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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Nurse in Greek Life, by Mary Rosaria
-Gorman
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: The Nurse in Greek Life
-
-Author: Mary Rosaria Gorman
-
-Release Date: January 04, 2021 [eBook #64215]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
-             at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
-             generously made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NURSE IN GREEK LIFE ***
-
-
-
-
-                        THE NURSE IN GREEK LIFE
-
-
-                                   _By_
-
-                        SISTER MARY ROSARIA, M. A.
-
-                                  OF THE
-
-                    SISTERS OF CHARITY, HALIFAX, N. S.
-
-
-                              A DISSERTATION
-
- _Submitted to the Catholic Sisters College of the Catholic University of
- America in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor
-                              of Philosophy_
-
-
-                                  BOSTON
-
-                                JUNE, 1917
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-
-
-                                PREFACE
-
-
-The frequent mention of the nurse in connection with the child and the
-family and the numerous descriptions of her in Greek art have suggested
-the investigation of Greek classical literature and the inscriptions
-with the purpose of ascertaining and presenting the position and
-characteristics of the nurse as a contribution to the private life of
-the Greeks. The subject here dealt with is viewed solely from the social
-standpoint, though the writer recognizes its value from the literary and
-psychological sides.
-
-The scope of this study practically includes the whole range of Greek
-literature from Homer to Plutarch. A correct notion of the part played
-in Greek life by this character could not have been obtained from a
-narrower field. Certain phases of the nurse’s life are discussed by
-Becker in his “Charicles” (Excursus to Scene I), and references to
-different aspects of the subject are found in Hermann’s “Lehrbuch” (3rd.
-ed., pt. IV). Friedländer’s “Sittengeschichte Roms” (5th. ed., I, p.
-468ff.) was of special value in throwing light on some of the μυθόι of
-Chapter IV. Wherever the works of other modern authors dealing with
-Greek domestic life have been used, due credit will be given them.
-
-                                                    SISTER MARY ROSARIA.
-
-  Feast of St. Joseph,
-    March 19, 1917.
-
-
-
-
-                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
-
-                                                                   PAGE
- PREFACE                                                              3
-
-
- CHAPTER I. TERMS USED FOR NURSE.
-
-      τροφός, τίτθη, τιθήνη, μαῖα                                     7
-
-
- CHAPTER II. SOCIAL STATUS OF THE NURSE.
-
-      From Homer to Herodotus—In Tragedy—In Athens—Foreign Nurses     9
-
-
- CHAPTER III. THE NURSE AND THE FAMILY.
-
-      Duties to the Child—Bathing—Swaddling—First Nurture—Wet
-        nurses—Food—Child in the Nurse’s Arms—Carrying of Child—
-        Motion Profitable for Young Children—Moulding of Child’s
-        Body—Cradles—σκάφη ... λίκνον,—Rocking of the Cradle—
-        Amusements Furnished by the Nurse—Making of Toys—Balls—
-        Rattles—Dolls—Dandling Fruit—Theatres—General Care Over
-        Children—Keeping them Clean—Fondling Children—Pet Names—
-        Humoring Child—Method of Finding Out What Children Want—
-        Crying of Children—Amulets—Time Spent in Nursery.
-
-      The Nurse and the Grown Daughter—Nausicaa’s Nurse—Tragic
-        Nurse—Care of Young Maiden—Go-between in Maiden’s Love
-        Affairs—Comfort and Consolation.
-
-      The Nurse and the Grown Son—Eurycleia—Cilissa—Moschio’s
-        Nurse—Old Nurse in Demosthenes—Esteem for Nurse....
-
-      The Nurse in the Household—Washing—Eurycleia’s Duties—Duties
-        Enumerated by Demeter—Tragedy—Comedy—General
-        Characteristics of the Nurse—Eurycleia—Nurse in Herodotus—
-        Orestes’ Nurse—Nurse in Medea—in Trachiniae—in Hippolytus—
-        Aristophanes’ πιστὴ, τροφός—Nurse’s Care Shown in Samia—in
-        Real Life—Instances of Unkindness Few—Plutarch—Stobaeus—
-        Aristophanes—Chattering and Tippling Propensities—
-        Metaphors of Nurse                                           16
-
-
- CHAPTER IV. NURSERY TALES AND LULLABIES.
-
-      The Nurse in Education—First Lessons Imparted by Means of
-        Tales—Isolated Traces of Nursery Tales—Held in Contempt by
-        the Greeks—Apotropaic Tales—Lamia—Gorgon—Mormolyke—Acco—
-        Alphito—Empusa—Strigla—Wolf—Example from Theocritus—from
-        Callimachus—Mormo—Bad Effects of these Tales—Protreptic
-        Tales—Subject Matter—Censorship by Plato and Aristotle—
-        Immoral effects of Stories about the Gods—Hermes—Hercules—
-        Odysseus—Theseus and Ariadne—Magic Rings—Rings of Gyges—
-        Tales Told for Comfort and Consolation—Festival of the
-        Oschophoria—Style—Purpose—Aesopic Tales—Libyan—Cyprian—
-        Sybaritic—Traces of Lullabies—Metrical Humming—Peculiar
-        Tune—Imitations of Lullabies—Lullaby of Alcmena—Lament of
-        Danae—Chorus in Philoctetes—in Orestes                       34
-
-
- CHAPTER V. MONUMENTS TO THE NURSE.
-
-      Form—Relief—Melitta—Malicha—τίτθη χρηστή—Name of Nurse
-        Added—Her Master—Country—Simple Word τίτθη—Nurse
-        represented on Monument of Mother—Shared in Grief of
-        Family—Literary Evidence of Monuments—Theocritus—
-        Anthology—Callimachus                                        45
-
-
- BIBLIOGRAPHY.
-
- I.   TEXTS OF SOURCES                                               49
-
- II.  SECONDARY AUTHORITIES                                          50
-
-
-
-
-                               CHAPTER I
-                          TERMS USED FOR NURSE
-
-
-Of the various terms employed in the literature to designate the nurse
-we shall speak only of four: τροφός, τιθήνη, μαῖα, and τίτθη. The first
-three are found in Homer[1] and the Hymns[2] with no apparent difference
-of meaning. τίτθη is of later origin and is used of a wet-nurse by
-Plato,[3] Demosthenes,[4] Aristotle,[5] Antiphanes,[6] Plutarch,[7]
-Soranus.[8] The ancient lexicographers generally bear out this meaning
-of the word. While Herodianus (I, 456, l. 2, Lentz), Hesychius and
-Photius give τροφός as a synonym for τίτθη, Suidas defines it more at
-length: τίτθαι, οὕτω καλοῦνται αἱ τοῖς τιτθίοις καὶ τῷ γάλακτι τρέφουσαι
-τὰ παιδία. Eustathius[9] calls wet-nurses τίτθαι, and those who have the
-care of children after weaning τιθηνοί and τροφοί: τίτθαι ... αἱ τοὺς
-τιτθοὺς παρέχουσαι ... τιθηνοὶ δέ, ἔτι δὲ καὶ τροφοί ... αἱ τὸν ἄλλον
-φασί, πόνον μετὰ τὸν ἀπογαλακτισμὸν ἀναεχόμεναι. Pollux defines τίτθαι
-as αἱ θηλάζουσαι (II, 163) and again (III, 50) he says: τὴν δὲ
-θηλάζουσαν Εὔπολις τίτθην θηλάστριαν ὠνόμασε. Between τιθήνη and τίτθη
-he makes this distinction: ἡ δὲ τροφὸς τῆς κόρης, τιθήνη· καὶ ἡ γάλα
-παρέχουσα τίτθη (III, 41). However, a writer of the second century A. D.
-plainly referring to a wet-nurse, uses τίθηνη,
-
-            κοῦρος ὑπ’ ἐκ μαζοῖο τιθήνης
-            χείλεσιν αὖ ἐρύει λαρὸν γλάγος.[10]
-
-The Etymologicum Magnum refers τιθήνη to τιτθόν: τιθήνας, τροφοὺς παρὰ
-τὸ τιτθόν. According to Brugmann[11] τίτθη, τιθήνη, τίτθος are formed by
-reduplication beside θήλη, “mother’s breast.”
-
-As to the word τροφός, Herodianus (I, 225, l. 11, Lentz) refers it to
-τρέφω. Hesychius[12] contrasts it with θρέμμα, “nursling.” Pollux
-(l. c.) seems to distinguish τροφός and μαῖα and to take the latter as
-meaning more strictly, “Ea quae lactat,” as Stephanus remarks in his
-Thesaurus.
-
-Various meanings were attached to the word μαῖα. Besides its use as
-“mid-wife,” it was employed as a form of address in speaking to nurses:
-
-            εἰ δ’ ἄγε δή μοι, μαῖα φίλη.[13]
-
-            μαῖα, θεῶν μὲν δῶρα καὶ ἀχνύμενοι περ ἀνάγκῃ.[14]
-
-            μαῖα, πάλιν μου κρύψον κεφαλάν.[15]
-
-The signification was even extended to embrace the true mother, as
-attested by Euripides, Alcestis 393, where the child says of its mother:
-μαῖα δὴ κάτω βέβακεν.
-
-To distinguish accurately and sharply between the different words for
-nurse is not our present purpose. Doubtless the differences between them
-were not broad and clear even to the Greeks themselves. τροφός seems to
-be employed as the generic term, while τίτθη is generally used for
-“wet-nurse” and τροφός and τιθήνη for “nursery-maid.”
-
-
-
-
-                               CHAPTER II
-                       SOCIAL STATUS OF THE NURSE
-
-
-                       _From Homer to Herodotus_
-
-The Homeric poems deal wholly with the life of the upper classes. Hence
-we do not get from them a complete picture of how all classes lived.
-Even for the aristocrat therein described, the habits of life were
-simple. Mothers nursed their own children: thus Hecuba speaks to her
-son, Hector:
-
-            Ἕκτορ, τέκνον ἐμόν, τάδε τ’ αἴδεο καὶ μ’ ἐλέησον
-            αὐτήν, εἴ ποτέ τοι λαθικηδέα μαζὸν ἐπέσχον.[16]
-
-Still, there is one instance which points to a different practice.
-Odysseus in addressing his old nurse Eurycleia says:
-
-            μαῖα, τίη μ’ ἐθέλεις ὀλέσαι; σὺ δέ μ’ ἔτρεφες αὐτὴ
-            τῷ σῷ ἐπὶ μαζῷ.[17]
-
-The expression ἐπὶ μαζῷ here employed is used in another place of the
-relation between mother and child:
-
-                              πάις δέ οἱ ἦν ἐπὶ μαζῷ
-            νήπιος, ὅς που νῦν γε μετ’ ἀνδρῶν ἵζει ἀριθμῷ[18]
-
-However this may be, nurses were employed as the attendants of the
-children whom they amused and brought up as long as they remained in the
-house of the parents.
-
-Whatever function she performed, the Homeric nurse was a slave, either a
-captive:
-
-            τήν ποτ’ Ἀπείρηθεν νέες ἤγαγον ἀμφιέλισσαι.[19]
-
-or purchased as an ordinary slave:
-
-            τήν ποτε Λαέρτης πρίατο κτεάτεσσιν ἑοῖσι,
-            πρωθήβην ἔτ’ ἐοῦσαν, ἐεικοσάβοια δ’ ἔδωκεν.[20]
-
-The Phrygian nurse of Hector’s son may be taken as a model of the Greek
-nurse of an infant. Nothing is said as to her social standing, but we
-infer from her occupation[21] that she was a slave.
-
-The Phoenician woman, nurse to Eumaeus, gives us an instance of the
-nurse of an older child. She had been captured and sold as a slave to a
-master, whose hard bonds she feared:
-
-            ἀλλά μ’ ἀνήρπαξαν Τάφιοι ληίστορες ἄνδρες
-            ἀγρόθεν ἐρχομένην, πέρασαν δέ τε δεῦρ’ ἀγαγόντες
-            τοῦδ’ ἀνδρὸς πρὸς δώμαθ’· ὁ δ’ ἄξιον ὦνον ἔδωκε.
-                   ·       ·       ·       ·       ·
-                                μή τις ποτὶ δῶμα γέροντι
-            ἐλθὼν ἐξείπῃ, ὁ δ’ ὀϊσάμενος καταδήσῃ
-            δεσμῷ ἐν ἀργαλέῳ, ὑμῖν δ’ ἐπιφράσσετ’ ὄλεθρον.[22]
-
-In striking contrast to this unfaithful slave is Eurycleia, the nurse of
-the grown son, whose rank is higher than that of the ordinary slave, for
-she had general supervision over the fifty female slaves of the
-household and assisted the mistress in teaching them:
-
-            πεντήκοντά τοί εἰσιν ἐνὶ μεγάροισι γυναῖκες
-            δμωαί, τὰς μέν τ’ ἔργα διδάξαμεν ἐργάζεσθαι,
-            εἴριά τε ξαίνειν κὰι δουλοσύνην ἀνέχεσθαι.[23]
-
-It is she, too, who fills the important office of ταμίη.[24] Indeed, she
-is treated as a member of the family, is the friend and confidante of
-the mistress who shows her great deference.[25]
-
-The nurse of the grown daughter is seen in Eurymedusa who had been a
-captive, the prize of King Alcinous.[26]
-
-Penelope’s nurse, Eurynome, has much the same office as Eurycleia.[27]
-Like her, she is a trusted slave devoted to her mistress.
-
-In the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, the duties which the goddess takes upon
-herself when she assumes the form of a nurse are identical with those
-performed by Eurycleia in the Odyssey:
-
-            καί κεν παῖδα νεογνὸν ἐν ἀγκοίνῃσιν ἔχουσα
-            καλὰ τιθηνοίμην, καὶ δώματα τηρήσαιμι,
-            καί κε λέχος στορέσαιμι μυχῷ θαλάμων εὐπήκτων
-            δεσπόσυνον, καί κ’ ἔργα διδασκήσαιμι γυναῖκας.[28]
-
-Still, she is not the slave of the people for whom she works, and is
-promised such compensation (θρεπτήρια) for her services as would make
-her an object of envy to the women of the household.[29]
-
-Aphrodite learned Anchises’ language from her Trojan nurse:
-
-            γλῶσσαν δ’ ὑμετέρην καὶ ἡμετέρην σάφα οἶδα·
-            Τρῳὰς γὰρ μεγάρῳ με τροφὸς τρέφεν, ἡ δὲ διαπρό
-            σμικρὴν παῖδ’ ἀτίταλλε φίλης παρὰ μητρὸς ἑλοῦσα.[30]
-
-The nurse is probably a slave, for wherever slave-trading was known it
-must have been usual to employ a foreign nurse.
-
-The historians naturally have but little occasion to speak of domestic
-life. Herodotus, however, introduces into his narrative not only
-political history, but also matters of purely social interest. Hence we
-are not surprised to find a nurse in his sixth book.[31] This nurse is
-presumably a slave, for she receives the commands of the parents to show
-the child to no one.
-
-
-                             _In Tragedy._
-
-The nurses of Tragedy are old women who have spent years in the service
-of their masters (παλαιὸν οἴκων κτῆμα).[32] Even after the child they
-had nursed had grown up, they were still retained in the household.[33]
-There can be no doubt that like the nurses of Homer they were
-slaves.[34] Medea’s nurse is addressed as κτῆμα δεσποίνης[35] and when
-speaking to the παιδαγωγός, she calls herself σύνδουλος.[36] Then, too,
-the fall of the mistress involved that of the nurse, a calamity hinted
-at in Hippolytus:
-
-            οὐ δῆθ’ ἑκοῦσά γ’, ἐν δὲ σοὶ λελείψομαι;[37]
-
-and in Medea:
-
-            χρηστοῖσι δούλοις ξυμφορὰ τὰ δεσποτῶν
-            κακῶς πίτνοντα, καὶ φρενῶν ἀνθάπτεται.[38]
-
-Hecuba, bewailing her fate, foresees that she who had once been Queen of
-Troy will be forced to become the nurse of children.[39]
-
-
-                              _In Athens_
-
-But it was not only captives and slaves who nursed children. In the
-fourth century we find at Athens free women performing the office of
-nurse. Euxitelos in pleading against Eubolides answers the reproach they
-attach to his mother of having been a nurse. He says that his father had
-gone to the war, leaving his mother with two small children to support.
