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diff --git a/old/64451-0.txt b/old/64451-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8891cbd..0000000 --- a/old/64451-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6208 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Palæontological Report of the Princeton -Scientific Expedition of 1877, by Henry Fairfield Osborn - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Palæontological Report of the Princeton Scientific Expedition of - 1877 - -Author: Henry Fairfield Osborn - William Berryman Scott - Francis Speir, Jr. - -Release Date: February 02, 2021 [eBook #64451] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Tom Cosmas derived from files generously provided by the - Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain. - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PALÆONTOLOGICAL REPORT OF THE -PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION OF 1877 *** - - - - - - _CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF GEOLOGY AND ARCHEOLOGY - OF PRINCETON COLLEGE._ - - - - No. 1. - - - - Palæontological Report - - OF - - The Princeton Scientific Expedition - - OF 1877. - - - BY - - HENRY F. OSBORN, - WM. B. SCOTT, - FRANCIS SPEIR, Jr. - - - September 1, 1878. - - - New York: - - S. W. GREEN, PRINTER, Nos. 16 AND 18 JACOB STREET. - - 1878. - - -Palæontological Division. - - PROF. JOSEPH KARGÈ, - ROLLIN H. LYNDE, - HENRY F. OSBORN, - JOTHAM POTTER, - WM. B. SCOTT, - FRANCIS SPEIR, Jr. - - -_To the Honorable the President and Board of Trustees of the College -of New Jersey:_ - -_Gentlemen:_ - -_I have the honor to transmit herewith the Palæontological Report of -the College Scientific Expedition of 1877._ - -_The fossils collected by the Palæontological party, and deposited by -the chief of the expedition in the Geological Museum, consisted of -two sets, one numbering some two thousand specimens of fossil plants -and insects from the tertiary beds of Central Colorado, the other of -a considerable series of fossil vertebrates, mostly mammals, from the -tertiary beds of Wyoming Territory, around Fort Bridger. This last -collection has been studied and worked out with unabated zeal and -diligence by the three post-graduate members of the Palæontological -party, Messrs. H. Osborn, W. Scott, and F. Speir, who devoted most of -the time of their course to this special work, with what success this -Report will show._ - -_It will be a source of gratification to the generous friends of -the College, who furnished means for the Scientific Expedition of -1877, that it not only enriched our Museum to so great an extent, -but did more still by fostering in our College a thorough study of -Palæontology, which could not have been undertaken without such means -as these thus placed at the disposal of our students._ - -_The fossil insects and plants have been intrusted to the hands of -the best specialists for determination. Dr. S. Scudder, of Cambridge, -Mass., has kindly consented to revise the insects. Prof. G. L. -Lequereux the plants._ - - _Very Respectfully,_ - - _A. GUYOT,_ - - _Director of the E. M. Museum of Geology and Archæology._ - - - Princeton, June 1, 1878. - -Sir: We transmit herewith our report upon the Palæontological -collections made by the Princeton party in the summer of 1877. - -The following persons constituted the Palæontological division: -Rollin H. Lynde, Henry F. Osborn, Jotham Potter, Wm. B. Scott, -Francis Speir, Jr. The division remained in Colorado from the first -of July until the first of August, when, under the direction of -Professor Kargè, it left the main party, and passed the month of -August in Wyoming, returning in the first part of September. The -Colorado collections were mostly made in the (probable) Miocene -beds near Florissant, and in the beds near the Garden of the Gods, -variously referred to the _Dakota_ and _Wealden_ groups. In Wyoming, -with Fort Bridger as a base of explorations, the division was wholly -occupied in the Bridger series, camping successively on Smith's Fork, -Henry's Fork, and Dry Creek, and exploring the beds adjacent. - -It has been our endeavor, in confining our attention to the remains -of vertebrated animals collected during the trip, not merely to -catalogue the direct results, but, by the aid of fresh materials, to -supplement the work of others. For, of the descriptions and data of -the Bridger Eocene Fauna published up to the present time, we find -that even those which have been most accurately prepared are lacking -in important details; and that, owing to imperfect materials, large -gaps yet remain in our knowledge of genera and species named and -classed years ago. Although such supplementary work may appear, at -first sight, tedious and ill-directed, we are confident that in the -end it will prove of some value to science, and that it is therefore -well worthy of our effort. While our field work did not extend beyond -a region previously well explored, we obtained material by means of -which we are able to add a number of new fossils to the Eocene Fauna -of the Bridger group. - -In the preparation of this report we have experienced much difficulty -in assigning some of our specimens to their proper genera and -species. For, while we have desired to respect the classifications -made by others, we have in many cases found it impossible to do so, -owing to uncharacteristic definition, which, without doubt, has -been unavoidable. In all cases of uncertainty, we have adopted the -classification which appeared to be the best established. This, in -short, has proved the only available course. - -The drawings have been executed with much care as to accuracy of -proportion and outline. They are, with one exception, the work of -a member of the party; and they are inserted simply to illustrate -certain parts of the context, which would be unsatisfactory without -reference to figures of the kind. - -Now that the present work is ready for the press, we are very -sensible that it must contain errors which, while they have escaped -our notice, will be readily detected by eyes more experienced. These, -we trust, will be excused, when it is remembered that we are just -entering a field which others have explored for years; and opening a -work which Princeton, with her many other lines of study, has never -hitherto attempted. - -We lake this opportunity to return our most hearty thanks to General -Flint, to Judge and Dr. Carter, to Mr. Hamilton, and other officers -and residents at Fort Bridger, who, by their good will and liberal -assistance, contributed largely to our success. Our gratitude is also -due to Professors Leidy and Cope for their generous aid, both in the -way of advice and of material put in our hands for comparison. - -The following pages do not embrace descriptions of the entire -collections made by the Princeton party last summer. The valuable -specimens of fossil plants and insects have passed into other hands. - - Respectfully submitted, - - HENRY F. OSBORN, - WM. B. SCOTT, - FRANCIS SPEIR, Jr. - - Dr. Arnold Guyot, - _Director of the E. M. Museum_. - - - INTRODUCTORY NOTE - - UPON THE - - GEOLOGY OF THE BRIDGER BASIN. - -Fort Bridger is a government military post, situated on the high -southern plateau of western Wyoming Territory, in the midst of one of -the most interesting geological regions of the world. - -The country on all sides was once the bottom of a great eocene lake, -the water of which was probably slightly brackish. Whether this lake -district had direct communication with the ocean, is undetermined as -yet, but there is a possibility that it had.[1] - -[Footnote 1: Ichthyic fauna of the Green River shales, Hayden's -Surveys, vol. iii., No. 4, p. 819.] - -The tributaries of the Green River, which drain this plateau, render -the valleys along the edges of the streams green and wooded. Beyond -this fertile strip, wide, barren plains extend, covered by a dense -growth of short "sage brush" (Artemisia tridentata). - -From the fragmentary debris lying scattered over the surface of the -ground, it would seem as if the various streams formerly were of much -greater size and volume than they now are, and that long after the -eocene lakes had been drained-rivers of considerable size ploughed up -the lake bottoms, excavating an immense area. The formation known as -"Mauvaises Terres" rises abruptly from the valleys, and extends in a -series of plateaus, one above the other, on either side. - -The high land shows the effect of violent erosion in two forms; -first, the irregular and jagged cones that appear upon the sides of -the high benches; and, second, the isolated butte structure, rising -directly out of the plain. - -The bad lands of Cottonwood Creek, Henry's Fork, Dry Creek, etc., are -examples of the first, and Bridger Butte the best known example of -the second. - -Bridger Butte, six miles to the south-west of Fort Bridger, rises to -a height of over a hundred feet, and is about two miles long; its -sides slope steeply up, and its level top serves as a landmark that -can be seen miles away. - -The stratification throughout this whole formation is nearly -horizontal, and across the valley can be distinctly noted, owing to -the color and appearance of the various layers. - -No satisfactory explanation has been given of the causes which -occasioned the removal of the waters of these lakes, nor of the -agencies necessary to accomplish the great excavations that now -show the former bottoms of the basins. These and like points future -investigation will undoubtedly solve. - -It is certain that the level of the lakes varied at different times, -and also that great stretches of marshy land surrounded their borders. - -The first fact is proved by the characters of the different layers of -strata; the second by the fossil remains entombed. A careful study -of the formation of the beds of Cottonwood Creek, at a point about -fourteen miles south of Fort Bridger, yielded the following result, -which will serve as an example illustrative of the regular formation -in this section. - -Three distinct lines of bluffs are to be noticed, the first rising to -a height of one hundred and fifty feet; from these extends a plain, -gently sloping south-west to the foot of the second line of cliffs; -these seem high, owing to the downward slope of the plain, but they -really rise only fifty feet higher than the first. - -On the top of the second, but less broad than the first, extends a -level plain, with a slight dip to the south-east; at the end of this, -the third line rises two hundred feet above the top of the second -line of bluffs, making a total height, in the series, of four hundred -feet above the level of Smith's Fork. - -The strata throughout are nearly horizontal, and are of different -color and composition. - -Specimens of the rocks and clays from this section were gathered, -and submitted for analysis to Professor Cornwall, of the Scientific -School at Princeton, who has kindly furnished us with the following -notes: - - * * * * * - -No. 1, very friable, light greenish-gray sedimentary rocks, -consisting chiefly of crystalline grains of quartz, orthoclase, and -hornblende (this often in slender crystals), with a little dark -mica, and irregular fragments of a light-greenish, transparent, not -dichroitic mineral. The above are not perceptibly affected by hot -hydrochloric acid. The whole is loosely cemented with a calcareous -clay, containing considerable phosphoric acid. These rocks might -result from the disintegration of a neighboring hornblendic granite. - -The greatest mass of the strata is made up of this kind of rock, and -it is this which gives the peculiar color to the "Mauvaises Terres." - -Above this in places is found a second kind, which is a light gray -indurated clay, with a slight greenish tint. It contains much fine -crystalline quartz, with considerable carbonate of lime, and a little -phosphoric acid. - -It appears to be of similar origin with the first, but was deposited -in quieter waters. This mineralogical evidence is strengthened by the -fact that no remains of mammals were found in strata of this kind, -but only shells regularly deposited in layers one above another. - -The third kind is found in thin layers, overtopping the highest line -of buttes; it consists of very fine-grained dark-brown sandstones, -containing a considerable proportion of carbonate and phosphate of -lime. They are hard and tough, and are mechanically deposited, and no -fossils are found in them. - -In No. 2 the indurated clay is often found above a coarser sandstone -than No. 1, but of the same general appearance; with the exception -that it contains smooth, rounded pebbles, which were deposited either -on a beach or in running water. In this stratum the fossils found are -separate bones, often showing marks of having been broken before they -were silicified. This would prove that the lake level was changing -continually. - -Several skeletons of animals have been found in a standing position, -with their legs slightly stretched out. They were probably mired, -and, being unable to extricate themselves, died in an erect position. -This fact affords evidence that extensive swamps surrounded the -borders of the lake. - -The snow-water and the spring rains wear deep gulleys through the -lines of cliffs, and wash down fragments of bones into the dried-up -water-courses. These pieces can generally be traced up to the spot -from which they came, and the rest of the skeleton can so be secured. - -The fossils found in the eocene of Wyoming are entirely petrified, -presenting a darker appearance than their matrix; but loose bones -washed out, and subjected to the influence of the sun and rain, often -become bleached so as to resemble in color modern bones. - -The state of preservation of the fossils differs according to the -matrix in which they are found. Generally speaking, the remains found -in the lower lines of buttes have been considerably distorted by -pressure; while those from the highest line have suffered very little -from this cause. - - - - -MAMMALIA. - - -PRIMATES. - -TOMITHERIUM, Cope. - -Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs. 1872, p. 546. - -"Dental formula of the inferior series: I. 2, C. 2, Pm. 4, M. 3. -The last molar has an expanded heel. The third premolar consists -of a cone with posterior heel. Fourth premolar exhibits, besides -its principal cone, an interior lateral one and a large heel. The -true molars support two anterior tubercles, of which the inner is -represented by two distinct cusps in one or more of them, and the -external is crescentoid in section. The posterior part of the crown -is wide and concave, and bordered at its posterior angles by an -obsolete tubercle on the inner, and an elevated angle on the outer -side." (Palæontology, Wheeler's Survey, iv (pt. 2), p. 135.) - - -Tomitherium rostratum, Cope. - -Loc. cit., p. 548. - -This species exhibits considerable variation, both in size and -proportion of the teeth. We have two specimens of it, one of which -agrees exactly with the measurements given by Professor Cope, while -the other is stouter, and probably belonged to an old male. - -The incisors are too much broken for description. The canine has -a long, stout fang, which is subcircular in section; the crown -is compressed, and shows a distinct cutting edge posteriorly. -It is short, and tapers rapidly; in this respect differing from -_Notharctus_, Leidy, which has a long recurved canine. The first -and second premolars are inserted each by a single fang; the third -and fourth by two. The third premolar consists of a simple conical -crown with a small posterior heel; and the fourth has this heel -enlarged, with a small tubercle developed inside and slightly behind -the principal lobe. All the premolars have striated enamel, and very -feebly marked basal ridges. - -The true molars are considerably larger than the premolars; the third -is the longest of the series, and the second is the widest. They all -seem to be inserted by two fangs. The posterior fang of the last -molar is a flat quadrate, of the same size throughout, having a great -fore-and-aft diameter, and apparently no nerve cavity. The mandible -is strong but shallow, has a curved alveolus and lower margin, and -the teeth form a curve with convexity outwards. The symphysis is -short and oblique. - -This genus presents a close resemblance to the modern _Lemur_, -but at the same time shows several differences. We may give these -differences in systematic order: (1) Greater number of premolars, in -_Tomitherium_ = 4, in _Lemur_ = 2. It will be observed, however, that -the first and second premolars of _Tomitherium_ are very small and -single-rooted, and that their disappearance is a comparatively slight -change. (2) The canines are subcircular in section, not nearly so -much compressed. (3) Greater breadth of the molars in proportion to -their length. (4) Two internal cusps on the molar. (5) Much greater -size of the last molar. (6) Greater depth and thickness of the jaw. -(7) Greater curvature of alveolus and lower margin of ramus. (8) -Longer and more oblique symphysis. - -The third and fourth premolars of _Tomitherium_ correspond almost -exactly to the first and second of _Lemur_, but they are not quite so -high and sharp. The interior tubercle of the second premolar is not -so distinct in the latter genus. - -In the second specimen the cusps are all low, and the crests -prominent, giving the molars something of the appearance of -_Opisthotomus_. This difference is probably sexual. - -_Measurements._ - - ---------------------------------+---------+----------+-------- - | M. | M. | M. - |T. No. 1.|T. No. 2. | Lemur. - ---------------------------------+---------+----------+-------- - Length of entire molar series | ·038 | ···· | ·032 - Length of premolar series | ·017 | ···· | ·0125 - Length of true molar series | ·021 | ···· | ·0195 - Fore-and-aft diameter of canine | ·003 | ·005 | ·0065 - Length of last molar[2] | ·008 | ···· | ·005 - Width of last molar | ·004 | ···· | ·003 - Length of second molar | ·007 | ·007 | ·0072 - Width of second molar | ·005 | ·006 | ·005 - Length of last premolar | ·0055 | ···· | ·007 - Length of penultimate premolar | ·004 | ···· | ·005 - Depth of jaw at second molar | ·012 | ·012 | ·0095 - Thickness of jaw at second molar | ·0065 | ·009 | ·004 - ---------------------------------+---------+----------+-------- - -[Footnote 2: In measurements of teeth we use the word _length_ to -mean antero-posterior diameter, and _width_ to mean transverse -diameter.] - -Specimen No. 1 was found at Cottonwood Creek, and specimen No, 2 at -Henry's Fork, Wyoming. - - -HYOPSODUS, Leidy. - -Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 110. - -Lower teeth: I. 3, C. 1, Pm. 4, M. 3, in uninterrupted succession. -Last molar has cusps in opposing pairs; the antero-internal cusp on -all the molars is single; the last molar has a heel, and the last -premolar has an inner cusp. The true molar cusps are all high and -simple. - - -Hyopsodus paulus, Leidy. - -Loc. cit., p. 110. - -This is one of the most common fossils found in the Bridger Basin. -We have numerous specimens, chiefly from Henry's Fork, exhibiting -a large range of individual and sexual variation. As Dr. Leidy has -already pointed out, the strength and depth of the lower jaw is -extremely variable, increasing with the age of the animal; so that -the most worn teeth are associated with the deepest jaws. - -In addition to the jaws and teeth, (which have been very accurately -described), we have a portion of a pelvis and femur, which are -important as tending to confirm the reference of this genus to the -Lemurs. - -The _pelvis_ is represented by the acetabulum and a small portion -of ilium and ischium. They resemble the corresponding parts in the -skeleton of _Stenops gracilis_. The acetabulum is a long oval, not -subcircular, deep, and quite narrow from side to side. It appears -to be directed nearly straight outwards. The ilium is narrow, has a -concave gluteal surface, and a prominent acetabular border. The pubis -evidently projected forward, making a right angle with the ilium; -while the ischium is slender and nearly in the same plane with the -ilium. The femur is thoroughly lemurine in shape. The shaft, (as -much of it as is preserved), is straight and sub-cylindrical; it is -not flattened even distally, but becomes very thick and trihedral -in shape just above the trochlea. The trochlea is long, and rises -obliquely upon the shaft; the groove is deep, and the two divisions -are asymmetrical, the external somewhat the larger. The condyles are -large. They are but slightly convex in either direction and project -backwards, and are broadest posteriorly. The internal is the larger. -They are separated by a deep but not wide popliteal groove, which -does not extend into a popliteal fossa. The position and shape of the -condyles are such as show that the femur must have been very oblique -to the tibia, as in the other lemurs. The tuberosities, especially -the internal, are very large and prominent. The whole distal end has -an asymmetrical appearance, owing to the greater size of the internal -condyle. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Breadth of ilium at acetabulum ·0065 - Vertical diameter of acetabulum ·007 - Transverse diameter of acetabulum ·009 - Fore-and-aft diameter of shaft of femur above trochlea ·0065 - Transverse diameter of shaft above trochlea ·0065 - Width of trochlea ·004 - Length of trochlea ·0075 - Breadth over condyles ·010 - Breadth of inner condyles ·005 - - -OLIGOTOMUS, Cope. - -Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey of the Terrs., 1872, p. 607. - -"Molars constructed much as in _Hyopsodus_ and _Lophiotherium_, viz., -with two external subtrihedral cusps which wear into crescents, the -posterior connected by a low oblique ridge with the basis of the -anterior cone of the inner side; the latter with two conic cusps. It -differs from these genera and from _Orotherium_ in the possession of -two premolars; the inferior molars are probably six, leaving four -true molars." - - -Oligotomus cinctus, Cope. - -Loc. cit. - -Represented in our collection by the penultimate lower molar, and a -caudal vertebra, which has a remarkably long, slender, and simple -centrum, with rudimentary metapophyses. - - -OPISTHOTOMUS, Cope. - -Wheeler's Survey, Pal. v. iv., pt. 11, p. 152. - -"The inferior lower molars do not display a bifid or double anterior -cusp; and the crowns exhibit two anterior cones, and an inner cone -and outer crescent posteriorly. The posterior crescent is well -defined, and is continued on a narrow crest to the anterior inner -tubercle. The posterior molar presents the peculiarity of a series of -three cusps in one line, the median having another or lateral cusp -near it." - -This genus has hitherto been found only in the Wahsatch formation; -but we have discovered it to be represented in the Bridger series by -the species _O. astutus_, Cope. Our specimen consists of a part of -the ramus mandibuli containing a single molar tooth. - - - - -CARNIVORA - - -SINOPA, Leidy. - -A genus of small carnivorous animals, which Dr. Leidy regards as -intermediate between the recent _Canis_ and the extinct _Hyænodon_. -Owing to the fragmentary condition of the remains found, no -satisfactory generic definition has been given. - -From the portion in our collection, we are able to throw some further -light upon the genus, summing up the generic characteristics thus: -Small carnivores, which have the last upper premolar as sectorial -(thus differing from _Hyænodon_), the other premolars simple and -conical. - -The sectorial is shorter, antero-posteriorly, than the preceding -tooth; has a short blade of a single lobe, and a large cusp developed -from the posterior part; a cingulum surrounds the entire crown. The -_lower_ sectorial has the blade of a single lobe, and with a short -heel. - - -Sinopa rapax, Leidy. - -Proceedings of Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 115. - -In addition to the molars of the lower jaw, described by Dr. Leidy we -have what corresponds to the third and fourth premolars of the fox, -their dental formulas being probably the same. - -The third premolar is small and pointed; differing from the -corresponding tooth in the fox, (1) in its being less compressed, (2) -in its shorter antero-posterior diameter, (3) in the straighter and -more nearly equal margins, and in (4) the absence of a posterior heel. - -The tooth is inserted by two fangs, as in _Canis_ and _Hyænodon_. The -posterior shows a rudiment of a third, which is connate with its -entire length above the alveolus. There is an indistinct cingulum -around the entire crown. - -The fourth premolar has a very curious shape. The blade of this tooth -resembles the crown of the third, but is smaller. It is inserted by -three fangs, the disposition of which is opposite to that in _Canis_, -the internal, being on the same transverse line as the posterior -external, instead of the anterior, as in _Canis_. From the internal -fang arises a sharp cusp, which is nearly as large as the blade of -the tooth, the two are connate at base. The anterior face of the -crown is much worn, and there is a small anterior heel formed by the -basal ridge. The cingulum is complete all around. - -The _maxillary_ does not show the outward bulge at the third -premolar, which is so marked in the fox. The alveolus is straighter, -and the palatine plates are comparatively thicker and flatter. The -infraorbital foramen is oval, and not so much compressed as in the -fox, to which it corresponds very nearly in position, though situated -slightly forward as in _Hyænodon_. - -_Measurements._ - - _Upper Jaw._ M. - - Length of third premolar ·007 - Breadth of third premolar ·004 - Length of fourth premolar ·007 - Breadth of fourth premolar ·007 - - _Lower Molars_, from Dr. Leidy. - - Length of last premolar ·0075 - Length of first molar ·009 - -These exhibit nearly the same proportionate size as in the gray fox. - - _Genus_ ----. _Species_ ----. - -_Sacrum_ (Plate IX., Fig. 8).