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diff --git a/old/64212-0.txt b/old/64212-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8121701..0000000 --- a/old/64212-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5463 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, How Paper Boxes Are Made, by Robert Francis -Salade - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: How Paper Boxes Are Made - - -Author: Robert Francis Salade - - - -Release Date: January 4, 2021 [eBook #64212] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW PAPER BOXES ARE MADE*** - - -E-text prepared by deaurider, Susan Carr, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original 100 illustrations. - See 64212-h.htm or 64212-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/64212/64212-h/64212-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/64212/64212-h.zip) - - - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/howpaperboxesare00sala - - - - - -HOW PAPER BOXES ARE MADE - -A Practical and Instructive Book Telling -How the Beginner May Manufacture All -Kinds of Paper Boxes, with Special -Chapters on the Printing Department for Paper Box -Plants, Embossing, Gold-Leafing, Label Work, etc. - -With 100 Illustrations - -by - -ROBERT F. SALADE - -Author of “Plate Printing and Die -Stamping,” “How to Make Cutouts,” -“Newspaper Men of the Night,” etc. - - - - - - -Published by -The Shears Publishing Company -Lafayette, Indiana -1920 - -Copyright, 1920 -Shears Publishing Company -LaFayette, Indiana - - - - - LIST OF CONTENTS - - - CHAPTER I - - Introduction. Great Growth of the Paper Box Industry. The Field for - Attractive and High Quality Boxes. Creating Orders by Submitting - New Ideas for Boxes. Plain “Set-up” Paper Boxes--Kinds of Materials - Used. How “Set-up” Boxes Are Made. Kinds of Machines Used, etc. - Page 7 - - - CHAPTER II - - Plain “Set-up” Boxes (continued). Modern Methods of Working. - Various Kinds of Cover Paper. Gold-Edged Paper Boxes. The Stokes & - Smith Automatic Wrapping Machine. Extension Bottom Boxes. Properly - Grouping the Machines to Save Time and Labor. Larger Size Paper - Boxes With Flanges and Mitered Corners. - Page 21 - - - CHAPTER III - - Plain Paper Boxes With Flanges. Effecting a Saving of Stock. How - the Blanks Are Mitered. Efficiency in the Production of Hand-Made - Paper Boxes. Kinds of Paste and Glue Used. Equipment Required for a - Small Paper Box Plant. The Advantages of Specializing. - Page 37 - - - CHAPTER IV - - Druggists’ Pill and Powder Boxes. Round Pill and Powder Boxes. - Round, Shouldered Pill Boxes With Projecting Edges. Plain, Round, - Shouldered Magnesia Boxes. How the Tubes, or “Barrels,” for Round - Boxes Are Made. - Page 51 - - - CHAPTER V - - Druggists’ Pill and Powder Boxes (continued). Covering Paper for - Round Boxes. Cutting Round and Oval Pieces of Box-Board for Tops - and Bottoms. Oval Shouldered Pill Boxes With Projecting Edges. - Round Face Powder Boxes With Dome Tops. The Doming Machine. - Odd-Shaped Face Powder Boxes. Plain Oblong Powder Boxes. Sliding - Boxes for Powders and Lozenges. Oblong Shouldered Powder Boxes. - Square Shouldered Boxes. Square Telescope Boxes. Suppository Boxes - With Partitions. - Page 65 - - - CHAPTER VI - - Candy Boxes. The Increasing Demand. Specializing in Fancy Candy - Boxes. How the Machines May Be Arranged to Speed Production. Plain - Paper Candy Boxes. Telescope Candy Boxes. Lacing. Shouldered Candy - Boxes With Extension Tops and Bottoms. Trays for Candy Boxes. Flat - Candy Boxes. Round Candy Boxes With Extension Edges. Large, Round - Candy Boxes With Dome Tops. Large, Odd-Shaped Candy Boxes. Art - Candy Boxes. - Page 81 - - - CHAPTER VII - - Miscellaneous Paper Boxes. Wedding, Party and Banquet Boxes. - Jewelry Boxes. Handkerchief, Garter, Suspender, Necktie and - Collar-Button Boxes. Cut-out Inserts. Cigarette Boxes. Stocking - Boxes. Oyster and Ice Cream Boxes. Oyster Pails. Paper Dishes. - Suit, Hat and Flower Boxes. Graining Board for Boxes. Round Hat - Boxes. Suit Cases and Traveling Bags. Pocket Cigar Cases. Boxes - for Hardware, Glass, Tools, Picture Frames, Toys, etc. - Page 101 - - - CHAPTER VIII - - Folding Boxes and Cartons. Equipment Required for a Small Cutting - and Creasing Plant. Kinds of Stock Used for Folding Boxes. Making - the “Dummy” for a Folding Box. Kinds of Furniture Used in Blanking - Out the Steel Rule Dies. Steel Cutting Rules and Creasing Rules. - Work-Bench for the Folding Box Maker. Steel Rule Cutting and - Bending Machines. - Page 117 - - - CHAPTER IX - - Folding Boxes and Cartons (continued). Making a Cutting and - Creasing Die. Blanking Out the Steel Die. Making Steel Dies for - Cut-Outs. Cutting and Creasing on Platen Presses. Making Ready a - Steel Cutting and Creasing Die. Putting on the Feeding Guides. - Corking the Steel Die Form. Feeding the Sheets of Box-Board. - Stripping. Gluing Folding Boxes. The Gluing Machine. Cutting and - Creasing on Cylinder Presses. Making Ready a Steel Cutting Die for - Advertising Novelties, etc. - Page 137 - - - CHAPTER X - - The Printing Department for a Box-Making Plant. Equipment Necessary - for a Medium-Size Printing Department. Kinds of Machines. The Type - Equipment. Hartford and John Thomson Platen Printing Presses. - Cylinder Presses. The Kidder Automatic Printing Press. C. & P. - Press With Miller Feeder. Kinds of Work Done in the Printing - Department of a Paper Box Plant. - Page 159 - - - CHAPTER XI - - The Printing Department (continued). Time-Saving Suggestions. - Printing in Gold Size and Bronzing Box Wrappers. Burnishing. - Printing in Gold Ink. Gold Leafing for Box Wrappers. Embossing on - Platen Presses. The Hartford Electric Plate Heater. Making the Male - Die for Hot or Cold Embossing. Kinds of Composition Used for Male - Dies. Making Ready for Embossing. Special Process for Printing - Glazed Box Wrappers. Imitation Plate Printing and Steel Die - Stamping. Patented Printing Base for Cylinder Presses. - Page 179 - - - CHAPTER XII - - Corrugated and Fibre Products. The Great Field for Corrugated Boxes - and Paper Cans. The Making of Paper Cans. The Equipment Required - for Making Paper Cans. How Corrugated Paper Boxes Are Made. Various - Kinds of Machines Used. Regular Slotted Carton. Center Special - Slotted Carton. Overlap Slotted Carton. Full Flap Slotted Carton. - Half Slotted Carton With Separate Cover. Double-Wall Carton. Double - Cover Box. Telescope Box. Double Lined Slide Box. Single Lined - Slide Box. Double Slide Box. One-Piece Folder. Two-Piece Folder. - Corrugated Paper Tubes. Partitions. Printing Cartons. The End. - Page 199 - - - - - HOW PAPER BOXES ARE MADE - - - - - CHAPTER I - - -Within the last few decades the paper box manufacturing industry -of the United States has grown to tremendous proportions, due of -course to the ever-increasing demand for paper boxes of every kind -imaginable. The manufacturers have kept in steady progress with -the times, and so efficiently have they organized and managed the -industry that today it ranks among the largest and most important -in the country. The business is rapidly developing on every side. -New uses for paper boxes are constantly being discovered. In many -instances, paper boxes, on account of their neatness, lighter weight -and economy, are taking the places of those made of wood or tin. - -Comparatively few people outside the industry ever stop to consider -the fact that the paper box business has been responsible for the -success of many another business. Manufacturers of the many different -varieties of packaged-goods which are sold over the counters of -retail stores, advertising experts and salesmen, know well that -attractive, graceful paper boxes help wonderfully in _selling_ the -goods. But, the buying public in general gives little thought to this -truth. With the exception of advertising and first class printed -matter, handsome paper boxes today are one of the greatest selling -forces in business. - -It has been only during recent years that manufacturers, advertising -men and salesmen have been giving closer attention to the selling -power of high grade paper boxes. In days gone by the quality and -appearance of paper boxes received little consideration. Some years -ago, a plain, commonly-made box was considered good enough for the -purpose, but not so in these days. In this age the average buyer -would not be interested in a nationally-advertised product if it were -packed in a mean-looking box, no matter how excellent the product -may be. This explains why we see such a large number of display -advertisements on bill-boards, in the street cars, and in newspapers -and magazines, including the statement, “Packed in a Neat Box.” - -In the present time, after a large manufacturing concern has -perfected all arrangements for making perhaps, a new breakfast -food, a new perfume, toilet soap, candy, tooth paste, or some other -desirable article, the next step that is taken to market the product -is in organizing a good sales force. Then, the manufacturers consult -with one of the big advertising agencies for the purpose of launching -a national advertising campaign. Among the first features of the -campaign to receive close study by the advertising experts is the -style and appearance of the paper boxes which are to contain the -product in question. Often, many different shapes and colors for -the containers are planned and tested before the right design and -color scheme are decided upon. The broad-minded manufacturer will -not object to paying substantial prices for attractive paper boxes -any more than he would object to paying high prices for advertising -in newspapers and magazines, as the advertising men can easily prove -to him the fact that beautiful paper boxes will help in selling the -goods. - - - QUALITY IS ESSENTIAL. - -This does not mean that any manufacturer could succeed with the -aid of attractive paper boxes in selling anything that is not of -good quality. He would possibly sell an inferior article, by means -of advertising and appealing paper boxes, for a limited time, but -the public would soon learn whether the article was good or not. -But, the manufacturer of a high grade product may always depend on -good advertising and attractive paper boxes to help him in making a -success of his business, and this is the point that the writer wants -to make clear to the reader. The psychology of a handsome paper box -is something wonderful. Women, particularly, delight in buying candy, -perfumes, and many other things packed in beautiful paper boxes and -tied with colored ribbons. Men, too, derive pleasure through buying -goods packed in attractive boxes. All of us like dainty packages, -whether we admit the truth or not. - -When paper boxes are made and used for the purpose of carrying goods -to retail dealers, in cases where the dealers unpack the merchandise -and sell it in loose form to the public, it is not necessary, of -course, to have such fine boxes as those which go into the possession -of the buying public. Large size shirt and hosiery boxes, for -example, seldom pass into the hands of customers of retail stores. -Boxes of this class should be neat, strong and of good appearance, -but there is no reason for having them expensively finished. The -larger-size boxes which are to be found upon the shelves of retail -shops are usually covered with glazed paper, in colors such as buff, -red, light blue, pink, etc. Store-keepers prefer boxes covered with -glazed, colored paper for the reason that colors, and the high gloss -of the paper help in making their sales-room look attractive. - -These are very important facts that every paper box manufacturer must -keep in mind, and the more attention that is given to the aesthetic -side of paper box making, the better for the business in general. -The field for fine and fancy paper boxes, as well as for plain -boxes, is without limitations. It is a rich, fertile field, and the -manufacturer with new ideas and good business management can “plant -and grow” all the orders for paper boxes that he may care to handle. - -The box-maker with ideas does not have to wait for orders to come -to him. Hundreds of manufacturers in various lines of business are -willing and ready to consider suggestions in the way of unique and -handsome paper boxes which may mean increased sales of the goods -or articles that they are marketing. The demand for “dust-proof,” -“germ-proof,” “damp-proof,” and the trade-marked folding paper boxes -is without end. Box-makers who are in a position to offer new-style -containers of this character will have no reason for complaining -about “slack seasons.” The fiber container field also offers -unlimited possibilities to the manufacturer of fiber products. - -This is the age of progress. Creative salesmanship is now needed -in every line of business. The box manufacturer in these days must -give more of his time and thought than in the past to the subject of -creative salesmanship. He should work hand-in-hand with merchants, -sales managers and advertising experts when big selling campaigns are -being planned. The United States is just entering the greatest period -of prosperity in the history of the country, and without question the -paper box industry is to enjoy its proper share of this prosperity, -but the box-maker who fails in keeping abreast with the times will be -in danger of “falling by the wayside.” - - - IMPORTANT QUESTIONS. - -Creative salesmanship, standard cost systems, efficient plant -management, and the matter of procuring a sufficient supply of -skilled labor are among the most important questions of today which -must receive deep study from the box manufacturers in general. -With these serious questions in mind, the writer has prepared this -text book on the subject of Paper Box Making for the purpose of -helping the progress of the industry in every way possible. Before -attempting this work, the writer spent considerable time in several -of the modern paper box factories, studying the mechanical equipment, -labor-saving methods, ordinary working operations, etc. Several of -the larger plants where paper box machinery is designed and made, -were also visited. In this manner, valuable data for this book were -secured. - -The main purpose of this book is to _teach_ beginners, or -apprentices, the practical work of paper box making. We are not -so egotistical as to believe that we can make a trained paper box -maker with the aid of printed matter, but at least we can try to -offer simple, practical information which we hope will be helpful to -beginners. We shall try to do our very best in making the technical -facts plain and understandable, and if we succeed in giving the -reader a clear, general idea of how paper boxes are made, we will be -well satisfied. - -May we suggest to employers, superintendents and foremen in the paper -box industry to place this book in the hands of apprentices for -study? It may even be possible to present copies of the book to young -men and young women who are not working in the industry, but who may -desire, after reading this volume, to engage in the interesting work -of paper box making. This is merely a suggestion, but it may be of -some value in gaining new apprentices. - -This book will include information on Plain Paper Boxes, Fancy Paper -Boxes, Round, Oval and Odd-shaped Boxes, Cutting and Creasing for -Cartons, The Label Printing Department, Fiber Containers, and on -other subjects of this character. It would be almost impossible for -anyone to describe all of the many different kinds of plain, fancy -and folding boxes that are being made at the present time, so we will -merely describe the regular line of paper boxes that are considered -as standard in the trade. - - - PLAIN “SET-UP” PAPER BOXES. - -The term “set-up,” applies to paper boxes which are covered with -separate lids. Folding boxes do not come under this term for the -reason that they are glued together at one side, and remain in -flat form until the time when they are used as containers, cut out -sections of the sheet then being folded to serve as “lids.” In other -words, a folding box is complete in one piece, while a set-up box (a -shoe box, for example), is of two parts, the box and the lid. - -A set-up box must be cut, creased, folded, stayed and covered before -it is complete. The lid also must be cut, creased, folded, stayed and -covered. - -Various kinds of boxboard are used for the making of plain paper -boxes, but the three principal kinds used are called “Chip-board,” -“News-board” and “Straw-board.” Chip-board is made from pulp formed -of all kinds of waste paper. News-board is made from pulp formed -of old newspapers. Straw-board is made from straw. These three -different kinds of boxboard come from the paper dealers, or from -the mills, in various sizes and thicknesses to meet all of the -requirements of the box factory. - -Chip-board is more generally used for all kinds of plain paper boxes. -It is of gray color, and it has rather a rough surface. When the -boxes are to be of good quality, like a candy box for instance, the -chip-board is lined on one side with white news paper, or white book -paper. This lining is done before the boxboard is cut and creased in -shape for making the boxes. Many of the larger box-makers do their -own lining on a special machine called the Parry Liner, which has -been designed especially for the purpose. Other box-makers send the -boxboard to outside concerns who make a specialty of lining board for -the trade. - -Chip-board, news-board or straw-board, when used for the making of -ordinary boxes--shoe boxes, for example--is not lined. Better-class -boxes, such as are used for holding collars and cuffs, silk shirts, -handkerchiefs, neckwear, writing paper, and “white goods” of many -varieties, should be lined with white book paper. - -The first step toward the making of a paper box is in deciding on the -proper measurements. The specifications must indicate the length, -width and depth of the box, as well as the length, width and depth -of the lid. The length and width of a lid, for a plain set-up box, -must of course be slightly larger than the length and width of the -box. To ascertain the correct sizes of both the box and its lid, the -box-maker first makes models, and after these have been approved, the -regular work of making quantities of the boxes is commenced. - -[Illustration: Robinson Double Rotary Cutter and Creaser.] - -The full-size sheets of boxboard are fed into a scoring machine which -cuts and creases the sheets to the proper dimensions. Several pieces -of board, of the size required for the boxes, or lids, are cut from -the sheet with one operation. The machine is equipped with a series -of rotary knives and rotary scorers, which can be moved and adjusted -to the positions desired. The rotary scorers are like dull knives, -and are set up a little higher than the cutting knives; thus they -score the sheet instead of cutting completely through it. - -Single scoring machines, which score and cut the sheets of boxboard -in only one direction, are used in some of the box-making plants. -In other plants double scoring machines, which score and cut the -sheets in both directions, are in service. The double scoring machine -is naturally a big time-saver on large orders for the simple reason -that it cuts and scores, _both ways_, on the sheet without it being -necessary for the operator to feed the sheets through the machine a -second time. - -The cut and scored blanks, when in flat form ready for cornering and -folding, appear like this: - -[Illustration: Figure 1. Showing blank for paper box, cut to proper -size, scored, but with corner-pieces not yet removed.] - -The next operation is in removing the corner pieces from the blanks. -This work is performed with the aid of a cornering machine. There are -single, double and quadruple cornering machines in some of the larger -plants, but the single and double cornering machines seem to be the -most popular. The single cornering machine removes only one corner -from the blank with one operation; the double cornering machine cuts -out two corners with a single operation and the quadruple machine -removes all four corners with one operation. - -[Illustration: Power Double Cornering Machine.] - -The cornering devices are equipped with cutting knives, arranged so -that they may easily be adjusted. The guides may be adjusted so that -many different sizes of corners may be cut out of the blank stock. As -many as twenty or more blanks may be placed under the knives at one -time. The double cornering machine has two sets of knives and guides -which are adjustable to provide for the various sizes of blanks. In -the same manner the knives and guides of the quadruple machine are -adjustable to provide for many different sizes of stock and also -various sizes of corners. - -When feeding the blanks into the single cornering machine, it is -necessary, of course, for the operator to feed the sheet four times -before all of the corner pieces have been removed. - -When the four corner-pieces have been removed from a sheet of stock, -the blank has the following appearance: - -[Illustration: Figure 2. Showing blank for paper box, cut to proper -size, scored for folding, and with corner-pieces removed.] - -Some of the box-makers who make a specialty of fine, small-size -set-up boxes for the drug trade, jewelers, etc., have machines which -score the blanks, and cut out the corner-pieces simultaneously. -This device is for small work only, and its principal advantage is -accuracy. When scoring and cornering small-size blanks separately, -it is often difficult to have this scoring line in perfect alignment -with the corners. On this special type of scoring and cutting machine -it is necessary for the operator to feed one blank at a time. Cutting -and creasing of this kind can also be done on cutting and creasing -presses, with dies formed of steel cutting and creasing rules. This -process will be explained in another article. - -After the blanks have been cut, scored and the four corner-pieces -removed, the blanks are then bent upwards on all four sides so as -to put them in form for the staying machine operation. Several of -the blanks can be bent partly into shape with one operation. The -operator of the staying machine then takes each blank and properly -shapes it into the form of a box as the stay paper is applied to -each corner. The staying machine is equipped with a roll of narrow -Kraft paper which is gummed on one side. The machine is also equipped -with a water-pan and a roller which moistens the gummed paper as it -passes along. The operator places one corner of the box in position -on the machine; the head of the machine descends and affixes a strip -of the stay paper on the outside corner of the box. The operator -then turns the box in rapid succession while the machine “stays” the -other three corners of the box. The cutting of the stay paper to the -proper size is an automatic operation, and the device can be adjusted -to cut off any length of stay paper. The stay paper placed on the -outside corners of the box, holds the box together. - -[Illustration: Power Corner-Staying Machine.] - -In the case of very small boxes and lids, the stay paper is attached -by hand, although the machine is adapted to small-size as well as -large-size boxes. - - - - - CHAPTER II - - PLAIN “SET-UP” BOXES (Continued) - - -After the work of staying the corners of a plain set-up paper box, -and its lid, has been completed, the next operations are to cover the -sides of the box, and the sides of the lid, with paper of the desired -weight, color and finish. The kinds of paper which are generally -used for covering plain paper boxes are, white glazed, cheviot, and -colored glazed. This stock may be bought from the manufacturers in -either the form of large rolls, or in the form of flat sheets. When -the ordinary power covering machine is used, the paper is applied to -the sides of the boxes from rolls of the proper width. - -The slitting and rewinding machine is used for the purpose of cutting -the large rolls of paper into rolls of various sizes. The cutting -wheels on the slitting and rewinding machine can be “spaced apart” -to any width required. They may be set as close together as ½ inch -apart. Conveniently located on the machine is a steel bar containing -a scale, marked off into inches and fractional parts of inches. This -scale makes it an easy matter for the operator to fix the slitting -wheels in the positions wanted for cutting the large roll of paper -into smaller rolls. As the wide sheet of paper unrolls and passes the -slitters, the smaller strips of paper are rewound on spindles. - -There are several good slitting and rewinding machines on the market -which may be operated by hand or power, as desired. - -[Illustration: Cameron Cutting and Rewinding Machine.] - -When the sides of paper boxes are to be covered with the aid of a -covering machine, a roll of paper of the necessary size and kind -is first placed on the machine. The width of the roll of paper is -about an inch wider than that of the surface of the box which is to -be covered, for the reason that about one-half inch of the paper is -turned in and over on the inside of the box, and about one-half inch -of the paper is turned in over the bottom of the box. One operator -attends to the covering operation, while another performs the work of -“turning-in.” - -[Illustration: Knowlton Power Covering Machine.] - - - SOME OPERATORS CARELESS. - -The standard covering machine is equipped with a glue-pan, heating -apparatus, gluing roller, glue scraper, a table, and a cut-off -device. The gluing roller revolves in the glue pot, in such a -manner as to apply the glue to one side of the paper as the paper -passes over the surface of the roller. The glue pan may be heated -by steam, gas or electricity. The scraping device regulates the -amount of glue applied to the paper. When the machine is in action -the operator simply wraps the strip of paper around the four sides -of the box, allowing a “lap-over” of the paper, at one corner of -the box, of about one inch. Some operators are careless, and they -often allow “lap-overs” of several inches of paper, which of course -results in considerable wastage of paper during the course of a day. -The carefully-trained operator will try to save as much paper as -possible. Another important point which the efficient operator will -consider is in having the “lap-over” occur at one corner of the box, -and not in the center of one side of the box. When the “lap-over” is -made at one corner of the box, the work looks neat and finished, but -when the seam is made on one side of the box, the work presents a -poor appearance. - -[Illustration: Long, narrow set-up paper box. Size, 3¹⁰⁄₁₆ × ⁴⁄₁₆ in. -Used by the medical profession for holding hypodermic needles.] - -It is also very important that the work of “turning-in” should be -done as neatly as possible. The “turner-in” works on a table near the -covering machine. As the operator of the covering machine finishes -wrapping a box, it is passed to the second operator who turns in -the corners and edges of the paper. A wad of cheese-cloth, or a -soft, clean cloth of any kind, is useful in the work of turning-in, -the corners and edges of the paper being rubbed down firmly and -smoothly. Some operators of covering machines also use a cloth -in smoothing the paper as it is applied to the sides of the box. -Others use merely the palm of the hand. Attached to the machine -is a receptacle for holding tallow which many workers make use of -for keeping their hands free from glue. On the new model covering -machines the cut-off device is adjustable, up and down, by means -of screws, and it can be moved to and from the box-spindle in any -desired position, without it being necessary for the operator to -leave his or her seat. The cut-off device may be operated by hand by -means of a lever. - - - TIME SAVING SYSTEM. - -In a large number of paper box making plants tables are placed near -the covering machines, and the work of “turning-in” is done on these -tables. Near the covering machines are the topping machines. The work -is handled in such a manner, that one operator passes the boxes on -to another, until finally the boxes and the lids are completed and -assembled. The boxes are then packed in cases ready for immediate -shipment. This system is the means of saving time, labor and expense, -as it makes it unnecessary for the operators of the various machines -to leave their seats. One operator does the covering of boxes, the -second operator covers the sides of the lids; the third attends to -the work of “turning-in”; the fourth is in charge of the topping -machine. Girls or boys then assemble the boxes and lids, and pack -them in the cases. - -Many set-up paper boxes, in addition to being covered with white -glazed, cheviot, or colored glazed paper, are finished with -gold-paper edges. Some have a gold edge at the top of the lid, and -a gold edge at the bottom of the box; others have four gold edges; -still others are covered with colored glazed paper, and have four -edges of white glazed paper. Paper boxes of this variety may properly -be placed under the heading, “fancy,” but we want to mention them -here on account of the edging-work being done on covering machines in -about the same way as plain covering work. - -Let us take the case of a gold-edged paper box for example: The -narrow roll of gold paper is placed on the covering machine, along -with the wider roll of glazed, or cheviot paper. Both the gold strip -and the other strip are applied to the box, or lid, simultaneously, -the gold strip being placed underneath the main strip. The main strip -of paper is a size that when applied to the box, or lid, (over the -gold strip) it allows the gold edging to show. Only the gold strip is -“turned in,” either over the top or bottom of the box, or over the -top and edge of the lid. With work of this character the operator -must be careful to have the two strips of paper run straight and even -as one is glued over the other. - -The topping machine operates much on the same principle as the -covering machine, and it is used for applying paper to the tops of -box-lids, after the sides of the lids have been covered. The better -class of set-up boxes are covered on the bottom in addition to having -the tops of their lids covered, but ordinary, plain set-up boxes are -not covered on the bottom. The writer has before him a set-up box -which had been used for holding a dozen linen collars. The board for -this box has been lined with newspaper, making it neat and clean on -the inside. The lid is covered and topped with pale yellow glazed -paper. The sides of the box are covered with glazed paper of the -same color as the lid, but at the top the edges are trimmed with -white glazed paper. The bottom of the box is covered with white book -paper. This is that kind of box which should have the bottom covered, -although the bottom piece