteric -fossa is deep. The symphysis is comparatively short, and -there is complete bony union between the rami, which do not -diverge so much as in <i>Hyrachyus</i>. As in that genus, there -are several small mental foramina beneath the premolar -series. The dental series forms a nearly continuous line, the -only diastema being a very short one between the first and -second premolars. The <i>incisors</i> have compressed fangs, and -are arranged in a slight curve. The canine is small and subcircular -at base. The <i>premolars</i> also are small; they somewhat -resemble those of <i>Hyrachyus</i> in shape, but are smaller, -and have the posterior lobe not so well developed. The -first is implanted by a single fang, the others by two. The -<i>molars</i> (except the last) consist of two pyramidal lobes, -which form transverse cutting-crests, as in <i>Tapirus</i> and -<i>Hyrachyus</i>. The basal ridge is shown on the anterior and -internal sides only. Externally the lobes meet at their bases, -inclosing the valley on that side. The last molar is by far -the longest of the series, and consists of three lobes, of which -the anterior is the largest, and the posterior the smallest. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[ 55 ]</a></span> -The basal ridge at the anterior part of the tooth is very -strongly marked.</p> - -<p><i>Upper Jaw.</i>—The molars increase in size from first to last -with considerable regularity. The premolars are small, and, -as in <i>Hyrachyus</i>, have one single internal cone, which is -joined by transverse ridges from the two outer cusps; the -anterior accessory tubercle is well developed. The first -molar is considerably larger than the last premolar; it is -much worn, and does not show anything more than that -there are two internal cones. The anterior conical buttress -is very largely developed throughout the true molar series. -The second and third molars resemble almost precisely the -corresponding teeth of <i>Hyrachyus</i>. Their shape, however, -is more nearly square than is usual in that genus.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1 pmb1">UPPER JAW.</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of true molar series</td> - <td class="tdc">·036</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of last molar</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0135</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of last molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·015</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of second molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·012</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of second molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·015</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of first molar</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0105</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of first molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·012</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of last premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·009</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of last premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·011</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of third premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·008</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of third premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·009</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="tdc pmt2">LOWER JAW.</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of true molar series</td> - <td class="tdc">·042</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of last molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·018</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of last molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·009</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of second molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·013</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of second molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·008</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of first molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·012</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of first molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·008</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of third premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·008</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of third premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·005</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of canine at base</td> - <td class="tdc">·006</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of symphysis (about)</td> - <td class="tdc">·027</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>Found at Henry's Fork.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[ 56 ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="ARTIODACTYLA" id="ARTIODACTYLA">ARTIODACTYLA.</a></h2> - - -<p class="caption3nb">GENERA INCERTÆ SEDIS.</p> - -<p class="caption3nb">ITHYGRAMMODON, <i>gen. nov.</i></p> - -<p>Our fragments of this fossil show an animal about the size -of the llama, and approximating more closely to the <i>Tylopoda</i> -than to any living forms.</p> - -<p>The genus is established upon the two premaxillary bones, -containing the incisors, parts of the maxillaries, the canine -and the first premolar; besides fragmentary portions of the -palatine plates. As the peculiar features of these remains -render them unique, we are warranted in establishing the -genus <i>Ithygrammodon</i>.</p> - - -<p class="tdc"><i>Generic characteristics.</i></p> - -<p>The premaxillaries are long, narrow, and very straight, -bent slightly in on their own axis as in <i>Camelidæ</i>, but expanded -laterally at the end of symphysis as in <i>Pecora</i>. The -upward processes are sharply defined, with a wide, rounded -upper border.</p> - -<p>The upper incisors are six in number, and <i>are placed nearly -in a straight line fore-and-aft</i>, separated from each other and -from the canine by small and subequal diastemas.</p> - -<p>The <i>incisors</i> are nearly equal in size, cylindrical in shape, -are placed vertically in their alveoli, and are slightly recurved.</p> - -<p>The spine of the premaxillaries is long and thin, giving -very long anterior palatine foramina, as in <i>Ruminantia</i>. The -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[ 57 ]</a></span> -premaxillaries, in position, are close together, showing a very -narrow muzzle.</p> - -<p>The maxillaries have two well-developed canines, with -long, laterally compressed fangs, recurved and becoming circular -in section at the crowns. The diastema between the -canine and the first premolar is proportionate to that in <i>Procamelus</i>.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Ithygrammodon cameloides</span>, <i>sp. nov.</i></p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Specific characteristics.</i></p> - -<p>The <i>premaxillaries</i> (See <a href="#Plate_10">Plate X.</a>, Figs. 1-4) are long, with -a wide, strongly upward curving process; from the premaxillary -symphysis to the third incisor, they increase in thickness; -then narrow slightly to the maxillary symphysis. The -upper margin of the process is smooth and narrow, curving -very gradually upwards; while the lower margin runs more -abruptly up, giving to it a strongly pointed curvature.</p> - -<p>The outer surfaces are smooth and slightly convex; the -inner are marked by a wide deep canal running from just -behind the premaxillary symphysis into the maxilla.</p> - -<p>The great size of this groove may perhaps be a generic -characteristic; as it is much larger than in <i>Protolabis</i> -(<a href="#Plate_10">Plate X.</a>, Fig. 6), the modern camels, or any of the other ungulates, -recent or fossil, that have come under our notice.</p> - -<p>The premaxillaries do not co-ossify, as the spines are -smooth on their inner side. Just outside the spines, and in -front of the deep groove, the bones are marked by numerous -small pits for the attachment of the muscles of the upper lip.</p> - -<p>The portion of the maxilla in which the first premolar is -situated, shows that the maxillaries swell considerably on -their alveolar border; for the canine then narrow gradually -for the first premolar diastema; then swell for its reception, -and become very thin in the diastema between the first and -second premolars.</p> - -<p><i>The Teeth.</i>—I. <sup>3</sup>/<sub>?</sub>, - C. <sup>1</sup>/<sub>?</sub>, Pm. <sup>1+</sup>/<sub>?</sub>, - M. <sup>?</sup>/<sub>?</sub>.</p> - -<p>The incisors have quite deep fangs, are cylindrical in shape, -vertical in position, and have no basal ridge.</p> - -<p>The crown of the first is worn perfectly smooth, flat across -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[ 58 ]</a></span> -the top, unlike the wearing exhibited in any modern form -that has come under our notice. The others have their -crowns broken, but indicate a nearly subequal series, with the -last slightly the largest.</p> - -<p>The canines have long, recurved compressed fangs, with -rather short crowns, which are circular in section. They -are much larger than in <i>Procamelus</i> or <i>Protolabis</i> of Pliocene, -or the modern camels. (See <a href="#Plate_10">X.</a>, Figs. 3, 5, 6, 7.)</p> - -<p>The first premolar is the only one of the molar series preserved; -its crown is chipped considerably, but nevertheless -shows that it had one fang and no basal ridge. It resembles -the incisors in form, but is slightly narrower and longer.</p> - -<p>The genus <i>Ithygrammodon</i> has been placed for the present -under the <i>genera incertæ sedis</i>; but its chief features point to -an unmistakable affinity with the ruminants. It is probable -that <i>Ithygrammodon</i> was the representative and the ancestor, -in the eocene age, of that type of ungulates of which the -camel and llama are the modern forms.</p> - -<p>The line of descent of the camels was first indicated in -the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, 1875, p. 262; -then in the Bulletin No. I, 1874, p. 25, of the U.S. Geological -Surveys of the Territories, (Government Report of Explorations -of 1873, pp. 498-500); and lastly in U. S. Geographical -Surveys of Territories, vol. iv., pp. 341-44.</p> - -<p>In the above writings, Professor Cope traces the development -of the modern camels from the miocene genus <i>Poëbrotherium</i>, -Leidy, showing the modifications found in <i>Procamelus</i>, -Leidy, and <i>Protolabis</i>, Cope, of the succeeding age.</p> - -<p>From the last work (Wheeler's Survey, vol. iv., p. 342), -we will quote at length:</p> - -<p>"The evolution of the existing types of Camelidæ is a good -illustration of the operation of the laws of acceleration and -retardation. In evidence of this we may follow the growth -of the foot and dentition of the most specialized, and therefore -the terminal genus of the series, the American <i>Auchenia</i> -----. It is well known since the time of Goodsir, that the -embryos of ruminants exhibit a series of superior incisor -teeth which disappear early. It is probable, but not certain, -that in the miocene genus <i>Poëbrotherium</i>, as in various -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[ 59 ]</a></span> -contemporary selenodont artiodactyla, the superior incisors -persisted. I have, however, discovered that these teeth persisted -in the Loup-Fork genus <i>Protolabis</i> during adult life. -I have found that one (the second) of these teeth in <i>Procamelus -occidentalis</i> persisted, without being protruded from the -alveolus, until nearly adult age.</p> - -<p>"In genera (<i>e.g.</i>, the bunodont artiodactyla) where the incisors -are normally developed, they appear at about the same -time with the other teeth, and continue to develop to functional -completeness. This development is retarded in <i>Protolabis</i>, -since they are not so matured as to remain fixed -throughout life in their alveoli.</p> - -<p>"In <i>Procamelus</i>, the retardation is still greater, since the -first incisor reaches very small dimensions, and is, with its -alveolus, early removed; while the second incisor only grows -large enough, and for a sufficient time, to occupy a shallow -alveolus, without extending beyond it. In the first incisor -the process of retardation has reached its necessary termination, -<i>i.e.</i>, atrophy or extinction; while in the existing <i>Camelidæ</i> -the second incisor also has disappeared the same way. -In ruminants other than <i>Camelidæ</i>, the third or external incisor -has undergone the same process, while in the <i>Bovidæ</i> the -canines also have been retarded in development, down to -atrophy."</p> - -<p>Professor Cope continuing the discussion of the teeth of -these types, generalizes: "From these and many analogous -cases, the general law may be deduced that <i>identical modifications -of structure, constituting evolution of types, have supervenea -on distinct lines of descent?</i>"</p> - -<p>This summary of Professor Cope's conclusions has been -necessary to show clearly in this series the probable place of -the eocene genus.</p> - -<p>From the shape of the premaxillaries and maxillaries, and -the form and position of the teeth the camelline affinities have -been indicated. Future research must be relied on to throw -light upon the structure of the limbs and the axial skeleton; -as it is from these that the conclusive proof must be -deduced that <i>Ithygrammodon</i> is the ancestor of the camels, -and that <i>Poëbrotherium</i> is the second link in the chain, instead -of the progenitor.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[ 60 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1 pmb1"><i>Measurements of Ithygrammodon cameloides with Protolabis.</i></p> - -<table summary="Measurements"> -<tr> - <td class="bdt bdb"></td> - <td class="tdl bdt bdb bdl"> Ithygrammodon c. </td> - <td class="tdl bdt bdb bdl"> Protolabis. </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of alveolar border of premaxillaries</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·035</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·049</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Greatest height of premaxillaries</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·017</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·022</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Greatest width of premaxillaries at last incisor</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·013</td> - <td class="bdl tdc"> ·01155</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Thickness of premaxillary process</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·010</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·017</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of diastema between first and second incisors</td> - <td class="bdl tdc"> ·0035</td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of diastema between second and third incisors</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·003</td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of diastema between third incisors and canine</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·004</td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc"><i>Teeth.</i></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of first incisor</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·007</td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of second incisor</td> - <td class="bdl tdc"> ·0075</td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of third incisor</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·008</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·011</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of canine</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·012</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·012</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of first premolar</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·011</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·011</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of first incisor</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·007</td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of second incisor</td> - <td class="bdl tdc"> ·0073</td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of third incisor</td> - <td class="bdl tdc"> ·0085</td> - <td class="bdl"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of canine</td> - <td class="bdl tdc"> ·0113</td> - <td class="bdl tdc">·009</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb tdl">Transverse diameter of first premolar</td> - <td class="bdl bdb tdc">·005</td> - <td class="bdl bdb tdc">·007</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[ 61 ]</a></span></p> - - - -<h2><a name="AMBLYPODA" id="AMBLYPODA">AMBLYPODA.</a></h2> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="tdc">(Cope. Wheeler's Survey, vol. iv., pp. 178 <i>et ss</i>.)</p> - -<p>"Mammalia, with small cerebral hemispheres which leave -the olfactory lobes and cerebellum exposed. The feet short -and plantigrade, with numerous (in the known genera, five) -digits, terminating in flat, hoof-bearing, ungual phalanges. -The seven bones of the carpus distinct, the unciform articulating -with both lunar and cuneiform. The astragalus flat, -without trochlear surface, and attached to the tibia with very -little freedom of movement; its distal extremity divided into -two facets, one for the navicular, and the other more or less -for the cuboid. Molars inserted with enamel, with wide -crowns and transverse crests. A post-glenoid process."</p> - -<p>This order falls naturally into two sub-orders:</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl vtop">"I.</td> - <td class="tdl">A third trochanter on the femur, and a fossa for the - round ligament:<br />no alisphenoid canal; superior incisors - present - <span style="display:inline-block; float:right;"><i>Pantodonta.</i></span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl vtop">"II.</td> - <td class="tdl">No third trochanter, nor fossa for the round ligament;<br /> - an alisphenoid canal; no superior incisors. - <span style="display:inline-block; float:right;"><i>Dinocerata.</i>"</span></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>This sub-order, Dinocerata, includes at present three distinct -genera, <i>Uintatherium</i>, Leidy, <i>Dinoceras</i>, Marsh, and -<i>Loxolophodon</i>, Cope (also probably <i>Megacerops</i>, Leidy). These -three genera, in addition to the characters above given, are -marked by the possession of two or more osseous projections -from the upper surface of the head; and of these the posterior -pair, developed from the parietals, are the largest.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1 pmb1">Synopsis of genera of</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[ 62 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">DINOCERATA.</p> - -<table summary="Synopsis of Species 1"> -<tr> - <td class="vtop" rowspan="3"> A.</td> - <td><div class="hanging">Cervical vertebra? long; median horn-like processes anterior - to the orbit; nasal tuberosities do not overhang the nasal tips.</div></td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="hanging">(<i>a</i>) Last molar, with or without a tubercle, occupying - the entrance of the valley between the lobes, and but one on posterior basal ridge. - Temporal fossæ not continued beyond the base of the parietal processes. - Occipital condyles projecting.</div></td> - <td class="tdr vbot"><i>Uintatherium.</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="hanging">(<i>b</i>) Last molar never has a tubercle at entrance of - valley, and has two on posterior basal ridge. Temporal fossæ continued very far back; - condyles sessile.</div></td> - <td class="tdr vbot"><i>Dinoceras.</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="vtop"> B.</td> - <td><div class="hanging">Cervical vertebræ short; median horn-like processes - directly over the orbit; nasal tuberosities overhang the entire tips.</div></td> - <td class="tdr vbot"><i>Loxolophodon.</i></td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="tdc pmt1 pmb1">Synopsis of species of</p> - -<p class="caption3nb">UINTATHERIUM.</p> - -<table summary="Synopsis of Species 1"> -<tr> - <td class="vtop"> A.</td> - <td><div class="hanging">With a tubercle occupying the entrance of the valley - between the lobes of the last upper molar.</div></td> - <td class="tdr vbot"><i>U. robustum.</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="vtop" rowspan="3"> B.</td> - <td><div class="hanging">No tubercle at the entrance of the valley.</div></td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="hanging">(<i>a</i>) Nasals divided by a deep groove; slender zygomatic - arch; dorsal vertebræ compressed.</div></td> - <td class="tdr vbot"><i>U. Leidianum.</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><div class="hanging">(<i>b</i>) No nasal groove; stout zygomatic arch; dorsal - vertebræ sub-cylindrical</div></td> - <td class="tdr vbot"><i>U. princeps.</i></td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="caption3nb">UINTATHERIUM.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Leidy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 169.—Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun. of Western -Territories, p. 93.—Cope, Hayden's Survey, 1872, p. 580, etc.</p></div> - -<p>Skull broader proportionally than in the other genera -of the order, ridged and possessing several concavities on -the upper surface; zygomas slender and but little curved; -temporal fossæ comparatively short and have well-defined -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[ 63 ]</a></span> -superciliary margins. The cervical vertebræ are rather -long; the sacrum has four vertebræ; and the tail is quite -long, very flat and broad. The tibia has its proximal face -divided by a prominent ridge into two parts. The dental -formula for the upper jaw is: I. 0, C. 1, M. 6. The molars -are small, and increase from first to sixth. The last is much -the largest; in it the anterior lobe considerably exceeds the -posterior in size, and there may or may not be a tubercle at -the entrance of the valley between the lobes; but there is -always one developed from the cingulum at the posterior -part of the tooth.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Uintatherium leidianum</span>, <i>sp. nov.</i><a name="FNanchor_1_3" id="FNanchor_1_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_3" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1_3" id="Footnote_1_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_3"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This species is respectfully dedicated to Dr. Joseph Leidy, of Philadelphia. -The specimens upon which it is established were found on Dry Creek plateau.</p></div> - -<p>Established upon a head and nearly perfect skeleton of -one individual, and parts of two more.</p> - -<p>In this species, as in most others of the sub-order, the -nasals are of immense length and thickness; they overhang -the anterior nares, and project considerably beyond the premaxillaries; -they form more than half of the entire length of -the skull, articulating with the frontals somewhat behind -the orbits; the median suture is distinct throughout. -Instead of having an expanding shovel-shaped forward projection, -as in <i>Loxolophodon</i>, they narrow from the median -osseous projections (horn cores?) anteriorly. Above the -muzzle they are strongly curved from side to side, on their -upper surface forming a continuous arch; on the under surface -of each bone is a deep concavity, separated from its -fellow by the sutural ridge, which disappears forwards, near -the extremity. On the upper surface of each nasal, near the -forward end, is a large osseous tuberosity which is directed -forwards and outwards; these processes are much smaller -than the corresponding ones in the <i>Loxolophodon</i>, while -they are larger, of different shape and direction from those -in <i>Dinoceras</i>. In this species they are divided throughout -by a deep median groove, which anteriorly becomes a fissure, -and separates the extremities of the nasals completely. In -front of these tuberosities, the nasals taper very rapidly, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[ 64 ]</a></span> -end in sharp points which project downwards and forwards; -this portion of the bones is shorter, sharper, and projects -more decidedly downwards than in <i>Dinoceras</i>. Above and -slightly behind the sockets of the cranium, the nasals and -maxillaries give rise to the median pair of osseous projections. -These are very large, subtrihedral at the base, and -project upwards, outwards, and strongly forwards. They -differ from the corresponding processes in <i>Dinoceras</i>, in their -forward projection, in being longer and more everted, and in -their approach to each other at the base. They taper quite -regularly from base to tip, but do not come to a point; a -section here would be subcircular. They are not so long -and are not knobbed at the ends as in <i>Loxolophodon</i>. Their -inner curve is convex, the outer concave; converging below -at an angle of 90°, they are united by a strong ridge, which -is raised decidedly above the surface of the nasals. At their -posterior insertion they touch the frontals, lachrymals, and -malars. It is probable that the nasals send up processes on -the internal and posterior side of these median projections; -the sutures between these and the maxillary portions are -marked by slight ridges.