--This peculiar sacrum is composed -of only one true vertebra; there may have been one or more -pseudo-sacrals, but this is not certain. - -The centrum is very long, strongly depressed, and straight on the -inner margin, not curved as in the sacrum of most mammals. The -anterior articular face is much depressed, and is one third larger -than the posterior. The neural canal is low and subtriangular, -resembling very much that of _Canis_. The pleuropophysial plates for -articulation with the ilia are large and stout. The laminæ are heavy -and concave on their upper side, supporting a very long, stout spine, -which is retroverted and decidedly tuberous at the end. - -The pedicles are deeply notched behind; and on the fore part, just -inside the metapophyses, there is a deep fossa. - -The chief features of this sacrum are decidedly carnivorous; but to -what genus or family it should be referred we are unable to say. - -It has some of the characteristics of _Canis_, but the length -and retroversion of the spine, as well as the size of the -centrum, prevent this classification. In the general form of the -pleuropophysial plates it approximates to the _seals_; while in its -angle and curvature, it partakes of the character of the _Ursidæ_. - -The chief point of interest in this fossil centres in the fact that -it was found only a few feet from the brain cast that is described -below. - -_Measurements of Sacrum._ - - M. - Length of centrum ·031 - Long diameter of anterior articular face ·024 - Long diameter of posterior articular face ·017 - Width of neural canal ·019 - Height of neural canal ·011 - Length of neural spine ·036 - Extreme width of sacrum ·052 - - -MEGENCEPHALON. - -Megencephalon primævus. _Gen. et spec. nov._ - -In close proximity to the pelvis of the _Uintatherium Leidianum_, -in one of the upper beds we found an intracranial cast, separate -from the bone which had enclosed it, and in such preservation as to -warrant a partial determination, at least, of the type to which it -belonged. Wishing to obtain as full information as the nature of the -cast permitted, we put it in the hands of Dr. Spitzka, of New York, -who kindly undertook an examination, and sent us the following as the -result: - - "Sir: The specimen submitted to me is the intracranial cast of - some species of Placental Mammals. The cranium had been subject - to the influences of the atmosphere, etc., for a considerable - period preceding the formation of the cast, and therefore the cast - reflects the sutural dislocations which occurred in consequence. - The base of the brain cast it is not advisable to attempt to - expose, on account of the treacherous nature of the material. - The convolutions corresponding to the internal aspect of the _Os - temporale_ have not been clearly demarcated by the bone surface. - The two narrow eminences on it are casts of the grooves of the - middle meningeal arteries. The convolutions of the occipital - surface had been well marked, but somewhat obliterated through - denudation, etc. The important region bordering on each side of the - median fissure, and corresponding to the fronto-parietal suture, is - unfortunately as good as destroyed; and with this destruction the - key to the interpretation of the specimen is lost. However, this - much can be stated with absolute certainty, that the frontal region - is sufficiently well preserved to state that its convolutions do - not correspond to those of the brain of the tapir, rhinoceros, - hippopotamus, elephant, pig, horse, hyrax, manatus, or any ruminant - or cetacean. - - "They also differ in important particulars from those of the - _Canidæ_, differ less from those of the _Felidæ_, still less - from the _Ursidæ_, although corresponding to none of them. The - outline of the cerebral cast is found in two living animals--the - marine otter and the seal. But in the seal the gyri show the - transverse interrupting series of sulci, characteristic of extreme - brachycephaly; and it therefore cannot belong to any animal - corresponding to the seal. - - "The sea otter's convolutional details are unknown to me, and I - believe have not yet been studied. I therefore content myself with - stating that the outline of this cast corresponds to the outline of - the sea otter's cranium. - - "It would help us a great deal if we could decide the existence or - non-existence of a bony tentorium. The sutures of this cranium, as - far as I can reconstruct them, ran as in the diagram. - - "We may state definitely that this was not an ursine, feline, or - canine brain, nor the brain of any terrestrial viverrine. It is - an open question between an _aquatic carnivore_ and an _aquatic - pachyderm_; and although not placing my conclusion on an exact - basis, yet, in view of the general outline, the course of the - convolutions, and the course of the sutures, I incline to the - former view. - - "It certainly corresponds to no known brain of a living creature. - In one point I was inclined to suspect it to be a pachyderm, - namely, the decided asymmetry of some of the sulci, but this, by - itself, is not decisive." - - "Dr. Spitzka. - - "308 East 123d street." - -The interesting letter quoted in full above, contains as near a -determination of the character of the animal to which the brain -belonged, as the nature of the cast and the materials for comparison -would permit. In a later report, by means of more complete -comparative material, we hope to be able to reach a more satisfactory -conclusion. However, as Dr. Spitzka writes, the _general outline_, -the _course_ of the _convolutions_, and the _line_ of the _sutures_ -offer strong presumptive evidence that the cast belongs to one -of the _Aquatic carnivores_. Not far from the brain was found a -sacrum, which is described above as belonging to some carnivore, -though further determination was impossible. Whether there was any -connection between the two is difficult to state. The presence of -an aquatic carnivore in the Bridger eocene is new to science; but, -aside from this, the brain is of a much higher order than previous -discoveries would lead us to expect in such an early formation. - -Professor Marsh's researches have led him to form the opinion that -the eocene mammals had brains of a low character; but this specimen -shows that this is not true of all, if it is of most of them. The -convolutions are not only numerous and well marked, but they are -complicated, showing the transverse as well as the longitudinal -folds. To such an extent is this true that the brain will bear -comparison with the very highest modern carnivorous types. - -We hope to be able to give further notes upon this interesting -specimen at a later date. - - - - -PERISSODACTYLA. - - -ANCHITHERIUM. - -Von Meyer, Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, 1844, p. 298. - -Anchitherium ---- ? - -A small calcaneum and astragalus of equine type are provisionally -referred to this genus until further material enables us to determine -them with certainty. - -The _astragalus_ has narrow and very oblique condyles, which are -more equal in size than in _Orohippus_; the neck is very short, -the internal condyle reaching to the face for the navicular; the -posterior projection of this condyle is much shorter than in that -genus. The articular face for the navicular is quadrate in shape -and concave; the cuboid face is very narrow. The articulation with -the calcaneum is made by a narrow, convex face. When the two are -in position the navicular face of the astragalus is in the same -horizontal line as the cuboid face of the calcaneum, thus resembling -the arrangement of the horse's tarsus rather than that of _Orohippus_. - -The calcaneum is a short, slender bone, having the upper and lower -margins convergent toward the tuberosity, and not parallel as in -_Orohippus_. The tuberosity is especially small. The face for the -cuboid is very narrow. - -From the articular facets of these two bones we can see that the -tarsus resembled very much that of the modern horse, with a broad, -short navicular, and a narrow cuboid. The strata in which these -remains were found were somewhat higher than those containing the -bones of _Orohippus_. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Greatest length of astragalus 0·021 - Greatest breadth of ditto ·018 - Length of neck of ditto ·005 - Width between the condyles ·010 - Vertical diameter of face for navicular ·012 - Transverse diameter of ditto ·012 - Length of calcaneum ·046 - Width of face for cuboid ·006 - -From Henry's Fork. - - -OROHIPPUS, Marsh. - -Am. Jour. Sc. vol iv., p. 207, third series. - -_Generic Characteristics._--"The crowns of the upper true molars -are composed of a pair of external cusps similar to those of -anchitherium. There are two corresponding inner tubercles, from -which ridges extend obliquely to the anterior inner margin of the -outer cusps; but the anterior ridge is divided so as to form an -intermediate anterior tubercle. All the teeth preserved have a -distinct basal ridge." - -_Species Known._-- - - Orohippus pumilus, Marsh. - Orohippus major, Marsh. - Orohippus agilis, Marsh. - Orohippus gracilis, Marsh. - - -Orohippus pumilus? Marsh. - -Specimen obtained. Penultimate and third superior molars, with part -of zygoma. - -From Cottonwood Creek. - - -Orohippus major? Marsh. - -_Femur_ (Plate IX., Fig. 1).--The femur has a small, nearly -hemispherical head, developed on a long and slender neck; the head is -but slightly out of the axis of the shaft, and has a large pit for -ligamentous insertion. The shaft is long, simple, and curved slightly -forward. At the proximal end it is broad and flattened axially; below -this it becomes expanded fore-and-aft, but it thickens greatly at -the distal end, just above the condyles. The great trochanter is -large and retroverted, rising above the head, with two prominences -rising from it, one on top, the other back. The digital fossa is -wide and deep, penetrating far into the great trochanter. The second -trochanter is a small rounded ridge; the third trochanter is large -and prominent, curving slightly forward. The condyles are long and -narrow, projecting very far back, and are separated by a wide and -deep popliteal groove. From the external condyle a low ridge runs -obliquely, forming the upper border of the shallow popliteal space. -The trochleæ are long, very convex, deeply grooved, and symmetrical. - -_Measurements of Femur._ - - M. - Width between head and great trochanter ·019 - Width at third trochanter ·034 - Diameter of head ·019 - Width at condyles ·028 - Width of trochlea ·015 - Height of great trochanter ·015 - Diameter fore-and-aft of shaft at middle ·018 - -The _tibia_ (Plate IX., Fig. 3) is very long and heavy, with broad -proximal articular face, the inner borders of which are prolonged -upward and separated by a groove. - -The shaft at the tuberosity is subtriangular, with strongly concave -sides. The tuberosity is prominent, with a deep pit on its upper -surface for the insertion of the ligament of the patella. The shaft -below becomes sub-cylindrical, and decreases regularly in size -downward. Its curvature is forward. The distal articular face is -divided by a smooth ridge into two deep facets. The malleolus is long. - -The _fibula_ (Plate IX., Fig. 2) is distinct, straight, and very -slender. The distal end is but slightly expanded, and is strongly -marked by a vertical groove externally. The proximal end articulates -with the overhanging portion of the proximal face of the tibia. - -_Measurements of Tibia._ - -TIBIA. - - M. - Length ·178 - Width of proximal surfaces (transverse) ·032 - Width of proximal surfaces (antero-posterior) ·019 - Transverse diameter of shaft ·022 - Antero-posterior diameter of distal articulation ·018 - Transverse diameter of distal articulation ·018 - -_The _tarsus_._--The _astragalus_ (Plate IX., Fig. 5) has the -condyles asymmetrical and divided by a deep groove; the head is -narrow, with the neck elongate. The face for the cuboid is small, and -confined to the external border. - -The _calcaneum_ (Plate IX., Fig. 4) is long and compressed, with its -upper and lower margins straight and nearly parallel; its tuberosity -is large. The face for the cuboid is small. - -The _navicular_ (Plate IX., Fig. 6) is proportionately longer and -narrower than it is in the modern horse. The internal and middle -cuneiforms were probably separate. - -_Metatarsals_ (Plate IX., Fig. 7).--Three in number. Are very much -shorter proportionately than in the modern horse. In shape they -are compressed and arched forward. The distal ends are flattened -vertically, arched forward, and deeply grooved in the middle. - -The _phalanges_ (Plate IX., Fig. 7) are very short, rather stout, and -very smooth and convex above. - -The ungual phalanges are very thin and crescent shaped. - -_Measurements._ - - ASTRAGALUS. - - M. - Greatest width ·029 - Greatest length ·022 - Length of navicular facet ·017 - Width of navicular facet ·012 - Length of tibial trochleæ externally ·016 - - CALCANEUM. - - M. - Total length ·058 - Total width ·019 - Depth in front ·022 - Length of heel ·035 - Depth of heel ·018 - Length of cuboid facet ·014 - - NAVICULAR. - - M. - Width ·009 - Length ·010 - - PHALANGES. - - M. - Length of first phalanx ·022 - Width of first phalanx ·012 - Length of second phalanx ·013 - Width of second phalanx ·010 - Length of ungual phalanx ·005 - Width of ungual phalanx ·010 - - -PALÆOSYOPS, Leidy. - - Hayden's Geological Survey of Montana, 1871.--Proceedings - Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1871, p. - 118.--_Limnohyus._--Marsh, American Journal Science and Arts, - 1872, p. 124. - -_Generic characters._--The dentition is full, I. 3, C. 1, Pm. 4, M. -3; the same in lower jaw. The internal cones of the superior molars -isolated from the crescentoid crests. One inner tubercle on the -last three premolars. One internal cone on the last superior molar. -In lower jaw, true molars with four acute tubercles alternating in -pairs and connected by oblique crests. The last molar adds a fifth -posterior tubercle. The last premolar lacks the posterior inner -tubercle. The canines are in continuity with the incisors. - -A broad, triangular forehead. A wide zygoma. Long, projecting nasals. -Large temporal fossæ. High sagittal crest. Prominent and nearly -vertical occiput. - - -Palæosyops major, Leidy. - - Survey of Wyoming, 1871, p. 359.--_Limnohyus robustus._--Marsh, - American Journal Science and Arts, 1872, p. 124. - -_Specific characters._--Sagittal crest short and thick. Temporal -fossæ not very deep. Frontals diverge rapidly. Occipital condyles -wide and low; the same is true of the foramen magnum. Meatus -auditorius high and deep. Glenoid cavity shallow; no internal -process. As compared with _P. Paludosus_, post-glenoid process not -so much compressed. Occipital region comparatively higher and not -so concave. The occipital condyles are more prominent. The zygomas -are lighter. Head larger than _Paludosus_, perhaps not so large as -_Vallidens_. - -Description from (i) a head, complete, but distorted, with complete -dentition, upper and lower. (2) A head somewhat crushed, and lacking -some portions, with full set of upper molars and canines. (3) A great -number of fragmentary specimens of different parts of the body. - -_Dentition._--In the upper jaw the incisors are arranged in a -semi-circle as in _P. paludosus_; they have long fangs and short, -conical crowns, with a decided basal ridge, which is very strong in -the third. They increase from first to third, which is very large and -pointed. - -The canines have very large and long fangs (longer than the crowns). -The crowns are very stout and pointed, constituting formidable -weapons. In section they are nearly circular, with a distinct -hinder margin and a slight recurve. A rudimentary anterior margin -is sometimes present, and of the faces thus marked off, the inner -is much smaller and flatter. The general direction is forwards, -downwards, and slightly outwards. There is a diastema of about half -an inch between the incisors and canines. - -_Premolars._--The first is very small, about half an inch from the -canine, simple and conical, with an obscurely marked basal ridge, and -two heavy fangs. - -Further description of the upper dentition is unnecessary, owing to -the complete work of Dr. Leidy upon the subject. - -The _lower incisors_ are placed in a semi-circular row, and are -somewhat procumbent, though hardly as much so as in the tapir. They -are much as in _P. paludosus_, but are relatively smaller, and have -not such distinct basal ridges; features which indicate a departure -from the carnivorous type, and a nearer approach to the herbivorous -type. The lateral incisor, though the largest of the series, is not -so large nor so pointed as in _P. paludosus_. There is no diastema. - -The _canines_ are about equal in size to those of the upper jaw, -growing from stout fangs and permanent pulps. The margins of the -crowns are more decided, and are smooth, leaving a very narrow and -flat inner face. A feeble basal ridge. When the jaw was closed, the -lower canines passed inside and in front of the upper. - -The _first premolar_ stands immediately behind the canine, is longer -than that of the upper jaw, consisting of a single pointed lobe -implanted by one fang, slightly recurved with a flat inner and convex -outer face. Passing in front of the first upper premolar, it leaves -a considerable diastema between this and the second premolar. - -The _mandible_ approximates in form that of the tapir; the lower -border is less curved fore and aft, the alveolar border is slightly -concave antero-posteriorly. The molars converge in front, presenting -a very different arrangement from that in _Sus_. The ramus is heavy, -contracting in depth forward, and very slightly in section. Below the -alveolus, on the interior side, the ramus is greatly swollen for two -thirds of its depth, to accommodate the very long and strong molar -fangs. - -The rami converge to the second premolar, where they expand laterally -to the canine alveolus. The symphysis is shorter relatively than -in _P. paludosus_, and the chin is regularly rounded in front. The -mental foramen is below the second premolar. The dental foramen is -small, very high up, and far behind the molars. The alveolar border -ascends rapidly behind the last molar, expanding laterally into two -ridges. - -The coronoid is slender and recurved. The condyle is broad, flat -behind, inclines forward internally; there is scarcely any depression -between the condyle and the coronoid. The masseteric fossa is very -wide and deep. The angle of the ramus is broken, but evidently has no -such posterior extension as in _P. paludosus_. It thins out rapidly -behind. - -_Measurements._ - - --------------------------------------------------+---------+---------- - | P. pal. | P. major. - +---------+---------- - UPPER JAW. | M. | M. - Length of entire molar series | ·147 | ·170 - Length of three true molars | ·085 | ·102 - Length of three premolars | ·058 | ·068 - Diameter of last molar, transverse | ·039 | ·047 - Diameter of last molar, antero-posterior | ·036 | ·036 - Diameter of second molar, transverse | ·036 | ·040 - Diameter of second molar, antero-posterior | ·033 | ·036 - Length of incisor series | ···· | ·075 - Fore-and-aft diameter of canine at base | ·016 | ·021 - Length of crown of canine | ···· | ·033 - Diastema between canines and incisors | ···· | ·013 - Diastema between canines and molars | ···· | ·010 - --------------------------------------------------+---------+---------- - - ---------------------------------------------------+---------+---------- - | P. pal. | P. major. - +---------+---------- - LOWER JAW. | M. | M. - Incisor series | ···· | ·073 - Median incisor fang, length | ···· | ·034 - Median incisor crown, length | ···· | ·012 - Diameter of median incisor crown, transverse | ···· | ·009 - Diameter of lateral incisor crown, transverse | ···· | ·011 - Diameter of lateral incisor crown, antero-posterior| ···· | ·012 - Length of fang of canine | ·055 | ·052 - Extreme breadth of fang of canine | ·023 | ·024 - Crown of canine, length | ···· | ·034 - Crown of canine, fore-and-aft diameter at base | ·019 | ·021 - Diameter of first premolar, antero-posterior | ·015 | ·010 - Diameter of first premolar, transverse | ·009 | ·007 - Diastema between first and second premolars | ···· | ·014 - Length of entire molar series | ·164 | ·186 - Length of molar series, omitting first premolar | ·132 | ·163 - Diameter of last molar, antero-posterior | ·017 | ·050 - Diameter of last molar, transverse | ···· | ·027 - Depth of jaw below last molar | ·068 | ·075 - ---------------------------------------------------+---------+---------- - -Among other specimens obtained at the divide between Henry's Fork -and Cottonwood Creek, was a nearly complete but somewhat shattered -skeleton of a _Palæosyops major_, found contiguous to the head of -the same, parts of which are just described. Portions of these are -figured on a one fourth scale in Plate II. The description is from a -nearly perfect atlas and axis, several cervical, dorsal, and lumbar -vertebræ, more or less complete, and a portion of the sacrum and -pelvis, in addition to several bones of the limbs. - -The _atlas_ has a broad inferior arch, contracted antero-posteriorly, -and deeply notched for the prominent odontoid of the axis. The heavy -superior arch, inclosing a large and depressed neural canal, is -capped by a low tuberosity. It slopes into a flat, and very broad -transverse process, which thickens backwards, and is perforated by -the vertebraterial canal. Forwards the transverse process is notched -for the exit of the first spinal nerve. The anterior or condylar -faces are continuous, deeply concave from above downwards; and -slightly so from side to side; while the posterior faces are oval, -nearly flat, and directed backwards and inwards. - -The _axis_ is proportionately small, with a long opisthocœlous -centrum, depressed, and produced forwards into a stout conical -odontoid process, and marked below by a strong hypapophysial keel, -which, developed on the latter half, thickens backwards. The wide -and thin pedicles inclose a high neural canal, support the posterior -zygapophyses and a prominent and peculiar neural spine. The latter -is flattened, broad, and recurved posteriorly, thinning rapidly -forwards into a prow-shaped recurved edge. The transverse processes -arising from the latter half of the centrum are undersized and widely -perforated at base. The anterior faces are very broad, directed -outwards, and slightly rounded from above downwards; they expand as -they diverge (see Fig. 2). The post-zygapophyses are small convex -faces, projecting at the base of the neural spine. - -The _remaining cervicals_, five in number, are short, all carinate, -except the seventh, and opisthocœlous; with the faces expanding -only slightly beyond the body of the centrum. A peculiar feature -is a small pit upon the convex anterior face, indicating either -a ligamentous attachment with the antecedent vertebra, or a -remnant of the notochord. This is a feature we have not noticed -elsewhere. A long and heavy transverse process supports a large and -widely-perforated inferior lamella. The pedicles are quite wide at -base, inclosing a large neural canal. The entire upper part of the -arch is unfortunately wanting. - -The dorsal centra are smaller than the cervical, slightly -opisthocœlous, and carinate. They are sub-cylindrical anteriorly, -with decided costal surfaces before and behind; approaching the -lumbar region they become subtriangular. A high neural arch -supports a stout, but never very high neural spine; this projects -backwards, keeled in front, expanding and deeply grooved behind. The -zygapophyses are small and nearly vertical. There is a short and -thick transverse process. - -The _lumbar_ vertebræ are long, decidedly opisthocœlous, becoming -wider and more depressed as they approach the sacrum. The first -_sacral_ vertebra presents the same characteristics as the last -lumbar, only the body of the centrum is slightly shorter. It has -a very broad pleuropophysial plate. The remaining sacral vertebræ -are broad, and very greatly depressed, rapidly decreasing in size. -The transverse processes are slender. The very low neural spines -anchylose into a long ridge. The number cannot be ascertained, owing -to the fragmentary state of the sacrum. The caudals indicate a tail -of not very great length; as the neural canal is small and persists -in only a few of the anterior vertebræ. - - _Measurements of Vertebræ._ _Pal, major._ - - M. - Atlas, width, including transverse processes ·195 - Atlas, length of inferior arch ·082 - Atlas, height, including superior and inferior arches ·078 - Axis, width, anterior articular faces ·110 - Axis, length, excluding odontoid process ·058 - Axis, height of neural spine ·096 - Axis, length of odontoid process ·025 - Seventh cervical, length of centrum ·037 - Seventh cervical, width of posterior face ·043 - Dorsals, anterior region, length ·038 - Dorsals, anterior region, width, articular face ·034 - Lumbar, width of posterior face ·058 - Lumbar, length of centrum ·056 - First sacral, width of anterior face ·059 - -The ribs, of which great quantities of fragments remain, were slender -and not of very great width. - -The _femur_, which is figured in Plate I., has a small head, -supported by a short neck. The shaft, very broad below the head, -supports the third trochanter one third of the way down; below which -it takes a cylindrical form, and expands slightly above the trochlea. -The two condyles, separated by a wide and deep popliteal groove, are -nearly subequal in size--the internal somewhat the larger, while -the trochlea is long, narrow, and symmetrical. The great trochanter -rises slightly above the head, and overhangs a long and quite deep -digital fossa. The second trochanter is small. The popliteal space is -slightly concave. - -_Tibia._--The proximal end of the tibia is very large, with massive -rugosities for muscular attachment. The two proximal faces are -subequal, slightly convex, and separated by a prominent spine, which -is grooved at the top. The shaft is long, straight, and compressed -antero-posteriorly; the anterior ridge on upper third is very high, -and expands into the tuberosity, which is enormous; while on the -posterior face is a deep fossa just below the head. The distal end of -the shaft is remarkably small, with two concave faces--the internal -the smallest--with a low oblique ridge dividing them. There is a -prominent malleolus. - -The fibula (which is a distinct bone) has a small proximal end, and -expands slightly below, with a large external malleolus. - -_Measurements of Limbs._ - - M. - Femur, total length .420 - Femur, transverse diameter at distal end ·098 - Tibia, length ·310 - Tibia, transverse diameter, proximal articular face ·090 - Tibia, transverse diameter, distal articular face ·077 - -The _pelvis_ is described from the right and left ilia, which -are broken as they expand towards the crest; the acetabulum is -fragmentary, but all the parts remain. The ischium and pubis are only -represented by fragments. As figured in Plate V., the acetabulum -is restored from a somewhat smaller specimen. The most striking -feature of the _ilium_ is the long and somewhat constricted neck. The -acetabular border is long and curved forward, thinning gradually as -it approaches the crest; and marked on the iliac surface, near the -acetabulum, by a slight rugosity for the rectus muscle. - -The ischial border, while less arched, is probably longer; and the -sacral surface, distinctly defined, indicates that the rounded upper -border of the ilium rarely reached above the sacral spines. There -is a deep groove between the ischial and pubic borders, the latter -disappearing about half way up the iliac surface. The gluteal surface -near the acetabulum is much depressed; above it expands into a broad, -flat, thin plate. - -The _ischium_ has a stout neck and thick expansion below; the upper -border is very heavy. From what remains of the _ischium_ and _pubis_ -we can infer a large elliptical obturator foramen, a short pubic -symphysis, a narrow and rather slight pubis, with a small nearly -cylindrical neck. The acetabulum is deep, with a thick well-raised -border, and a large, oblong, and very deep pit for the ligamentum -teres. - -_Measurements of Pelvis._ - - M. - Ilium, transverse diameter above acetabulum ·062 - Ilium, long diameter (estimated) ·232 - Acetabulum, greatest diameter ·050 - Ischium, transverse diameter below acetabulum ·041 - Pubis, diameter at obturator foramen ·035 - -The _tarsus_ is arranged in the usual Perissodactyle order. The -_calcaneum_ is stout, of good length, tuberous, but not expanding -much at the extremity; presenting two faces for the astragalus, of -which the internal is the largest, and a large distal face for the -cuboid. The _astragalus_ is wide, with less asymmetry in the two -articular facets than is common. It articulates with both the cuboid -and navicular. - -_Measurements of Tarsus._ - - M. - Astragalus, total width, tibial facets ·048 - Astragalus, total length ·056 - Astragalus, length, navicular facet ·046 - Astragalus, width, navicular facet ·035 - Calcaneum, total length ·120 - Calcaneum, total breadth ·057 - Calcaneum, length of tuber calcis ·050 - -All the above were found at Henry's Fork Divide. In another locality, -in connection with a fine head of _P. major_, was found the lower -half of a _humerus_. - -The _shaft_ is cylindrical and twisted, expanding widely at the -distal end. Of the two condyles the external is the largest; and, -to quote from Dr. Leidy, "a deep supra-condylar fossa occupies the -front of the humerus, opposed by a deeper and more capacious anconeal -fossa." The greatest breadth between the supracondyloid eminences is -·091 m. - - -Palæosyops paludosus, Leidy. - - Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun, _P. lævidens_ Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey of - Terrs, 1872, p. 591. - -_Specific characters._--Second superior molar has but one outer -tubercle. The cones are low as compared with _P. major_. The cingula -are much less developed. The angle of the lower ramus is much longer. -The zygoma is massive and wide. An internal process on the glenoid -cavity. Temporal fossæ very deep. Crest of occiput nearly in same -vertical line as occipital condyles. - -The full details of _P. paludosus_, which follow, may seem somewhat -unnecessary, to one familiar with the comprehensive work of Dr. -Leidy upon the subject. Care has been taken not to retrace any of -his steps; and the descriptions given below are of those parts of -the animal which he did not possess at the time of writing. They -include (1) a cranium perfect posterior to the orbits; (2) a right -_ramus_ mandibuli, with full dentition, except the first premolar; -(3) portions of the fore-limbs, scapula, and pelvis, pes and manus, -and many fragments of other parts. - -Among the first discoveries on Cottonwood Creek, in a stratum of -fine green sand, was a head of _P. paludosus_, complete posteriorly, -and broken off just behind the orbit. A rear view of this has been -admirably figured in Plate I. - -_General appearance._--The base of the cranium is of great width; -the occiput is high, inclined very slightly backwards, and deeply -concave from side to side. The forehead is triangular and narrow. -The temporal fossa is of immense size and depth, leaving a small -intracranial cavity. The zygomas are heavy, and arching widely -outwards give this part of the head a strong resemblance to the -_Felidæ_. - -_Description in detail._--The narrow but prominent _basioccipital_ -segment is broadest posteriorly and tapers forwards; divided by a -median ridge, which expands anteriorly into a large tuberosity; a -feature also characteristic of the tapir. About half an inch in -advance of the condyles are the condylar foramina. The _condyles_ -are formed of the exoccipitals, which are low and of great lateral -expansion. Their junction with the mastoids is marked by a large -foramen. The _par-occipitals_ are short and styliform. The -_supra-occipital_ region is very large, high, and deeply concave -from side to side, much wider than in the tapir, with a marked -interparietal suture. The _condyles_ are wide, but not very deep, -approaching each other very closely below. The _basisphenoids_ are -long and narrow, tapering forwards. The _alisphenoids_ are mutilated, -but indicate large vertical ridges joining the parietals, and heavy -pterygoid processes, perforated at the base by the alisphenoid canal. -They are again perforated by the foramen ovale three fourths of an -inch behind this. This completes the base of the skull. - -The _parietals_ are very large, they form nearly the whole of the -temporal fossil; which, deep and wide, enclosing a small cranial -cavity, contrast strongly with the long and shallow temporal fossæ -of the tapir. The parietal crest is very broad, and grooved at the -top. This high crest and deep adjacent temporal fossæ we at first -mistook as pointing to an exclusively carnivorous type. The forehead -has a triangular appearance, from the divergence of the two side -ridges of the sagittal crest. The _postorbital_ processes are very -large, but do not reach the opposing processes of the _malar_. The -orbit is thus left incomplete posteriorly, while in form it greatly -resembles that of the _Sus_. The _squamosal_ encroaches considerably -upon the temporal; and sends outwards and downwards a great zygomatic -process, which arches outwards from the skull as in the _Felidæ_, -and is more powerful than in any living carnivore (Leidy.) A strong -downward direction is especially characteristic, the whole describing -a sigmoid curve. The _mastoids_ are of great size vertically, and -transversely they are confluent with the par-occipitals. A low, thick -process on the internal side of the glenoid cavity prevents lateral -motion. - -The _nasals_ are long, broad, and thick, convex from side to side, -narrowing slightly anteriorly. They are straight, as in _Sus_, which -they resemble more than they do either tapir or rhinoceros. The -anterior borders are rounded, and do not reach as far forward as -the symphysis of the premaxillary. The _malar_ is broad and thick, -probably forming but little of the face, being directed downwards -and backwards to meet the zygoma. The postorbital process is short, -and rather larger than Dr. Leidy has indicated. The _maxillaries_, -smaller proportionately than in _Sus_, form posteriorly the floor of -the orbit; while the infraorbital foramen is situated over the last -premolar. The premaxillaries fail to reach the nasals. - -_Comparative Measurements of Head._ - - ----------------------------------------+----------+---------+------- - | P. | P. | - |paludosus.