of paper is not absolutely necessary. -Writing paper boxes should also be covered on the bottom. The -question of covering the bottoms of set-up boxes should be determined -by considering the general qualities of the box, and the purpose for -which it is to be used. There is no reason for covering the bottoms -of common set-up boxes. - -[Illustration: One of the smallest set-up paper boxes manufactured. -Size 1⁷⁄₁₆ × ⁷⁄₁₆ in. Sides ³⁄₁₆ in. Used by the medical profession.] - -One of the best power topping machines on the market is that made by -the Hobbs Manufacturing Company, of Worcester, Mass. This machine -has an automatic cut-off device, and it is equipped, of course, with -a work table, glue pan, gluing roller, etc. A roll of paper, nearly -the same width of the lid, or box-bottom, which is to be covered, is -placed on the machine. Glue is applied to one side of the paper as -it is drawn over the surface of the gluing roller. When the strip of -paper has been stretched across the top of the lid, or the bottom of -the box, the operator depresses the adjustable lever at one side of -the machine, and the paper is cut off to the required size. On top of -the work-table is a locating projection which holds the box in place. -A locating gauge is also provided so that the vertical adjustment of -the table can easily be made. - -It is only fair to state that there are other efficient topping -machines in general use, some being operated by hand, others by power. - -Many set-up paper boxes, which are made for heavy usage, such as for -holding hardware, tools, toys, glassware, etc., are wire stapled -at the corners instead of having the corners strengthened with -Kraft paper, or stay paper. Some box manufacturers are making all -of their set-up boxes with wire-stapled corners. There are several -wire stitching machines now being made by well-known concerns which -have been especially built for use in the paper box industry, and -they have proved very satisfactory. The boxes and their lids, after -having been fastened at the corners with copper, or wire devices, are -covered and topped with paper in the usual manner. The wire stitching -machine is operated in much the same way as the staying machine, each -corner of the box, and of the lid, being “stitched” with wire in -rapid succession. For an exceptionally strong paper box which is to -have rough usage, the wire-staying will be found more practical than -paper-staying. - -[Illustration: Figure 3. Diagram shows shape of wrapper used on -Stokes & Smith Wrapping Machine.] - -Perhaps the most remarkable machine ever invented for use in the -paper box industry is the Stokes & Smith Wrapping Machine which -automatically places glued paper on all kinds of paper boxes. One -of the great advantages of this device is that it completely wraps -the box, or its lid, with a single sheet of paper. In other words, it -“covers” and “tops” at the one operation. Flat sheets of paper, cut -out at the corners like the diagram shown on page 29 are necessary -when using this machine. - -[Illustration: Stokes and Smith Wrapping Machine.] - -For cutting the sheets of paper to this special shape, a Stokes & -Smith Double Cornering Machine is essential. The sheets are first cut -square, or oblong, to the size desired, and the odd-shaped corners -are cut out afterwards. The Double Corner Cutter will cut two corners -from a pile of the sheets simultaneously. In about an hour’s time -a sufficient quantity of the wrappers can be cut to provide for a -day’s run of work on the Stokes & Smith Wrapping Machine. - -Extension bottom boxes, or to use the old term, boxes with “French -edges,” may also be wrapped on the Stokes & Smith device, but for -this class of work wrappers of still another shape than that shown -by Figure 3 are necessary. Again, for work of this character, -the machine must be equipped with an Extension Bottom Covering -Attachment. The change in the shape of the wrappers is made by -equipping the Double Corner Cutter with the proper sub-presses, -knives, and dies. - -Another advantage of the Stokes & Smith Wrapping Machine is that -it will apply printed or lithographed wrappers to the paper boxes, -therefore making it unnecessary to have printed labels pasted on the -boxes after they have been covered. These facts are not presented for -advertising the Stokes & Smith Company. In offering these facts we -merely desire to acquaint the reader with all that is new in the way -of paper box machinery, and were we to omit mention of the Stokes & -Smith Wrapping machine, we would feel that this series of articles -would not be complete. - - - HOW WORK IS HANDLED. - -In plants where this machine is in operation, the work is handled as -follows: First, the sheets are cut square or oblong to the required -size. Second, the corners for regular paper boxes, or the corners -for extension bottom work, are cut from the paper. Third, the -wrappers are fed through a gluing machine, which by means of rollers, -places a thin coating of glue on one side of the paper. Fourth, the -sheets, with the glue-side up, are placed on a revolving table which -is really a part of the wrapping machine. Fifth, from the revolving -table the operator of the wrapping machine lifts up a wrapper with -one hand, and with the other hand takes an uncovered box, placing it -bottom down on the glued paper, being careful to see that the bottom -of the box is accurately centered between the cut out corners of the -wrapper. Sixth, the box and wrapper are then placed on a form on the -wrapping machine. The action of the machine thereafter is “almost -human.” The box and its wrapper pass down through a series of brushes -and rollers which draw the wrapper closely to the sides of the box, -neatly folding the paper at the corners and ends, and turning in -the edges of the wrapper on the inside of the box. At the end of a -complete revolution of the machine the box emerges from the machine -in a finished condition. - -In some of the larger paper box manufacturing plants, where Stokes & -Smith machines are being used, a great deal of time is being saved -by grouping the machines, and by working the operators in teams. -For example, two wrapping machines and two gluing machines are so -arranged that the boxes and the lids are finished, inspected and -assembled with all of the work being done in one small “department.” -In not a few shops the boxes and lids are covered on machines which -are located a considerable distance apart, resulting in a waste -of time when the boxes and lids are assembled. The accompanying -illustration will give the reader an idea of how the machines may be -properly grouped so as to eliminate unnecessary handling: - -[Illustration: Figure 4. Illustrating how time and labor may be saved -in the plant by grouping the machines properly, and by working the -operators in teams.] - - - SHOULD STUDY FLOOR PLANS. - -Paper box manufacturers should devote time and study to floor plans -of this character. With the shorter work-day being adopted in all -parts of the country, and with skilled labor becoming more scarce -every day, it behooves the manufacturer to work out plans by which -time and labor may be saved, and which will make an increased amount -of output possible. This may be accomplished through following plans -that will effect _real_ efficiency in the factory. No matter what -kinds of machines the manufacturer may be using, they may be grouped -in such a way as to make it possible for the various operators to -work closely together in teams. - -Within the last few months the writer visited a paper box making -plant where the staying machines were located at one end of a -spacious room, and where the covering machines were located at the -other end of the room. In about the center of the room the topping -machines were placed. Think of the great number of unnecessary -foot-steps which are made by the workers in this shop during the -course of a day! Consider the large amount of time that is being -wasted every day in carrying the material from one machine to -another! The reader can readily understand that by grouping the -staying machines, the covering machines, and the topping machines -in small “departments,” so to speak, the boxes and lids could be -finished, inspected and assembled simply by passing the work from one -operator to another as the different processes are completed. - -The larger sizes of plain paper boxes, such as those used for -holding envelopes, shoes, etc., are not made from the same shapes -of blanks as are used for the making of the smaller sizes of boxes. -In the majority of cases the board used for the larger-size boxes -consists of three separate pieces. The main piece contains flanges -with mitered corners. After the main piece of box-board has been cut -to the required size, and after it has been scored and the corners -mitered, the board is folded or bent to form the bottom and two sides -of a box, having flanges at either end. Separate side pieces are -then glued to these flanges, making the box complete as to form. The -principal reason why the larger-size boxes are made in this fashion -is because it prevents wastage of box-board. - - - - - CHAPTER III - - - SIDE-SET PAPER BOXES. - -If a single piece of box-board were to be used for the making of -a large-size set-up paper box, (a hat box, for example) it would -necessitate the cutting out of four corner pieces which would be as -large in size as the two side walls of the box, therefore the reader -can readily understand that it would not be economical to cut out -corners of stock which is to be used for the larger-sized boxes. -Another advantage of the side-set paper box is in the ends being -stronger than the ends of a one-piece box. While this strong feature -of construction would not been needed in a small-size box--a pound -size candy box, for instance--it is an advantage for a larger size -box such as is used for holding 500 No. 10 envelopes. - -For this kind of a box, the chip-board, news-board, or straw-board -is cut and scored to the size required on either a single or double -scoring and cutting machine. This refers to the body-piece of the -box. The side pieces may be cut to the desired size, in stacks of -fifty or more sheets at a time, on an ordinary power paper cutter, -or of course, the side pieces may be cut from large-size sheets of -box-board on a scoring and cutting machine, or on a rotary board -cutter. In many of the big paper box plants the rotary board cutter -is being used for neck-pieces, side-pieces for side-set boxes, and -for other plain cutting where no scoring is to be done in connection -with it. The main advantage of the rotary board cutter is in the -smooth, clean edges left on the box-board after it has been cut into -the various sizes. The smooth, clean edges could not be procured on -an ordinary paper cutting machine, but in the case of common paper -boxes, the rough edges of end-pieces would not be a serious matter. -For the better grade of boxes the edges of the end-pieces should be -smooth and free from small particles of the board, especially when -the box is to be covered, as the rough edges would show plainly from -under the covering. - -[Illustration: Fig. 5. Showing the construction of the flange style -of paper box. Note the mitered corners of the flanges. Fig. 6. Shows -the end-pieces glued to the flanges.] - -Mitering for stock that is to form the body-pieces for side-set -boxes is done on a machine such as the Hobbs Duplex Corner Cutting -and Mitering Machine which is also used for cutting the corners for -one-piece set-up boxes. The Hobbs machine is so constructed that two -corners may be cut from box-board on one side, and two miters cut -from box-board on the other side. In other words, it is a quadruple -machine which will permit two operators to work upon it at the same -time, the operator on one side doing corner cutting, and the operator -on the other side doing mitering. Either side of the machine may be -used independently of the other, and all sizes of corners up to 3 -inches, and all sizes of miters up to 1 inch in depth, can be done by -making the necessary adjustments of the dies, sub-presses, and gages. -The two miters may be spaced as wide apart as 22 inches, and the two -corners as wide as 20 inches. - -Some of the paper box manufacturers are making the side-set boxes by -hand, but the majority of box-makers are using Ending Machines for -this kind of work. The hand method of construction is very simple: -The operators are seated on each side of a long table; one operator -“turns in” the flanges of the body-pieces, and shapes them ready -for receiving the end-pieces; another operator applies glue to the -end-pieces and keeps a supply of the glued end-pieces, arranged in -rows, ready for the next operator who places the body of each box on -a form, and then applies the end-pieces. It requires care for the -operator to place the end-pieces in true register with the bottom -and sides of the box. The scoring lines made for the flanges are -followed as guides for putting on the end-pieces squarely. The form -is simply a smooth block of wood, the size of the interior of the box -that is being fashioned. The amount of work which a force of skilled -hand-workers can turn out during the course of a day is really -surprising. - - - HOW EFFICIENCY IS ACCOMPLISHED. - -Efficiency in the production of hand-made paper boxes, as well as -efficiency in the production of machine-made boxes, is accomplished -by keeping the workers, or the machines, abundantly supplied with -material, and by having boys or girls carry the material to and from -the tables or machines, instead of having experienced operators -attend to such work. When a force of operators start work at a table, -or at a group of machines, there should be a steady flow of material -to keep them constantly employed. This is the system now being -followed in the leading box-making factories, and it is a system -which should be adopted by every box manufacturer, no matter how -small his shop may be. _Keep your skilled help plentifully supplied -with material._ Do not allow your best operators to waste time in -carrying stock from place to place when boys or girls, with the aid -of light trucks, can do this class of work just as well. - -This leads up to still another important suggestion which we will -offer to the manufacturers in general: Do not keep your apprentices -working for long periods at menial tasks, such as carrying stock, -sweeping floors, running errands, etc. Push the apprentices ahead as -rapidly as possible. Train them to become first-class box-makers. - -A brief description of the Hobbs Automatic Ending Machine will -doubtless give the reader an idea of how end-pieces are attached to -the flanges of boxes mechanically: This machine is equipped with a -form, pasters, a hopper and a feeder, all being adjustable to provide -for paper boxes of various sizes. The machine is designed to apply -end-pieces to the bottom and sides of a box, causing the ends to -adhere to the in-turned flanges at either end of the box. The body -of the box is placed upon the form by the operator with the flanges -lying flat upon the surface. The end-pieces are placed in a hopper, -and the machine automatically feeds the undermost end-piece forward, -applies paste to three edges as it is being fed, registers the end -accurately with the box-body upon the form, and then presses the -end-piece firmly to the flanges. This completes the ending operation. - - - VARIOUS KINDS OF ADHESIVES. - -Various kinds of paste and glue are used for ending work. White -Dextrine is recommended for this purpose by many box-makers. Stein, -Hall & Company, of New York City, make a Dry Ending Gum, as well as -Dry Gums for all classes of paper box work. The “Mikah Cold Glues,” -manufactured by the National Glue and Gelatine Works, of New York -City, are also well recommended. There are other good glues and -pastes on the market. - -In addition to the Hobbs Automatic Ending Machines there are several -other ending machines in general use which are rendering first class -service. The Kingsbury & Davis Double Ending and Quadruple Staying -Machine is another “wonder-worker” which is worthy of special -mention. It is said that one of these machines will do the same -amount of work that can be done on five single enders or stayers. - -Some of the larger-size paper boxes which are constructed with -flanges and end-pieces, have a strong linen thread running around the -sides of the box, near the top, for the purpose of strengthening the -corners, the paper covering of the box concealing the thread. Other -paper boxes with flanges and end-pieces, have the corners stayed on -the outside with Kraft paper in the same way as the smaller-size -set-up boxes. Others still have the four top edges and the four -corners of the lid stayed with Kraft paper, also the four bottom -edges and the four corners of the box stayed with the same material. -This makes a box and lid of very strong construction, and as a rule, -a box and lid of this kind are not covered with glazed paper, or in -fact, paper of any kind, the box-board being allowed to show in its -natural color. Many of the larger-size envelope boxes are made in -this manner, the corners and edges stayed, but no covering paper -applied to either the inside or the outside of the box or lid. - -Shoe boxes, in nearly all instances, are stayed at the corners, and -afterwards are covered with white glazed paper of an inexpensive -grade. - - - MANY TWO-PIECE BOXES. - -Although the great majority of paper boxes of the larger sizes seem -to be made on the plan of the flange construction with separate -end-pieces, there are also many boxes made from _two_ pieces of -box-board--one continuous side-piece, folded and joined at one -corner, and a “set-in” bottom-piece. A square-shaped box containing a -“neck”, such as is used by manufacturing chemists for magnesia, etc., -is often made on this pattern. Writing paper boxes, and other boxes -which are high and square in form, are also made in this way. - -When a paper box is made on this plan--with one continuous side-piece -and a set-in bottom-piece--there is practically no wastage of -box-board, for the reason that no corner-pieces are cut out of -the stock as would be the case with a one-piece set-up box. The -continuous side-piece is scored at three corners, and is joined and -stayed at one corner. The body is then set on a form, of the same -size as the interior of the box, and while the body remains on the -form, the bottom-piece is set in. Strips of stay paper are then -pasted to the four edges of the bottom-piece, and to the four bottom -edges of the box, so as to hold the body and bottom-piece together. -When an extra strong box of this design is wanted, gummed linen tape -is used instead of stay paper for holding the body and bottom-piece -together. Sometimes the stay paper, or linen tape, is pasted on -both the inside and the outside of the box, along the edges of the -bottom-piece and body, for the purpose of making an exceptionally -strong box. - -Paper boxes of the kind which have been described in the last few -paragraphs are usually covered, after the staying material has been -applied to the corner and at the bottom of the box, with cheviot -paper, or with glazed paper in white or color. A large-size, high -and square box of this type looks particularly handsome when covered -with light gray cheviot paper. The high, oblong box also makes a nice -appearance when covered with the cheviot. Trimming of white glazed -paper, at the top edges of the lid, and at the bottom edges of the -box, forms a good “color scheme” with the cheviot paper, and the -trimming enhances the general appearance of the box. - -When large-size paper boxes are made with either flanges and -side-pieces, or with continuous side-pieces and set-in bottoms, the -lid is made on the same pattern as a lid for a plain set-up box, -that is with cut-out corners, and with the corners joined together -with staying material. In the case of a large-size “telescope” box, -however, the lid is made in the same way as the box, the size of -the lid being large enough, of course, for the lid to fit over the -sides of the box. A “telescope” box is the kind generally used for -holding suits, coats, shirt waists, men’s underwear, etc. Boxes of -this class are usually low in depth, say about three inches, and are -therefore made with cut-out corners, or with folding corners. Some -telescope boxes, in the larger sizes, are made as high as 12 inches, -both the box and the lid being formed of two separate pieces. We -shall endeavor to explain how folding suit boxes are made in another -chapter. - - - EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR SMALL PLANT. - -While holding an interview with a manufacturer of paper box making -machinery who has furnished complete plants for many box-makers -during the last two decades, the writer asked the manufacturer to -mention the equipment that would be required for a small paper box -factory just starting in business. The manufacturer answered that -it would be difficult for him to specify the kinds and sizes of the -machines necessary for a small new plant, without knowing exactly the -class of work which was to be produced. The manufacturer explained, -however, that for an ordinary plant where a general line of plain -set-up paper boxes were to be made, the following equipment would -probably be sufficient in the beginning of the venture: - - One Single Scoring and Cutting Machine. - One Staying Machine. - Two 9-inch Covering Machines. - One 12-inch Covering Machine. - One 16-inch Covering Machine. - One 16-inch Topping Machine. - One Ending Machine. - One Single Corner Cutting Machine. - One Paper Slitter. - One 34-inch Paper Cutter. - Supplies of box-board, staying material, white and colored glazed - paper in 25-inch rolls, cheviot paper in 25-inch rolls, paste, - glue, etc. - -The corner cutting machine may be equipped with interchangeable dies -for cutting round corners, miters for box-bodies with flanges, and -odd shapes of many kinds, such as for example, corners for wrappers -used on Stokes & Smith machines. All of this work may be done on the -single cornering machine in addition to the plain corner cutting for -set-up boxes, but it would be necessary to order the special dies as -“extras,” as they are not furnished with the regular equipment. - - - ECONOMY IN POWER EQUIPMENT. - -The machines mentioned may be operated by either hand or foot -power, or they may be equipped for power fixtures. Power machines -are recommended as always being the most economical, as the amount -of work produced on power machines is far greater than the amount -of work produced by hand or foot power. In many of the big paper -box making factories practically all of the machines are driven by -individual electric motors, which means that there is no wastage of -electric current when all of the machines are not in motion. When -individual motors are being used in a plant, no overhead shafting -or belting is necessary. Overhead shafting and belting is often -responsible for dirt, dust or oil being thrown on expensive material. -When steam power, or a single large motor, is used in a plant, it -costs money for shafting and belting, and it also costs something -to operate the shafting and belting before the power reaches the -machines. Belts often break and must be repaired while the machines -are standing idle. All of this expense is eliminated by the -individual motor system; it helps in maintaining clean work-rooms, -and it saves the manufacturer a considerable sum of money on account -of the electric current being consumed only at points where the -machines are in operation. On occasions when all of the machines are -not running, there is a certain reduction in the amount of current -used. This is not the case when a single large motor is in service. -It spends its power in driving shafting and belting even when only -one of the machines is in operation. - -With the mechanical equipment which has been suggested for the -establishment of a small paper box-making plant, and with a force -of experienced operators, the manufacturer would be in a position -to produce all kinds of plain set-up paper boxes such as are used -for confectionery, shoes, writing paper, collars, envelopes, and -so forth. As the business grows other machines of greater capacity -may be added to the plant. In due course of time the manufacturer -could have a double scoring machine, and perhaps an automatic -wrapping machine, installed, but it would not be advisable for the -box-maker to invest money in such machines unless he controlled -enough business to keep them constantly busy. It would be a mistake -for the manufacturer to buy an automatic wrapping machine, or other -extraordinary equipment, when he is not sure of having sufficient -work to provide for such equipment. - -Practically all of the large and successful box-making concerns are -specializing in some particular line. For example, one large company -is specializing on druggists’ pill and powder boxes. Another firm -is making fine candy boxes of all kinds. Still another concern is -making nothing except folding boxes. The specialty line seems to -be “the thing” in these days, and one can easily understand why it -would not pay a manufacturer in attempting to make _every_ variety -of paper boxes and folding boxes. It would be almost impossible for -him to properly equip his plant with the machinery which would be -necessary to handle all classes of work. The folding box business -is one branch of the industry; the set-up box business is another -branch. Nevertheless, there are some cases where the manufacturer of -set-up boxes could add a cutting and creasing department to his plant -with advantage, and there are also some instances where the maker -of folding boxes could enter the set-up paper box field. But, in no -case would it pay the manufacturer to make _all_ kinds of folding and -set-up boxes. As a general rule the box-maker should specialize in -some particular line. - - - - - CHAPTER IV - - - DRUGGISTS’ PILL AND POWDER BOXES. - -One of the most important branches of the paper box industry is -that which is devoted to the manufacture of druggists’ pill and -powder boxes. Only a comparatively few concerns are engaged in the -production of these specialties, and at the present time these firms -are practically in control of this class of business, for the reason -that their plants have been especially equipped for the production -of this line. In some instances these manufacturers have had special -machinery built for the particular needs of their factories. - -While it is true that a great many of the small pill and powder boxes -are made by hand, by skilled workers who have had long experience on -this kind of work, it is also a fact that large numbers of small pill -and powder boxes are being made on machines. In one large plant, of -Philadelphia, there are several specially-built machines which are -being used for the making of round pill boxes of various sizes. The -owners of this plant will not allow strangers to see these machines -in operation; in fact, only certain loyal employes of the firm are -permitted to enter the department where these machines are located. - -Another concern, who for the last sixty years has been making a -specialty of druggists’ pill and powder boxes, will not allow -visitors in the mechanical departments of the plant under any -circumstances. All “secrets” in the processes of manufacture are -carefully guarded, and only certain employes have admittance to the -work-rooms where round pill and face powder boxes are put together. -The manufacturers of pill and powder boxes in general seem to have -erected a “Chinese Wall” around their industry, and they should not -be blamed for this, as in some instances the manufacturers have spent -thousands of dollars in perfecting machines and processes, and these -of course are their own private property. - -Nevertheless, the writer is of the opinion that no manufacturer -will lose anything by allowing visitors to walk through all -departments of his factory. Personality in business and quality -of product are things which cannot be stolen. You cannot steal a -man’s ideas, or rather his brains. Consider the business methods -of the Curtis Publishing Company, of Philadelphia, for example. -This company is said to have the best-equipped printing plant in -the world. Doubtless the reader knows about the superior quality of -_The Ladies’ Home Journal_, _The Saturday Evening Post_, and _The -Country Gentleman_--the three famous magazines produced by the Curtis -Publishing Company. This company invites the public to go through all -departments of its wonderful plant. This great $25,000,000 concern -is not afraid of anybody stealing its “secrets.” - -“Competition is the life of trade.” - - - ROUND PILL AND POWDER BOXES. - -Through the courtesy of one manufacturer of druggists’ pill and -powder boxes, the writer was permitted to see how this line of work -is produced, so far as the plant in question is concerned, and the -writer will attempt to explain the practical side of this work in -the following paragraphs. The reader will be particularly interested -in this subject, no doubt, when it is mentioned that some of the -facts presented have never before appeared in print, to the writer’s -knowledge. This is a bold statement, but we believe that it is well -supported. - -Round and oval paper boxes, especially the smaller sizes such as -are used for face powders, pills, capsules, etc., are made by -highly-skilled labor and this class of work is considered to be the -most difficult in the paper box industry. Round work is far more -intricate than square-box work of any kind. It requires years of -practical experience for one to become a first class round or oval -box maker. Round work is an art, and many of the fine pill and face -powder boxes which are seen in drug stores are beautiful works of -art. The greater portion of round and oval work is done by hand, -although as stated, some round pill boxes are made on machines. - -Round pill and powder boxes are made in a considerable number of -sizes and in a great variety of colors and trims. Round pill boxes -are made as small as three-fourths of an inch in diameter and with -a depth as low as eight-sixteenths of an inch. Then there is a full -range of sizes all the way up to three and five-sixteenths inches in -diameter, and even larger. - -Plain, round, shouldered pill boxes are made from two round pieces of -box-board, two “rings” of equal size, made from paper, and one larger -“ring” which forms the shoulder or neck. - -[Illustration: Round Shouldered Pill Box--Covered with colored glazed -paper, leaving four white edges.] - -Note that a round box of this type does not have projecting edges -at the top of the lid and at the bottom of the box. The round top -and bottom pieces set within the rings. The ring is first placed -over a form; glue is applied to the edge of the round piece of -box-board, and this is then set inside the ring. A strip of thin -trim paper--gold, white or colored--is then pasted around the side -of the ring, the strip of trim paper being wide enough to extend -slightly over the top of the lid, or over the bottom of the box. -This extension of the trim paper helps in holding the round piece of -box-board to the edge of the ring and produces a smoothly-covered -edge. - - - THE FINISHED BOX. - -Both the lid and the bottom of the box are made in the same manner -as described. After the trim-paper has been applied to the sides and -edges of the rings, strips of white or colored glazed paper are then -pasted around the sides of the rings (over the trim-paper), these -strips not being as wide as the strips of trim paper. The finished -box shows four edges of the trim, one at the top of the lid, one -at the bottom of the lid, one at the top of the box and one at the -bottom. - -The shoulder ring, or neck, is nearly double the height of the ring -which forms either the box or the lid. Paste is applied to one edge -of the neck-ring and the neck-ring is then placed inside one of the -box-rings, the end containing the paste adhering to the bottom of -the box. It is well also to put a small portion of the paste on the -side of the shoulder-ring which goes down inside the box. The lid, of -course, fits snugly over the neck. - -Some round, shouldered boxes of this type are covered on the inside -with colored glazed paper, others have merely the tops and bottoms -lined with white paper. In the latter case, the box-board used for -the round top and bottom pieces is lined on one side before being cut -into circles. - -The rings for the lids, boxes and shoulders, when made of white -paper, are naturally white on the inside. We will explain how the -tubes for the rings and shoulders are made later on. - -[Illustration: Round, Shouldered Projecting Edge Pill Box--Covered -with colored enameled paper, leaving four gold edges.] - - - BOXES WITH PROJECTING EDGES. - -Round, shouldered pill boxes with projecting edges are made in about -the same way as the plain, round boxes, with the exception that -greater care must be taken by the operator in wrapping the trim -paper around the projecting edges of the lids and boxes. Particular -care must also be taken in placing the round pieces of box-board -accurately in position over the edges of the rings. - -For trimming the edges of boxes with projecting edges, light-weight -paper having special stretching qualities should be used. In the -trade this stock is known as “Round-work Glazed.” A. Hartung & -Company, of 506 Race street, Philadelphia, are in a position to -furnish this paper on special order. It can be supplied in white, -gold and in various colors. It comes in rolls 24 inches wide. - -Many expert operators on round box work are capable of making boxes -with projecting edges without using forms for placing the tops and -bottoms of the boxes accurately into position. Some operators make -use of metal rings which are placed over the box-rings after the -round pieces of box-board have been attached to the glued edges of -the box-rings. According to the size of the boxes being made, the -metal ring’s outside dimensions are the same as the diameter of the -round pieces of box-board. The inside of the metal ring fits closely -around the outside of the box-ring. By careful manipulation with the -fingers, the operator with the aid of the metal ring, obtains an even -margin on the projecting edge all around. - -Other operators do not use glue in applying the edges of the rings to -the round pieces of box-board, the strips of trimming paper serving -to hold the material together firmly. The strip of trimming paper, -with paste applied to one side of it, is neatly wrapped around the -outside of a box-ring and around the edge of the round piece of -box-board. One edge of the trim paper is then turned over the edge of -the round piece of box-board, and the other edge of the trim paper -is then turned over the edge of the ring. It requires experienced -fingers indeed to accomplish this tedious work without causing the -turned edges of the trimming paper to wrinkle. “Practice makes -perfect.” The skilled operator can produce a surprising amount of -this class of work during the course of a day. The finished product -shows the trimming paper smoothly wrapped around the boxes and lids, -and where the paper passes over the projecting edges of the boxes -and lids, not the smallest wrinkle in the paper is to be seen. The -turned-in edges of the trimming paper are even and smooth. - - - EDGES LEFT EXPOSED. - -The operator holds in proper position one of the box-rings, and one -of the round pieces of box-board, as the trimming paper is applied. -After the trimming paper has been put on, strips of glazed paper, of -the color desired, are pasted to the sides of the boxes and lids, -leaving the edges of the trimming paper exposed. - -Round, shouldered pill boxes with projecting edges are made in many -different sizes, some as small as one and one-sixteenth inches in -diameter, and with a depth as low as one-half of an inch. These boxes -are trimmed and covered with papers of various colors, and beautiful -effects are obtained when correct color schemes are chosen. White or -gold trimming paper harmonizes well with all other colors of paper. -A box covered with white trimming paper and bronze enameled paper, -leaving four white edges, forms a pleasing color combination. Bronze -and gold, light blue and white, red and gold, light blue and gold, -are only a few of the many good color schemes which are being used. - -Some of the fine, round, shouldered pill boxes with projecting edges -are lined inside with silver, gold, colored or tin foil paper. -Some of these boxes are covered entirely with gold paper, others -are covered entirely with white or colored paper. Others again are -covered with fancy embossed, or watered paper, after gold or silver -trimming paper has been applied. - -The tops of the lids for these boxes are not covered by the box-maker -as a general rule. Druggists who buy these boxes paste their own -printed round labels to the lids of the boxes as physicians’ -prescriptions for pills, capsules, etc., are filled. - -One can form some idea of the large number of round pill boxes which -are being consumed in this country when considering the number of -drug stores that are located in all sections of the United States. -The demand for high grade round pill boxes is constantly increasing. -At the present time, the supply of fine, hand-made pill and powder -boxes is not equal to the demand, as only a few manufacturers are -specializing in this class of product. - - - SHOULDERED MAGNESIA BOXES. - -Among the other kinds of small paper boxes which are used extensively -by pharmacists are plain, round, shouldered magnesia boxes, as they -are termed in the trade. Round boxes of this variety are higher in -form than the pill boxes which have been described, and they are used -for holding other powders in addition to magnesia. (Insect powder, -for example). Some boxes of this model have a depth of three inches, -while the diameter of the lid is one and fifteen-sixteenths inches. - -[Illustration: Round Shouldered Magnesia Box--Covered with colored -glazed paper.] - -Round, shouldered boxes of this class are made in about the same way -as plain, round pill boxes, the round pieces of box-board being glued -to the inside edges of the rings. In some instances, the sizes of the -rings for the lid and box are both the same. In other cases the depth -of the ring for the box is considerably larger than the depth of the -ring used for the lid. - -The shoulder, or neck, for this kind of box consists of a tube which -is almost the same height as the interior of the box. One edge -of this tube is glued to the bottom of the box. Some glue is also -applied to the side of the tube, so that it will hold firmly to the -inside of the box. On account of the neck on this style of box being -higher than the neck on a pill box, some slight difficulty would be -experienced in placing the lid of the box over the neck. To overcome -this, a slit, running slightly on an angle, is cut into the neck with -a sharp knife. This slit causes a lap-over of the neck, at the edge, -making it an easy matter to slide the lid on. - - - PURPOSE OF HOLES - -Before cutting the slits in the necks, some operators punch small -holes, with a bodkin or an awl, in the sides of the necks, at a point -where the length of the slit is to be determined. The hole serves two -purposes: First, it acts as a guiding mark when the operator cuts the -slit; second, it has an influence on the lap-over, allowing it to be -moved freely as the lid is placed over it. - -Round, shouldered magnesia boxes are covered with glazed or enameled -paper, white or colored. Trimming paper is seldom applied. When -tubes, or rings of white paper have been used in the construction of -these boxes, the covering paper for the side of the box and side of -the lid may be cut to widths that will permit four white edges of the -box to show. These white edges make the box and lid appear as though -they had been trimmed with white paper. The reader is to understand, -however, that in the case of a round box with projecting edges, it -would be necessary to apply trimming paper, before pasting on the -regular covering paper, as the trimming paper serves to hold the -round piece of box-board to the edge of the ring. - -In the case where the tops and bottoms of plain, round boxes are to -be covered with glazed or enameled paper, there are two methods of -covering: One method is in having one side of the box-board (which is -to be used for the tops and bottoms of the boxes) covered with glazed -or enameled paper before the box-board is cut into round pieces. The -other method is in having round pieces of the paper, of desired size -and color, cut out with a die, and the round pieces of paper are then -pasted to the tops and bottoms of the boxes. - -Labels for round magnesia boxes are usually pasted to the sides of -the boxes, and for this reason the tops and bottoms of these boxes -are frequently covered with glazed or enameled paper, the same color -as that applied to the sides of the boxes. - -As mentioned in a previous paragraph, some plain, round boxes, -not having projecting edges, are trimmed on all four edges with -“Round-Work Glazed Paper” before regular glazed or enameled paper is -applied to the sides, but as a general rule, only round boxes with -projecting edges are treated in this manner. - - - HOW THE “BARRELS” ARE MADE. - -To a person not familiar with the process of manufacturing round and -oval paper boxes, it would appear that the sides of the boxes are -formed of light-weight cardboard, rolled to the required shape. Such -is not the case. The tubes, or “barrels” from which the rings for the -boxes are cut, are made of paper. The tubes from which the shoulders -or necks are cut, are also made of paper. Manila stock is used for -tubes of the cheaper grade. Machine finished book paper is used for -tubes of good quality, and the tubes which are used for the making -of the finest face powder boxes are constructed of white coated or -enameled paper. This will explain the beautiful gloss-white surface -which may be seen on the inside of expensive face powder boxes. - -[Illustration: Knowlton Tube Cutting Machine.] - -The various kinds of paper used for the making of tubes comes in -rolls, and can be supplied by any of the well known paper dealers -in rolls of standard widths. What is known in the printing trade -as 50-pound manila, 50-pound machine finished book, and 80-pound -enameled or coated-one-side, are the kinds of paper generally used -for making the different varieties of tubes. These papers can be -furnished in all of the standard weights or thicknesses. - -Parallel tube rolling machines are necessary for this class of work. -James Brown, Jr., & Sons, Manayunk, Philadelphia, Pa., have invented -a tube rolling machine which is capable of turning out twenty-two -“barrels,” sixteen inches long, per minute. This machine is equipped -with a paste tank, a steel mandrel of the desired size, a cut-off -device, and a roll of the paper, say sixteen inches wide. Adjustments -can be made so as to roll the tube to any required thickness. -Three or four complete revolutions of the mandrel are all that are -necessary for a tube which is to be used for small pill boxes. Flour -paste is recommended in making tubes of the kind in question, but -dextrine or any of the patented cold glues on the market may be used -for the purpose. - - - - - CHAPTER V - - - DRUGGISTS’ PILL AND POWDER BOXES (Continued) - -In addition to manufacturing tube rolling machines for the -box-makers, James Brown, Jr. & Sons, Manayunk, Philadelphia, are -also making tubes for the trade. Instead of manufacturing the tubes, -or “barrels,” for round boxes in their own plants, some of the -box-makers order the tubes made by concerns like James Brown, Jr., -& Sons. Afterwards, the box-makers have the finished tubes cut into -rings of the required sizes, and assembled into boxes in their own -plants. There is an advantage, of course, in the box-maker having his -own tube rolling machines. - -The finished “barrels” for round paper boxes are cut into rings of -various lengths on a rotary tube-cutting machine which works somewhat -on the principle of a lathe. Some of the larger manufacturers of -round pill boxes have had special cutting machines built for this -purpose. Tube-cutting machines of this kind are supplied by some of -the larger manufacturers of paper box machinery. - -In some paper box factories, where small, round and oval pill boxes -are produced as a specialty, the tubes are rolled by hand on forms of -the required sizes. After a tube has been rolled, it is placed on -another form to dry for about twenty-four hours before being cut into -small sections on a lathe. The machine-made tubes are said to be just -as satisfactory as the hand-made tubes. All of the tubes are allowed -to dry thoroughly before cutting them into rings. - - - COVERING FOR ROUND AND OVAL BOXES. - -As previously mentioned, small round and oval boxes are first covered -with Round-work Glazed Paper, having special stretching qualities. -This stock comes in rolls, 24 inches wide. A rotary slitting machine -is used for cutting the paper into widths of the necessary sizes. The -slitting and rewinding machine cuts the large roll into strips, and -these are rewound into small rolls. The operators on the round and -oval boxes make use of the smaller rolls when covering the boxes. - -The glazed white or colored paper used for finishing the boxes -also comes in rolls, and the large rolls are cut into sections, or -different widths, on the slitting and rewinding machine, in exactly -the same way as the Round-work Glazed Paper. - -In some plants, small covering machines, of special model, are used -by the operators in applying the paper to the sides of round and oval -boxes. In other plants, all of the covering work is done entirely -by hand, the operators working with paste, scissors, and the small, -narrow rolls of glazed paper. This is artistic work, indeed, and it -can be done only by experienced operators. - -The hand-operators work on spacious tables, and these are provided -with the tools, gluing-boards, paste-containers, and all of the -material necessary for the making of the round and oval paper boxes. -The operators at intervals rub their fingers on small cakes of -bees’ wax to keep the fingers clear of paste or glue. One operator -continually works at covering the boxes and lids; another works -exclusively at finishing, or rather, covering the sides of the -boxes and lids with strips of colored glazed paper; still another -operator inserts the necks in the boxes. The boxes and lids are then -assembled together, and the completed product is afterwards packed in -large-size paper boxes, usually holding one gross each. - - - CUTTING ROUND AND OVAL PIECES. - -The round and oval pieces of box-board for the tops and bottoms of -the round and oval paper boxes are cut to the proper sizes and shapes -by means of steel dies and a press. A steel die of the required size -and shape is placed over about a dozen pieces of box-board. The die -and stock are then placed under the head of the press; powerful -pressure is applied, and the steel die cuts through the dozen or more -pieces of box-board, cleanly cutting out the disks or ovals as the -case may be. It is necessary, of course, to have a steel die for each -size and shape desired. The manufacturers of small round and oval -boxes have complete sets of steel dies, suitable to all the standard -sizes of work, and these dies are kept in first-class condition so -that they are always capable of doing sharp, clean cutting. Several -different dies may be put under a large press at one time. The square -or oblong pieces of box-board are cut to sizes to conform with the -various sizes of dies so as to prevent as much wastage of stock as -possible. A margin of about one-half of an inch, all-round, will do -for the average die. Steel dies and die-presses can be furnished by -any of the large manufacturers of paper box machinery. - - - OVAL SHOULDERED PILL BOXES WITH PROJECTING EDGES. - -Oval shouldered pill boxes with projecting edges are made much in the -same manner as round shouldered pill boxes with projecting edges, -with the exception that oval forms are used for properly shaping the -boxes and their lids. - -The forms for the oval boxes are usually made of hard-wood, and they -are accurately cut and smoothly finished so that the box and lid will -fit nicely together. The covering is done while the box, or the lid, -remains on the form. The regular rings, cut from the round tubes are -used, and these round rings are easily placed over the oval forms. -Extreme care must be exercised by the operator when applying the -Round-work Glazed paper to the sides and projecting edges of the oval -boxes and lids. The work of setting in the necks is comparatively -simple. - -[Illustration: Oval Shouldered Pill Box with Projecting Edge--Covered -with enameled paper, leaving four gold edges.] - -A particularly beautiful effect is obtained by first covering an oval -shouldered pill box (projecting edges) with gold Round-work Glazed -paper, and by then covering the sides with white, buff, pink or blue -glazed paper. This leaves four gold edges. A striking color effect is -obtained by first covering the box and lid with black paper, and then -covering the sides with lavender glazed paper. Purple and gold make -another pretty color scheme. - - - ROUND FACE POWDER BOXES WITH DOME TOPS. - -Among the most popular face powder boxes are the round ones having -domed tops. Boxes of this design also have projecting edges. Some -are covered with fine, colored and embossed paper, leaving four gold -edges; others are entirely covered with gold paper; others still have -four white or gold edges and are finished with colored glazed paper. - -[Illustration: Face Powder Box with dome top--Covered with colored -enameled paper, leaving four gold edges.] - -[Illustration: Beck Doming or Embossing Machine.] - -The Charles Beck Company, of 609 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, make -a duplex embossing press which has been designed especially for the -“doming” of tops for round or oval face powder boxes. It is a hot -press, and by means of brass male and female dies, it shapes round -or oval pieces of box-board into convex forms for the tops of the -boxes. The Beck Duplex Embossing Press consists of _two_ complete -presses which operate alternatingly. A set of dies is placed in -proper position in each press. The operator places a box-top over -the female die of one press, and as that box-top is being embossed, -the operator places another box-top over the female die of the other -press. In this way there is always a box-top being embossed, either -on one press or the other. The box-top remains between the heated -dies long enough to be firmly molded into a dome. - -The printed labels for dome-topped face powder boxes are pasted on -the round or oval pieces of box-board before the embossing is done, -so that the labels will have the same convex form as the box-board. -The covering is done the same as with flat-topped round boxes with -projecting edges. - - - ODD-SHAPED FACE POWDER BOXES. - -Fancy face powder boxes are made in many different sizes and shapes. -Some have mirrors set in on the inside of the lids, so that the lady -using the powder, when traveling, may see her face. Novelty boxes -of this kind are “irresistible” to the fair sex. They are in great -demand, and they bring high prices. Some face powder boxes are square -with round corners; others have shapes like hearts, diamonds, etc. -The odd-shaped boxes usually have wide flanges, or French edges, top -and bottom, sometimes projecting as much as one-quarter of an inch. -The tops are embossed, or are padded with cotton wadding before the -covering is applied. The covering often consists of fine embossed -paper, in rich colors like deep red, royal blue, purple, gold, pink, -and warm brown. - -All of these boxes are made entirely by hand from fine grades of -cardboard, although the tops and bottoms are usually of the ordinary -box-board, covered on both sides with glazed paper. Forms are used in -making the odd-shaped boxes, and the work is done by highly-skilled -operators who have had long experience on the one line of product. - - - PLAIN OBLONG POWDER BOXES. - -Small paper boxes of this variety are used extensively by the drug -trade for physicians’ prescriptions calling for powders wrapped in -papers. - -[Illustration: Oblong Plain Powder Box--Covered with colored glazed -paper.] - -Boxes of this type are made from light-weight Manila, news, chip or -straw-board, and they are cut, scored and folded in practically the -same way as the larger-size set-up boxes. There is a machine on the -market especially designed for cutting corners and scoring blanks for -small boxes of this variety. The corner-cutting and scoring are done -simultaneously, so that the corners and scoring-lines will register -accurately. In fine hand-work, pieces of the glazed covering paper -are cut to the sizes needed. The strips of paper are pasted around -the sides of the boxes and lids, and the edges of the paper are -turned in, top and bottom. - -Many small-size, square and oblong pill and powder boxes are now -being made by machines. The Improved Brightwood Automatic Box -Machine, manufactured by the U. S. Automatic Box Machinery company, -of Boston, Mass., will make paper boxes as small as 1 and ½ inches -as well as boxes of larger sizes. Another wonderful device is the -Automatic Box Making Machine, Model 33, manufactured by the New -Jersey Machine Corporation, of New York City. This machine will -automatically make a wide range of small set-up boxes such as are -used for cigarettes, cigars, needles, pins, buttons, clips, pills, -powders, jewelry, garters, etc. - - - SLIDING BOXES FOR POWDERS AND LOZENGES. - -The small-size sliding boxes are also used liberally by the drug -trade, for powders, pills, lozenges, etc. - -[Illustration: Sliding Box--Covered with gold embossed paper.] - -These boxes are made from light-weight manila, news, chip or -straw-board, both the box and the sliding holder being covered with -glazed paper, or fancy embossed paper. In some instances, the edges -of the slide and box are trimmed, but in most cases plain covering -is done. The box proper is made the same as a small set-up box. The -sliding tops are made the same as the necks for square or oblong -boxes. Nearly all sliding boxes are made by hand. - -The sliding tops for this kind of boxes are first made in long -sections, being cut and creased on a regular cutting and scoring -machine to the desired widths. The long sections are then cut into -smaller pieces on a machine like the Robinson Chopper, made by John -T. Robinson Company, of Hyde Park, Boston, Mass. Necks for other -styles of boxes are cut, scored and “chopped” in the same manner. - -After the long sections for the sliding tops have been cut into the -proper lengths, the covering is then done. The pieces of cover paper -are cut on a paper cutter to the necessary sizes. The operator first -pastes a sheet of the cover paper around the sides of the slide, -leaving the edges of the paper projecting at each end of the slide. -Then, with scissors, the operator cuts the projecting paper, at each -corner, on an angle. The edges of the cover paper are then turned -in on the inside of the slide. The box is covered the same as a -large-size set-up box, the edges of the paper being turned in at the -top and bottom. The corners of small sliding boxes are not always -stayed, the covering paper being sufficient to hold the corners -together. - -Some sliding boxes are covered with white “watered” paper; others are -covered with glazed plaid paper of various colors. Others, still, are -covered with calico paper, or with gold star paper. - - - OBLONG SHOULDERED POWDER BOXES. - -Paper boxes of this model are generally used by druggists for holding -physicians’ prescriptions of powders, but these boxes are also used -for holding capsules, tablets, etc. - -[Illustration: Oblong Shouldered Powder Box--Covered with white -enameled paper, and having four gold edges.] - -These boxes are made from Manila, news, chip or straw-board, of the -lighter weights, and the side of the stock which will appear on the -inside of the boxes and lids is first lined with white paper. Some -of these boxes are made the same as regular set-up boxes (with the -exception of the neck). Others are made with set-in top and bottom -pieces. The box-board for the inner tops and bottoms of the best -quality boxes are lined with white enameled paper, the stock used for -the sides of the boxes is lined with plain white paper. - -In the case of an oblong shouldered box having set-in top and bottom -pieces, forms, or blocks, are used by the operators for holding the -tops and bottoms into position as the trimming paper and covering -paper are applied. The trimming paper is applied first, then the -covering paper is put on, leaving four edges of the trimming paper -exposed. - -The necks, or shoulders, are first made in long sections with the aid -of a rotary cutting and scoring machine. The long sections are then -cut into the desired lengths on a machine like the Robinson Chopper. -The outer sides of the necks are now covered with white enameled -paper, and after the paper has been turned in over the inner sides of -the necks, the necks are then inserted in the boxes, held with glue -at the sides. - -Small boxes of this style usually are covered on the bottoms with -white enameled paper. The tops of the lids are not covered, the -printed labels used by the druggists serving as coverings. The boxes -and lids of shouldered boxes of this kind are both of the same size. -The trimming and covering is done in various colors of paper. - -The greater number of square and oblong shouldered boxes have the -tops and bottoms set in, instead of the box and lid being formed of -solid pieces of box-board, for this reason: The sides for shouldered -boxes are made in long sections, and after the long sections have -been folded to the proper shape, and stayed at one corner, (on the -inside) the long sections are cut into the necessary widths on a -chopping machine. Naturally, by this method, the “frames” for the -boxes and lids are all of the same square or oblong size, on account -of having been cut from the one size material. This means that the -lid and box register accurately. - - - SQUARE SHOULDERED BOXES. - -Square shouldered boxes, for physicians’ prescriptions of powders and -pills, are almost as popular in the drug trade as round boxes. - -[Illustration: Square Shouldered Pill and Powder Box--Covered with -buff glazed paper, trimmed with four gold edges.] - -Practically all square shouldered pill and powder boxes are made with -set-in tops and bottoms. The sides are first made in long sections. -The long sections are then cut on a chopping machine to the smaller -sizes necessary for the sides of the boxes. The small “frames” are -put on forms; the square blanks are set in, and the trimming paper -is applied which holds the square pieces to the sides. The strips of -covering paper are then pasted around the sides. The necks are made -in long sections, afterwards being cut into the required lengths. -The stock used for the necks is lined on the inner side with white -paper. After the long sections have been cut into smaller lengths, -each small section is covered on the outer sides with white enameled -paper, the paper being turned in over the edges which will appear at -the top of the neck. The necks are then inserted in the boxes, held -with glue at the sides. The lids and boxes are both the same size, -and they register accurately over the neck. - -An attractive color effect for a square shouldered pill and powder -box is obtained by first covering the box and lid with red glazed -paper, and then covering the sides of the box and lid with green -imitation wood paper. This leaves four red edges showing. - -Some square shouldered pill and powder boxes have hinged lids, so -that in the homes of sick people the covers of different boxes cannot -become interchanged, and wrong directions on the labels of the covers -followed. - - - SQUARE TELESCOPE BOXES. - -The telescope pill and powder box is also popular in the drug field. -The lid and box are both of the same depth, and the lid fits down -over the sides of the box. A box of this type may be over-filled -with capsules or powder papers, the deep lid allowing for the extra -capacity. - -[Illustration: Square Telescope Powder or Pill Box--Projecting edges -at bottom--Trimmed with gold paper, and covered with colored glazed -paper.] - -Telescopic boxes of this class are made the same as small set-up -boxes in cases where the box does not possess an extension bottom. -When the box has projecting, or French edges, the sides are made -in the same way as the square shouldered boxes, with the exception -that the bottom piece of blank is not set within the sides. In this -case, the square blank is placed against the edges of the body, in -proper position, and the operator wraps the paper in such a manner -as to hold the bottom-piece firmly to the edges of the sides. Some -telescope boxes have projecting edges trimmed with gold paper, and -the sides covered with white enameled, or colored glazed paper. The -inner sides of the box and lid are usually lined with white glazed -paper. - - - SUPPOSITORY BOXES WITH PARTITIONS. - -[Illustration: Suppository Box--Covered with white enameled paper, -four bronze edges--Lined with tin foil.] - -Suppository boxes with partitions are made much the same as square or -oblong shouldered pill and powder boxes, with the