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Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..94461e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #64143 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64143) diff --git a/old/64143-0.txt b/old/64143-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8c0971c..0000000 --- a/old/64143-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1630 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Soil and Water Pollution : Presented to the -American Public Health Association at New Orleans, Dec. 1880, by Moses T. -Runnels - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Soil and Water Pollution : Presented to the American Public - Health Association at New Orleans, Dec. 1880 - -Author: Moses T. Runnels - -Release Date: December 27, 2020 [eBook #64143] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Paul Marshall and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was - produced from images generously made available by The Internet - Archive/American Libraries.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION : -PRESENTED TO THE AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION AT NEW ORLEANS, DEC. -1880 *** - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - - Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ - in the original text. - Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. - Typographical errors have been silently corrected. - - - - - SOIL - AND - WATER POLLUTION - - PRESENTED TO THE - American Public Health Association, - - AT NEW ORLEANS, DEC. 1880. - - BY MOSES T. RUNNELS, M. D., - - INDIANAPOLIS. - - CHICAGO: - DUNCAN BROTHERS. - 1880. - - - - -SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION. - - -There is no subject of greater interest to the people than that of -health and the best means of obtaining it. Plenty of wholesome food, -good air and pure water constitute the first essentials of right -living. Any thing which contaminates these prime requisites admits a -factor into the problem of life which seriously vitiates its result. -To what extent agents of adulteration have injured the human family -by disease and death we do not know, but the usual estimate made by -sanitarians is, that nearly one-half of the existing diseases might be -abolished, provided that individuals and communities should enter upon -correct modes of living. In the United States over one hundred thousand -persons die annually, and probably one hundred and fifty thousand -persons are constantly sick from causes well known to be preventable. -Dr. Draper says the total number of deaths in Massachusetts during five -years, 1869-73, from all causes was 156,289; of that number the deaths -from zymotic or fermentable diseases comprised 26 per cent.; those from -acute pulmonary diseases were 7 per cent.; and those from phthisis, -17 per cent. So that, if we include all these among the “preventable” -diseases, the deaths from these causes represent one-half the actual -mortality. It is estimated that the productive efficiency of the -average life in this country might be increased 30 per cent.; or up to -the normal amount by the proper observance of health laws. The annual -mortality rate should not exceed 15 per 1,000 in cities under good -sanitary management, but the tables of the National Board of Health -show a greater mortality in almost every city of the country. Zymotic -or preventable diseases are increasing in Indianapolis. From these -diseases 443 deaths occurred in the city during the year 1879—over 32 -per cent. more than in 1878—and if such a large number died, it is -fair to calculate that twenty times as many persons were more or less -sick from the same causes. Nearly 33 per cent. of the total deaths of -the city last year were due to zymotic diseases. These facts should -awaken the public to thorough search for the causes at work producing -such a high mortality. - -I believe, and it shall be my endeavor to prove, that the increase -of zymotic diseases in the city is due in a great measure to causes -easily preventable. Man, it is true, is born to sorrow; but many of -these sorrows are of his own creation, or are due to his neglect -of established principles. Having determined upon a thorough -investigation, we need only to visit the premises, where typhoid -fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, and diseases of this class prevail, -to obtain facts enough to solve the problem. Wherever filth abounds, -whether in the air, the ground, or the water, there will be a fruitful -soil for the propagation of fermentative diseases. To be convinced of -the present and past filthy condition of the city, one should take a -walk through any of the alleys at noonday, and inhale the foul odors -arising constantly from sewers, cess-pools, privies and decaying -animal, vegetable, and excrementitious matters thrown out from kitchens -and stables. An examination of the kitchen and back yard of a house is -sufficient to