</p> - -<p><i>Frontals.</i>—In our specimen it is very difficult to determine -the exact relations of these bones. The nasals narrow at -their posterior end, and articulate with the frontals by a -V-shaped suture which thus encloses them on each side. It -is probable that the frontals run to some point between the -posterior or parietal projections. If we have discovered the -suture, they overlap the parietals, sending up V-shaped -processes, which join the sides of the posterior cranial projections, -and form a deep concavity with them. They constitute -a large part of the interior wall of the orbit, but have -no postorbital processes; the superciliary ridge is very -strong, and gradually rises into a large rounded crest, which -joins the posterior projection. The frontal eminences are -large, and situated immediately over the lachrymals. The -upper surface of the frontals is marked by two high ridges, -which probably represent the divided parts of the sagittal -crest; they rise from the anterior margin of the bones, and -are strongest above the frontal eminences. They converge, -and then diverging, together forming an X-like curve (without -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[ 65 ]</a></span> -crossing, however), gradually disappear posteriorly. -These various ridges form four deep concavities on the -upper surface of the skull: (1) The largest already mentioned, -between the parietals and the posterior part of the -frontals; (2) that marked by the suture between the nasals -and frontal, not so large; (3 and 4) two much smaller -lateral ridges between the sagittal and superciliary ridges. -This great irregularity of the upper surface of the head is, so -far as is yet known, peculiar to <i>Uintatherium</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Parietals.</i>—The peculiar feature of these bones is the huge -pair of projections (the so-called "posterior horn cores") to -which they give rise. The outer margin of these processes -is nearly straight; the inner margin for its upper two thirds -is also straight, the lower third curving in a high strong ridge -to meet its fellow. The anterior face is rounded and produced -into the long crest of the frontals, while the posterior -face is flattened and produced into a similar but shorter and -higher crest which joins the supra-occipital. At the base of -these processes their greatest diameter is fore-and-aft, while -at the top it is transverse. They project upwards and outwards, -but are not curved as in <i>Dinoceras</i>, nor are their -upper borders so much arched. Their greatest diameter at -top is at right angles to the corresponding measurement in -this last-named genus. Behind the ridge which connects -these projections, the parietals curve sharply upward to a -high occipital crest; between which and the projections they -form a deep basin whose floor is raised above that formed by -the frontals immediately anterior to it. This arrangement -differs from that of both <i>Loxolophodon</i> and <i>Dinoceras</i>, especially -from the latter. The temporal fossæ are of great -length, deeply concave, but rather low from above downwards, -formed almost entirely by the parietals, and bounded -posteriorly by a sharp outward curve of these bones. They -are of about the same proportionate length, but higher and -very much deeper than in <i>Loxolophodon</i>; and are not nearly -so long as in <i>Dinoceras</i>, in which genus the parietals expand -far behind the horn-like processes. In our specimen the posterior -part of the fossa is pierced by numerous small venous -foramina, and corresponds precisely in every way, save that -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[ 66 ]</a></span> -of size, to the specimen figured by Dr. Leidy. (Cont. to Extinct -Vert. Fauna, Plate XXVI., Fig. 1.)</p> - -<p><i>The Squamosals</i> are large and heavy but encroach little -upon the temporal fossæ; they are situated directly below -the large parietal projections. The glenoid cavity is transverse -and straight in this direction, broad and shallow, with -no internal process; and the post-glenoid process is long and -massive. The zygomatic process is short, stout, high, and -trihedral, with a strongly arched upper margin. The articulation -with the malar is by a straight, flat face, and anchylosis -of the two never takes place. The anterior termination is -pointed, and the outer margin is rounded.</p> - -<p><i>The Malars</i> form none of the face. They are long, -slender, curved downwards and backwards, and but little -outwards. They are longer, straighter, and less curved outwards -than in either <i>Loxolophodon</i> or <i>Dinoceras</i>; they do not -present the sharp angle in the lower margin shown in the -latter genus, nor are they so extensively overlapped by the -zygomatic processes of the squamosal. Posterior to the -molar series, the malars are greatly compressed and very -slender, but at the junction with the maxillaries they become -much wider and thicker. There is no trace of a postorbital -process; and the projections from the under surface of the -bone at their junction with the squamosals, so prominent in -Dinoceras, are here rudimentary or absent. As a whole, the -zygomatic arch is very long, slender, simple, curved upwards -and very slightly outwards, so slightly that it is completely -overhung by the superciliary ridge and frontal crest.</p> - -<p><i>The Lachrymals</i> are unusually large, and form the anterior -part of the orbit; they encroach considerably upon the face, -and articulate with the superciliary ridges above. The -lachrymal foramen is very large.</p> - -<p><i>The Maxillaries</i> are of great length, being nearly as long -as the nasals. They extend somewhat beyond the last molar; -but the suture between them and the pterygoids is very -obscure. There is a very long diastema between the canine -and molar series, and the lower margin is arched upwards; -above this, between the orbit and the socket of the canine, -there is a large, deep fossa, but we can discover no infraorbital -foramina. The sockets of the canines are very large -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[ 67 ]</a></span> -and prominent, they curve upwards and backwards to the -base of the median cranial projections, but these are not excavated -to receive them, as is the case in <i>Dinoceras</i>. The most -peculiar feature of the maxillary bones is the pair of large -horn-like projections, to which, in conjunction with the nasals, -they give rise. These have already been described, and it -only remains to add that they correspond in position to those -of <i>Dinoceras</i>, and are therefore much further forward than -those of <i>Loxolophodon</i>.</p> - -<p>The palatine plates of the maxillaries are long and very -narrow; they are concave transversely, and are separated -from each other by a high median ridge. The posterior -palatine foramina are small.</p> - -<p>The <i>Palatines</i> are very short, narrow, and concave, and are -separated by a ridge. They are considerably excavated on -the posterior border, in this respect differing from <i>Loxolophodon</i>.</p> - -<p>The <i>Pterygoids</i> and the pterygoid plates of the alisphenoid -are compressed; the former join the alveolar borders of -the maxillary, which are produced somewhat beyond the last -molars. The alisphenoid canal is very large, but rather -short.</p> - -<p>The <i>Premaxillaries</i> are of very peculiar shape, somewhat -like a <i>u</i>, with one side—the lower—the longer. The upper -portion articulates with the nasals, running along the narial -opening to about three inches from the angle; the free portion -is short, slender, and tapering; it is curved downwards -and slightly inwards; the premaxillaries do not meet, leaving -the incisive foramen unenclosed, and are edentulous. At the -end of the upper portion there are prominent processes for -the attachment of the muscles of the proboscis, which probably -resembled that of the tapir.</p> - -<p>The anterior narial opening is very large, but is considerably -concealed by the overhanging of the nasals. There is no -osseous septum between the nostrils. The posterior nares -are much smaller, being especially contracted in width; it is -divided above by the <i>Vomer</i>, which is very short, and does -not reach the palatines. The nasal cavity thus formed is -long, straight, and gradually narrows backwards.</p> - -<p>Of the Mandible we have but a small portion of the right -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[ 68 ]</a></span> -ramus, comprising the part opposed to the upper canine, from -the dental canal downwards. The jaw at this place has a large -downward-projecting process, very similar to that figured by -Marsh in his plate of <i>Dinoceras laticeps</i>. This process curves -slightly outward, and has its external side convex in both -directions, and its internal side convex fore-and-aft, concave -from above downwards. The posterior mental foramen, -which is the only one preserved in our specimen, corresponds -in size and position with <i>Dinoceras laticeps</i>. The only difference -between the two is a very slight one: in <i>D.</i> the curve -of the posterior margin of the process is convex; in <i>Uintatherium</i> -it is concave; the angle which the process makes -with the jaw is also greater.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Cranial Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 24em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of bony palate</td> - <td class="tdc">·227</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of head along the top</td> - <td class="tdc">·743</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of nasals</td> - <td class="tdc">·398</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth at nasal tuberosities</td> - <td class="tdc">·123</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Distance between median projections</td> - <td class="tdc">·385</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of head posterior to median projections</td> - <td class="tdc">·189</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of head before posterior projections</td> - <td class="tdc">·228</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of head behind posterior projections</td> - <td class="tdc">·312</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Distance between extremities of posterior projections</td> - <td class="tdc">·462</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of nasals to ridge between median projections</td> - <td class="tdc">·234</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length from ridge between median to ridge between posterior projections</td> - <td class="tdc">·374</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of zygomatic arch (straight)</td> - <td class="tdc">·285</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length from angle of nares to end of nasals</td> - <td class="tdc">·162</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length from angle of nares to end of premaxillaries</td> - <td class="tdc">·114</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width between tips of premaxillaries</td> - <td class="tdc">·053</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Circumference of median projection at top</td> - <td class="tdc">·203</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Circumference of posterior projection at top</td> - <td class="tdc">·329</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Height of median projections from ridge between them</td> - <td class="tdc">·174</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Height of posterior projections from ridge between them</td> - <td class="tdc">·239</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of nasals anterior to nasal tuberosities</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0415</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><i>Teeth.</i>—These are peculiar for their small size compared -with the bulk of the animal; for their slender fangs, and for -the distance through which these are exposed.</p> - -<p><i>Upper Jaw.</i>—Formula: I. <sup>0</sup>/<sub>0</sub>, C. <sup>1</sup>/<sub>1</sub>, Pm. <sup>3</sup>/<sub>3</sub>, M. <sup>3</sup>/<sub>3</sub>.</p> - -<p><i>Canines.</i>—The sockets of these teeth have been already -described: the fangs are very long, somewhat longer than the -crown, and the teeth apparently grew from permanent pulps. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[ 69 ]</a></span> -The crown is long, compressed and recurved; the posterior -margin is sharp, and exhibits some indications of a slight serration.</p> - -<p><i>Premolars.</i>—The first premolar is not preserved in our -specimen. The second and third are subequal, and of about -the same conformation. They are implanted by three fangs, -one internal and two external. The crown is subcircular at -the base. The basal ridge is large, and completely surrounds -the crown; above this the crown becomes somewhat trihedral: -and is composed of two pyramidal lobes, which meet internally -and externally, and are divided by a valley. The -summits of the lobes form transverse grinding ridges; the -anterior one is the lower, and is crescent-shaped, while the -posterior is straight; the anterior ridges throughout the -series are much the most worn. The basal ridge is not -indented on the outer side at the opening of the valley as in -<i>Dinoceras</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Molars.</i>—The true molars increase in size regularly backwards. -The first molar is larger than the last premolar; -it is worn down nearly to the basal ridge, but shows a small -internal accessory tubercle on the back part of the posterior -lobe. The extremities of the lobes rise into points, and their -summits are transversely concave. The number and arrangement -of the fangs in the first and second molars is the same -as that of the premolars; in the last molar there are but two, -which are long and wide, and extend the whole breadth -of the crown. This tooth is by far the largest of the molar -series; it is ovoidal in shape, with the apex at the outer point -of the forward lobe; it is proportionally broader than in <i>Uintatherium -robustum</i>. The basal ridge is strong, and extends -around the entire tooth, with some irregularities of outline at -the sides. This tooth, like the others, consists of two pyramidal -lobes separated by a valley, which in this case is wide -and deep. The summit of the anterior lobe is the longer, and -extends obliquely across the crown, while the posterior is -nearly straight. The free ends and junction of the lobes are -prolonged into points, which give a tripodal character to the -crown. The outer point of the anterior lobe is the longest -of the three, but the difference is not nearly so marked as in -<i>U. robustum</i>; the other two are of about the same height; -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[ 70 ]</a></span> -but the external is spinous in character, while the internal is -stout and obtuse. The anterior slope of each lobe is steep, -while the posterior is long and gentle. As in <i>U. robustum</i>, -there is a small rounded tubercle on the inner side of the posterior -basal ridge; but there is no tubercle occupying the -entrance of the triangular valley between the lobes. The -enamel of all the molars is smooth.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Teeth Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of molar series</td> - <td class="tdc">·148</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of premolar series</td> - <td class="tdc">·062</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of true molar series</td> - <td class="tdc">·089</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of second premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·022</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of second premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·023</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of third premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·022</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of third premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·023</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of first molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·023</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of first molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·026</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of second molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·028</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of second molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·031</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of third molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·039</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of third molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·044</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Distance between last molars</td> - <td class="tdc">·058</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Distance between first premolars</td> - <td class="tdc">·049</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Distance between first molars</td> - <td class="tdc">·074</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of root of canine</td> - <td class="tdc">·060</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of root of canine</td> - <td class="tdc">·039</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of diastema</td> - <td class="tdc">·072</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Distance between canine alveoli</td> - <td class="tdc">·080</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><i>Lower Jaw.</i>—Dr. Leidy has very kindly sent us some of -the lower molars of an undescribed <i>Uintatherium</i>, which may -belong to this species. They consist of the anterior lobe of -the last molar, and second and third premolars entire. They -all have nearly the same conformation, consisting of three -acute pyramidal lobes, of which the anterior is very much -the highest and broadest; the median lobe is partly separated -from the anterior by a valley which opens outwards, while -the valley between the posterior and median lobes passes -completely across the tooth. The highest point of the crown -is the inner end of the anterior lobe; but the difference between -this and the outer end, very great in the molars, becomes -slight in the premolars. The inner end has an accessory -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[ 71 ]</a></span> -tubercle just at the lip of the anterior lobe, and there is -another on the anterior basal ridge. This latter feature -would seem to distinguish it from <i>U. robustum</i>.</p> - -<p>The basal ridge is distinct in front and behind, indistinct -on the external side, and entirely absent from the internal.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1 pmb1">(TEETH, LOWER JAW.)</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of last molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·026</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Height of highest point above cingulum of last molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·023</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of second molar</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0285</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of second molar</td> - <td class="tdc">·023</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Height of second molar</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0215</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of fourth premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·021</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of fourth premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·015</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Height of fourth premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·020</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of third premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·020</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of third premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·015</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Height of third premolar</td> - <td class="tdc">·014</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Vertebræ.</i></p> - -<p><i>Cervical region</i> (<a href="#Plate_6">Plate VI.</a>, Fig. 1).—(Only one preserved, -probably fifth or sixth.)</p> - -<p>The centrum is short, compared with the dorsals, but is -much longer than the cervical centra of the <i>Proboscidea</i>; it is -broad and depressed, oval in form, and slightly opisthocœlous. -The zygapophyses are developed upon tuberous projections -of the pedicles; they are large, flat, and in the same plane with -each other. The diapophyses are very slender and short, and -but slightly heavier than the parapophyses, with which they -unite, enclosing a large vertebraterial canal. At the anterior -margin of the parapophysis, a small pointed process projects -downward.</p> - -<p>The pedicles are low and very heavy, bounding a narrow -neural canal.</p> - -<p>The epiphyses are not so completely ossified as they are -in the dorsal region.</p> - -<p><i>Dorso-lumbar region</i> (<a href="#Plate_6">Plate VI.</a>, Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5),—(Description -based upon nine dorsals and two lumbar vertebræ.)</p> - -<p>The centra are large, subtriangular, and slightly compressed; -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[ 72 ]</a></span> -they are opisthocœlous, but less so than in the <i>Proboscidea</i>. -They increase in size slowly but regularly from -before backwards. In the middle dorsal region they are excessively -expanded laterally for the posterior-costal attachments; -but become less broad and higher as they recede in the -series. In the middle of the series the centra are marked by -a prominent hypophysial keel.</p> - -<p>In the anterior dorsals the costal surfaces are developed -almost entirely upon the pedicles, and are two in number. -These are very large in about the sixth and seventh, and meet. -They decrease in size as they recede. In the middle region -the posterior costal surfaces are small, lozenge-shaped facets, -and are developed upon thin lateral projections of the centra.</p> - -<p>The centrum of the last dorsal is heavy, resembling the -centra of the lumbar, from which it is distinguished by a -single pair of small costal surfaces, developed, half on the -pedicles and half on the centrum.</p> - -<p>The neural spines are markedly smaller than those of the -<i>Proboscidea</i> and <i>Rhinoceros</i>; in the anterior part of the dorsal -region the spines have the same angle as the corresponding -ones in <i>Mastodon</i>. The spines of the twelfth and thirteenth -(approximately) are much expanded at the ends and -bifid; in the last dorsals they are wide, straight, and very -thin; in the lumbar region they are short, stout, tuberous, and -stand almost at right angles to the axis of the vertebræ. The -laminæ in the anterior part of the series are long and thin, -decreasing in length but increasing in thickness from before -backwards. The zygapophyses in the fore part of the dorsals -are mere flat facets on the laminæ; they increase in size and -become characteristic in the posterior part of the dorsal -region. The pre-zygapophyses of the last lumbar vertebra -are very large, deeply concave, and parallel with the axis of -the column. The metapophyses appear in the middle of the -series, and regularly increase in size to the last lumbar. From -their appearance the pre-zygapophyses are developed upon -them.</p> - -<p>The transverse processes present the most unique feature -of the vertebral column. In the anterior region they are -long, wide, and rugose, and in the same plane with the laminæ; -they send directly out wide, downward-curving projections. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[ 73 ]</a></span> -In the middle dorsal region the transverse processes lose these -thin projections, and become heavy and subtrihedral, with a -smooth facet on their lower face for articulation with the -tubercle of the rib; their upper face is here a little twisted -from the plane of the laminæ. In the posterior dorsal region -the transverse processes lose the facet for the articulation with -the tubercle of the rib, and become short and very thin, pointing -slightly backwards.</p> - -<p>The lumbar transverse differ from those of the last dorsal -in having a median transverse ridge on their posterior face, -and are directed more vertically out.</p> - -<p>The pedicles throughout most of the dorsal series are -short, heavy, and deeply notched behind. In the posterior -dorsal region they become longer and more slender, resembling -almost exactly the pedicles of the lumbar region.</p> - -<p><i>Sacral region.