exception of the -lids being deeper, and the addition of the partitions. Some boxes of -this variety are hinged. - -The stock used for the partitions is usually lined on both sides with -white enameled paper, or with tin foil. The interior of the box and -lid is also lined either with white enameled paper, or with tin foil, -to correspond with the partitions. - -The Charles Beck company, of Philadelphia, supply a paper box-maker’s -saw which is particularly adapted to the work of sawing slots for -partitions of paper boxes. The E. G. Staude Manufacturing company, -of St. Paul, Minn., furnish the Junior and Standard Slotters which -are adapted to all kinds of slotting work for paper box partitions. -The Staude slotting machines are equipped with automatic feeders, and -they are capable of turning out a great amount of finished product -very rapidly. - -The edges of the partitions are glued to the sides and bottoms of the -boxes. - - - - - CHAPTER VI - - - CANDY BOXES - -On account of the greatly increasing demand for candy boxes of all -kinds in every section of the country, the writer thought it well -to devote a chapter to this important subject, and an attempt will -be made to explain the styles and construction of the most popular -models of candy boxes which are on the market at the present time. -It would be almost impossible for one to describe all of the many -different kinds of candy boxes which are being made today, so it is -the writer’s intention to mention merely those boxes that may be -considered as standard in the trade. - -Standardization of the styles and sizes of candy boxes is -something that is seriously needed in the paper box industry, but -standardization cannot always be followed by the manufacturers -of candy boxes for the reason that the confectioners often want -odd-shaped and special sizes of boxes to make their product more -attractive to the public. It is a fact that a beautiful, odd-shaped -paper box helps greatly in selling expensive candies, and even -a “freak” box that is attractive without being beautiful is -nevertheless a powerful selling agent. When the confectioner wants -an out-of-the-ordinary box, and is willing to pay the necessary -cost, the box-maker should give the confectioner what he wants, -but whenever possible to talk the confectioner into using boxes of -standard sizes, the box-maker should do so, as the standard styles -and sizes of candy boxes will serve well for every practical purpose. - - - DEMAND FOR SWEETMEATS - -With the passing of strong drinks in this country came a greater -demand for sweetmeats from every direction. Confectionery and ice -cream parlors are taking the places of liquor saloons in many -instances. New candy factories are being erected in almost every town -and city. American men and women are consuming larger quantities -of chocolates, chewing gum and candies than ever before--they are -paying high prices for the best sweetmeats, and expensive grades of -confections are selling more rapidly than the cheaper grades. All of -this means more business for the box-makers, and the box manufacturer -who is in a position to make fine candy boxes as a specialty may have -all of this class of work that he may care to produce. - -Many box-makers are specializing in fancy candy boxes. Their -plants are equipped to handle this one line of product to the best -advantage. By making a specialty of this line, a great deal of the -work can be standardized in such a way that the blanks, wrappers, -neck-strips, trimming paper, covering paper, extension bottoms, -etc., can be cut to standard sizes. The operators, through working -continually on the same styles and sizes of boxes, soon become very -efficient, and are capable of producing a larger output than would -be the case in a plant that is not specializing on candy boxes. All -successful box-makers are specializing in some particular kind of -work, and this is a custom which should be more generally followed in -the trade. - - - SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF MACHINES - -On the next page is a diagram which shows a systematic arrangement of -machines for staying and wrapping extension bottom boxes and lids, -affixing two laces in each box, and closing the boxes. - -The extension bottoms are registered and attached to the box and lid -blanks by means of a Stokes & Smith Extension Bottom Gauge, Model W. - -The blanks are glued with a hand stencil and are placed in the gauge -with the extension bottoms, after which they are delivered to the -staying machine, which is elevated on a portable platform. - -After the staying operation the boxes and lids are passed through a -hopper to the operator of a Stokes & Smith Wrapping Machine. - -The operator of the gluing machine places the glued wrappers upon -a revolving table within convenient reach of the wrapping machine -operator. - -[Illustration: Systematic arrangement of machines for Staying and -Wrapping Extension Bottom Boxes and Lids; Affixing Two Laces to Box, -and Closing.] - -From the wrapping machine the lids are discharged to a receiving -table ready for closing. The boxes are discharged to a hopper -conveniently located near the lacing machine operator, who applies -the two laces to each box and then passes it on to the receiving -table. The boxes are then conveyed to the table on which the lids -have been discharged, where the boxes and lids are closed ready for -packing. - -This is one of the efficiency plans which is being used in many large -box factories with successful results. - - - PLAIN CANDY BOXES - -[Illustration: Plain Telescope Candy Box.] - -Plain candy boxes are made of chip-board, news-board, or straw-board, -the board lined on the inner side with white news or book paper -before being cut up into blanks of various sizes. The board is cut -and scored to the required sizes on a cutting and scoring machine. -The corners are then cut out of the blanks on either a single or -double cornering machine. The top of the lid is covered on a topping -machine. The corners of the box and lid are stayed on a staying -machine. The sides of the box and lid are covered with white or -colored glazed paper on a covering machine. - -Plain boxes of this type may also be covered on the automatic -wrapping machine, but in that case the wrappers must be cut out at -the corners as described in a previous article. Either tight wrapping -or loose wrapping can be done on a Stokes & Smith machine, or on an -Alger Wrapping Machine. - -Plain candy boxes are made in ¼, ½, 1, 2 and 5 pound sizes. - - - TELESCOPE CANDY BOXES - -These are made in the same manner as plain set-up boxes, with the -exception of the lid which is as deep as the box, and which sets down -over the sides of the box, permitting the box to contain an overflow -of candy. Boxes of this kind usually have the lid loose wrapped, but -many are tight wrapped, or are covered in the regular way on covering -and topping machines. - -[Illustration: Telescope Perfumery Box.] - -The loose wrapped candy box is very popular on account of its -artistic appearance. The same wrapper tightly glued on the lid -would not look as well as the loose wrap. This statement applies -to telescope candy boxes. The loose wrap plan saves a considerable -quantity of glue, as the glue is applied only to the margins of the -wrapper. - -The majority of telescope candy boxes are covered on wrapping -machines, although many are covered by hand. The shape of this style -of box is long and rather narrow, so far as the smaller sizes are -concerned. They are made in ¼, ½, 1, 2 and 5 pound sizes. - - - LACING - -Paper lacing adds decidedly to the appearance of the interior of -a candy box, and it helps in making the contents of the box look -tempting. Nearly all good candy boxes contain lacing for the reasons -mentioned, and some have lacing which is of excellent quality. In -some cases the box has two laces, one on either side, and in other -instances, a plain or fancy fly leaf on one side. - -The Stokes & Smith Lacing and Fly-Leafing Machine is a very useful -device on this class of work. It will glue and insert laces or -fly-leaves to the boxes as fast as the operator can handle them. - -A great deal of lacing and fly-leafing work is still being done by -hand operators, and one advantage of the hand-work is that a pure -white paste may be used, while the machine requires glue to run -properly. On fine candy boxes sanitary white paste should be used -for the lacing or fly-leaves, as a yellow glue would not look as -clean. - -[Illustration: Candy Box with Two Flyleaves and Two Laces.] - -The U. S. Lace Paper Works, Inc., of New York City, supply many -different varieties of lacing to the trade. This paper may be run on -the Stokes & Smith Lacing and Fly-Leafing Machine, or on the Bird Fly -Machine. Sample books of the lacing will be furnished on request. - - - SHOULDERED BOXES WITH EXTENSION TOPS AND BOTTOMS - -Manufacturers of fine chocolates and candies are using shouldered -boxes with extension tops and bottoms to a great extent as containers -of this product, and many boxes of this variety also have padded -tops. - -The boxes and lids are first made in the same way as plain set-up -boxes. Separate pieces of box-board, about ¼ of an inch larger on -all four edges than the size of the box, are then glued to the tops -of the lids and to the bottoms of the boxes. After this has been -done, the boxes and lids are then wrapped with the covering paper, -the paper being turned in over the top edges of the box and the -corresponding edges of the lid. The shoulder, or neck section is then -set in the box. - -[Illustration: Candy Box with Extension Top and Bottom.] - -The John T. Robinson Company, of Hyde Park, Mass., has designed an -extension edge machine which is especially adapted to this kind -of work. The machine automatically glues and places the blanks on -the tops and bottoms of the boxes, placing the blanks accurately -into position so that the margins are the same on all four edges. -Stacks of the blanks are set in the machine which is equipped with -a glue-fountain and rollers for applying glue to one side of the -blanks. As the operator places a box or lid on the form, an automatic -feeding device moves the glued blank to the box or lid in just the -right position. This machine is adjustable, of course, to blanks of -various sizes. The Stokes & Smith Extension Bottom Gauge is another -time-saving device for this kind of product. - -[Illustration: Stack of Box Blanks with Bottoms Attached.] - -As mentioned before, the Stokes & Smith Wrapping Machine is well -adapted to the work of wrapping candy boxes having extension edges, -but when this or any other wrapping machine is used for such work, it -is essential that the wrappers be cut out at the corners to suit the -requirements. - -[Illustration: Box Ready for Staying.] - -In the case of a padded top for a candy box, this top is applied -after the cotton wadding has been put on and covered. First, the -cotton wadding is loosely placed on the piece of box-board which is -to form the top. Second, a sheet of heavy paper, same size as the -wadding, is laid over the top of the wadding. Third, the top is then -wrapped with the covering paper, turning in over the under-side of -the top. Fourth, the covered, padded top is now glued to the top -of the lid which has previously been covered on the sides. This is -said to be the most efficient method for making lids with padded -tops, although it is practicable to cover the lid while the piece of -box-board and wadding rests upon it. - -[Illustration: Development of the Wrapper.] - -Some expensive candy boxes in the larger sizes, square or oblong, -have extension edges as wide as ½ of an inch, but in such cases the -box-board used for the tops and bottoms should be of heavy weight so -that the wide, covered edges will not break easily. Most extension -edges on candy boxes average from ⅛ to ¼ of an inch. - -[Illustration: Shouldered Candy Box Tied with Ribbon.] - -Many shouldered candy boxes with extension edges have padded -tops; are covered with fine colored and embossed paper, and are -tied together with silk or satin ribbon of a color that blends -well with the color of the covering. When ribbons are used, the -ribbons are inserted between the bottom of the box and the piece -of box-board which forms the extension edges, which means that the -extension-bottom piece must be glued to the bottom of the box after -the ribbons have been applied. The ends of the ribbons are to be tied -in large bows over the top of the lid after the sweetmeats have been -placed in the box. Or, the ribbons may be in the form of loops, -which slip over the lid. - -The shoulders, or necks, are made in long strips; are folded and -stayed at one corner, and are then cut to the proper sizes for -insertion in the boxes. The cut sections of shoulder-strips are -covered with glazed paper, at the top edges, before being set in the -boxes. - -Box-board used for all good candy boxes is lined on one side with -white news or book paper before being cut and scored. - - - TRAYS FOR CANDY BOXES - -Not a few of the better-grade candy boxes are fitted with trays for -holding the different kinds of chocolates, etc., separately. Some of -the larger-size candy boxes have several trays, arranged either in -groups or in tiers. Others have merely one tray. These trays are made -of the ordinary, light-weight box-board in the same way as set-up -boxes, cut, scored, cornered, stayed and covered with white glazed -paper. Before being cut, the box-board is lined on one side with -white paper. - - - FLAT CANDY BOXES - -Flat candy boxes are made as low as 1 inch, and are made in various -sizes. They are used for holding single layers of chocolates, -caramels, gum-drops, etc., and by reason of their long and wide shape -they have the appearance of holding more material than is actually -the case. The flat box of this type is usually of the telescopic -pattern, extension edge bottom, the lid fitting down over the sides -of the box, although many are made without extension bottoms. -Sometimes small ends of ribbon are glued to the inner sides of the -lid, the ends of the ribbon extending outside so that one may readily -lift the low lid with the aid of the ribbons. - -Thumb-holes at the sides of the lids are advisable with boxes of -this kind. The thumb-holes are cut after the lids have been covered. -There are several thumb-hole cutting machines on the market which are -capable of handling all varieties of such work. - - - THE DUPLEX SHOULDER-BOX PRESSER - -The Stokes & Smith Company, of Philadelphia, is manufacturing the -Duplex Shoulder-Box Presser which is a time-saving device for all -kinds of shoulder-box work. The use of this machine prevents the -sides of the boxes from pulling away from the shoulder, and it also -eliminates finger markings so noticeable in hand-work. - -This company also manufactures a Shoulder-Box Gluing Machine which is -intended for gluing the inside of shoulder-boxes, and the device is -a big time-gainer over the ordinary hand method of gluing necks, or -shoulders. - - - ROUND CANDY BOXES WITH EXTENSION EDGES - -All round candy boxes are made by hand by skilled operators who -have had long experience in the one line of work. Practically all -round candy boxes are made with extension tops and bottoms, and have -shoulders, although some are being made with plain tops and bottoms. -The round, shouldered box with extension edges is formed of four (4) -pieces of box-board--two disks, the side-piece, and the neck. - -The disks are cut out to the proper sizes on a die-press by means of -round steel dies. When plain covering paper is to be applied to the -tops, or fancy covering paper for that matter, this paper is also cut -to the necessary sizes and shapes with the aid of round steel dies. - -For the side-pieces of round candy boxes the stock should be a -quality of strong cardboard which will roll easily into “rings.” The -ring is held together at the two ends with a strip of stay-paper, or -linen, glued to the inner side of the ring. - -First, the ring is placed over a form to obtain the proper round -shape. Second, one of the round pieces of box-board, which is to form -the top or bottom and extension edges, is placed to the edges of -the ring in accurate position. Third, the operator then applies the -covering paper, wrapping it around the sides of the ring and turning -over the edges of the paper, top and bottom of the ring. The box and -lid are both covered in the same way, the paper holding the round -disks of box-board to the edges of the rings. Fourth, a round piece -of paper is pasted to the lid of the box. Fifth, a slightly smaller -ring than the one forming the side of the box, and higher, is glued -to the inside of the box. This forms the neck, or shoulder. The box -is now complete. - -[Illustration: Large Round Candy Box with Flat Top.] - -Plain, round candy boxes are made much in the same manner, only the -round disks of box-board are inserted at the top edges of the rings. -Boxes of this model usually have shoulders, although some few are -made on the telescopic pattern, the lid being large enough to fit -down over the edges and sides of the box. - -Through the courtesy of Jesse Jones Company, of Philadelphia, the -writer is able to furnish information in reference to large round -boxes with convex, or dome tops--information which is very practical -and valuable. The Jesse Jones Company for many years has been noted -for the production of round and fancy candy boxes and this concern -has been successful in building up an extensive business in this line. - -Dome tops for large-size round boxes, such as the five-pound size, -for example, are made after the lids and boxes have been covered. -The finished boxes are lined up on a spacious table. The lids are -then inverted and placed upside down over the top edges of the -boxes. Over the inverted lids soft, dampened pieces of muslin are -spread. Each inverted lid is then filled with fine buck-shot, and -while holding the buck-shot the boxes and lids are allowed to stand -in that condition for several hours. The dampened muslin and the -weight of the buck-shot causes the top of the lid to shape into an -almost perfect convex form. This is said to be the best process for -doming the tops of large round boxes. The lids for large-size oval or -odd shaped boxes can be domed in the same way. It is necessary, of -course, for the box-maker to have on hand a considerable quantity of -the fine buck-shot when following this plan. - - - ART CANDY BOXES - -Some fine candy boxes are covered with silk or satin, and on the -tops of others are glued fancy “cut-outs,” such as pictures of -girl’s heads, yachts, flowers, etc. Hand-painted designs, pictures, -etc., are glued to the tops of some of the larger-size boxes. There -is always a strong demand for beautiful candy boxes of this kind, -no matter how costly they may be. They are particularly popular at -Christmas time. - -[Illustration: Beautiful Art Candy Box. The picture contains a real -feather.] - - - LARGE, ODD-SHAPED CANDY BOXES - -The larger-size candy boxes, like the five-pound size, are often -made in the form of hearts, diamonds, hexagon, octagon, square with -round corners, oblong with round corners, shamrocks, fans, keystones, -shields, and other figures. Nearly all boxes of this variety have -shoulders and extension tops and bottoms. The pieces of box-boards -for the tops and bottoms, whatever the shape desired may be, are cut -out by means of steel dies, and the cover paper for the tops are also -cut out with steel dies, so that the paper will accurately fit on the -tops, or lids, after the other covering work has been done. - -Moreover, for fancy boxes of this class, smaller pieces of box-board -than the pieces used for the extension tops and bottoms must also -be cut out into the shapes of hearts, diamonds, etc., to be used as -formers for the boxes and lids, as follows: - -First, the strip of heavy cardboard for the side of the box is -stayed together at the ends, and the side-piece is then placed -around a form of a heart, diamond or whatever the subject may be. -This correctly forms the sides of the odd-shaped box, but to keep -the shape permanently, the smaller piece of box-board is set in at -the top, and the sides of the box are then covered, the edges of the -covering paper being turned at the top of the form so as to hold the -set-in piece firmly. The form may now be removed from the box, and -the covered extension-edge piece of box-board glued on. The lid is -constructed in the same way. - -Another, and perhaps a better method is in placing the side-piece -on the form; setting in the bottom or top-piece; gluing on the -extension-edge piece, and then covering the box in such a manner -as to wrap the edges of the covering paper around the sides and -extension-edges. The cut out piece of covering paper--a heart, -diamond, or whatever it may be--is then pasted to the top of the lid. - -It is to be understood that the side-pieces, and the set-in top and -bottom-pieces are lined on the inner side with white or colored -glazed paper before the boxes and lids are made. In other words, the -stock is lined before being cut into the different shapes. - - - - - CHAPTER VII - - MISCELLANEOUS PAPER BOXES. - - -It is the writer’s purpose to devote this chapter to miscellaneous -paper boxes that are in popular demand and which may be classed as -specialty lines. Important facts about the style and construction of -the various kinds of boxes will be given, and by carefully studying -this practical information, the reader should be capable of making -any of the boxes in question. In some instances, however, it would be -necessary to employ the special machinery which will be referred to. - - - WEDDING, PARTY AND BANQUET BOXES. - -For centuries it has been the custom for people attending a wedding -reception to receive individual pieces of the wedding cake to take -home as souvenirs. It is a pretty custom and doubtless it will remain -in vogue until the end of time. Some brides simply wrap the pieces of -cake in fancy paper napkins, but those who want to have things done -right usually place the bits of cake in fancy paper boxes so as to -prevent breakage. Some newly-weds go so far as to have the names of -the bride and groom printed or die stamped on the lids of the boxes. - -Wedding cake boxes are small in size, and are made in the shape of -hearts, diamonds, clover-leaf, fans, etc. Small, plain, round, oval, -square or oblong boxes are often used for this purpose, but the -odd-shaped boxes mentioned are always the most popular. - -In making a heart-shaped wedding cake box, for example, the -side-piece of cardboard is placed around a heart-shaped form, after -having been stayed together at the two ends. The top-piece, cut out -in the shape of a heart of the proper size, is then inserted. After -this has been done, the sides of the box are covered with fancy -paper, the edges of the paper being turned over at the top and at -the bottom. A heart-shaped piece of paper is then pasted on the top -of the lid. Both the lid and the box are made in the same way--on -forms--only it is not necessary to cover the bottom of the box with a -heart-shaped piece of paper. - -A box of this kind usually contains a shoulder, both the lid and box -being of the same size. The shoulder-piece is set in after the box -has been formed and covered. The stock for the top and bottom pieces -is lined with colored or white glazed paper before being cut out -in the form of hearts. The stock for the side pieces is also lined -before being cut to the essential sizes. This means that the box and -lid are lined on the inner sides before being made up as described. - - - HEART SHAPED BOXES. - -When a heart-shaped box is to have an extension top and bottom, the -top and bottom pieces are put on after the box lid has been made on -the forms. The heart-shaped pieces of boxboard which are to serve -as extension tops are about ¼ of an inch larger all round than the -pieces of heart-shaped board which have properly formed the top of -the lid and the bottom of the box. The covering may be done after the -extension tops and bottoms have been attached, or the covering may be -done before they are attached, but in the latter instance, it would -be necessary to cover the extension top and bottom pieces, and their -edges, before attaching them. - -Other odd-shaped boxes, such as diamonds, clover-leaf, fans, etc., -and made on the same plan as the heart-shaped box. Practically all -boxes of this variety have shoulders. Some have extension tops -and bottoms, others are made plain. The covering is done in fancy -colored, glazed, embossed, watered or gloss-white paper. The box -usually contains fine paper laces. - -Fancy boxes of this class are frequently used at parties in the same -way as at wedding receptions, the guests being presented with the -boxes which are filled with candies, nuts, or cake. - -At many of the special banquets given by clubs, business -organizations and fraternal societies, ice cream and other desserts -are served in fancy boxes, thus adding an unusual touch to the last -course of the dinner. These “banquet” or dessert boxes are made -in various odd shapes, and are also made square, oblong, round or -oval, and as a general rule, there are no lids for the boxes which -are covered with colored, gold, silver, white or embossed paper. -The inside of a box, used for this purpose, should be lined with -plain white book paper, rather than with colored paper, so that the -coloring matter in the paper would not transfer to the dessert. Two -fine paper laces add an artistic finish to a square, or oblong, box -of this variety. The square and oblong dessert boxes are made in -the same manner as plain set-up boxes, cut out of a single piece of -boxboard, the corners stayed and the sides covered with colored or -white glazed paper. - - - JEWELRY BOXES. - -Some concerns are making a specialty of jewelry boxes and the field -for this product is very extensive. Many jewelers pack watches, -rings, tie pins, dress pins, clasp pins, lockets, belt buckles, -cigarette cases, match boxes, vanity cases, mesh bags, rosaries, -fans, fountain pens, etc., in pretty paper boxes of the proper -shapes, and not a few of these boxes are works of art. The writer -recently saw a small paper box for a diamond ring, which cost the -jeweler one dollar apiece, the party who bought the ring paying for -the box, of course. The box in question was beautifully covered with -thin, dark green leather, and four edges of the box were hand-tooled, -the borders being finished in goldleaf. The interior of the box was -lined with white satin, with billows and a rest for the ring formed -of the same material. The box also contained a shoulder and the lid -was hinged. - -Some jewelry boxes are made in the regular set-up style, others are -made with shoulders. Round and oval boxes are often used for watches, -rings, lockets, necklaces, etc., while long, oblong boxes are used -for tie pins, fountain pens, chains, gold pencils, envelope openers, -pen knives, dress pins, hair pins, etc. Square boxes are adapted to -silver and gold belt buckles, ladies’ shoe buckles, match boxes, -cigarette cases, mesh bags, etc. The progressive jeweler carries a -wide assortment of fine paper boxes, of many different shapes and -sizes, so that he may have a box suitable for any piece of jewelry, -or novelty, sold. He will even have sets of larger size boxes for -holding silverware, toilet articles, fans, cut glass, picture frames, -clocks, and so forth. - - - COVERED AND LINED. - -These details will convey to the reader an idea of the great variety -of paper boxes required by the average jeweler. Many of the smaller -boxes are covered with white or colored glazed paper, and are lined -and padded with silk, satin, plush or velvet, of a tint or color that -will harmonize with the color or tint of the box covering. One of the -most beautiful paper boxes ever seen by the writer was one of oval -shape, used for holding a costly pearl necklace. This box contained -a shoulder with the edges of the shoulder covered with white glazed -paper. The outside of the box and lid was covered with golden-brown -paper in imitation leather. The interior of the box and lid was lined -with pale buff velvet, padded in the bottom of the box in such a way -as to form a resting place for the string of pearls. Note the beauty -of this color scheme. - -One prominent jeweler has a complete assortment of paper boxes, all -covered with light blue embossed paper, and all lined with white -satin paper, those for rings, pins, etc., having padded rests formed -of white satin. The name-card of the jeweler is die stamped in bronze -blue ink on the lids, or wrappers for the lids. The color effect is -very pleasing. The wrappers for lids of jewelry boxes are die stamped -or printed with the card of the jeweler before being pasted to the -lids. - -Jewelry boxes seldom have extension edges. These with shoulders, or -necks, are made in about the same way as the druggists’ pill and -powder boxes, a description of the construction work having been -given in another chapter of this series of articles. The set-up box -is made from a single piece of boxboard, lined with white glazed -paper, cornered, stayed and covered with colored, glazed, white, -watered or embossed paper. - - - GARTER, SUSPENDER, HANDKERCHIEF, NECKTIE AND COLLAR BUTTON BOXES. - -All paper boxes of this class are made on the plain, set-up pattern, -the lids extending down over the sides. For example, a garter box -is made from one piece of light-weight boxboard, cornered, stayed -and covered with white glazed paper, while the lid is covered with a -printed or lithographed wrapper inscribed with the particular name of -the garter. We refer to the well-known brands of men’s garters. Many -of these garter boxes contain holiday wrappers (for Christmas gifts) -handsomely done in bright colors, and the lids have thumb-holes at -two sides so that they may be easily lifted. - -Many garter, suspender, necktie and collar button boxes are fitted -with cut-out inserts for holding the contents attractively. These -cut-outs are of light-weight folding cardboard and are produced on -cutting and creasing presses. - -Suspender, handkerchief and necktie boxes are often covered with -fancy colored wrappers suitable for the holiday trade. The designs -on the wrappers are printed or lithographed, and are usually applied -to the lids of the boxes with the aid of wrapping machines. Some are -loose-wrapped, others are tight-wrapped. Not a few fine handkerchief -boxes are covered with colored or embossed paper, and hand-painted -designs appear on the lids. The stock for handkerchief, necktie and -suspender boxes is usually lined with plain white paper before being -made up. There is an increasing demand for better quality boxes of -this variety. - - - CIGARETTE BOXES. - -Numerous brands of cigarettes of the better quality are packed -in paper boxes of the set-up style, and the lids in most cases -are hinged to the boxes, the hinge being formed of tape or linen. -Cigarette boxes of this type are usually made of light-weight -boxboard, and are equipped with shoulders. The inner side of the -boxboard is lined with white paper, and the stock is then scored and -cut so as to form long, oblong strips after being folded and stayed. -The strips are then “chopped” up into small sections of the essential -sizes to make the sides for the boxes and lids. The shoulders for -the boxes are made in the same way. The blanks for the bottoms of -the boxes and for the tops of the lids are cut to size on a rotary -cutting machine, although it is possible to cut the blanks, from -small piles of full-size sheets, on a regular paper cutting machine, -but for the sake of accuracy blanks of this kind should be produced -on a rotary cutter. - -After the top and bottom pieces have been inserted, the boxes and -lids are covered with white or colored glazed paper. The shoulders, -or necks, are then put in the boxes. Printed or lithographed labels -are put on the inside as well as on the outside of the lids. - -When the boxes are to be hinged, the hinging material is applied to -the box and lid, on the inner sides, before the shoulder pieces are -set in the boxes. - -Many cigarette boxes (not folding boxes) are made on the same plan as -the larger size set-up boxes, the box and lid being cut from single -pieces of cardboard; creased, cornered, folded and stayed in the -usual manner, but when boxes that are made this way have shoulders, -the register of the box and lid is not as accurate as in the case of -the box and lid being made from long folded sections. - - - STOCKING BOXES. - -Great quantities of paper boxes are continually being consumed in the -stocking industry for packing the stockings in convenient lots for -the trade. The average box contains half a dozen pairs of hose, or -stockings, and often the retail dealer gives the box to the buyer of -half a dozen pairs, which means that a box of this kind should be of -good quality and attractive to some extent. - -Stocking boxes are all of the set-up type. Some have shoulders, -others are on the telescopic pattern, some are made with ordinary -lids. The stock is usually lined with white paper. The covering is -often done with colored glazed paper. In some instances, the edges of -the lids and boxes are trimmed with paper of another color. Sometimes -fancy laces are placed in fine stocking boxes. The label of the -stocking manufacturer is placed on one end of the box. - -When putting on the lids of finished stocking boxes, or in fact, when -placing on the lids of any oblong boxes, the operator can save time -by setting on the lid over the narrow way of the box, rather than by -placing the lid over the long way of the box. - - - OYSTER AND ICE CREAM BOXES. - -Some concerns are making a specialty of ice cream and oyster boxes, -and special automatic machines are used for printing, scoring and -cutting the boxes to the required specifications. Oyster and ice -cream boxes are made from Manila tag-board, and the inner side of -the board is given a coating of _sodium silicate_ (liquid glass) so -as to make the boxes “water tight” to a considerable extent. Boxes -of this class may be produced on cutting and creasing presses, with -dies made of steel cutting and creasing rules, but as stated, this -work is usually done on special machines having great speed capacity. -An oyster box is glued and folded together, while an ice cream box -is usually wire-stitched at the sides, and is equipped with a handle -of tape. Oyster pails, and paper dishes are also wire stitched. -We refer to paper dishes used by grocers for holding loose jelly, -pepper sauce, lard, etc. The oyster pails have wire handles. These -specialties offer a big field for the box maker who may also include -milk bottle tops in this line. - - - SUIT, HAT AND FLOWER BOXES. - -There is a promising field for numerous box makers who would care to -specialize in the manufacture of suit, hat and flower boxes. We refer -to folding boxes of this variety which are made with lock corners and -slits, and which may be produced from single pieces of box board in -a very simple manner. The Hobbs Creasing Machine, and the Hobbs Lock -Corner Cutter, have been especially built for this work. On these -devices the blank stock is creased and cut in such a way that both -the lids and boxes may easily be folded together without staying, -gluing or wire stitching. - -Plain suit, hat and flower boxes are made from folding Manila -boxboard and practically all of the plain boxes are made on the -telescopic pattern. No covering is done. - - - GRAINING BOARD FOR SUIT, HAT AND FLOWER BOXES, ETC. - -Handsome effects are produced by graining boxboard for suit, hat and -flower boxes, etc. Jute or Manila is generally used when graining -is done. Charles Beck Company, of Philadelphia, supply a Rotary -Printing Machine which has been designed for producing various kinds -of graining. This device is equipped with an intaglio printing -roller, inking rollers, fountain, feed-board, etc., and the sheets -of boxboard are printed by the intaglio process on the order of this -illustration: - -[Illustration: Example of Box Board Graining.] - -Different patterns of graining, imitation alligator-skin and other -designs can be produced on the Beck machine by changing the intaglio -cylinders which contain the patterns engraved below the surface of -the cylinders. The printing cylinder is first inked all over, some -of the ink depositing in the engraved places on the cylinder. The -surface of the cylinder is then wiped clean, leaving the ink in the -engraved places. The impression in the printing transfers the design -in the cylinder to the sheet of boxboard--steel plate printing, as it -were. - -Large size suit and hat boxes are also made with the corners folded -in and the ends of the boxes folded over, held firmly together by -means of heavy wire staples. Boxes and lids of this kind are made -from single pieces of jute boxboard, the blanks properly creased on -a creasing machine so that they will fold readily into form. These -boxes are usually of the telescopic pattern; are comparatively cheap, -and are strong enough to withstand hard service. - - - ROUND HAT BOXES. - -Milliners and hatters dealing in the better grades of hats are large -consumers of round and oval hat boxes. Some of the fine millinery -boxes are covered with fancy embossed, colored or striped paper, and -these are presented to the buyers of the hats. The square-shaped hat -boxes, however, are the most popular on account of their lower cost, -and of course they are just as useful as the round and oval boxes. - -The round or oval hat box is formed of a side-piece and a set-in -bottom-piece, the lid being made on the same plan. The side-piece, -after being stayed at the two ends (on the inner side) is placed on -a round or oval form. The bottom-piece is then set in. The turned-in -edges of the covering paper serve to hold the sides and the bottom of -the box together. After the sides of the lid have been covered, and -the edges of the covering paper turned in, a round, or oval piece of -covering paper is pasted to the top of the lid. - - - SUIT CASES AND TRAVELING BAGS. - -Several of the larger paper box manufacturing concerns are making -suit cases and traveling bags as a side line in addition to the -regular lines of paper boxes. These suit cases and traveling bags -are of the lower-priced variety, no genuine leather entering into -their production. The inside of the cases and bags is of heavy -chip-board, lined with leatherette paper. The outside is covered -with heavy “leatheroid.” Iron frames are essential in the cases, and -the material is held together with copper or brass rivets. This is -a specialty line which should have the consideration of many other -box-makers who have plants equipped for the production of such work. - - - POCKET CIGAR CASES. - -Many cigar dealers furnish customers buying loose cigars with paper -cases for protecting the “smokes” while held in the coat pocket. -These cigar cases are made of single pieces of Manila board, round -cornered, and folded so as to form a holder. The sides are formed of -strips of heavy paper, glued on the inner edges of the Manila stock, -and folded so as to allow for expansion when the cigars are inserted -in the case. One long and narrow piece of Manila tag-board, folded -in the center, and two narrow strips of Manila paper, each strip -containing a center fold, make the cigar case complete. - -Any box-maker is in a position to manufacture paper cigar cases of -this kind. The stock can be cut to the necessary sizes on an ordinary -paper cutter, and the round cornering can be done on a regular -round cornering machine. No creasing-work is essential, as all of -the folding can easily be done without any creasing. The sides of -the cigar cases may be imprinted with the names of retail tobacco -dealers distributing them, or with the names of cigar manufacturers -who supply the cases gratis to the dealers. The cases may be made and -sold in large quantities. - - - BOXES FOR HARDWARE, GLASS, PICTURE FRAMES, TOOLS, TOYS, ETC. - -There is always a strong demand for plain, common-grade paper boxes, -made on the set-up pattern, for holding hardware, glass, picture -frames, tools, toys, books and any other things which do not call -for high-grade boxes. Plain boxes of this variety should be made of -heavy-weight chip-board, news-board or straw-board, and the corners -should be stayed with tape or wire stitched. The creased edges of -the boxes and lids are often stayed on the outer sides with the -ordinary brown staying paper so as to prevent breakage of the boxes -and lids at the places where creased. No covering of any kind is -necessary. Paper boxes of this class may be made up during slack -seasons, and they always find a ready market, especially when they -are moderately priced. - - - - - CHAPTER VIII - - - CUTTING AND CREASING FOLDING BOXES. - -One of the most important branches of the paper box industry is that -devoted exclusively to the making of all kinds of folding boxes and -cartons, and this branch of the business has been growing wonderfully -during the last few decades. The manufacturers of folding boxes are -in a class by themselves, and as a general rule, they have nothing to -do with the making of set-up paper boxes, although some of the larger -plants are producing both folding boxes and set-up boxes. - -There are good reasons why it would not be advisable for the -average box maker to handle both folding boxes and set-up boxes in -his factory, and the principal reason is the matter of mechanical -equipment. The folding box plant must be equipped with machinery -which cannot be used for the production of set-up boxes, and in a -like manner, the set-up paper box plant calls for machines that -cannot be used for the manufacture of folding boxes. Another fact to -consider is that operators on folding boxes are usually skilled only -in that line of work, while operators on set-up boxes know but little -about the work on folding boxes. - -Henry Ford, the automobile king, declares that specializing is the -main reason for his great success in business. Says Mr. Ford: - -“Any manufacturer or merchant, to be successful, must specialize. Do -one thing. Do it well. Sell at one standard price--and you’re just -bound to succeed.” - -[Illustration: =Tooth Pick Carton.= No gluing required. Holds -together when folded. - -Plain lines represent steel cutting rules. - -Dotted lines represent steel creasing rules.] - -There should be a “tip” here for many a box manufacturer. - -Folding boxes are now being used for holding a great variety of -merchandise such as, for example, bottles containing medicines, cakes -of soap, toothpicks, tubes of tooth paste, bottles of perfume, many -different kinds of drugs, brushes, cough drops, cakes and crackers, -safety razor blades, powders of various kinds, tools, grass seed, -herbs, dried raisins, butter, spices, rice, sugar, absorbent cotton, -bandages, etc. This list gives merely an idea of the many different -uses for folding boxes, and it would be possible to add to this list -hundreds of other articles which are packed in paper cartons. The -drug trade alone uses great quantities of the smaller-size folding -boxes for holding pills, tablets, medical goods, etc. Countless -numbers of the larger size cartons are used for holding cereals, -cake, tea, dozen lots of cigarette packages, dry goods, etc. - -A folding box, or carton, is made from a single piece of cardboard, -cut and scored in such a manner that it may easily be folded and -glued together so as to form a complete box. The cutting and creasing -dies are made by the box maker, from steel cutting and creasing -rules. The blank sheets of stock are cut and creased, with the steel -dies, on either platen presses or cylinder presses. The cut out -sheets are then glued together at two ends on a gluing machine. - - - EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR A SMALL CUTTING AND CREASING PLANT. - - One Cutting and Creasing Press, size of platen, 14 × 22 inches. - One Cutting and Creasing Press, size of platen, 21 × 30 inches. - One Steel Rule Bending Machine. - One Steel Rule Cutter. - One Power Circular Saw. - One Power Jig Saw. - One Imposing Table. - One Power Gluing Machine. - Supply of Cherry and Black Walnut Board, in strips of various - widths for blanking out large steel dies. - Supply of Laminated Wood for holding Steel Cutting Rules in - Odd-Shaped Dies, such as Circles, Ovals, Hearts, etc. - Supply of Labor-saving Wood, Lead, Steel and Iron Furniture, in - assorted sizes, for blanking out space in Steel Dies. - Supply of Steel (Hard) Cutting Rule, in full-length strips. - Supply of Steel (Soft) Cutting Rule, in full-length strips. - Supply of Steel Scoring Rule, in full-length strips. - Cabinets for holding Furniture. - Work Table, fitted with vise for bending Soft Steel Cutting Rule. - Supply of Corks in assorted sizes. - Supply of Cork in strips. - LePage (or fish) Glue for make-ready on presses. - Box-Makers’ Glue for gluing Folding Boxes on Gluing Machine. - Set of tools, including Pliers, Files, Hammer, Mallet, T-Square, - L-Square and Steel Straight-Edge. - -With this equipment, the box maker would be in a position to make -all kinds of steel cutting and creasing dies for every variety of -folding boxes, also all shapes of steel cutting dies for cut-outs of -advertising novelties, cardboard fans, odd shapes for fancy boxes, -etc. With this equipment, the box maker could also manufacture all -sizes and all styles of folding boxes up to those requiring blanks of -cardboard as large as 20 × 28 inches. It is the writer’s purpose to -explain all the technical work necessary in the making of the steel -dies, made-ready on the presses, and other practical work relating to -the making of folding boxes, cartons, advertising novelties and so -forth, and if this information is carefully studied and followed, the -apprentice in box making should have no difficulty in producing all -of the work in question. - - - KIND OF PAPER STOCK USED FOR FOLDING BOXES. - -The ordinary news-board, chip-board and straw-board, such as used -for the manufacture of set-up boxes, is not adapted to folding boxes -for the reason that these boards have a tendency to break when -folded. The stock used for folding boxes includes Manila tag-board, -bristol-board, clay coated Manila, Manila-lined board, and other -kinds of pasted boards which are tough and flexible. Coated box-board -comes in white, colors and tints. One side is coated in white, color -or tint, the other side being of Manila. When the box is to be -printed, the printing is done on the coated side. This stock comes -500 sheets in a ream, size 22½ × 28½, the weight running from 90 -pounds to 200 pounds per ream. This stock also comes in rolls, and -may be run in rolls on rotary printing presses. - -Among the well known firms who supply folding box-board of all kinds, -are the following: A. Hartung & Company, of Philadelphia; Berton C. -Hill Company, of New York City; Baird & Bartlett Company, of Boston, -Mass.; C. L. LaBoiteaux Company, of Cincinnati, Chicago, Cleveland -and New York City, and the White Pigeon Coated Paper Company, of -White Pigeon, Mich. - - - MAKING THE “DUMMY” FOR A FOLDING BOX. - -The “dummy,” or pattern, for a folding box is the first requisite. -For example, a carton is wanted for holding a glass jar of cold -cream. If any printed matter, such as a booklet, directions for -using the cold cream, etc., is to be packed with the jar, inside the -carton, this must be considered when determining the size of the -folding box. - -Attach the printed matter to the jar, held with rubber bands. Then -place two blocks of wood on either side of the jar, the blocks and -jar standing on a table. The blocks should stand close to the jar and -its printed matter. Now lay a ruler across the jar and blocks, and -the ruler will give the dimensions for the top and bottom of the box. -Next, lay the jar on its side, and set the two blocks at the top and -bottom of the jar. Span the ruler across the blocks. This will give -the dimensions for the height of the box. This same method is used in -taking the measurements for all kinds of boxes. - -By opening flat some carton which is nearly the size and style of the -new carton desired, the box maker will have an idea of the layout -for the die which will be necessary for the new carton. Follow the -measurements taken with the aid of the blocks, and with pencil, -ruler, penknife and blank sheet of stock, make up a dummy for the -desired folding box. When completed, the flat dummy will appear like -this diagram: - -[Illustration: (Dummy folding box.)] - -This dummy will serve the box maker in measuring off the sizes of -steel cutting and creasing rule which will enter in the construction -of the die. Before attempting to describe the building of the steel -die, however, the writer believes that it would be well to give -details about the furniture and other material used in the building -of the die, so that the reader will become familiar with this -material as it is handled in the proper order. Later on complete -information will be given about the construction of the die, the -make-ready of the forms on the presses, “corking,” striping, and so -on. - - - KINDS OF FURNITURE USED IN MAKING DIES FOR FOLDING BOXES. - -Cherry, or black walnut, is excellent material for blanking out -large steel dies, as cherry and black walnut are woods which are not -greatly affected by atmospheric changes. A soft wood, like white -pine, for example, would readily take moisture in damp weather, -expanding enough to throw the rules in a die out of register with -the make-ready on the press, and this would mean damage to the -make-ready as well as changes in the sizes of the boxes which are -being cut out. The Cherry Lumber Company, of Cincinnati, O., supplies -first class cherry and black walnut wood in strips, and from these -strips the box maker may cut the pieces of blanking-out furniture to -the sizes required for the steel die. This wood is about ¹¹⁄₁₆ of -an inch in thickness, which is the right height to hold the steel -cutting and creasing rules firmly in a vertical position, and on -extremely heavy forms it would prevent possible bending of the rules. -The box maker uses a power circular saw in cutting this wood to the -wanted sizes. The sawing must be done truly vertical, as even a -slight angle on the end or side of a piece of wood furniture would -cause the rule coming in contact with that end or side to have the -same angle, resulting in that rule cutting lower than another rule -which was absolutely true, vertically, and it would also affect the -face-size of the die to some extent. This means that no furniture for -die-blanks should be cut with a hand saw, as hand sawing is seldom -accurate. - -[Illustration: Showing one of the New Style Imposing Tables; iron -top. Equipped with complete fonts of wood furniture for locking up -forms. Also has racks for holding forms, or chases.] - -The box maker saves the pieces of cherry and black walnut, when -old dies are broken up, and these pieces of wood are used again in -building other dies. - -Steel, iron and lead labor-saving furniture is also largely used in -the construction of steel dies, and in many instances, series of -small dies for drug cartons, etc., are entirely blanked out with -labor-saving lead or iron furniture. What is called “improved metal -furniture” (lead) in the printing trade is very useful for the -box maker. This furniture comes in many different sizes--standard -sizes--and is stored in cabinets which have compartments for each -size. Within a short time the box maker becomes familiar with the -standard sizes, and when blanking out a die he can tell at a glance -what sizes of metal furniture are needed to fill in the blank places. -The sizes of this improved metal furniture are known as “2 × 4 ems,” -(pica); “3 × 4 ems,” (pica), and so on up to the larger sizes. Often, -the smaller sizes of metal furniture are used in conjunction with -larger sizes of cherry or black walnut wood to fill in the blank -places of spacious dies. - - - STEEL FURNITURE USED. - -Steel sectional furniture, notched at the ends, is also used for -building spacious steel dies. This steel furniture (as well as the -iron and lead furniture) may be bought in regular fonts, or complete -sets, from the American Type Founders’ Company, Jersey City, N. J., -or from any of the printers’ supply houses. These concerns also -supply the cabinets for holding the furniture conveniently. For the -information of those not acquainted with the printing terms, it is -explained that the term “point” in printing means 72 points to an -inch. The steel sectional furniture comes in 24-point width with -12-point notches at the ends; 36-point wide with 18-point notches; -48-point wide with _three_ 12-point notches; and 54-point wide with -_two_ 18-point notches. It also comes in a full range of lengths, all -the way up to 24 inches long. - -[Illustration: Showing Style of Patent Steel Furniture with -interlocking corners for forming hollow squares and oblongs.] - -With four pieces of this sectional furniture almost any size square -or oblong frame, up to 24 inches, may be formed simply by putting -the four pieces together. The frame is used for blanking out a -square or oblong space in the die-form. At times several squares and -oblongs can be made in this way and used instead of wood blocks or -small pieces of metal furniture. The steel sectional furniture is -absolutely accurate and it can be assembled very rapidly. - -[Illustration: “Challenge” Improved Labor-Saving Metal Furniture, -with Chamfered Edges.] - -Plain iron furniture is to be had in a large number of standard -sizes, but the smaller sizes are used by many box makers for blanking -out portions of steel dies, the larger spaces in the form being -filled in with blocks of cherry or black walnut. The iron furniture -is comparatively inexpensive, and it will stand hard service for a -life-time. - -[Illustration: Showing style of Morgans & Wilcox Enlarged Iron -Furniture.] - -Enlarged iron furniture comes in many different sizes and is -particularly adapted to blanking out extra-large dies. The larger -sizes of this material, such as for example, 25 × 100 ems (pica), -are very popular with die-makers. In each piece of enlarged iron -furniture are two round holes, on the top so to speak, enabling the -die-maker to handle the piece of furniture easily by means of the -round holes. (Pica means 12 points in printing parlance.) - -[Illustration: “Challenge” Labor-Saving Iron Furnitures.] - -Mammoth iron furniture is made on the order of enlarged iron -furniture, and it comes in pieces as large as 60 × 120 ems (pica.) -Round holes are in each piece, making it light in weight and easy -to handle. Special cabinets are furnished for the enlarged and -mammoth furniture. The cabinets are subdivided for holding the -different sizes of material, and by looking over the contents of -these compartments, the die-builder can see exactly what sizes of -furniture is available to suit the requirements of each die. The -cabinets save a great deal of time, as the die-maker does not have to -“sort out” the furniture from a “mixed” assortment of sizes. - -[Illustration: Showing Cabinet holding font of No. 3 Mammoth Iron -Furniture. Opposite side of Cabinet holds other sizes of Mammoth Iron -Furniture. This Cabinet also holds all standard lengths of M. & W. -Interlocking steel furniture.] - -In these days of high wages and short working hours, the folding -box maker should have a plentiful supply of both wood and metal -furniture, and the furniture should be systematically stored in -cabinets so that the die-maker can work to the best advantage. -A plentiful assortment of improved metal furniture, plain iron -furniture, and enlarged or mammoth iron furniture, in cabinets, will -pay big dividends in any folding box plant. - - - STEEL CUTTING RULES AND STEEL CREASING RULES. - -All dies used for cutting and creasing folding boxes are constructed -of steel cutting rules and steel creasing rules, and with the proper -material and devices, the box maker will have no difficulty in -building his own dies to suit all requirements. - -The apprentice in the folding box industry should carefully note the -fact that there are two kinds of steel cutting rule--one kind is -called “hard” cutting rule, the other kind is known as “soft” cutting -rule. The hard steel cutting rule is used for all straight-line die -work which does not call for the rules being bent into round, oval or -odd shapes. The soft steel cutting rule is used in all cases where -rule-bending is to be done. For example, a die having round corners -for the flaps of folding boxes would call for the use of _soft_ -cutting rule in forming the round corners. All odd-shaped dies, such -as dies for cutting hearts, semicircles, ovals, etc., are made of -soft steel cutting rule on account of the soft rule bending to the -special shapes easily. “Square” dies for cutting diamonds, oblongs, -crosses, keystone, and other straight-line work of this class, are -made of hard steel cutting rules. - -The “hard” and “soft” steel cutting rule, and the regular creasing -rule, comes in strips from 24 to 30 inches long, and is sold by the -foot. The standard height of steel cutting rule is .923 in. The -standard height of steel creasing rule is .918 in. Both the cutting -and creasing rules are made in various thicknesses, from 2-point size -up to 6-point size, but the 2-point cutting and creasing rules will -do for the greater portion of all folding box work. The following -list will give the reader an idea of the standard kinds of steel -cutting and creasing rules: - -[Illustration: Cutting Rule] - -[Illustration: Scoring Rule] - - No. Description Height Thickness - A-10 2-point Hard Black Cutting Rule .923” .029” - A-11 3-point Hard Black Cutting Rule .923” .042” - A-12 4-point Hard Black Cutting Rule .923” .057” - A-13 6-point Hard Black Cutting Rule .923” .083” - A-14 2-point Hard and Polished Ctg. Rule .923” .029” - A-15 3-point Hard and Polished Ctg. Rule .923” .042” - A-16 4-point Hard and Polished Ctg. Rule .923” .057” - A-17 6-point Hard and Polished Ctg. Rule .923” .083” - A-18 2-point Soft Cutting Rule .923” .029” - A-19 2-point Hard Scoring Rule .918” .029” - -The Simonds Manufacturing Company, of Fitchburg, Mass., is a large -manufacturer of all varieties of steel rule for cutting, scoring or -perforating. This concern is in a position to furnish the folding -box maker with any kind of steel cutting or steel creasing rule. The -American Type Founders’ Company, of Jersey City, N. J., or any of the -printers’ supply houses, will also furnish the box maker with steel -cutting or scoring rule. - - - THE WORK-BENCH FOR THE FOLDING BOX MAKER. - -A good, substantial work-bench, fitted with drawers, tools, vise, -steel rule cutter, etc., is an essential for the folding box maker. -The box maker who is “handy” may readily build his own work-bench -with the necessary lumber, but for the information of those who may -not know about it, the American Type Founders’ Company has a steel -work-bench which is very convenient for the purposes of a folding -box making plant. On request, this company will send illustrated -circulars describing this steel work-bench. - - - THE STEEL RULE CUTTER AND THE STEEL RULE BENDING MACHINE. - -While it is possible for the folding box maker to cut steel rules to -all required sizes for dies on an ordinary lead and rule cutter, such -as is used in a printing office, nevertheless the writer strongly -advises the installation of a “Hercules” Steel Rule Cutter in the -folding box factory. This device is made by J. F. Helmold & Brother, -of 1462 Hamburg street, Chicago. It is especially built for cutting -all thicknesses of steel cutting, or steel scoring rule, to any -lengths wanted. - -If the box maker desires to cut steel rule on an ordinary printers’ -lead and rule cutter, this device must be kept in first class order, -and the cutting must be done in that part of the machine which is -intended to cut only heavy brass rule. - -[Illustration: The “Hercules” Steel Rule Cutter.] - -The Multiform Rule Bender is an excellent device for bending steel -rule. It is made by the J. A. Richards Co., of Kalamazoo, Mich. This -concern also makes steel rule cutters, combination rule benders, box -maker’s special saws, etc. - -[Illustration: The “Eureka” Steel Rule Bender.] - -The “Eureka” Rule Press, or steel rule bender, is another great -time-saving device for any folding box factory. This machine is made -by J. F. Helmold & Brother, of Chicago. This Rule Press, with its -equipment of molds, is capable of bending steel rule to any of the -odd shapes required in steel rule dies for folding boxes or cartons. - -Some die-makers do all of the steel rule bending with the aid of a -powerful vise and pliers of various sizes. The steel cutting rule -is heated by means of a gas flame so that the rule may be bent more -easily. When working with the heated rule the die-maker wears heavy -canvas gloves to protect his hands from the hot rule. After the -heated rule has been bent to the wanted shape, heat the rule again -and immerse in cod oil. This re-tempers the rule. - - - - - CHAPTER IX - - - CUTTING AND CREASING (Continued) - -We have now described the machinery and material which are essential -for a modern cutting and creasing plant, and with these matters -disposed of we will next take up the subjects of making the steel -dies, press-work, etc. - - - MAKING A CUTTING AND CREASING DIE - -No matter what shape or size of a folding box or carton which may be -wanted, it will require both creasing and cutting, and this means of -course that both steel scoring rules and steel cutting rules will be -needed in making the die. - -Hard steel cutting rule is to be used for all straight cutting lines -in the die. - -Soft steel cutting rule is to be used for all round corners or -odd-shaped sections of the die. - -For the average folding box or carton 2-point cutting and creasing -rules will be thick enough for their functions, but in the case of a -large die for exceedingly heavy-weight box-board, 3-point, 4-point, -or 6-point cutting and creasing rules will be found better for the -press-work than the 2-point rules. - -The regular 2-point cutting rule, turned upside down, or inverted, -will serve as scoring rule, although the special scoring rule, made -for this purpose by the manufacturers, will always produce the best -results on account of it having a rounded face instead of a blunt -face. - -[Illustration: Steel die form from Simonds Mfg. Co.] - -On common-grade folding-box work, when the stock is heavy and tough, -some die-makers use inverted cutting rules for scoring rules--usually -old cutting rules which have lost their sharp edges by long service -in other dies. By placing two 2-point inverted cutting rules together -a 4-point crease is obtained. By placing three 2-point cutting rules -together (inverted), a 6-point crease is obtained. Wide creases of -this kind are needed only in heavy work, such as for example, suit -boxes, flower boxes and hat boxes in large sizes. - -A 2-point crease, or rather a fine crease obtained from standard -2-point scoring rule having a rounded face, will do well for the -great majority of folding boxes. - - - BUILDING THE DIE - -Now for the building of the die, say a die for cutting and creasing -a carton for holding a medicine bottle: Take the “dummy,” or an -old carton of the required size and form, and with the aid of a -foot-ruler find out the lengths and number of pieces of rule which -will be required for the die. Jot down the figures upon a tablet. For -example, you will need four long pieces of 2-point scoring rule, all -of the same length; four short pieces of 2-point scoring rule, all of -the same length; then you will need four “L’s” for cutting flaps, -these “L” pieces to have slightly rounded corners and to be made from -_soft_ steel cutting rule. Also will be needed two pieces of soft -cutting rule which are to be bent in the form of a large “U,” these -to be used for cutting the folding top and folding bottom of the -carton. Other pieces of both scoring and cutting rule will be needed -to make the die complete, and with careful application of the ruler, -the correct lengths may be ascertained. - -[Illustration: =Carton for Cough Drops.