prove one of two things, either that Biddy is “monarch of -all she surveys,” or that the family need a few practical lessons on -sanitary science. The latter are sure to follow in time. - -The increase of zymotic diseases in Indianapolis, is due largely to -soil and water pollution. The conditions of the soil affect our health -through the water we drink and the air we breathe. To effluvia from -the soil, may be attributed, as stated by Parkes, paroxysmal fevers, -typhoid fever, yellow fever, bilious remittent fever, cholera and -dysentery. Waring accepts the theory of the dissemination of typhoid -fever by fecal discharges of the sick, but gives as his opinion that -the disease may be developed by exhalations of decomposing matters in -dung-heaps, pig sties, privy vaults, cellars, cess-pools, drains and -sewers, or it may be due to the presence of the poison deep in the -ground, and its escape in an active condition in ground exhalations. -A cold soil, and a misty, chilly condition of the atmosphere are -caused by large amounts of water in the ground; and persons living -on such soil are disposed to catarrhal complaints, rheumatism and -neuralgia. Dampness of the soil produces malaria and consumption, and -their activity varies with the degree of moisture. The lowering of -the ground water in the malarious districts of Indiana, has greatly -mitigated the paroxysmal fevers which were formerly so prevalent, and -the general healthfulness of the state has been increased by drainage. -The sandy soil underlying Indianapolis retains from 33 to 36 per cent. -of water. A strong clay soil will not retain over 27 per cent. of water. - -According to Pettenkofer, Ford and others, an excessive amount of -water in the soil is injurious to health by the effects of dampness. -It favors the decomposition of organic matter in the soil, and the -evolution of unhealthy effluvia. The water is liable to become -polluted, especially when it is the source of supply of water in wells -used for drinking purposes. The soil is so damp in Indianapolis, that -houses built close to the ground are known to be very unhealthy. At -least four-fifths of all the houses in the city are too near the -ground, to insure perfect immunity from dampness, and its blasting -influences to health. - -In the construction of dwellings, care should be taken to provide -the most efficient means for excluding dampness from the foundation -walls and basement floors; and the soil should be rendered drier by -underground drainage. Fox says, it is very unwise to allow the soil -close to houses to be defiled by filth; for the fires of a house -creating a force of suction, draw into the house the air contained in -the surrounding soil, as well as of that on which it is built. The -popular impression, that the atmosphere ends where the ground begins, -is a very widely spread delusion. Most soils are more or less porous. -A house built on gravelly soil stands on a foundation composed of a -mixture of two parts of small stones and one part of air. The air may -give place to any gas or to water. Zymotic diseases have been known to -arise from the emanations of soil polluted by excreta, and impurities -from sewers and drains and all other filth. Poisoning by breathing the -gases generated in sewers and cess-pools is not uncommon. In reference -to this point, Dr. Jno. Simon says: “The ferments so far as we know -them, show no power of active diffusion in dry air; but as moisture is -their normal medium, currents of humid air (as from sewers and drains) -can lift them in their full effectiveness, and if into houses or -confined exterior spaces, then with their chief chances of remaining -effective; and ill-ventilated, low-lying localities, if unclean as -regards the removal of their refuse, may especially be expected to have -these ferments present in their common atmosphere as well as of course -teeming in their soil and ground water.” - -Indianapolis is in the bottom of a basin, the rim of which rises sixty -or seventy feet all round it, east of White river; in some places as at -Crown Hill to three times that height. - -[Illustration] - -Let us now inquire into the condition of the soil of the city. We -find that the general direction of the water trend is from northeast -to southwest; that the water level in the wells near the Atlas works -is thirty-five feet above the river level at the city water works; -and that the waterfall is from fifteen to eighteen feet per mile. The -formation of the ground beneath the city is attributed by geologists -to the glacial drift of pre-historic times. From seventy to ninety -feet below the surface the earth is built up of alternate beds of sand -gravel, and clay, and go to show that at some remote period running -water with its leveling and transforming power, aided by the corroding -force of the air, contributed largely to the geological formation which -we find to-day. - -After obtaining the distances through these various strata in the -different parts of the