</i>—The sacrum is composed of four vertebræ, -three true and one pseudo-sacral. The centra are extremely -depressed, and rapidly decrease in width and thickness from -before backwards. The first is shorter than the last lumbar, -but much longer than the other sacrals, which are subequal.</p> - -<p>The face of the first is elliptical, and is nearly three times -the diameter of the fourth, longitudinally. The metapophyses -are exceedingly large and tuberous on the first; with -wide, deeply concave pre-zygapophyses developed upon -them; in the other three the metapophyses are rudimentary.</p> - -<p>The transverse processes are long and wide in the first -three; widest in the first but thickest in the second; long and -thin in the fourth. The pleuropophysial segments of the true -sacrals are very heavy.</p> - -<p>The foramina enclosed by the transverse processes are -large; and have, on the internal side, their long diameter -obliquely transverse to the axis of the sacrum.</p> - -<p>The inferior faces of the centra are slightly concave in the -first three. The first and fourth have slight hypophysial -keels.</p> - -<p>The neural canal is very wide and depressed in the first, -but decreases rapidly backwards, becoming extremely small -in the last.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[ 74 ]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Caudal region</i> (<a href="#Plate_6">Plate VI.</a>, Fig. 6).—(Description based upon -the first four.)</p> - -<p>The centra of the caudal vertebræ are rather long, narrow, -and greatly depressed in the middle; they decrease in size -gradually backward. The pedicles and laminæ are short and -thin, enclosing a small neural canal. The neural spines point -directly back, being almost parallel with the axis of the centrum. -They are slender and tuberous at the extremity. The -transverse processes are very long, wide, and thin, thickened -somewhat at the ends, and project directly out; they decrease -in size backwards. From the persistence of the neural canal, -and from its comparative size, it would seem as if the tail -was considerably larger than that of the elephant.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements of Vertebræ.</i></p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Cervical region</i> (<a href="#Plate_6">Plate VI.</a>, Fig. 11).</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 24em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of cervical (vertical)</td> - <td class="tdc">·079</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of cervical (transverse)</td> - <td class="tdc">·111</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of cervical (fore-and-aft)</td> - <td class="tdc">·051</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Extreme length of prolongation of pedicles for zygapophyses</td> - <td class="tdc">·089</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Long diameter of vertebraterial canal</td> - <td class="tdc">·040</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of pedicles</td> - <td class="tdc">·035</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Dorsal region</i> (<a href="#Plate_6">Plate VI.</a>, Figs. 2 and 3).</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 24em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">In anterior region: Diameter of centrum (fore-and-aft)</td> - <td class="tdc">·075</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of centrum (vertical)</td> - <td class="tdc">·062</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of centrum (transverse)</td> - <td class="tdc">·142</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">In posterior region (<a href="#Plate_6">Plate VI.</a>, Fig. 3).: Diameter of last dorsal (vertical)</td> - <td class="tdc">·087</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of last dorsal (transverse)</td> - <td class="tdc">·110</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Average width throughout the series of neural canal</td> - <td class="tdc">·097</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of transverse process (anterior dorsal) (Fig. 2, <a href="#Plate_6">Plate VI.</a>)</td> - <td class="tdc">·075</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of lamina from prezygs. to post-prezygs. (Fig. 2, <a href="#Plate_6">Plate VI.</a>.)</td> - <td class="tdc">·12</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of transverse process (middle dorsal). (Fig. 3, <a href="#Plate_6">Plate VI.</a>)</td> - <td class="tdc">·055</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vertical length of anterior dorsal from tip of spine to hypapophysial keel</td> - <td class="tdc">·183</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width between inner margins of metapophyses (last dorsal)</td> - <td class="tdc">·172</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Lumbar region</i>—Last lumbar (<a href="#Plate_6">Plate VI.</a>, Figs. 4 and 5).</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 24em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of centrum (fore-and-aft)</td> - <td class="tdc">·095</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of posterior face (transverse)</td> - <td class="tdc">·111</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of posterior face (vertical)</td> - <td class="tdc">·078</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Extreme width between transverse processes</td> - <td class="tdc">·214</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width between pre-zygapophyses</td> - <td class="tdc">·110</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of neural spine from lamina</td> - <td class="tdc">·060</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vertical length from tip of spine to lower side of centrum</td> - <td class="tdc">·194</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[ 75 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Sacral region.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of sacral series</td> - <td class="tdc">·264</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse extent of sacral series</td> - <td class="tdc">·298</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of first vertebra at free end (transverse)</td> - <td class="tdc">·109</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of first vertebra at free end (vertical)</td> - <td class="tdc">·072</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of first vertebra at free end (tore and aft)</td> - <td class="tdc">·070</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of last vertebra at free end (transverse)</td> - <td class="tdc">·053</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of last vertebra at free end (vertical)</td> - <td class="tdc">·031</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of neural canal at first vertebra (transverse)</td> - <td class="tdc">·100</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of neural canal at last vertebra (vertical)</td> - <td class="tdc">·018</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Long diameter of first transverse foramen (internal side)</td> - <td class="tdc">·076</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Caudal region</i> (Fig. 6, <a href="#Plate_6">Plate VI.</a>).</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of first four</td> - <td class="tdc">·252</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of centrum, first (fore-and-aft)</td> - <td class="tdc">·061</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of neural canal of first (transverse)</td> - <td class="tdc">·035</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Extent of transverse process in first</td> - <td class="tdc">·085</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Extent of transverse process in fourth</td> - <td class="tdc">·046</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft width of transverse process of first in the middle</td> - <td class="tdc">·048</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><i>Ribs.</i>—Description based upon two perfect ones, and parts -of four more.</p> - -<p>The ribs, as in <i>Dinoceras</i>, "resemble very much those of -the Mastodon." The capitulum has two convex facets, separated -by a narrow groove. The sternal end in one is very -much expanded, but less so in the other. The tubercle is -small, and is situated upon the prolongation of the lamelliform -process for the intercostal muscles. The angle is much -sharper than in the corresponding ribs of <i>Mastodon</i>.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Measurements of Ribs.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of rib without curvature</td> - <td class="tdc">·571</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of rib with curvature</td> - <td class="tdc">·739</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of rib just below head</td> - <td class="tdc">·049</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width at muscular attachment</td> - <td class="tdc">·063</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vertical diameter of larger facet of capitulum</td> - <td class="tdc">·039</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><i>Scapula</i> (<a href="#Plate_8">Plate VIII.</a>, Fig. 1).—The scapula is subtriangular, -with the pre-scapular border as base, and the apex half way -up the postscapular.</p> - -<p>On the external side the pre-scapular fossa is concave antero-posteriorly, -and plane in the direction of its length; it is -very thin in the middle, but becomes heavier at the lateral -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[ 76 ]</a></span> -border. The postscapular fossa is larger and less concave; -both fossæ, as they approach the upper border, gain greatly -in thickness.</p> - -<p>The spine rises from the supra-scapular border, and extends -to within an inch from the glenoid cavity. It is decidedly -antroverted; thickest and highest near glenoid cavity; -thinnest and lowest in the middle, expanding again at its -upper extremity; its acromio-scapular notch is long and -shallow. The acromion is rudimentary.</p> - -<p>The coracoid process is a low, rugose tuberosity; the -coraco-scapular notch is short and low.</p> - -<p>The internal surface of the scapula has a large, smooth -median ridge, extending the whole length of the bone, separating -it into slightly concave fossæ. About two thirds up, -the median ridge sends obliquely up two branches, forming a -V, superimposed upon the main ridge; but these disappear -before they reach the upper extremity. The whole inner -surface is curved outward, presenting a concave appearance -throughout.</p> - -<p>The glenoid cavity is deep, ovoid in form, with its greatest -diameter fore-and-aft, and its smaller end behind.</p> - -<p>The resemblance between the scapula of <i>Uintatherium</i> -and that of the <i>Proboscidea</i> is more closely marked than in -any other corresponding bones. The chief points of similarity -are: first, the subtriangular shape; second, the same -relative proportions between the fossæ; third, the antroversion -of the spine; fourth, the glenoid cavity looking directly -down. The marked points of difference may be summed -up as, first, in the dissimilar proportion of the glenoid -cavity; second, the great thickening of the spine at its -upper and lower extremities; third, in the high, shallow -acromio-scapular notch; fourth, in the longitudinal concavity -of the internal surface.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Extreme length of scapula</td> - <td class="tdc">·42 </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Extreme length of spine</td> - <td class="tdc">·31 </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Extreme thickness of spine at upper margin</td> - <td class="tdc">·098</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Extreme height of spine</td> - <td class="tdc">·109</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Basal width of proximal end of spine</td> - <td class="tdc">·032</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Basal width of distal end of spine</td> - <td class="tdc">·030</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Basal width of middle part of spine</td> - <td class="tdc">·011</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of glenoid cavity</td> - <td class="tdc">·149</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of glenoid cavity</td> - <td class="tdc">·096</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[ 77 ]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>The Humerus</i> (<a href="#Plate_7">Plate VII.</a>, Fig. 1).—The humerus is -short, but excessively stout, twisted slightly on its axis; it -decreases gradually in size downward, with the smallest -diameter about two inches below the end of the deltoid -ridge. The head is large, hemispherical, and sessile, projecting -very slightly out of the axis of its shaft. The great -tuberosity is heavy, but not high, and is separated from the -low lesser tuberosity by a shallow bicipital groove.</p> - -<p>The trochleæ are very nearly equal in size, directed obliquely -to the axis of the shaft, and are separated by a narrow -groove, which runs from the supra-trochlear fossa down and -in, then back and up to the anconeal fossa. The condylar tuberosities -are large and rugose; the external is the greater, and -is directed antero-posteriorly. The deltoid ridge is long and -heavy, and extends nearly two thirds down the shaft, branching -out into two forks near its end. The supinator ridge is -short and rudimentary, differing in this respect entirely from -the great development found on the humerus of the <i>Proboscidea</i>.</p> - -<p>The supra-condylar fossa is small, subcircular in form, and -very deep, it has the peculiarity of being placed above the -external condyle alone. The anconeal fossa is median in -position and quite deep.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements of Humerus.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length</td> - <td class="tdc">·63</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Smallest circumference of shaft just below deltoid ridge</td> - <td class="tdc">·288</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Greatest proximal circumference below greater tuberosities</td> - <td class="tdc">·45</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of trochlea on anterior side</td> - <td class="tdc">·154</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of anconeal fossa</td> - <td class="tdc">·071</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of anconeal fossa</td> - <td class="tdc">·062</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of distal end at condylar tuberosities</td> - <td class="tdc">·23</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of deltoid ridge</td> - <td class="tdc">·22</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of groove running from supra-trochlear to anconeal fossa</td> - <td class="tdc">·272</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><i>The Ulna</i> (<a href="#Plate_7">Plate VII.</a>. Fig. 2).—The ulna is long, heavy -at both ends, with a slender trihedral shaft that curves forward, -and decreases in size as it approaches the distal end. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[ 78 ]</a></span> -The proximal end has its articular face for the humerus -divided into three facets, the vertical being long and extremely -convex; the horizontal has the pre-axial face the longer. -The olecranon is very massive and rugose, sending up on its -external side a high, pointed projection; while on the internal -side, the olecranon becomes compressed and projects inward; -these tuberosities are separated by a wide, shallow groove -for the tendon. The distal articular face is large, single, and -is concave antero-posteriorly, and convex laterally. The styloid -process is very heavy.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements of Ulna.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of sigmoid notch</td> - <td class="tdc">·089</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of sigmoid notch (horizontal face)</td> - <td class="tdc">·049</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of proximal end below articular face (fore-and-aft)</td> - <td class="tdc">·076</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of proximal end below articular face (transverse)</td> - <td class="tdc">·059</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of distal articular face (fore-and-aft)</td> - <td class="tdc">·061</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of distal articular face (transverse)</td> - <td class="tdc">·051</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of olecranon</td> - <td class="tdc">·112</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><i>Pelvis.</i>—The <i>ilia</i> are greatly expanded laterally, with -the iliac surface concave and the gluteal surface nearly -flat; thin in the middle, they increase in thickness near -the borders. The crests curve regularly, and project -above and beyond the sacrum, but do not bend over the -acetabula. The acetabular borders are only slightly concave; -the prominence for the attachment of the rectus -muscle (extensor) is low and V-shaped. The direct internal -surfaces of the ilia, comprised between the pubic and ischiatic -borders, become deeply concave below the ischiatic portion -of the acetabulum. The sacral surfaces are wide and triangular -in shape; above they project beyond the sacral -spines.</p> - -<p>The ilio-lumbar angle is about 110°. The ischium is, short; -a section of it, as it leaves the acetabulum, is subtriangular; -but immediately it becomes flattened fore-and-aft throughout -its plane of 90° to the axis of ilium; then verging toward the -pubic symphysis it becomes small. The tuberosity of the -ischium is small and directed up.</p> - -<p>The pubis, as it leaves the acetabulum, is sub-cylindrical, -after this it is flattened in the same plane with the ischium. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[ 79 ]</a></span> -The bone as a whole is short, thin, and slightly curved on its -own axis; its smallest part makes up the pubic symphysis, -which is short. The thyroid foramen is a large oval, with its -long diameter parallel to the axis of the ischium.</p> - -<p>The acetabulum is large, subcircular, and deep, with -prominent borders; especially the iliac, which is produced -on its external extremity into a point; the ischiatic is deeply -notched. From the wide ligamentous pit in the centre -there runs a deep groove part way down the antero-external -side of the ischium.</p> - -<p>The anterior opening of the pelvis is a wide oval, with its -longest diameter transverse.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements of Pelvis.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of pelvis, including sacrum</td> - <td class="tdc">1·171 </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Long diameter of ilium (from lower margin of the crest to sacral surface)</td> - <td class="tdc">·440</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Short diameter of ilium (from acetabulum to upper margin of crest)</td> - <td class="tdc">·393</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of acetabular border</td> - <td class="tdc">·125</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of ischium</td> - <td class="tdc">·220</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of ischium at tuberosity</td> - <td class="tdc">·124</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of pubis</td> - <td class="tdc">·196</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Greatest width of pubis</td> - <td class="tdc">·061</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Smallest width of pubis</td> - <td class="tdc">·027</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Long diameter of acetabulum</td> - <td class="tdc">·139</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Short diameter of acetabulum</td> - <td class="tdc">·118</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Long diameter of thyroid foramen</td> - <td class="tdc">·094</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><i>The Femur</i> (<a href="#Plate_8">Plate VIII.</a>, Fig. 4).—-The femur is short, -with a small oval head, strongly compressed fore-and-aft. It -is less out of the axis of shaft than in <i>Proboscidea</i>, and has -no pit for the ligamentum teres. The shaft is straight and -simple, much compressed transversely at the proximal extremity, -becoming sub-cylindrical below.</p> - -<p>The great trochanter is heavy, rugose, and strongly recurved; -it is separated from the shaft by a wide and deep -digital fossa. The second trochanter is a mere rudimental -tuberosity. The condyles are nearly of an equal size, very -convex, and are divided by a deep popliteal groove.</p> - -<p>The condylar tuberosities are low, the internal sends obliquely -a ridge three inches long, up and across the axis of -the shaft at an angle of 45°, that forms the upper boundary of -the popliteal space.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[ 80 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>The front part of the trochlear faces for the patella are -gone in our specimen.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements of Femur.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Greatest distal diameter across condyles</td> - <td class="tdc">·178</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of condyles</td> - <td class="tdc">·079</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of shaft six inches above distal end</td> - <td class="tdc">·121</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><i>The Tibia</i> (<a href="#Plate_8">Plate VIII.</a>, Fig. 2).—The tibia is short, straight, -and simple, slender in the middle, but much expanded at the -extremities. The proximal end is especially massive, with -deeply concave articular faces; the internal cotylus is the -larger, and has its greatest diameter fore-and-aft, directly at -right angles to the greatest diameter of the external.</p> - -<p>The cotyli are separated by a smooth ridge, that is highest -at its posterior termination. The tuberosity is high and massive, -with a wide depression on its top for the reception of -the ligament of the patella; the sides are deeply pitted by -venous foramina. A section of the shaft at the lower part of -the tuberosity would be subtriangular; while below it becomes -more cylindrical, as it becomes smaller, reaching its -shortest diameter about three fifths down the shaft. Below -this it expands and forms the large subcircular distal end. -The articular face is concave, with a slight, smooth ridge running -fore-and-aft on its internal side. The malleolus is broad -and low.</p> - -<p>The <i>fibula</i> is distinct, but very slender; its proximal end -has a small circular face, which articulates with the tibia on a -facet developed on the bottom of a projection of the tuberosity; -the distal end is much flattened, but enters into the -ankle-joint.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements of the Tibia.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of proximal articulation</td> - <td class="tdc">·158</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Longitudinal diameter of proximal articulation</td> - <td class="tdc">·123</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Smallest circumference of shaft</td> - <td class="tdc">·16</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Greatest distal circumference above the articular face</td> - <td class="tdc">·308</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of distal articulation longitudinally</td> - <td class="tdc">·082</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of distal articulation transversely</td> - <td class="tdc">·130</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of tuberosity below pit for ligament of the patella</td> - <td class="tdc">·075</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[ 81 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Uintatherium princeps</span>, <i>sp. nov.</i></p> - -<p>Established on several portions of the head, vertebral column, -and the limbs.</p> - -<p>This species may readily be distinguished from the last -by its larger size, the broad nasals with small tuberosities, -the stronger zygomatic arches, and the sub-cylindrical centra -of the dorsal vertebræ.</p> - -<p>The <i>nasals</i> are broad and flat for some distance behind the -tuberosities. Although the animal was not adult, the nasal -suture is almost obliterated, and is visible only on the inferior -surface; in this respect it is very different from the <i>U. -leidianum</i>, in which the suture persists throughout life; as is -shown by the type specimen, which was past maturity. The -tuberosities of <i>U. princeps</i> are lower, broader, and more everted -than in the preceding species; are not divided by a groove, -but united together by a low rounded ridge, to which the surface -of the nasals gradually rises from behind. The portion -of the bones anterior is short, stout, and projects horizontally.</p> - -<p>The <i>median</i>, or <i>maxillary</i>, <i>projections</i> are apparently short -and everted; they are somewhat compressed antero-posteriorly, -and enlarge rapidly downwards. They are transversely -oval in section.