-Hence she was obliged to take Cleinias to nurse: αὐτὴ δ’ οὖ σ’ ἐν
-ἀπορίαις, ἠναγκάσθη τὸν Κλεινίαν τὸν τοῦ Κλειδίκου τιτθεῦσαι.[40] He
-admits that it is a mean employment, but affirms that he can give the
-names of free-born women, who, like his mother, were compelled by stress
-of poverty to become nurses: καὶ γὰρ νῦν ἀστὰς γυναῖκας πολλὰς εὑρήσετε
-τιτθευούσας.[41]
-
-In another Oration of Demosthenes, In Evergum, there is an instance of
-an old and poor nurse living with the man she had nursed as a child. The
-father of this person, in recompense for her care, had given her her
-freedom: καὶ μετ’ αὐτῆς τίτθή τις ἐμοὶ γενομένη πρεσβυτέρα, ἄνθρωπος
-εὔνους καὶ πιστή, καὶ ἀφειμένη ἐλευθέρα ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς τοῦ ἐμοῦ.[42] She
-married and on the death of her husband returned to her nursling, who
-received her all the more willingly inasmuch as he was about to leave
-home and was pleased to have such a sure companion for his wife. When
-Euvergus and his accomplices break into the house, they find the old
-woman seated at table with the mistress and children. The nurse, trying
-to conceal a vase in her dress, is seen by the robbers who fall upon her
-and beat her until she gives it up. Some days afterwards she dies from
-injuries received, but not before having been cared for by a doctor
-summoned especially for her.
-
-No instance is given by Plato or Aristotle of the manumission of a
-nurse. The former, on the contrary, speaks of the δούλεια ἤθη
-τροφῶν.[43]
-
-The nurse of New Comedy is usually a slave; still she sometimes receives
-her freedom, as in the case of Moschio’s nurse in the Samia of Menander:
-
-                      τοῦ δὲ Μοσχίωνος ἦν
-            τίτθη τις αὕτη πρεσβυτέρα, γεγονυῖ’ ἐμὴ
-            θεράπαιν’, ἐλευθέρα δὲ νῦν.[44]
-
-“Though emancipated, she yet remained in the service of her former
-master,” her status being similar to that of the metic.[45] We also have
-inscriptional evidence that women belonging to the metic class were
-employed as nurses who being free-born must have received wages:
-Ἀπολλοδώρου ἰσοτέλου θυγάτηρ Μέλιττα τίτθη.[46]
-
-
-                            _Foreign Nurses_
-
-Though the Athenians had a natural repugnance to the severity of the
-Spartan discipline, still the aversion was not so intense but that some
-of the Lacedemonian customs found ready acceptance in Athens.
-Aristophanes, Birds, 1281,[47] makes it clear that the Athenians were
-“Spartan-mad.” For this reason, no doubt, Spartan women whose robust
-health was famed throughout Greece,[48] were sought to inaugurate that
-regimen peculiar to the Spartan nurse. Hence Plutarch: Διὸ καὶ τῶν
-ἔξωθεν ἔνιοι τοῖς τέκνοις Λακωνικὰς ἐωνοῦντο τιτθάς,[49] and he also
-records that Amycla, the nurse of Alcibiades was a Spartan: Ἀλκιβιάδου
-δὲ καὶ τίτθην, γένος Λάκαιναν, Ἀμύκλαν ὄνομα.[50] The virtue of these
-Spartan women and the esteem in which they were generally held are
-attested to by a monument erected by Diogeitus to the nurse of his
-children. On it we find the following inscription:
-
-            Ἐνθάδε γῆ κατέχει τίτθην παιδίων Διογείτου ἐκ
-            Πελοποννήσου τὴν δὲ δικαιοτάτην.
-            Μαλίχα Κυθηρία.[51]
-
-But it was not only from Sparta that the Athenians obtained nurses for
-their children. We have an inscription from the monument of the
-Corinthian nurse Φάνιον.[52] And there is an epigram of Callimachus on a
-Phrygian nurse whose master cared for her during her life-time, and when
-she was dead set up her statue, that posterity might see how the old
-woman received in full the thanks for her nurture.[53] Thrace, too,
-furnished its share of types of nurses:
-
-            καί μ’ ἁ Θευχαρίδα Θρᾷσσα τροφὸς ἁ μακαρῖτις
-            ἀγχίθυρος ναίοισα, κατεύξατο καὶ λιτάνεσε
-            τὰν πομπὰν θάσασθαι.[54]
-
-Such was the honor in which they were held that one Cleita was
-considered worthy of a monument, as we learn from an epigram of
-Theocritus:
-
-            ὁ μίκκος τόδ’ ἔτευξε τᾷ Θραΐσσᾳ,
-            Μήδειος τὸ μνᾶμ’ ἐπὶ τᾷ ὁδῷ κἠπέγραψε Κλείτας.[55]
-
-The fact that the Greeks employed foreign nurses may also be inferred
-from the essay, De Liberis Educandis, attributed to Plutarch, in which
-the author loudly inveighs against the practice of entrusting children
-to any nurse whatsoever. He insists on her being selected with the
-utmost care, laying down as a fundamental qualification that she be of
-the Greek race: ἀλλὰ τάς γε τίτθας καὶ τὰς τροφούς, οὐ τὰς τυχούσας,
-ἀλλ’ ὡς ἔνι μάλιστα σπουδαίας, δοκιμαστέον ἐστί. πρῶτον μὲν τοῖς ἤθεσιν
-Ἑλληνίδας.[56] According to the same author these women received wages
-for their work: αἱ τίτθαι δὲ καὶ αἱ τροφοὶ τὴν εὔνοιαν ὑποβολιμαίαν καὶ
-παρέγγραπτον ἔχουσιν, ἅτε μισθοῦ φιλοῦσαι.[57]
-
-Such was the social status of this Greek nurse, a picture necessarily
-composite since the details are drawn from so many sources; but from
-what has been said, it may be concluded that the nurse, though usually a
-slave, was sometimes manumitted, that a preference was frequently shown
-at Athens for the foreign-bred nurse and that on occasion free women
-resorted to nursing as a means of gaining a livelihood.
-
-
-
-
-                              CHAPTER III
-                        THE NURSE AND THE FAMILY
-
-
-The helpless condition of infancy has always called for special offices
-to tide the child over the first years of life. These offices are
-performed either by mother or nurse. Among the Greeks, the nurse was a
-familiar figure in the household; and although our knowledge of Greek
-domestic life must necessarily be limited from the fact that the women’s
-apartments are so persistently closed against us, nevertheless from
-side-lights furnished by our threefold source of information—the
-literature, the art and the inscriptions—we cannot help being impressed
-by the important place which the nurse held in the family.
-
-Let us now turn to a more exact consideration of the various duties of
-the nurse in relation to the children, to the grown daughter, the grown
-son and lastly to the household. In this way we shall be led to a
-clearer conception of the general characteristics which marked the
-nurse’s dealings with her charge.
-
-
-                          DUTIES TO THE CHILD
-
-
-                               _Bathing_
-
-Among the principal duties incumbent on the nurse of an infant was the
-giving of the bath. That it was given immediately after birth, we infer
-from Lycophron’s Alexandra, 309, where a child dies πρὶν ἐκ λοχείας γυῖα
-χυτλῶσαι δρόσῳ, and also from Plautus, Amphitryo, 1103: “Postquam
-peperit pueros lavere iussit nos.” The heroine nymphs of Libya, acting
-as nurses, bathed Athena when she leaped in gleaming armor from the head
-of Zeus.[58] Some nurses preferred pure water;[59] others, like the
-Spartans, bathed the child in wine as a test of its strength, they being
-of the opinion that the weakly ones would faint, but the more vigorous
-would acquire firmness and hardness after a bath of this kind.[60] On a
-vase portraying the life of Achilles one of the scenes shows the nurse
-giving the infant son of Thetis his first bath.[61] The vessel in which
-this bath is given is mentioned by Pindar:
-
-            ἐπεί νιν καθαροῦ λέβητος ἔξελε Κλωθώ.[62]
-
-
-                          _Swaddling Clothes_
-
-Attic nurses wrapped the infant in swaddling clothes (σπάργανα).[63] As
-far as we can gather from the grave-reliefs these seem to have been long
-narrow strips of cloth bound like bandages around the child’s body,
-which they completely covered from head to foot, leaving nothing but the
-face uncovered.[64] White,[65] purple,[66] and saffron[67] are mentioned
-as colors of these bands. The practice of swaddling children is alluded
-to by Hesiod,[68] and frequent reference is made to it by the
-Tragedians.[69] The Theban children given over to the state were
-swaddled.[70] The nurse in the Amphitryo complained that Hercules was so
-large she could not swathe him.[71] How long the children were kept thus
-bound we do not know; but we can hardly suppose that it was until they
-had reached the age of two years, as Plato advises.[72] The Spartan
-nurses dispensed with these bands, allowing the children to grow up
-unrestrained in limb and form.[73] Exposed children were sometimes
-recognized by the swaddling clothes.[74]
-
-
-                                 _Food_
-
-The child was suckled either by mother[75] or nurse.[76] Naturally the
-practice of employing wet-nurses prevailed chiefly among well-to-do
-mothers.[77] The author of the De Liberis Educandis counsels mothers to
-nurse their own children, and dilates on the advantages accruing
-therefrom; nevertheless he permits the employment of wet-nurses wherever
-the mothers cannot perform the duty themselves.[78] Antiphanes
-considered the Scythians the wisest of men because they fed their
-children on mare’s and cow’s milk, and did not entrust them to nurses as
-did the Greeks.[79] In the Menaechmi of Plautus distinction is made
-between “mater quae mammam dabat” and “mater quae pepererat,”[80] and in
-the Adelphi of Terence the services of a nurse are secured for a
-courtesan.[81] We have ample evidence from Demosthenes that this
-employment was resorted to by poor women as a means of livelihood during
-the hard times which followed the Peloponnesian War.[82] We read besides
-that nurses were allowed to nurse but one child at a time.[83] Plato
-refers to definite laws regarding the nurture of children,[84] and
-speaks of the time when they were fed with milk: ἐκ νέων παίδων ἔτι ἐν
-γάλαξι τρεφόμενοι.[85] In the community of wives and children, he would
-have the mothers, from a feeling of humanity, assisted in the nurture of
-the children by wet-nurses: καὶ ἄλλας γάλα ἐχούσας ἐκπορίζοντες.[86]
-Aristotle associates infantile maladies with the physical condition of
-the nurse: εἴωτε δὲ τὰ παιδία τὰ πλεῖστα σπασμὸς ἐπιλαμβάνειν καὶ μᾶλλον
-τὰ εὐτραφέστερα καὶ γάλακτι χρώμενα πλείονα ἢ παχυτέρῳ καὶ τίτθαις
-εὐσάρκοις,[87] and φύει δὲ πρῶτον τοὺς προσθίους, καὶ τὰ μὲν τοὺς ἄνωθεν
-πρότερον, τὰ δὲ τοὺς κάτωθεν. πάντα δὲ θᾶττον φύουσιν, ὅσων αἱ τίτθαι
-θερμότερον ἔχουσι τὸ γάλα.[88] He objects to the use of wine for young
-children,[89] and deems it unsuitable for the nurses as well: διὸ τοῖς
-παιδίοις οὐ συμφέρουσιν οἱ οἶνοι, οὐδὲ ταῖς τίτθαις.[90] Dion Chrysostom
-speaks of its use: ὥσπερ ὑπὸ τίτθης γάλακτι καὶ οἴνῳ καὶ σιτίοις,[91]
-but Hippocrates says: ἀμεῖνον εἶναι τοῖς παιδίοισιν τὸν οἶνον ὡς
-ὑδαρέστατον διδόναι.[92] After being weaned,[93] children were fed on
-milk,[94] and honey.[95] According to Athenaeus, young children thrive
-well on the juice of figs.[96] They were also fed on morsels: “αἱ τὰ
-παιδία ψωμίζουσι τροφοί.”[97] The practice of first chewing the food
-before giving it to the child seems to have been usual, for we have
-several allusions to it. Democrates likens the orators to nurses αἱ τὸ
-ψώμισμα καταπίνουσαι, τῷ σιάλῳ τὰ παιδία παραλείφουσι,[98] and Sextus
-Empiricus has a similar statement: εἰκότως ταῖς τίτθαις, αἱ μικρὸν τοῦ
-ψωμίσματος τοῖς παιδίοις διδοῦσαι τὸ ὅλον καταπίνουσι.[99] Nor did it
-escape the ridicule of Aristophanes who says:
-
-            καθ’ ὥσπερ αἱ τίτθαι γε σιτίζεις κακῶς
-            μασώμενος γὰρ τῷ μὲν ὀλίγον ἐντίθης
-            αὐτὸς δ’ ἐκεῖνον τριπλάσιον κατέσπακας.[100]
-
-Athenaeus tells the absurd story of a man who had his nurse chew his
-food for him all his life: Σάγαριν τὸν Μαριανδυνὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ τρυφῆς
-σιτεῖσθε μὲν μέχρι γήρως ἐκ τοῦ τῆς τίτθης στόματος, ἵνα μὴ μασώμενος
-πονήσειεν.[101]
-
-
-                    _The Child in the Nurse’s Arms_
-
-In the beautiful idyllic scene of Iliad, vi, 389 ff., where Hector bids
-farewell to Andromache and his darling son, it is to the familiar arms
-of the nurse that the child turns when frightened by the glancing helm:
-
-            ἂψ δ’ ὁ παὶς πρὸς κόλπον εὐζώνοιο τιθήνης
-            ἐκλίνθη ἰάχων.[102]
-
-In those arms he had been carried,[103] and when tired out from his
-childish play there he had slept on a soft cushion satisfied with every
-comfort:
-
-            αὐτὰρ ὅθ’ ὕπνος ἔλοι, παύσαιτό τε νηπιαχεύων,
-            εὕδεσκ’ ἐν λέκτροισιν, ἐν ἀγκαλίδεσσι τιθήνης,
-            εὐνῇ ενι μαλακῇ, θαλέων ἐμπλησάμενος κῆρ.[104]
-
-In the Odyssey, too, the faithful Eurycleia is spoken of as carrying
-Odysseus and laying him in the arms of his grandsire, that the latter
-might choose for him a name.[105] The author of the Homeric Hymn to
-Demeter puts these words into the mouth of the goddess-nurse:
-
-            καί κεν παῖδα νεογνὸν ἐν ἀγκοίνῃσιν ἔχουσα
-            καλὰ τιθηνοίμην.[106]
-
-The nurse in Herodotus carried the child each day to the temple of
-Helen.[107] Iphigenia speaking of Orestes says that she left him at home
-a young child in the arms of his nurse:
-
-            ἔλιπον ἀγκάλαισι νεαρὸν τροφοῦ.[108]
-
-At the festival of the Amphidromia, it was the nurse who carried the
-child around the hearth;[109] and in the Nurse-festival (τιθηνίδια) at
-Sparta, the nurses carried the male children to the temple of
-Artemis.[110] We know that nurses walked the floor with fretful children
-in order to soothe them. A good instance of this is given in Menander’s
-Samia, 26–30 (Capps), where an old nurse fondles a child to her heart’s
-content, kissing it and calling it soft names, walking around with it
-until it is quieted. “The homeopathic cure of morbid ‘enthusiasm’ by
-means of music was, it may be incidentally observed, known to Plato. In
-a passage of the Laws,[111] where he is laying down the rules for the
-management of infants, his advice is that infants should be kept in
-perpetual motion, and live as if they were always tossing at sea. He
-proceeds to compare the principle on which religious ecstasy is cured by
-a strain of impassioned music, with the method of nurses, who lull their
-babes to sleep not by silence but by singing, not by holding them quiet,
-but by rocking them in their arms.... An external agitation (κίνησις) is
-employed to calm and counteract an internal. But Plato recognized the
-principle only as it applied to music and to the useful art of nursing.”