city, an average is calculated in the following -order: - -Loam, three to four feet; sand and gravel, thirty to forty feet; blue -compact clay (hard-pan), twelve to eighteen feet; sand and gravel, five -to ten feet; soft clay, one to five feet; and blue gravel and boulders -to Devonian limestone, thirty-five to fifty feet. The first stratum of -clay is very hard and tough, and for that reason is called “hard-pan.” -It has an inclination from the northeast to the southwest of about -thirty feet to the mile. The further north and east of White river, -the less distance it is to bed rock. Occasionally below the “hard-pan” -is found a small drift of soft clay, but this is not usual and does -not extend very far in area; often in moving ten feet it is missed. -The first seam of water is usually reached at a depth of seventeen to -twenty-five feet; the second seam at fifty to sixty-five feet; and the -third seam at seventy to ninety feet. - -These various strata of water are all what is called “hard water.” -Prof. E. T. Cox states that “the first seam contains the largest amount -of mineral water, principally calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, -chlorides and ferrous sulphate. The amount of chlorine is so large, -that its presence is due in a great measure to sewage contaminations. -The second seam of water contains but little chlorides, but has about -the same amount of calcic and magnesic carbonates as the first. It is a -good potable water when properly protected from contaminations from the -upper seam. The third seam of water is also a hard water, that is, its -salts will decompose a portion of soap and form a curd; but it contains -less carbonates and more sulphates of the alkaline earths, lime and -magnesia.” Inasmuch as the object of this paper, is to show to what -extent the soil and water of Indianapolis are affected by pollution and -the influence such pollution has on health, it is proper to state as -nearly as possible, the sources from which the contamination arises. By -the assistance of the former civil engineer of the city, the following -estimate was made: - -Area of Indianapolis (not including ground unimproved) 5,000 acres. - -Within the city limits there are: - - Surface dug wells 15,000 - Driven wells 5,000 - Open privy vaults 22,000 - Privy vaults filled up 13,000 - Cess-pools 10,000 - Cess-pools filled up 5,000 - -The builders of the city state, that in the business portion of the -city, it is not uncommon to discover from three to a half dozen old -privy vaults, in making a single excavation for an ordinary building. - -According to the above estimate which is considered very low, 50,000 -privy vaults and cess-pools are constantly filling the soil with deadly -poisons, and polluting the water of at least 15,000 surface dug wells, -which furnish drinking water to 50,000 people. - -Not more than 6,000 persons drink water from the city water works, and -about 20,000 persons use water from driven wells and cisterns. It is -a rule well established by eastern boards of health, that a dug well -drains a circular area with a radius equal to twice the distance of the -depth of the well. It has been ascertained, that a very large number of -the wells of the city are situated within an average distance of less -than thirty feet of cess-pools and privy vaults, while a great many are -distant from them not over ten feet. Most wells are dug simply with -the view of obtaining water and of having it as convenient to hand as -possible; the cess-pools are dug similarly, with a view to convenience -except that the demand here is that the liquid contents shall readily -drain away. Provided the well furnishes an abundance of water, and the -cess-pool allows the liquid refuse to soak away, and on this account, -seldom requires cleaning out, there is little concern as to what goes -on unobserved beneath the surface of the ground. In the course of time -the well water is discovered to be impure, after sickness, and perhaps -death, have followed its use. - -Wells situated on street corners in close proximity to the catch basin -of the sewers, are extremely liable to pollution from leakage from the -foul gutters and seepage from the catch basins. - -A notable outbreak of typhoid fever occurred in Louisville, in the -autumn of 1875, from the use of wellwater contaminated by a privy in an -adjoining school yard. The water was found to be impure, and the well -was condemned. “In the summer of 1878 some forty persons in Rochester -whose supply of drinking water was derived from a certain well, were -taken sick with typhoid fever and other zymotic diseases.” The health -officers closed the well and the people got water from other sources. -They began to recover immediately. - -“All authorities agree that any well situated within a few feet of a -cess-pool or sewer should be regarded with grave suspicion, for the -intervening soil may become overdone with filth at any moment, and -cease to act as an efficient filter of the polluted