| major. | Tapir. - ----------------------------------------+----------+---------+------- - | M. | M. | M. - Height of occiput | ·122 | ·148 | ·120 - Breadth of occiput at post tympanic | | | - processes | ·160 | ·166 | ·110 - Breadth of cranium at ends of | | | - post-glenoid processes | ·172 | ·210 | ·126 - Transverse diameter of occipital foramen| ·031 | ·049 | ·040 - Vertical diameter of occipital foramen | ·027 | ·033 | ·027 - Depth of occipital condyles | ·033 | ·039 | ·029 - Breadth of occipital condyles | ·040 | ·049 | ·041 - Breadth at occipital condyles together | ·082 | ·100 | ·082 - Width of basioccipital at anterior | | | - condyloid foramina | ·038 | ·039 | ·028 - Width of basioccipital at junction with | | | - basisphenoid | ·025 | ·032 | ·020 - Width of crest dividing the temporal | | | - fossæ posteriorly | ·011 | ·020 | ·011 - Breadth of cranium outside of zygomata | ·262 | ·280 | ·180 - Depth of zygoma | ·046 | ···· | ·036 - ----------------------------------------+----------+---------+------- - - -_Lower jaw_ of _P. paludosus_ described from another specimen. - -The peculiar feature of this jaw is its remarkable extension back of -the molar series (a feature which has not been noticed heretofore), -the distance from the last tooth to the angle being greater than the -length of the entire molar series. From beneath the last molar, the -lower margin curves gently up to the symphysis. The alveolar border -is but slightly curved. Behind the last molar the lower margin forms -a sigmoid curve, much more decided than in _P. major_ (first upwards -and then downwards), and the ramus thins out rapidly to the angle, -where it has a slightly raised border; at the diastema the ramus -curves outwards so as to throw the canines out of the line of the -molars. The symphysis is long. - -_Dentition._--The incisors, three in number, from length and shape -indicate a semi-circular arrangement, as in most Perissodactyles. -They increase from first to third. The crown of the first resembles -very much that of the ruminants, but has a straight posterior -basal ridge. Its forward edge is worn so as to expose a small tract -of dentine. The second is larger, but very much like the first in -conformation; while the third has an acute conical crown with a -strong basal ridge. - -Of the _premolars_ the first is wanting in this specimen. The second -is bilobed, the anterior lobe much the larger. It has a small -accessory tubercle on its anterior slope. The outer face is rounded, -the inner nearly flat. The posterior lobe is very small and obtuse, -and with the inner face slightly grooved. In third and fourth the -valley between the lobes and the groove on their faces enlarge; while -the anterior lobe becomes relatively smaller. - -_Measurements of Lower Jaw._ - - M. - Diastema between canine and first premolar ·024 - Length of entire molar series ·143 - Distance between last molar and extremity of angle ·147 - Depth of jaw at last molar ·070 - -Among the first discoveries on Cottonwood Creek, in connection with -the lower jaw of _P. paludosus_ just described, were an ulna and -radius, and part of the manus and scapula of the same. These have -been figured, together with other fragments belonging to the same -species, in Plate III., and form an interesting complement to the -nearly complete hind limb of _P. major_ previously described. - -The _scapula_ has a shallow oval glenoid cavity, which is concave -longitudinally. Separated from it by a narrow notch is a strongly -recurved coracoid, placed on the inner side of the bone. Above the -coracoid the border is thin, and arches inwards and then forwards; -while the glenoid border is much straighter, rising from a slight -tuberosity. The spine rises gradually from the glenoid, and does not -bear any indication of an acromion. - -The _humerus_ is represented by proximal and distal extremities. The -latter presents the same characters on a smaller scale as in _P. -major_. Upon the proximal end there is a deep bicipital groove. The -greater tuberosity has a hooked anterior projection, and runs back -into a ridge behind. (See Fig 7, Plate III.) - -The proximal end of the _ulna_ (of median breadth anteriorly) narrows -into a prominent ridge behind. This gives a trihedral character to -the shaft. This is persistent, but is less marked as the fore-and-aft -diameter decreases. The remaining features of note are a high -tuberous olecranon expanding behind; a shallow sigmoid, divided by a -deep fossa into two long divergent articular faces; a trihedral shaft -tapering slightly, but distinct from the radius; a narrow distal -extremity, with a small irregular face for the cuneiform. - -The _radius_ has a rather short shaft, curved forwards, expanding -below, and placed immediately in front of the ulna. A strong ridge -runs from the external tuberosity up the posterior face of the shaft, -disappearing two inches from the top. The proximal end, fitting -against the ulna by two small faces, forms the greater part of the -elbow-joint, a strong median ridge dividing the proximal face into -two subequal surfaces with well-raised borders. The distal end of -the shaft is rugose, and more prominent than the proximal. It has an -oblong transverse face, which is slightly concave fore and aft. The -position of the radius, immediately in front of the ulna, and its -manner of articulation, remove any possibility of rotation, a feature -in strong contrast with what we should expect from the character of -the head. - -_Measurements of Ulna and Radius._ - - M. - Ulna, length, excluding olecranon ·224 - Ulna, length of olecranon ·080 - Ulna, transverse diameter, proximal surfaces ·041 - Ulna, diameter of shaft at median line ·038 - Ulna, fore-and-aft diameter, distal face ·025 - Ulna, transverse diameter, distal face ·017 - Radius, proximal face, transverse ·048 - Radius, proximal lace, fore-and-aft ·030 - Radius, median diameter, shaft ·019 - Radius, median diameter distal face, transverse ·043 - Radius, median diameter distal face, fore-and-aft ·016 - -The _manus_ is described from the third and fourth metatarsals, with -three phalanges. The metatarsals are short, with a wide, stout shaft, -flat in front and slightly arched forwards behind. The proximal ends -unite and form a continuous articular face, concave from side to -side; while upon the exposed sides are smooth facets, indicating the -presence of two additional toes of less size. (See Plate III.) The -convex distal faces are marked behind by a slight groove. - -The _phalanges_ are very short and broad, the lower facets marked by -a shallow median groove. The ungual phalanx is wide and short, with a -crescentic outline. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Third metatarsal, total length ·090 - Third metatarsal, transverse diameter, proximal face ·017 - Third metatarsal, transverse diameter, distal end ·019 - Second phalanx, length ·024 - Third phalanx ·014 - Total estimated length of manus (6 inches) ·155 - - -Palæosyops vallidens, Cope. - - Proceedings Am. Phil. Society, 1872, p. 487; Hayden's Survey, 1872, - p. 572. - -_Specific characters._--Founded on details of dental structure. -Superior size. In the upper molars two strong transverse ridges -connect the inner tubercle with the outer crescents, inclosing a pit -between them. In the premolars the outer crescents fuse almost into -a single ridge. These united crescents are relatively narrower. The -inner molars are also narrower, and the posterior tubercle of the -last is an elevated cone. - -Fragment of a lower jaw containing the two posterior molars. The -measurements of the teeth are identical with those given by Professor -Cope. The depth of the ramus below the last molar is three and one -third inches, and it is slightly heavier below than in _P. major_. - -_Restoration of Palæosyops._--The elevation of _Palæosyops major_, -which is taken as a type, was approximately the same as that of -_Palæotherium magnum_ as restored by Cuvier. - -The nearly complete ilium, femur, tibia, and tarsus of _P. major_ -in our possession, enable us to make the following estimate of the -elevation of the hind quarters. - - INCHES. - - _Pelvis_, height of ilium above acetabulum 9 - _Femur_ and _tibia_ by actual measurement, allowing for - bend at the knee 26 - _Tarsus_, from astragalus, and cuboid 3 - _Metatarsus_ and _phalanges_ (estimated from manus of - _P. paludosus_) 8 - -- - 46 - -It is probable that the fore-shoulders were of the same height. From -the atlas, axis, and from other cervicals, several dorso-lumbar -vertebræ, and part of the sacrum, a rude estimate places the length -of the animal at sixty-seven inches, or nearly six feet, including -the head, and excluding the tail. - -In general features it strongly resembled the tapir, with stout -body, slender tail, and very short neck, compensated by a proboscis -of considerable length. In comparing the heads of the ancient and -modern representatives of this class of Perissodactyles, the points -of contrast are the wide stout zygomas, the deep temporal fossæ, the -protruding nasals, and the narrow gaps in the dental series of the -older type. - -There are also strong points of resemblance in the structure of the -_Palæosyops_ and _Palæothere_. Some of the cranial homologues have -been detailed by Dr. Leidy. The femur of the Palæothere is shorter, -the tibia longer; they are both much stouter. The tarsus of the -_Palæosyops_ is narrower, while the remainder of the Pes is very -similar. The pelvis, and particularly the ilium and acetabulum of -_Palæosyops_, is more palæotheroid than tapiroid. The similarity of -the fore-shoulder in the two types is also striking. The neck of the -_Palæosyops_ was probably shorter. - -In the descending series of _Palæotheres_ terminating in the -diminutive _P. minus_, and characteristic of the upper eocene of -France, we have an interesting counterpart in the large family of -_Palæosyops_, of equal diversity of size and characteristic of our -lower eocene, and it is hoped that future discoveries will render a -complete discussion of this interesting coincidence possible. - - -LIMNOHYUS, Leidy. - - Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences, Phil., 1872, p. 242; - _Palæosyops_; Marsh, American Journal Sci. and Arts, 1872, p. - 122; Hayden's Survey, 1872, p. 592, Cope. - -_Generic characters._--Resembles _Palæosyops_ in general features. -Distinction founded on the possession of two conic tubercles, of the -inner series, on the last superior molar instead of one. - - -Limnohyus laticeps, Marsh. - -_Palæosyops Laticeps._ Am. Journ. of Sc. v. iv. p. 122. - -_Specific characters._--"Cranium is broad. The zygomatic arches much -expanded. The nasals are narrow and elongated, and more like the -corresponding bones in Hyrax than those in the larger pachyderms." - -Fragments of the upper molar and premolar series. The species is -determined by measurements given by Dr. Leidy of the second upper -molar. - - -LEUROCEPHALUS, _Gen. Nov._ - -Established on a specimen having a nearly complete dentition, and -portions of the cranium. - -Dental Formula: (I. 3/3, C. 1/1, Pm. 4/4, M. 3/3,) × 2 = 44. - -Upper incisors acute, with strong posterior ridges, lower incisors -compressed and laniariform, canines compressed, with serrated -cutting edges; first upper premolar with rudimentary anterior lobe, -last upper molar with rudimentary postero-internal cusp. Molars -constructed as in _Palæosyops_, but higher, with sharper cones and -more erect external lobes. Internal median valley very much deeper. -Little or no depression at the forehead; zygomatic arch round, -comparatively straight and does not project outwards, and with -obscure postorbital process. Premaxillaries short and straight. -Mandible with nearly straight lower margin, and shallow masseteric -fossa; mental foramen single. - - -Leurocephalus cultridens, _Sp. Nov._ - -This species was considerably larger than _Palæosyops major_, with -which it shows affinities, as also with _Titanotherium Proutii_. See -Plate IV. - -The _Frontal_ is narrow and flat, or slightly arched. It sends out a -strong curved postorbital process, which projects outwards, but not -so much outwards as in _Palæosyops_. The sagittal crest runs back -from the postorbital in a low rounded ridge, rising but little as -it recedes. The superciliary ridge is distinct, and is pierced by -two small venous foramina. The shape of the entire bone is much as -we find it in the dog, except that it does not arch so much. One of -the most marked differences between this genus and _Palæosyops_ is -here shown. In the latter the forehead rises abruptly from behind -the orbit, while in the former there is only a slight rise for -some distance behind the orbit. As the bone is broken here, it is -impossible to state whether there is any rise at all. Probably not, -however. Below the postorbital process, on the lateral aspect of -the bone, there is a low ridge which separates the orbit from the -temporal fossa. The under surface of the frontal is smooth. - -The _Nasal_, of which but a small portion is preserved, is flat on -top, but bends downward at the angle. - -The _Maxillary_ is long and stout, over the last and penultimate -molars it broadens to form the floor of the orbit, which is of -unusual size. Between the canine and the malar the maxillary arches -inwards, forming a perceptible concavity, at this point it reaches -its greatest vertical height, as it rises to join the nasal. The -alveolar border is curved in two directions, one with the convexity -outwards, and the other downwards. It exhibits no emargination in the -diastema between the canines and molars. The palatine plate is long, -thick, and narrow; it is flat fore-and-aft, but concave transversely, -owing to the elevation of the alveolus; the suture also is raised -slightly. In thickness it varies; being thickest between the canine -and the second premolar, and beyond this becoming thinner. Its -forward termination seems to be obtuse, running for a short distance -along the premaxillaries. The infraorbital foramen is large, situated -over the fourth premolar, lower down, and nearer to the malar than in -_Palæosyops_. - -The _Premaxillary_ is rather short and stout; it is slightly -compressed, and ends in a sharp keel on top. Although not so thick -as in _Palæosyops_, it is much larger vertically. The inner surface -is ridged; it has no palatine process, and no spine, so that the -incisive foramen is large and undivided. There was no symphysis -between the two premaxillaries, they do not show even any articular -faces for each other, so that they may not have been in contact -during life. The animal was adult, but not old. The incisive alveolus -is short and straight, and is but little out of the line of the -molars. There is a very long diastema between the incisors and the -canine, and here the premaxillary is deeply notched to allow the -passage of the lower canine. - -The _Malar_ is very different in shape and size from the same bone in -_Palæosyops_. Its facial extent is greater, as it articulates with -the maxillary as far forward as the first molar. It is not so broad -from above downwards, but is considerably thicker; the articulation -with the squamosal is by flat surfaces. The postorbital process is -small and indistinct. The orbit is of great size; its breadth, shown -by the maxillary floor is unusual, but its fore-and-aft diameter is -extreme, being nearly twice as great as in a large _Palæosyops major_. - -The _Squamosal_ is a short, slender, and trihedral bone; it is not -at all like the squamosal of _Palæosyops_. It is smaller even than -that of _P. paludosus_; its outer margin is not turned up, making the -upper surface concave; it does not project much outward, and scarcely -at all downwards, as this is rendered unnecessary by the flatness of -the forehead. The chief difference, in the size of this bone, between -this genus and _Palæosyops_ is found in the much greater vertical and -lateral diameter of the latter; in length they are about equal. The -glenoid cavity is large, shallow, and transverse. - -As a whole, the zygomatic arch is comparatively slender; it is -rounded, and does not project much laterally from the side of the -head; but its chief peculiarity consists in the fact that it is -nearly horizontal. It is thus altogether different from the arch of -_Palæosyops_. - -The _Occipital Condyles_ are different from those of that genus. -They are flatter, shorter from above downwards, and proportionately -much smaller; but are expanded laterally in much the same manner. At -the border of the foramen magnum they are gently rounded instead of -having a sharp angle. These borders are segments of circles, but as -the condyles are broken from the rest of the occiput, we cannot infer -from this the shape of the foramen. - -The _Mandible_ is long, stout, but comparatively shallow. It is -of nearly uniform thickness throughout, and does not exhibit the -thickening of the alveolus and thinning, of the lower margin, which -is shown in _Palæosyops_, especially in _P. major_; and the downward -and inward arching of the alveolar border is not marked to the same -extent as in that species. The lower border is nearly straight, -and has but one slight emargination just behind the symphysis. The -ascending portion of the ramus rises near the last molar quite -abruptly, and makes an angle of nearly 90° with the horizontal -portion. The masseteric fossa is shallow and obscure, and the -anterior bounding ridge is almost obsolete. This part of the jaw is -very different from any of the species of _Palæosyops_. The symphysis -is quite long, and extends back as far as the second premolar; the -chin is probably rounded. The dental foramen is situated high up in -the ascending portion of the ramus; the mental foramen is placed -below the second premolar; it is large and single. - -_Cranial Measurements._ - - M. - Breadth of frontal at postorbital process ·045 - Breadth of frontal in front of postorbital ·030 - Breadth of nasal just in front of orbit ·032 - Length from angle of nares to end of premaxillary ·1235 - Length of premaxillary ·056 - Length of maxillary ·230 - Breadth of palatine process at canine ·026 - Breadth of palatine process at second premolar ·029 - Vertical height of maxillary at angle of nares ·064 - Breadth of maxillary across floor of orbit ·058 - Fore-and-aft diameter of orbit ·054 - Length of malar along maxillary ·094 - Vertical diameter of malar behind maxillary ·029 - Transverse diameter of malar behind maxillary ·033 - Fore-and-aft diameter of glenoid cavity (about) ·029 - Vertical diameter of squamosal at end of malar - articulation ·032 - Transverse diameter of squamosal at end of malar - articulation ·0325 - Length of ramus mandibuli from symphysis to - ascending portion ·177 - Depth of jaw at last molar ·068 - Depth of jaw at second premolar ·061 - - -DENTITION. - -Upper Jaw.--The incisors, three in number, are placed close together -in a nearly straight line, which does not make so great an angle with -the line of molars as in _Palæosyops_. They increase regularly in -size from the first to the third, which is very large. They all have -stout rounded fangs, and sharp pyramidal crowns, with strong basal -ridges separated from the acute blades by deep clefts. Between the -incisors and the canine there is a long diastema. - -The _canine_ is of great size; it has a swollen fang, and a long -recurved crown which is much compressed, and has sharp serrated -cutting-edges. The external face is the more convex, the internal has -a well-marked basal ridge, and both are longitudinally striated. The -canine is separated from the premolars by a short diastema. - -_Premolars._--The first premolar stands by itself, separated by a -short interval from the second. It is implanted by two fangs, and -has a compressed crown with sharp cutting-edges. It is nearly twice -the size of the corresponding tooth in _Palæosyops_, which is simple -and conical. In the specimen under description there is, besides the -principal lobe of the tooth, a rudimentary anterior lobe which gives -the crown an elongate shape. The basal ridge is shown on the inner -side only. The second premolar has a crown which is oval in section. -The external part consists of two sharp-pointed cusps, separated by -a valley, but confluent at base; while the internal division is a -low ridge (not a pointed cone as in _Palæosyops_) with a tubercle -developed behind it. The basal ridge is marked all around, and sends -up a buttress along the antero-external lobe; as is also the case -in the third and fourth premolars. These are enlarged copies of the -second; but have the internal lobe elevated into a sharp cone, and -showing a much stronger basal ridge and deeper median valley. These -teeth differ in several respects from the premolars of _Palæosyops_. -The crowns are higher and the lobes sharper; the basal ridge is more -distinct, and is not interrupted at the internal cusp; the external -ascending buttress is stronger; and there is no fold between the -external lobes of the fourth. - -The molars are constructed in a manner which resembles that of _P. -paludosus_ rather than of _P. major_, but its resemblance to the -form shown in _Titanotherium_ is stronger than to either. They have -broad, square crowns, which increase progressively in size from first -to last. There is a convexity running up the median line of the -external lobes, and the two posterior lobes are connected together -at their bases. The first molar does not exhibit such a decided -increase in size over the last premolar as is seen in _Palæosyops_; -the two external lobes are more erect and sharper than in any form -of that genus. The cingulum is complete even across the internal -cones, and the median valley is very deep, as in _Titanotherium_. -There is a conspicuous fold at the junction of the external lobes, -and a minute tubercle between the two anterior lobes; this tubercle -is present only in the first molar, and not throughout the series, -as in _Palæosyops_. The second molar in general form is like the -first; but is larger, has a deeper median valley, more conspicuous -external folds, and a stronger basal ridge. There is also some change -in the proportions of the crown; the first measuring the same in both -directions, while the second is wider than it is long. The last molar -has but one internal cone; the second is represented by a tubercle; -which however is a true rudimentary lobe and not a development of the -basal ridge. In this tooth, the external fold is very large and the -median valley very deep. - -Lower Jaw.--The lower molars and premolars are very much like those -of _Palæosyops_, but are longer, narrower, and higher. The incisors -are not at all like _Palæosyops_, but are compressed and laniariform, -with acute crowns and sharp cutting-edges. The canine is not present -in our specimen; but that it was large, is shown by the long diastema -between the upper canine and incisors. - -_Premolars._--The first is small, simple, and implanted by a single -fang close to the canine. The diastema between it and the second -premolar is about one half of that in _P. major_. The second premolar -is the most peculiar tooth in the lower series; as it carries the -development of the anterior lobe at the expense of the posterior -lobe, to a still greater extent than in _Palæosyops_., forming a -crown like the blade of the carnivorous sectorial. The third lobe of -the last molar is no longer a simple cone, but a functional lobe, -with two crests running from it, which bound a median valley. - -_Teeth Measurements._ - - UPPER JAW. M. - Length of entire dental series ·275 - Length of incisor series ·375 - Length of diastema between canine and incisors ·018 - Fore-and-aft diameter of canine ·019 - Transverse diameter of canine ·015 - Length of diastema between canine and premolars ·0145 - Length of premolar series ·083 - Length of first premolar ·016 - Width of first premolar ·009 - Length of second premolar ·021 - Width of second premolar ·017 - Length of third premolar ·022 - Width of third premolar ·022 - Length of fourth premolar ·024 - Width of fourth premolar ·027 - Length of true molar series ·106 - Length of first molar ·031 - Width of first molar ·031 - Length of second molar ·037 - Width of second molar ·040 - Length of third molar ·038 - Width of third molar ·041 - - LOWER JAW. M. - Length of entire molar series ·202 - Length of premolar series ·081 - Length of true molar series ·121 - Length of second premolar ·024 - Width of second premolar ·0125 - Length of third premolar ·022 - Width of third premolar ·014 - Length of fourth premolar ·0235 - Width of fourth premolar ·0155 - Length of first molar ·030 - Width of first molar ·017 - Length of second molar ·038 - Width of second molar ·021 - Length of third molar ·053 - Width of third molar ·024 - -Found at Henry's Fork Divide. - -This may eventually prove to be a species of _Telmatherium_, (Marsh); -but the description given by him of that genus is so brief and -uncharacteristic that it might apply to any of the allied genera. -Indeed, Dr. Leidy has regarded it as a synonym of _Palæosyops_. - - -HYRACHYUS, Leidy. - -Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 229, _et seq_. - -A genus of tapiroid mammals, which is thus defined: "_Lower Jaw:_ -Third molar with two crests; four premolars, third and fourth with -one transverse and one longitudinal crest. _Upper Jaw:_ Seven molars, -first without interior heel; premolars with two transverse crests." -(Cope.) - - -_Synopsis of Species._ - - I. Long diastema between lower canines and molars. - A. Lower jaw with six molars _H. nanus_. - B. Lower jaw with seven molars. - _a a._ Upper molars with complete cingulum. - Enamel wrinkled. - _a._ The last molar with two external lobes on nearly - the same transverse line _H. intermedius_. - _b._ Last molar with the external lobes on the same - longitudinal line _H. modestus_. - _b b._ Upper molars with cingulum incomplete - externally. - _a._ With anterior conical buttress larger than - anterior lobe. - α. Buttress separate, and no fold from - anterior lobe _H. princeps_. - β. Buttress united, and quite large fold - from anterior lobe _H. imperialis_. - - _b._ With anterior conical buttress smaller than - anterior lobe. - α. Tooth large _H. eximius_. - β. Tooth smaller _H. agrarius_. - - _c c._ Cingulum only on outer side of first molar, - buttress separated by a ridge from anterior - lobe, fold from this lobe very prominent. - _H. implicatus_. - - II. Short diastema between lower canines and molars. - - A. Descending ridge from antero-external point of lower - molar extends entirely across the crown of the - tooth anteriorly _H. crassidens_. - - -Hyrachyus imperialis, _sp. nov._ - -Established on the second and third molars of each upper jaw, and -three premolars, and one lower molar, portions of the skull and -vertebræ. - -This species is, with the exception of _H. princeps_, (Marsh), the -largest species of the genus as yet known. It differs from _H. -princeps_ in the greater proportionate length of the molars, in their -larger size, compared with the bulk of the animal, and in the less -separation of the anterior external conical buttress. The third molar -is the largest; the fold extending from the antero-external lobe -into the valley is very conspicuous. The basal ridge (which is very -strongly marked on the posterior edge), is very feebly indicated on -the exterior. The transverse crests are more oblique in the second -than in the third, but in the latter the valley is deeper and the -crests slightly longer. The anterior conical buttress is of great -size, being larger than the anterior lobe. The premolars have, -as usual, one internal cone; the anterior and posterior external -lobes approach close together, while the accessory fold from the -anterior lobe becomes very prominent, reaching the internal cone and -enclosing a valley between itself and the transverse crest. The basal -ridge does not extend around the inner part of the crown as in _H. -agrarius_. - -The only lower molar we have, seems to be a penultimate molar of -the right side. The basal ridge is large anteriorly, very short -posteriorly, but does not appear at all upon the sides, as in _H. -agrarius_. - -The remaining bones of the skeleton indicate a rather small animal, -the teeth are therefore proportionately very large. - -The occipital condyles are small and sessile; they are much extended -laterally, and the external angles are pointed. In other respects -they resemble the condyles of _Palæosyops_. The zygomatic arch is -slender and does not curve outward strongly. We cannot tell how far -the malar encroaches upon the face. After leaving the maxillary it -becomes much compressed; it has no postorbital process. The maxillary -is of unusual breadth, extends far backwards, and it forms the floor -of the large orbit. The mandible is slender and compressed, with a -large dental canal. - -The atlas is small, and has narrow transverse processes, which -are perforated by a large vertebraterial canal. The dorsals have -considerably depressed centra, and the ribs are slender. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Length of last molar ·025 - Breadth of last molar ·030 - Length of second molar ·024 - Width of second molar ·0305 - Length of last (?) premolar .018 - Width of last premolar ·0245 - Length of second lower molar ·025 - Width of second lower molar ·018 - -From Henry's Fork Divide. - - -Hyrachyus intermedius, _Sp. nov._ - -Established on the upper true molar series of the right side. - -This species is intermediate in size between _H. agrarius_ and -_H. modestus_. As in the latter species; the basal ridge extends -around the entire crown of the tooth, with a small interruption on -the antero-external lobe. It is more pronounced, in front and less -behind than in _H. imperialis_. The anterior conical buttress is -not nearly so well developed as in _H. imperialis_; the valleys -are wide, and the descending fold from the antero-external lobe is -obscure, scarcely marked at all in the first. The transverse crests -are strongly arched forwards, and the anterior is very much the -longer. The peculiar feature of the species is the position of the -postero-externa, lobe, which is pushed to the posterior aspect of the -tooth; this is carried so far in the last molar that the two external -lobes stand on nearly the same transverse line. The antero-external -lobe is much the highest point in the tooth, and its the first molar -is remarkably sharp. The enamel is considerably wrinkled, but not -nearly so much as in _H. modestus_. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Length of first molar ·012 - Breadth of first molar ·0155 - Length of second molar ·015 - Breadth of second molar ·017 - Length of third molar ·0145 - Breadth of third molar ·017 - -From Cottonwood Creek. - - -Hyrachyus nanus, Leidy. - -Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, 20. - -Henry's Fork. - - -Hyrachyus agrarius, Leidy. - -Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, 229. - -Henry's Fork. - - -Hyrachyus eximius, Leidy. - -Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, 229. - -Cottonwood Creek. - - -Hyrachyus crassidens, _sp. nov._ - -Established on the left and a portion of the right ramus mandibuli, -containing the first molar. - -The jaw presents some differences from the form common in Hyrachyus. -The alveolus is more curved, especially near the ascending portion -of the ramus; the jaw is narrower, and is especially contracted near -the incisive alveolus. The lower margin of the ramus is but slightly -curved. The ramus itself thickens regularly from before backwards, -and is thickest at the last molar; beyond which it becomes thinner -again. The depth of the jaw is comparatively small, and the teeth -have a forward inclination; the mental foramina are not so large as -in other species of _Hyrachyus_, and are four in number. - -The incisors are small, arranged in a semi-circle, and have very -much compressed fangs, with somewhat procumbent crowns; the canines -are small, and form a continuous series with the incisors. There -is a diastema between the canine and first premolar; but one which -is shorter than in known species of the genus, and which does not -indicate the usual curve of the upper border of the ramus. - -The molar series, (so far as can be judged from their broken -condition), are much the same as in other species; except, perhaps, -in the greater relative size of the posterior lobes, and in the more -complete closing of the median valley by the junction of the two -lobes externally. The ridge which curves downwards and inwards from -the external point of the anterior lobe is unusually well developed, -and curves across the entire crown. The cingulum is feebly shown; it -appears on the anterior and posterior ends of the tooth (first molar) -and for a very short distance on the outside of the tooth opposite -the median valley; there is no trace of it on the inner side. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Length of entire molar series (about) ·080 - Length of premolar series ·033 - Length of true molar series (about) ·047 - Fore-and-aft diameter of fang of canine ·008 - Distance between canine alveoli ·009 - Length of diastema ·115 - Length of the first molar ·015 - Breadth of the first molar ·010 - Depth of ramus below last molar ·0245 - Depth of ramus below last premolar ·0215 - Greatest thickness of ramus ·017 - Length of symphysis (about) ·030 - -Found at Henry's Fork. - - -Hyrachyus -------- ? - -There are three premolars of the upper jaw which we cannot refer -to any known species; but they are too imperfect to justify the -formation of a new species for their reception. - -What appears to be a first premolar is inserted by a single broad -fang; it is too much worn to show the characteristic enamel folding, -and is peculiarly broad and short. The second premolar shows the -usual foldings of _Hyrachyus_; save that a distinct valley enters -the tooth from the posterior edge, running forward to the transverse -crest, and inclosed by the curving backwards of the internal cone. -The crown is nearly square; the basal ridge is scarcely marked at all. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Length of first premolar ·011 - Breadth of first premolar ·016 - Length of second premolar ·012 - Breadth of second premolar ·014 - - -HELALETES, Marsh. - -Am. Journ. Sc. and Arts, 1872, p. 218. - -Additional material enables us to give further characteristics -of this genus, which may be thus defined: Mammals, allied to -_Lophiodon_, having a third lobe to the last lower molar, short -symphysis, and with the teeth of the lower jaw forming a continuous -series. Astragalus has narrow, oblique condyles. - - ? - ? 1 - 1 4 - 4 3 - 3 - Dental formula: I. -----, C. -----, Pm. -----, M. -----. - 3 - 3 1 - 1 4 - 4 3 - 3 - -Synopsis of Species. - - A. Teeth small; a small tubercle on the outer margin, - between the cusps of last upper molar _H. boöps_. - - B. Teeth much larger and proportionately broader; no - tubercle on last upper molar _H. latidens_. - - -Helaletes latidens, _sp. nov._ - -_Lower Jaw._--The ramus is stout, and resembles in general form -that of _Hyrachyus_, but the alveolar border is straighter than -in that genus; the ascending portion forms a right angle with the -horizontal portion, and the masseteric fossa is deep. The symphysis -is comparatively short, and there is complete bony union between -the rami, which do not diverge so much as in _Hyrachyus_. As in -that genus, there are several small mental foramina beneath the -premolar series. The dental series forms a nearly continuous line, -the only diastema being a very short one between the first and -second premolars. The _incisors_ have compressed fangs, and are -arranged in a slight curve. The canine is small and subcircular at -base. The _premolars_ also are small; they somewhat resemble those -of _Hyrachyus_ in shape, but are smaller, and have the posterior -lobe not so well developed. The first is implanted by a single -fang, the others by two. The _molars_ (except the last) consist of -two pyramidal lobes, which form transverse cutting-crests, as in -_Tapirus_ and _Hyrachyus_. The basal ridge is shown on the anterior -and internal sides only. Externally the lobes meet at their bases, -inclosing the valley on that side. The last molar is by far the -longest of the series, and consists of three lobes, of which the -anterior is the largest, and the posterior the smallest. The basal -ridge at the anterior part of the tooth is very strongly marked. - -_Upper Jaw._--The molars increase in size from first to last with -considerable regularity. The premolars are small, and, as in -_Hyrachyus_, have one single internal cone, which is joined by -transverse ridges from the two outer cusps; the anterior accessory -tubercle is well developed. The first molar is considerably larger -than the last premolar; it is much worn, and does not show anything -more than that there are two internal cones. The anterior conical -buttress is very largely developed throughout the true molar -series. The second and third molars resemble almost precisely the -corresponding teeth of _Hyrachyus_. Their shape, however, is more -nearly square than is usual in that genus. - -_Measurements._ - - UPPER JAW. - M. - Length of true molar series ·036 - Length of last molar ·0135 - Width of last molar ·015 - Length of second molar ·012 - Breadth of second molar ·015 - Length of first molar ·0105 - Breadth of first molar ·012 - Length of last premolar ·009 - Breadth of last premolar ·011 - Length of third premolar ·008 - Breadth of third premolar ·009 - - LOWER JAW. - Length of true molar series ·042 - Length of last molar ·018 - Breadth of last molar ·009 - Length of second molar ·013 - Breadth of second molar ·008 - Length of first molar ·012 - Breadth of first molar ·008 - Length of third premolar ·008 - Breadth of third premolar ·005 - Diameter of canine at base ·006 - Length of symphysis (about) ·027 - -Found at Henry's Fork. - - - - -ARTIODACTYLA. - - -GENERA INCERTÆ SEDIS. - -ITHYGRAMMODON, _gen. nov._ - -Our fragments of this fossil show an animal about the size of the -llama, and approximating more closely to the _Tylopoda_ than to any -living forms. - -The genus is established upon the two premaxillary bones, containing -the incisors, parts of the maxillaries, the canine and the first -premolar; besides fragmentary portions of the palatine plates. As -the peculiar features of these remains render them unique, we are -warranted in establishing the genus _Ithygrammodon_. - - -_Generic characteristics._ - -The premaxillaries are long, narrow, and very straight, bent slightly -in on their own axis as in _Camelidæ_, but expanded laterally at the -end of symphysis as in _Pecora_. The upward processes are sharply -defined, with a wide, rounded upper border. - -The upper incisors are six in number, and _are placed nearly in a -straight line fore-and-aft_, separated from each other and from the -canine by small and subequal diastemas. - -The _incisors_ are nearly equal in size, cylindrical in shape, are -placed vertically in their alveoli, and are slightly recurved. - -The spine of the premaxillaries is long and thin, giving very long -anterior palatine foramina, as in _Ruminantia_. The premaxillaries, -in position, are close together, showing a very narrow muzzle. - -The maxillaries have two well-developed canines, with long, laterally -compressed fangs, recurved and becoming circular in section at the -crowns. The diastema between the canine and the first premolar is -proportionate to that in _Procamelus_. - - -Ithygrammodon cameloides, _sp. nov._ - -_Specific characteristics._ - -The _premaxillaries_ (See Plate X., Figs. 1-4) are long, with a wide, -strongly upward curving process; from the premaxillary symphysis to -the third incisor, they increase in thickness; then narrow slightly -to the maxillary symphysis. The upper margin of the process is smooth -and narrow, curving very gradually upwards; while the lower margin -runs more abruptly up, giving to it a strongly pointed curvature. - -The outer surfaces are smooth and slightly convex; the inner are -marked by a wide deep canal running from just behind the premaxillary -symphysis into the maxilla. - -The great size of this groove may perhaps be a generic -characteristic; as it is much larger than in _Protolabis_ (Plate X., -Fig. 6), the modern camels, or any of the other ungulates, recent or -fossil, that have come under our notice. - -The premaxillaries do not co-ossify, as the spines are smooth on -their inner side. Just outside the spines, and in front of the -deep groove, the bones are marked by numerous small pits for the -attachment of the muscles of the upper lip. - -The portion of the maxilla in which the first premolar is situated, -shows that the maxillaries swell considerably on their alveolar -border; for the canine then narrow gradually for the first premolar -diastema; then swell for its reception, and become very thin in the -diastema between the first and second premolars. - -_The Teeth._--I. 3/?, C. 1/?, Pm. (1+)/?, M. ?/?. - -The incisors have quite deep fangs, are cylindrical in shape, -vertical in position, and have no basal ridge. - -The crown of the first is worn perfectly smooth, flat across the -top, unlike the wearing exhibited in any modern form that has come -under our notice. The others have their crowns broken, but indicate a -nearly subequal series, with the last slightly the largest. - -The canines have long, recurved compressed fangs, with rather short -crowns, which are circular in section. They are much larger than in -_Procamelus_ or _Protolabis_ of Pliocene, or the modern camels. (See -X., Figs. 3, 5, 6, 7.) - -The first premolar is the only one of the molar series preserved; its -crown is chipped considerably, but nevertheless shows that it had one -fang and no basal ridge. It resembles the incisors in form, but is -slightly narrower and longer. - -The genus _Ithygrammodon_ has been placed for the present under -the _genera incertæ sedis_; but its chief features point to an -unmistakable affinity with the ruminants. It is probable that -_Ithygrammodon_ was the representative and the ancestor, in the -eocene age, of that type of ungulates of which the camel and llama -are the modern forms. - -The line of descent of the camels was first indicated in the -Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, 1875, p. 262; then in the -Bulletin No. I, 1874, p. 25, of the U.S. Geological Surveys of -the Territories, (Government Report of Explorations of 1873, pp. -498-500); and lastly in U. S. Geographical Surveys of Territories, -vol. iv., pp. 341-44. - -In the above writings, Professor Cope traces the development of the -modern camels from the miocene genus _Poëbrotherium_, Leidy, showing -the modifications found in _Procamelus_, Leidy, and _Protolabis_, -Cope, of the succeeding age. - -From the last work (Wheeler's Survey, vol. iv., p. 342), we will -quote at length: - -"The evolution of the existing types of Camelidæ is a good -illustration of the operation of the laws of acceleration and -retardation. In evidence of this we may follow the growth of the foot -and dentition of the most specialized, and therefore the terminal -genus of the series, the American _Auchenia_ ----. It is well known -since the time of Goodsir, that the embryos of ruminants exhibit -a series of superior incisor teeth which disappear early. It is -probable, but not certain, that in the miocene genus _Poëbrotherium_, -as in various contemporary selenodont artiodactyla, the superior -incisors persisted. I have, however, discovered that these teeth -persisted in the Loup-Fork genus _Protolabis_ during adult life. -I have found that one (the second) of these teeth in _Procamelus -occidentalis_ persisted, without being protruded from the alveolus, -until nearly adult age. - -"In genera (_e.g._, the bunodont artiodactyla) where the incisors -are normally developed, they appear at about the same time with the -other teeth, and continue to develop to functional completeness. -This development is retarded in _Protolabis_, since they are not so -matured as to remain fixed throughout life in their alveoli. - -"In _Procamelus_, the retardation is still greater, since the first -incisor reaches very small dimensions, and is, with its alveolus, -early removed; while the second incisor only grows large enough, -and for a sufficient time, to occupy a shallow alveolus, without -extending beyond it. In the first incisor the process of retardation -has reached its necessary termination, _i.e._, atrophy or extinction; -while in the existing _Camelidæ_ the second incisor also has -disappeared the same way. In ruminants other than _Camelidæ_, the -third or external incisor has undergone the same process, while in -the _Bovidæ_ the canines also have been retarded in development, down -to atrophy." - -Professor Cope continuing the discussion of the teeth of these types, -generalizes: "From these and many analogous cases, the general -law may be deduced that _identical modifications of structure, -constituting evolution of types, have supervenea on distinct lines of -descent?_" - -This summary of Professor Cope's conclusions has been necessary to -show clearly in this series the probable place of the eocene genus. - -From the shape of the premaxillaries and maxillaries, and the -form and position of the teeth the camelline affinities have been -indicated. Future research must be relied on to throw light upon the -structure of the limbs and the axial skeleton; as it is from these -that the conclusive proof must be deduced that _Ithygrammodon_ is the -ancestor of the camels, and that _Poëbrotherium_ is the second link -in the chain, instead of the progenitor. - -_Measurements of Ithygrammodon cameloides with Protolabis._ - - --------------------------------------------+----------------+----------- - |Ithygrammodon c.|Protolabis. - +----------------+----------- - Length of alveolar border of premaxillaries | ·035 | ·049 - Greatest height of premaxillaries | ·017 | ·022 - Greatest width of premaxillaries at last | | - incisor | ·013 | ·01155 - Thickness of premaxillary process | ·010 | ·017 - Length of diastema between first and second | | - incisors | ·0035 | - Length of diastema between second and third | | - incisors | ·003 | - Length of diastema between third incisors | | - and canine | ·004 | - | | - _Teeth._ | | - | | - Fore-and-aft diameter of first incisor | ·007 | - Fore-and-aft diameter of second incisor | ·0075 | - Fore-and-aft diameter of third incisor | ·008 | ·011 - Fore-and-aft diameter of canine | ·012 | ·012 - Fore-and-aft diameter of first premolar | ·011 | ·011 - Transverse diameter of first incisor | ·007 | - Transverse diameter of second incisor | ·0073 | - Transverse diameter of third incisor | ·0085 | - Transverse diameter of canine | ·0113 | ·009 - Transverse diameter of first premolar | ·005 | ·007 - --------------------------------------------+----------------+----------- - - - - -AMBLYPODA. - - -(Cope. Wheeler's Survey, vol. iv., pp. 178 _et ss_.) - -"Mammalia, with small cerebral hemispheres which leave the olfactory -lobes and cerebellum exposed. The feet short and plantigrade, with -numerous (in the known genera, five) digits, terminating in flat, -hoof-bearing, ungual phalanges. The seven bones of the carpus -distinct, the unciform articulating with both lunar and cuneiform. -The astragalus flat, without trochlear surface, and attached to the -tibia with very little freedom of movement; its distal extremity -divided into two facets, one for the navicular, and the other more or -less for the cuboid. Molars inserted with enamel, with wide crowns -and transverse crests. A post-glenoid process." - -This order falls naturally into two sub-orders: - - "I. A third trochanter on the femur, and a fossa for the - round ligament: no alisphenoid canal; superior incisors - present _Pantodonta._ - - "II. No third trochanter, nor fossa for the round ligament; - an alisphenoid canal; no superior incisors. _Dinocerata._" - -This sub-order, Dinocerata, includes at present three distinct -genera, _Uintatherium_, Leidy, _Dinoceras_, Marsh, and -_Loxolophodon_, Cope (also probably _Megacerops_, Leidy). These three -genera, in addition to the characters above given, are marked by the -possession of two or more osseous projections from the upper surface -of the head; and of these the posterior pair, developed from the -parietals, are the largest. - -Synopsis of genera of - - -DINOCERATA. - - A. Cervical vertebra? long; median horn-like processes anterior - to the orbit; nasal tuberosities do not overhang - the nasal tips. - - (_a_) Last molar, with or without a tubercle, occupying - the entrance of the valley between the lobes, - and but one on posterior basal ridge. Temporal - fossæ not continued beyond the base of the - parietal processes. Occipital condyles projecting. - _Uintatherium._ - - (_b_) Last molar never has a tubercle at entrance of - valley, and has two on posterior basal ridge. - Temporal fossæ continued very far back; condyles - sessile. _Dinoceras._ - - B. Cervical vertebræ short; median horn-like processes - directly over the orbit; nasal tuberosities overhang the - entire tips. _Loxolophodon._ - -Synopsis of species of - - -UINTATHERIUM. - - A. With a tubercle occupying the entrance of the valley - between the lobes of the last upper molar. _U. robustum._ - - B. No tubercle at the entrance of the valley. - - (_a_) Nasals divided by a deep groove; slender zygomatic - arch; dorsal vertebræ compressed. _U. Leidianum._ - - (_b_) No nasal groove; stout zygomatic arch; dorsal - vertebræ sub-cylindrical _U. princeps._ - - -UINTATHERIUM. - - Leidy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 169.--Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun. - of Western Territories, p. 93.--Cope, Hayden's Survey, 1872, p. - 580, etc. - -Skull broader proportionally than in the other genera of the order, -ridged and possessing several concavities on the upper surface; -zygomas slender and but little curved; temporal fossæ comparatively -short and have well-defined superciliary margins. The cervical -vertebræ are rather long; the sacrum has four vertebræ; and the tail -is quite long, very flat and broad. The tibia has its proximal face -divided by a prominent ridge into two parts. The dental formula -for the upper jaw is: I. 0, C. 1, M. 6. The molars are small, and -increase from first to sixth. The last is much the largest; in it the -anterior lobe considerably exceeds the posterior in size, and there -may or may not be a tubercle at the entrance of the valley between -the lobes; but there is always one developed from the cingulum at the -posterior part of the tooth. - - -Uintatherium leidianum, _sp. nov._[3] - -[Footnote 3: This species is respectfully dedicated to Dr. Joseph -Leidy, of Philadelphia. The specimens upon which it is established -were found on Dry Creek plateau.] - -Established upon a head and nearly perfect skeleton of one -individual, and parts of two more. - -In this species, as in most others of the sub-order, the nasals are -of immense length and thickness; they overhang the anterior nares, -and project considerably beyond the premaxillaries; they form more -than half of the entire length of the skull, articulating with the -frontals somewhat behind the orbits; the median suture is distinct -throughout. Instead of having an expanding shovel-shaped forward -projection, as in _Loxolophodon_, they narrow from the median osseous -projections (horn cores?) anteriorly. Above the muzzle they are -strongly curved from side to side, on their upper surface forming -a continuous arch; on the under surface of each bone is a deep -concavity, separated from its fellow by the sutural ridge, which -disappears forwards, near the extremity. On the upper surface of each -nasal, near the forward end, is a large osseous tuberosity which is -directed forwards and outwards; these processes are much smaller than -the corresponding ones in the _Loxolophodon_, while they are larger, -of different shape and direction from those in _Dinoceras_. In this -species they are divided throughout by a deep median groove, which -anteriorly becomes a fissure, and separates the extremities of the -nasals completely. In front of these tuberosities, the nasals taper -very rapidly, and end in sharp points which project downwards and -forwards; this portion of the bones is shorter, sharper, and projects -more decidedly downwards than in _Dinoceras_. Above and slightly -behind the sockets of the cranium, the nasals and maxillaries give -rise to the median pair of osseous projections. These are very -large, subtrihedral at the base, and project upwards, outwards, and -strongly forwards. They differ from the corresponding processes -in _Dinoceras_, in their forward projection, in being longer and -more everted, and in their approach to each other at the base. They -taper quite regularly from base to tip, but do not come to a point; -a section here would be subcircular. They are not so long and are -not knobbed at the ends as in _Loxolophodon_. Their inner curve is -convex, the outer concave; converging below at an angle of 90°, they -are united by a strong ridge, which is raised decidedly above the -surface of the nasals. At their posterior insertion they touch the -frontals, lachrymals, and malars. It is probable that the nasals -send up processes on the internal and posterior side of these median -projections; the sutures between these and the maxillary portions are -marked by slight ridges. - -_Frontals._--In our specimen it is very difficult to determine the -exact relations of these bones. The nasals narrow at their posterior -end, and articulate with the frontals by a V-shaped suture which -thus encloses them on each side. It is probable that the frontals -run to some point between the posterior or parietal projections. If -we have discovered the suture, they overlap the parietals, sending -up V-shaped processes, which join the sides of the posterior cranial -projections, and form a deep concavity with them. They constitute a -large part of the interior wall of the orbit, but have no postorbital -processes; the superciliary ridge is very strong, and gradually rises -into a large rounded crest, which joins the posterior projection. -The frontal eminences are large, and situated immediately over the -lachrymals. The upper surface of the frontals is marked by two high -ridges, which probably represent the divided parts of the sagittal -crest; they rise from the anterior margin of the bones, and are -strongest above the frontal eminences. They converge, and then -diverging, together forming an X-like curve (without crossing, -however), gradually disappear posteriorly. These various ridges form -four deep concavities on the upper surface of the skull: (1) The -largest already mentioned, between the parietals and the posterior -part of the frontals; (2) that marked by the suture between the -nasals and frontal, not so large; (3 and 4) two much smaller lateral -ridges between the sagittal and superciliary ridges. This great -irregularity of the upper surface of the head is, so far as is yet -known, peculiar to _Uintatherium_. - -_Parietals._--The peculiar feature of these bones is the huge pair -of projections (the so-called "posterior horn cores") to which they -give rise. The outer margin of these processes is nearly straight; -the inner margin for its upper two thirds is also straight, the lower -third curving in a high strong ridge to meet its fellow. The anterior -face is rounded and produced into the long crest of the frontals, -while the posterior face is flattened and produced into a similar -but shorter and higher crest which joins the supra-occipital. At the -base of these processes their greatest diameter is fore-and-aft, -while at the top it is transverse. They project upwards and outwards, -but are not curved as in _Dinoceras_, nor are their upper borders so -much arched. Their greatest diameter at top is at right angles to -the corresponding measurement in this last-named genus. Behind the -ridge which connects these projections, the parietals curve sharply -upward to a high occipital crest; between which and the projections -they form a deep basin whose floor is raised above that formed by -the frontals immediately anterior to it. This arrangement differs -from that of both _Loxolophodon_ and _Dinoceras_, especially from -the latter. The temporal fossæ are of great length, deeply concave, -but rather low from above downwards, formed almost entirely by the -parietals, and bounded posteriorly by a sharp outward curve of these -bones. They are of about the same proportionate length, but higher -and very much deeper than in _Loxolophodon_; and are not nearly -so long as in _Dinoceras_, in which genus the parietals expand -far behind the horn-like processes. In our specimen the posterior -part of the fossa is pierced by numerous small venous foramina, -and corresponds precisely in every way, save that of size, to the -specimen figured by Dr. Leidy. (Cont. to Extinct Vert. Fauna, Plate -XXVI., Fig. 1.) - -_The Squamosals_ are large and heavy but encroach little upon the -temporal fossæ; they are situated directly below the large parietal -projections. The glenoid cavity is transverse and straight in this -direction, broad and shallow, with no internal process; and the -post-glenoid process is long and massive. The zygomatic process is -short, stout, high, and trihedral, with a strongly arched upper -margin. The articulation with the malar is by a straight, flat face, -and anchylosis of the two never takes place. The anterior termination -is pointed, and the outer margin is rounded. - -_The Malars_ form none of the face. They are long, slender, curved -downwards and backwards, and but little outwards. They are longer, -straighter, and less curved outwards than in either _Loxolophodon_ or -_Dinoceras_; they do not present the sharp angle in the lower margin -shown in the latter genus, nor are they so extensively overlapped -by the zygomatic processes of the squamosal. Posterior to the molar -series, the malars are greatly compressed and very slender, but at -the junction with the maxillaries they become much wider and thicker. -There is no trace of a postorbital process; and the projections from -the under surface of the bone at their junction with the squamosals, -so prominent in Dinoceras, are here rudimentary or