-
-This perpetual motion used by the nurse is referred to in the
-Timaeus,[112] and Aristotle thinks “it is of advantage to have all the
-movements made (of the bodies of infants) that it is possible to have
-made in the case of creatures so young.”[113] Plato lays down
-regulations for the nurses to carry the children into the fields, to the
-temples, and on visits to their acquaintances until they are able to
-stand alone. He would have them carried until the end of the third year,
-lest their limbs should be distorted by standing on them too soon: καὶ
-δὴ καὶ τὰς τροφοὺς ἀναγκάζωμεν νόμῳ ζημιοῦντες τὰ παιδία ἢ πρὸς ἀγροὺς ἢ
-πρὸς ἱερὰ ἢ πρὸς ὀικείους ἀεί πῃ φέρειν, μέχριπερ ἂν ἱκανῶς ἵστασθαι
-δυνατὰ γίγνηται, καὶ τότε διευλαβουμένας, ἔτι νέων ὄντων μή πῃ βίᾳ
-ἐπερειδομένων στρέφηται τὰ κῶλα ἐπιπονεῖν φερούσας, ἕως ἂν τριέτες
-ἀποτελεσθῇ τὸ γενόμενον;[114] This is doubtless the reason why there is
-no mention made of a contrivance to keep the children’s limbs straight
-like the “serperastra”[115] in use among the Romans.[116] The Greeks
-were careful to develop the body and to have it well-shapen. In the
-Pseudo-Plutarchian Essay, De Liberis Educandis, the writer thinks it
-necessary for the members of children to be shapen aright as soon as
-they are born: ὥσπερ γὰρ τὰ μέλη τοῦ σώματος εὐθὺς ἀπὸ γενέσεως πλάττειν
-τῶν τέκνων ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστι.[117] In the De Virtute, the author tells us
-that this is the work of the nurses: αἱ τίτθαι ταῖς χερσὶ τὸ σῶμα
-πλάττουσι.[118] Plato, speaking of the influence of stories on the minds
-of children, says that we must persuade the nurses and the mothers to
-form the souls of their children by these stories πολὺ μᾶλλον ἢ τὰ
-σώματα ταῖς χερσὶν.[119] This practice continued down to the days of
-Galen as is shown from the following: τὰ κῶλα διαπλάττουσι αἱ τροφοὶ τῶν
-βρεφῶν ὥσπερ κήρινα.[120]
-
-
-                               _Cradles_
-
-The nurse had various contrivances in which to place the children after
-they were lulled to sleep. We read that Alcmena cradled her children in
-a shield:
-
-            χάλκειον κατέθηκεν ἐπ’ ἀσπίδα.[121]
-
-The scholiast on Callimachus, Jove, 48, alluding to this passage of
-Theocritus, says that military men were accustomed to place their
-children in shields after birth that they might become vigorous and
-strong. A specimen of a Greek cradle, that of the infant Hermes, a
-little two-handled basket shaped like a shoe, is seen on a vase.[122]
-The σκάφη, another kind of cradle, is mentioned as being instrumental in
-the ἀναγνώρισις of children: καὶ οἶνον ἐν τῇ Τυροῖ διὰ τῆς σκάφης.[123]
-Children were also exposed in a σκάφη: ἐνθέμενος οὖν εἰς σκάφην τὰ
-βρέφη.[124] Adrasteia, the nurse of Zeus, lulled him to sleep in a
-golden winnowing-fan:
-
-            Λίκνῳ ἐνὶ χρυσέῳ.[125]
-
-It was considered an omen of future wealth and prosperity to place
-children in these λίκνα.[126] Bacchus is called λικνίτης,[127] and is
-represented as carried in a λίκνον between a faun and a Bacchante.[128]
-Hermes is conceived to have been cradled in the same manner.[129]
-Another kind of cradle shown on a vase looks like a bed on rollers,[130]
-and answers very well to the description given by Plutarch, Fragm. in
-Hesiod, 45: οἷά τισιν εὐκίνητα κλινίδια μεμηχάνηται πρὸς τὴν τῶν παιδίων
-εὐνήν. The rocking of the cradle is mentioned by Athenaeus: ἡ τροφὸς ...
-ἐτίθει αὐτὸ ἐν σκάφῃ ... ὅτε δὲ κλαίοι ... τὴν σκάφην ἐκίνει καὶ
-κατεκοίμιζεν αὐτό.[131]
-
-
-                  _Amusements Furnished by the Nurse_
-
-It was natural for the nurse to amuse the children with the various
-kinds of toys in use in antiquity. Of these, both the literature and the
-art of Greece furnish many examples. We shall here consider only the
-toys which are mentioned in direct connection with the nurse. That the
-nurse sometimes made toys for the children, we learn from Apollonius
-Rhodius, iii, 131 ff., where the wonderful ball of Zeus τὸ οἷ ποίησε
-φίλη τροφὸς Ἀδράστεια is described. The shaking of rattles (κρόταλα)
-before children by the nurse is spoken of by Stobaeus,[132] and Pollux
-has preserved a passage dealing with the same subject: τὸ κρόταλον καὶ
-τὸ σεῖστρον, ᾧ καταβαυκαλῶσιν αἱ τίτθαι ψυχαγωγοῦσαι τὰ δυσυπνοῦντα τῶν
-παιδίων.[133] We have a vase-painting which portrays a nurse holding in
-her arms a child, while before its face she dandles a fruit.[134]
-Plutarch’s little daughter used to ask her nurse to give her dolls the
-breast.[135] We learn from Plautus that the nurses took the children to
-the theatres:
-
-                  Nutrix ...
-            Me spectatum tulerat per Dionysia.[136]
-
-And in the Poenulus, the nurses are bidden to refrain from bringing the
-children to that play.[137] In Vitruvius’ account of the origin of the
-Corinthian Capital, there is mention made of a Corinthian nurse who
-gathers in a basket the playthings which had served for the amusement of
-her nursling in life, in order to adorn the tomb with them after
-death.[138]
-
-
-                      _General Care Over Children_
-
-To keep the child clean and to attend to all its wants were the
-principal occupations of the nurse. Cilissa recalls in touching terms
-the childhood of her dear nursling whose death she had just learned. She
-ran to him by night, at his least cry, anticipating all his wishes and
-foreseeing all his needs. Careful for the child’s cleanliness, she
-washes its garments and its linen:
-
-            ὃν ἐξέθρεψα μητρόθεν δεδεγμένη,
-            καὶ νυκτιπλάγκτον ὀρθίων κελευμάτων
-            καὶ πολλὰ καὶ μοχθήρ’ ἀνωφέλητ’ ἐμοὶ
-            τλάσῃ. τὸ μὴ φρονοῦν γὰρ ὡσπερεὶ βοτὸν
-            τρέφειν ἀνάγκη, πῶς γὰρ οὔ; τρόπῳ φρενός·
-            οὐ γάρ τι φωνεῖ παῖς ἔτ’ ὢν ἐν σπαργάνοις,
-            εἰ λιμὸς ἢ δίψη τις, ἢ λιψουρία
-            ἔχει· νέα δὲ νηδὺς αὐτάρκης τέκνων.
-            τούτων πρόμαντις οὖσα, πολλὰ δ’, οἴομαι,
-            ψευσθεῖσα παιδὸς σπαργάνων φαιδρύντρια·
-            γναφεὺς τροφεύς τε ταὐτὸν εἰχέτην τέλος.[139]
-
-With less vividness Moschio’s nurse recalls the days of his infancy.
-
-            πρώην τοιοῦτον ὄντα Μοσχίων’ ἐγώ,
-            αὐτὸν ἐτιθηνούμην ἀγαπῶσα, νῦν δ’ ἐπεὶ
-            παιδίον ἐκείνου γέγονεν.[140]
-
-Suidas suggests another duty in an anonymous passage: μειράκια, ταῖς
-τίτθαις ἀπομύττειν ... ἀποπέμψατε, and the same thing is referred to in
-the first book of the Republic: περιορᾷ καὶ οὐκ ἀπομύττει.[141] After
-the children were washed and dressed by the nurses, they were brought to
-their mothers who took them up and played with them.[142] This fondling
-of children is mentioned in Agamemnon:
-
-            πολέα δ’ ἐσχ’ ἐν ἀγκάλαις
-            νεοτρόφου τέκνου δίκαν.[143]
-
-and in Orestes:
-
-            καὶ γὰρ μ’ ἔθρεψε σμικρὸν ὄντα, πολλὰ δὲ
-            φιλήματ’ ἐξέπλησε, τὸν Ἀγαμέμνονος
-            παῖδ’ ἀγκάλαισι περιφέρων.[144]
-
-That it was resorted to by the nurses, we gather from Samia, 29 ff.,
-where we also learn that the nurse used pet names in speaking to the
-children. Aeschines says that Demosthenes acquired the nickname βάταλος
-from his nurse.[145]
-
-In learning to walk the children must have had many a tumble; but the
-nurse was always at hand to pick them up, and clean them, and tidy their
-dress and afterwards find fault with and correct them: καὶ γὰρ αἱ τίτθαι
-τοῖς παιδίοις πεσοῦσιν οὐ λοιδορησόμεναι προστρέχουσιν, ἀλλ’ ἤγειραν καὶ
-κατέστειλαν, εἶθ’ οὕτως ἐπιπλήττουσι καὶ κολάζουσι.[146] Epictetus
-speaks of a nurse beating the stone which had caused a child to
-stumble.[147] Philoctetes, miserably crawling along the ground to obtain
-food, likens himself to a child without its kind nurse:
-
-            τότ’ ἂν εἰλυόμενος, παῖς ἄτερ ὡς φίλας τίθηνας.[148]
-
-Plato speaks of a method nurses had of finding out what children want.
-When anything is brought to an infant and he is silent, then he is
-supposed to be pleased, but when he weeps and cries out, then he is not
-pleased.[149] Aristotle thinks that the crying of infants should not be
-restrained since it is conducive to their growth: συμφέρουσι γὰρ πρὸς
-αὔξησιν,[150] but Plutarch in his De Cohibenda Ira says: ὅπερ οὖν αἱ
-τίτθαι πρὸς τὰ παιδία λέγουσι “μὴ κλαῖε καὶ λήψῃ” τοῦτο πρὸς τὸν θυμὸν
-οὐκ ἀχρήστως.[151] By means of amulets and charms the nurses sedulously
-guarded the children against the pernicious influence of witchcraft and
-the evil eye. Demeter, in the Homeric Hymn, promises the mother that no
-harm shall come to the child from witchcraft:
-
-            θρέψω, κοὔ μιν ἔολπα κακοφραδίῃσι τιθήνης
-            οὔτ’ ἄρ’ ἐπηλυσίη δηλήσεται οὔθ’ ὑποτάμνον.[152]
-
-The amulets were usually of a grotesque character that the sight being
-diverted to them should not make so strong an impression on the
-child.[153] On the approach of a stranger, a nurse in charge of a
-sleeping infant would spit towards him as if to keep off from the child
-a possibly evil influence.[154] Another charm against the evil eye is
-preserved by St. John Chrysostom: βόρβορον αἱ γυναῖκες ἐν τῷ βαλανείῳ
-λαμβάνουσαι τροφοὶ καὶ θεραπαινίδες καὶ τῷ δακτύλῳ χρίσασαι κατὰ τοῦ
-πετώπου τυποῦσι τοῦ παιδίου κἂν ἔρηταί τις, τί βούλεται ὁ βόρβορος τὶ δὲ
-ὁ πηλός; ὀφθαλμὸν πονηρὸν ἀναστρέφει, φασί, καὶ βασκανίαν καὶ
-φθόνον.[155]
-
-At what age the children left the care of the nurses is not certain.
-Chrysippus allows three years to them,[156] and according to Plato, the
-boys and girls were separated at six.[157] It seems clear that the boys,
-at least, were sent early to school to keep them out of harm’s way: ἐπεὶ
-καὶ αἱ τίτθαι τοιάδε λέγουσι περὶ τῶν παιδίων ὡς ἀπιτέον αὐτοῖς ἐς
-διδασκάλου. καὶ γὰρ ἂν μηδέπω μαθεῖν ἀγαθόν τι δύνωνται, ἀλλ’ οὖν φαῦλον
-οὐδὲν ποιήσουσιν ἐκεῖ μένοντες.[158]
-
-
-                   _The Nurse and the Grown Daughter_
-
-The tie between nurse and child might continue strong in later years.
-She often remained in the family as the attendant and sometimes as the
-confidante of the young maiden. Thus Nausicaa’s old nurse lights her
-fire and prepares her evening meal:
-
-            ἥ οἱ πῦρ ἀνέκαιε καὶ εἴσω δόρπον ἐκόσμει.[159]
-
-The same nurse who had tended Phaedra as an infant remained in her
-service until the death of her mistress. Her devotion, introduced mainly
-as a dramatic expedient, is nevertheless lifelike. Indeed it is the
-blindness, even to precipitancy, of her love of Phaedra which must be
-held accountable for the method employed by her to cure the distemper of
-her mistress. This she herself acknowledges in her answer to Phaedra:
-
-            ἔθρεψά σ’ εὔνους τ’ εἰμί· τῆς νόσου δέ σοι
-            ζητοῦσα φάρμαχ’ ηὗρον οὐχ ἁβουλόμην.
-            εἰ δ’ εὔ γ’ ἔπραξα, κάρτ’ ἂν ἐν σοφοῖσιν ἦ·
-            πρὸς τὰς τύχας γὰρ τὰς φρένας κεκτήμεθα.[160]
-
-We read that the nurse accompanied the young maiden out of doors,
-guarded her well, looking askance at admirers who were attracted by the
-girl’s beauty: “Thou old nurse of a loved one, why do you bark at me
-while approaching you, and harshly throw me into twice as many pains?
-For you are leading a very beautiful virgin in whose steps I am
-treading. See, how I am going along my own path. It is sweet merely to
-look upon her form. What grudging of eyes is there, thou wretched one!
-We look upon the forms of even the immortals....”[161]
-
-Still, she is sometimes the go-between in the maiden’s love affairs, as
-in the tale of Acontius and Cydippe.[162] So, too, the old nurse of Hero
-dries the tears of her love-sick charge and receives her
-confidence.[163] The power and influence of Polyxo, the aged nurse of
-Hypsiple, are evidenced by the fact of her being consulted in an affair
-of state.[164] That these old nurses were wont to comfort and console
-their charges when grown up, we learn from the following:
-
-                                          ἠύτε κούρη
-            οἰόθεν ἀσπασίως πολιὴν τροφὸν ἀμφιπεσοῦσα
-            μύρεται.[165]
-
-
-                     _The Nurse and the Grown Son_
-
-Outside of Homer, we do not find the nurse as actively engaged in duties
-towards the grown son as towards the daughter. Eurycleia continued her
-care of Telemachus until he came to man’s estate. She accompanied him to
-his chamber, folded and smoothed his clothes, and having hung them up,
-carefully closed the door after her.[166] She welcomed him as a son on
-his return from Pylos,[167] and is sought by him as his faithful
-friend.[168] She gently reproved him for having blamed his mother where
-there was no blame,[169] yet she was anxious to see him established in
-his rights.[170] She is the first to recognize her old master and former
-nursling, Odysseus.[171] On the recognition, he addresses her by the old
-name of his childhood, μαῖα, which Telemachus also uses.[172]
-
-The grief of Cilissa for Orestes shows that her love for him had endured
-beyond the nursery days.[173] The unfortunate woodcutter in Callimachus’
-Demeter, who had offended the goddess, was bewailed by the nurse by whom
-he had been suckled.[174] Moschio’s nurse still retained loving thoughts
-of her dear child, Moschio, and was much interested in the son for the
-sake of the father.[175] The old nurse in Demosthenes’ In Evergum was
-welcomed by her former nursling as a safe companion for his wife during
-his absence, and his care of her after the robbery is an evidence of the
-esteem in which she was held.[176] A further indication of the love and
-gratitude evinced by young men for the nurses of their childhood is
-shown in the relatively large number of monuments and epigrams dedicated
-to them.[177]
-
-
-                      _The Nurse in the Household_
-
-When the nurse was not occupied with the child, she owed towards the
-household, duties which are specifically mentioned in Homer; but not so
-clearly defined in later authors. Thus the nurse of Eumaeus is engaged
-in washing when she is seduced by the pirates.[178] Eurycleia is the
-mainstay of the house in Ithaca, having complete charge of the domestic
-arrangements. In the morning, she gives her directions for the day’s
-work to the female slaves[179] over whom she has joint supervision with
-the mistress.[180] These, she taught how to perform the various works of
-the house—making beds, strewing couches, carding wool, setting tables
-and cleaning rooms. Besides, she is the stewardess of the household:
-
-                      ἐν δὲ γυνὴ ταμίη νύκτας τε καὶ ἦμαρ
-            ἔσχ’, ἣ πάντ’ ἐφύλασσε νόου πολυιδρείῃσιν,
-            Εὐρύκλει’, Ὦπος θυγάτηρ Πεισηνορίδαο.[181]
-
-and to her Telemachus applies for provisions for his journey.[182] It is
-characteristic of her to keep the best wine against the homecoming of
-Odysseus.[183]
-
-Demeter enumerates the duties incumbent on a nurse in addition to her
-nursing cares:
-
-            οἷαί τε τροφοί εἰσι θεμιστοπόλων βασιλήων
-            παίδων καὶ ταμίαι κατὰ δώματα ἠχήεντα.