= Plain lines represent steel -cutting rules. Dotted lines represent steel creasing rules.] - -After all of the various measurements of the rules have been taken -and marked down on the tablet, the next step is to cut the rules -on the steel rule cutter to the essential sizes, following the -measurements which have been written down. The steel rule cutter -is equipped with a movable gage and this gage is accurately set to -provide for the cutting of each rule. A number of the rules are cut -to the same sizes. Your figures on the tablet should tell how many -pieces of each size are wanted. It is really a simple matter to cut -the rules, but too much care cannot be taken in doing the cutting -accurately. - -The pieces of soft steel cutting rule which are to have rounded -corners or odd shapes are now bent to the proper forms on a rule -bending press, or with the aid of a vise. Extreme care should be -taken in bending the rules in such a way that none of the bended -lines are on an angle. In other words, each “bend” should be truly -vertical so that when the odd-shaped rule lies in the die its cutting -surface will be perfectly level. One of the great advantages of the -steel rule bending press and its molds is that all rule bending on -this machine is done perpendicularly true. An experienced die-maker -can do wonders in rule bending with an ordinary vise and a pair of -pliers, but the beginner will not find this work easy. - -[Illustration: Steel die for =Soap Container=. Plain lines represent -steel cutting rules. Dotted lines represent steel scoring rules.] - -With all of the required number of pieces of cutting and creasing -rule cut to sizes and bent to the proper shapes, the next step is to -“set up” the die with lead, steel, or iron furniture. In the case of -a large-size die, the main blanking-out is done with black walnut or -cherry furniture, but with a small-size die, practically all of the -blanking-out may be done with labor-saving metal furniture. - -[Illustration: Steel die form for =Medicine Bottle Carton=. Plain -lines represent steel cutting rules. Dotted lines represent steel -scoring rules.] - - - WORKING CONDITIONS - -The die-maker should work upon the surface of an imposing table. -First, he places on the table the chase in which the die is to be -locked up. Second, he fills in the chase with regular printer’s wood -furniture, leaving space in the center for the die, and placing -locking quoins near the top of the chase and on the right-hand side -of the chase. Third, the cutting and creasing rules are set in the -open space in the center of the chase, filling in with metal or wood -furniture. Fourth, after the die has been carefully set and blanked -out, the entire job is locked up with the aid of a quoin-key and the -quoins. - -Note these points: Printers’ wood furniture is not as high as black -walnut or cherry wood used inside the die, and the printers’ wood -furniture is only used as locking-up material on the outer sides of -the die. - -There are several varieties of printers’ quoins, but the best quoins -for the die-maker’s purpose are called “Hemple Improved Quoins.” They -are of iron, wedge-shaped, and contain ridges which make them hold -tightly. By inserting a quoin-key between the “teeth” of a pair of -quoins, and turning the key one way or the other way, the quoins are -locked or unlocked. - -The quoins should not be placed directly against the sides of the -chase, or against the sides of the wood furniture. Small strips of -reglet, 6-points wide, placed on either side of each pair of quoins -protects the wood furniture from damage by the quoins, and prevents -loosening of the quoins at the sides of the chase. - -An assortment of printers’ leads and brasses--2-point leads and -1-point brasses, in the smaller sizes, will be of great utility to -the die-maker in blanking out. A lead or brass, inserted here and -there between the furniture in the die, will often solve intricate -construction. - -[Illustration: Looks like plan for a monoplane, but is layout for -steel die form for small =drug carton=. Plain lines represent steel -cutting rules. Dotted lines represent steel creasing rules. As many -as 24 complete dies are run together in one large form.] - - - ACCURACY REQUIRED - -The die should be blanked out so accurately that when the quoins -are tightened all material in the die will “lift” without any of -the furniture falling out. After the form has been locked up, the -die-maker rests one end of the chase on a block of furniture. He then -strikes the ends of the fingers over all material in the die to see -if any parts of the die are loose. If all holds firmly, the form is -ready for press. If any parts are found loose, the form is unlocked, -and the loose places are fixed up by inserting small strips of -manila paper between the loose pieces of furniture. - -With the aid of a straight-edge, an L-square, or a T-square, the -die-maker tests all lines of the die to ascertain if any rules are -binding or out of register. All defects of this nature must be -corrected before the die goes to press. - -Intricate rule bending is made more easy by heating the soft steel -rule in a gas flame before bending. When working with heated rule the -die-maker wears canvas gloves to protect his hands. To harden soft -rule, after bending, heat again and dip the heated rule in fish oil. - - - MAKING STEEL DIES FOR “CUT-OUTS” - -Some box-makers, in addition to manufacturing set-up and folding -boxes, also make advertising “cut-outs,” cardboard fans, -wall-pockets, fancy calendars, photograph mounts, and “set-in” -forms for holiday boxes for holding neckties, suspenders, garters, -collar buttons, etc. Work of this variety is also cut on cutting and -creasing presses, but the dies and make-ready are different than the -dies and make-ready for folding boxes. - -Steel dies for all kinds of “cut-outs” are made of 2-point cutting -rules. For add shapes like hearts, fans, fancy calendars, etc., -“soft” cutting rule is used. For straight-line work such as squares, -oblongs, diamonds, keystone and triangle, “hard” cutting rule is used. - -The steel cutting rules for dies of this class are inserted in -laminated board, of three, four or more plies, for the reason -that laminated board will not warp or be affected by atmospheric -conditions. - -[Illustration: Steel die form for cut-out from Simonds Mfg. Co.] - -The design, or several different designs, which are to be cut out, -are marked with pencil on the surface of the piece of laminated -board, which must be of a size to accommodate the dies. These pencil -lines are then followed with a jig-saw, and in the grooves made by -the saw the steel cutting rules are inserted. The die is then ready -for press. - -It should be mentioned, however, that it is possible to build a plain -“cut-out” die, like a square or oblong, merely by cutting the rules -to the proper sizes and then blanking out the inside space with metal -or ordinary wood furniture. But, an odd-shaped “cut-out” die should -always be inserted in laminated board. - -As many as half-a-dozen “cut-out” dies for cardboard fans, -advertising novelties, etc., may be placed in rows in the one -section of laminated board, and the entire six articles may be cut -simultaneously on the press. - -Half-a-dozen dies for folding boxes, or more than this number, can -also be run together in the same form, according to the size of the -cutting and creasing press. - - - CUTTING AND CREASING ON PLATEN PRESSES - -[Illustration: Hartford Cutter and Creaser.] - -Cutting and creasing for folding boxes can be done successfully on -platen printing presses of the John Thompson and Hartford type, -provided that a printing press of this type be fitted with a steel -platen plate, and provided also that the inking rollers of the press -be removed. The steel platen plate is removable, and is held to the -platen of the press by means of counter-sunk screws. When printing -is to be done on the press the platen plate is taken off. - -The National Machine Company, of Hartford, Conn., and John Thompson -Press Company, of New York City, both manufacture standard cutting -and creasing presses which are built especially for this work. These -presses, which are not designed for printing purposes, are fitted -with removable, steel platen plates, and by having a number of these -platen plates, the folding box maker can save the makeready, or -“female dies” on the plates, and may keep them stored away for future -orders on the same kind of work. In saving such “female dies” on the -platen plates, however, it would also be essential to save the forms -containing the steel cutting and creasing dies so that all would -perfectly register when the dies and plates are again put on the -presses. - - - MAKING READY A STEEL CUTTING AND CREASING DIE - -This applies to making ready the die on a regular Hartford or John -Thomson cutter and creaser, and as mentioned before, the form may -have more than one duplicate of the same die, if desired. For -example, the form may contain say eight complete cutting and creasing -dies, arranged together for cutting eight small cartons from a single -sheet of stock. - -First, put on the steel platen plate, and see that it is free from -all old makeready material. Second, take a sheet of chip-board, -news-board or straw-board, and cut it nearly the full size of the -platen plate. Then with LePage glue carefully spread all over one -side of the sheet of box-board, apply the sheet of box-board to the -surface of the platen plate. - -[Illustration: John Thomson Cutter and Creaser.] - -Third, place the chase containing the die, or series of dies, on -the press. Fourth, with a small printer’s hand inking roller and -printers’ black ink, apply the ink to _all creasing rules_ in the -form. Fifth, take a sheet of the stock which is to be cut and -creased, and by slowly turning the fly-wheels of the press, take an -impression of the form on this sheet of stock. If all of the cutting -rules cut through the stock clearly, the impression is right. If the -cutting rules do not cut sharply, more impression will be required, -and this is obtained by moving the slides holding the throw-off -bar up one or two notches. Do not move the slides up more than one -notch at one time, and keep moving them, after taking additional -impressions on blank sheets of stock until finally the impression is -rightly adjusted. - -The first inking of the form was for the purpose of showing the -positions of the creasing rules. Never mind additional inking while -the impression is being adjusted. After the impression has been made -right, ink all of the creasing rules in the form again and then take -an impression of the form on the sheet of box-board which has been -glued to the platen plate. Now comes the most tedious part of the -makeready: - -All of the inked creasing lines which appear on the platen must be -carefully cut out with a sharp makeready knife. That is, the thin -lines made on the sheet of box-board on the platen by the inked -creasing rules must be cut away with the knife in long, narrow strips -so as to form the female part of the die. If the creasing rules are -2-point size, cut away about _3-points_; if 4-point creasing rule, -cut away about 5-points; if 6-point creasing rule, cut away about -7-points. In making these grooves slightly wider than the size of the -creasing rules, the stock will press into the grooves easily and will -form the proper creasing or scoring. - -Do not cut away any other parts of the sheet of box-board which has -been glued to the platen plate. The steel cutting rules should cut -into this sheet of box-board. - -Ordinarily, the counter-die, after having been made in the manner -described, would be completed, but in the case of a long run of work, -the following additional makeready is done: - - - THE KIND OF MAKEREADY THAT IS WORTH WHILE - -After the grooves have been cleanly cut, and after all strips of the -box-board have been removed from the grooves, lay a sheet of plain -white paper over the entire counter-die and pull an impression of -the form on this sheet. Then turn over the sheet of paper; study the -detail of the impression and see if any of the cutting and creasing -rules are weak in certain places. With a blue pencil mark rings -around any of the weak places which may appear. Then with a sharp -knife, flour paste and French folio paper, “spot up” all circles made -by the blue pencil with pieces of the French folio. Some places, -extra weak, may call for two or three circles of the French folio. -After the sheet has been “spotted up”, loosen the counter-sunk -screws in the platen plate; lift off the plate, and with a small -quantity of flour paste attach the “spot-up” sheet to the under-side -of the platen plate in true position so that it will register with -the counter-die, or makeready on the other side of the plate. Paste -the “spot-up” sheet, face up, to the under side of the plate. Then -replace the platen plate with the “spot-up” sheet under it. This -process of makeready is worth while on all forms which are to have -long runs, and it will cause all of the weak cutting and creasing -rules to have an even impression. Strange as it may seem to the -beginner, the little pieces of French folio, when properly placed -under the platen plate, will do wonders in making a die even. In -the case of rules which have been in service for some time, several -“spot-up” sheets may be needed under the platen plate, and in the -case of worn rules, the “spotting up” should be done with pieces of -book paper, or even with heavy Manila paper. An exceedingly weak -place will require a heavy piece of paper under the platen plate. - - - PUTTING ON THE FEEDING GUIDES - -The feeding guides may be of brass, wood or lead. Pieces of 12-point -printer’s brass rule, about two inches long, make the best guides for -heavy sheets of box board. 12-point slugs, about two inches long, or -pieces of 12-point reglet, will serve well as feeding guides for the -general run of work. Rub brass or lead slugs on a sheet of fine emery -paper before applying the glue, as the rubbing helps in making the -guides hold firmly. Use only LePage glue in attaching the guides. - -After the guides have been put on in the proper position, fenders are -then applied at the inner sides of the two bottom guides, and one -fender at the lower end of the side guide. There are three guides, -two at the bottom and one on the left-hand side. The fenders are -formed of heavy-weight folding cardboard, or of 1-point brass rule, -about one-and-one-half inches long. The fenders are used to prevent -the sheets of box-board from extending over the guides in the feeding. - - - CORKING THE STEEL-DIE FORM - -After the make-ready for a cutting and creasing form has been -completed, the form must be corked so as to prevent the sheets of -box-board from adhering to the cutting rules as each impression -is taken. One good method of corking is gluing rows of small-size -corks to the wood furniture in the form, the rows of corks placed on -either side of all cutting rules in the form. In the case of metal -furniture, the corks are glued to flat, solid places in the metal -furniture, or are inserted in the small, open places in labor-saving -lead furniture, as the case may be. The corks when properly glued -or inserted, should stand up about one-quarter-of-an-inch above the -steel cutting rules, so that when an impression is taken on a sheet -of box-board, the corks will have force enough to “push” the sheet -off the cutting rules. - -Another method of corking is that done with long strips of cork, high -enough for the purpose. These strips of cork are glued on the metal -or wood furniture in the same way as individual corks are applied. -The Armstrong Cork Company, of Pittsburgh, Pa., can supply cork in -strips made expressly for use on cutting and creasing presses. Use -LePage glue in applying the corks, and put on plenty of strip cork, -or individual corks, so that the sheets will leave the form without -breaking. - - - FEEDING THE SHEETS OF BOX-BOARD - -The operator of a cutting and creasing press cannot be too careful -when feeding sheets into the press. It is dangerous work, and the -feeder must be constantly watchful over his hands. _Never reach the -hand in the press after a sheet which may stick to the form, or after -sections of a sheet which may have broken apart in the cutting._ Your -hands are too precious to “take any chances.” Keep corking the form -until all sheets leave the cutting rules without any difficulty. Bend -the sheets of box-board, in small lots, so that the shape of the -sheets makes easy feeding. Always be careful when feeding, and keep -your eyes on your work. - - - STRIPPING - -After the sheets of box-board have been cut and creased, they are -taken to the finishing room where girls and boys do the stripping, -which means removing all waste material from the sheets. About fifty -sheets at a time are stripped. Intricate cut-outs, box-corners, fancy -shapes, etc., are “hammered out” with the aid of a mallet. A small -pile of the stock is laid over the edge of a large wooden box, and -with a blow of the mallet the waste material falls out into the box. - - - GLUING FOLDING BOXES - -There are several well-known gluing machines on the market which are -designed particularly for gluing together folding boxes or cartons. -The ordinary gluing machine is fitted with a feeding table, a series -of steel rollers, a glue fountain and a gluing wheel. As the operator -feeds the sheets, hot glue is applied to the flaps. The operator then -folds each sheet so that the glued flap is in the right position. The -series of steel rollers then press the glued flaps firmly together, -completing the operation. - -[Illustration: Staude Gluing Machine] - -One of the best gluing machines on the market is the “Staude -Automatic,” made by the E. G. Staude Manufacturing Company, of St. -Paul, Minn. This machine is fitted with a vertical stacker and other -improved devices which make it possible for the folding box-maker to -handle a wide range of work at high speed. - -[Illustration: Walter Scott Cylinder Press Equipped for Cutting and -Creasing.] - -Another excellent gluing machine is known as the “International,” -made by the International Paper Box Machine Company, of Nashua, N. H. -This machine is equipped with an electric counting device and other -improved features which make it a great labor-saver. - - - CUTTING AND CREASING ON CYLINDER PRESSES - -Spacious forms containing a large number of steel cutting and -creasing dies are being handled on cylinder presses, and the dies -and make-ready are practically the same as for cutting and creasing -on platen presses. The Walter Scott & Company, of Plainfield, N. J., -manufacture special cylinder presses for use on cutting and creasing -forms, and on order, these presses will be furnished with one- or -two-color printing attachments. - -Cutting and creasing can be done on any style of cylinder press, -provided that the cylinder of the press is fitted with a flexible -steel sheet on the order of a steel platen plate. The cylinder must -be timed and adjusted to provide for the steel surface sheet. These -changes should be made by an expert machinist. - -Make-ready for cutting and creasing on a cylinder press is -practically the same as on a platen press. - - - MAKING READY A STEEL CUTTING DIE FOR ADVERTISING NOVELTIES, ETC. - -This refers to a steel cutting die to be used only for cut-outs, such -as fans, inserts for set-up boxes, fancy calendars, wall pockets, -photo mounts, leather goods, etc. All of this kind of work can be cut -out on a standard cutting and creasing press, or on a cylinder press, -from dies made of steel cutting rule. As mentioned before, a die of -this character does not contain any creasing rules, and is set in -grooves sawed in laminated board. - -The make-ready for a cutting die is altogether different than the -make-ready on a cutting and creasing form. The make-ready is very -simple. No counter-die, or “female die,” is required. The cutting -rules merely strike the bare surface of the platen plate. - -If desired, a sheet of chip-board, news-board or straw-board may be -glued to the surface of the platen plate, but this is not necessary. -The main thing is to have the impression even, and of just the right -strength to make a clean, sharp cut of the stock. - -The form is corked in the same manner as a form for cutting and -creasing. - -Guides and fenders are glued to pieces of heavy Manila paper which -first have been glued to the surface of the platen plate. The Manila -paper is used merely for holding the guides and fenders firmly. - -In the case of the stock falling apart on the form, after the -impression has been made, file a few small slots at various points -on the edges of the steel cutting rules. Use a three-edge file for -this purpose. The slots break certain places of the cutting rules, -and thereby prevent the stock from falling apart until it reaches the -stripping department. The small slots do not mar the finished work. - -Rough edges of cut-outs, such as fans, odd shapes, advertising -novelties, etc., are easily smoothed by taking small piles of the -cut-outs and rubbing the edges with emery paper or sand paper. - - - - - CHAPTER X - - THE PRINTING DEPARTMENT - - -Nearly all of the larger paper box manufacturers are operating their -own printing departments. Many of the smaller paper box-making -concerns are also operating private printing plants, and when managed -efficiently, the printing department is a profitable investment for -any paper box factory, large or small. - -The writer knows of several large printing concerns, of New York -City and Philadelphia, who are specializing in the production of -wrappers and other printed matter for paper box manufacturers. All -of these printing establishments are continually busy, and from all -indications, are earning substantial profits on their work. In fact, -it is certain that these printing concerns are making money on their -specialty lines, for they have been in business for a long time; are -paying their employes the standard scales of wages, and are keeping -their plants in first class physical condition by installing new -machines and labor-saving devices immediately as they are placed -on the market. Now unless a printing firm is earning a fair margin -of profit on all of its product, certainly it would not be in the -financial position to do the things which have just been mentioned. - -If a printing company can afford to operate a large plant, running -almost exclusively on work for paper box manufactures, there is no -reason why the box-makers themselves cannot make money by having -their own printing plants. The writer, however, has heard some box -manufacturers complain about not earning any profits from private -printing plants, and in this article the writer will attempt to point -out to the box-makers the ways and means of profitably conducting -a printing department. With my eighteen years experience as a -practical printer and executive, I feel that I am capable of offering -information regarding the printing business which should prove -helpful to paper box manufacturers in general. - - - EQUIPMENT SUGGESTED FOR A MEDIUM-SIZE PRINTING DEPARTMENT - -It is my intention to suggest the newest material and mechanical -equipment for a printing plant rather than material and machines -which are not quite up-to-date, and this will explain why I shall -mention such things as _steel_ composing-room furniture, and -automatic feeders for platen presses. - - One 14 × 22 Hartford, or John Thomson press, equipped with - individual motor. - - One 10 × 15 Chandler & Price press with individual motor. - -[Illustration: No. 2005 Tracy Cabinet--Job Side.] - - One 10 × 15 Chandler & Price press, equipped with automatic feeder - and individual motor. - - One 12 × 18 Chandler & Price press, equipped with automatic feeder - and individual motor. - - One “Pony” cylinder press, equipped with individual motor. - - One Oswego, or Seybold paper cutting machine, 44-inch, fitted with - individual motor. - - One Bronzing machine--one of the new vacuum models. - - Roller Cabinets, Ink Cabinets, Drying Racks, Stock Tables, etc. - - Two or Three Steel Type Cabinets, each Cabinet containing two - tiers of Type Cases, Cases filled with a well-selected assortment - of Type Faces, suitable for all kinds of box-maker’s printing. - -[Illustration: No. 2005 Tracy Cabinet--News Side.] - - One Steel Imposing Table, fitted with galley racks, drawers and - chase racks on one side, and with complete assortment of printers’ - wood furniture on the other side. - - One Indexed Electrotype Cabinet. - - Series of Cases for Leads, Slugs, Labor-saving Metal Furniture, - Brass Rules, Borders, Quads and Spaces. - - One Proof Press. - - One Lead and Rule Cutter. - -A printing plant, equipped with the machines and materials mentioned -in the foregoing, could be classed as ideal. It would be adapted to -any kind of printing which may come to the paper box manufacturing -plant. The 10 × 15 and 12 × 18 Chandler & Price presses, fitted with -automatic feeders, would be capable of handling long runs of wrappers -at high speed, while the Hartford (or John Thomson) press would be -engaged on fine color work, embossing, etc., and the Pony cylinder -press could be used for larger work, printing cartons, two or more -wrappers together on one sheet, and so forth. - -Steel composing-room equipment has been suggested because of its -great durability and improved design, but hard-wood printers’ -furniture, like that made by the Hamilton Manufacturing Company, -of Two Rivers, Wis., and the Kramer Woodworking Company, of -Philadelphia, will serve just as well as steel equipment in the -average printing office. On pages Nos. 161 and 162 are illustrations, -showing front and back views of the Tracy Type Cabinets (Hamilton -Manufacturing Co.) which are very popular in many composing-rooms. - - - IMPOSING TABLES. - -The new-style imposing tables are made from both steel and wood. -Both the steel and wood imposing tables have planed steel tops. -These tables come in various sizes, and they are made in different -styles so far as the arrangement of drawers, galley-slides, letter -boards, chase racks, and lock-up furniture is concerned. The -following illustrations of a No. 4040 Hamilton Imposing table, made -of hard-wood with a steel top, shows the back and front views of -the table. Note the arrangement of the printers’ labor-saving wood -furniture, letter-boards, galley shelves, chase rack and drawers: - -[Illustration: No. 4040 Imposing Table (front view)] - -The time-saving advantages of an imposing table of this design -should be apparent to any intelligent person. With a table equipped -like this one, with labor-saving furniture, letter-boards, etc., -the imposition man can lock-up form after form without finding it -necessary to walk away from the table for lock-up material. On the -letter-boards are kept standing “live” forms ready for repeat orders. -Hundreds of small, live jobs are also kept standing on the galleys. -As the forms are locked up for the presses the chases are placed in -the chase rack, and from there the pressman takes them. - -[Illustration: No. 4040 Imposing Table (reverse side view)] - - - TYPE EQUIPMENT - -It would be impossible to specify type equipment which would be 100 -per cent suitable for the printing department of a paper box plant, -for the reason that the requirements of every printing department are -different. It is safe, however, to install popular type faces like -Lining Gothic, Caslon Old Style, Bodoni Bold, Caslon Bold, Cheltenham -Bold, Goudy Bold, etc. Much of the label and carton work handled in -the box-maker’s printing office is composed of heavy-face type, like -Cheltenham Bold for example, and that is why the bold faces mentioned -have been suggested. Both light-face and bold-face Gothic are always -useful. - -When buying display type of some good face it is always advisable to -buy weight fonts of the entire series instead of job fonts. A weight -font, say 25 pounds, will usually fill a job case, and give the -printer plenty of characters to work with, while a job font contains -only a few duplicates of each character. - -Have only a limited number of good type faces, but have plenty of -each size and character. Also have an abundance of 2-point