absent. As a -whole, the zygomatic arch is very long, slender, simple, curved -upwards and very slightly outwards, so slightly that it is completely -overhung by the superciliary ridge and frontal crest. - -_The Lachrymals_ are unusually large, and form the anterior part of -the orbit; they encroach considerably upon the face, and articulate -with the superciliary ridges above. The lachrymal foramen is very -large. - -_The Maxillaries_ are of great length, being nearly as long as the -nasals. They extend somewhat beyond the last molar; but the suture -between them and the pterygoids is very obscure. There is a very long -diastema between the canine and molar series, and the lower margin -is arched upwards; above this, between the orbit and the socket of -the canine, there is a large, deep fossa, but we can discover no -infraorbital foramina. The sockets of the canines are very large -and prominent, they curve upwards and backwards to the base of the -median cranial projections, but these are not excavated to receive -them, as is the case in _Dinoceras_. The most peculiar feature of the -maxillary bones is the pair of large horn-like projections, to which, -in conjunction with the nasals, they give rise. These have already -been described, and it only remains to add that they correspond in -position to those of _Dinoceras_, and are therefore much further -forward than those of _Loxolophodon_. - -The palatine plates of the maxillaries are long and very narrow; they -are concave transversely, and are separated from each other by a high -median ridge. The posterior palatine foramina are small. - -The _Palatines_ are very short, narrow, and concave, and are -separated by a ridge. They are considerably excavated on the -posterior border, in this respect differing from _Loxolophodon_. - -The _Pterygoids_ and the pterygoid plates of the alisphenoid are -compressed; the former join the alveolar borders of the maxillary, -which are produced somewhat beyond the last molars. The alisphenoid -canal is very large, but rather short. - -The _Premaxillaries_ are of very peculiar shape, somewhat like -a _u_, with one side--the lower--the longer. The upper portion -articulates with the nasals, running along the narial opening to -about three inches from the angle; the free portion is short, -slender, and tapering; it is curved downwards and slightly inwards; -the premaxillaries do not meet, leaving the incisive foramen -unenclosed, and are edentulous. At the end of the upper portion there -are prominent processes for the attachment of the muscles of the -proboscis, which probably resembled that of the tapir. - -The anterior narial opening is very large, but is considerably -concealed by the overhanging of the nasals. There is no osseous -septum between the nostrils. The posterior nares are much smaller, -being especially contracted in width; it is divided above by the -_Vomer_, which is very short, and does not reach the palatines. The -nasal cavity thus formed is long, straight, and gradually narrows -backwards. - -Of the Mandible we have but a small portion of the right -ramus, comprising the part opposed to the upper canine, from -the dental canal downwards. The jaw at this place has a large -downward-projecting process, very similar to that figured by Marsh -in his plate of _Dinoceras laticeps_. This process curves slightly -outward, and has its external side convex in both directions, and -its internal side convex fore-and-aft, concave from above downwards. -The posterior mental foramen, which is the only one preserved in our -specimen, corresponds in size and position with _Dinoceras laticeps_. -The only difference between the two is a very slight one: in _D._ -the curve of the posterior margin of the process is convex; in -_Uintatherium_ it is concave; the angle which the process makes with -the jaw is also greater. - -_Cranial Measurements._ - - M. - Length of bony palate ·227 - Length of head along the top ·743 - Length of nasals ·398 - Breadth at nasal tuberosities ·123 - Distance between median projections ·385 - Breadth of head posterior to median projections ·189 - Breadth of head before posterior projections ·228 - Breadth of head behind posterior projections ·312 - Distance between extremities of posterior projections ·462 - Length of nasals to ridge between median projections ·234 - Length from ridge between median to ridge between - posterior projections ·374 - Length of zygomatic arch (straight) ·285 - Length from angle of nares to end of nasals ·162 - Length from angle of nares to end of premaxillaries ·114 - Width between tips of premaxillaries ·053 - Circumference of median projection at top ·203 - Circumference of posterior projection at top ·329 - Height of median projections from ridge between them ·174 - Height of posterior projections from ridge between them ·239 - Length of nasals anterior to nasal tuberosities ·0415 - -_Teeth._--These are peculiar for their small size compared with the -bulk of the animal; for their slender fangs, and for the distance -through which these are exposed. - -_Upper Jaw._--Formula: I. 0/0, C. 1/1, Pm. 3/3, M. 3/3. - -_Canines._--The sockets of these teeth have been already described: -the fangs are very long, somewhat longer than the crown, and the -teeth apparently grew from permanent pulps. The crown is long, -compressed and recurved; the posterior margin is sharp, and exhibits -some indications of a slight serration. - -_Premolars._--The first premolar is not preserved in our specimen. -The second and third are subequal, and of about the same -conformation. They are implanted by three fangs, one internal and -two external. The crown is subcircular at the base. The basal -ridge is large, and completely surrounds the crown; above this the -crown becomes somewhat trihedral: and is composed of two pyramidal -lobes, which meet internally and externally, and are divided by a -valley. The summits of the lobes form transverse grinding ridges; -the anterior one is the lower, and is crescent-shaped, while the -posterior is straight; the anterior ridges throughout the series are -much the most worn. The basal ridge is not indented on the outer side -at the opening of the valley as in _Dinoceras_. - -_Molars._--The true molars increase in size regularly backwards. The -first molar is larger than the last premolar; it is worn down nearly -to the basal ridge, but shows a small internal accessory tubercle on -the back part of the posterior lobe. The extremities of the lobes -rise into points, and their summits are transversely concave. The -number and arrangement of the fangs in the first and second molars -is the same as that of the premolars; in the last molar there are -but two, which are long and wide, and extend the whole breadth of -the crown. This tooth is by far the largest of the molar series; it -is ovoidal in shape, with the apex at the outer point of the forward -lobe; it is proportionally broader than in _Uintatherium robustum_. -The basal ridge is strong, and extends around the entire tooth, with -some irregularities of outline at the sides. This tooth, like the -others, consists of two pyramidal lobes separated by a valley, which -in this case is wide and deep. The summit of the anterior lobe is the -longer, and extends obliquely across the crown, while the posterior -is nearly straight. The free ends and junction of the lobes are -prolonged into points, which give a tripodal character to the crown. -The outer point of the anterior lobe is the longest of the three, but -the difference is not nearly so marked as in _U. robustum_; the other -two are of about the same height; but the external is spinous in -character, while the internal is stout and obtuse. The anterior slope -of each lobe is steep, while the posterior is long and gentle. As in -_U. robustum_, there is a small rounded tubercle on the inner side -of the posterior basal ridge; but there is no tubercle occupying the -entrance of the triangular valley between the lobes. The enamel of -all the molars is smooth. - -_Teeth Measurements._ - - M. - Length of molar series ·148 - Length of premolar series ·062 - Length of true molar series ·089 - Fore-and-aft diameter of second premolar ·022 - Transverse diameter of second premolar ·023 - Fore-and-aft diameter of third premolar ·022 - Transverse diameter of third premolar ·023 - Fore-and-aft diameter of first molar ·023 - Transverse diameter of first molar ·026 - Fore-and-aft diameter of second molar ·028 - Transverse diameter of second molar ·031 - Fore-and-aft diameter of third molar ·039 - Transverse diameter of third molar ·044 - Distance between last molars ·058 - Distance between first premolars ·049 - Distance between first molars ·074 - Fore-and-aft diameter of root of canine ·060 - Transverse diameter of root of canine ·039 - Length of diastema ·072 - Distance between canine alveoli ·080 - -_Lower Jaw._--Dr. Leidy has very kindly sent us some of the lower -molars of an undescribed _Uintatherium_, which may belong to this -species. They consist of the anterior lobe of the last molar, and -second and third premolars entire. They all have nearly the same -conformation, consisting of three acute pyramidal lobes, of which -the anterior is very much the highest and broadest; the median -lobe is partly separated from the anterior by a valley which opens -outwards, while the valley between the posterior and median lobes -passes completely across the tooth. The highest point of the crown -is the inner end of the anterior lobe; but the difference between -this and the outer end, very great in the molars, becomes slight in -the premolars. The inner end has an accessory tubercle just at the -lip of the anterior lobe, and there is another on the anterior basal -ridge. This latter feature would seem to distinguish it from _U. -robustum_. - -The basal ridge is distinct in front and behind, indistinct on the -external side, and entirely absent from the internal. - -_Measurements._ - - (TEETH, LOWER JAW.) - M. - Transverse diameter of last molar ·026 - Height of highest point above cingulum of last molar ·023 - Fore-and-aft diameter of second molar ·0285 - Transverse diameter of second molar ·023 - Height of second molar ·0215 - Length of fourth premolar ·021 - Width of fourth premolar ·015 - Height of fourth premolar ·020 - Length of third premolar ·020 - Width of third premolar ·015 - Height of third premolar ·014 - -_Vertebræ._ - -_Cervical region_ (Plate VI., Fig. 1).--(Only one preserved, probably -fifth or sixth.) - -The centrum is short, compared with the dorsals, but is much longer -than the cervical centra of the _Proboscidea_; it is broad and -depressed, oval in form, and slightly opisthocœlous. The zygapophyses -are developed upon tuberous projections of the pedicles; they are -large, flat, and in the same plane with each other. The diapophyses -are very slender and short, and but slightly heavier than the -parapophyses, with which they unite, enclosing a large vertebraterial -canal. At the anterior margin of the parapophysis, a small pointed -process projects downward. - -The pedicles are low and very heavy, bounding a narrow neural canal. - -The epiphyses are not so completely ossified as they are in the -dorsal region. - -_Dorso-lumbar region_ (Plate VI., Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5),--(Description -based upon nine dorsals and two lumbar vertebræ.) - -The centra are large, subtriangular, and slightly compressed; they -are opisthocœlous, but less so than in the _Proboscidea_. They -increase in size slowly but regularly from before backwards. In the -middle dorsal region they are excessively expanded laterally for the -posterior-costal attachments; but become less broad and higher as -they recede in the series. In the middle of the series the centra are -marked by a prominent hypophysial keel. - -In the anterior dorsals the costal surfaces are developed almost -entirely upon the pedicles, and are two in number. These are very -large in about the sixth and seventh, and meet. They decrease in size -as they recede. In the middle region the posterior costal surfaces -are small, lozenge-shaped facets, and are developed upon thin lateral -projections of the centra. - -The centrum of the last dorsal is heavy, resembling the centra of -the lumbar, from which it is distinguished by a single pair of small -costal surfaces, developed, half on the pedicles and half on the -centrum. - -The neural spines are markedly smaller than those of the -_Proboscidea_ and _Rhinoceros_; in the anterior part of the dorsal -region the spines have the same angle as the corresponding ones in -_Mastodon_. The spines of the twelfth and thirteenth (approximately) -are much expanded at the ends and bifid; in the last dorsals they -are wide, straight, and very thin; in the lumbar region they are -short, stout, tuberous, and stand almost at right angles to the axis -of the vertebræ. The laminæ in the anterior part of the series are -long and thin, decreasing in length but increasing in thickness from -before backwards. The zygapophyses in the fore part of the dorsals -are mere flat facets on the laminæ; they increase in size and become -characteristic in the posterior part of the dorsal region. The -pre-zygapophyses of the last lumbar vertebra are very large, deeply -concave, and parallel with the axis of the column. The metapophyses -appear in the middle of the series, and regularly increase in size -to the last lumbar. From their appearance the pre-zygapophyses are -developed upon them. - -The transverse processes present the most unique feature of the -vertebral column. In the anterior region they are long, wide, and -rugose, and in the same plane with the laminæ; they send directly -out wide, downward-curving projections. In the middle dorsal region -the transverse processes lose these thin projections, and become -heavy and subtrihedral, with a smooth facet on their lower face for -articulation with the tubercle of the rib; their upper face is here a -little twisted from the plane of the laminæ. In the posterior dorsal -region the transverse processes lose the facet for the articulation -with the tubercle of the rib, and become short and very thin, -pointing slightly backwards. - -The lumbar transverse differ from those of the last dorsal in having -a median transverse ridge on their posterior face, and are directed -more vertically out. - -The pedicles throughout most of the dorsal series are short, heavy, -and deeply notched behind. In the posterior dorsal region they become -longer and more slender, resembling almost exactly the pedicles of -the lumbar region. - -_Sacral region._--The sacrum is composed of four vertebræ, three -true and one pseudo-sacral. The centra are extremely depressed, and -rapidly decrease in width and thickness from before backwards. The -first is shorter than the last lumbar, but much longer than the other -sacrals, which are subequal. - -The face of the first is elliptical, and is nearly three times -the diameter of the fourth, longitudinally. The metapophyses are -exceedingly large and tuberous on the first; with wide, deeply -concave pre-zygapophyses developed upon them; in the other three the -metapophyses are rudimentary. - -The transverse processes are long and wide in the first three; widest -in the first but thickest in the second; long and thin in the fourth. -The pleuropophysial segments of the true sacrals are very heavy. - -The foramina enclosed by the transverse processes are large; and -have, on the internal side, their long diameter obliquely transverse -to the axis of the sacrum. - -The inferior faces of the centra are slightly concave in the first -three. The first and fourth have slight hypophysial keels. - -The neural canal is very wide and depressed in the first, but -decreases rapidly backwards, becoming extremely small in the last. - -_Caudal region_ (Plate VI., Fig. 6).--(Description based upon the -first four.) - -The centra of the caudal vertebræ are rather long, narrow, and -greatly depressed in the middle; they decrease in size gradually -backward. The pedicles and laminæ are short and thin, enclosing a -small neural canal. The neural spines point directly back, being -almost parallel with the axis of the centrum. They are slender and -tuberous at the extremity. The transverse processes are very long, -wide, and thin, thickened somewhat at the ends, and project directly -out; they decrease in size backwards. From the persistence of the -neural canal, and from its comparative size, it would seem as if the -tail was considerably larger than that of the elephant. - -_Measurements of Vertebræ._ - -_Cervical region_ (Plate VI., Fig. 11). - - M. - Diameter of cervical (vertical) ·079 - Diameter of cervical (transverse) ·111 - Diameter of cervical (fore-and-aft) ·051 - Extreme length of prolongation of pedicles for - zygapophyses ·089 - Long diameter of vertebraterial canal ·040 - Width of pedicles ·035 - -_Dorsal region_ (Plate VI., Figs. 2 and 3). - - M. - In anterior region: Diameter of centrum (fore-and-aft) ·075 - Diameter of centrum (vertical) ·062 - Diameter of centrum (transverse) ·142 - In posterior region (Plate VI., Fig. 3).: Diameter - of last dorsal (vertical) ·087 - Diameter of last dorsal (transverse) ·110 - Average width throughout the series of neural canal ·097 - Width of transverse process (anterior dorsal) - (Fig. 2, Plate VI.) ·075 - Length of lamina from prezygs. to post-prezygs. - (Fig. 2, Plate VI.) ·12 - Length of transverse process (middle dorsal). - (Fig. 3, Plate VI.) ·055 - Vertical length of anterior dorsal from tip of spine - to hypapophysial keel ·183 - Width between inner margins of metapophyses - (last dorsal) ·172 - -_Lumbar region_--Last lumbar (Plate VI., Figs. 4 and 5). - - M. - Diameter of centrum (fore-and-aft) ·095 - Diameter of posterior face (transverse) ·111 - Diameter of posterior face (vertical) ·078 - Extreme width between transverse processes ·214 - Width between pre-zygapophyses ·110 - Length of neural spine from lamina ·060 - Vertical length from tip of spine to lower side of - centrum ·194 - -_Sacral region._ - - M. - Length of sacral series ·264 - Transverse extent of sacral series ·298 - Diameter of first vertebra at free end (transverse) ·109 - Diameter of first vertebra at free end (vertical) ·072 - Diameter of first vertebra at free end (tore and aft) ·070 - Diameter of last vertebra at free end (transverse) ·053 - Diameter of last vertebra at free end (vertical) ·031 - Diameter of neural canal at first vertebra - (transverse) ·100 - Diameter of neural canal at last vertebra (vertical) ·018 - Long diameter of first transverse foramen - (internal side) ·076 - -_Caudal region_ (Fig. 6, Plate VI.). - - M. - Length of first four ·252 - Diameter of centrum, first (fore-and-aft) ·061 - Diameter of neural canal of first (transverse) ·035 - Extent of transverse process in first ·085 - Extent of transverse process in fourth ·046 - Fore-and-aft width of transverse process of first - in the middle ·048 - -_Ribs._--Description based upon two perfect ones, and parts of four -more. - -The ribs, as in _Dinoceras_, "resemble very much those of the -Mastodon." The capitulum has two convex facets, separated by a -narrow groove. The sternal end in one is very much expanded, but -less so in the other. The tubercle is small, and is situated upon -the prolongation of the lamelliform process for the intercostal -muscles. The angle is much sharper than in the corresponding ribs of -_Mastodon_. - -_Measurements of Ribs._ - - M. - Length of rib without curvature ·571 - Length of rib with curvature ·739 - Width of rib just below head ·049 - Width at muscular attachment ·063 - Vertical diameter of larger facet of capitulum ·039 - -_Scapula_ (Plate VIII., Fig. 1).--The scapula is subtriangular, -with the pre-scapular border as base, and the apex half way up the -postscapular. - -On the external side the pre-scapular fossa is concave -antero-posteriorly, and plane in the direction of its length; it is -very thin in the middle, but becomes heavier at the lateral border. -The postscapular fossa is larger and less concave; both fossæ, as -they approach the upper border, gain greatly in thickness. - -The spine rises from the supra-scapular border, and extends to -within an inch from the glenoid cavity. It is decidedly antroverted; -thickest and highest near glenoid cavity; thinnest and lowest in the -middle, expanding again at its upper extremity; its acromio-scapular -notch is long and shallow. The acromion is rudimentary. - -The coracoid process is a low, rugose tuberosity; the coraco-scapular -notch is short and low. - -The internal surface of the scapula has a large, smooth median ridge, -extending the whole length of the bone, separating it into slightly -concave fossæ. About two thirds up, the median ridge sends obliquely -up two branches, forming a V, superimposed upon the main ridge; but -these disappear before they reach the upper extremity. The whole -inner surface is curved outward, presenting a concave appearance -throughout. - -The glenoid cavity is deep, ovoid in form, with its greatest diameter -fore-and-aft, and its smaller end behind. - -The resemblance between the scapula of _Uintatherium_ and that of the -_Proboscidea_ is more closely marked than in any other corresponding -bones. The chief points of similarity are: first, the subtriangular -shape; second, the same relative proportions between the fossæ; -third, the antroversion of the spine; fourth, the glenoid cavity -looking directly down. The marked points of difference may be summed -up as, first, in the dissimilar proportion of the glenoid cavity; -second, the great thickening of the spine at its upper and lower -extremities; third, in the high, shallow acromio-scapular notch; -fourth, in the longitudinal concavity of the internal surface. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Extreme length of scapula ·42 - Extreme length of spine ·31 - Extreme thickness of spine at upper margin ·098 - Extreme height of spine ·109 - Basal width of proximal end of spine ·032 - Basal width of distal end of spine ·030 - Basal width of middle part of spine ·011 - Length of glenoid cavity ·149 - Width of glenoid cavity ·096 - -_The Humerus_ (Plate VII., Fig. 1).--The humerus is short, but -excessively stout, twisted slightly on its axis; it decreases -gradually in size downward, with the smallest diameter about two -inches below the end of the deltoid ridge. The head is large, -hemispherical, and sessile, projecting very slightly out of the -axis of its shaft. The great tuberosity is heavy, but not high, and -is separated from the low lesser tuberosity by a shallow bicipital -groove. - -The trochleæ are very nearly equal in size, directed obliquely to -the axis of the shaft, and are separated by a narrow groove, which -runs from the supra-trochlear fossa down and in, then back and up to -the anconeal fossa. The condylar tuberosities are large and rugose; -the external is the greater, and is directed antero-posteriorly. The -deltoid ridge is long and heavy, and extends nearly two thirds down -the shaft, branching out into two forks near its end. The supinator -ridge is short and rudimentary, differing in this respect entirely -from the great development found on the humerus of the _Proboscidea_. - -The supra-condylar fossa is small, subcircular in form, and very -deep, it has the peculiarity of being placed above the external -condyle alone. The anconeal fossa is median in position and quite -deep. - -_Measurements of Humerus._ - - M. - Length ·63 - Smallest circumference of shaft just below deltoid - ridge ·288 - Greatest proximal circumference below greater - tuberosities ·45 - Width of trochlea on anterior side ·154 - Length of anconeal fossa ·071 - Width of anconeal fossa ·062 - Width of distal end at condylar tuberosities ·23 - Length of deltoid ridge ·22 - Length of groove running from supra-trochlear to - anconeal fossa ·272 - -_The Ulna_ (Plate VII.. Fig. 2).--The ulna is long, heavy at both -ends, with a slender trihedral shaft that curves forward, and -decreases in size as it approaches the distal end. The proximal end -has its articular face for the humerus divided into three facets, -the vertical being long and extremely convex; the horizontal has the -pre-axial face the longer. The olecranon is very massive and rugose, -sending up on its external side a high, pointed projection; while -on the internal side, the olecranon becomes compressed and projects -inward; these tuberosities are separated by a wide, shallow groove -for the tendon. The distal articular face is large, single, and is -concave antero-posteriorly, and convex laterally. The styloid process -is very heavy. - -_Measurements of Ulna._ - - M. - Length of sigmoid notch ·089 - Width of sigmoid notch (horizontal face) ·049 - Diameter of proximal end below articular face - (fore-and-aft) ·076 - Diameter of proximal end below articular face - (transverse) ·059 - Diameter of distal articular face (fore-and-aft) ·061 - Diameter of distal articular face (transverse) ·051 - Length of olecranon ·112 - -_Pelvis._--The _ilia_ are greatly expanded laterally, with the iliac -surface concave and the gluteal surface nearly flat; thin in the -middle, they increase in thickness near the borders. The crests curve -regularly, and project above and beyond the sacrum, but do not bend -over the acetabula. The acetabular borders are only slightly concave; -the prominence for the attachment of the rectus muscle (extensor) is -low and V-shaped. The direct internal surfaces of the ilia, comprised -between the pubic and ischiatic borders, become deeply concave below -the ischiatic portion of the acetabulum. The sacral surfaces are wide -and triangular in shape; above they project beyond the sacral spines. - -The ilio-lumbar angle is about 110°. The ischium is, short; a section -of it, as it leaves the acetabulum, is subtriangular; but immediately -it becomes flattened fore-and-aft throughout its plane of 90° to the -axis of ilium; then verging toward the pubic symphysis it becomes -small. The tuberosity of the ischium is small and directed up. - -The pubis, as it leaves the acetabulum, is sub-cylindrical, after -this it is flattened in the same plane with the ischium. The bone -as a whole is short, thin, and slightly curved on its own axis; its -smallest part makes up the pubic symphysis, which is short. The -thyroid foramen is a large oval, with its long diameter parallel to -the axis of the ischium. - -The acetabulum is large, subcircular, and deep, with prominent -borders; especially the iliac, which is produced on its external -extremity into a point; the ischiatic is deeply notched. From the -wide ligamentous pit in the centre there runs a deep groove part way -down the antero-external side of the ischium. - -The anterior opening of the pelvis is a wide oval, with its longest -diameter transverse. - -_Measurements of Pelvis._ - - M. - Transverse diameter of pelvis, including sacrum 1·171 - Long diameter of ilium (from lower margin of the - crest to sacral surface) ·440 - Short diameter of ilium (from acetabulum to upper - margin of crest) ·393 - Length of acetabular border ·125 - Length of ischium ·220 - Width of ischium at tuberosity ·124 - Length of pubis ·196 - Greatest width of pubis ·061 - Smallest width of pubis ·027 - Long diameter of acetabulum ·139 - Short diameter of acetabulum ·118 - Long diameter of thyroid foramen ·094 - -_The Femur_ (Plate VIII., Fig. 4).---The femur is short, with a -small oval head, strongly compressed fore-and-aft. It is less out -of the axis of shaft than in _Proboscidea_, and has no pit for the -ligamentum teres. The shaft is straight and simple, much compressed -transversely at the proximal extremity, becoming sub-cylindrical -below. - -The great trochanter is heavy, rugose, and strongly recurved; it is -separated from the shaft by a wide and deep digital fossa. The second -trochanter is a mere rudimental tuberosity. The condyles are nearly -of an equal size, very convex, and are divided by a deep popliteal -groove. - -The condylar tuberosities are low, the internal sends obliquely a -ridge three inches long, up and across the axis of the shaft at an -angle of 45°, that forms the upper boundary of the popliteal space. - -The front part of the trochlear faces for the patella are gone in our -specimen. - -_Measurements of Femur._ - - M. - Greatest distal diameter across condyles ·178 - Length of condyles ·079 - Transverse diameter of shaft six inches above - distal end ·121 - -_The Tibia_ (Plate VIII., Fig. 2).