-                   ·       ·       ·       ·       ·
-            ... καὶ δώματα τηρήσαιμι,
-            καί κε λέχος στορέσαιμι μυχῷ θαλάμων εὐπήκτων
-            δεσπόσυνον, καὶ κ’ ἔργα διδασκήσαιμι γυναῖκας.[184]
-
-They are substantially the same as those of Eurycleia.
-
-So far as we can see, the nurse of Tragedy is occupied almost
-exclusively with the mistress. The nurse of Medea, however, affects a
-superior tone in speaking to the παιδαγωγός,[185] and gives him
-directions concerning the children.[186] In a similar way the nurse of
-Comedy seems to have authority over some of the servants.[187]
-
-
-                 _General Characteristics of the Nurse_
-
-Instances of the love and devotedness of nurses are not wanting in the
-literature. From Homer down, we see the nurse as a kind mother lavishing
-love and affection on the child that she nursed. In the Odyssey,
-Eurycleia is represented as loving Telemachus more than did the other
-women:
-
-            καὶ ἔτρεφε τυτθὸν ἐόντα.[188]
-
-and Penelope bears witness that Eurycleia had diligently nursed and
-tended Odysseus:
-
-            εὐ τρέφεν ἤδ’ ἀτίταλλε.[189]
-
-Right willingly did the old nurse give her services to one who reminded
-her of her master. She is the first to recognize him by the scar he had
-received in his youth. Then
-
-            τὴν δ’ ἅμα χάρμα καὶ ἄλγος ἕλε φρένα, τὼ δέ οἱ ὄσσε
-            δακρυόφι πλῆσθεν, θαλερὲ δέ οἱ ἔσχετο φωνή.[190]
-
-A picture of true devotedness is given by Herodotus,[191] where a nurse
-takes an ugly child every day to the temple of Helen to implore the gift
-of beauty for her charge.
-
-Stesichorus[192] and Pindar[193] assert that it was the nurse who saved
-Orestes from his mother after his father’s murder. Aeschylus calls her
-Cilissa, and points her out to us as full of love and devotedness for
-the child.[194] Such is the devotion of Medea’s nurse for her mistress
-that the old παιδαγωγός is surprised to see her outside the place
-without Medea.[195] The nurse in the Trachiniae shows real grief for the
-fate of her mistress,[196] while Phaedra’s nurse attributes her unwise
-action to excess of love,[197] and Hypsipyle’s nursling is as dear to
-her as her own child.[198] Fidelity is the attribute which characterizes
-Aristophanes’ πιστὴ τροφός.[199] A good instance of the nurse’s care for
-the child is given in Menander, where an old nurse, seeing a child
-crying and neglected, goes up to it and says: “My darling, and my
-precious, and where is Mama?” She then kisses it and walks about with it
-until it stops crying, when she says to herself, “Ah me, it seems but
-yesterday I was nursing that dear child, Moschio, and now that a child
-is born to him!” Then to a young girl who comes running in from outside:
-“Bathe the child, can’t you? What is this? Is it because it is his
-father’s wedding day that you have no care of the little one?”[200]
-
-Examples of tender attachment are also met with in real life.
-Demosthenes furnishes a typical illustration in Oration, xlvii. “I
-explained to the interpreters the attachment of the woman to our family,
-the cause of my having her in my house, and that she had lost her life
-in the defense of my property. She had no kind of family connection with
-me, except that she had been my nurse.”
-
-In contrast to these, we have but few instances of unkindness on the
-part of the nurse. However, the perversity of human nature is
-exemplified in the illustration Plutarch gives: “For nurses, who are
-often rubbing the dirt off their infants, sometimes tear the flesh and
-put them to torture.”[201] This contrary note is again struck in
-Stobaeus,[202] where the lack of skill and teasing humor of some nurses
-is portrayed. The child is hungry, the nurse obliges it to sleep; it is
-thirsty, she gives it a bath; it is sleepy, she keeps it awake by
-shaking rattles in its ears. Aristophanes, too, does not spare those
-nurses who rob their nurslings of a part of their meal.[203] Though the
-chattering[204] and tippling propensities[205] of the nurse are
-sometimes referred to, we do not read that they led her to neglect the
-child. In fact, neglect and unkindness to children are not
-characteristic of the Greek nurse as popularly conceived. Of this we
-have ample evidence from the number of metaphors employed in the
-literature wherein the nurse figures and always in a good sense. One’s
-fatherland is frequently called a nurse, since the care and nurture
-bestowed on a man by his country is like that given the child by the
-nurse. We read of the much-nourishing nurse, Greece (Ἑλλάδος ἀμητῆρα
-πολυθρέπτοιο τιθήνης);[206] your motherland, most beloved nurse (γῇ τε
-μητρί, φιλτάτῃ τροφῷ;)[207] this, thy country, nursed thee:
-
-            (οὔτ’ ἐννομ’ εἶπας οὐτε προσφιλὲς πόλει
-            τῇδ’, ἥ σ’ ἔθρεψε, τήνδ’ ἀποστερῶν φάτιν;)[208]
-
-Apollo may love me as caring for his dear nurse, i. e. the island of
-Delos (Κύνθιος αἰνήσῃ με φίλης ἀλέγοντα τιθήνης),[209] and many other
-examples. The dinner table is styled the nurse of life (βίου
-τιθήνη).[210] The dove keeping the snake from her brood is an
-all-attentive nurse:
-
-            (δράκοντες ὥς τις τέκνων
-            ὑπερδέδοικεν λεχαίων δυσευνάτορας
-            πάντροφος πελειάς.)[211]
-
-The fountains are called the nurses of Bacchus, because the water being
-mingled with the wine increased the quantity of the wine.[212]
-
-Thus we find that in the performance of her fourfold office towards
-child, grown daughter, grown son, and household, the nurse exhibited a
-tender devotion towards the family in which she lived and especially
-towards the members of it who had been the former objects of her care.
-
-
-
-
-                               CHAPTER IV
-                      NURSERY TALES AND LULLABIES
-
-
-The importance of the nurse in Greek life may be judged from the fact
-that to her as well as to the mother was entrusted the early education
-of the child. Quintilian quoting Chrysippus, whose treatise on Greek
-education has unfortunately been lost, says: “Those advise better who
-like Chrysippus think that no part of a child’s life should be exempt
-from education. For Chrysippus, though he has allowed three years to the
-nurses, yet is of the opinion that the minds of children may be imbued
-with excellent instruction even by them.”[213] The same author wishes
-nurses to be women of some knowledge. At any rate, they should be the
-best circumstances allow.[214] If we can judge from Republic, 343 _a_,
-the nurse taught the children to distinguish between ordinary words:
-εἰπέ μοι, ἔφη, ὦ Σώκρατες, τίτθη σοι ἔστιν;... ὅτι τοί σε, ἔφη,
-κορυζῶντα περιορᾷ καὶ οὐκ ἀπομύττει δεόμενον, ὅς γε αὐτῇ οὐδὲ πρόβατα
-οὐδὲ ποιμένα γιγνώσκεις.
-
-The first lessons of the nurse were imparted by means of stories and
-songs, when children were not of an age to learn gymnastic. Of this
-Plato makes mention in the following passage: οὐ μανθάνεις, ἦν δ’ ἐγώ,
-ὅτι πρῶτον τοῖς παιδίοις μύθοις λεγόμενον; τοῦτο δέ που ὡς τὸ ὅλον
-εἰπεῖν ψεῦδος, ἔνι δὲ καὶ ἀληθῆ. πρότερον δὲ μύθοις πρὸς τὰ παιδία ἢ
-γυμνασίοις χρώμεθα.[215] Furthermore, he would have mothers and nurses
-mould the minds of the children by means of these tales: πείσομεν τὰς
-τροφούς τε καὶ μητέρας πλάττειν τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν τοῖς μύθοις πόλυ μᾶλλον
-ἢ τὰ σώματα ταῖς χερσίν.[216]
-
-In ancient literature, however, we find only isolated traces of nursery
-tales which may perhaps be accounted for by the contempt with which the
-Greeks regarded this form of literature, an inference drawn from
-Socrates’ answer to Hippias: σοι χαίρουσιν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, ἅτε πολλὰ
-εἰδότι· καὶ χρῶνται ὥσπερ ταῖς πρεσβύτισιν οἱ παῖδες πρὸς τὸ ἡδέως
-μυθολογῆσαι.[217] More emphatic is his answer to Gorgias: τάχα δ’ οὖν
-ταῦτα μῦθος σοι δοκεῖ λέγεσθαι, ὥσπερ γραός· καὶ καταφρονεῖς αὐτῶν.[218]
-In a similar strain writes Lucian: ἔτι σοι γραῶν μῦθοι τὰ λεγόμενα
-ἐστι.[219] Disconnected as are the allusion to nursery tales and
-notwithstanding the contempt in which they were held, we have sufficient
-evidence to prove their existence and suggest their character.
-
-Nurses had many ways of acting on the imaginations of their young
-charges in order to secure their obedience, to quiet them or put them in
-good humor. The choice of the tales depended on the nurse and on the
-intelligence of the children whom they nursed διὰ μυθολογίας,[220] and
-quieted again by tales after they had beaten them: καθάπερ αἱ τίτθαι τὰ
-παιδία, ἐπειδὰν αὐτοῖς πληγὰς ἐμβάλωσι παραμυθούμεναι καὶ χαριζόμεναι
-μῦθον αὐτοῖς ὕστερον διηγήσαντο.[221] This recounting of tales is also
-mentioned by Philostratus: καὶ καταμυθολόγει με ἡ τίτθη χαριέντως.[222]
-
-As a substitute for the sandal, which according to Lucian[223] was
-energetically applied, they sometimes told the children stories of an
-awe-inspiring character. The time-honored bogey was always in
-requisition to frighten them into good behavior, while there were tales
-of a pleasing character for the good children. These two classes of
-tales which we may designate as protreptic and apotropaic are clearly
-defined by Strabo in the following passage: τοῖς τε γὰρ παισὶ
-προσφέρομεν τοὺς ἡδεῖς μύθους εἰς προτροπὴν εἰς ἀποτροπὴν δὲ τοὺς
-φοβερούς.[224]
-
-We shall first consider the apotropaic tales, or bogeys. Of these, the
-most frequently mentioned is Lamia who is so intimately connected with
-the domain of fable that Plutarch called Demetrius Μῦθος because the
-name of his mistress was Lamia: Δημοχάρης δὲ ὁ Σόλιος τὸν Δημήτριον
-ἐκάλει Μῦθον· εἶναι γὰρ αὐτῷ καὶ Λαμίαν (Λάμιαν).[225]
-
-From Diodorus we learn that she was of Libya: τίς τοὔνομα ἐπονείδιστον
-βροτοῖς οὐκ οἶδε Λαμίας τῆς Λιβυστικῆς γένος.[226] The Scholiast on
-Aristophanes, Peace, 758, says that she was a Libyan woman with whom
-Zeus consorted, not without the knowledge of Hera, who being jealous,
-destroyed Lamia’s children. When they were killed and she was
-overburdened, Lamia killed the children of others.[227] Therefore,
-nurses called Lamia to them to frighten children. And the story is told
-how she by the counsel of Hera passed her life sleepless, so that day
-and night she was in continual pain, until Zeus taking pity on her made
-her eyes removable.[228] Plutarch thus speaks of her in De Curiositate:
-νῦν δὲ ὥσπερ ἐν τῷ μύθῳ τὴν Λάμιαν λέγουσιν· οἴκοι μὲν ᾄδειν τυφλήν, ἐν
-ἀγγείῳ τινι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ἔχουσαν ἀποκειμένους ἔξω δὲ προιοῦσαν
-ἐπιτίθεσθαι καὶ βλέπειν. Her singing would attract children to her abode
-but they had a chance to escape when her eyes were ἐν ἀγγείῳ.[229]
-
-The fear which children had for the Lamia is referred to by Lucian in a
-passage where he is speaking of the stories told to children: μυθίδια
-παίδων ψυχὰς κηλεῖν δυνάμενα ἔτι τὴν Μορμὼ καὶ τὴν Λάμιαν δεδιότων.[230]
-She was said to devour children alive. Whence Horace: “Neu pransae Lamia
-vivum puerum extrabat alvo.”[231] Philostratus represents her as a
-monster, possessing the blood-sucking reputation of the vampire.[232]
-Dionysius of Halicarnassus mentions her in a passage in which he is
-treating of the fables of earlier historians: Λαμίας τινὰς ἱστοροῦντες
-ἐν ὕλαις καὶ νάπαις ἐκ γῆς ἀνιεμένας, καὶ ναΐδας ἀμφιβίους ἐκ ταρτάρων
-ἐξιούσας καὶ διὰ πελάγους νηχομένας καὶ μιξόθερας, καὶ ταύτας εἰς
-ὁμιλίαν ἀνθρώποις συνερχομένας.[233]
-
-Lamia plays an important part in modern Greek nursery tales, where she
-is portrayed as a monster, hideous and deformed, hungry for human flesh,
-partaking of the nature of the Harpy, the Gorgon, and the Empusa.[234]
-Belief in her is so common in Greece that Wachsmuth says when a child
-dies suddenly they say: τὸ παιδὶ τὸ ἔπνιξε ἡ Λάμια.[235]
-
-With Lamia, Strabo groups: Γοργὼ καὶ ὁ Ἐφιάλτης καὶ ἡ Μορμολύκη.[236]
-That the hideous aspect of the Gorgon was used as a bugbear, may be
-gathered from Aristophanes, Acharnians, 582, where Lammachus is bidden
-to take away his shield which has the Gorgon for a device: ἀπένεγκε μου
-τὴν μορμόνα. As if the speaker said: “Take away the representation of
-the Gorgon which strikes terror into me, as μορμώ does into children.”
-Mormolyke is called the nurse of Acheron, husband of Gorgyce by
-Sophron.[237] The significance of the name is derived from μορμολύκεια,
-the general term for “bogey” of which Plato, speaking of the fear of
-death, says: μὴ δεδιέναι τὸν θάνατον, ὥσπερ τὰ μορμολύκεια.[238]
-
-To the apotropaic nursery tales belong also the stories of Acco and
-Alphito which are classed together by Plutarch: τῆς Ἀκκοῦς καὶ τῆς
-Ἀλφιτοῦς δ’ ὦν τὰ παιδάρια τοῦ κακοσχολεῖν αἱ γυναῖκες ἀνείργουσιν.[239]
-According to Hesychius the word Acco is etymologically connected with
-ἀσκός and ἀκκόρ, so that by Acco was originally meant a bugbear which
-carried off naughty children in a bag. In a similar manner Alphito, from
-ἄλφιτα is explained.
-
-Another favorite of the nurses was Gello: δαίμων ἣν γυναῖκες τὰ νεογνὰ
-παιδία φασὶν ἁρπάζειν. (Hesychius.) Zenobius, iii, 3, explaining the
-proverb, Γελλὼ παιδοφιλωτέρα, says of her: Γελλὼ γάρ τις ἦν παρθένος,
-καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἀώρως ἐτελεύτησε, φασὶν οἱ Λέσβιοι αὐτῆς τὸ φάντασμα
-ἐπιφοιτᾶν ἐπὶ τὰ παιδία, καὶ τοὺς τῶν ἀώρων θανάτους αὐτῇ ἀνατιθέασι.