leads, -6-point slugs, 12-point slugs, quads, spaces and metal furniture. -Labor-saving brass rule--1-point face on 3-point body, is of -particular advantage for borders of labels, panels for box-tops, -etc.; 2-point face rule on 2-point body, and 6-point face rule on -6-point body, are also very useful. Running borders of artistic -design, in 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-point sizes, are admirable for borders -for box labels of the larger size. - -For the printed matter on the fronts of small-size cartons, the -box-maker will need a number of small, compressed type faces, such as -for example: 6-, 8-, 10-, 12- and 14-point Extra Condensed Cheltenham -Bold. Regular Condensed Cheltenham Bold, in these same sizes, will -also be found very useful. Extra Condensed Gothic, in all sizes -from 6-point to 72-point, is excellent for narrow-measure display -composition on carton work, narrow labels for boxes and bottles, and -so forth. These are facts which must be carefully considered by every -box-maker who may be thinking of installing a printing plant. - -Many small labels and fronts of cartons contain “Direction for Use,” -and other information printed in very small type, and this means -that the box-maker having a printing plant must use a considerable -quantity of 5-point and 6-point body type. Old Style Roman is a -good face for this class of composition, and it should be kept in -open news cases on the top of type cabinets so as to make the work -of setting as easy as possible for the compositors. It is the right -thing to keep all job type stored in dust-proof cabinets, but in -the case of small body type which is being used frequently, it is -advantageous to keep it in open cases, despite the fact that open -type cases are “dust collectors.” - -[Illustration: Hartford Platen Printing Press.] - -Much of the smaller work for labels and cartons is of such an -intricate character as to call for the use of a great deal of -small-size type, like 5-point Old Style Roman, 6-point Extra -Condensed Gothic, etc. Often the forms must be spaced out with the -greatest care so as to make the forms fit small spaces. A complete -assortment of thin copper spaces, and of 1-point brasses, laid out in -small cases, will be found exceedingly useful for the fine spacing -referred to. - -It would be a mistake for anyone to be under the impression that -box-makers’ printed matter is of the common-place variety, for many -of the wrappers, box-tops and labels produced for fine candy boxes, -rubber goods boxes, holiday boxes and other boxes are printed in -the best style. The type forms and designs, in many instances, are -works of art. This means that the compositor working in the box -manufacturing factory should be a high grade craftsman, capable of -producing first class display typography. - -The typography for all box-makers’ printed matter should be simple -and beautiful and easy to read. No ornaments, with the exception of -borders, should be used. Good, clear-cut type faces are better than -fancy type faces. - - - THE HARTFORD PRINTING PRESS - -The Hartford platen printing press, made by the National Machine -Company, of Hartford, Conn., is one of the best machines of its kind -in the world, being built expressly for the finest class of half -tone and color printing. By reason of its powerful construction, -the Hartford Press, in addition to doing printing, is also capable -of doing cutting and creasing. It may also be used for embossing. -It should be understood by the reader that the National Company are -making three different kinds of presses--printing presses, cutting -and creasing presses, and embossing presses. The proper press should -be used for each particular class of work, but just the same, the -Hartford printing press is strong enough to do light cutting and -creasing, and also embossing, in addition to printing. - -The Hartford printing press is well adapted to spacious forms of type -or plates for cartons, wrappers and labels. Often, on this machine, -two or more wrappers, cartons or labels can be printed together on -one sheet of stock. On fine color work, pictures, designs, etc., for -art wrappers, the Hartford is especially useful. This machine is also -adapted to close-register color printing on cardboard, as used for -“set-in” forms for holiday boxes, necktie boxes and suspender boxes. -The “set-in” forms, after being printed, can also be cut out to the -required shape on the Hartford Printing Press. - - - THE JOHN THOMSON PRINTING PRESS - -This is another of the first-class platen printing presses which is -particularly suitable for the printing department of a paper-box -plant. The John Thomson Printing Press is also known as the “Colt’s -Armory” press, and it is famous for excellent color and half-tone -work. The finest embossing, also light cutting and creasing, can be -handled on this machine. For long runs of the finest close-register -color work, for “holly” wrappers, pictures, fancy wrappers, etc., -there is no better machine than the John Thomson press and many of -these machines are being used on work of this class. - -[Illustration: John Thomson Printing Press] - -Many of the larger-size paper box wrappers, printed in colors, and -embossed in gold, are produced on John Thomson printing presses, -including the embossed work. Advertising novelties, cardboard fans, -and other kinds of paper “cut-outs” are cut out on these machines. -Cutting and creasing for all kinds of cartons are also done on the -John Thomson printing presses, although heavy cutting and creasing -should be done on regular cutting and creasing presses. - -Later on the writer will explain how embossing and gold-leafing are -done on platen printing presses. - -[Illustration: Miehle Pony Cylinder Press] - - - THE MIEHLE CYLINDER PRESS - -Miehle cylinder presses are in successful operation in many of the -largest printing plants in America, and the adaptability of these -machines to the finest half tone and color work is too well-known -to require comment here. It is enough to say that for the printing -departments of large paper box concerns, where cylinder presses are -needed, no better machines could be installed than those made by the -Miehle Printing Press and Manufacturing Co., of Chicago. - -The Miehle Pony Cylinder Press is very useful for printing cartons, -box wrappers, etc. Large Miehle Cylinder presses are excellent for -printing heavy color plates as applied to the larger sizes of folding -boxes, such as cereal boxes, tea boxes, spice boxes and so on. As -many as a dozen of these cartons are printed on the one sheet of -stock, being cut apart afterwards. - - - THE KIDDER AUTOMATIC PRINTING PRESS - -Some of the larger manufacturers of both folding boxes and cartons -are making good use of Kidder automatic printing presses in their -printing plants. In some instances the Kidder is being used for -printing cartons from large rolls of carton stock, and in other cases -the machine is running on big orders of box labels printed from rolls -of paper. Box labels may be printed in one or two colors on a special -Kidder press, and the machine is equipped with a cutting device for -cutting the labels to correct size as they are printed from the rolls -of paper. - -For complete information about these machines, write the Kidder Press -Co., of Dover, N. H. - - - THE MILLER AUTOMATIC FEEDER FOR CHANDLER & PRICE PRESSES - -Recently the writer entered the printing department of a -Philadelphia paper box manufacturing concern, and there were seen -three Chandler & Price presses, equipped with Miller automatic -feeders, running on large orders of box wrappers. One press was -engaged in putting on the final color of a four-color design for a -box wrapper; the second machine was running on a form printed in gold -ink, and the third press was operating on a plain, black-ink job. - -[Illustration: Chandler & Price Press equipped with Miller Feeder. -The picture shows the feeder in operating position.] - -Two of these Chandler & Price presses were of the 12 × 18 size, and -the other machine was of the 10 × 15 size. The three Miller feeders -were working at high speed, feeding the blank sheets in the presses -with no difficulty whatever. One pressman, assisted by a boy, was -keeping these three platen presses continually busy on long runs of -the wrappers. His principal work was in taking away the finished -work, and in putting up new piles of stock to be printed. - -Under the old system of feeding platen presses, it would have -required one pressman and three young men, or young women, to keep -these three presses in continual operation, but with the Miller -feeders, the same amount of work, (or even a larger output of work) -was being done by one pressman and one assistant. - -Miller Feeders are now being made in three different sizes--8 × 12, -10 × 15, and 12 × 18--by the Miller Saw-Trimmer Co., of Pittsburgh, -Pa. At the present time they are made only for Chandler & Price -presses of the three sizes mentioned. These automatic feeders -will handle all weights of stock, from onion skin paper to heavy -cardboard, and they will feed the sheets to close register for color -printing. - -It should be understood that the Miller Saw-Trimmer Co. will supply -the Miller Feeders separately, so that the buyer may have the -feeders applied to C. & P. presses, or the company will furnish -complete “units,” consisting of the C. & P. press, Miller feeder, ink -fountain, counter, speed pulley, motor, etc. - -There is another automatic platen press feeder, called the “Humana,” -manufactured by The Humana Co., of Newark, N. J. - - - KINDS OF WORK DONE IN THE PRINTING DEPARTMENT - OF A PAPER BOX FACTORY - -For those not familiar with the special class of work produced in the -average printing department of a paper box factory, the following -information should prove interesting and perhaps helpful: - -The manufacture of fine set-up paper boxes, such as candy boxes -for example, would use the printing department mainly for printing -customers’ business cards, designs, and pictures on glazed paper -wrappers. Here is a special field in itself, for there are many -different kinds of box wrappers, many of them printed in colors, or -printed, gold-leafed and embossed. Many of the fancy wrappers contain -beautiful pictures, done in four or more colors, while other wrappers -have business cards printed merely in one color. - -Loose wrappers for toilet articles, perfumery, and other things of -this variety are often printed in tints and colors. Some are done in -colors and gold, and after being printed, are embossed. - -Many of the fine loose wrappers are applied to both set-up boxes and -folding boxes, and not a few of them are works of art. By covering a -rough set-up paper box, or a cheap carton, with a handsomely-printed -loose wrapper, the appearance of the box is wonderfully enhanced. -This goes to show the great utility of the right kind of printed -wrappers. - -The manufacturer of set-up boxes would also have considerable demand -for glazed labels, to be applied to the tops of writing paper boxes, -rubber goods boxes, and so forth. In many instances, labels of this -variety are printed in several colors and gold. - -Some of the fine set-up boxes are first tight-wrapped with white or -tinted glazed paper, and afterwards fancy printed labels are pasted -to the top of the lids and to the sides of the lids. - -The demand for holiday boxes, particularly the kind loose wrapped -with glazed paper containing holly designs, pictures of pretty girls’ -heads, etc., is constantly increasing, and all of this variety of -printing would also be needed by the set-up box manufacturer. The -same manufacturer would perhaps require printed partitions, cut out -of box-board, for inserts in neckwear boxes, suspender boxes and -other holiday boxes. These cardboard “set-ins” are often printed with -fancy designs in colors and gold. - -In the printing department of a folding box factory the style of -printed matter would be different from the fine wrappers and labels -which have been referred to. Here the major portion of printing would -be done on cartons, although plain labels would frequently be needed -for cartons. - -Large-size cartons for cereals, tea, dried fruits, spices, butter, -cake, rice, powders, and medicine bottles are often printed in -several colors, no labels or wrapper being needed. Other cartons have -printed labels applied to their fronts, while others still call for -printed wrappers of the “loose” style. - -There is always a tremendous amount of printed matter required by -both set-up box-makers and folding-box manufacturers, and therefore -the average box-maker’s print shop is seldom idle. - -In the next chapter the writer will take up the subject of practical -printing as done in the box-maker’s plant. - - - - - CHAPTER XI - - - THE PRINTING DEPARTMENT (Continued) - -One of the larger paper box manufacturing concerns of Philadelphia is -operating a printing department in connection with its plant which -is equipped and managed in a highly efficient manner. This printing -department includes a complete composing room, cylinder and platen -presses of various models and sizes, bronzing machines and paper -cutters. Many kinds of printed matter are being produced, but the -principal specialty consists of wrappers for fine candy boxes. The -business cards of candy manufacturers are printed on these wrappers. -Some of the printing is done in straight colors like black, blue, -red, green, etc.; some is done in gold printing ink. Other wrappers -are printed in gold size and afterwards finished in gold bronze, -others still are printed in gold size and afterwards finished with -gold leaf. Moreover, many of the fancy wrappers are printed in -beautiful designs in several different colors. - -Usually, the wrappers containing business cards, or designs, done in -gold ink, bronze, or gold leaf, are embossed after the gold had been -applied. Some of the business cards, or designs, printed in colors -are also embossed after the printing has been done. - -Among the time-saving features in this plant are two platen presses -which produce bronzed wrappers in connection with two bronzing -machines. Running between each platen press and each bronzing machine -is an endless conveyor which carries the freshly-inked sheets from -the press to the bronzing machine. In other words, the feeder of the -press lays the damp sheets on the conveyor as the sheets are taken -from the press, and the conveyor automatically “feeds” the sheets -into the bronzing machine. - -The old way of applying bronze powder to freshly-inked sheets was -in first printing the design in gold size, and then sprinkling the -bronze powder over the design with the aid of a piece of raw cotton. -This is the old method of hand bronzing, and is still being done in -some printing offices which do not possess bronzing machines. The -hand process of bronzing is slow and very unpleasant to the workers -who apply the bronze powder, the worker’s hands, face and clothing -soon becoming covered with the bronze which also flies all over the -work-rooms. - - - HAND BRONZING - -With hand bronzing, a table is moved near the press where the gold -size is being applied to the sheets. At one end of the table is a box -containing the bronze powder. The workers who do the bronzing sit -on either side of the table. As the feeder of the press removes the -printed sheets he lays them on the table where the bronzing is done. -After the sheets are thoroughly dry, all loose particles of the -bronze powder are wiped off by means of rubbing with raw cotton. - -[Illustration: Fuchs & Lang Manufacturing Co. Bronzing Machine.] - -A first class bronzing machine is a necessity for the printing -department of a paper box plant where bronzing is done to a -considerable extent. The machine dusts the sheets in addition to -applying the bronze, and no hand work is necessary other than feeding -the sheets into the bronzing machine. The time-saving method of -transferring the sheets from the press to the bronzer, mentioned in -the foregoing paragraphs, makes it possible to operate the bronzing -machine without a feeder. The conveyor system is a comparatively new -idea, however, and the concern referred to had the device built on -special order. There is no reason why any box-maker could not have -the same kind of device built for his purpose. - -There are several good bronzing machines on the market, and one of -the most popular machines of this kind is made by the Fuchs & Lang -Manufacturing Company, of New York City. This concern also supplies -all kinds of bronze powders in all shades, bronze sizes, and all -colors of regular printing inks. - -Practically all of the printing ink manufacturers will supply bronze -powders and bronze sizes in any quantity desired. - - - PRINTING IN GOLD SIZE FOR BRONZING ON BOX WRAPPERS - -The printing plate, or form of type, is locked up in a chase in -the same way as any other form for printing. Gold size--a special -printing ink having a “tacky” body, and usually light brown in -color--is put on the press. If the run is to be a long one, say 5,000 -impressions or more, the size should be applied by means of an ink -fountain which will insure an even flow of color. - -Making ready for a form of this class is not difficult. The tympan -may consist of half a dozen sheets of news or book paper, a sheet of -fuller board (or binders’ board), and one top-sheet of heavy manila -paper. The fuller board should be placed directly under the Manila -top-sheet, and the sheets of news or book paper should be placed -underneath the fuller board. This is called a “hard” tympan, and it -will give better results in the printing than a “soft” tympan. Start -the make-ready with a weak impression, and then add sheets of news -or book paper, underneath the fuller board, until the subject prints -sharply and distinctly on the stock used for the wrappers. - -Highly glazed paper is generally used for box-wrappers which are to -be bronzed, and the heavy size will often “lift” or “pick” the glazed -surface of the stock in printing. To overcome this trouble, add a -few drops of boiled linseed oil to the size, or a few drops of 00 -reducing varnish. Any of the printing ink manufacturers can supply -a reducing preparation for this purpose. Only a few drops of the -reducer should be added to a quantity of the size as the size will -not hold the bronze powder when made too thin. - -As the sheets are printed with the size, the bronze powder should -be applied immediately. No more than a dozen or so sheets should be -printed ahead of the bronzing. Carry merely enough size on the press -to cause the type-form or plate to print clearly. An extra-heavy flow -of color will retard drying and will cause a wastage of the bronze -powder. - -Bronzing may be done in rich-gold, pale gold, silver, green, red, -etc. Rich-gold bronze powder is the most used for box wrappers. -Fancy labels for perfume bottles, face powder boxes, etc., are often -bronzed in green or red in addition to gold and silver. - -Special bronze size, of the one color, will do for all colors of -bronze. - - - BURNISHING - -When it is desirable to have a brilliant polish on bronzed subjects -of box wrappers, burnishing is done as follows: - -After the wrappers have been sized and bronzed, and after the -printing is thoroughly dry, the rollers and disc (or cylinder) of -the press are washed clean of the size. We refer to the same press -which has handled the form for the bronzing in question. The rollers -are then removed. About four extra sheets of news or book paper are -placed in the tympan, again underneath the fuller board, so as to -make a stronger impression. The same plate or form of type which -has been used for the size remains on the press. The bronzed sheets -are then run through the press for the second time, feeding them to -close register. This second “inkless” printing causes the plate or -type-form to polish the bronzed subject on the sheets. - - - PRINTING IN GOLD INK - -Several of the leading printing ink manufacturers are now making a -special gold ink which gives a close imitation of gold bronzing. -The Sleight Metallic Ink Company, of Philadelphia, is supplying an -excellent gold ink which is particularly adapted to glazed paper. -This ink is furnished in the form of a liquid and a bronze powder, -and the printer mixes a fresh quantity of the gold ink for each job. - -Printing in gold ink is done in the same way as other printing, with -the exception of having rather a light impression, and the inking -apparatus must be absolutely clean before the gold ink is put on. -Rollers containing traces of regular printing ink, oil or grease, -will seriously affect the quality of the gold ink. Heavy impression -will cause the subject to press deeply into the paper, and this in -turn will cause the gold ink to present a “ragged” appearance at the -edges of type characters, rules, borders, etc. A light impression -allows just the right amount of gold ink to transfer to the surface -of the paper. - -When printing a long run of paper with gold ink, the rollers and -other inking parts of the press should be washed about every two -hours. Fresh color is then put on, and this helps in keeping a bright -color. - - - GOLD LEAFING FOR BOX WRAPPERS - -Gold leafing for printed designs on box wrappers may be done with the -aid of a platen press as follows: - -First, a special size, made especially for gold leafing, is required, -and this size can be obtained from any of the leading printing-ink -manufacturers. This size is used on the press in the same way as size -for bronzing. - -The gold leaf layers, as they are called in the trade, work on a -table arranged near the press on which the printing is being done. As -the printed sheets are laid on the table, single sheets of the gold -leaf are “shaken” from the books containing the gold leaf, and the -leaf is laid over the printed detail so accurately that all parts of -the printed design are minutely covered. When one sheet of gold leaf -is not large enough to cover all of the detail, another sheet is used -to complete the work. - -After the gold leaf has been applied to the wrappers, some workers -employ a common clothes wringer in making the gold leaf adhere firmly -to the printed detail. The wrappers are simply run through the -rollers of the clothes wringer under heavy pressure. - -Loose portions of the gold leaf are not rubbed off the wrapper until -after the printing is thoroughly dry. - -Another method of making the gold leaf hold firmly to the size is in -running the wrappers through the printing press after the leaf has -been laid. In this case, a quantity of blank sheets of news or book -paper are essential. The wrapper containing gold leaf is again placed -in the press, close to the feeding guides, and over the detail, -or gold-leafed design, a sheet of the blank paper is spread. An -impression of the form is then taken on the blank sheet, causing the -gold leaf to press firmly to the size. This is said to be the best -process for gold leafing with the aid of a platen press. - -After running the gold-leafed sheets through the rollers of a clothes -wringer, or for the second time through a printing press, in the -manner described, loose portions of the gold leaf are rubbed off the -sheets with a piece of raw cotton. - -In gold leafing of this class, the wrappers are usually embossed -after the gold leafing has been done, producing a beautiful effect -with the detail of the subject standing up in bold relief. - - - EMBOSSING ON PLATEN PRESSES - -Both hot and cold embossing can be done successfully on regular -platen presses of the Hartford and John Thomson type, although there -are special embossing presses made especially for the work. - -[Illustration: Hartford Electric Embossing Plate Heater.] - -The National Machine Company, of Hartford, Conn., are making the -“Hartford Electric Embossing Plate Heater,” which may be used on -all styles of platen presses for hot embossing. As indicated by its -name, the Hartford Electric Heater, while on the press, is heated -by electric current supplied from the regular wiring system in the -plant. The female die, or several female dies, are attached to the -surface plate of the Hartford Electric Heater by means of Bunter-Post -Registering Screws. By moving these screws, the die or number of dies -may be placed in any position desired. - -Hot (electric) embossing will produce more perfect effects than -ordinary cold embossing, although cold embossing is good enough for -the purpose of box wrappers in many instances. - -It should be understood that the Hartford Electric Heater will do for -both hot and cold embossing, as it is an excellent device for holding -and registering embossing plates. - -Cold embossing means simply that no heat is applied to the embossing -plates. - -The embossing plate, or female die, is usually made of brass, and it -contains an intaglio reproduction of the printed subject which is to -be embossed. When the embossing plate is to be used on a platen press -in the same way as a form of type, the plate is made type-high and is -locked up in a chase with furniture and quoins in the usual manner. -When the embossing plate is to be attached to a patented base, like -the Hartford Electric Heater, the plate is not made type-high, but -just high enough to allow for the thickness of the patented base. - - - MAKING THE MALE DIE, OR COUNTER DIE, FOR EITHER - HOT OR COLD EMBOSSING - -The male die, or counter die, for either hot or cold embossing, is -made in the same way, as follows: - -First, the inking rollers are removed from the press. A regular -embossing press, of course, has no inking rollers. - -Second, the chase (or patented base) containing the female die is -placed on the press. If an electric heater is used, the electric -current is turned on immediately so that the embossing plate will -become heated while the counter die is being made. - -Third, all tympan sheets are removed from the platen of the press, -and in place of these a sheet of straw-board or news-board, about one -inch larger on all four edges than the sheet that is to be embossed, -is glued to the surface of the platen with LePage glue. - -Both platen printing presses and regular embossing presses of the -Hartford or John Thomson type have removable steel platen plates -which are used for either cutting and creasing work, or embossing -work. The counter die is made ready on the platen plate instead of -being made ready directly on the platen of the press. When printing -is done on a Hartford or John Thomson press--a printing press--the -steel platen plate (held by counter-sunk screws) is removed. - -On all other platen printing presses there is no removable steel -platen plate, and when cutting and creasing, or embossing, is to be -done, the counter die is made directly on the platen. - -In all cases of cutting and creasing, or embossing, a sheet of -straw-board or news-board is glued to either the platen of the press, -or to the steel platen plate, as the case may be. The counter die is -then constructed on this sheet of straw-board or news-board. - -Fourth, the next step in making a counter-die for embossing is inking -the face of the female die with black printing ink, applying the ink -with a hand roller, and then printing an impression of the female die -on the sheet of straw-board or newsboard. This impression will show -where the embossing composition is to be placed. - - - EMBOSSING COMPOUND - -There are several good, “home-made” embossing compounds in use which -will give first class results. - -One compound is made of _sodium silicate_, Alabastine, and a small -quantity of LePage glue, all mixed together to form a body like soft -putty. - -Another compound is made of _sodium silicate_, carbonated magnesia, -and a small portion of LePage Glue, mixed to the consistency of soft -putty. - -An ordinary compound for a small counter die and a short run of -embossing can be made of LePage glue, a small portion of _sodium -silicate_, and plaster of Paris. - -The first-mentioned compound is the best for heavy counter dies and -long runs. - -Fifth, after the compound has been mixed with the aid of a printers’ -pallet knife, a thick layer of the composition is spread over the -printed subject on the straw-board or news-board. Roughly, this layer -of composition should be about one-eighth of an inch thick. Over -this lay a sheet of French folio paper. Work rapidly so that the -composition will not harden before an impression of the female die is -taken on it. - -Sixth, take a second sheet of French folio--a full size sheet--and -lay this over the first sheet, holding an end of the second sheet -of French folio in the right hand as an impression is taken. Now -run the press slowly and pull half-a-dozen more impressions on the -large, loose sheet of French folio, moving the sheet slightly as each -impression is taken. The raised detail of the counter die should by -this time stand up sharply. - -Seventh, with a sharp make-ready knife cut away all parts of the -embossing composition which have nothing to do with the detail of the -subject. In other words, scrape away all composition which forms the -blank edges of the counter die, working close to the raised detail of -the subject. - -Near the raised, detail of the subject, cut away the composition _on -a bevel_. - -Eighth, run the press at regular speed for about five minutes, -allowing all of the fine lines in the female die to work up as -perfectly as possible. After the detail has been “pounded up” sharply -in this way, stop the press and with make-ready knife clear away any -additional composition which may have “squeezed out” from the detail -into the flat edges of the counter die. - -Ninth, take still another sheet of French folio, large enough in size -to cover the entire counter die, including blank edges. Cover one -side of this sheet with a thin film of LePage glue, and then glue -this sheet over the surface of the counter die. Take a number of -impressions on this final sheet so that all detail will again work up -sharply. - -Tenth, the counter die is now complete. Allow it to stand and harden -for a couple of hours before going ahead with the regular embossing. - - - REGULATING IMPRESSION - -On either platen printing presses or regular embossing presses of -the Hartford or John Thomson type the impression can be regulated -by means of the adjustable slides and nuts which hold the throw-off -bar in place. These slides are held with bolts in notches, and by -loosening the bolts, the slides can be moved upward or downward -in their notches, thereby increasing or lessening the amount of -impression for each job. Before making a counter die on either a -Hartford or John Thomson press, first put on the steel platen plate; -glue on the sheet of straw-board, and then regulate the impression -by means of the slides holding the throw-off bar. By inking and -re-inking the female die, and by taking impressions of the die, on a -sheet