</p> - -<p>The <i>posterior</i>, or <i>parietal</i>, <i>projections</i> are different from any -that we have yet seen. They are subtrihedral at base and -flattened antero-posteriorly above. The upper margin is -regularly arched, and is the thinnest portion of the process. -The posterior face is perfectly flat, and the parietal crest -makes a sharp angle with it, rising lower down than in <i>U. -leidianum</i>; the frontal crest is also lower down than in that -species, and the anterior face is strongly convex. The internal -margin is rounded and straight, and does not show the -longitudinal groove marked in the last species.</p> - -<p>The <i>frontal</i> has the eminences and depressions common to -the members of the genus; but the superciliary ridge is unusually -sharp and sinuous in outline.</p> - -<p>The <i>squamosal</i> is short, stout, and high; is but slightly -curved outwards, but apparently projects somewhat downwards. -The malar articulation is broad and flat, indicating -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[ 82 ]</a></span> -the heaviness of that bone. As a whole the zygomatic arch -is stronger, and probably shorter, than in <i>U. leidianum</i>.</p> - -<p>The occipital condyles are proportionately rather small; -they are placed on a long neck and project downwards. -They are strongly convex from above downwards, but -scarcely at all so from side to side. The internal border is -slightly emarginate.</p> - -<p>The <i>dorsal vertebræ</i> are of about the same proportionate -length as in <i>U. leidianum</i>, but are higher and wider; and the -centra are subcircular in section, slightly contracted in the -middle. The costal surfaces are wide and deep, and vertically -oval in shape; they are placed partly on the centra and -partly on the neurapophyses. The transverse processes are -short, stout, and tuberous, and raised high above the centrum. -There is a deep notch at the posterior edge of this -process, at its junction with the neurapophysis. The neurapophyses -are trihedral, somewhat low, and very stout, forming -a wide neural canal.</p> - -<p>The <i>ulna</i> (<a href="#Plate_7">Plate VII.</a> Fig. 2) is thick, with a long and rugose -olecranon. The shaft is long and stout; it shows a distinct -medullary cavity. The distal end is small, and shows a low, -heavy, styloid process.</p> - -<p>A <i>metacarpal</i> resembles the corresponding bone in <i>Dinoceras</i>, -but is rounder and less rugose. There are two faces for -carpal articulations, which meet at an open angle.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth over nasal tuberosities</td> - <td class="tdc">·132</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of nasal tip (anterior to tuberosities)</td> - <td class="tdc">·033</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Circumference of maxillary projection near the tip</td> - <td class="tdc">·208</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vertical diameter of squamosal</td> - <td class="tdc">·058</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of ditto at malar articulation</td> - <td class="tdc">·045</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of centrum of dorsal vertebræ</td> - <td class="tdc">·070</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Height of ditto</td> - <td class="tdc">·083</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of ditto below costal surfaces</td> - <td class="tdc">·097</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of pedicle</td> - <td class="tdc">·058</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of transverse process</td> - <td class="tdc">·056</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Extreme breadth of transverse process</td> - <td class="tdc">·061</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>Found at Henry's Fork.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Uintatherium robustum</span>. Leidy.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 96.</p> - -<p>A fragmentary skeleton from Henry's Fork.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[ 83 ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="RODENTIA" id="RODENTIA">RODENTIA.</a></h2> - - -<p class="caption3nb">PARAMYS, Leidy.</p> - -<p>"Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territories," vol. i. Hayden's -Surveys, p. 109 <i>et seq</i>.</p> - -<p>This genus of the gnawers is very closely allied to the -squirrels and marmots. Dr. Leidy sums up the generic characteristics -of the teeth thus:</p> - -<p>"The four lower molars are proportionately narrower than -in squirrels and marmots, the fore-and-aft exceeding the -transverse. The crowns are short, square, tuberculate, and -enamelled.</p> - -<p>"The lower jaw is proportionately shorter and deeper than -in most known rodents; the reduction in length being mainly -due to a less development of that part of the bone in advance -of the molars. To compensate for the difference in length, -and to make room to accommodate the incisors, these teeth -reach further back than usual.</p> - -<p>"The acute edge of the hiatus between the molars and incisors -is almost on a level with the alveoli, of the teeth, instead -of forming a deep concave notch, so conspicuous a feature in -the jaws of the gnawers generally."</p> - -<p><i>Species known.</i>—</p> - -<table summary="Species"> -<tr> - <td>Loc. cit.</td> - <td><span style="font-size:3em;">{</span></td> - <td><span class="smcap">Paramys delicatus</span>, Leidy.<br /> - <span class="smcap">Paramys delicatior</span>, Leidy.<br /> - <span class="smcap">Paramys delicatissimus</span>, Leidy.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td></td> - <td><span class="smcap">Paramys robustus</span>, Marsh.</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="tdr">Am. Journ. Sc. v. iv., p. 218.</p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[ 84 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Paramys superbus</span>, <i>sp. nov.</i></p> - -<p>Established on a single lower incisor.</p> - -<p>The species indicated by this specimen is the largest of -the genus as yet known. The tooth is subtrihedral in section, -is stout, and shows but little curvature. The anterior -and lateral faces are broad, and the under margin to which -the sides converge, is narrow. The enamel is thick and is -inflected so as to cover a small portion of the sides as well -as the front.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of crown</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0062</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of crown</td> - <td class="tdc">·007</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>Found at Cottonwood Creek.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><a name="AVES1" id="AVES1">AVES.</a></h2> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The expedition collected parts of four species of birds; a -feather from Florissant Col. the distal ends of a humerus, -and a femur and a portion of the shaft of an ulna (?) from -the Bridger beds, but they are all too uncharacteristic for -classification or description.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[ 85 ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="REPTILIA" id="REPTILIA">REPTILIA.</a></h2> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="caption3nb gesperrt">CROCODILIA.</p> - -<p class="caption3nb">CROCODILUS.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Crocodilus aptus</span>, Leidy.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Contributions to Extinct vertebrate fauna of the Western Territories, p. 126.</p> - -<p>Henry's Fork.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Crocodilus Grinnelli</span>, Marsh.</p> - -<p class="tdc">American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. i., p. 465.</p> - -<p>From Cottonwood Creek.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Crocodilus Elliotii</span>, Leidy.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Cont. to Ex. Vert. Fauna, p. 126.</p> - -<p>Represented by a perfect skull, and several vertebræ.</p> - -<p>This fossil exhibits a form of skull which shows characters -of both crocodile and alligator; the latter to a less marked -degree. That it properly belongs to the former genus is -shown by the notch in the upper jaw which receives the -canine of the lower.</p> - -<p>The entire skull is remarkably flat on its upper surface, -the face and cranium being nearly in the same plane without -the descent at the frontals usual in these reptiles. The jaw -is deeply notched at the sutures between the maxillaries and -pre-maxillaries, and the second maxillary notch is well marked. -All the bones of the upper surface of the head are deeply -pitted.</p> - -<p>The borders of the cranium are rounded as they approach -the orbits; the superior temporal orifices are almost perfectly -circular, the fore-and-aft diameter exceeding the transverse by -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[ 86 ]</a></span> -only one millimetre. This effect may, in some degree, be due -to distortion.</p> - -<p>To give a more detailed account of the several elements -of the skull, we take up first the <i>basioccipital</i>. This bone is -remarkably long and straight, tapers gradually downwards, -and becomes quite narrow at the distal end. It is smooth -throughout, and exhibits no rugose muscular attachments, -such as are sometimes seen in other members of the order. -The condyle is large and nearly spherical, but with median -groove distinctly marked. In size and shape it is more like -that of the alligator than of the ordinary crocodile, but it is -somewhat different from either. It differs from the former, in -not having so long a neck distinctly marked by a constriction; -and from the latter, in not having additional articular faces on -each side of the condyle proper. As far as can be judged, no -portion of it is formed by the exoccipitals. Below the condyle -the basioccipital is perforated by two small vascular -foramina; the spheno occipital canal occupies the usual place, -and is very large.</p> - -<p>The <i>exoccipitals</i> are large, of very great width, but rather -low from above downwards. The position of the foramina -which perforate these bones is peculiar; it resembles more -the arrangement seen in the skull of the alligator than in that -of the crocodile, but it has an additional foramen. There are, -then, two small venous foramina near the condyle; while -along the lateral margin of the occiput, are placed in a vertical -line the foramina for the hypoglossal and pneumogastric -nerves, and the internal carotid artery. The foramen for the -facial nerve, etc., is situated in the usual place, and is of the -usual size. The foramen magnum is heart-shaped, low, wide -above, contracting below. The paroccipital processes are -long and slender, and project strongly backwards.</p> - -<p>The <i>supra-occipital</i> is very small. It shows to some extent -on the upper surface of the skull, wedged in between the parietals. -As a whole, the occiput is of remarkable shape: it is -perfectly vertical, as in all other crocodilians; is remarkably -high from above downwards, and is very broad at top, becoming -extremely narrow distally. This latter feature is owing -to the peculiar shape of the pterygoids; which, when viewed -from behind, do not appear to reach the basioccipital.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[ 87 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>The <i>basisphenoid</i> is so destroyed by crushing, that nothing -can be said of its shape or of its foramina. It was, however, -evidently very stout. The alisphenoid is large and smooth -and is not ridged; the <i>foramen ovale</i> is small, and is not produced -into an anterior notch. The suture between the alisphenoid -and the pro-otic are quite distinct, but the latter is so -firmly anchylosed to the quadrate that its limits are indeterminable. -None of the other periotic bones are visible.</p> - -<p>The <i>quadrate</i> is very long and broad. In shape it resembles -the corresponding bone of the alligator, but is somewhat -broader. The lower surface is divided into two unequal -parts by a conspicuous ridge, which runs to within an inch of -the articular surface. This surface has a more decidedly -grooved or trochlear appearance than in the common crocodile; -but not to the same degree as in the specimen described -by Dr. Leidy. It is more like the Mississippi alligator in this -respect than any living species of which we have specimens.</p> - -<p>The <i>pterygoids</i> are of peculiar shape; they are long, -slender, and pointed, and meeting the basioccipital on the -median line in front, they project downwards and backwards. -Their posterior border is very deeply emarginate, so that they -seem to have no connection with each other, or with the basioccipital; -instead of having the broad, plate-like appearance -of these bones in recent species. The suture between these -on the palatal surface is long; and the processes of the pterygoids, -which bound the posterior nares, are long and stout. -The posterior nares have the position which they take in the -recent species; they are visible in the occipital surface, and -are directed backwards as well as downwards. They are -rather small, and appear to have no septum between them, -but this cannot be said with any certainty.</p> - -<p>The <i>transpalatine</i> is also somewhat peculiar in shape; the -process which joins the pterygoid is of great length, being -nearly as long as that bone. The other limbs are more normal -in length. The three processes are connected at the usual -angle.</p> - -<p>The <i>palatals</i> are long and narrow, becoming wider anterior -to the foramina. The suture with the maxillaries is -rounded, and there are no forward processes as in the true -crocodiles; but at the same time, these bones are not of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[ 88 ]</a></span> -shape exhibited in the alligators. The palatal foramina are of -immense length; they are more than one third as long as the -entire bony palate. Their width is also considerable.</p> - -<p>The <i>maxillaries</i> are long and very broad; the alveolar -border is of about the same shape as in the crocodile, but less -decidedly sinuous; and the posterior part passes in below the -alveolus of the lower jaw. The convexity of the upper surface -of the maxillaries is not so well marked as in the true -crocodiles. It is nearly as flat as in the alligator. The palatine -plates of the maxillaries are short, broad, and nearly flat, -arching slightly to form the alveolus, and perforated along -this border by rows of foramina.</p> - -<p>The <i>premaxillaries</i> are very short; they curve strongly -outwards from the notch and enclose the large anterior narial -opening, which is distinctively crocodilian (as distinguished from -other genera) in shape. The muzzle ends quite sharply. The -palatine processes are short and convex in both directions, and -the incisive foramen is heart-shaped. The alveolus is quite -regular in outline; it is pitted in front for the first mandibular -teeth, but there is no perforation for them.</p> - -<p>The teeth are short, stout, compressed so as to form cutting-edges, -and are somewhat obtuse. They are finely striated -from base to tip. The premaxillary held four teeth; these -are all broken off, but from their fangs it appears that they -formed an uninterrupted row, and were subequal in size. The -maxillary accommodated fifteen teeth, of which the fifth is -the largest, and forms a very prominent canine. The posterior -maxillary teeth are proportionately larger, and more equal -than in either crocodile or alligator.</p> - -<p>The <i>nasals</i> are rather broad; they send processes into the -anterior narial opening, which tend to divide it, but this division -was probably not complete. The limits of the <i>prefrontals</i> -and <i>lachrymals</i> are so obscure as to preclude description.</p> - -<p>The <i>frontals</i> are long and very narrow, though wider than -in the alligator. They are smooth and flat, exhibiting no concavity -on top. They expand considerably at the posterior -part of the orbit, at the sutures with the post-frontals. These -bones are long, stout, and curved very strongly outwards.</p> - -<p>The <i>mastoids</i> are of remarkable size; they project far -backward along the tympanic, and encroach largely upon the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[ 89 ]</a></span> -occipital region. It is partly owing to this that the occiput -is so high.</p> - -<p>The <i>parietals</i> are short, and very narrow between the temporal -orifices, behind these they expand considerably. The -orbits are large and of irregular shape.</p> - -<p>The <i>malar</i> is long and rather slender.</p> - - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length from occipital border to end of muzzle</td> - <td class="tdc">·455</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of cranium at postorbital angles</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0935</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of cranium between temporal orifices</td> - <td class="tdc">·019</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of forehead between orbits</td> - <td class="tdc">·036</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of temporal orifices</td> - <td class="tdc">·037</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of the same</td> - <td class="tdc">·038</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of the orbits</td> - <td class="tdc">·073</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of face in advance of the orbits</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·3055</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of face outside of the fifth maxillary tooth</td> - <td class="tdc">·176</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of muzzle as formed by premaxillaries (about)</td> - <td class="tdc">·114</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of muzzle at notch for canine</td> - <td class="tdc">·093</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of premaxillaries to notch</td> - <td class="tdc">·080</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Estimated length of entire alveolar border</td> - <td class="tdc">·283</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of articular surface of quadrate</td> - <td class="tdc">·059</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vertical height of occiput</td> - <td class="tdc">·124</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vertical diameter of foramen magnum</td> - <td class="tdc">·016</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of foramen magnum</td> - <td class="tdc">·025</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vertical diameter of condyle</td> - <td class="tdc">·023</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of condyle</td> - <td class="tdc">·028</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length from palatine foramen to end of pterygoid</td> - <td class="tdc">·120</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of palatals</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·1295</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of palatine foramen</td> - <td class="tdc">·142</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Greatest breadth of palatine foramen</td> - <td class="tdc">·051</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of bony palate from incisive foramen to posterior nares</td> - <td class="tdc">·350</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>The <i>mandible</i> is long, rather shallow, but very thick. The -symphysis is very long, extending as far as the seventh tooth. -The chin is quite sharp, but becomes broad, as the rami diverge -quite rapidly. The alveolar border is rounded and comparatively -straight, the median enlargement of the dentary is in -thickness rather than in height. The two rami diverge at an -angle which is more open than in the true crocodiles, and less -so than in the alligator. The mandibular foramen is smaller -than in the latter genus, but corresponds with it in position; -it has its long diameter parallel with, and not oblique -to, the alveolus. The mandibular fossa is extremely large -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[ 90 ]</a></span> -and deep. The splenial is long and stout, ends obtusely, and -does not reach the symphysis. The articular cavity is broad -from side to side, but rather shallow; it is not divided into -two distinct facets as in the alligator. The post-glenoid -process is very stout; it projects but slightly upwards, less so -than in either crocodile or alligator. It has no median ridge -as in the former genus, and is tuberous at the end.</p> - -<p>The teeth are much like those of the upper jaw, but are -somewhat sharper and more conical; they are not recurved, -and have no distinct constriction, as is found in most of the -recent species. There are about eighteen teeth to each -ramus; the first is large and sharp, and is followed by two small -ones and then by the canine. The remaining teeth do not -exhibit any great differences of size.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of rami (straight)</td> - <td class="tdc">·618</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of lower jaw outside of glenoid cavities</td> - <td class="tdc">·316</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of symphysis</td> - <td class="tdc">·110</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Width of jaw at second enlargement</td> - <td class="tdc">·057</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Depth at oval foramen</td> - <td class="tdc">·073</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Greatest width at symphysis</td> - <td class="tdc">·110</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Space occupied by teeth</td> - <td class="tdc">·340</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of glenoid cavity</td> - <td class="tdc">·072</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of post-glenoid</td> - <td class="tdc">·065</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="tdc pmt2 pmb1"><i>Vertebræ.</i></p> - -<p><i>Cervicals.</i>—The centra are long and nearly cylindrical, -expanding slightly near the anterior face. The hypapophyses -are short and broad; they project forwards, and are somewhat -compressed. The vascular foramina correspond in size -and position to those of the alligator. The neural canal is -small and subcircular, having comparatively short but very -stout neurapophyses, which are perforated behind the diapophyses. -These are short and stout, and are developed -from the neurapophyses alone. The zygapophyses are long -and flat; the anterior ones project almost vertically. The -neural spines are stout, and of greater antero-posterior extent -than in the alligator.</p> - -<p><i>Dorsals.</i>—A few of the anterior dorsals have strong hypapophyses. -The centra of all are long and stout. The neural -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[ 91 ]</a></span> -canal is smaller than in the cervical region; it has strong -neurapophyses, which develop long and depressed diapophyses. -The neural spines are low and broad. The zygapophyses -are developed on the laminæ, and do not project upwards -as in the cervical region.</p> - -<p>The <i>lumbars</i> are much like the dorsals, except that they -are longer, and have very large and depressed diapophyses, -which project somewhat upwards.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of centrum of a posterior cervical</td> - <td class="tdc">·049</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Height of neural canal</td> - <td class="tdc">·015</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of neural spine</td> - <td class="tdc">·023</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of diapophysis</td> - <td class="tdc">·023</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Dorsal.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of centrum</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0555</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of hypapophysis</td> - <td class="tdc">·018</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of neural spine</td> - <td class="tdc">·030</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Lumbar.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of centrum</td> - <td class="tdc">·057</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of neural spine</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0285</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Diameter of diapophysis</td> - <td class="tdc">·029</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>The dermal scutes are long ellipses, deeply pitted on one -side, but without a trace of a keel. Their edges show no -signs of sutural union.</p> - -<p>The bones described indicate a reptile about fifteen feet -long. They were found near Smith's Fork, Wyoming.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Crocodilus parvus</span>, <i>sp. nov.</i></p> - -<p>A small reptile represented by sixteen vertebræ and a -portion of the pelvis.