-Μέμνηται ταύτης Σαπφώ.[240] Hesychius also styles her εἴδωλον Ἐμπούσης.
-The Empusa here referred to is placed in the same category with Lamia
-and Mormolyke: ἡ χρηστὴ νύμφη μία τῶν Ἐμπουσῶν ἐστιν, ἃς Λαμίας τε καὶ
-μορμολοκίας οἱ πολλοὶ ἡγοῦνται.[241] She possessed the property of
-assuming any form she pleased: “For they were travelling by a bright
-moonlight when the figure of an empusa or hobgoblin appeared to them
-that changed from one form into another until finally it vanished into
-nothing.”[242] According to the Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius, iii,
-860, Hecate often sends out ghosts, the so-called Ἑκαταῖρα and often
-changes her form, wherefore she is called Empusa. Aeschines’ mother
-acquired the nickname Empusa ἐκ τοῦ πάντα ποιεῖν,[243] according to the
-Scholiast πάντα τὰ αἰσχρὰ καὶ ἀνόσια.
-
-Another bogey was the Strigla, the Roman Strix (Mod. Greek στρίγλαις),
-of which mention is made in a fragment of an ancient nursery song:
-
-            Στρίγγ’ ἀποπομπεῖν νυκτιβόαν, στρίγγ’ ἀπὸ λαῶν,
-            ὄρνιν ἀνωνυμίαν ὠκυπόρους ἐπὶ νῆας.[244]
-
-The wolf had also its place in this literature, since its name was used
-in the same manner as the bugbears mentioned above:
-
-            Ἄγροικος ἠπείλησε νηπίῳ τίτθη
-            κλαίοντι ‘Παῦσι· μή σε τῷ λύκῳ ῥίψω.’[245]
-
-A good example of the way in which children were frightened by these
-bogeys is given in Theocritus, where Praxinoe who wants to go out to the
-Adonis festival says to the child who runs after her crying:
-
-                    οὐκ ἄξω τυ, τέκνον· Μορμώ, δάκνει ἵππος·
-            δάκρυε, ὅσσα θέλεις· χωλὸν δ’ οὐ δεῖ σε γένεσθαι.[246]
-
-Another instance is given by Callimachus in the Hymn to Artemis, where
-he tells that when a mother in Olympus cannot get her daughter to obey
-her, she calls one of the Cyclopes, and the indefatigable Hermes appears
-immediately with his face smeared with soot to personate the Cyclops.
-Then the child hastens in fright to her mother and puts her head on her
-bosom:
-
-            ἀλλ’ ὅτε κουράων τις ἀπειθέα μητέρι τεύχε,
-            μήτηρ μὲν Κύκλωπας ἑῇ ἐπὶ παιδὶ καλιστρεῖ,
-            Ἄργην, ἢ Στερόπην· ὁ δὲ δώματος ἐκ μυχάτοιο,
-            ἔρχεται Ἑρμείης σποδίῃ κεχρημένος αἴθῃ.
-            αὐτίκα τὴν κούρην μορμύσσεται.[247]
-
-The Scholion on this passage says: καταπληκτικὰ φοβερά. ἐκ μεταφορᾶς τῆς
-μορμοῦς τὰ βρέφη φοβούσης.[248] The μορμώ here spoken of was a woman of
-horrible and monstrous aspect which Hesychius calls τὸ φόβητρον τοῖς
-παιδίοις. Xenophon likens the fear of the allies to that which young
-children have for μορμώ: οἱ μὲν Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἐπισκώπτειν ἐτόλμων ὡς οἱ
-σύμμαχοι φοβοῖντο τοὺς πελταστὰς, ὥσπερ μορμόνας παιδάρια.[249]
-Aristophanes also makes use of this word:
-
-            οὐδὲν δέομεθ’, ὦνθρωπε, τῆς σῆς μόρμονος.[250]
-            ὀφρῦς ἔχοντα καὶ λόφους, δείν’ ἄττα μορμορωπὰ.[251]
-            ὡς δὴ καταπιόμενός με. μορμὼ τοῦ θράσους.[252]
-
-Such were the tales told by nurses to frighten children into good
-behavior. We cannot but think that these stories, although they secured
-obedience for the time being, must have had a deleterious effect on the
-children. This view is substantiated by a passage of Lucian: “If you do
-not want to fill these boys’ heads with ghosts and hobgoblins, postpone
-your grotesque horrors for a more suitable occasion. Have some mercy on
-the lads: do not accustom them to listen to a tangle of superstitious
-stuff that will cling to them for the rest of their lives and make them
-start at their own shadow.”[253]
-
-What the children naturally preferred to these threats were the stories
-told to put them to sleep or to amuse them—the protreptic tales. The
-nurses had a store of such tales, and γραῶν or τιτθῶν μῦθοι have grown
-into a proverb.[254]
-
-The subject matter of these tales was the actions of the gods and heroes
-of mythology: γεγονὼς αὐτὸς ἐκ Διός τε καὶ τῆς τοῦ δήμου ἀρχηγέτου
-θυγατρός· ἅπερ αἱ γραῖαι ᾄδουσι.[255] Hence the telling of them might
-have the greatest influence on the moral education of the children.
-Plato, therefore, enlarges on the care to be taken in their selection,
-so that the children might not receive immoral impressions and false
-ideas: ἆρ’ οὖν ῥᾳδίως οὕτω παρήσομεν τοὺς ἐπιτυχόντας ὑπὸ τῶν
-ἐπιτυχόντων μύθους πλασθέντας ἀκούειν τοὺς παῖδας καὶ λαμβάνειν ἐν ταῖς
-ψυχαῖς ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ἐναντίας δόξας ἐκείναις, ἄς ἐπειδὰν τελεωθῶσιν,
-ἔχειν οἰησόμεθα δεῖν αὐτούς;[256] He therefore establishes a censorship
-of the writers of fiction, and rejects even Hesiod and Homer: πρῶτον δὴ
-ἡμῖν, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἐπιστατητέον τοῖς μυθοποιοῖς, καὶ ὃν μὲν ἂν καλὸν
-ποιήσωσιν, ἐγκριτέον, ὃν δ’ ἂν μή, ἀποκριτέον. τοὺς δ’ ἐγκριθέντας
-πείσομεν τὰς τροφούς τε καὶ μητέρας λέγειν τοῖς παισί.[257] As a matter
-of fact, all sins that men could commit were imputed to the gods by
-these poets.[258]
-
-The story of Zeus who thrust his father from the throne would teach
-children disloyalty to parents,[259] while his amorous connections with
-goddesses and mortals could not but have a pernicious effect on young
-minds. Plutarch thinks nurses should be restrained in the selection of
-these tales: μὴ τοὺς τυχόντας μύθους τοῖς παιδίοις λέγειν, ἵνα μὴ τὰς
-τούτων ψυχὰς ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἀνοίας καὶ διαφθορᾶς ἀναπίμπλασθαι συμβαίνῃ,[260]
-and Aristotle wishes to place these matters under the supervision of the
-Paedonomoi: καὶ περὶ λόγων τε καὶ μύθων ποίους τινὰς ἀκούειν δεῖ τοὺς
-τηλικούτους ἐπιμελὲς ἔστω τοῖς ἄρχουσιν, οὓς καλοῦσι παιδονόμους.[261]
-
-On the other hand, ancient mythology is so full of humor and imagination
-and so rich in amusing adventures, that many of these same stories might
-do excellent service to-day as nursery tales. For example, the story of
-the inventiveness of Hermes even in his cradle, the adventures of
-Odysseus, the labors of Hercules, and many others would furnish
-enjoyment to many a child.[262]
-
-Philostratus records that nurses made use of the tale of Theseus and
-Ariadne: ὅτι τὴν Ἀριάδνην ὁ Θησεὺς ἄδικα δρῶν κατέλιπεν ἐν Δίᾳ τῇ νήσῳ
-καθεύδουσα τάχαν, του καὶ τίτθης διάκησας, σοφαὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖναι τὰ τοιαῦτα
-καὶ δακρύουσεν ἐπ’ αὐτοῖς ὅταν ἐθελωσιν.[263]
-
-The magic rings which Timolous wishes for in Lucian, seem to have been
-borrowed from a nursery tale,[264] and the story of the ring of Gyges,
-which rendered its wearer invisible, contains elements of the nursery
-tale.[265] Stories told for comfort and consolation are alluded to by
-Euripides, where Amphitryon counsels Megara to tell tales to the
-children disturbed over their father’s absence:
-
-            ἀλλ’ ἡσύχαζε καὶ δακρυρρόους τέκνων
-            πηγὰς ἀφαίρει καὶ παρευκήλαι λόγοις,
-            κλέπτουσα μύθοις ἀθλίνους κλοπὰς ὅμως.[266]
-
-At the festival of the Oschophoria, the telling of old fables and tales
-to children was part of the ritual.[267]
-
-The style characteristic of modern nursery tales was in vogue in
-classical times, as we learn from Aristophanes where the first words of
-a tale correspond to our well-known “Once upon a time.”
-
-            οὕτω ποτ’ ἦν μῦς καὶ γαλῆ.[268]
-
-The Scholiast commenting on this line says: πρὸς τὴν συνήθειαν, ὅτι τὸν
-μῦθον προέταττον οὕτως, οἷον, ἦν οὕτω γέρων καὶ γραῦς. καὶ Πλάτων ἐν
-Φαίδρῳ (237 B) ἦν οὕτω δὴ παῖς μᾶλλον δὲ μειρακίσκος· τούτῳ δ’ ἦσαν
-ἐράσται πάνυ πολλοί. There is another instance in Lysistrata, where the
-semi-choruses, telling each other a little nursery tale begin:
-
-            οὕτως ἦν πότε ......
-            οὕτω ........[269]
-
-The purpose of all these tales is training to virtue, and is well
-expressed by the Scholiast on Hermogenes, Progymnasmata, i.e.: τὸν μῦθον
-ἀξιοῦσι προσάγειν τοῖς νεοῖς ὅτι τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν πρὸς τὸ βέλτιον
-ῥυθμίζειν δύναται.
-
-We conclude that there was at Athens a store of popular tales for the
-amusement of children, many of which were attributed to Aesop whom
-Herodotus calls λογοποιός.[270] The word λογοποιός seems to indicate
-that a prose version of his fables may have circulated in Athens in the
-time of Socrates.[271] What is certain, however, is that these tales
-were very much enjoyed and that Socrates himself versified some of
-them.[272] The so-called Aesopic tales began “Aesop said.”[273] Other
-tales were classified as Libyan, Cyprian and Sybaritic, distinguishable
-by the opening words: “A man (or a woman) of Sybaris (or of Libya or of
-Cypris) said.”[274] A further distinction between the fables of Aesop
-and those of Sybaris is that the latter were political and about men;
-the former, ethical and about animals.[275] A Λιβυκὸς μῦθος is mentioned
-by Dion Chrysostom employed to calm children after they had been
-chastised.[276]
-
-
-                               LULLABIES
-
-Allied to the nursery tales are the lullabies of the nurses “aussi vieux
-que le monde et qui dureront autant que lui,”[277] which Athenaeus calls
-καταβαυκαλήσεις: αἱ δὲ τῶν τιτθενουσῶν ᾠδαὶ καταβαυκαλήσεις
-ὀνομάζονται.[278] They are also called βαυκαλήματα[279] from βαυκαλάω
-“to lull to sleep” onomatopoetically formed from the nurse’s song. Plato
-refers to them in the Laws where he says that when mothers and nurses
-are desirous to put their children to sleep, they do not bring them to a
-state of quiet, but on the contrary of motion, καὶ οὐ σιγήν, ἀλλά τινα
-μελῳδίαν.[280]
-
-The following passage from Aristotle seems to indicate that they were
-simple melodies without words, sung to a certain rhythm: διὰ τί ῥυθμῷ
-καὶ μέλει καὶ ὅλως ταῖς συμφωνίαις χαίρουσι πάντες; ἢ ὅτι ταῖς κατὰ
-φύσιν κινήσεσι χαίρομεν κατὰ φύσιν; σημεῖον δὲ τὸ τὰ παιδία εὐθὺς
-γεγόμενα χαίρειν αὐτοῖς.[281]
-
-Chrysippus assigns a peculiar tune for the lullabies of nurses.[282]
-Sextus Empiricus very appropriately styles them a metrical humming
-(ἐμμέλης μινύρισμα).[283] It is probable also that to these melodies,
-the nurses adapted improvised words, as we do. This view is borne out by
-the fact that certain specimens exist which are imitations or
-elaborations of those really in use at the time they were written. The
-Lullaby of Alcmena in Theocritus is an instance:
-
-            εὕδετ’ ἐμὰ βρέφεα γλυκερὸν καὶ ἐγέρσιμον ὕπνον·
-            εὕδετ’ ἐμὰ ψυχὰ, δύ’ ἀδελφεὼ, εὔσοα τέκνα·
-            ὄλβιοι εὐνάζοισθε, καὶ ὄλβιοι ᾀῶ ἵκεσθαι.[284]
-
-The melody of these lines is beautiful; the crooning sound of the open
-vowels in the first two, the rounded refrain of the last, with its
-repeated ὄλβιοι and rhyming halves give it all the characteristics of a
-lullaby.[285]
-
-Not less beautiful are Simonides’ lines in the fragment called “The
-Lament of Danae.” While tossed about by the waves, she sings her child
-to sleep with these words:
-
-            κέλομαι εὗδε βρέφος, εὑδέτω, δὲ πόντος,
-            εὑδέτω δ’ ἀμέτερον κακόν.
-            μεταβολία δὲ τὶς φανείῃ Ζεῦ πάτερ, ἐκ σέο.
-            ὅττι δέ θαρσαλέον ἔπος
-            εὔχομαι καὶ νόσφι δίκας, συγγνωθί μοι.[286]
-
-The spirit of rest which pervades the song of the chorus to the
-sorely-suffering Philoctetes suggests the lullaby:
-
-            ὕπν’ ὀδύνας ἀδαὴς, ὕπνε δ’ ἀλγέων,
-            εὐαδὲς ἡμῖν ἔλθοις,
-            εὐαίων, εὐαίων, ὦναξ·
-            ὄμμασι δ’ ἀντίσχοις
-            τὰν δ’ αἴγλαν, ἃ τέταται τὰ νῦν.[287]
-
-Finally, we have another recollection of the nurse’s song in Orestes:
-
-            πότνια, πότνια νύξ,
-            ὑπνοδότειρα τῶν πολυτόνων βροτῶν,
-            ἐρεβόθεν ἴθι, μόλε μόλε κατάπτερος
-            τὸν Ἀγαμεμνόνιον ἐπὶ δόμον.
-            ὑπὸ γὰρ ἀλγέων ὑπό τε συμφορᾶς
-            δ’ διοιχόμεθ’, οἰχόμεθα. κτύπον ἠγάγετ’· οὐχὶ σῖγα
-            σῖγα φυλασσομένα στόματος
-            ἄνα κέλαδον ἀπὸ λέχεος ἥ-
-            συχον ὕπνου χάριν παρέξεις, φίλα;[288]
-
-These are but the traces of a class of songs, which without doubt were
-employed by the Greek mothers and nurses to lull the children to sleep.
-From the very nature of these songs, it is highly improbable that any
-lullaby should survive in the literature.
-
-
-
-
-                               CHAPTER V
-                         MONUMENTS TO THE NURSE
-
-
-The relations between nurse and master were of that sacred character
-which cease not with death. Her sincere and tender affection was not
-only repaid during life by the master’s solicitude for her well-being;
-but after death her memory was frequently perpetuated by the erection of
-monuments.
-
-The unearthing of many of these has proved a fertile source of
-information concerning the nurse. Her name, sometimes her parentage, and
-even details of her life and virtues find expression in the sepulchral
-inscriptions.
-
-The commonest form of grave-stone erected to the memory of the nurse is
-the “Stele”, a horizontal grave-relief more or less ornamented, and
-usually representing the nurse seated, bidding farewell to her master or
-mistress. Conze in his _Die attischen Grabreliefs_ describes several of
-these.