of news-board, the right amount of impression can be obtained -(moving the slides accordingly), before applying the embossing -composition. - -On other styles of printing presses like the C. & P., for example, -the impression screws should not be moved, but with a Golding press -the impression can be adjusted with the screws which are at the -right-hand side of the platen. - -In a case of embossing where it is not advisable to move the -impression screws, it may be necessary to glue two or more sheets -of straw-board or news-board to the platen to obtain sufficient -impression before applying the embossing composition. - -The feeding guides for close-register embossing can be made of -three-em 12-point quads. Attach the quads with LePage glue to the -foundation board, following the same positions held by the feeding -guides which had been used when the sheets were printed. This helps -in making perfect register of the embossing with the printed subject. -When printing the sheets, mark the positions of the feeding guides -on one of the printed sheets. Use this marked sheet, and follow the -marks, when placing the feeding guides for embossing. - -Rub the quads over a sheet of fine sand-paper before applying glue. -This roughens the surface of the quads and helps the glue to hold -them firmly to the foundation board. - -The embossing process described in the foregoing is used for -embossing all kinds of printed and lithographed matter on either -paper or cardboard. When box wrappers containing holly designs -printed in colors, or lettering done in gold ink, gold leaf or gold -bronze, are embossed after being printed, the effect is exceedingly -beautiful. In the cases of gold ink, gold leaf, or gold bronze, the -embossing not only raises the design in sharp relief but also serves -in polishing the gold in the same way as burnishing. - - - SPECIAL PROCESS FOR PRINTING GLAZED WRAPPERS - -When printing plates or type forms on highly glazed paper, for box -wrappers, labels, etc., a beautiful imitation of lithography may be -had by following this process: - -Add to either black or blue ink a small quantity of German blue -powder--the kind that is carried by a first class drug store but not -the kind that is furnished by the average paint dealer. The genuine -German blue powder will prevent black or blue printing ink from -“picking” or “lifting” the surface of glazed paper in the printing, -no matter how bold the face of the plate or type may be. The German -blue powder also produces a soft, dull-finish effect in the printing -which makes the work appear like lithography. - -Add to any shade of red ink a small quantity of Vermilion powder for -the same purposes mentioned. Vermilion powder will also do for any -shade of brown printing ink. - -Add to any shade of green ink a small quantity of Paris green powder. - -When adding any of the powders mentioned to the printing ink, use a -printers’ pallet knife for mixing the powder into the ink. The mixing -should be done on a small sheet of glass or on a stone. - -If the printing ink is too heavy in body after the powder has been -added, a small quantity of reducer will be needed. Paste dryer, or a -few drops of kerosene will do. - -Use a “hard” tympan for the make-ready, and do not allow the press -to stand idle for a long time, as this kind of printing ink dries -rapidly on the press as well as on the stock. - - - IMITATION STEEL DIE STAMPING - -Many wrappers for candy boxes, jewelry boxes, etc. have the business -card die-stamped upon them, the stamping being done from steel dies -on power plate printing and die stamping presses. During the last few -years, however, a special process has been perfected for producing -imitation steel die stamping and embossing on regular platen printing -presses from type forms or line engravings. - -This new process calls for special printing inks and powders, and -also for a patented machine on which the freshly printed sheets are -“powdered” and heated, causing the printed subject to stand up in -relief in the same way as steel die stamping or embossing. Numerous -box-makers are now using this process in connection with the work of -printing box wrappers of the better grade. - -With this process the sheets are first printed in the same manner as -ordinary printing, in black, color, gold or silver, using the special -compound instead of ordinary printing ink or size. As the sheets are -printed they are fed one at a time into the powdering hopper of the -patented embossing machine. In the hopper is a granulated resinous -compound which adheres to the printed detail. As the sheets are taken -from the hopper they are placed on a conveyor which carries them -through a heating oven, fusing the powder with the ink, and causing -the printing to raise like embossed or die-stamped work. The entire -operation is very simple and the results are satisfactory. - -There are several patented “imitation” embossing processes now in -use and one of the most efficient is that supplied by A. Stokes & -Co., of Cleveland, Ohio. This machine is called the “Stokes’ Process -Embossing Machine, Model C,” and it will handle sheets up to 17 -inches wide. The Stokes Co. furnish complete instructions and all -inks, powders, etc., necessary for this process. - -One of the best printing ink reducers on the market is called -“Reducol,” made by the Indiana Chemical and Manufacturing Co., of -Indianapolis, Ind. Reducol is particularly adapted to all kinds of -printing inks used on glazed paper. - - - PATENTED PRINTING PLATE BASE FOR CYLINDER PRESSES - -Large-size cartons for cereals, coffee, tea, medicine bottles, etc., -are printed from electrotype plates on cylinder presses, and many -of such cartons are printed in several different colors. As many as -a dozen or more different plates are printed from at one time, the -stock being cut into smaller sizes after having been printed, cut and -creased. Cutting and creasing for large sheets of this kind are done -on other cylinder presses like the Walter Scott cylinder press, for -example. - -Usually, the printing plates for work of this class are attached to -patented base, instead of being locked up in forms in the ordinary -manner. The patented base allows for rapid adjustment of the printing -plates for close register color printing. - -The Uprightgrain Printing Bases, made by J. W. Pitt, Inc., of Bath, -N. Y., are useful and economical for all classes of folding box -printing, and this base is now being used in a large number of -box-making plants. - -The Wesel Printing Base system, made by F. Wesel Manufacturing Co., -of Brooklyn, N. Y., is another good base that is adapted to the -highest grade of register color printing. - -When imposing large forms of half tones or electrotype plates on -patented base, no regular printers’ furniture is required, and the -plates are placed in the necessary positions in very short time. - - - - - CHAPTER XII - - - CORRUGATED PAPER PRODUCTS AND PAPER CANS - -Another important branch of the paper box manufacturing industry -is that which is devoted to corrugated paper products. This is a -very large branch of the industry and it is constantly growing and -expanding. With the perfection of paper cans and big shipping boxes -made of paper, new fields of tremendous proportions have been opened -to the manufacturers, and the future for this business is glowing -with possibilities. The day may come when ordinary wooden shipping -boxes and tin cans will be “ghosts of the past.” - -Today we see hundreds of different kinds of merchandise packed in -large-size corrugated paper boxes--the same kinds of merchandise -which in other times had been packed in wooden boxes. Today we see -many different kinds of food, powders, liquids, etc., packed in paper -cans--the same variety of goods which formerly had been packed in tin -cans. Every day brings new uses for corrugated paper boxes, and also -for paper cans. During the last year or two orders for these products -have been increasing so rapidly that some of the manufacturers have -been unable to keep up with the demand. - -Corrugated paper boxes are now being used in place of wooden boxes -for such a great variety of merchandise that it would be impossible -to enumerate all the uses. For example, the standard slotted carton -is made in different sizes up to a size where the gross weight of the -box and contents amount to 90 pounds, and where the dimensions of the -box, with length, width and depth added, are 70 inches. A corrugated -box of this size will be accepted for freight shipment. Some of the -articles which a slotted carton may be used for are: books, boots -and shoes, butter, canned goods in glass or tin, cereals, cigars -and cigarettes, coffee and tea, collars and cuffs, confections, dry -goods and clothing, electric lamps, glassware, hardware, mattresses, -patent medicines, small furniture, shirts, toys, soap, etc. For -certain articles, like mattresses, for example, the dimensions of a -corrugated box may be as great as 100 inches for acceptable freight -shipment. - -Some of the advantages of these large corrugated shipping containers -over ordinary wooden boxes are: light weight, the prevention of -breakage to contents, water and air-tight, easier to close and open -and easier to handle by all concerned. On account of the corrugated -container being firmly sealed with tape, the box is practically -safe from freight robbers who find it an easy matter to “lift” the -cover-boards of a wooden, nailed box. This is one of the many reasons -why corrugated containers are now being used extensively for export -shipments. - -Paper cans are now being used in place of tin cans for cereals, tea -and coffee, spices, baking powder, cleansing powder, tobacco, snuff, -salt, gas mantles, drugs, etc. Paper cans are more economical than -tin cans; are more sanitary, lighter in weight, and are easier to -open by the consumer. - -[Illustration: Paper Cans and Cores made on Langston equipment.] - - - THE MAKING OF PAPER CANS - -The mechanical equipment necessary for a medium-size plant for making -all kinds of paper cans, mailing tubes, cores for toilet paper, etc., -is as follows: One slitter and rewinder, one spiral tube winder, -one tube cutter, one moistener, one double-acting punch press with -automatic feeder. - -For the manufacture of paper cans with tin tops and bottoms, the -following additional equipment would be essential: One single-acting -press, one crimping machine. - -All of these machines, and also accessories, tools, and extra parts, -are manufactured by the Samuel M. Langston Company, of Camden, N. -J., and other well-known concerns who make a specialty of paper can -machinery. The Westchester Machine Sales Co., of New York City, is -manufacturing a paper can seamer, used for attaching tin tops or -bottoms to spiral or straight wound paper cans. The Max Ams Machine -Company, of Bridgeport, Conn., is specializing in machines used for -attaching ends to round, oval or oblong fibre containers. - - - THE SLITTER AND REWINDER - -(Note: Every different diameter of a paper can requires a different -diameter mandrel for both the tube winder and the tube cutter, also a -different size die for the cover and bottom.) - -The large paper manufacturers--those who specialize in coarse -papers--supply various kinds of paper in large rolls which is -suitable for the making of paper cans. The Langston slitter and -rewinder will handle a roll of paper any width up to 48 inches -(according to the width of the machine) and will cut this paper and -rewind it into small rolls from one and one-half inches to six inches -wide. These small rolls are then ready for the tube winder. - -[Illustration: Langston Type “B” Slitter and Rewinder.] - - - THE SPIRAL TUBE WINDER - -The Langston spiral tube winder will take two, three or more small -rolls of paper, from one and one-half inches to six inches wide -each, and will continuously wind and glue the rolls of paper into -long tubes, of any diameter (according to the mandrel used), from -three-fourths of an inch to six inches in diameter. This machine also -cuts the long tubes into any desired lengths from 11 to 40 inches. - -[Illustration: Langston Spiral Tube Winding Machine.] - -[Illustration: Langston Tube Cutter.] - - - THE TUBE CUTTER - -The long tubes made on the tube winder, up to 39 inches long, are -placed on the tube cutter which cuts the tubes with a clean edge to -any lengths wanted. - - - THE MOISTENER - -The paper which is to be used for tops and bottoms of paper cans, -must be moistened before going to the punch press. The Langston -moistener takes a roll of paper, cuts it to the proper width, treats -it with a solution of soap and water, and rewinds the paper ready for -the punch press. - -[Illustration: Langston Double-Acting Punch Press.] - - - THE DOUBLE-ACTING PUNCH PRESS - -Moistened rolls of paper are placed on the double-acting punch press -(Langston) and the machine automatically dies out and draws up the -paper in the form of lids and bottoms for the paper cans. - - - THE CRIMPING OR SEAMING MACHINE - -This device is used for attaching tin bottoms, or sifter-tops, to -paper cans such as are made for holding scouring powders, etc. This -same machine may be used for bending over or shaping paper tops and -bottoms. - - - THE SINGLE-ACTING PUNCH PRESS - -This is a simple construction machine made by the Langston Company, -and is used for making tin tops and bottoms of all kinds for paper -cans. - -The operation of any of the machines mentioned here in connection -with the making of paper cans is very easy. - -The spirally-wound tube, which forms the body of a paper can, may -also be used for mailing tubes, cores for toilet paper and cores for -ribbon and thread. - - - WATER-TIGHT PAPER CANS - -To make an all-paper can water-tight, submerge it in molten -paraffine, or pour hot paraffine in and out of the can. Paper, -paraffined on one side, may be run on the inside or on the outside of -the can, or both, to produce a moisture-proof container which will -hold semi-liquids for an indefinite time. - -Some paper cans have slip-on covers and bottoms, others have the -top and bottom crimped on; others still have a neck for the lid. -Expensive types of paper cans have spun-on ends, and many are made -with screw-on tin tops. - -When printed or lithographed wrappers are carefully applied to the -paper cans, they cannot be told from regular tin cans. Many wrappers -for paper cans are done in beautiful colors. - - - HOW CORRUGATED PAPER BOXES ARE MADE - -There are three different kinds of corrugated paper in general use, -and many of the larger manufacturers of corrugated paper boxes have -their own machines for making the three kinds of corrugated board -referred to. - -Unlined corrugated paper is usually made of strawboard and is used -for lining, covering and padding. This paper is exceedingly useful -in packing glass, bottles, and other breakable goods, being used as -lining and padding in the shipping cases. - -Single-face corrugated paper is made by gluing a liner, or sheet of -strong texture paper to one side of the corrugations. The corrugated -stock is made of strawboard, newsboard or chipboard, and the liner -may be of heavy manila, news or chip stock, or of other kinds of -coarse paper which are strong in texture. The standard length of -rolls is 250 feet, and the standard width is 36 inches, although this -paper is made as wide as 48 inches. Single-face corrugated paper is -used for making tubes for holding glass articles, partitions for -shipping containers, lining for barrels and wood boxes, etc. - -[Illustration: Langston Corrugating Machine] - -Double-faced corrugated paper consists of the corrugated stock -and two flat liners, one attached to each side of the stock. The -double-face board is stronger than any other board of the same -weight, and it also serves as a cushion whenever anything comes in -contact with it. This board is made of various kinds of stock, -including strawboard, news and chip, and the facing is also of -various kinds of strong paper. From double-face corrugated paper -a great variety of paper boxes, shipping containers, etc., are -constructed. It is also used for partitions, liners, padding, picture -backing, and as protecting boards for mailing printed matter, -photographs, etc. - -The Samuel M. Langston Co., of Camden, N. J., is a large manufacturer -of all kinds of machinery for making the corrugated board and -its products. The Langston corrugating machine for single-faced -corrugated paper is designed to make the single-faced paper, -complete, in big rolls of 250 feet each. The corrugation is formed on -this machine under pressure. Adhesive sodium silicate is applied to -the tops of the corrugated paper while it is in the corrugating roll, -and the lining sheet, tempered over a steam-heated roll, is stuck to -the corrugated sheet under pressure. The machine is equipped with -a steam roll for moistening and heating the straw sheet before it -enters the corrugating roll. - -The Langston combined corrugator and double-facing machine -takes three rolls of paper and produces in continuous operation -double-faced corrugated board, cut into sheets, trimmed, and scored -one way, if desired. It is equipped with a “Duplex” cutter, making it -possible to run two separate orders, each of a different width and -length, side by side. - -Adhesive sodium silicate, such as that used in the construction of -corrugated paper, taping, etc., is supplied by the Central Commercial -Co., of Chicago, or the Grasselli Chemical Co., of Cleveland, O. - -[Illustration: S. & S. Corrugated Paper Box Machine Co. 4-Bar Rotary -Creaser and Scorer.] - - - ROTARY CUTTING AND SCORING MACHINES - -These machines are used for cutting and creasing corrugated board to -any size needed for the construction of corrugated boxes and shipping -containers, and the machines are made in various sizes, one large -enough to handle a sheet 122 inches wide. The Rotary cutting and -creasing machine is made by the Samuel M. Langston Co., of Camden, -N. J., and machines of the same style are also made by the Paper -Products Machinery Co., Inc., of Brooklyn, N. Y., and the S. & S. -Corrugated Paper Machinery Co., Inc., of Brooklyn, N. Y. The concerns -named also make all kinds of machinery for corrugated paper box -plants. - -[Illustration: Langston Type “B” Cutter and Scorer.] - -The operation of the rotary cutting and scoring machine is -comparatively simple, and the cutting wheels and scoring wheels are -easily adjusted to any position wanted. - - - THE LANGSTON CHOPPER - -This machine, built by the Samuel M. Langston Co., of Camden, N. J., -is a combined slitter, scorer, chopper and rewinder, and is designed -to handle single-faced corrugated paper from the roll. - - - THE LANGSTON CARTON MACHINE - -This device produces round, square, or octagon shaped shells from -single-faced corrugated paper, such as are used as slip-ons over -bottles. Round shells, with the corrugation running lengthwise, are -made by feeding into the machine strips of corrugated single-faced -paper, which are folded and taped only, being cut to length -afterwards. Another style of Langston carton machine is used for -the production of square, rectangular or octagon shells, which are -folded, taped and cut to length automatically. - - - THE SLITTER AND RE-WINDING MACHINE - -Many of the larger plants devoted to the manufacture of corrugated -paper boxes are equipped with a slitter and rewinding machine which -is used for transforming the large rolls of corrugated paper into -smaller rolls of required sizes. The Langston surface or drum -rewinder and slitter is one of the best machines of this class on the -market. - -[Illustration: Regular Slotted Carton.] - - - REGULAR SLOTTED CARTONS - -The regular slotted carton, made of double-face corrugated board, is -designed with two inner flaps which do not meet at the center when -folded, and also with two outer flaps which do meet at the center -when folded. This is one of the most popular cartons in general use. -For shipment, the regular slotted carton is sealed either by gluing -down the flaps, or by covering all outer joints, openings or seams -with paper sealing tape. - -All kinds of staying material and paper sealing tape, as used for -sealing corrugated shipping containers, are supplied by the larger -manufacturers of paper box machinery. Many of the paper houses also -carry this line. - -[Illustration: Center Special Slotted Carton.] - - - CENTER SPECIAL SLOTTED CARTON - -This carton is much the same as the regular slotted carton, only the -two inner flaps and the two outer flaps all meet at the center when -folded, forming a more solid box, top and bottom, than the regular -slotted carton. The side special slotted carton is made on this same -plan, the flaps meeting at the side of the box. - -[Illustration: Overflap Slotted Carton.] - - - OVERFLAP SLOTTED CARTONS - -This container is made of double-face corrugated board, and has four -flaps at the top and bottom, the inner flaps not quite meeting at -the center and the outer flaps overlapping about two inches. - -The special overlap slotted carton is practically the same design -with the exception of the inner flaps which meet at the center. - - - FULL FLAP SLOTTED CARTONS - -To provide additional strength at the top and bottom, the full flap -slotted carton has two full-size flaps at the top and bottom which -cover over one another. The inner flaps do not altogether meet at the -center. - -[Illustration: Full Flap Slotted Carton.] - -The special full flap slotted carton is of this same plan, only the -inner flaps meet at the center, giving three thicknesses of board at -the top and bottom of the box. - - - HALF SLOTTED CARTON WITH SEPARATE COVER - -Instead of having four flaps at the top and bottom, the half slotted -carton has only four flaps at the bottom, being covered by a separate -lid in the same manner as a set-up paper box. The cover is made of -the same kind of double-face corrugated board as the container, and -the corners of the cover are stayed. The flaps at the bottom are -sealed with sodium silicate, or the joints are sealed with tape. For -express shipment, the cover may be tied on. For freight shipment, the -cover should be glued on, and completely sealed at the edges with -tape. - -[Illustration: Half Slotted Carton with Cover Attached.] - - - DOUBLE-WALL CARTON - -When an extra-strong carton is needed, the double-wall box is -recommended, especially for articles in glass of the half-gallon -sizes. This box is of the same style as the regular slotted carton -with the exception that the sides and flaps are double thickness, -made of one sheet of double-face corrugated stock and one sheet of -single-face corrugated board, glued together. In addition to being -used for glass articles, the double-wall box is also used for large -and heavy goods like mattresses, canned goods, etc. - -[Illustration: Double-Wall Carton.] - - - DOUBLE COVER BOX - -[Illustration: Double Cover Box.] - -The main advantage of the double cover box is that it may easily be -cut down to the level of the contents. The part of the body which has -been cut off may be used as a box for other goods. Separate covers -are bought by the user and applied as needed. The body of this type -of box is made of a single piece of double-face corrugated board, -stayed at one corner. The covers overlap, and are made the same as a -lid for a set-up paper box. The same kind of cover is used for both -the top and the bottom of the box, and after the goods have been -packed, the two covers are glued to the body of the box and tape is -wrapped around the edges of the covers. Or, the covers may be tied on -in addition to being sealed at the sides. The corners of the covers -are stayed on the outside with heavy cloth tape. - -This style of box is popular for the shipment of millinery, -artificial flowers, men’s hats, etc. - - - TELESCOPE BOX - -The telescope box is made in various heights, and consists merely of -two sections on the plan of box covers, one fitting down over the -other. The corners of the covers are stayed with cloth tape. Flat -telescope boxes of this class are often used for shipments of books, -pictures, lithographed paper cut-outs and similar articles. - -[Illustration: Telescope Box.] - -[Illustration: Double Lined Slide Box.] - - - DOUBLE LINED SLIDE BOX - -This container was formerly known as the “Three-Piece Lambert Box,” -and is composed of three separate pieces. When put together, the -three pieces of this box provide a double wall of corrugated board -on every side. The inner slide is like one box fitting within the -other. This box is usually made in small sizes and is adapted to the -shipment of drugs, dolls, toys, novelties, etc. - - - SINGLE LINED SLIDE BOX - -The single lined slide box is made of two pieces of corrugated board, -and it does not contain an inner slide. The folding cover extends -down over one side of the box. Used for drugs, toys, dolls, etc. - - - DOUBLE SLIDE BOX - -This style of box is made much like the small slide box used by -druggists for pills, powders, etc. When put together the double slide -box has two thicknesses of board on only two sides. - -[Illustration: Double Slide Box.] - - - ONE-PIECE FOLDER - -The one-piece folder is made from a single piece of double-face -corrugated board, cut and creased in such a manner that when folded -up it forms a complete, flat “box,” of any size arranged for. These -folders are delivered in flat form to the customer who, after -packing the goods, glues and seals each folder according to freight -requirements. - - - TWO-PIECE FOLDER - -The two-piece folder is made in many different sizes, and consists -of two straight-cut sheets of corrugated board which, when folded -together, form a closed box having four flaps at the top. The flat -pieces, which are scored, are sent to the customer who folds and -assembles them as needed. - -[Illustration: Two-Piece Folder.] - - -CORRUGATED PAPER TUBES - -Corrugated paper tubes are very simple in construction and are used -for holding bottles, glass jars, etc., protecting them from breakage -during shipment in cases. There are several different styles of tubes -as follows: - -The single-face scored sheet is merely a square or oblong piece of -single-face corrugated board, scored in three places in such a way -that when folded and sealed at one corner a plain tube is formed. - -The double-face scored sheet is made of double-face corrugated board, -scored and folded in the same manner as a single-face scored sheet. - -The single-face tube is the same as a single-face scored sheet, with -the exception of being folded and stayed at one corner ready for the -customer’s use. - -The double-face tube is a double-face scored sheet, usually made with -chipboard or strawboard liners; scored, folded and joined together, -ready for the customer’s use. - -[Illustration: Double-Face Tube.] - -Round tubes, and those of odd shape, are made in the same way, of -either single-face or double-face corrugated board. The round tubes -require no scoring. - -All scored sheets and complete tubes are delivered flat to the -customer. - - - PARTITIONS - -Partitions for re-shipping cases, and other kinds of corrugated boxes -used for holding medicine bottles, etc., are made of both single-face -and double-face corrugated board. A special “gang saw,” for slotting -containers, or for sawing slots for partitions, is made by Samuel M. -Langston Co., of Camden, N. J. The gang saws are also furnished by -other manufacturers of paper box machinery. - -[Illustration: Re-Shipping Case.] - -Cuts of corrugated boxes shown herewith were kindly furnished by the -National Association of Corrugated Fibre Box Manufacturers, Chicago. - - - PRINTING CARTONS - -Printing fibre and corrugated paper boxes is a special branch of -the paper box industry, and there are several printing presses of -different makes designed particularly for this class of work. Many -large buyers of fibre and corrugated paper boxes have advertising -matter printed on the outside of the boxes, and in numerous -instances, the printing is done in two or more different colors. -The advantages of having advertising matter printed on the shipping -containers are recognized by large manufacturers. For example, many -of the corrugated containers used for holding tins and glass jars of -smoking tobacco have attractive advertising matter printed on all -four sides. - -[Illustration: Langston Multi-color Printing Press for Shipping -Containers.] - -Among the most efficient printing presses which are now in general -service for printing fibre and corrugated shipping containers are -the F. X. Hooper fibre printing press, made by the F. X. Hooper -Co., Inc., of Glenarm, Md., and the Langston multi-color printing -press, made by Samuel M. Langston Co., of Camden, N. J. Both of -these machines are rotary presses and are capable of producing -great quantities of work at high speed. The printing is done from -electrotype plates which are attached to the printing cylinder of the -press. - -Any of the paper box machinery concerns mentioned in this series of -articles will send catalogues and detailed information covering their -machines upon request. - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber’s note: - - The cover image was created by transcriber and placed in the public - domain. - - Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation such as - “box-maker”/“box maker” and “strawboard”/“straw-board” have been - maintained. - - Minor punctuation and spelling errors have been silently corrected - and, except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the - text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained. - - Page 25: “Attached to the machine is a receptable” changed to - “Attached to the machine is a receptacle”. - - Page 27: “The bettter class of set-up boxes” changed to “The better - class of set-up boxes”. - - Page 41: “The stock used for the partititions” changed to “The - stock used for the partitions”. - - Page 94: “the ends of the ribon” changed to “the ends of the - ribbon”. - - Page 118: “and you’re just bound to succeeed” changed to “and - you’re just bound to succeed”. - - Page 159: “keeping their plants in first class phyical” changed to - “keeping their plants in first class physical”. - - Page 165: “It would be impossible to specifiy” changed to “It would - be impossible to specify”. - - Page 169: “in additon to doing printing” changed to “in addition to - doing printing”. - - Page 195: “resinous compound which adhers” changed to “resinous - compound which adheres”. - - Page 201: “equipment necessary for a memium-size” changed to - “equipment necessary for a medium-size”. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW PAPER BOXES ARE MADE*** - - -******* This file should be named 64212-0.txt or 64212-0.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/4/2/1/64212 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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