</p> - -<p>The <i>cervicals</i> have short centra, with very deep articular -cups and hemispherical heads: the latter have a prominent -rim around the base. The hypapophyses are short, stout, -and very nearly vertical in direction; the sides of the centra -are channelled by a deep vertebraterial canal; the parapophyses -are developed very low down, and are very prominent. -The diapophyses are developed partly from the centra and -partly from the neurapophyses; they are stout and very -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[ 92 ]</a></span> -short. The facets for the ribs are developed in the usual -place. The neural arch is rather high, and forms a small, -narrow canal; the proportions of the neurapophyses and -neural spines are about as in <i>Alligator mississippiensis</i>, but the -zygapophyses are not so prominent.</p> - -<p>The <i>dorsals</i> show a considerable increase in size over the -cervicals; the centra become elongate, and the articular -cups shallower and transversely oval. Several of the anterior -vertebræ retain large hypapophyses. In the dorsal region -the diapophyses are developed from the neurapophyses alone, -and at a considerable height above the neuro-central suture; -they are long and depressed. The zygapophyses and neural -spines present no peculiarities of structure.</p> - -<p>In the <i>lumbar</i> region the vertebræ regain their cylindrical -form, and become still more elongate; but the cups are -comparatively shallow and the heads low; there is no distinct -shoulder. The neural canal is small, with low, broad -neurapophyses, from which are developed very broad and -depressed diapophyses, which project outwards in a horizontal -plane. The neural spines are thick, and broad antero-posteriorly, -but are so broken that their height cannot be determined.</p> - -<p>In both dorsal and lumbar region the neurapophyses are -deeply notched on their posterior edges, and close to the -neuro-central sutures, for the passage of the spinal nerves.</p> - -<p>The <i>ilium</i> is very high compared with most crocodiles; -its vertical diameter is considerably more than half of the -antero-posterior diameter. The construction of the bone is -very much like that in the modern <i>Crocodilia</i>; but the suprailiac -border is more regular, and the anterior tuberosity is not so -thick or so much everted as in these forms. The acetabulum -is small, shallow, directed downwards and outwards, and -situated considerably forward of the median line. The iliac -surface is smooth, but very irregular, being very deeply concave -above the acetabulum, and convex behind it. The sacral -surface is rugose, rises above the sacrum, and shows attachments -for two sacral vertebræ. Thus the construction of the -entire pelvis shows but very little variation from the modern -type.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[ 93 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Antero-posterior diameter of ilium</td> - <td class="tdc">·095</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vertical diameter of ilium</td> - <td class="tdc">·061</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Antero-posterior diameter of acetabulum</td> - <td class="tdc">·029</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of centrum of third (?) cervical vertebra - (from edge of cup to tip of ball)</td> - <td class="tdc">·032</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Height of neural canal, third (?) cervical</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0095</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of hypapophysis of third cervical</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0085</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of centrum of a posterior dorsal</td> - <td class="tdc">·040</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of diapophysis (about)</td> - <td class="tdc">·032</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of centrum of a lumbar</td> - <td class="tdc">·046</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vertical diameter of a lumbar</td> - <td class="tdc">·029</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of neurapophysis of a lumbar</td> - <td class="tdc">·027</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Crocodilus heterodon</span>, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Alligator heterodon</i>, Proc. American Philosophical Society, 1872, p. 544.</p> - -<p>Represented by a single tooth from the posterior part of -the mandibular series. It agrees very closely with the corresponding -tooth of <i>Alligator mississippiensis</i>, but presents -some differences. The crown is very low, obtuse, and finely -striate; it is compressed and shows a cutting-edge. Its longest -diameter is fore-and-aft; both this and the transverse diameter -are proportionately greater than in the modern species. -The constriction of the neck is very decided; the fang is -large, and especially thick.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter of crown</td> - <td class="tdc">·010</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Transverse diameter of crown</td> - <td class="tdc">·007</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Vertical height of crown</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Crocodilus clavis</span>, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs. 1872, p. 612.</p> - -<p>This species is indicated by the remains of a crocodilian -larger than <i>Crocodilus Elliotii</i>, but very different from it. The -pitting of the dermal scutes, and of all the cranial bones, is -deeper than in any other of the Bridger crocodilians in our -possession, and very strongly resembles that in <i>Alligator -mississippiensis</i>.</p> - -<p>The <i>mandible</i> has a long symphysis, and the alveolar -border shows the sudden deep depression just behind it, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[ 94 ]</a></span> -which is so marked in the ordinary alligator. The rami, -however, do not diverge at such an open angle. The jaw -is very stout, and is deeper and thinner than in <i>Crocodilus -Elliotii</i>; and is of about the same proportionate thickness, but -deeper than in the alligator. The splenial ends obtusely, and -approaches the symphysis somewhat more closely than in -the alligator, but does not enter into its formation. The -teeth are stout and obtusely conical, not striate, and implanted -very close together; they exhibit about the same -alternation of size as do those of the alligator. What appears -to be the canine is small; it is preceded by a much smaller, -and succeeded by a slightly smaller tooth. The dermal scutes -are quadrate in shape; they are deeply and irregularly pitted, -and have a low but distinct longitudinal keel; they are -suturally united by their lateral borders.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">CHELONIA.</p> - -<p>The Bridger beds have yielded a great abundance and -variety of land, marsh, and fresh-water chelonians. They -present much variation of form and size; and, owing to the -great pressure in the strata, scarcely any two specimens of the -same species are alike; occasionally, however, an undistorted -specimen is obtained.</p> - -<p>The most abundant remains of turtles are those of a species -of the recent genus <i>Emys</i>, which are found in all the -beds, and are, perhaps, the commonest fossils of the basin. -The genera <i>Trionyx</i> and <i>Hadrianus</i> (<i>Testudo</i>, Leidy) follow -next in order.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">HADRIANUS, Cope.</p> - -<p>Resembles <i>Testudo</i> in form, but has two analscuta, as have -most <i>Emydidæ</i>.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Hadrianus allabiatus</span>, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">U. S. Geol. Survey of Territories, 1872, p. 630.</p> - -<p>Represented by two ungual phalanges which resemble -the claws of <i>Testudo</i>, but are proportionately shorter, broader, -and not so pointed at the ends. They are oval in section, both -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[ 95 ]</a></span> -longitudinally and transversely; the articular faces are deep -and subinferior.</p> - -<p>From Henry's Fork.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Hadrianus octonarius</span>, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872. p 630.</p> - -<p>Represented by the right humerus of a large individual.</p> - -<p>This bone is intermediate in character between the corresponding -bones of <i>Testudo</i> and <i>Emys</i>. The head is longer and -narrower than in the former genus; it is implanted on a short, -distinct neck, and is strongly convex in both directions. The -articular surface extends to the base of the internal tuberosity. -The tuberosities, especially the external one, are very large -and thick. The external rises above the head, and resembles -that of <i>Emys</i> in shape. The fossa separating the tuberosities -is comparatively narrow. The shaft is much like that of -<i>Emys</i>, but is somewhat more strongly curved; not so much, -however, as in <i>Testudo</i>, and the distal end is not so much flattened. -The anconeal fossa is wider and deeper than in either -genus. The trochlea is broad, and divided by an obscure -groove into a small and convex radial face, and a nearly -plane (transversely) ulnar face. The condyles are prominent -and rugose.</p> - -<p>Found near Dry Creek.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">EMYS.</p> - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Emys wyomingensis</span>, Leidy.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Cont. to Ex. Vert. Fauna, p. 140.</p> - -<p>Represented by six perfect shells from Cottonwood and -Dry Creeks, and Henry's Fork, and a shoulder girdle from -Cottonwood Creek, which is provisionally referred to this -species.</p> - -<p>This species, when adult, was upward of a foot in length, -and in the composition of the shell, number of scutes, etc., -resembled the living species of the genus.</p> - -<p><i>The Shoulder Girdle</i> has the form characteristic of the -<i>Emydidæ</i>, but presents some peculiarities. The scapula is -short, not being as long as the coracoid, and is not so straight or -cylindrical as is usual in <i>Emys</i>; but is compressed, and somewhat -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[ 96 ]</a></span> -recurved, and tapers towards the upper extremity, which -is marked by a smooth rounded facet for the cartilaginous -supra-scapula. The precoracoid is long, sub-cylindrical at its -origin, but becomes broad and flat distally; at the extremity it -is longitudinally striated. The proximal end is flexed forward -at an obtuse angle, and is expanded to form the long suture -with the scapula and coracoid. It contributes considerably -to the glenoid cavity. The coracoid is remarkably long, and -after leaving the sutures with the other elements of the girdle, -becomes very broad and thin. This is most marked distally. -The anterior border is thickened, and the bone is slightly -concave on both surfaces.</p> - -<p>The three parts of the shoulder girdle are united by distinct -bony symphyses; they differ from some of the modern -species, in which there is only a ligamentous union between -the coracoid and the other parts. It presents a further difference -in the long and slender neck which is formed by the -flexing of the precoracoid, and in the shallow and subcircular -glenoid cavity. The short scapula and long coracoid would -indicate a species with a low, broad carapace, as was probably -the case in <i>E. wyomingensis</i>, though much difficulty has been -experienced in determining this point, owing to the distortion -of the specimens.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of neck to point between coracoid and precoracoid</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0345</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of coracoid (about)</td> - <td class="tdc">·133</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of precoracoid</td> - <td class="tdc">·114</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of scapula (about)</td> - <td class="tdc">·126</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="caption3nb">BAENA, Leidy.</p> - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Baena undata</span>, Leidy.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Cont. to Ex. Vert. Fauna, p. 160.</p> - -<p>Three nearly perfect shells of different ages, from Dry and -Cottonwood Creeks.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">TRIONYX, Geoffr.</p> - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Trionyx uintaensis</span>, Leidy.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Cont. to Ex. Vert. Fauna, p 176.</p> - -<p>Cottonwood Creek.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[ 97 ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="PISCES" id="PISCES">PISCES.</a></h2> - - -<p class="caption2nb">TELEOSTEI.</p> - - - -<p class="caption3nb gesperrt">TELEOCEPHALI.</p> - -<p class="caption3nb"><i>CYPRINODONTIDÆ.</i></p> - -<p>"Head and body covered with scales; barbels, none. -Margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries only. -Teeth in both jaws; upper and lower pharyngeals, with cardiform -teeth. Dorsal fin situated on the hinder half of the -body." (<span class="smcap">Günther.</span>)</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">TRICOPHANES, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">U. S. Geolog. Surveyor the Terrs., 1872, p. 641.</p> - -<p>Having secured a very perfect specimen of this genus, we -are enabled to complete the definition of its generic characters. -We give, then, Professor Cope's definition, with some -emendations and additions: Dorsal and anal fins short; -ventral fin sometimes beneath and sometimes in advance of -the dorsal. The premaxillary forms all of the superior arcade -of the mouth, which has a wide gape, opening back behind -the orbit. This bone has a row of long, slender, recurved, -and subequal teeth implanted in it. The dentary is -stout, and has a few small teeth. The branchiostegal rays -are six in number, and are rather wide. The preoperculum -IS serrate. The operculum is ridged on top. The anterior -vertebræ are unmodified, and the centra are not elongate. A -strong acute spine supports the dorsal, and a similar one the -anal fin. There is a long post-clavicle, which may or may not -extend to the base of the ventral parallel with the femur. -The femur is long and furcate; the external part straight and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[ 98 ]</a></span> -reaching to the clavicle; the internal curves to meet the corresponding -portion of its fellow. The ventral radii are eight -in number, and the caudal fin is furcate. The scales are peculiar, -and characteristic of the genus. They are very thin, -and have borders fringed with long, close-set, bristle-like -processes. This genus includes as yet only three species: -<i>T. hians</i>, from Osivio, Nev.; and <i>T. foliarum</i> and <i>T. Copei</i>, from -Florissant, Col.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Tricophanes Copei</span>, <i>sp. nov.</i></p> - -<p>Vertebræ D. 12, C. 18, Radii D. 14, A. 8, V. 8, C. 41, P. -5 only visible, not all preserved. The dorsal fin is long, and -projects beyond the beginning of the anal fin; the mouth is -terminal, and the muzzle rather sharp. All the bones of the -skeleton are very slender; and this is especially true of the -ribs, which are not as thick as the interneurals. The neural -and hæmal spines are short and slender. The origin of the -dorsal is nearer to the muzzle than to the caudal; though, as -a whole, the fin is on the hinder half of the body. There are -no interneural spines in front of the dorsal fin; those supporting -the fin are short, slender, and without the laminar -expansions found in <i>T. foliarum</i>. The caudal fin consists of -numerous jointed rays, which are supported by the neural -and hæmal spines of the last three vertebræ. The scales are -small, and exhibit the peculiarities of the genus, but the rows -are too imperfect to be counted.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Total length (straight)</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0935</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of head</td> - <td class="tdc">·018</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of vertebral column</td> - <td class="tdc">·055</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of caudal fin</td> - <td class="tdc">·024</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of dorsal spine</td> - <td class="tdc">·011</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of anal spine</td> - <td class="tdc">·009</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Depth of head posteriorly</td> - <td class="tdc">·016</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of mandibular ramus</td> - <td class="tdc">·010</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length to dorsal fin (from muzzle)</td> - <td class="tdc">·033</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of dorsal fin</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0135</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Depth of body at middle of dorsal fin</td> - <td class="tdc">·017</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>Found in the insect beds at Florissant, Col.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[ 99 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><i>CATOSTOMIDÆ.</i></p> - -<p>Body covered with scales; head naked; margin of upper -jaw formed by the premaxillaries; mouth toothless. Pharyngeal -teeth in a single series, and exceedingly numerous and -closely set. Dorsal fin elongate and opposite the ventrals. -Anal short, or of moderate length.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">AMYZON, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">U. S. Geolog. Survey of the Terrs., 1872, p. 642.</p> - -<p>Allied to <i>Bubalichthys</i>. Dorsal fin elongate, with a few -fulcral spines in front. There are three broad branchiostegals. -The vertebræ are short, and the hæmal spines of the -caudal fin are distinct and rather narrow. The teeth are arranged -comb-like, are truncate, and number from thirty to -forty. The dentary bone is slender and toothless, and the -angular is distinct.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Amyzon commune</span>, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">U. S. Geolog. Survey of Terrs., 1873, p.</p> - -<p>Represented by several fine specimens from near Castello's -Ranch, Col.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><i>SAURODONTIDÆ.</i></p> - -<p>For a very complete definition of this family, see Cope's -Cretac. Vert., p. 183.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">PORTHEUS, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Cretac. Vert., p. 189 et seq.</p> - -<p>"Teeth subcylindric, without serrate or cutting edges, -occupying the maxillary, premaxillary, and dentary bones; -size, irregular; premaxillary, median maxillary, and dentary -much reduced. No foramina on inner face of jaws. Teeth -on the premaxillary reduced in number. Opercular and pre-opercular -bones very thin. Cranial bones not sculptured."</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Portheus thaumas</span> (?), Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Loc. cit. p. 196.</p> - -<p>Maxillary large, teeth three; third mandibular small, -without cross groove in front of it.</p> - -<p>A single tooth from the cretaceous sandstone of Cement -Gulch, Col., is provisionally referred to this species; the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[ 100 ]</a></span> -reference cannot be certain, as the specimens described -and figured by Professor Cope have the crowns of the teeth -broken. The tooth is not so long as the largest tooth of <i>P. -molossus</i>, but is of proportionately greater diameter and not -so straight. It is conical and recurved, and shows two very -obscure cutting-edges, which divide the crown into two unequal -faces. It has faint longitudinal striations on all sides, -and the apex is sharp.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fore-and-aft diameter at the base</td> - <td class="tdc">0·613</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Height of crown</td> - <td class="tdc">0·020</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="caption3nb gesperrt">NEMATOGNATHI.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><i>SILURIDÆ.</i></p> - -<p>"Skin naked, or with osseous scutes, but without scales. -Barbels always present; maxillary bone rudimentary, margin -of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries only. Suboperculum -absent; adipose fin present or absent." (Günther.)</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">RHINEASTES, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">U. S. Geol. Survey of the Terrs., 1872, p. 638.</p> - -<p>A genus allied to the recent <i>Ichtælurus</i> but differing in -the inferior grooving of the vertebræ and in the rough exostoses -of the cranial bones. It differs from <i>Phareodon</i> in having -the usual band of bristle-like teeth on the dentary.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Rhineastes</span> —— ?</p> - -<p>Represented by a portion of the dentary and hyomandibular -bones of a large cat-fish from Bridger Butte.</p> - -<p>The dentary is broad and shallow, grooved below, and -deeply striated on the external face. As much of it as is preserved -is straight. The teeth are small, subequal throughout, -and very numerous. The hyomandibular is broad and -thick, and has a striated surface. The condyle is peculiar in -having two separate articular faces above and below, one -convex and the other flat.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[ 101 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">GANOIDEI.</p> - -<p class="caption3nb gesperrt">CYCLOGANOIDEI.</p> - -<p class="caption3nb"><i>AMIIDÆ.</i></p> - -<p>"Scales cycloid; a long, soft dorsal fin. Abdominal and -caudal parts of the vertebral column subequal in extent." -(Günther.)</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">AMIA.</p> - -<p>Body elongate sub-cylindrical, compressed behind; snout -short and rounded. Jaws with an outer series of closely-set -pointed teeth, and with a band of small teeth, similar teeth on -the vomer, palatine, and pterygoid bones. Long dorsal, short -anal, and rounded nonfurcate caudal fin. Ventrals well developed. -A single large gular plate; branchiostegal rays ten -to twelve.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Amia</span> (Protamia) <span class="smcap">uintaensis</span>, Leidy.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Cont. to Ext. Vert. Fauna, p. 185.</p> - -<p>A species of large mud-fishes related to the modern <i>Amia -calva</i>. The vertebræ are all much wider than they are high. -The articular cones have their bottoms considerably above -the centre, and are minutely perforate for the notochord. The -centrum is transversely curved from side to side, and has the -convexity directed forwards; it is truncate below, making the -infero-lateral angles quite prominent in the anterior dorsal -region; in the posterior there are two fossæ. The diapophyses -are large, but almost sessile, and take their origin above -the centre, on the same line as the bottom of the articular -cone. The facets for the neurapophyses are in the form of -the figure 8; their internal borders are prominent. The atlas -has a broad oval centrum, which is not truncate below, and -has no markings of any kind on the under surface. The -articular faces for the neurapophyses are prominent, and -approach near together. The depression for the occipital -condyle is small, circular, and situated above the centre.</p> - -<p>From Henry's Fork.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><i>Amia depressa</i> (?), Marsh.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1871, p. 103</p> - -<p>In this species the dorsal centra are wide, low, and short, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[ 102 ]</a></span> -and of a regular oval outline. The articular cones are shallow, -and have their bottoms but slightly above the centre. The -neurapophysial facets are deep, with prominent borders, and -the diapophyses are sessile. The chief peculiarity is that the -under surface of the centrum has no markings of any kind.</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of centrum</td> - <td class="tdc">·010</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of centrum</td> - <td class="tdc">·040</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Depth of centrum</td> - <td class="tdc">·027</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>As Professor Marsh has given no measurements, the reference -to <i>A. depressa</i> cannot be certain.</p> - -<p>The specimen was found at Henry's Fork.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Amia scutata</span>, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Bull, of U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 1 of Series II, p</p> - -<p>A species of about the size of <i>A. calva</i>, but with a proportionately -larger head. It is represented in our collection by -a specimen which lacks only a portion of the caudal and pectoral -fins. The <i>premaxillary</i> is short and stout, articulates -closely with the maxillary, and bears a single row of pointed -recurved teeth. These are shorter and straighter than in <i>A. -calva</i>. The <i>maxillary</i> is much as in the modern species, but is -rounder. The cranio-facial axis is straight and broad; the -<i>basioccipital</i> is the largest of the bones; the <i>basisphenoid</i> and -<i>presphenoid</i> are of the usual shape and size, but there is a -constriction at their junction which is not marked in the -modern species. The <i>vomer</i> is long and double, and at the -extremity is armed with rows of small teeth. The two portions -diverge more perceptibly than in <i>A. calva</i>, and are -stouter, though this appearance may, to some extent, be due -to flattening.