-
-The nurse Melitta, daughter of Apollodorus, the metic, is honored by a
-monument erected by her master, Hippostrates, who is also represented on
-the relief. Beneath is the following inscription:
-
-            Ἐνθάδε τὴν χρηστὴν τίτθην κατὰ γαῖαν καλύπτει
-            Ἱπποστράτης· καὶ νῦν ποθεῖ σε.
-            καὶ ζῶσάν σ’ ἐφίλουν, τίτθη, καὶ νῦν σ’ ἔτι τιμῶ
-            οὖσαν καὶ κατὰ γῆς, καὶ τιμήσω σε ἄχρι ἂν ζῶ·
-            οἶδα δὲ σοι ὅτι καὶ κατὰ γῆς, εἴπερ χρηστοῖς γέρας ἐστίν,
-            πρώτει σοι τιμαί, τίτθη, παρὰ Φερσεφόνει
-            Πλούτονί τε κεῖνται.[289]
-
-This inscription bears witness to the virtues of the nurse and the fond
-relations which must have existed between her and her master, for having
-loved her during life, he yearns for her when she is no more, and
-promises to honor her as long as he lives, thus uniting with those great
-honors which must necessarily be paid her in Hades, if there be there
-any honor paid the good.
-
-The “Stele” of Malicha of Cytherea, the Spartan nurse of the children of
-Diogeitus, is engraved with an inscription bearing witness to her
-goodness:
-
-                    Ἐνθάδε γῆ κατέχει τίτθην παίδων
-            Διογείτου ἐκ Πελοποννήσου τήνδε δικαιοτάτην
-                        Μαλίχα Κυθηρία.[290]
-
-The epithet χρηστή so often seen on the monuments finds place on those
-of nurses. Thus the combination τίτθη χρηστή,[291] to which is sometimes
-added the name of the nurse, occurs: Παίδευσις τίτθη χρηστή,[292]
-Πυῤῥίχη τροφὸς χρηστή.[293] Sometimes the name of the nurse and the word
-τίτθη are found, as Δημητρίᾳ τίτθῃ,[294] Χοιρίνη τίτθη,[295] Φιλύρα
-τίτθη,[296] and there are instances where the simple word τίτθη or
-τείτθη occurs.[297] Then too, the name of the nurse’s country is
-sometimes mentioned in the inscription: Φάνιον Κορινθία τίτθη[298] and
-also that of her nursling: Ῥωξάνη Ζωπύρου Ἁλειέως τίτθη.[299] Βιότη
-Λύσωνος Ἁμαξαντέως τροφός.[300] In these inscriptions τροφός is less
-frequently used for “nurse” than τίτθη.
-
-Besides the monuments erected especially to nurses, we often find the
-nurse shown on the grave-relief of a mother in the act of handing the
-child to her for the last farewell,[301] or holding in her arms a young
-child enveloped in swaddling clothes.[302] The representation of the
-nurse in this connection is quite in keeping with her relations towards
-the family during the sad hours which preceded the burial. While the
-immediate members of the family were considered as the chief mourners,
-they did not look upon it as a condescension to allow the sympathetic
-heart of the nurse to unite its share of grief with theirs.[303]
-
-In addition to the sepulchral inscriptions mentioned above, we have
-literary evidence of the existence of other monuments in honor of
-nurses. Theocritus furnishes the following:
-
-            ὁ μικκὸς τόδ’ ἔτευξε τᾲ Θραΐσσᾳ,
-            Μήδειος τὸ μνᾶμ’ ἐπὶ τᾷ ὁδῷ κηπέγραψε Κλείτας
-            ἕξει τὰν χάριν ἁ γυνὰ ἀντὶ τήνων
-            ὧν τὸν κοῦρον ἔθρεψε. τί μάν; ἔτι χρησίμα καλεῖται.[304]
-
-The use of χρησίμα in the last line is in accordance with the custom
-referred to before.[305]
-
-Less complimentary to the nurse is the following selection from the
-Anthology, ascribed to Dioscuridus:
-
-            Τὴν τίτθην Ἱέρων Σειληνίδα, τὴν, ὅτι πίνοι
-            Ζωρὸν, ὑπ’ οὐδεμιῆς θλιβουμένην κύλικος,
-            Ἀγρῶν ἐντὸς ἔθηκεν, ἵν’ ἡ φιλάκρητος ἐκείνη
-            Καὶ φθιμένη, ληνῶν γείτονα τύμβον ἔχη.[306]
-
-The unfortunate weakness of this nurse was made a subject of jest with
-the comic poets.[307]
-
-But more in keeping with the true character of the nurse is Callimachus’
-epigram, wherein he commemorates the goodness of the Phrygian nurse
-Aeschra, to whose memory her master set up her statue in token of
-gratitude for her nurture:
-
-            Τὴν Φρυγίην Αἴσχρην, ἀγαθὸν γάλα, πᾶσιν ἐν ἐσθλοῖς
-            Μίκκος καὶ ζωὴν οὖσαν ἐγηροκόμει,
-            Καὶ φθιμένην ἀνέθηκεν, ἐπ’ ἐσσομένοισιν ὁρᾶσθαι,
-            Ἡ γρῆυς μαστῶν ὡς ἀπέχει χάριτας.[308]
-
-Thus from the study of the inscriptions, as well as from the literature,
-we learn that the Greeks had for those devoted women who stood to them
-in place of mother, a tender attachment which often continued all
-through life; and even after the nurse’s death they sought to give some
-expression to it by writing epitaphs and erecting monuments to their
-memory.
-
-
-
-
-                              BIBLIOGRAPHY
-
-
-                          I. TEXTS OF SOURCES
-
- AELIAN: Varia Historia, ed. Hercher. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1866.
-
- AESCHINES: Orationes, ed. Blass. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1896.
-
- AESCHYLUS: Tragoediæ, ed. Weil. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1898.
-
- AESOP: Fabulæ, ed. Halm. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1901.
-
- ANTHOLOGIA GRAECA, ed. Bosch. 1795–1822.
-
- ANALECTA VETERUM POETARUM GRÆCORUM, ed. Brunck, 1776.
-
- APOLLONIUS RHODIUS: Argonautica, ed. Seaton. London, 1912.
-
- ARISTOTLE: Opera, ed. Didot. Paris, 1848.
-
- ATHENAEUS: Deipnosophistæ, ed. Kaibel. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1890.
-
- BERGK: Poetæ Lyrici Græci, Lipsiæ, 1878–1882.
-
- BLAYDES: Aristophanes, Halis, 1883.
-
- CALLIMACHUS, Hymni, ed. Blomfield. London, 1815.
-
- CICERO: De Officiis, ed. Holden. Cambridge, 1899.
-
- CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM ATTICARUM, ed. Boeckh, 1875–1882.
-
- DEMOSTHENES: Orationes, ed. Blass. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1901.
-
- DIODORUS SICULUS: Bibliotheca Historica, ed. Vogel. Lipsiæ: Teubner,
-    1888.
-
- DION CHRYSOSTOM: Orationes, ed. Dindorf. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1857.
-
- DIONYSIUS OF HALICARNASSUS: Antiquitatum Romanorum, ed. Jacoby. Lipsiæ:
-    Teubner, 1885.
-
- DIONYSIUS PERIGETES, ed. Wells. Oxford, 1704.
-
- EPICTETUS: Dessertationes, ed. Didot. Paris, 1840.
-
- EPIGRAMMATUM ANTHOLOGIA PALATINA, ed. Dübner. Paris, 1864.
-
- ETYMOLOGICON MAGNUM, ed. Gaisford. Oxford, 1848.
-
- EURIPIDES, ed. Murray. Oxford, 1901–1909.
-
- GALEN, De Temperamentis, ed. Helmreich. Lipsiæ, 1904.
-
- GEOPONICA, ed. Beckh. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1895.
-
- HERMOGENES: Progymnasmata, ed. Rabe. Lipsiæ; Teubner, 1913.
-
- HERODOTUS: Historia, ed. Kallenberg. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1901.
-
- HESIOD: Carmina, ed. Reach. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1902.
-
- HESYCHIUS: Lexicon. Jenæ, 1858–1863.
-
- HOMER: Iliad, ed. Monroe. Oxford, 1903–1906. Odyssey, ed. Merry.
-    Oxford, 1899–1907.
-
- HOMERIC HYMNS, ed. Allen and Sikes. London, 1904.
-
- HORACE: Carmina, ed. Müller. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1893.
-
- KABBADIA: Γλυπτὰ τοῦ Ἐθνικοῦ Μουσείου, Athens, 1890–1892.
-
- LUCIAN: Opera, ed. Didot. Paris, 1840.
-
- LYCOPHRON: Alexandra, ed. Kinkel. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1880.
-
- LYSIAS: Orationes, ed. Thalheim. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1901.
-
- MAXIMUS TYRIUS: Dissertationes, ed. Dübner. Paris, 1840.
-
- MEINEKE: Fragmenta Comicorum Græcorum. Berlin, 1836–1857.
-
- OPPIAN: Halieutica, ed. Schneider. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1813.
-
- PAROEMIOGRAPHI GRÆCI, ed. Gaisford. Oxford, 1836.
-
- PAUSANIUS: Descriptio Græciæ, ed. Schubart. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1889.
-
- PINDAR: Carmina, ed. Schneidewin. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1865.
-
- PHILOSTRATUS: Life of Apollonius of Tyana, ed. Loeb. London, 1912.
-
- PLATO: Dialogi, ed. Wohlrab. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1908.
-
- PLAUTUS: Comoediæ. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1894–1901.
-
- PLUTARCH: Vitæ, ed. Sentenis. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1908–1912.
-   Scripta Moralia, ed. Didot. Paris, 1841.
-
- POLLUX: Onomasticon, ed. Dindorf. Lipsiæ, 1824.
-
- QUINTILIAN: Institiones Oratoriæ, ed. Bonnell. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1896.
-
- SEXTUS EMPIRICUS: Opera, ed. Mutschmann. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1914.
-
- SOPHOCLES: Tragoediæ et Fragmenta, ed. Didot. Paris, 1846.
-
- SORANUS: Gynæcia, ed. Rose. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1895.
-
- STRABO: Geographia, ed. Meineke. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1895.
-
- STOBAEUS: Floreligium, ed. Gaisford. Oxford, 1822.
-
- SUIDAS: Lexicon, ed. Becker. Berlin, 1854.
-
- TERENTIUS: Comoediæ, ed. Fleckeisen. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1898.
-
- THEOCRITUS: Opera, ed. Ludolph. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1856.
-
- THEOPHRASTUS: Characteres, ed. Didot. Paris, 1849.
-
- VARRO: De Lingua Latina, ed. Spengel. Berlin, 1885.
-
- VITRUVIUS: De Architectura, ed. Rose. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1899.
-
- XENOPHON: Opera, ed. Didot. Paris, 1858.
-
- ZENOBIUS: ed. Gaisford. Oxford, 1836.
-
-
-                       II. SECONDARY AUTHORITIES
-
- BAUMEISTER, Denkmäler des klassischen Altertums. München, 1885–1888.
-
- BECKER, W. A. Charicles, Leipzig, 1840.
-
- BLÜMMER, H. Leben und Sitten der Griechen. Leipzig, 1887.
-
- BRUGES, Greek Anthology. London, 1893.
-
- BRUGMANN, Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik. Strassburg,
-    1886–1892.
-
- BUCHHOLZ, E. Die Homerischen Realien. Leipzig, 1881.
-
- CAPPS, E. Four Plays of Menander. Boston, 1910.
-
- CHOLMELEY, Theocritus. London, 1901.
-
- CLAUDE, J. J. Diatribe de Nutricibus et Paedagogis. Ultrajecti
-    apud Johannem Visch, 1752.
-
- CONZE, Die Attischen Grabreliefs. Berlin, 1893–1913.
-
- CROISET, Histoire de la littérature grecque. Paris, 1901.
-
- EUSTATHIUS, Commentarii in Odysseam. Leipzig, 1825.
-   Commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem. Leipzig, 1827–1828.
-
- FRIEDLAENDER, L. Darstellung aus der Sittengeschichte Roms. 5th ed.,
-    Leipzig, 1881.
-
- GELLIUS, A. Noctes Atticæ, ed. Gronovius. London, 1824.
-
- KINGSLEY, C. Life and Works. London, 1901–1903.
-
- LEGRAND, Daos. Lyon, 1910.
-
- LENTZ, Herodiani technici reliquæ. Lipsiæ, 1867.
-
- MUELLER, von I. Die griechischen Privataltertümer. Münich, 1893.
-
- NEWMAN, Aristotle’s Politics. Oxford, 1902.
-
- NOTAE VARIORUM IN ARISTOPHANEM, London, 1829.
-
- OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI, Part VI., London, 1908.
-
- PANOFKA, T. Manners and Customs of the Greeks. London, 1849.
-
- ROSCHER, Lexicon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie. Leipzig,
-    1884–.
-
- SEYMOUR, Life in the Homeric Age. New York, 1910.
-
- SMYTHE, Greek Melic Poets. London, 1900.
-
- STEPHANUS, Thesaurus. London, 1816–1826.
-
- THIELS, G. “Die vorliterarische Fabel der Griechen.” In neue Jahrbücher
-    für klassisches Altertum. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1908, xi, 393.
-
- TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, Boston, 1913,
-    vol. 44.
-
- VON HAHN, Griechische und albanische Märchen, Leipzig, 1864.
-
- VERRALL, A. Collected Studies in Greek and Latin Scholarship.
-    Cambridge, 1913.
-
- WACHSMUTH, Das alte Griechenland im neuen. Bonn, 1864.
-
- WINCKELMANN, Monumenti inediti, 2d. ed., Rome, 1821.
-
-
-
-
-                                  VITA
-
-
-The writer of this dissertation, Sister Mary Rosaria Gorman, was born in
-Antigonish, Nova Scotia, June 21, 1880. She received her early education
-in the Public Schools of that Province, and was graduated from St.
-Patrick’s Girls’ High School, Halifax, N. S., in 1897. In 1912 she
-obtained a Head Master’s License to teach in the Nova Scotia schools.
-From 1902 to 1910, she was Assistant Teacher in St. Patrick’s Girls’
-High School, Halifax. In 1907, she matriculated at the University of
-London. From 1910 to 1913, she taught in the Academy of Mount Saint
-Vincent, Halifax.
-
-The years 1913–1914, 1914–1915, 1915–1916 have been spent in residence
-at the Catholic Sisters College, Catholic University of America. The
-degree Bachelor of Arts was received in 1914, that of Master of Arts in
-1915. In her graduate work, the principal courses followed have been
-those under J. B. O’Connor, Ph.D. and Reverend F. J. Coeln, Ph.D., to
-both of whom it is the writer’s pleasure and honor to return thanks, but
-especially to Dr. J. B. O’Connor for his valuable assistance and kind
-encouragement in the preparation of this dissertation.
-
------
-
-Footnote 1:
-
-  Od. ii, 361; xix, 15, 21, 489; ii, 349, 372; xvii, 499; Il. vi, 389;
-  xxii, 503.
-
-Footnote 2:
-
-  Hom. Hymn to Aphrod., 114; Dem., 103, 147, 227, 291.
-
-Footnote 3:
-
-  Republic, 373C.
-
-Footnote 4:
-
-  xlvii, 55, 56, 72.
-
-Footnote 5:
-
-  H. A., vii, 12.
-
-Footnote 6:
-
-  Athen., vi, 9.
-
-Footnote 7:
-
-  Alc., 1, Lyc., 16.
-
-Footnote 8:
-
-  Gynæcia, i, 87, 88.
-
-Footnote 9:
-
-  Com. on Il., vi, p. 513.
-
-Footnote 10:
-
-  Oppian, Halieutica. II, 404–5.
-
-Footnote 11:
-
-  Brugmann, Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik, Strassburg, 1889,
-  ii, S. 92.
-
-Footnote 12:
-
-  Lexicon, s. v. τροφοί.
-
-Footnote 13:
-
-  Od., xxiii, 171. Cf. xxiii, 35, 81, 11; xix, 482, 500, etc.
-
-Footnote 14:
-
-  Homeric Hymn Dem., 147.
-
-Footnote 15:
-
-  Euripides, Hipp., 243.