--The tibia is short, straight, and -simple, slender in the middle, but much expanded at the extremities. -The proximal end is especially massive, with deeply concave articular -faces; the internal cotylus is the larger, and has its greatest -diameter fore-and-aft, directly at right angles to the greatest -diameter of the external. - -The cotyli are separated by a smooth ridge, that is highest at its -posterior termination. The tuberosity is high and massive, with a -wide depression on its top for the reception of the ligament of the -patella; the sides are deeply pitted by venous foramina. A section of -the shaft at the lower part of the tuberosity would be subtriangular; -while below it becomes more cylindrical, as it becomes smaller, -reaching its shortest diameter about three fifths down the shaft. -Below this it expands and forms the large subcircular distal end. -The articular face is concave, with a slight, smooth ridge running -fore-and-aft on its internal side. The malleolus is broad and low. - -The _fibula_ is distinct, but very slender; its proximal end has a -small circular face, which articulates with the tibia on a facet -developed on the bottom of a projection of the tuberosity; the distal -end is much flattened, but enters into the ankle-joint. - -_Measurements of the Tibia._ - - M. - Transverse diameter of proximal articulation ·158 - Longitudinal diameter of proximal articulation ·123 - Smallest circumference of shaft ·16 - Greatest distal circumference above the articular face ·308 - Diameter of distal articulation longitudinally ·082 - Diameter of distal articulation transversely ·130 - Width of tuberosity below pit for ligament of the - patella ·075 - - -Uintatherium princeps, _sp. nov._ - -Established on several portions of the head, vertebral column, and -the limbs. - -This species may readily be distinguished from the last by its -larger size, the broad nasals with small tuberosities, the stronger -zygomatic arches, and the sub-cylindrical centra of the dorsal -vertebræ. - -The _nasals_ are broad and flat for some distance behind the -tuberosities. Although the animal was not adult, the nasal suture -is almost obliterated, and is visible only on the inferior surface; -in this respect it is very different from the _U. leidianum_, in -which the suture persists throughout life; as is shown by the type -specimen, which was past maturity. The tuberosities of _U. princeps_ -are lower, broader, and more everted than in the preceding species; -are not divided by a groove, but united together by a low rounded -ridge, to which the surface of the nasals gradually rises from -behind. The portion of the bones anterior is short, stout, and -projects horizontally. - -The _median_, or _maxillary_, _projections_ are apparently short and -everted; they are somewhat compressed antero-posteriorly, and enlarge -rapidly downwards. They are transversely oval in section. - -The _posterior_, or _parietal_, _projections_ are different from any -that we have yet seen. They are subtrihedral at base and flattened -antero-posteriorly above. The upper margin is regularly arched, -and is the thinnest portion of the process. The posterior face is -perfectly flat, and the parietal crest makes a sharp angle with it, -rising lower down than in _U. leidianum_; the frontal crest is also -lower down than in that species, and the anterior face is strongly -convex. The internal margin is rounded and straight, and does not -show the longitudinal groove marked in the last species. - -The _frontal_ has the eminences and depressions common to the members -of the genus; but the superciliary ridge is unusually sharp and -sinuous in outline. - -The _squamosal_ is short, stout, and high; is but slightly curved -outwards, but apparently projects somewhat downwards. The malar -articulation is broad and flat, indicating the heaviness of that -bone. As a whole the zygomatic arch is stronger, and probably -shorter, than in _U. leidianum_. - -The occipital condyles are proportionately rather small; they are -placed on a long neck and project downwards. They are strongly convex -from above downwards, but scarcely at all so from side to side. The -internal border is slightly emarginate. - -The _dorsal vertebræ_ are of about the same proportionate length -as in _U. leidianum_, but are higher and wider; and the centra are -subcircular in section, slightly contracted in the middle. The costal -surfaces are wide and deep, and vertically oval in shape; they are -placed partly on the centra and partly on the neurapophyses. The -transverse processes are short, stout, and tuberous, and raised -high above the centrum. There is a deep notch at the posterior -edge of this process, at its junction with the neurapophysis. The -neurapophyses are trihedral, somewhat low, and very stout, forming a -wide neural canal. - -The _ulna_ (Plate VII. Fig. 2) is thick, with a long and rugose -olecranon. The shaft is long and stout; it shows a distinct medullary -cavity. The distal end is small, and shows a low, heavy, styloid -process. - -A _metacarpal_ resembles the corresponding bone in _Dinoceras_, -but is rounder and less rugose. There are two faces for carpal -articulations, which meet at an open angle. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Breadth over nasal tuberosities ·132 - Length of nasal tip (anterior to tuberosities) ·033 - Circumference of maxillary projection near the tip ·208 - Vertical diameter of squamosal ·058 - Transverse diameter of ditto at malar articulation ·045 - Length of centrum of dorsal vertebræ ·070 - Height of ditto ·083 - Breadth of ditto below costal surfaces ·097 - Breadth of pedicle ·058 - Length of transverse process ·056 - Extreme breadth of transverse process ·061 - -Found at Henry's Fork. - - -Uintatherium robustum. Leidy. - -Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 96. - -A fragmentary skeleton from Henry's Fork. - - - - -RODENTIA. - - -PARAMYS, Leidy. - -"Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territories," vol. i. -Hayden's Surveys, p. 109 _et seq_. - -This genus of the gnawers is very closely allied to the squirrels and -marmots. Dr. Leidy sums up the generic characteristics of the teeth -thus: - -"The four lower molars are proportionately narrower than in squirrels -and marmots, the fore-and-aft exceeding the transverse. The crowns -are short, square, tuberculate, and enamelled. - -"The lower jaw is proportionately shorter and deeper than in most -known rodents; the reduction in length being mainly due to a less -development of that part of the bone in advance of the molars. -To compensate for the difference in length, and to make room to -accommodate the incisors, these teeth reach further back than usual. - -"The acute edge of the hiatus between the molars and incisors is -almost on a level with the alveoli, of the teeth, instead of forming -a deep concave notch, so conspicuous a feature in the jaws of the -gnawers generally." - -_Species known._-- - - { Paramys delicatus, Leidy. - Loc. cit. { Paramys delicatior, Leidy. - { Paramys delicatissimus, Leidy. - Paramys robustus, Marsh. - - Am. Journ. Sc. v. iv., p. 218. - - -Paramys superbus, _sp. nov._ - -Established on a single lower incisor. - -The species indicated by this specimen is the largest of the genus as -yet known. The tooth is subtrihedral in section, is stout, and shows -but little curvature. The anterior and lateral faces are broad, and -the under margin to which the sides converge, is narrow. The enamel -is thick and is inflected so as to cover a small portion of the sides -as well as the front. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Transverse diameter of crown ·0062 - Fore-and-aft diameter of crown ·007 - -Found at Cottonwood Creek. - - - - -AVES. - - -The expedition collected parts of four species of birds; a feather -from Florissant Col. the distal ends of a humerus, and a femur and a -portion of the shaft of an ulna (?) from the Bridger beds, but they -are all too uncharacteristic for classification or description. - - - - -REPTILIA. - - -CROCODILIA. - -CROCODILUS. - - -Crocodilus aptus, Leidy. - -Contributions to Extinct vertebrate fauna of the Western Territories, -p. 126. - -Henry's Fork. - -Crocodilus Grinnelli, Marsh. - -American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. i., p. 465. - -From Cottonwood Creek. - -Crocodilus Elliotii, Leidy. - -Cont. to Ex. Vert. Fauna, p. 126. - -Represented by a perfect skull, and several vertebræ. - -This fossil exhibits a form of skull which shows characters of both -crocodile and alligator; the latter to a less marked degree. That it -properly belongs to the former genus is shown by the notch in the -upper jaw which receives the canine of the lower. - -The entire skull is remarkably flat on its upper surface, the face -and cranium being nearly in the same plane without the descent at the -frontals usual in these reptiles. The jaw is deeply notched at the -sutures between the maxillaries and pre-maxillaries, and the second -maxillary notch is well marked. All the bones of the upper surface of -the head are deeply pitted. - -The borders of the cranium are rounded as they approach the orbits; -the superior temporal orifices are almost perfectly circular, -the fore-and-aft diameter exceeding the transverse by only one -millimetre. This effect may, in some degree, be due to distortion. - -To give a more detailed account of the several elements of the skull, -we take up first the _basioccipital_. This bone is remarkably long -and straight, tapers gradually downwards, and becomes quite narrow -at the distal end. It is smooth throughout, and exhibits no rugose -muscular attachments, such as are sometimes seen in other members of -the order. The condyle is large and nearly spherical, but with median -groove distinctly marked. In size and shape it is more like that of -the alligator than of the ordinary crocodile, but it is somewhat -different from either. It differs from the former, in not having so -long a neck distinctly marked by a constriction; and from the latter, -in not having additional articular faces on each side of the condyle -proper. As far as can be judged, no portion of it is formed by the -exoccipitals. Below the condyle the basioccipital is perforated by -two small vascular foramina; the spheno occipital canal occupies the -usual place, and is very large. - -The _exoccipitals_ are large, of very great width, but rather low -from above downwards. The position of the foramina which perforate -these bones is peculiar; it resembles more the arrangement seen in -the skull of the alligator than in that of the crocodile, but it has -an additional foramen. There are, then, two small venous foramina -near the condyle; while along the lateral margin of the occiput, -are placed in a vertical line the foramina for the hypoglossal and -pneumogastric nerves, and the internal carotid artery. The foramen -for the facial nerve, etc., is situated in the usual place, and is of -the usual size. The foramen magnum is heart-shaped, low, wide above, -contracting below. The paroccipital processes are long and slender, -and project strongly backwards. - -The _supra-occipital_ is very small. It shows to some extent on -the upper surface of the skull, wedged in between the parietals. -As a whole, the occiput is of remarkable shape: it is perfectly -vertical, as in all other crocodilians; is remarkably high from -above downwards, and is very broad at top, becoming extremely narrow -distally. This latter feature is owing to the peculiar shape of the -pterygoids; which, when viewed from behind, do not appear to reach -the basioccipital. - -The _basisphenoid_ is so destroyed by crushing, that nothing can be -said of its shape or of its foramina. It was, however, evidently -very stout. The alisphenoid is large and smooth and is not ridged; -the _foramen ovale_ is small, and is not produced into an anterior -notch. The suture between the alisphenoid and the pro-otic are quite -distinct, but the latter is so firmly anchylosed to the quadrate that -its limits are indeterminable. None of the other periotic bones are -visible. - -The _quadrate_ is very long and broad. In shape it resembles the -corresponding bone of the alligator, but is somewhat broader. The -lower surface is divided into two unequal parts by a conspicuous -ridge, which runs to within an inch of the articular surface. This -surface has a more decidedly grooved or trochlear appearance than in -the common crocodile; but not to the same degree as in the specimen -described by Dr. Leidy. It is more like the Mississippi alligator in -this respect than any living species of which we have specimens. - -The _pterygoids_ are of peculiar shape; they are long, slender, and -pointed, and meeting the basioccipital on the median line in front, -they project downwards and backwards. Their posterior border is very -deeply emarginate, so that they seem to have no connection with -each other, or with the basioccipital; instead of having the broad, -plate-like appearance of these bones in recent species. The suture -between these on the palatal surface is long; and the processes of -the pterygoids, which bound the posterior nares, are long and stout. -The posterior nares have the position which they take in the recent -species; they are visible in the occipital surface, and are directed -backwards as well as downwards. They are rather small, and appear -to have no septum between them, but this cannot be said with any -certainty. - -The _transpalatine_ is also somewhat peculiar in shape; the process -which joins the pterygoid is of great length, being nearly as long -as that bone. The other limbs are more normal in length. The three -processes are connected at the usual angle. - -The _palatals_ are long and narrow, becoming wider anterior to the -foramina. The suture with the maxillaries is rounded, and there are -no forward processes as in the true crocodiles; but at the same time, -these bones are not of the shape exhibited in the alligators. The -palatal foramina are of immense length; they are more than one third -as long as the entire bony palate. Their width is also considerable. - -The _maxillaries_ are long and very broad; the alveolar border is of -about the same shape as in the crocodile, but less decidedly sinuous; -and the posterior part passes in below the alveolus of the lower -jaw. The convexity of the upper surface of the maxillaries is not -so well marked as in the true crocodiles. It is nearly as flat as -in the alligator. The palatine plates of the maxillaries are short, -broad, and nearly flat, arching slightly to form the alveolus, and -perforated along this border by rows of foramina. - -The _premaxillaries_ are very short; they curve strongly outwards -from the notch and enclose the large anterior narial opening, which -is distinctively crocodilian (as distinguished from other genera) -in shape. The muzzle ends quite sharply. The palatine processes are -short and convex in both directions, and the incisive foramen is -heart-shaped. The alveolus is quite regular in outline; it is pitted -in front for the first mandibular teeth, but there is no perforation -for them. - -The teeth are short, stout, compressed so as to form cutting-edges, -and are somewhat obtuse. They are finely striated from base to tip. -The premaxillary held four teeth; these are all broken off, but from -their fangs it appears that they formed an uninterrupted row, and -were subequal in size. The maxillary accommodated fifteen teeth, of -which the fifth is the largest, and forms a very prominent canine. -The posterior maxillary teeth are proportionately larger, and more -equal than in either crocodile or alligator. - -The _nasals_ are rather broad; they send processes into the -anterior narial opening, which tend to divide it, but this division -was probably not complete. The limits of the _prefrontals_ and -_lachrymals_ are so obscure as to preclude description. - -The _frontals_ are long and very narrow, though wider than in the -alligator. They are smooth and flat, exhibiting no concavity on top. -They expand considerably at the posterior part of the orbit, at the -sutures with the post-frontals. These bones are long, stout, and -curved very strongly outwards. - -The _mastoids_ are of remarkable size; they project far backward -along the tympanic, and encroach largely upon the occipital region. -It is partly owing to this that the occiput is so high. - -The _parietals_ are short, and very narrow between the temporal -orifices, behind these they expand considerably. The orbits are large -and of irregular shape. - -The _malar_ is long and rather slender. - - - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Length from occipital border to end of muzzle ·455 - Breadth of cranium at postorbital angles ·0935 - Breadth of cranium between temporal orifices ·019 - Breadth of forehead between orbits ·036 - Breadth of temporal orifices ·037 - Fore-and-aft diameter of the same ·038 - Fore-and-aft diameter of the orbits ·073 - Length of face in advance of the orbits ·3055 - Breadth of face outside of the fifth maxillary tooth ·176 - Breadth of muzzle as formed by premaxillaries (about) ·114 - Breadth of muzzle at notch for canine ·093 - Length of premaxillaries to notch ·080 - Estimated length of entire alveolar border ·283 - Breadth of articular surface of quadrate ·059 - Vertical height of occiput ·124 - Vertical diameter of foramen magnum ·016 - Transverse diameter of foramen magnum ·025 - Vertical diameter of condyle ·023 - Transverse diameter of condyle ·028 - Length from palatine foramen to end of pterygoid ·120 - Length of palatals ·1295 - Length of palatine foramen ·142 - Greatest breadth of palatine foramen ·051 - Length of bony palate from incisive foramen to - posterior nares ·350 - -The _mandible_ is long, rather shallow, but very thick. The symphysis -is very long, extending as far as the seventh tooth. The chin is -quite sharp, but becomes broad, as the rami diverge quite rapidly. -The alveolar border is rounded and comparatively straight, the median -enlargement of the dentary is in thickness rather than in height. -The two rami diverge at an angle which is more open than in the -true crocodiles, and less so than in the alligator. The mandibular -foramen is smaller than in the latter genus, but corresponds with it -in position; it has its long diameter parallel with, and not oblique -to, the alveolus. The mandibular fossa is extremely large and deep. -The splenial is long and stout, ends obtusely, and does not reach -the symphysis. The articular cavity is broad from side to side, but -rather shallow; it is not divided into two distinct facets as in the -alligator. The post-glenoid process is very stout; it projects but -slightly upwards, less so than in either crocodile or alligator. It -has no median ridge as in the former genus, and is tuberous at the -end. - -The teeth are much like those of the upper jaw, but are somewhat -sharper and more conical; they are not recurved, and have no distinct -constriction, as is found in most of the recent species. There are -about eighteen teeth to each ramus; the first is large and sharp, and -is followed by two small ones and then by the canine. The remaining -teeth do not exhibit any great differences of size. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Length of rami (straight) ·618 - Width of lower jaw outside of glenoid cavities ·316 - Length of symphysis ·110 - Width of jaw at second enlargement ·057 - Depth at oval foramen ·073 - Greatest width at symphysis ·110 - Space occupied by teeth ·340 - Breadth of glenoid cavity ·072 - Length of post-glenoid ·065 - -_Vertebræ._ - -_Cervicals._--The centra are long and nearly cylindrical, expanding -slightly near the anterior face. The hypapophyses are short and -broad; they project forwards, and are somewhat compressed. The -vascular foramina correspond in size and position to those of -the alligator. The neural canal is small and subcircular, having -comparatively short but very stout neurapophyses, which are -perforated behind the diapophyses. These are short and stout, and are -developed from the neurapophyses alone. The zygapophyses are long -and flat; the anterior ones project almost vertically. The neural -spines are stout, and of greater antero-posterior extent than in the -alligator. - -_Dorsals._--A few of the anterior dorsals have strong hypapophyses. -The centra of all are long and stout. The neural canal is smaller -than in the cervical region; it has strong neurapophyses, which -develop long and depressed diapophyses. The neural spines are low -and broad. The zygapophyses are developed on the laminæ, and do not -project upwards as in the cervical region. - -The _lumbars_ are much like the dorsals, except that they are longer, -and have very large and depressed diapophyses, which project somewhat -upwards. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Length of centrum of a posterior cervical ·049 - Height of neural canal ·015 - Fore-and-aft diameter of neural spine ·023 - Length of diapophysis ·023 - -_Dorsal._ - - M. - Length of centrum ·0555 - Length of hypapophysis ·018 - Fore-and-aft diameter of neural spine ·030 - -_Lumbar._ - - M. - Length of centrum ·057 - Fore-and-aft diameter of neural spine ·0285 - Diameter of diapophysis ·029 - -The dermal scutes are long ellipses, deeply pitted on one side, but -without a trace of a keel. Their edges show no signs of sutural union. - -The bones described indicate a reptile about fifteen feet long. They -were found near Smith's Fork, Wyoming. - - -Crocodilus parvus, _sp. nov._ - -A small reptile represented by sixteen vertebræ and a portion of the -pelvis. - -The _cervicals_ have short centra, with very deep articular cups -and hemispherical heads: the latter have a prominent rim around the -base. The hypapophyses are short, stout, and very nearly vertical -in direction; the sides of the centra are channelled by a deep -vertebraterial canal; the parapophyses are developed very low down, -and are very prominent. The diapophyses are developed partly from the -centra and partly from the neurapophyses; they are stout and very -short. The facets for the ribs are developed in the usual place. -The neural arch is rather high, and forms a small, narrow canal; -the proportions of the neurapophyses and neural spines are about as -in _Alligator mississippiensis_, but the zygapophyses are not so -prominent. - -The _dorsals_ show a considerable increase in size over the -cervicals; the centra become elongate, and the articular cups -shallower and transversely oval. Several of the anterior vertebræ -retain large hypapophyses. In the dorsal region the diapophyses are -developed from the neurapophyses alone, and at a considerable height -above the neuro-central suture; they are long and depressed. The -zygapophyses and neural spines present no peculiarities of structure. - -In the _lumbar_ region the vertebræ regain their cylindrical form, -and become still more elongate; but the cups are comparatively -shallow and the heads low; there is no distinct shoulder. The -neural canal is small, with low, broad neurapophyses, from which -are developed very broad and depressed diapophyses, which project -outwards in a horizontal plane. The neural spines are thick, and -broad antero-posteriorly, but are so broken that their height cannot -be determined. - -In both dorsal and lumbar region the neurapophyses are deeply notched -on their posterior edges, and close to the neuro-central sutures, for -the passage of the spinal nerves. - -The _ilium_ is very high compared with most crocodiles; its vertical -diameter is considerably more than half of the antero-posterior -diameter. The construction of the bone is very much like that in the -modern _Crocodilia_; but the suprailiac border is more regular, and -the anterior tuberosity is not so thick or so much everted as in -these forms. The acetabulum is small, shallow, directed downwards -and outwards, and situated considerably forward of the median line. -The iliac surface is smooth, but very irregular, being very deeply -concave above the acetabulum, and convex behind it. The sacral -surface is rugose, rises above the sacrum, and shows attachments for -two sacral vertebræ. Thus the construction of the entire pelvis shows -but very little variation from the modern type. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Antero-posterior diameter of ilium ·095 - Vertical diameter of ilium ·061 - Antero-posterior diameter of acetabulum ·029 - Length of centrum of third (?) cervical vertebra - (from edge of cup to tip of ball) ·032 - Height of neural canal, third (?) cervical ·0095 - Length of hypapophysis of third cervical ·0085 - Length of centrum of a posterior dorsal ·040 - Length of diapophysis (about) ·032 - Length of centrum of a lumbar ·046 - Vertical diameter of a lumbar ·029 - Breadth of neurapophysis of a lumbar ·027 - - -Crocodilus heterodon, Cope. - -_Alligator heterodon_, Proc. American Philosophical Society, 1872, p. -544. - -Represented by a single tooth from the posterior part of the -mandibular series. It agrees very closely with the corresponding -tooth of _Alligator mississippiensis_, but presents some differences. -The crown is very low, obtuse, and finely striate; it is compressed -and shows a cutting-edge. Its longest diameter is fore-and-aft; both -this and the transverse diameter are proportionately greater than in -the modern species. The constriction of the neck is very decided; the -fang is large, and especially thick. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Fore-and-aft diameter of crown ·010 - Transverse diameter of crown ·007 - Vertical height of crown - - -Crocodilus clavis, Cope. - -U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs. 1872, p. 612. - -This species is indicated by the remains of a crocodilian larger -than _Crocodilus Elliotii_, but very different from it. The pitting -of the dermal scutes, and of all the cranial bones, is deeper than -in any other of the Bridger crocodilians in our possession, and very -strongly resembles that in _Alligator mississippiensis_. - -The _mandible_ has a long symphysis, and the alveolar border shows -the sudden deep depression just behind it, which is so marked in -the ordinary alligator. The rami, however, do not diverge at such an -open angle. The jaw is very stout, and is deeper and thinner than -in _Crocodilus Elliotii_; and is of about the same proportionate -thickness, but deeper than in the alligator. The splenial ends -obtusely, and approaches the symphysis somewhat more closely than in -the alligator, but does not enter into its formation. The teeth are -stout and obtusely conical, not striate, and implanted very close -together; they exhibit about the same alternation of size as do -those of the alligator. What appears to be the canine is small; it -is preceded by a much smaller, and succeeded by a slightly smaller -tooth. The dermal scutes are quadrate in shape; they are deeply and -irregularly pitted, and have a low but distinct longitudinal keel; -they are suturally united by their lateral borders. - - -CHELONIA. - -The Bridger beds have yielded a great abundance and variety -of land, marsh, and fresh-water chelonians. They present much -variation of form and size; and, owing to the great pressure in the -strata, scarcely any two specimens of the same species are alike; -occasionally, however, an undistorted specimen is obtained. - -The most abundant remains of turtles are those of a species of the -recent genus _Emys_, which are found in all the beds, and are, -perhaps, the commonest fossils of the basin. The genera _Trionyx_ and -_Hadrianus_ (_Testudo_, Leidy) follow next in order. - - -HADRIANUS, Cope. - -Resembles _Testudo_ in form, but has two analscuta, as have most -_Emydidæ_. - - -Hadrianus allabiatus, Cope. - -U. S. Geol. Survey of Territories, 1872, p. 630. - -Represented by two ungual phalanges which resemble the claws of -_Testudo_, but are proportionately shorter, broader, and not so -pointed at the ends. They are oval in section, both longitudinally -and transversely; the articular faces are deep and subinferior. - -From Henry's Fork. - - -Hadrianus octonarius, Cope. - -Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872. p 630. - -Represented by the right humerus of a large individual. - -This bone is intermediate in character between the corresponding -bones of _Testudo_ and _Emys_. The head is longer and narrower than -in the former genus; it is implanted on a short, distinct neck, -and is strongly convex in both directions. The articular surface -extends to the base of the internal tuberosity. The tuberosities, -especially the external one, are very large and thick. The external -rises above the head, and resembles that of _Emys_ in shape. The -fossa separating the tuberosities is comparatively narrow. The shaft -is much like that of _Emys_, but is somewhat more strongly curved; -not so much, however, as in _Testudo_, and the distal end is not so -much flattened. The anconeal fossa is wider and deeper than in either -genus. The trochlea is broad, and divided by an obscure groove into a -small and convex radial face, and a nearly plane (transversely) ulnar -face. The condyles are prominent and rugose. - -Found near Dry Creek. - - -EMYS. - -Emys wyomingensis, Leidy. - -Cont. to Ex. Vert. Fauna, p. 140. - -Represented by six perfect shells from Cottonwood and Dry Creeks, and -Henry's Fork, and a shoulder girdle from Cottonwood Creek, which is -provisionally referred to this species. - -This species, when adult, was upward of a foot in length, and in -the composition of the shell, number of scutes, etc., resembled the -living species of the genus. - -_The Shoulder Girdle_ has the form characteristic of the _Emydidæ_, -but presents some peculiarities. The scapula is short, not being -as long as the coracoid, and is not so straight or cylindrical as -is usual in _Emys_; but is compressed, and somewhat recurved, and -tapers towards the upper extremity, which is marked by a smooth -rounded facet for the cartilaginous supra-scapula. The precoracoid -is long, sub-cylindrical at its origin, but becomes broad and flat -distally; at the extremity it is longitudinally striated. The -proximal end is flexed forward at an obtuse angle, and is expanded to -form the long suture with the scapula and coracoid. It contributes -considerably to the glenoid cavity. The coracoid is remarkably long, -and after leaving the sutures with the other elements of the girdle, -becomes very broad and thin. This is most marked distally. The -anterior border is thickened, and the bone is slightly concave on -both surfaces. - -The three parts of the shoulder girdle are united by distinct bony -symphyses; they differ from some of the modern species, in which -there is only a ligamentous union between the coracoid and the other -parts. It presents a further difference in the long and slender neck -which is formed by the flexing of the precoracoid, and in the shallow -and subcircular glenoid cavity. The short scapula and long coracoid -would indicate a species with a low, broad carapace, as was probably -the case in _E. wyomingensis_, though much difficulty has been -experienced in determining this point, owing to the distortion of the -specimens. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Length of neck to point between coracoid and precoracoid ·0345 - Length of coracoid (about) ·133 - Length of precoracoid ·114 - Length of scapula (about) ·126 - - -BAENA, Leidy. - -Baena undata, Leidy. - -Cont. to Ex. Vert. Fauna, p. 160. - -Three nearly perfect shells of different ages, from Dry and -Cottonwood Creeks. - - -TRIONYX, Geoffr. - -Trionyx uintaensis, Leidy. - -Cont. to Ex. Vert. Fauna, p 176. - -Cottonwood Creek. - - - - -PISCES. - - -TELEOSTEI. - - - -TELEOCEPHALI. - -_CYPRINODONTIDÆ._ - -"Head and body covered with scales; barbels, none. Margin of the -upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries only. Teeth in both jaws; -upper and lower pharyngeals, with cardiform teeth. Dorsal fin -situated on the hinder half of the body." (Günther.) - - -TRICOPHANES, Cope. - -U. S. Geolog. Surveyor the Terrs., 1872, p. 641. - -Having secured a very perfect specimen of this genus, we are enabled -to complete the definition of its generic characters. We give, then, -Professor Cope's definition, with some emendations and additions: -Dorsal and anal fins short; ventral fin sometimes beneath and -sometimes in advance of the dorsal. The premaxillary forms all of the -superior arcade of the mouth, which has a wide gape, opening back -behind the orbit. This bone has a row of long, slender, recurved, -and subequal teeth implanted in it. The dentary is stout, and has a -few small teeth. The branchiostegal rays are six in number, and are -rather wide. The preoperculum IS serrate. The operculum is ridged on -top. The anterior vertebræ are unmodified, and the centra are not -elongate. A strong acute spine supports the dorsal, and a similar one -the anal fin. There is a long post-clavicle, which may or may not -extend to the base of the ventral parallel with the femur. The femur -is long and furcate; the external part straight and reaching to the -clavicle; the internal curves to meet the corresponding portion of -its fellow. The ventral radii are eight in number, and the caudal -fin is furcate. The scales are peculiar, and characteristic of the -genus. They are very thin, and have borders fringed with long, -close-set, bristle-like processes. This genus includes as yet only -three species: _T. hians_, from Osivio, Nev.; and _T. foliarum_ and -_T. Copei_, from Florissant, Col. - - -Tricophanes Copei, _sp. nov._ - -Vertebræ D. 12, C. 18, Radii D. 14, A. 8, V. 8, C. 41, P. 5 only -visible, not all preserved. The dorsal fin is long, and projects -beyond the beginning of the anal fin; the mouth is terminal, and -the muzzle rather sharp. All the bones of the skeleton are very -slender; and this is especially true of the ribs, which are not as -thick as the interneurals. The neural and hæmal spines are short -and slender. The origin of the dorsal is nearer to the muzzle than -to the caudal; though, as a whole, the fin is on the hinder half of -the body. There are no interneural spines in front of the dorsal -fin; those supporting the fin are short, slender, and without the -laminar expansions found in _T. foliarum_. The caudal fin consists of -numerous jointed rays, which are supported by the neural and hæmal -spines of the last three vertebræ. The scales are small, and exhibit -the peculiarities of the genus, but the rows are too imperfect to be -counted. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Total length (straight) ·0935 - Length of head ·018 - Length of vertebral column ·055 - Length of caudal fin ·024 - Length of dorsal spine ·011 - Length of anal spine ·009 - Depth of head posteriorly ·016 - Length of mandibular ramus ·010 - Length to dorsal fin (from muzzle) ·033 - Length of dorsal fin ·0135 - Depth of body at middle of dorsal fin ·017 - -Found in the insect beds at Florissant, Col. - - -_CATOSTOMIDÆ._ - -Body covered with scales; head naked; margin of upper jaw formed by -the premaxillaries; mouth toothless. Pharyngeal teeth in a single -series, and exceedingly numerous and closely set. Dorsal fin elongate -and opposite the ventrals. Anal short, or of moderate length. - - -AMYZON, Cope. - -U. S. Geolog. Survey of the Terrs., 1872, p. 642. - -Allied to _Bubalichthys_. Dorsal fin elongate, with a few fulcral -spines in front. There are three broad branchiostegals. The vertebræ -are short, and the hæmal spines of the caudal fin are distinct and -rather narrow. The teeth are arranged comb-like, are truncate, -and number from thirty to forty. The dentary bone is slender and -toothless, and the angular is distinct. - - -Amyzon commune, Cope. - -U. S. Geolog. Survey of Terrs., 1873, p. - -Represented by several fine specimens from near Castello's Ranch, Col. - - -_SAURODONTIDÆ._ - -For a very complete definition of this family, see Cope's Cretac. -Vert., p. 183. - - -PORTHEUS, Cope. - -Cretac. Vert., p. 189 et seq. - -"Teeth subcylindric, without serrate or cutting edges, occupying -the maxillary, premaxillary, and dentary bones; size, irregular; -premaxillary, median maxillary, and dentary much reduced. No foramina -on inner face of jaws. Teeth on the premaxillary reduced in number. -Opercular and pre-opercular bones very thin. Cranial bones not -sculptured." - - -Portheus thaumas (?), Cope. - -Loc. cit. p. 196. - -Maxillary large, teeth three; third mandibular small, without cross -groove in front of it. - -A single tooth from the cretaceous sandstone of Cement Gulch, Col., -is provisionally referred to this species; the reference cannot be -certain, as the specimens described and figured by Professor Cope -have the crowns of the teeth broken. The tooth is not so long as the -largest tooth of _P. molossus_, but is of proportionately greater -diameter and not so straight. It is conical and recurved, and shows -two very obscure cutting-edges, which divide the crown into two -unequal faces. It has faint longitudinal striations on all sides, and -the apex is sharp. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Fore-and-aft diameter at the base 0·613 - Height of crown 0·020 - - -NEMATOGNATHI. - - -_SILURIDÆ._ - -"Skin naked, or with osseous scutes, but without scales. Barbels -always present; maxillary bone rudimentary, margin of the upper jaw -formed by the premaxillaries only. Suboperculum absent; adipose fin -present or absent." (Günther.) - - -RHINEASTES, Cope. - -U. S. Geol. Survey of the Terrs., 1872, p. 638. - -A genus allied to the recent _Ichtælurus_ but differing in the -inferior grooving of the vertebræ and in the rough exostoses of the -cranial bones. It differs from _Phareodon_ in having the usual band -of bristle-like teeth on the dentary. - - -Rhineastes ---- ? - -Represented by a portion of the dentary and hyomandibular bones of a -large cat-fish from Bridger Butte. - -The dentary is broad and shallow, grooved below, and deeply striated -on the external face. As much of it as is preserved is straight. -The teeth are small, subequal throughout, and very numerous. The -hyomandibular is broad and thick, and has a striated surface. The -condyle is peculiar in having two separate articular faces above and -below, one convex and the other flat. - - -GANOIDEI. - -CYCLOGANOIDEI. - -_AMIIDÆ._ - -"Scales cycloid; a long, soft dorsal fin. Abdominal and caudal parts -of the vertebral column subequal in extent." (Günther.) - - -AMIA. - -Body elongate sub-cylindrical, compressed behind; snout short and -rounded. Jaws with an outer series of closely-set pointed teeth, and -with a band of small teeth, similar teeth on the vomer, palatine, -and pterygoid bones. Long dorsal, short anal, and rounded nonfurcate -caudal fin. Ventrals well developed. A single large gular plate; -branchiostegal rays ten to twelve. - - -Amia (Protamia) uintaensis, Leidy. - -Cont. to Ext. Vert. Fauna, p. 185. - -A species of large mud-fishes related to the modern _Amia calva_. The -vertebræ are all much wider than they are high. The articular cones -have their bottoms considerably above the centre, and are minutely -perforate for the notochord. The centrum is transversely curved -from side to side, and has the convexity directed forwards; it is -truncate below, making the infero-lateral angles quite prominent in -the anterior dorsal region; in the posterior there are two fossæ. -The diapophyses are large, but almost sessile, and take their origin -above the centre, on the same line as the bottom of the articular -cone. The facets for the neurapophyses are in the form of the figure -8; their internal borders are prominent. The atlas has a broad oval -centrum, which is not truncate below, and has no markings of any -kind on the under surface. The articular faces for the neurapophyses -are prominent, and approach near together. The depression for the -occipital condyle is small, circular, and situated above the centre. - -From Henry's Fork. - - -_Amia depressa_ (?), Marsh. - -Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. 1871, p. 103 - -In this species the dorsal centra are wide, low, and short, and of a -regular oval outline. The articular cones are shallow, and have their -bottoms but slightly above the centre. The neurapophysial facets are -deep, with prominent borders, and the diapophyses are sessile. The -chief peculiarity is that the under surface of the centrum has no -markings of any kind. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Length of centrum ·010 - Breadth of centrum ·040 - Depth of centrum ·027 - -As Professor Marsh has given no measurements, the reference to _A. -depressa_ cannot be certain. - -The specimen was found at Henry's Fork. - - -Amia scutata, Cope. - -Bull, of U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 1 of Series II, p - -A species of about the size of _A. calva_, but with a proportionately -larger head. It is represented in our collection by a specimen -which lacks only a portion of the caudal and pectoral fins. The -_premaxillary_ is short and stout, articulates closely with the -maxillary, and bears a single row of pointed recurved teeth. These -are shorter and straighter than in _A. calva_. The _maxillary_ is -much as in the modern species, but is rounder. The cranio-facial axis -is straight and broad; the _basioccipital_ is the largest of the -bones; the _basisphenoid_ and _presphenoid_ are of the usual shape -and size, but there is a constriction at their junction which is not -marked in the modern species. The _vomer_ is long and double, and at -the extremity is armed with rows of small teeth. The two portions -diverge more perceptibly than in _A. calva_, and are stouter, though -this appearance may, to some extent, be due to flattening. - -The _frontal_ is long, broad, and thick; the upper surface is -delicately sculptured in a somewhat different pattern from that seen -in the modern species. The _parietal_ is short and broad, while the -_epiotic_ is unusually narrow. The _mandible_ is long and slender; -the rami are incurved anteriorly, but apparently not to the same -extent as in _A. calva_. The articular has the shape of a long and -narrow wedge; it does not form a very close articulation with the -dentary. The dentary is long and comparatively slender, has a rounded -outline, and is occupied by an external row of large, and an internal -band of small teeth. The mandibular teeth, like those of the upper -jaw, are somewhat different from the teeth of _A. calva_; they are -shorter, stouter, and are not so much incurved or recurved. They -are very sharp, and show a constriction below the apex. The small -teeth are of the usual size and shape. The jugular plate is well -developed, and is long and narrow. The _hyoid arch_ is very much the -same as that shown in the recent species; the characteristic flat -branchiostegals are well marked; they appear to be thirteen in number. - -The _scapular arch_ is long and stout. The _clavicle_ is strongly -bent, the supra-clavicle is short, and the _post-clavicle_ is long. -The pectoral fin is too indistinct for description. - -The _vertebræ_ are of considerable depth in the anterior dorsal -region, and decrease steadily in size as they go backwards. The -neural spines are long and slender, and project strongly backwards. -The relation of the centra to the arches seems to be about that -seen in _A. calva_, but the neurapophyses are more slender. The -diapophyses are long and slender, in this respect differing from -the Bridger species and approaching the modern one. The dorsals are -thirty-five in number. The caudals number about forty-seven. They -have smaller centra, but longer and stronger neurapophyses than the -dorsals. The hæmal arch is long, and the hæmapophyses articulate -movably with the centra. The spines supporting the caudal fin rays -are very stout. The dorsal fin is long and soft, and has long -interneurals supporting short rays; these are fifty-three in number. -The anal fin, on the other hand, is very short, having but nine rays, -which are long and jointed, and articulate with short interhæmals. -The caudal fin appears to be of the usual form. The _femur_ is of the -general shape characteristic of _Amia_, but is not just like that of -_A. calva_. It is shorter, broader at the proximal end, while the -distal end is narrower, and has a deeper constriction just above it. -The ventral fins are placed under the middle of the dorsal region, -and have each ten rays. The scales are of the usual cycloidal shape, -and minutely striate. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Total length (estimated in part) ·404 - Length of head ·093 - Length of vertebral column ·253 - Length of caudal fin (estimated) ·058 - Length of mandible ·059 - Length of jugular plate ·032 - Length of dorsal region ·141 - Length of caudal region ·112 - Depth of body at origin of dorsal fin - Length of dorsal fin ·117 - Length of femur ·027 - -From the insect beds near Florissant, Col. - - -PAPPICHTHYS, Cope. - -U. S. Geol. Survey of the Terrs., 1872, p. 634. - -Vertebræ short, dorsal with projecting diapophyses. Maxillary and -dentary bones support but one series of teeth. - - -Pappichthys plicatus, Cope. - -Loc. cit., p. 635. - -From Henry's Fork. - -Pappichthys lævis, Cope. - -Loc. cit., p. 366. - -Represented by three vertebræ from the posterior part of the dorsal -region. The centra are subcircular and have deep articular cones, -with their bottoms above the centre, and minutely perforate for -the notochord. The centra are comparatively quite long, and have -prominent projecting rims, and are truncate beneath. The facets for -the neurapophyses are long, and are separated into two parts for the -contiguous arches. The diapophyses are short and stout. - -Measurements. - - M. - Length of centrum ·015 - Breadth of centrum ·0315 - Depth of centrum ·027 - -Found at Henry's Fork. - - -Pappichthys symphysis, Cope. - -Loc. cit., p. 636. - -Found at Cottonwood Creek. - - -ELASMOBRANCHII. - -PLAGIOSTOMATA. - -_CARCHARIDÆ._ - -"Eye with a nictitating membrane. An anal fin; two dorsals." - - -GALEOCERDO. - -Caudal fin with a double notch; mouth crescent shaped; teeth subequal -in both jaws, oblique, serrate on both margins. - - -Galeocerdo falcatus, Ag. - -_Corax falcatus_, Poiss. Foss., t. iii., p. 226. - -This species is represented by a single tooth from the cretaceous -sandstone near the Garden of the Gods, Col. It does not agree -exactly with any descriptions or plates which we have seen; but -the differences are probably owing to the position or age of the -specimen. The crown is low, broad, and not very acute, the edge is -finely serrate, and there is no sensible difference between the -serrations of the two borders. The anterior border is undulating in -outline, but for the most part is convex; the posterior is short and -straight, and sends out quite a long heel. One face of the crown is -flat and the other is strongly convex. The root is stout and divided -into two fangs, which are longer and more distinct than is common in -this species. There are no denticles; cementum smooth. - -_Measurements._ - - M. - Length of crown ·017 - Depth of fang ·009 - Height of crown ·011 - - -Galeocerdo hartwellii, Cope. - -Cret. Vert, p.. 244. - -This species belongs to the group _G. Egertonii_, Ag., having the two -edges subequal and symmetrical. A single tooth from Cement Gulch, -Col. - - -_CESTRACIONTIDÆ._ - -"Two dorsal fins, an anal; nasal and buccal cavities confluent. Teeth -obtuse, several series being in function." (Günther.) - - -Ptychodus, Ag. - -Poissons Fossiles, t. iii., p. 56. - -Ptychodus Whippleyi, Marcou. - -Geology of North America, 1858, p. 33. - -Represented by a tooth from the cretaceous of Cement Gulch, almost -identical with the specimen described by Dr. Leidy from the -cretaceous of Texas. (Cont. to Ext. Vert. Fauna, p. 300.) - - - - -SUMMARY. - - - MAMMALIA. - - Primates 4 - Carnivora 2 - Perissodactyla 16 - Artiodactyla (?) 1 - Amblypoda 3 - Rodentia 1 - -- 27 - - AVES. - - Incertæ sedis 4 - -- 4 - - REPTILIA. - - Crocodilia 6 - Chelonia 5 - -- 11 - - PISCES. - - Teleocephali 3 - Nematognathi 1 - Cycloganoidei 6 - Plagiostomata 3 - Incertæ sedis 1 - -- 14 - -- - Total 56 - - -EXPLANATION OF PLATE A. - -_Figure about one fourth natural size._ - -Uintatherium Leidianum. - -[Illustration] - - -EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. - -_Figure three fourths natural size._ - -Palæosyops paludosus. - -Posterior view of cranium. - -[Illustration] - -EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. - -_Figures one fourth natural size._ - -Palæosyops major. - - Fig. 1.--Axis, view of right side. - - Fig. 2.--Axis, anterior view. - - Fig. 3.--Atlas, posterior view. - - Fig. 4.--Atlas, anterior view. - - Figs. 5 and 6.--Seventh cervical anterior and posterior view. - - Figs. 7 and 8.--Anterior and posterior views of right tibia. - - Figs. 9 and 10.--Proximal and distal faces of same. - - Fig. 11.--Proximal end of fibula. - - Fig. 12.--Right femur, posterior view. - - Fig. 13.--Trochlea of the same. - -[Illustration] - -EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. - -_Figures one half natural size._ - -Palæosyops paludosus. - - Figs. 1 and 2.--Ulna, anterior view, and distal articular face of same. - - Figs. 3, 4, and 5.--Radius, anterior view; and distal and proximal faces of - same. - - Fig. 6.--Left scapula. - - Fig. 7.--Right humerus, proximal end, anterior view. - - Fig. 9.--Left manus, anterior view. - -Palæosyops major. - - Fig. 8.--Left humerus, anterior view. - -[Illustration] - -EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. - -_Figure one half natural size._ - -Leurocephalus cultridens. - -Upper and lower jaws. View of right side. Dotted outlines indicate -probable position of lower incisor and canine series. - -[Illustration] - -EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. - -_Figure one half natural size._ - -Palæosyops major. - -Right innominate bone. The iliac crest and position of pubis -estimated in outline. - -[Illustration] - -EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. - -_Figures one third natural size._ - -Uintatherium leidianum. - - Fig. 1.--Cervical vertebra, fifth or sixth, anterior view. - - Fig. 2.--Dorsal vertebra, anterior region, view of left side. - - Fig. 3.--Dorsal vertebra, middle region, posterior view. - - Fig. 4.--Last lumbar vertebra, view of right side. - - Fig. 5.--Last lumbar vertebra, posterior view. - - Fig. 6.--Caudal series, first four vertebræ. - -[Illustration] - -EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. - -_Figures one third natural size._ - -Uintatherium leidianum. - - Fig. 1.--Anterior view of right humerus. - - Fig. 2.--Ulna, side view, length estimated. - -[Illustration] - -EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. - -_Figures one third natural size._ - -Uintatherium leidianum. - - - Fig. 1.---Right scapula. The dotted outline gives an attempted restoration - of the original shape. - - Fig. 2.--Tibia of left side, anterior view. - - Fig. 3.--View of the proximal articular faces of same. - - Fig. 4.--Right femur, posterior view. - -[Illustration] - -EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. - -_Figures four fifths natural size._ - -Orohippus major. - - Fig. 1.--Right femur, anterior view, length estimated. - - Fig. 2.--Right fibula. - - Fig. 3.--Right tibia, anterior view. - - Fig. 4.--Calcaneum. - - Figs. 5 and 6.--Astragalus and navicular. - - Fig. 7.--Metatarsals and phalanges. - - Last Fig.--A carnivorous sacrum, probably belonging to the brain, - described on pp. 20-22. - -[Illustration] - -EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. - -_Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, natural size._ - -Ithygrammodon cameloides. - - Fig. 1.--Left premaxillary, inner view. - - Fig. 2.--Left premaxillary, outer view. - - Fig. 3.--Right maxillary and premaxillary, outer view, premolar, with dotted - outline indicating its probable position. - - Fig. 4.--The premaxillaries in position (probable), view from above, showing - size and position of the incisors. Dotted lines indicate the premaxillary - spine (estimated). - -Procamelus occidentalis, Cope, (See Wheeler's Survey, vol. iv., Plate -LXXVII.) - - Fig. 5.--Part of right maxillary and premaxillary, showing single incisor - with rudimentary alveolus for a second. - - Protolabis ----? Cope. (See Wheeler's Survey, vol iv., p. 343.) - - Fig. 6.--Right maxillary and premaxillary. (This has never been drawn - before, and was kindly lent to us for this purpose by Prof. Cope.) - -Camelus bactrianus. Modern camel. - - Fig. 7.--Right maxillaries, one half natural size. - -[Illustration] - - - - -SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE - -OF THE - -EOCENE VERTEBRATES OF WYOMING. - - -Although we have endeavored to make this catalogue as complete -and accurate as possible, we feel that errors and omissions are, -from the nature of the case, unavoidable. The material is so vast -and heterogeneous, and is so much scattered throughout numberless -reports, bulletins, journals, and the like, that its correct -compilation is attended with great difficulties. However, a beginning -is here made which will render subsequent work easier. Owing to the -great number of discoveries which have since been made, Dr. Leidy's -excellent catalogue of 1871 covers now but a very small portion of -the ground. - -In this list we have made no attempt to decide disputed questions of -priority and synonymy. Doubtless, many of the genera and species here -given will be found to be synonyms of American or European forms; -but at present these questions cannot be settled. Where synonyms -are given, they are the determinations of the original describer -indicated in subsequent publications - - - -MAMMALIA. - - - -PRIMATES. - - Notharctus, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 114; Cont. to Ext. - Vert. Faun., p. 86; Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., - 1871, p. 364. _N. tenebrosus_, Leidy, loc. cit. - - Hyopsodus, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 110; U. S. Survey of - Terrs., 1870, p. 354; do. 1871, p. 362; Cont. to Ext. Vert. - Faun., p. 75. - -_H. paulus_, Leidy, loc. cit. - -_H. minusculus_, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 81. - -_H. gracilis_, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., vol. ii., p. 42. - -_H. vicarius_, Cope. Described in U. S. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. -609, as _Microsyops vicarius_. Wheeler's Survey, vol. iv., pt. ii., -p. 150. - - Microsyops, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 20; U. S. Survey of - Terrs., 1871, p. 363; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 82. - -_M. gracilis_, Leidy, loc. cit. In the "Contributions," Dr. Leidy, -considering _Limnotherium_, Marsh, as a synonym of _Microsyops_, has -called this species _M. elegans_. - - Hipposyus, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 37; Cont. to Ext. - Vert. Faun., p. 90. - -_H. formosus_, Leidy, loc. cit. - -_H. robustior_, Leidy Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 93; _Notharctus -robustior_. U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1871, p. 364. - - Antiacodon, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 210. - -_A. venustus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Bathrodon, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 211. - -_B. typus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Lemuravus, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. ix., p. 239. - -_L. distans_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Limnotherium, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 43. - -_L. tyrannus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_L. elegans_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_L. affine_, Marsh. Am Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 207. - - Mesacodon, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sci., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 212. - -_M. speciosus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Palæacodon, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872; p. 21. U. S. Geol. - Survey of Terrs., 1871, p. 356; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. - 122. - -_P. verus_, Leidy, loc. cit. - -_P. vagus_, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 224. - - Telmatolestes, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 206. - -_T. crassus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Tomitherium, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 470; U. S. Geol. - Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 546; Wheeler's Survey, vol. iv., p. - 135, pt. ii. - -_T. rostratum_, Cope, loc. cit.; U. S. Survey, 1872, p. 548. - - Anaptomorphus, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 554; U. S. Geol. - Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 549. - -_A. æmulus_, Cope, loc. cit. - - Oligotomus, Cope. On some Eocene mammals, p. 2; U. S. Geol. Survey - of Terrs., 1872, p. 607. - -_O. cinctus_, Cope, loc. cit. - - Opisthotomus, Cope. Wheeler's Survey, vol. iv., p. 151, pt. ii. - -_O. astutus_, loc. cit., p. 152. - - Pantolestes, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 467; Wheeler's - Survey, v. iv., pt. ii., p. 145. - -_P. longicaudus_. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 467; _Notharctus -longicaudus_, U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 549. - - Sarcolemur, Cope. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1875, p. 256; Wheeler's Survey, - v. iv., pt. ii., p. 147. - -_S. pygmæus_, Cope. _Lophiotherium pygmæus_, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., -1872, extras July 20; _Antiacodon pygmæus_, U. S. Geol. Survey of -Terrs., 1872, p. 607; _Hyopsodus pygmæus_, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, -p. 461. - -_S. furcatus_, Cope. _Antiacodon furcatus_. On some Eocene mammals, -p. i.; U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 608. - - Thinolestes, Marsh. Am. Journ. Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 205. - -_T. anceps_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - -CARNIVORA. - - Uintacyon, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 277; Cont. to Ext. - Vert. Faun., p. 118. - -_U. edax_, Leidy, loc. cit. - -_U. vorax_, Leidy, loc. cit. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 120. - - Sinopa, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 115; U. S. Geol. Survey - of Terrs., 1871, p. 355; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 116. - -_S. rapax_, Leidy, loc. cit. - -_S. eximia_, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 118. - - Canis. - -_C. montanus_, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 123. - - Dromocyon, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. xii., p. 403. - -_D. vorax_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Harpalodon, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 216. - -_H. sylvestris_, Marsh, loc cit. - -_H. vulpinus_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 217. - - Limnocyon, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 126. - -_L. verus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_L. riparius_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 203. - -_L. agilis_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 204. - - Limnofelis, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 202. - -_L. ferox_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_L. latidens_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 203. - - Oreocyon, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 406 - -_O. latidens_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Thinocyon, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 204. - -_T. velox_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Viverravus, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 127. - -_V. gracilis_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_V. (?) nitidus_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 205. - - Ziphacodon, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 216. - -_Z. rugatus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Vulpavus, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 124. - -_V. palustris_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Miacis, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 470. - -_M. parvivorus_, loc. cit.; _Viverravus parvivorus_, U. S. Geol. -Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 560. - - Mesonyx, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872. p. 460; U S. Geol. Survey - of Terrs., 1872, p. 550. - -_M. obtusidens_, Cope, loc. cit. U. S. Survey, p. 552. - - Synoplotherium, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 483; U. S. Geol. - Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 554. - -_S. lanius_, Cope, loc. cit. U. S. Survey, p. 557. - - Stypolophus, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 466; U. S. Geol. - Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 559; Wheeler's Survey, vol. iv., p. - 109. - -_S. insectivorus_, Cope. Pr, Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 469; U. S. Survey, -1872, p. 557. - -_S. pungens_, Cope, loc. cit., pp. 466, 559 - -_S. brevicalcaratus_, Cope, loc. cit., pp. 469, 560. - - Megencephalon, gen. nov. This report, p 20. - -_M. primævus_, sp. nov. This report, p. 20. - - -UNGULATA. - - -PERISSODACTYLA. - - Anchitherium. - -_A._ (?)