</p> - -<p>The <i>frontal</i> is long, broad, and thick; the upper surface is -delicately sculptured in a somewhat different pattern from -that seen in the modern species. The <i>parietal</i> is short and -broad, while the <i>epiotic</i> is unusually narrow. The <i>mandible</i> is -long and slender; the rami are incurved anteriorly, but apparently -not to the same extent as in <i>A. calva</i>. The articular -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[ 103 ]</a></span> -has the shape of a long and narrow wedge; it does not form -a very close articulation with the dentary. The dentary is -long and comparatively slender, has a rounded outline, and is -occupied by an external row of large, and an internal band of -small teeth. The mandibular teeth, like those of the upper -jaw, are somewhat different from the teeth of <i>A. calva</i>; they -are shorter, stouter, and are not so much incurved or recurved. -They are very sharp, and show a constriction below the apex. -The small teeth are of the usual size and shape. The jugular -plate is well developed, and is long and narrow. The <i>hyoid -arch</i> is very much the same as that shown in the recent -species; the characteristic flat branchiostegals are well -marked; they appear to be thirteen in number.</p> - -<p>The <i>scapular arch</i> is long and stout. The <i>clavicle</i> is -strongly bent, the supra-clavicle is short, and the <i>post-clavicle</i> -is long. The pectoral fin is too indistinct for description.</p> - -<p>The <i>vertebræ</i> are of considerable depth in the anterior -dorsal region, and decrease steadily in size as they go backwards. -The neural spines are long and slender, and project -strongly backwards. The relation of the centra to the -arches seems to be about that seen in <i>A. calva</i>, but the neurapophyses -are more slender. The diapophyses are long and -slender, in this respect differing from the Bridger species and -approaching the modern one. The dorsals are thirty-five in -number. The caudals number about forty-seven. They -have smaller centra, but longer and stronger neurapophyses -than the dorsals. The hæmal arch is long, and the hæmapophyses -articulate movably with the centra. The spines -supporting the caudal fin rays are very stout. The dorsal fin -is long and soft, and has long interneurals supporting short -rays; these are fifty-three in number. The anal fin, on the -other hand, is very short, having but nine rays, which are long -and jointed, and articulate with short interhæmals. The caudal -fin appears to be of the usual form. The <i>femur</i> is of the -general shape characteristic of <i>Amia</i>, but is not just like that -of <i>A. calva</i>. It is shorter, broader at the proximal end, while -the distal end is narrower, and has a deeper constriction just -above it. The ventral fins are placed under the middle of the -dorsal region, and have each ten rays. The scales are of the -usual cycloidal shape, and minutely striate.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[ 104 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Total length (estimated in part)</td> - <td class="tdc">·404</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of head</td> - <td class="tdc">·093</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of vertebral column</td> - <td class="tdc">·253</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of caudal fin (estimated)</td> - <td class="tdc">·058</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of mandible</td> - <td class="tdc">·059</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of jugular plate</td> - <td class="tdc">·032</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of dorsal region</td> - <td class="tdc">·141</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of caudal region</td> - <td class="tdc">·112</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Depth of body at origin of dorsal fin</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of dorsal fin</td> - <td class="tdc">·117</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of femur</td> - <td class="tdc">·027</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>From the insect beds near Florissant, Col.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">PAPPICHTHYS, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">U. S. Geol. Survey of the Terrs., 1872, p. 634.</p> - -<p>Vertebræ short, dorsal with projecting diapophyses. -Maxillary and dentary bones support but one series of teeth.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Pappichthys plicatus</span>, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Loc. cit., p. 635.</p> - -<p>From Henry's Fork.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Pappichthys lævis</span>, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Loc. cit., p. 366.</p> - -<p>Represented by three vertebræ from the posterior part of -the dorsal region. The centra are subcircular and have deep -articular cones, with their bottoms above the centre, and -minutely perforate for the notochord. The centra are comparatively -quite long, and have prominent projecting rims, -and are truncate beneath. The facets for the neurapophyses -are long, and are separated into two parts for the contiguous -arches. The diapophyses are short and stout.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of centrum</td> - <td class="tdc">·015</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Breadth of centrum</td> - <td class="tdc"> ·0315</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Depth of centrum</td> - <td class="tdc">·027</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>Found at Henry's Fork.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Pappichthys symphysis</span>, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Loc. cit., p. 636.</p> - -<p>Found at Cottonwood Creek.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[ 105 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption3nb gesperrt">ELASMOBRANCHII.</p> - -<p class="caption3nb">PLAGIOSTOMATA.</p> - -<p class="caption3nb"><i>CARCHARIDÆ.</i></p> - -<p>"Eye with a nictitating membrane. An anal fin; two -dorsals."</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">GALEOCERDO.</p> - -<p>Caudal fin with a double notch; mouth crescent shaped; -teeth subequal in both jaws, oblique, serrate on both margins.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Galeocerdo falcatus</span>, Ag.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Corax falcatus</i>, Poiss. Foss., t. iii., p. 226.</p> - -<p>This species is represented by a single tooth from the -cretaceous sandstone near the Garden of the Gods, Col. It -does not agree exactly with any descriptions or plates which -we have seen; but the differences are probably owing to -the position or age of the specimen. The crown is low, -broad, and not very acute, the edge is finely serrate, and -there is no sensible difference between the serrations of the -two borders. The anterior border is undulating in outline, -but for the most part is convex; the posterior is short and -straight, and sends out quite a long heel. One face of the -crown is flat and the other is strongly convex. The root is -stout and divided into two fangs, which are longer and more -distinct than is common in this species. There are no denticles; -cementum smooth.</p> - -<p class="tdc pmt1"><i>Measurements.</i></p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 22em;"></td> - <td class="tdc">M.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Length of crown</td> - <td class="tdc">·017</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Depth of fang</td> - <td class="tdc">·009</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Height of crown</td> - <td class="tdc">·011</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Galeocerdo hartwellii</span>, Cope.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Cret. Vert, p.. 244.</p> - -<p>This species belongs to the group <i>G. Egertonii</i>, Ag., having -the two edges subequal and symmetrical. A single tooth from -Cement Gulch, Col.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[ 106 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><i>CESTRACIONTIDÆ.</i></p> - -<p>"Two dorsal fins, an anal; nasal and buccal cavities confluent. -Teeth obtuse, several series being in function." -(Günther.)</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Ptychodus</span>, Ag.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Poissons Fossiles, t. iii., p. 56.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Ptychodus Whippleyi</span>, Marcou.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Geology of North America, 1858, p. 33.</p> - -<p>Represented by a tooth from the cretaceous of Cement -Gulch, almost identical with the specimen described by Dr. -Leidy from the cretaceous of Texas. (Cont. to Ext. Vert. -Fauna, p. 300.)</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[ 107 ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="SUMMARY" id="SUMMARY">SUMMARY.</a></h2> - - -<p class="tdc pmb1">MAMMALIA.</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" style="width:15em;">Primates</td> - <td class="tdr">4<br /></td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td>Carnivora</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td>Perissodactyla</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td>Artiodactyla (?)</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td>Amblypoda</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td>Rodentia</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td>—</td> - <td class="tdr">27</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="tdc pmb1">AVES.</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" style="width:15em;">Incertæ sedis</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td>—</td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="tdc pmb1">REPTILIA.</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" style="width:15em;">Crocodilia</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td>Chelonia</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td>—</td> - <td class="tdr">11</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="tdc pmb1">PISCES.</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" style="width:15em;">Teleocephali</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Nematognathi</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Cycloganoidei</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Plagiostomata</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Incertæ sedis</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td>—</td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td>—</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc">Total</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr">56</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[ 108 ]</a></span></p> - -<p id="Plate_a" class="caption3nb pmt2">EXPLANATION OF PLATE A.</p> - -<p class="caption4nb"><i>Figure about one fourth natural size.</i></p> - -<p class="caption3nb pmb4"><span class="smcap">Uintatherium Leidianum.</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[ 109 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 594px;"> -<img src="images/plate_a.png" width="594" height="422" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[ 110 ]</a></span></p> - -<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[ 111 ]</a></span></p> - -<p id="Plate_1" class="caption3nb pmt2">EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Figure three fourths natural size.</i></p> - -<p class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Palæosyops paludosus.</span></p> - -<p class="tdc">Posterior view of cranium.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[ 112 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 622px;"> -<img src="images/plate01.png" width="622" height="405" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[ 113 ]</a></span></p> - -<p id="Plate_2" class="caption3nb pmt2">EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Figures one fourth natural size.</i></p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="smcap">Palæosyops major.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot2"> -<p>Fig. 1.—Axis, view of right side.</p> - -<p>Fig. 2.—Axis, anterior view.</p> - -<p>Fig. 3.—Atlas, posterior view.</p> - -<p>Fig. 4.—Alias, anterior view.</p> - -<p>Figs. 5 and 6.—Seventh cervical anterior and posterior view</p> - -<p>Figs. 7 and 8.—Anterior and posterior views of right tibia.</p> - -<p>Figs. 9 and 10.—Proximal and distal faces of same.</p> - -<p>Fig. 11.—Proximal end of fibula.</p> - -<p>Fig. 12.—Right femur, posterior view.</p> - -<p>Fig. 13.—Trochlea of the same.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[ 114 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 333px;"> -<img src="images/plate02.png" width="333" height="591" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[ 115 ]</a></span></p> - -<p id="Plate_3" class="caption3nb pmt2">EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.</p> - -<p><i>Figures one half natural size.</i></p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="smcap">Palæosyops paludosus.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot2"> -<p>Figs. 1 and 2.—Ulna, anterior view, and distal articular face of same.</p> - -<p>Figs. 3, 4, and 5.—Radius, anterior view; and distal and proximal faces of -same.</p> - -<p>Fig. 6.—Left scapula.</p> - -<p>Fig. 7.—Right humerus, proximal end, anterior view.</p> - -<p>Fig. 9.—Left manus, anterior view.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="p0"><span class="smcap">Palæosyops major.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot2"> -<p>Fig. 8.—Left humerus, anterior view.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[ 116 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 385px;"> -<img src="images/plate03.png" width="385" height="616" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[ 117 ]</a></span></p> - -<p id="Plate_4" class="caption3nb pmt2">EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Figure one half natural size.</i></p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="smcap">Leurocephalus cultridens.</span></p> - -<p>Upper and lower jaws. View of right side. Dotted outlines indicate probable -position of lower incisor and canine series.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[ 118 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 569px;"> -<img src="images/plate04.png" width="569" height="340" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[ 119 ]</a></span></p> - -<p id="Plate_5" class="caption3nb pmt2">EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Figure one half natural size.</i></p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="smcap">Palæosyops major.</span></p> - -<p>Right innominate bone. The iliac crest and position of pubis estimated in -outline.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[ 120 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 407px;"> -<img src="images/plate05.png" width="407" height="654" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[ 121 ]</a></span></p> - -<p id="Plate_6" class="caption3nb pmt2">EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Figures one third natural size.</i></p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="smcap">Uintatherium leidianum.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot2"> -<p>Fig. 1.—Cervical vertebra, fifth or sixth, anterior view.</p> - -<p>Fig. 2.—Dorsal vertebra, anterior region, view of left side.</p> - -<p>Fig. 3.—Dorsal vertebra, middle region, posterior view.</p> - -<p>Fig. 4.—Last lumbar vertebra, view of right side.</p> - -<p>Fig. 5.—Last lumbar vertebra, posterior view.</p> - -<p>Fig. 6.—Caudal series, first four vertebræ.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[ 122 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 421px;"> -<img src="images/plate06.png" width="421" height="658" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[ 123 ]</a></span></p> - -<p id="Plate_7" class="caption3nb pmt2">EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Figures one third natural size.</i></p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="smcap">Uintatherium leidianum.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot2"> -<p>Fig. 1.—Anterior view of right humerus.</p> - -<p>Fig. 2.—Ulna, side view, length estimated.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[ 124 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 361px;"> -<img src="images/plate07.png" width="361" height="687" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[ 125 ]</a></span></p> - -<p id="Plate_8" class="caption3nb pmt2">EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Figures one third natural size.</i></p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="smcap">Uintatherium leidianum.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot2"> -<p>Fig. 1.—-Right scapula. The dotted outline gives an attempted restoration -of the original shape.</p> - -<p>Fig. 2.—Tibia of left side, anterior view.</p> - -<p>Fig. 3.—View of the proximal articular faces of same.</p> - -<p>Fig. 4.—Right femur, posterior view.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[ 126 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 685px;"> -<img src="images/plate08.png" width="685" height="444" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[ 127 ]</a></span></p> - -<p id="Plate_9" class="caption3nb pmt2">EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Figures four fifths natural size.</i></p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="smcap">Orohippus major.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot2"> -<p>Fig. 1.—Right femur, anterior view, length estimated.</p> - -<p>Fig. 2.—Right fibula.</p> - -<p>Fig. 3.—Right tibia, anterior view.</p> - -<p>Fig. 4.—Calcaneum.</p> - -<p>Figs. 5 and 6.—Astragalus and navicular.</p> - -<p>Fig. 7.—Metatarsals and phalanges.</p> - -<p>Last Fig.—A carnivorous sacrum, probably belonging to the brain, -described on pp. 20-22.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[ 128 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 400px;"> -<img src="images/plate09.png" width="400" height="669" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[ 129 ]</a></span></p> - -<p id="Plate_10" class="caption3nb pmt2">EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.</p> - -<p class="tdc"><i>Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, natural size.</i></p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="smcap">Ithygrammodon cameloides.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot2"> -<p>Fig. 1.—Left premaxillary, inner view.</p> - -<p>Fig. 2.—Left premaxillary, outer view.</p> - -<p>Fig. 3.—Right maxillary and premaxillary, outer view, premolar, with dotted -outline indicating its probable position.</p> - -<p>Fig. 4.—The premaxillaries in position (probable), view from above, showing -size and position of the incisors. Dotted lines indicate the premaxillary -spine (estimated).</p> -</div> - -<p class="p0"><span class="smcap">Procamelus occidentalis</span>, Cope, (See Wheeler's Survey, vol. iv., Plate -LXXVII.)</p> - -<div class="blockquot2"> -<p>Fig. 5.—Part of right maxillary and premaxillary, showing single incisor<br /> -with rudimentary alveolus for a second.</p> -</div> - -<p class="p0"><span class="smcap">Protolabis</span> ——? Cope. (See Wheeler's Survey, vol iv., p. 343.)</p> - -<div class="blockquot2"> -<p>Fig. 6.—Right maxillary and premaxillary. (This has never been drawn<br /> -before, and was kindly lent to us for this purpose by Prof. Cope.)</p> -</div> - - -<p class="p0"><span class="smcap">Camelus bactrianus.</span> Modern camel.</p> - -<div class="blockquot2"> -<p>Fig. 7.—Right maxillaries, one half natural size.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[ 130 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 402px;"> -<img src="images/plate10.png" width="402" height="653" alt="" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[ 131 ]</a></span></p> - - - -<h2><a name="SYSTEMATIC_CATALOGUE" id="SYSTEMATIC_CATALOGUE">SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE</a></h2> - -<p class="tdc">OF THE</p> - -<p class="caption2">EOCENE VERTEBRATES OF WYOMING.</p> - - -<p>Although we have endeavored to make this catalogue as complete and -accurate as possible, we feel that errors and omissions are, from the nature of -the case, unavoidable. The material is so vast and heterogeneous, and is so -much scattered throughout numberless reports, bulletins, journals, and the -like, that its correct compilation is attended with great difficulties. However, -a beginning is here made which will render subsequent work easier. Owing -to the great number of discoveries which have since been made, Dr. Leidy's -excellent catalogue of 1871 covers now but a very small portion of the ground.</p> - -<p>In this list we have made no attempt to decide disputed questions of -priority and synonymy. Doubtless, many of the genera and species here given -will be found to be synonyms of American or European forms; but at present -these questions cannot be settled. Where synonyms are given, they are the -determinations of the original describer indicated in subsequent publications</p> - - - -<p class="caption2nb">MAMMALIA.</p> - - - -<p class="caption3nb">PRIMATES.</p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Notharctus</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 114; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., -p. 86; Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1871, p. 364. -<i>N. tenebrosus</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[ 132 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Hyopsodus</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 110; U. S. Survey of Terrs., -1870, p. 354; do. 1871, p. 362; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 75.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>H. paulus</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>H. minusculus</i>, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 81.</p> - -<p><i>H. gracilis</i>, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., vol. ii., p. 42.</p> - -<p><i>H. vicarius</i>, Cope. Described in U. S. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 609, as -<i>Microsyops vicarius</i>. Wheeler's Survey, vol. iv., pt. ii., p. 150.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Microsyops</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 20; U. S. Survey of Terrs., 1871, -p. 363; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 82.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>M. gracilis</i>, Leidy, loc. cit. In the "Contributions," Dr. Leidy, considering -<i>Limnotherium</i>, Marsh, as a synonym of <i>Microsyops</i>, has called this species -<i>M. elegans</i>.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Hipposyus</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 37; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., -p. 90.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>H. formosus</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>H. robustior</i>, Leidy Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 93; <i>Notharctus robustior</i>. -U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1871, p. 364.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Antiacodon</span>, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 210.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>A. venustus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Bathrodon</span>, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 211.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>B. typus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Lemuravus</span>, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. ix., p. 239.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>L. distans</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Limnotherium</span>, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 43.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>L. tyrannus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>L. elegans</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>L. affine</i>, Marsh. Am Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 207.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Mesacodon</span>, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 212.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>M. speciosus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Palæacodon</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872; p. 21. U. S. Geol. Survey of -Terrs., 1871, p. 356; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 122.</p> - -<p><i>P. verus</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>P. vagus</i>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 224.</p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Telmatolestes</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 206.