-
-Footnote 16:
-
-  Il., xxii, 82. Cf. also xvi, 203 and Od., xi, 448.
-
-Footnote 17:
-
-  Od., xix, 482.
-
-Footnote 18:
-
-  _Ibid._, xi, 448.
-
-  NOTE.—Seymour (Life in the Homeric Age, N. Y., 1914, p. 139), objects
-  to this on the ground that “nothing indicates that she (Eurycleia)
-  ever bore a child and could have served as a wet-nurse.” The words
-  εὐνῇ δ’ οὔ ποτ’ ἔμικτο (Od. I, 433) merely show that Eurycleia was not
-  the concubine of Laertes, and not that she was childless. Dolius, the
-  slave, had a wife and family in the household of Laertes (Od. xxiv,
-  389). Moreover, if the apportioning of awards mentioned in Od., xxi,
-  214 (ἄξομαι ἀμφοτέροις ἀλόχους) were a matter of custom, would not the
-  faithful Eurycleia have served as a very special prize? Cf. Buchholz,
-  Die Hom. Realien, Leipzig, 1881, vol. II, Pt. 2, p. 24.
-
-Footnote 19:
-
-  Od., vii, 9.
-
-Footnote 20:
-
-  _Ibid._, i, 430. Cf. also xv, 428.
-
-Footnote 21:
-
-  Il., 389.
-
-Footnote 22:
-
-  Od., xv, 427–444.
-
-Footnote 23:
-
-  _Ibid._, xxii, 421.
-
-Footnote 24:
-
-  _Ibid._, ii, 345.
-
-Footnote 25:
-
-  _Ibid._, xxiii, 24.
-
-Footnote 26:
-
-  Od., vii, 10.
-
-Footnote 27:
-
-  _Ibid._, xx, 1–4.
-
-Footnote 28:
-
-  Hom., Hymn to Dem., 141ff.
-
-Footnote 29:
-
-  Hom., 166ff.
-
-Footnote 30:
-
-  Hom., Hymn to Aphrod., 113ff.
-
-Footnote 31:
-
-  Herodotus, vi, 61.
-
-Footnote 32:
-
-  Euripides, Medea, 49.
-
-Footnote 33:
-
-  Aeschylus, Cho., 750; Eur., Hipp., 698.
-
-Footnote 34:
-
-  Eur., Hipp., 649.; And., 812.
-
-Footnote 35:
-
-  _Ibid._, Med., 49.
-
-Footnote 36:
-
-  _Ibid._, Med., 65: μή, πρὸς γενείου, κρύπτε σύνδουλον, σέθεν.
-
-Footnote 37:
-
-  Hipp., 324.
-
-Footnote 38:
-
-  Med., 54.
-
-Footnote 39:
-
-  Troades, 195ff.
-
-Footnote 40:
-
-  Dem., lvii, 42.
-
-Footnote 41:
-
-  _Ibid._, lvii, 35.
-
-Footnote 42:
-
-  _Ibid._, xlvii, 35ff.
-
-Footnote 43:
-
-  Plato, Laws, 790A.
-
-Footnote 44:
-
-  Samia, 21ff.
-
-Footnote 45:
-
-  Capps, Four Plays of Menander, Boston, 1910, pp. 15, 239.
-
-Footnote 46:
-
-  C. I. A., ii, 2729.
-
-Footnote 47:
-
-  ἐλακωνομάνουν ἅπαντες ἄνθρωποι τότε.
-
-Footnote 48:
-
-  Aristoph., Lys. 80–1. Cf. also Xen., Rep. Lac., I, 4.
-
-Footnote 49:
-
-  Lyc., 16.
-
-Footnote 50:
-
-  Alc., 1.
-
-Footnote 51:
-
-  C. I. A., ii., 3111.
-
-Footnote 52:
-
-  C. I. A., ii, 3097.
-
-Footnote 53:
-
-  Epigram liv.
-
-Footnote 54:
-
-  Theocritus, _Ibid._, ii, 70.
-
-Footnote 55:
-
-  Theocritus, Epigram xx.
-
-Footnote 56:
-
-  Pseudo-Plutarch, De Liberis Educandis, § 5.
-
-Footnote 57:
-
-  _Ibid._
-
-Footnote 58:
-
-  Apollonius Rhodius, iv, 1309–10.
-
-Footnote 59:
-
-  Callimachus, Jove, 15. Cf. also Soranus, I, xxviii, 81. For the
-  practice of “dipping” the child, see Newman, “Politics of Aristotle,”
-  Oxford, 1902, vol. 3, p. 481ff.
-
-Footnote 60:
-
-  Plutarch, Lyc., 26.
-
-Footnote 61:
-
-  Baumeister, Denkmäler. Leipzig, 1885, vol. I, p. 4.
-
-Footnote 62:
-
-  Olymp. I, 40–1.
-
-Footnote 63:
-
-  Hom. H. to Mer., 151, 237, 306; Apollod., III., 10. 2; Plaut. Truc.
-  13, Amph. 52.
-
-Footnote 64:
-
-  Conze, Die Attischen Grabreliefs. Berlin 1893–, 405, 302, 276, Taf.
-  lxiv, etc.
-
-Footnote 65:
-
-  Hom. H. to Apollo, 121, 122.
-
-Footnote 66:
-
-  Pind., Pyth., IV., 203: σπαργάνοις ἐν πορφυρέοις.
-
-Footnote 67:
-
-  _Ibid._, Nem., I., 58.
-
-Footnote 68:
-
-  Theog., 485.
-
-Footnote 69:
-
-  Cf. Aeschy., Coeph., 529, 544; Eur., Ion, 32, 1351, 1598.
-
-Footnote 70:
-
-  Aelian, Var. Hist., II, 7.
-
-Footnote 71:
-
-  Plaut., Amphit., 1104.
-
-Footnote 72:
-
-  Laws, 789E. In the third century A. D., the child was swaddled from
-  forty to sixty days. Cf. Soranus, Gynæcia, ed. Rose, for this and
-  other details of later usage.
-
-Footnote 73:
-
-  Plut., _Op. Cit._
-
-Footnote 74:
-
-  Eurip., Ion, 1420ff.
-
-Footnote 75:
-
-  Il., xxii, 83; xvi, 203; Od., xi, 448; Soph., Ajax, 849: Lysis, De
-  Caed. Erat., 9.
-
-Footnote 76:
-
-  Od., xix, 482; Dem., lvii, 42; Callim., Dem., 90, Ep. 54; Men., Sam.,
-  32.
-
-Footnote 77:
-
-  Eur., Hipp., 698, Cf. also Aul. Gel., 12, 5.
-
-Footnote 78:
-
-  Pseudo-Plut., De. Lib. Ed., § 5.
-
-Footnote 79:
-
-  Athen., vi, 9.
-
-Footnote 80:
-
-  Menech., 19–21.
-
-Footnote 81:
-
-  Adelphi, 979.
-
-Footnote 82:
-
-  Dem., _Op. Cit._
-
-Footnote 83:
-
-  Geoponica, v. 13, 4.
-
-Footnote 84:
-
-  Crito, 50D.
-
-Footnote 85:
-
-  Laws, 887D.
-
-Footnote 86:
-
-  Rep., 460D.
-
-Footnote 87:
-
-  Hist. An., vii, 12.
-
-Footnote 88:
-
-  Hist. An., vii, 10.
-
-Footnote 89:
-
-  Pol., vii, 17.
-
-Footnote 90:
-
-  De Somno., iii.
-
-Footnote 91:
-
-  Orat., 4, 155R.
-
-Footnote 92:
-
-  De Aere, Aquis, Locis., I, 542.
-
-Footnote 93:
-
-  Athen., vi, 51.
-
-Footnote 94:
-
-  Athen., xiii, 85. Cf. Arist., Pol., vii, 17.
-
-Footnote 95:
-
-  Pindar, Olymp., vi, 45; Schol. Aristoph., Thesm., 506; Apoll., Rhod.,
-  iv., 1136; Callim., Jove, 40.
-
-Footnote 96:
-
-  Athen., iii, 15.
-
-Footnote 97:
-
-  Cf. also Aristophanes, Lysistrata, 18–19.
-
-Footnote 98:
-
-  Aristotle, Rhet., iii, 4.
-
-Footnote 99:
-
-  Adv. Math., ii, 42. Cf. also Theophr., Char., 20.
-
-Footnote 100:
-
-  Aristoph., Knights, 716. Cf. also Plut., Rom., 2.
-
-Footnote 101:
-
-  Athen., xii, 40.
-
-Footnote 102:
-
-  Il., vi, 467.
-
-Footnote 103:
-
-  _Ibid._, vi, 389, 400.
-
-Footnote 104:
-
-  Il., xxii, 503ff.
-
-Footnote 105:
-
-  Od., xix, 401.
-
-Footnote 106:
-
-  Hom. H. to Dem., 141.
-
-Footnote 107:
-
-  Herod., vi, 61.
-
-Footnote 108:
-
-  Eur., Iph. in Taur., 835.
-
-Footnote 109:
-
-  Eurip., Electra, 1125ff.
-
-Footnote 110:
-
-  Athen., iv, 16.
-
-Footnote 111:
-
-  Laws, 789E.
-
-Footnote 112:
-
-  Plato, Timaeus, 52D.
-
-Footnote 113:
-
-  Pol., vii, 17.
-
-Footnote 114:
-
-  Laws, 789E.
-
-Footnote 115:
-
-  Varro, Ling. Lat., ix, 5.
-
-Footnote 116:
-
-  Cf. also Aristotle, Pol., vii, 17.
-
-Footnote 117:
-
-  § 5.
-
-Footnote 118:
-
-  Plut., De Virtute, § 2.
-
-Footnote 119:
-
-  Rep., 377C.
-
-Footnote 120:
-
-  Galen, De Temperamentis, ii, 578.
-
-Footnote 121:
-
-  Theoc., Idylls, xxiv., 10.
-
-Footnote 122:
-
-  Panofka, T. Manners and Customs of the Greeks. London, 1849, Plate xi,
-  1.
-
-Footnote 123:
-
-  Arist., Poetics, 16.
-
-Footnote 124:
-
-  Plut., Rom., 3. Cf. also Eur., Ion, 1398.
-
-Footnote 125:
-
-  Callimachus, Jove, 48.
-
-Footnote 126:
-
-  Schol. on Cal., Jove, 48. Etym. Mag. s. v. λεῖκνον.
-
-Footnote 127:
-
-  Hesychius, s. v. λικνίτης.
-
-Footnote 128:
-
-  Winckelmann, Mon. Ined., Pl. 53.
-
-Footnote 129:
-
-  Hom. H. to Hermes, 254.
-
-Footnote 130:
-
-  Blümmer, H. Leben und Sitten der Griechen, Fig. 60.
-
-Footnote 131:
-
-  Athen., xiii, 85.
-
-Footnote 132:
-
-  Stobaeus, Flor., 98, 72.
-
-Footnote 133:
-
-  Pollux, Onomasticon, ix, 27. Cf. Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Pt. vi, Lond.,
-  1908, 852, fr. 1.
-
-Footnote 134:
-
-  Heydemann, Griechische Vasenbilder, Taf. 8.
-
-Footnote 135:
-
-  Plut., Consol. ad. Ux., § 22.
-
-Footnote 136:
-
-  Curculio, v, 2, 45.
-
-Footnote 137:
-
-  Poen., 29–30.
-
-Footnote 138:
-
-  Vitruvius, De Architectura, iv, 1, 9.
-
-Footnote 139:
-
-  Aeschylus, Choe., 750ff.
-
-Footnote 140:
-
-  Menander, Samia, 31–3. (Capps.)
-
-Footnote 141:
-
-  Plato, Rep., 343A.
-
-Footnote 142:
-
-  Plut., De Consol., § 6.
-
-Footnote 143:
-
-  Aeschy., Ag., 723.
-
-Footnote 144:
-
-  Eur., Orestes, 462ff.
-
-Footnote 145:
-
-  Timarch., 139.
-
-Footnote 146:
-
-  Plut., De disc. amico ab adul., § 28.
-
-Footnote 147:
-
-  Epict., Diss., xix.
-
-Footnote 148:
-
-  Soph., Phil., 704.
-
-Footnote 149:
-
-  Laws, 792A.
-
-Footnote 150:
-
-  Polit., vii., 17, 6.
-
-Footnote 151:
-
-  § 10.
-
-Footnote 152:
-
-  Hom., Hymn to Dem., 227.
-
-Footnote 153:
-
-  Plut., Symp., v, 7, 3.
-
-Footnote 154:
-
-  Pliny, N. H., xxviii, 38.
-
-Footnote 155:
-
-  Ep. i. ad Cor., Hom., 12, 7.
-
-Footnote 156:
-
-  Quintilian, i, 1, 16.
-
-Footnote 157:
-
-  Laws, 794C.
-
-Footnote 158:
-
-  Lucian, Hermotim., 82.
-
-Footnote 159:
-
-  Od., vii., 13.
-
-Footnote 160:
-
-  Eur., Hipp., 698ff.
-
-Footnote 161:
-
-  Bruges, Greek Anthology, London, 1893, cxxxii.
-
-Footnote 162:
-
-  This tale was written by Callimachus in his Aetia. There is a prose
-  résumé by Aristaenetus, Bk. I, Ep. 10. Cf. Ovid., Ep. 21.
-
-Footnote 163:
-
-  Ovid, Ep. 18.
-
-Footnote 164:
-
-  Apollonius Rhodius, I, 667ff.
-
-Footnote 165:
-
-  _Ibid._, I., 269ff.
-
-Footnote 166:
-
-  Od., I., 427ff.
-
-Footnote 167:
-
-  _Ibid._, xvii, 31ff.
-
-Footnote 168:
-
-  _Ibid._, ii, 349ff.
-
-Footnote 169:
-
-  _Ibid._, xx, 135.
-
-Footnote 170:
-
-  _Ibid._, xix, 21ff.
-
-Footnote 171:
-
-  _Ibid._, xix, 468.
-
-Footnote 172:
-
-  _Ibid._, ii, 349, xix, 482.
-
-Footnote 173:
-
-  Aeschylus, Choe., _l. c._
-
-Footnote 174:
-
-  Demeter, 90.
-
-Footnote 175:
-
-  Menander, Samia, _l. c._
-
-Footnote 176:
-
-  Demosth., In Evergum, _l. c._
-
-Footnote 177:
-
-  Cf. Chap. V.
-
-Footnote 178:
-
-  Od., xv, 420.
-
-Footnote 179:
-
-  Od., xx, 149.
-
-Footnote 180:
-
-  _Ibid._, xxii, 420–5.
-
-Footnote 181:
-
-  _Ibid._, ii, 345ff.
-
-Footnote 182:
-
-  _Ibid._, ii, 349ff.
-
-Footnote 183:
-
-  _Ibid._, ii, 352.
-
-Footnote 184:
-
-  Hom., H. to Demeter, 103–4; 142–4.
-
-Footnote 185:
-
-  Eur., Medea, 60.
-
-Footnote 186:
-
-  _Ibid._, 90.
-
-Footnote 187:
-
-  Menander, Samia, 40. (Capps.)
-
-Footnote 188:
-
-  Od., I, 435.
-
-Footnote 189:
-
-  Od., xix, 354.
-
-Footnote 190:
-
-  _Ibid._, xix, 471.
-
-Footnote 191:
-
-  vi., 61.
-
-Footnote 192:
-
-  Frag. 42. (Bergk.)
-
-Footnote 193:
-
-  Pyth., xi, 28.
-
-Footnote 194:
-
-  Choe., 738–82.
-
-Footnote 195:
-
-  Medea, 52.
-
-Footnote 196:
-
-  Soph., Trach., 871ff.
-
-Footnote 197:
-
-  Hipp., 698.
-
-Footnote 198:
-
-  The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, pt. VI, Euripides, Hyps., fr. 60.
-
-Footnote 199:
-
-  M., ii, 1965.
-
-Footnote 200:
-
-  Samia, 40ff. St. Paul instances the nurse as the examplar of
-  gentleness; but “nurse” here is usually interpreted “mother.” Cf. I.
-  Thess., ii, 7. ὡς ἐὰν τροφὸς θάλῃ τὰ ἑαυτῆς τέκνα.
-
-Footnote 201:
-
-  De Vitiosa Pudore, § 2.