----. This report, p. 23. - - Orohippus, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., vol. iv., p. 207; vol. vii., p. - 247. - -_O. pumilus_, Marsh, loc. cit., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 207. - -_O. agilis_, Marsh, loc. cit., 3d Ser. vol. v., p. 407. - -_O. major_, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. 3d Ser. vii., p. 248. - -_O. gracilis_, Marsh, loc. cit., 3d Ser. vol. vii., p. 249; -_Anchitherium gracile_ 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 38. - -_O. procyoninus_, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 466; U. S. Geol. -Survey, 1872, p. 606. - - Palæosyops, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 113; 1871, pp. 114, - 118, 197, 229; 1872, pp. 168, 241; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1870, - p. 355; 1871, p. 358; Com. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 27; Cope, - U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 591. - -_P. paludosus_, Leidy, loc. cit. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 28. - -_P. major_, Leidy. U. S. Geol. Survey of Montana, 1871, p. 359; Pr. -Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, pp. 168, 241; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 45. - -_P. humilis_, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 168, 277; Cont. to -Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 58. - -_P. junius_, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 277; Cont. to Ext. -Vert. Faun., p. 57. - -_P. lævidens_, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1873; U. S. Survey, 1872, p. -591. - -_P. vallidens_, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 487; loc. cit., p. -592. - -_P. minor_, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., vol. ii., p. 36. - - Limnohyus, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 242; Cont. to Ext. - Vert. Faun., p. 58; Marsh, Am. Jour. of Sc., 1872, 3d Ser. - vol. iv., p. 124. - -_L. laticeps_, Marsh. _Palæosyops laticeps_. Am. Journ. Sc. 3d Ser. -vol. iv., p. 122. - -_L. robustus_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 124, is same as _P. major_, Leidy. - -_L. diaconus_, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 593. - -_L. fontinalis_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 594. - - Telmatherium, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 123. - -_T. validum_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Leurocephalus, gen. nov. This report, p. 42. - -_L. cultridens_, sp. nov. This report, p. 42. - - Hyrachyus, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 229; 1872, pp. 19, - 163; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1871, p. 360; Cont. to Ext. Vert. - Faun., p. 60. - -_H. agrarius_, Leidy, loc. cit.; _H. agrestis_. U. S. Survey, 1871, -p. 357. - -_H. eximius_, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 229; 1872, p. 163; U. -S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1871, p. 361; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., -p. 66; Cope, U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 595. - -_H. modestus_, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 20; U. S. Geol. -Survey of Terrs., 1871, p. 361; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 67; -_Lophiodon modestus_, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870. p. 109. - -_H. nanus_, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 3d Ser. 1872, p. 20; U. S. -Survey, 1871, p. 361; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 67. - -_H. princeps_, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 125. - -_H. implicatus_, Cope. On Some Eocene Mammals, p. 5; U. S. Survey, -1872, p. 604. - -_H. crassidens_, sp. nov. This report, p. 52. - -_H. imperialis_, sp. nov. This report, p. 50. - -_H. intermedius_, sp. nov. This report, p. 51. - -_H. paradoxus_, sp. nov. This report, p. 53. - - Helaletes, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 218. - -_H. boöps_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_H. latidens_, sp. nov. This report, p. 54. - - Lophiodon. - - _L bairdianus_, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 36. - - _L. affinis_, loc. cit., p. 37. - - _L. nanus_, loc. cit. - - _L. pumilus_, loc. cit., p. 38. - - Lophiotherium. - -_L. sylvaticum_, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 126; Cont. to Ext. -Vert. Faun., p. 69. - -_L. Ballardi_, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 39. - - Orotherium, Marsh. Am: Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 217. - -_O. mintanum_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Helohyus, Marsh. Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 207. - -_H. plicodon_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Thinotherium, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 208. - -_T. validum_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - -ARTIODACTYLA. - -All the forms described under this head are of uncertain reference. - - Elotherium. - -_E. lentum_, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 39. - - Platygonus. - -_P. Ziegleri_, Marsh, loc cit., p. 40. - - Parahyus, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. xii., 402. - -_P. vagus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Homacodon, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 126. - -_H. vagans_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Ithygrammodon, gen. nov. This report, p. 56. - -_I. cameloides_, sp. nov. This report, p. 57. - - -AMBLYPODA. - -Cope. Wheeler's Survey, vol., iv., pt. ii., p. 179. - - -DINOCERATA. - -Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 344; Ibid. vol. v., pp. -117-122, 293; Ibid. vol. vi., p. 300; Ibid. vol. xi., p. 163. - - Uintatherium, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 169; Am. Jour. of - Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 239; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. - 96. - -_U. robustum_, Leidy, loc. cit.; _Uintamastix atrox_, loc. cit. - -_U. Leidianum_, sp. nov. This report, p. 3. - -_U. princeps_, sp. nov. This report, p. 81. - - Tinoceras, Marsh. _Titanotherium_ (?), Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. - vol. ii., p. 35; _Mastodon_, loc. cit., vol. iv., p. 123, - footnote; _Tinoceras_, loc. cit., vol. iv., pp. 322 and 323. - -_T. anceps_, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. iv., p. 322. - -_T. grandis_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 323. - - Dinoceras, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 344; Ibid. - vol. v., pp. 117-122; Ibid. vol. v., p. 408. - -_D. mirabilis_, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. iv., p. 344. - -_D. lucaris_, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. v., p. 408. - -_D. lacustre_, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. iv., p. 344. - - Loxolophodon, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, pp. 580, 488; U. S. - Survey, 1872, p. 565. - -_L. cornutus_, Cope, loc. cit.; U. S. Survey, 1872, p. 568. - - Eobasileus, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 485; U. S. Survey, - 1872, p. 575. - -_E. pressicornis_, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 580; loc. cit. - -_E. furcatus_, Cope. U. S. Survey, 1872, p. 580; _Loxolophodon -furcatus_, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 580. - - Coryphodon. - -_C. hamatus_, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. xi., p. 425. - - Bathmodon, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 417; U. S. Geol. - Survey, 1871, p. 350; 1872, p. 586. - -_B. radians_, Cope, loc. cit. - -_B. semicinctus_, Cope, loc. cit. - -_B. latipes_, Cope, loc. cit. - - Metalophodon, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 542; U. S. Geol. - Survey, 1872, p. 589. - -_M. armatus_, Cope, loc. cit. - - -TILLODONTIA. - -Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ix., p. 221; vol. xi., p. 249. - - Anchippodus, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Soc., 1868, p. 232; Ext. Mam. N. - Am., p. 403. - -_Trogosus._ Pr. Ac, 1871, p. 113; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 71. - -_A. riparius_, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Soc., 1868, p. 232; Cont. to Ext. -Vert. Faun., p. 71 (as _Trogosus castoridens_). - -_A. vetulus_, Leidy; _Trogosus vetulus_, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. -229; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 75. - - Tillotherium. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. v., p. 485; Ibid. vol. - xi., p. 249. - -_T. hydracoides_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_T. latidens_, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. vii., p. 533. - -_T. fodiens_, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. ix., p. 241. - - Stylinodon, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. vii., p. 532. - -_S. mirus_, loc. cit. - - -RODENTIA. - - Paramys, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 231; U. S. Geol. Survey, - 1871, p. 357; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 110. - -_P. delicatus_, Leidy, loc. cit. - -_P. delicatior_, Leidy, loc. cit. - -_P. delicatissimus_, Leidy, loc. cit.; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. -111. - -_P. robustus_, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 218. - -_P. superbus_, sp. nov. This report, p. 84. - -_P. leptodus_, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 609. - - Mysops, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 232; U. S. Geol. Survey, - 1871, p. 357; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 111. - -_M. minimus_, Leidy, loc. cit. - -_M. fraternus_, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 112. - - Pseudotomus, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 467; U. S. Geol. - Survey, 1872, p. 610. - -_P. hians_, Cope, loc. cit. - - Arctomys, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 121. - -_A. vetus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Geomys, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 121. - -_G. bisulcatus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Sciuravus, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 122. - -_S. nitidus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_S. undans_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_S. parvidens_, Marsh, loc. cit., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 220. - - Tillomys, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 219. - -_T. senex_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_T. parvus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Tachymys, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 219. - -_T. lucaris_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Colonymys, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 220. - -_C. celer_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - -INSECTIVORA. - - Omomys, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1869, p. 63; Ext. Mam. of N. Am., - p. 408; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 120. - -_O. Carteri_, Leidy, loc. cit. - - Washakius, Leidy. Cont. to. Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 123. - -_W. insignis_, Leidy, loc. cit. - - Passalacodon, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., vol. iv. p. 208. - -_P. litoralis_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Anisacodon,[4] Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 209. - -[Footnote 4: Professor Marsh has subsequently used this name to -designate a genus of the _Brontotheridæ_. Am. Jour. of Sc., vol. ix., -p. 246.] - -_A. elegans_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Centetodon, Marsh, Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 209. - -_C. pulcher_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_C. altidens_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 214. - - Hemiacodon, Marsh, Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 212. - -_H. gracilis_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_H. nanus_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 113 - -_H. pucillus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Entomodon, Marsh, Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 214. - -_E. comptus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Entomacodon, Marsh, Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 214. - -_E. minutus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_E. angustidens_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 222. - - Apatemys, Marsh, Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 221. - -_A. bellus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_A. bellulus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Talpavus, Marsh, Am. Journ. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 128. - -_T. nitidus_, Marsh, loc cit. - - -CHIROPTERA. - - Nyctitherium, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 127. - -_N. velox_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_N. priscum_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 128. - - Nyctilestes, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 215. - -_N. serotinus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - -MARSUPIALIA. - - Triacodon, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii., p. 123. - -_T. fallax_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_T. grandis_, Marsh, loc. cit. 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 222. - -_T. nanus_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 223. - -_T. aculeatus_, Cope. Pr. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 460; U. S. Geol. of -Terrs., 1872, p. 611. - - -_Genera incertæ sedis._ - - Stenacodon, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 210. - -_S. rarus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - - - -AVES. - - -RAPTORES. - - Bubo. - -_B. leptosteus_, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. ii, p. 126. - - -GRALLATORES. - - Aletornis, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 256. - -_A. nobilis_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_A. pernix_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_A. venustus_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 257. - -_A. gracilis_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 258. - -_A. bellus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - -SCANSORES. - - Uintornis, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 259. - -_U. lucaris_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - - - -REPTILIA. - - -CROCODILIA. - - Crocodilus. - -_C. liodon_, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. i., p. 454. - -_C. affinis_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_C. Grinnelli_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 455. - -_C. brevicollis_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 456. - -_C. parvus_, sp. nov. This report, p. 91. - -_C. clavis_, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 485; U. S. Geol. -Survey, 1872, p. 612. - -_C. sulciferus_, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 555; U. S. -Survey, loc. cit. - -_C. hetorodon_, Cope. _Alligator heterodon_, Pr Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, -p. 544; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 614. - -_C. aptus_, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 126. - -_C. Elliotii_, Leidy, loc cit. - - Diplocynodus. - -_D. subulatus_, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 613; _Crocodilus -subulatus_, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 554. - -_D. polyodon_, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 614. (In his report -to Lt. Wheeler, Prof. Cope says that "a single species, the _D. -subulatus_, occurs" in the Bridger Basin, (p. 60). It is therefore -probable that he has changed the _D. polyodon_, but we cannot find -its synonym.) - - -LACERTILIA. - - Saniva, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 124; U. S. Survey, 1870, - p. 368; do., 1871, p. 370; Com. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 181. - -_S. ensidens_, Leidy, loc. cit. - -_S. major_, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 182. - - Chameleo. - -_C. pristinus_, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 277; Cont. to Ext. -Vert. Faun., p. 184. - - Naocephalus, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 465; U. S. Geol. - Survey, 1872, p. 631. - -_N. porrectus_, Cope, loc. cit.; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 632. - - Glyptosaurus, Marsh. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 105; Am. Jour. of - Sc., 3d Ser. vol. i., p. 456. - -_G. sylvestris_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_G. nodosus_, Marsh, Am. Jour. of Sc., vol. i., p. 458. - -_G. ocellatus_, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. i., p. 458, and vol. iv., p. -306. - -_G. anceps_, Marsh, loc. cit., vol. i., p. 458. - -_G. princeps_, Marsh, loc. cit., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 302. - -_G. brevidens_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 305. - -_G. rugosus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_G. sphenodon_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 306. - - Thinosaurus, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3 Ser. vol. iv., p. 299. - -_T. paucidens_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_T. leptodus_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 300. - -_T. crassus_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 301. - -_T. grandis_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_T. agilis_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 302. - - Oreosaurus, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 303. - -_O. vagans_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_O. lentus_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 307. - -_O. gracilis_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_O. microdus_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 308. - -_O. minutus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Tinosaurus, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 304. - -_T. stenodon_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_T. lepidus_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 308. - - Iguanavus, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 309. - -_I. exilis_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Limnosaurus, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. iv., p. 309. - -_L. ziphodon_, Marsh, loc. cit.; _Crocodilus ziphodon_, loc. cit., -vol. i., p. 453. - - -OPHIDIA. - - Boavus, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. i., p. 323. - -_B. occidentalis_, Marsh, loc. cit. - -_B. agilis_, Marsh, loc. cit., p. 324. - -_B. brevis_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Lithophis, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. i., p. 325. - -_L. Sargenti_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Limnophis, Marsh. Am. Jour. of Sc., 3d Ser. vol. i., p. 326. - -_L. crassus_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Protagras, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 471: U. S. Geol. - Survey, 1872, p. 632. - -_P. lacustris_, Cope, loc. cit. - - -CHELONIA. - - Testudo. - -_T. Corsoni_, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 154; 1872, p. 268; -U. S. Geol. Survey, 1871, p. 366; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 132; -_Emys Carteri_, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 228; U. S. Geol. Survey, -1871, p. 367. (Professor Cope refers this species to his _Hadrianus_.) - - Hadrianus, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 468; U. S. Geol. - Survey of Terrs., 1872, p. 630. - -_H. allabiatus_, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 471; U. S. -Survey, loc. cit. - -_H. octonarius_, Cope, loc. cit. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc. 1872, p. 468. - -EMYS. - -_E. wyomingensis_, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1869, p. 66; U. S. -Geol. Survey, 1871, p. 367; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 140. _E. -Feansii_, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 123; _E. stevensoniansis_, loc. -cit., p. 5. _E. Haydem_, loc. cit., p. 123. - -_E. septarius_, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 625. - -_E. latilabiatus_, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 471; loc. cit., -p. 626. - -_E. gravis_, Cope. _Notomorpha gravis_ and _N. Garmanii_, Pr. Am. -Phil. Soc., 1872, pp. 476-77; _E. gravis_, U. S. Survey, 1872, p. 626. - -_E. testudineus_, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 627; _Notomorpha -testudineus_, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 475. - -_E. euthnætus_, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 628. - -_E. megaulax_, Cope, loc. cit. - -_E. pachylomus_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 629. - -_E. terrestris_, Cope, loc. cit.; _Palæotheca terrestris_, Pr. Am. -Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 464. - -_E. polycyphus_, Cope, loc. cit., 630; _P. polycyphus_, loc. cit., p. -463. - - Hybemys, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871; p. 103; Cont. to Ext. Vert. - Faun., p. 174. - -_H. arenarius_, Leidy, loc. cit. - - Baptemys, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1870, p. 4; U. S. Survey, 1870, - p. 367; do., 1872, p. 367; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., 157. - (Professor Cope refers this genus to _Dermatemys Gray_). - -_B. wyomingensis_, Leidy, loc. cit. - - Chisternon, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 162. - -_C. undatum._ Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 341; _Baena undata_, Pr. -Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 228; U. S. Survey, 1871, p. 369; Cont. to Ext. -Vert. Faun., p. 161. - - Baena, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 228; U. S. Survey, 1870, - p. 367; do., 1871, p. 368; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 161. - -_B. arenosa_, Leidy, loc. cit.; _Baena affinis_, U. S. Survey, 1870, -p. 367. - -_B. hebraica_, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 463; U. S. Survey, -1872, p. 621. - -_B. ponderosa_, Cope. U. S. Survey, 1872, p. 624. - - Anosteira, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 102, 114; U. S. - Survey, 1871, p. 370; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 174. - -_A. ornata_, Leidy, loc. cit. - -_A. radulina_, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 555; U. S. Survey, -1872, p. 650. - - Trionyx. - -_T. guttatus_, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1869, p. 66; 1870, p. 5; -1871, p. 228; U. S. Geol. Survey, 1870, p. 367; do., 1871. p. 370; -Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 176. - -_T. uintaensis_, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 267; Cont. to Ext. -Vert. Faun., p. 178. - -_T. heteroglyptus_, Cope. U. S. Geol, Survey, 1872, p. 616. - -_T. scutumantiquum_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 617. - -_T. concentricus_, Cope, loc. cit.; Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 469. - - Axestus, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Sc., 1872, p. 462; U. S. Geol. Survey, - 1872, p. 615. - -_A. byssinus_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 616. - - Plastomenus, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey of Terrs. 1872, p. 617. - -_P. Thomasii_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 618; _Trionyx Thomasii_, Pr. Am. -Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 462. - -_P. trionychoides_, Cope, loc. cit., 619; _Anostira trionychoides_, -Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 461. - -_P. multifoveatus_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 619. - -_P. ædemius_, Cope, loc. cit.; _Anostira ædemius_, Pr. Am. Phil. -Soc., 1872, p. 461. - -_P. molopinus_, Cope, loc. cit. p. 620; _Anostira molopinus_, Pr. Am. -Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 461. - - -AMPHIBIA. - -Incertæ sedis, I, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 633. - - - - -PISCES - -TELEOCEPHALI. - - Clupea. - -_C. humilis_, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1856, p. 266; U. S. Geol. -Survey, 1870, p. 369; do., 1871, p. 372; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., -p. 195. - -_C. alta_, Leidy. Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 196. (Cope refers -these two species to _Diplomystus_ ) - -_C. pusilla_, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1870, p. 382; U. S. Survey, -1870, p. 429. - - Diplomystus, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey Bulletin, vol. iii., No, 4, - p. 808. - -_D. dentatus_, Cope, loc. cit. - -_D. analis_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 809. - -_D. pectorosus_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 810. - - Osteoglossum. - -_O. encaustum_, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1870, p. 430. - - Dapedoglossus, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey; Bulletin, vol. iii., No. - 4, p. 807. - -_D. testis_, Cope, loc. cit. - -_D. æquipinnis_, Cope, loc. cit., vol. iv., No. 1, p. 77. - - Erismatopterus, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1870, p. 427. - -_E. Rickseckeri_, Cope, loc. cit. - -_E. levatus_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 428; _Cyprinodon levatus_, Pr. Am. -Phil. Soc., 1870, p. 382. - -_E. Endlichi_, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey Bulletin, vol. iii., No. 4, -p. 811. - - Amphiplaga, Cope. U. S. Geol Survey Bull., vol. iii., No. 4, p. 812. - -_A. brachyptera_, Cope, loc. cit. - - Asineops, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1870, p. 380; U. S. Geol. - Survey, 1870, p. 425. - -_A. squamifrons_, Cope. Pr. Phil. Soc., p. 381; U. S. Survey, 1870, -p. 426. - -_A. vividensis_, Cope. U. S. Survey, 1870, p. 426. - -_A. pauciradiatus_, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull., vol. iii., No. 4, -p. 813. - - Mioplosus, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull., vol. iii., No. 4, p. 813. - -_M. abbreviatus_, Cope, loc. cit. - -_M. labracoides_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 814. - -_M. longus_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 815. - -_M. Beanii_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 816. - - Priscacara, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey Bull., vol. iii., No. 4, p. - 816. - -_P. serrata_, Cope, loc. cit. - -_P. cypha_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 817. - -_P. liops_, Cope, loc. cit., p 818. - -_P. oxyprion_, Cope, loc. cit., vol. iv., No. i, p. 74. - -_P. Pealeii_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 75. - -_P. clivosa_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 76. - - -NEMATOGNATHI. - - Pimelodus. - -_P. antiquus_, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 99; Cont. to Ext. -Vert. Faun., p. 193. - - Phareodon, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 99; Cont. to Ext. - Vert. Faun., p. 193. - -_P. acutus_, Leidy, loc. cit. - -_P. sericeus_, Cope, U. S. Geo!. Survey, 1872, p. 638. - - Rhineastes, Cope. Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1872, p. 486; U. S. Geol. - Survey, 1872, p. 638. - -_R. peltatus_, Cope, loc. cit. - -_R. Smithii_, Cope, loc. cit. - -_R. radulus_, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 639. - -_R. calvus_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 640. - -_R. arcuatus_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 641. - - -CYCLOGANOIDEI. - - Amia. _A. (Protamia) uintaensis_, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. - 98; Cont., p. 185. - -_A. (Protamia) media_, Leidy, loc. cit.; Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., -p. 108. - -_A. (Protamia) gracilis_, Leidy, loc. cit. - -_A. depressa_, Marsh. Pr. Ac Nat. Sc., 1871, p. 105. - -_A. Newberriana_, Marsh, loc. cit. - - Hypamia, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 98; Cont. to Ext. Vert. - Faun., p. 189. - -_H. elegans_, Leidy, loc. cit. - - Pappichthys, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 634. - -_P. sclerops_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 635. - -_P. plicatus_, Cope, loc. cit. - -_P. lævis_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 636. - -_P. symphysis_, Cope, loc. cit. - -_P. Corsonii_, Cope, loc. cit. - - -RHOMBOGANOIDEI. - - Lepidosteus. _L. atrox_, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 97; - Cont. to Ext. Vert. Faun., p. 189. - -_L. simplex_, Leidy. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1873, p. 98; Cont. to Ext. -Vert. Faun , p. 191. - -_L. notabilis_, Leidy, loc. cit. - -_L. glaber_, Marsh. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1872, p. 103. - -_L. Whitneyi_, Marsh, loc. cit. (These species are all referred to -_Clastes_ by Cope.) - - Clastes, Cope. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1872, p. 633. - -_C. anax_, Cope, loc. cit. - -_C. cyliferus_, Cope, loc. cit., p. 634. - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber Note - -Minor typos were corrected. - - - - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PALÆONTOLOGICAL REPORT OF THE -PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION OF 1877 *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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