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>T. crassus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Tomitherium</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 470; U. S. Geol. Survey of -Terrs., 1872, p. 546; Wheeler's Survey, vol. iv., p. 135, pt. ii.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>T. rostratum</i>, Cope, loc. cit.; U. S. Survey, 1872, p. 548.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Anaptomorphus</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 554; U. S. Geol. Survey -of Terrs., 1872, p. 549.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>A. æmulus</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[ 133 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Oligotomus</span>, Cope. On some Eocene mammals, p. 2; U. S. Geol. Survey of -Terrs., 1872, p. 607.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>O. cinctus</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Opisthotomus</span>, Cope. Wheeler's Survey, vol. iv., p. 151, pt. ii.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>O. astutus</i>, loc. cit., p. 152.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Pantolestes</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 467; Wheeler's Survey, -v. iv., pt. ii., p. 145.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>P. longicaudus</i>. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 467; <i>Notharctus longicaudus</i>, -U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 549.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Sarcolemur</span>, Cope. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1875, p. 256; Wheeler's Survey, v. iv., -pt. ii., p. 147.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>S. pygmæus</i>, Cope. <i>Lophiotherium pygmæus</i>, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, extras -July 20; <i>Antiacodon pygmæus</i>, U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 607; -<i>Hyopsodus pygmæus</i>, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 461.</p> - -<p><i>S. furcatus</i>, Cope. <i>Antiacodon furcatus</i>. On some Eocene mammals, p. i.; -U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 608.</p> -</div> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Thinolestes</span>, Marsh. Am. Journ. Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 205.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>T. anceps</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3nb">CARNIVORA.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Uintacyon</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 277; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., -p. 118.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>U. edax</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>U. vorax</i>, Leidy, loc. cit. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 120.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Sinopa</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 115; U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., -1871, p. 355; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 116.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>S. rapax</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>S. eximia</i>, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 118.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Canis.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>C. montanus</i>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 123.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Dromocyon</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. xii., p. 403.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>D. vorax</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Harpalodon</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 216.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>H. sylvestris</i>, Marsh, loc cit.</p> - -<p><i>H. vulpinus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 217.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Limnocyon</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 126.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>L. verus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>L. riparius</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 203.</p> - -<p><i>L. agilis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 204.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Limnofelis</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 202.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>L. ferox</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>L. latidens</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 203.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[ 134 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Oreocyon</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 406</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>O. latidens</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Thinocyon</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 204.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>T. velox</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Viverravus</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 127.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>V. gracilis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>V. (?) nitidus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 205.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Ziphacodon</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 216.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>Z. rugatus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Vulpavus</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 124.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>V. palustris</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Miacis</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 470.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>M. parvivorus</i>, loc. cit.; <i>Viverravus parvivorus</i>, U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., -1872, p. 560.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Mesonyx</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872. p. 460; U S. Geol. Survey of -Terrs., 1872, p. 550.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>M. obtusidens</i>, Cope, loc. cit. U. S. Survey, p. 552.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Synoplotherium</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 483; U. S. Geol. Survey -of Terrs., 1872, p. 554.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>S. lanius</i>, Cope, loc. cit. U. S. Survey, p. 557.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Stypolophus</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 466; U. S. Geol. Survey of -Terrs., 1872, p. 559; Wheeler's Survey, vol. iv., p. 109.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>S. insectivorus</i>, Cope. Pr, Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 469; U. S. Survey, 1872, p. 557.</p> - -<p><i>S. pungens</i>, Cope, loc. cit., pp. 466, 559</p> - -<p><i>S. brevicalcaratus</i>, Cope, loc. cit., pp. 469, 560.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Megencephalon</span>, gen. nov. This report, p 20.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>M. primævus</i>, sp. nov. This report, p. 20.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3nb gesperrt">UNGULATA.</p> - - -<p class="caption4nb">PERISSODACTYLA.</p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Anchitherium.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>A.</i> (?)——. This report, p. 23.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Orohippus</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., vol. iv., p. 207; vol. vii., p. 247.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>O. pumilus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 207.</p> - -<p><i>O. agilis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., 3d Ser. vol. v., p. 407.</p> - -<p><i>O. major</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. 3d Ser. vii., p. 248.</p> - -<p><i>O. gracilis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., 3d Ser. vol. vii., p. 249; <i>Anchitherium gracile</i> -3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 38.</p> - -<p><i>O. procyoninus</i>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 466; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, -p. 606.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[ 135 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Palæosyops</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 113; 1871, pp. 114, 118, 197, -229; 1872, pp. 168, 241; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1870, p. 355; 1871, p. 358; -Com. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 27; Cope, U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., -1872, p. 591.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>P. paludosus</i>, Leidy, loc. cit. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 28.</p> - -<p><i>P. major</i>, Leidy. U. S. Geol. Survey of Montana, 1871, p. 359; Pr. Ac. -Nat. Sc., 1872, pp. 168, 241; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 45.</p> - -<p><i>P. humilis</i>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 168, 277; Cont. to Ext. Vert. -Faun., p. 58.</p> - -<p><i>P. junius</i>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 277; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., -p. 57.</p> - -<p><i>P. lævidens</i>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1873; U. S. Survey, 1872, p. 591.</p> - -<p><i>P. vallidens</i>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 487; loc. cit., p. 592.</p> - -<p><i>P. minor</i>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., vol. ii., p. 36.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Limnohyus</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 242; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., -p. 58; Marsh, Am. Jour. of Sc., 1872, 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 124.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>L. laticeps</i>, Marsh. <i>Palæosyops laticeps</i>. Am. Journ. Sc. 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 122.</p> - -<p><i>L. robustus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 124, is same as <i>P. major</i>, Leidy.</p> - -<p><i>L. diaconus</i>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 593.</p> - -<p><i>L. fontinalis</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 594.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Telmatherium</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 123.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>T. validum</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Leurocephalus</span>, gen. nov. This report, p. 42.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>L. cultridens</i>, sp. nov. This report, p. 42.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Hyrachyus</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 229; 1872, pp. 19, 163; U. S. -Geol. Survey, 1871, p. 360; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 60.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>H. agrarius</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.; <i>H. agrestis</i>. U. S. Survey, 1871, p. 357.</p> - -<p><i>H. eximius</i>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 229; 1872, p. 163; U. S. Geol. -Survey of Terrs., 1871, p. 361; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 66; Cope, U. S. -Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 595.</p> - -<p><i>H. modestus</i>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 20; U. S. Geol. Survey of -Terrs., 1871, p. 361; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 67; <i>Lophiodon modestus</i>, Pr. -Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870. p. 109.</p> - -<p><i>H. nanus</i>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 3d Ser. 1872, p. 20; U. S. Survey, 1871, -p. 361; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 67.</p> - -<p><i>H. princeps</i>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 125.</p> - -<p><i>H. implicatus</i>, Cope. On Some Eocene Mammals, p. 5; U. S. Survey, 1872, -p. 604.</p> - -<p><i>H. crassidens</i>, sp. nov. This report, p. 52.</p> - -<p><i>H. imperialis</i>, sp. nov. This report, p. 50.</p> - -<p><i>H. intermedius</i>, sp. nov. This report, p. 51.</p> - -<p><i>H. paradoxus</i>, sp. nov. This report, p. 53.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Helaletes</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 218.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>H. boöps</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>H. latidens</i>, sp. nov. This report, p. 54.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[ 136 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Lophiodon.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>L bairdianus</i>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 36.</p> - -<p><i>L. affinis</i>, loc. cit., p. 37.</p> - -<p><i>L. nanus</i>, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>L. pumilus</i>, loc. cit., p. 38.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Lophiotherium.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>L. sylvaticum</i>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 126; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., -p. 69.</p> - -<p><i>L. Ballardi</i>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 39.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Orotherium</span>, Marsh. Am: Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 217.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>O. mintanum</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Helohyus</span>, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 207.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>H. plicodon</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Thinotherium</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 208.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>T. validum</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption4nb">ARTIODACTYLA.</p> - -<p class="tdc">All the forms described under this head are of uncertain reference.</p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Elotherium.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>E. lentum</i>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 39.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Platygonus.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>P. Ziegleri</i>, Marsh, loc cit., p. 40.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Parahyus</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. xii., 402.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>P. vagus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Homacodon</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 126.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>H. vagans</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Ithygrammodon</span>, gen. nov. This report, p. 56.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>I. cameloides</i>, sp. nov. This report, p. 57.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption4nb">AMBLYPODA.</p> - -<p class="hanging">Cope. Wheeler's Survey, vol., iv., pt. ii., p. 179.</p> - - -<p class="caption4nb">DINOCERATA.</p> - -<p class="hanging">Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 344; Ibid. vol. v., pp. 117-122, -293; Ibid. vol. vi., p. 300; Ibid. vol. xi., p. 163.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Uintatherium</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 169; Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d -Ser. vol. iv., p. 239; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 96.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>U. robustum</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.; <i>Uintamastix atrox</i>, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>U. Leidianum</i>, sp. nov. This report, p. 3.</p> - -<p><i>U. princeps</i>, sp. nov. This report, p. 81.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[ 137 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Tinoceras</span>, Marsh. <i>Titanotherium</i> (?), Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 35; -<i>Mastodon</i>, loc. cit., vol. iv., p. 123, footnote; <i>Tinoceras</i>, loc. cit., vol. iv., -pp. 322 and 323.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>T. anceps</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. iv., p. 322.</p> - -<p><i>T. grandis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 323.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Dinoceras</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 344; Ibid. vol. v., pp. -117-122; Ibid. vol. v., p. 408.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>D. mirabilis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. iv., p. 344.</p> - -<p><i>D. lucaris</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. v., p. 408.</p> - -<p><i>D. lacustre</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. iv., p. 344.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Loxolophodon</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, pp. 580, 488; U. S. Survey, -1872, p. 565.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>L. cornutus</i>, Cope, loc. cit.; U. S. Survey, 1872, p. 568.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Eobasileus</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 485; U. S. Survey, 1872, p. 575.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>E. pressicornis</i>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 580; loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>E. furcatus</i>, Cope. U. S. Survey, 1872, p. 580; <i>Loxolophodon furcatus</i>, Pr. -Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 580.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Coryphodon</span>.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>C. hamatus</i>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. xi., p. 425.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Bathmodon</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 417; U. S. Geol. Survey, -1871, p. 350; 1872, p. 586.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>B. radians</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>B. semicinctus</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>B. latipes</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Metalophodon</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 542; U. S. Geol. Survey, -1872, p. 589.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>M. armatus</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption4nb">TILLODONTIA.</p> - - -<p class="tdc">Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ix., p. 221; vol. xi., p. 249.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Anchippodus</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Soc., 1868, p. 232; Ext. Mam. N. Am., p. 403.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>Trogosus.</i> Pr. Ac, 1871, p. 113; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 71.</p> - -<p><i>A. riparius</i>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Soc., 1868, p. 232; Cont. to Ext. Vert. -Faun., p. 71 (as <i>Trogosus castoridens</i>).</p> - -<p><i>A. vetulus</i>, Leidy; <i>Trogosus vetulus</i>, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 229; Cont. -to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 75.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Tillotherium</span>. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. v., p. 485; Ibid. vol. xi., p. 249.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>T. hydracoides</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>T. latidens</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. vii., p. 533.</p> - -<p><i>T. fodiens</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. ix., p. 241.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Stylinodon</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. vii., p. 532.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>S. mirus</i>, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[ 138 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption4nb">RODENTIA.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Paramys</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 231; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1871, p. -357; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 110.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>P. delicatus</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>P. delicatior</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>P. delicatissimus</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 111.</p> - -<p><i>P. robustus</i>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 218.</p> - -<p><i>P. superbus</i>, sp. nov. This report, p. 84.</p> - -<p><i>P. leptodus</i>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 609.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Mysops</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 232; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1871, p. -357; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 111.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>M. minimus</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>M. fraternus</i>, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 112.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Pseudotomus</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 467; U. S. Geol. Survey, -1872, p. 610.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>P. hians</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Arctomys</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 121.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>A. vetus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Geomys</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 121.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>G. bisulcatus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Sciuravus</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 122.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>S. nitidus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>S. undans</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>S. parvidens</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 220.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Tillomys</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 219.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>T. senex</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>T. parvus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Tachymys</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 219.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>T. lucaris</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Colonymys</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 220.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>C. celer</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption4nb">INSECTIVORA.</p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Omomys</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1869, p. 63; Ext. Mam. of N. Am., p. 408; -Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 120.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>O. Carteri</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Washakius</span>, Leidy. Cont. to. Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 123.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>W. insignis</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Passalacodon</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., vol. iv. p. 208.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>P. litoralis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[ 139 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Anisacodon</span>,<a name="FNanchor_1_4" id="FNanchor_1_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_4" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 209.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1_4" id="Footnote_1_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_4"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Professor Marsh has subsequently used this name to designate a genus of -the <i>Brontotheridæ</i>. Am. Jour. of Sc., vol. ix., p. 246.</p></div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>A. elegans</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Centetodon</span>, Marsh, Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 209.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>C. pulcher</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>C. altidens</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 214.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Hemiacodon</span>, Marsh, Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 212.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>H. gracilis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>H. nanus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 113</p> - -<p><i>H. pucillus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Entomodon</span>, Marsh, Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 214.