-
-Footnote 202:
-
-  Florelegium, 98, 72.
-
-Footnote 203:
-
-  Knights, 717.
-
-Footnote 204:
-
-  M., iv, 89.
-
-Footnote 205:
-
-  Men., Samia, 90; Terence, Andria, 229. Cf. also Legrand, Daos, Lyon,
-  1910, p. 132.
-
-Footnote 206:
-
-  Anthologia Graeca, ed. Bosch, 1795. L. 5, T. 1, E. 66.
-
-Footnote 207:
-
-  Aesch., Seven against Thebes, 16.
-
-Footnote 208:
-
-  Soph., O. R., 322.
-
-Footnote 209:
-
-  Call., Delos, 10.
-
-Footnote 210:
-
-  Athen., x, 83.
-
-Footnote 211:
-
-  Aesch., Seven against Thebes, 291.
-
-Footnote 212:
-
-  Athen., xi, 13.
-
-Footnote 213:
-
-  Quintilian, I. 1, 16.
-
-Footnote 214:
-
-  _Ibid._, I. 1, 4.
-
-Footnote 215:
-
-  Plato, Rep., 377A.
-
-Footnote 216:
-
-  Rep., 377C.
-
-Footnote 217:
-
-  Plato, Hipp. Maj., 286A.
-
-Footnote 218:
-
-  Gorgias, 527A. Cf. also Rep., 350E and Lysis, 205D.
-
-Footnote 219:
-
-  Lucian, Philopseudes, 9.
-
-Footnote 220:
-
-  Maximus Tyrius, I, x, 3. καθάπερ αἱ τιτθαὶ τοὺς παῖδας διὰ μυθολογίας
-  βαυκαλῶσι.
-
-Footnote 221:
-
-  Dion Chrysostom, 4, 164.
-
-Footnote 222:
-
-  Philostr., Her., I, p. 668.
-
-Footnote 223:
-
-  Lucian, Philops., 28.
-
-Footnote 224:
-
-  Strabo, I, 2, 6.
-
-Footnote 225:
-
-  Plutarch, Dem., 27.
-
-Footnote 226:
-
-  xx, 41.
-
-Footnote 227:
-
-  Scholia on Peace, 758.
-
-Footnote 228:
-
-  _Ibid._ on Wasps, 1035.
-
-Footnote 229:
-
-  Thucy.., 2.
-
-Footnote 230:
-
-  Philops., 2.
-
-Footnote 231:
-
-  Ars Poetica, 340. Cf. A. W. Verrall, Collected Studies in Greek and
-  Latin Scholarship, Cambridge 1913, p. 306.
-
-Footnote 232:
-
-  Vit. Apoll. Tyan., iv, 25.
-
-Footnote 233:
-
-  De Thucy., Jud., 6.
-
-Footnote 234:
-
-  Von Hahn, Griech. und Alb. Märchen.
-
-Footnote 235:
-
-  Wachsmuth, Das alte Griechenland im neuen, Bonn, 1864, S. 57.
-
-Footnote 236:
-
-  Geographica, I, 19.
-
-Footnote 237:
-
-  Cf. Roscher, Lexicon, Leipzig 1884–. s. v. Gorgo.
-
-Footnote 238:
-
-  Phaedo, 77A. Cf. Lucian, Philops., 23; Tox., 24; Zeus, 12.
-
-Footnote 239:
-
-  De Stoic. repugn., 15.
-
-Footnote 240:
-
-  Cf. Sappho, frag. 27 (Bergk).
-
-Footnote 241:
-
-  Philostratus, Life of Apoll. Tyan., Bk. iv., c. 25.
-
-Footnote 242:
-
-  _Ibid._, Bk. ii., c. 5.
-
-Footnote 243:
-
-  Demosthenes, De Corona, 270.
-
-Footnote 244:
-
-  Smythe, Melic Poets, p. 158. Cf. also Oliphant’s learned article “The
-  Story of the Strix: Ancient” in “Transactions of the Am. Philol.
-  Asso.”, Boston, 1913, vol. xliv.
-
-Footnote 245:
-
-  Aesop, Babrius, 49.
-
-Footnote 246:
-
-  Idylls, xv, 40.
-
-Footnote 247:
-
-  Callimachus, Artem., 66ff.
-
-Footnote 248:
-
-  Scholion on Theocritus, Idylls, xv, 49.
-
-Footnote 249:
-
-  Hellenica, 4.
-
-Footnote 250:
-
-  Peace, 474.
-
-Footnote 251:
-
-  Frogs, 925.
-
-Footnote 252:
-
-  Knights, 693.
-
-Footnote 253:
-
-  Lucian, Philop., 37 (Fowler’s Translation).
-
-Footnote 254:
-
-  Plato, Gorgias, 527; Hip. Maj., 286; Lucian, Phil., 9.
-
-Footnote 255:
-
-  Plato, Lysis, 295D.
-
-Footnote 256:
-
-  _Ibid._, Rep., 377B.
-
-Footnote 257:
-
-  _Ibid._, Rep., 377D.
-
-Footnote 258:
-
-  Sextus Empiricus, adv. Math., ix, 193.
-
-Footnote 259:
-
-  Cf. Aristoph., Clouds, 904; Plato, Laws, 8860.
-
-Footnote 260:
-
-  Pseudo-Plut., De Lib. Ed., § 5.
-
-Footnote 261:
-
-  Aristotle, Pol., vii, 17.
-
-Footnote 262:
-
-  Cf. Kingsley’s “Greek Heroes.”
-
-Footnote 263:
-
-  Philostr., Imag., i, 15.
-
-Footnote 264:
-
-  Navigium, 42.
-
-Footnote 265:
-
-  Plato, Rep., 359D.
-
-Footnote 266:
-
-  Hercules Furens, 98ff.
-
-Footnote 267:
-
-  Plut., Theseus, 23.
-
-Footnote 268:
-
-  Wasps, 1182.
-
-Footnote 269:
-
-  Aristoph., Lys., 781–793.
-
-Footnote 270:
-
-  ii, 134.
-
-Footnote 271:
-
-  Croiset, Hist. de la lit. grecque, Paris, 1898, vol. 2, p. 475.
-
-Footnote 272:
-
-  Plato, Phaedo, 600D.
-
-Footnote 273:
-
-  Theon, Progymn., 3.
-
-Footnote 274:
-
-  Aristophanes, Wasps, 1427. Cf. also Hermog., Progymn., I.
-
-Footnote 275:
-
-  Scholion on Aristoph., Wasps, 1259.
-
-Footnote 276:
-
-  Dion Chrysostom, 4, 163R (Dindorf). Cf. also Schol. on Birds, 807.
-
-Footnote 277:
-
-  Croiset, vol. II, p. 19.
-
-Footnote 278:
-
-  Athenaeus, 618E.
-
-Footnote 279:
-
-  Socraticorum Epistolae. Cf. also Hesychius.
-
-Footnote 280:
-
-  Plato, Laws, 790E.
-
-Footnote 281:
-
-  Problems, xix, 38.
-
-Footnote 282:
-
-  Quintilian, I, 10, 32.
-
-Footnote 283:
-
-  Adv. Math., 6, 32.
-
-Footnote 284:
-
-  Idylls, xxiv, 6.
-
-Footnote 285:
-
-  Cf. Cholmeley, Theocritus, London, 1901, p. 343.
-
-Footnote 286:
-
-  Simonides, Fragment 37 (Bergk).
-
-Footnote 287:
-
-  Sophocles, Philoctetes, 827ff.
-
-Footnote 288:
-
-  Euripides, Orestes, 174ff.
-
-Footnote 289:
-
-  C. I. A., ii, 2729. Cf. Conze, 340, Taf. lxxxiv.
-
-Footnote 290:
-
-  _Ibid._, ii, 3111.
-
-Footnote 291:
-
-  _Ibid._, ii, 4196, 4197.
-
-Footnote 292:
-
-  _Ibid._, ii, 5050.
-
-Footnote 293:
-
-  _Ibid._, ii, 4109.
-
-Footnote 294:
-
-  _Ibid._, ii, 3599.
-
-Footnote 295:
-
-  _Ibid._, iv, 4284b.
-
-Footnote 296:
-
-  _Ibid._, iii, 1458.
-
-Footnote 297:
-
-  _Ibid._, ii, 4195; iii, 3384; Kabbadia, 1027.
-
-Footnote 298:
-
-  _Ibid._, ii, 3097. Cf. also ii, 3111.
-
-Footnote 299:
-
-  _Ibid._, iii, 1457.
-
-Footnote 300:
-
-  _Ibid._, iv, 3553b.
-
-Footnote 301:
-
-  Conze, 280, Taf. lxv.
-
-Footnote 302:
-
-  _Ibid._, 276, 294, 306, 310, 380, 461, 471, 1143, etc.
-
-Footnote 303:
-
-  Cf. Baumeister, Denkmäler, 1885–8, p. 238, Taf. 23.
-
-Footnote 304:
-
-  Epigram xx. Cf. also Plut., Thes., 20: καὶ τροφὸν μετ’ αὐτῆς ὄνομα
-  Κορκύνην ἧς δείκνυσθαι τάφον.
-
-Footnote 305:
-
-  Cf. p. 63.
-
-Footnote 306:
-
-  Anthologia Pal., 456.
-
-Footnote 307:
-
-  Cf. Menander, Samia, 90, Capps’ note. Cf. Terence, Andria 229.
-
-Footnote 308:
-
-  Callimachus, Epigram 54.
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-
-
-                          TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
-
-
-                               Corrections
-
-  Page or           Changed from                    Changed to
- Footnote
-
-         5 τίτθε, τιθένε                  τίτθη, τιθήνη
-
-         5 σκάφε                          σκάφη
-
-         5 πιστὲ                          πιστὴ
-
-         5 τίτθε χρηστή—Name of Nurse     τίτθη χρηστή—Name of Nurse
-             Added—Her Master—Country—      Added—Her Master—Country—
-             Simple Word τίτθε              Simple Word τίτθη
-
-         7 ἒτι δὲ καὶ τροφοί ... αἱ τὸν   ἔτι δὲ καὶ τροφοί ... αἱ τὸν
-             ἄλλον φασί, πόνον μετὰ τὸν     ἄλλον φασί, πόνον μετὰ τὸν
-             ἀπογαλακτισμὸν ἀνα εχόμεναι    ἀπογαλακτισμὸν ἀναδεχόμεναι
-
-         7 αὐ’                            αὖ
-
-         9 δὲ                             δέ
-
-         9 ἐθελέις ὀλέσαι; σὺ δέ μ’       ἐθέλεις ὀλέσαι; σὺ δέ μ’
-             ἔτρεφες αὐτή                   ἔτρεφες αὐτὴ
-
-         9 ἒμικτο                         ἔμικτο
-
-        10 ἀργόθεν ἐρχονένην              ἀγρόθεν ἐρχομένην
-
-        10 ἐξείπη, ὁ δ’ οἰσάμενος         ἐξείπῃ, ὁ δ’ ὀϊσάμενος
-
-        10 τὴν                            τήν
-
-        10 ἀγγαλέῳ, ὑμῖν δ’ ἐπιfράσσετ’   ἀργαλέῳ, ὑμῖν δ’ ἐπιφράσσετ’
-
-        11 νεογὸν                         νεογνὸν
-
-        12 ἀνθαπτεται                     ἀνθάπτεται
-
-        13 τροφων                         τροφῶν
-
-        14 κατέχερ τίτθην παιδίων         κατέχει τίτθην παιδίων
-             Διογείτου ἐκ Πελοποννήσου      Διογείτου ἐκ Πελοποννήσου
-             τὴν δὲ δικαιστάτην             τὴν δὲ δικαιοτάτην
-
-        14 καὶ μ’ ἁ Θεχαρίδα              καί μ’ ἁ Θευχαρίδα
-
-        14 ἐπί τᾷ ὁδῷ κηπέγραψε           ἐπὶ τᾷ ὁδῷ κἠπέγραψε
-
-        15 τὰς                            τάς
-
-        15 Ἑλλ’ηνίδας                     Ἑλληνίδας
-
-        15 ἄτε                            ἅτε
-
-        18 εχούσας                        ἐχούσας
-
-        18 εἴωτε δὲ τὰ παιδία τὰ πλεῖστα  εἴωθε δὲ τὰ παιδία τὰ πλεῖστα
-             σπασμὸς ἐπιλαμβάνειν καὶ       σπασμὸς ἐπιλαμβάνειν καὶ
-             μᾶλλον τὰ εὐτραφέστρα          μᾶλλον τὰ εὐτραφέστερα
-
-        19 μικρόν                         μικρὸν
-
-        19 ἐκείνον                        ἐκεῖνον
-
-        20 παίς                           παὶς
-
-        20 εὔδεσκ’                        εὕδεσκ’
-
-        23 οἶα                            οἷά
-
-        23 σκάφη                          σκάφῃ
-
-        24 ψυεσθεῖσα παιδὸς σπαργάνων     ψευσθεῖσα παιδὸς σπαργάνων
-             φαιδρύντρια- γναφεὺς τροφεύς   φαιδρύντρια· γναφεὺς τροφεύς
-             τε παὐτὸν ειχέτην              τε ταὐτὸν εἰχέτην
-
-        25 Βάταλος                        βάταλος
-
-        26 και                            καὶ
-
-        27 της νόσου δέ σοι ζητοῦσα       τῆς νόσου δέ σοι ζητοῦσα
-             φάρμαχ’ ηὗρον αὐχ ἁβουλόμην.   φάρμαχ’ ηὗρον οὐχ ἁβουλόμην.
-             εἰ δ’ εὔ γ’ ἔπρξα              εἰ δ’ εὔ γ’ ἔπραξα
-
-        30 πλῆσθπν, θαλερὲ δὲ             πλῆσθεν, θαλερὲ δέ
-
-        32 φιλτάτη                        φιλτάτῃ
-
-        34 εἰπή μοι, ἔφη, ᾦ               εἰπέ μοι, ἔφη, ὦ
-
-        35 οὗν ταῦτα μῦθος σοι δοκεῖ      οὖν ταῦτα μῦθος σοι δοκεῖ
-             λέγεσθαι, ὥσπερ γραός· και     λέγεσθαι, ὥσπερ γραός· καὶ
-
-        36 ἒχουσαν                        ἔχουσαν
-
-        36 ἔπι                            ἔτι
-
-        37 ἑ                              ἡ
-
-        37 ὴν                             τὴν
-
-        37 Θάνατον                        θάνατον
-
-        37 της                            τῆς
-
-        37 παιδαφιλωέτρα                  παιδοφιλωτέρα
-
-        37 αὐτης τὸ φάντασμα ἐπιφοιτᾶν    αὐτῆς τὸ φάντασμα ἐπιφοιτᾶν
-             ἐπὶ τὰ παιδία, καὶ τοὺς τῶν    ἐπὶ τὰ παιδία, καὶ τοὺς τῶν
-             ἀώρων θανάτους αὐτῆ            ἀώρων θανάτους αὐτῇ
-
-        38 στριγγ’                        στρίγγ’
-
-        38 τῳ                             τῷ
-
-        40 μυτέρας                        μητέρας
-
-        41 κατελιπεν                      κατέλιπεν
-
-        41 δακρυρῥόους                    δακρυρρόους
-
-        42 ρυθμίζειν                      ῥυθμίζειν
-
-        43 ἤ                              ἢ
-
-        43 ρυθμῷ                          ῥυθμῷ
-
-        44 ιοιχόμεθ’                      διοιχόμεθ’
-
-        46 δικαιστάτην                    δικαιοτάτην
-
-        47 μικκός                         μικκὸς
-
-        47 ἔξει                           ἕξει
-
-        47 Ἀργῶν                          Ἀγρῶν
-
-        47 Ἀίσχρην                        Αἴσχρην
-
-      [47] ἑλακωνομάνουν                  ἐλακωνομάνουν
-
-     [200] θάλη                           θάλῃ
-
-     [223] Philips                        Philops.
-
-     [228] Waspa                          Wasps
-
-     [238] Philips                        Philops.
-
-     [285] Cholmey                        Cholmeley
-
-     [304] ἦς                             ἧς
-
- 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
- 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.
- 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
-
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