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>E. comptus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Entomacodon</span>, Marsh, Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 214.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>E. minutus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>E. angustidens</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 222.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Apatemys</span>, Marsh, Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 221.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>A. bellus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>A. bellulus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Talpavus</span>, Marsh, Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 128.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>T. nitidus</i>, Marsh, loc cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption4nb">CHIROPTERA.</p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Nyctitherium</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 127.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>N. velox</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>N. priscum</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 128.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Nyctilestes</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 215.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>N. serotinus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption4nb">MARSUPIALIA.</p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Triacodon</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 123.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>T. fallax</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>T. grandis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit. 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 222.</p> - -<p><i>T. nanus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 223.</p> - -<p><i>T. aculeatus</i>, Cope. Pr. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 460; U. S. Geol. of Terrs., -1872, p. 611.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="tdc"><i>Genera incertæ sedis.</i></p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Stenacodon</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 210.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>S. rarus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[ 140 ]</a></span></p> - - - -<h2><a name="AVES2" id="AVES2">AVES.</a></h2> - - -<p class="caption3nb">RAPTORES.</p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Bubo.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>B. leptosteus</i>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii, p. 126.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3nb">GRALLATORES.</p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Aletornis</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 256.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>A. nobilis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>A. pernix</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>A. venustus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 257.</p> - -<p><i>A. gracilis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 258.</p> - -<p><i>A. bellus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3nb">SCANSORES.</p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Uintornis</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 259.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>U. lucaris</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="REPTILIA2" id="REPTILIA2">REPTILIA.</a></h2> - - -<p class="caption3nb">CROCODILIA.</p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Crocodilus.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>C. liodon</i>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. i., p. 454.</p> - -<p><i>C. affinis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>C. Grinnelli</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 455.</p> - -<p><i>C. brevicollis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 456.</p> - -<p><i>C. parvus</i>, sp. nov. This report, p. 91.</p> - -<p><i>C. clavis</i>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 485; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, -p. 612.</p> - -<p><i>C. sulciferus</i>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 555; U. S. Survey, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>C. hetorodon</i>, Cope. <i>Alligator heterodon</i>, Pr Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 544; -U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 614.</p> - -<p><i>C. aptus</i>, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 126.</p> - -<p><i>C. Elliotii</i>, Leidy, loc cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Diplocynodus</span>.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>D. subulatus</i>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 613; <i>Crocodilus subulatus</i>, -Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 554.</p> - -<p><i>D. polyodon</i>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 614. (In his report to -Lt. Wheeler, Prof. Cope says that "a single species, the <i>D. subulatus</i>, occurs" -in the Bridger Basin, (p. 60). It is therefore probable that he has changed the -<i>D. polyodon</i>, but we cannot find its synonym.)</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[ 141 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">LACERTILIA.</p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Saniva</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 124; U. S. Survey, 1870, p. 368; do., -1871, p. 370; Com. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 181.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>S. ensidens</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>S. major</i>, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 182.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Chameleo.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>C. pristinus</i>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 277; Cont. to Ext. Vert. -Faun., p. 184.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Naocephalus</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 465; U. S. Geol. Survey, -1872, p. 631.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>N. porrectus</i>, Cope, loc. cit.; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 632.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Glyptosaurus</span>, Marsh. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 105; Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d -Ser. vol. i., p. 456.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>G. sylvestris</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>G. nodosus</i>, Marsh, Am. Jour. of Sc., vol. i., p. 458.</p> - -<p><i>G. ocellatus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. i., p. 458, and vol. iv., p. 306.</p> - -<p><i>G. anceps</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. i., p. 458.</p> - -<p><i>G. princeps</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 302.</p> - -<p><i>G. brevidens</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 305.</p> - -<p><i>G. rugosus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>G. sphenodon</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 306.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Thinosaurus</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3 Ser. vol. iv., p. 299.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>T. paucidens</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>T. leptodus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 300.</p> - -<p><i>T. crassus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 301.</p> - -<p><i>T. grandis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>T. agilis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 302.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Oreosaurus</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 303.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>O. vagans</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>O. lentus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 307.</p> - -<p><i>O. gracilis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>O. microdus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 308.</p> - -<p><i>O. minutus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Tinosaurus</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 304.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>T. stenodon</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>T. lepidus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 308.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Iguanavus</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 309.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>I. exilis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Limnosaurus</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 309.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>L. ziphodon</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.; <i>Crocodilus ziphodon</i>, loc. cit., vol. i., p. 453.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[ 142 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">OPHIDIA.</p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Boavus</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. i., p. 323.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>B. occidentalis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>B. agilis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 324.</p> - -<p><i>B. brevis</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Lithophis</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. i., p. 325.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>L. Sargenti</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Limnophis</span>, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. i., p. 326.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>L. crassus</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Protagras</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 471: U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, -p. 632.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>P. lacustris</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3nb">CHELONIA.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Testudo.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>T. Corsoni</i>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 154; 1872, p. 268; U. S. Geol. -Survey, 1871, p. 366; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 132; <i>Emys Carteri</i>, Pr. Ac. -Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 228; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1871, p. 367. (Professor Cope -refers this species to his <i>Hadrianus</i>.)</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Hadrianus</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 468; U. S. Geol. Survey -of Terrs., 1872, p. 630.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>H. allabiatus</i>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 471; U. S. Survey, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>H. octonarius</i>, Cope, loc. cit. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc. 1872, p. 468.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3nb">EMYS.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>E. wyomingensis</i>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1869, p. 66; U. S. Geol. Survey, -1871, p. 367; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 140. <i>E. Feansii</i>, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., -1870, p. 123; <i>E. stevensoniansis</i>, loc. cit., p. 5. <i>E. Haydem</i>, loc. cit., p. 123.</p> - -<p><i>E. septarius</i>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 625.</p> - -<p><i>E. latilabiatus</i>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 471; loc. cit., p. 626.</p> - -<p><i>E. gravis</i>, Cope. <i>Notomorpha gravis</i> and <i>N. Garmanii</i>, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., -1872, pp. 476-77; <i>E. gravis</i>, U. S. Survey, 1872, p. 626.</p> - -<p><i>E. testudineus</i>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 627; <i>Notomorpha testudineus</i>, -Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 475.</p> - -<p><i>E. euthnætus</i>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 628.</p> - -<p><i>E. megaulax</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>E. pachylomus</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 629.</p> - -<p><i>E. terrestris</i>, Cope, loc. cit.; <i>Palæotheca terrestris</i>, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, -p. 464.</p> - -<p><i>E. polycyphus</i>, Cope, loc. cit., 630; <i>P. polycyphus</i>, loc. cit., p. 463.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Hybemys</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871; p. 103; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., -p. 174.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>H. arenarius</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[ 143 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Baptemys</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 4; U. S. Survey, 1870, p. 367; -do., 1872, p. 367; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., 157. (Professor Cope refers -this genus to <i>Dermatemys Gray</i>).</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>B. wyomingensis</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Chisternon</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 162.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>C. undatum.</i> Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 341; <i>Baena undata</i>, Pr. Ac. Nat. -Sc., 1871, p. 228; U. S. Survey, 1871, p. 369; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 161.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Baena</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 228; U. S. Survey, 1870, p. 367; do., -1871, p. 368; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 161.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>B. arenosa</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.; <i>Baena affinis</i>, U. S. Survey, 1870, p. 367.</p> - -<p><i>B. hebraica</i>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 463; U. S. Survey, 1872, p. -621.</p> - -<p><i>B. ponderosa</i>, Cope. U. S. Survey, 1872, p. 624.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Anosteira</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 102, 114; U. S. Survey, 1871, p. -370; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 174.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>A. ornata</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>A. radulina</i>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 555; U. S. Survey, 1872, p. -650.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Trionyx.</span></p> - -<p><i>T. guttatus</i>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1869, p. 66; 1870, p. 5; 1871, p. 228; -U. S. Geol. Survey, 1870, p. 367; do., 1871. p. 370; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., -p. 176.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>T. uintaensis</i>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 267; Cont. to Ext. Vert. -Faun., p. 178.</p> - -<p><i>T. heteroglyptus</i>, Cope. U. S. Geol, Survey, 1872, p. 616.</p> - -<p><i>T. scutumantiquum</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 617.</p> - -<p><i>T. concentricus</i>, Cope, loc. cit.; Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 469.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Axestus</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Sc., 1872, p. 462; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. -615.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>A. byssinus</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 616.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Plastomenus</span>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs. 1872, p. 617.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>P. Thomasii</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 618; <i>Trionyx Thomasii</i>, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., -1872, p. 462.</p> - -<p><i>P. trionychoides</i>, Cope, loc. cit., 619; <i>Anostira trionychoides</i>, Pr. Am. Phil. -Soc., 1872, p. 461.</p> - -<p><i>P. multifoveatus</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 619.</p> - -<p><i>P. ædemius</i>, Cope, loc. cit.; <i>Anostira ædemius</i>, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. -461.</p> - -<p><i>P. molopinus</i>, Cope, loc. cit. p. 620; <i>Anostira molopinus</i>, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., -1872, p. 461.</p> -</div> - - - -<p class="caption3nb">AMPHIBIA.</p> - -<p class="tdc">Incertæ sedis, I, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 633.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[ 144 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption2nb gesperrt">PISCES</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="caption3nb">TELEOCEPHALI.</p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Clupea.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>C. humilis</i>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1856, p. 266; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1870, -p. 369; do., 1871, p. 372; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 195.</p> - -<p><i>C. alta</i>, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 196. (Cope refers these two -species to <i>Diplomystus</i> )</p> - -<p><i>C. pusilla</i>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1870, p. 382; U. S. Survey, 1870, p. -429.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Diplomystus</span>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey Bulletin, vol. iii., No, 4, p. 808.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>D. dentatus</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>D. analis</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 809.</p> - -<p><i>D. pectorosus</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 810.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Osteoglossum.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>O. encaustum</i>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1870, p. 430.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Dapedoglossus</span>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey; Bulletin, vol. iii., No. 4, p. 807.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>D. testis</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>D. æquipinnis</i>, Cope, loc. cit., vol. iv., No. 1, p. 77.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Erismatopterus</span>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1870, p. 427.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>E. Rickseckeri</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>E. levatus</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 428; <i>Cyprinodon levatus</i>, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., -1870, p. 382.</p> - -<p><i>E. Endlichi</i>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey Bulletin, vol. iii., No. 4, p. 811.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Amphiplaga</span>, Cope. U. S. Geol Survey Bull., vol. iii., No. 4, p. 812.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>A. brachyptera</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Asineops</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1870, p. 380; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1870, -p. 425.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>A. squamifrons</i>, Cope. Pr. Phil. Soc., p. 381; U. S. Survey, 1870, p. 426.</p> - -<p><i>A. vividensis</i>, Cope. U. S. Survey, 1870, p. 426.</p> - -<p><i>A. pauciradiatus</i>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull., vol. iii., No. 4, p. 813.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Mioplosus</span>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull., vol. iii., No. 4, p. 813.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>M. abbreviatus</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>M. labracoides</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 814.</p> - -<p><i>M. longus</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 815.</p> - -<p><i>M. Beanii</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 816.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Priscacara</span>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull., vol. iii., No. 4, p. 816.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>P. serrata</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>P. cypha</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 817.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[ 145 ]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>P. liops</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p 818.</p> - -<p><i>P. oxyprion</i>, Cope, loc. cit., vol. iv., No. i, p. 74.</p> - -<p><i>P. Pealeii</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 75.</p> - -<p><i>P. clivosa</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 76.</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">NEMATOGNATHI.</p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Pimelodus.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>P. antiquus</i>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 99; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., -p. 193.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Phareodon</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 99; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., -p. 193.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>P. acutus</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>P. sericeus</i>, Cope, U. S. Geo!. Survey, 1872, p. 638.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Rhineastes</span>, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 486; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, -p. 638.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>R. peltatus</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>R. Smithii</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>R. radulus</i>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 639.</p> - -<p><i>R. calvus</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 640.</p> - -<p><i>R. arcuatus</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 641.</p> -</div> - - - -<p class="caption3nb">CYCLOGANOIDEI.</p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Amia.</span> <i>A. (Protamia) uintaensis</i>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 98; Cont., -p. 185.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>A. (Protamia) media</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 108.</p> - -<p><i>A. (Protamia) gracilis</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>A. depressa</i>, Marsh. Pr. Ac Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 105.</p> - -<p><i>A. Newberriana</i>, Marsh, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Hypamia</span>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 98; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. -189.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>H. elegans</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Pappichthys</span>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 634.</p></div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>P. sclerops</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 635.</p> - -<p><i>P. plicatus</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>P. lævis</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 636.</p> - -<p><i>P. symphysis</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>P. Corsonii</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - - - -<p class="caption3nb">RHOMBOGANOIDEI.</p> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Lepidosteus</span>. <i>L. atrox</i>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 97; Cont. to Ext. -Vert. Faun., p. 189.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>L. simplex</i>, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 98; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun , -p. 191.</p> - -<p><i>L. notabilis</i>, Leidy, loc. cit.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[ 146 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>L. glaber</i>, Marsh. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 103.</p> - -<p><i>L. Whitneyi</i>, Marsh, loc. cit. (These species are all referred to <i>Clastes</i> by -Cope.)</p> -</div> - - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Clastes</span>, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 633.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><i>C. anax</i>, Cope, loc. cit.</p> - -<p><i>C. cyliferus</i>, Cope, loc. cit., p. 634.</p> -</div> - - -<hr class="full" /> - - - - -<div class="transnotes"> - -<p class="caption3">Transcriber's Note</p> - -<p>Minor typos corrected.Some tables moved to avoid splitting at page boundary.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - - - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PALÆONTOLOGICAL REPORT OF THE PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION OF 1877 ***</div> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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