water, and allow -organic matter to enter the well; or animal filth may be washed into -the well at any time by a hard rain.” - -A great many citizens of Indianapolis are drinking water exclusively -from cisterns. It is difficult to estimate the number of cisterns -within the city limits; but a great deal may be said in regard to the -general unwholesomeness of the water they contain. Rain water contains -a small proportion of chlorine, the amount varying with the condition -of the atmosphere, and the purity of the shedding surface. - -When pure rain falls upon a roof it carries down with it all the -impurities accumulated there during dry weather; these soon putrify in -the cistern, and infect the water. - -The majority of the cisterns in the city are faulty in some -particular—either proper care was not exercised in their construction, -or the necessary repairs were not made in due time—and they are -found to be seeping, or leaky. Sufficient attention is not given to -keeping the cisterns well closed, and the result is that filth in large -quantities is to be found on emptying them. During my examinations I -have met with many cistern waters in the city so polluted by sewage -infiltration, that an immediate interdict on their use appeared to be -called for. Owing to the impurity of the soil, sewage matter finds its -way into hundreds of cisterns, and contaminates the water. Many of our -cisterns contain water rank with vegetable or animal impurity, and the -contents of the greater portion of these are not above suspicion. Some -of them are neither more or less than shallow wells, receiving more of -their contents by percolation than by inflow above. - -Last December 458 cisterns in Memphis, Tenn., were examined with the -following result: Sound, 209; seeping, eighty-two; and undoubtedly -leaking, 167. In the total number, there were 249 condemned as unfit -for use. To what extent these leaky cisterns contributed to the -epidemic of yellow fever we cannot tell. The probability of sewage -contamination in each instance was strong. - -In the year of 1879 there were seventy-eight deaths from typhoid and -typho-malarial fevers in Indianapolis. It may be stated as a probable -fact, that our siege of fevers in 1879 originated and was afterward -propagated in polluted drinking water, and ill-ventilated apartments -poisoned by sewer gases, or in close proximity to foul and overflowing -water closets and cess-pools. Forty-three per cent. of the total deaths -in the city in 1879 were deaths of children under five years of age. -Among the general causes of the high death rate of infants, may be -mentioned poverty and ignorance. These two conditions existing in the -parents, are great enemies of the public health and are two important -factors which go to make up this startling infantile mortality. But -it must be conceded that typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, -measles, hooping cough and diarrhœal diseases have been endemic in our -midst as the result of foul air and polluted water. Deaths from these -causes occur more or less at all ages, but distinctively more among -children. The influence of filth causes the infants and young children -to die at twice, or thrice, or four times their fair standard rate of -mortality; and this disproportion seems to mark the young lives as -finer tests of soil and water pollution than are the acclimated adults. -The board of health of Indianapolis report that hundreds of cellars -in this city are full, or partly full of water, the entire year; and -that the increase of zymotic diseases is due largely to wet and damp -cellars, as well as to the long continued and general practice of -covering up foul privy vaults, after they have become full, to save the -expense of removing the contents. - -Being thoroughly impressed with the facts above enumerated, I commenced -to make investigations. I employed a competent chemist, Mr. Jno. Hurty, -to make sanitary examinations of water, and assist me in the work. - -In the collection of samples of water, special care was exercised -in regard to cleanliness and to avoid introducing any errors into -our examinations. Below I give a tabular statement of the analyses -of waters taken from surface dug wells in the city. Excepting the -permanganate of potash test, the quantities are in one litre (22-100ths -of an imperial gallon). - - ======================================================================= - | | MATTER,| | PERMAN-| ALBUM- | FREE | - Sample| TOTAL | ORGANIC| CHLOR- | GANATE | INOID |AMMONIA.| REMARKS. - | SOLIDS.| & | INE. | TEST. |AMMONIA.| | - | | VOLA- | | | | | - | | TILE. | | | | | - -----+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+----------- - |_Gramme_|_Gramme_|_Gramme_| _Drops_|_Gramme_|_Gramme_| - 1. | 0.81 | .09 | .11 | 30 |.0024 | ???? |Very bad. - 2. | 1.061 | .179 | .06 | 24 |.00015 | .00009 |Suspicious. - 3. | 1.26 | .29 | .115 | 38 | ???? | ???? |Very bad. - 4. | 0.94 | .131 | .093 | 22 | ???? | ???? |Bad. - 5. | 0.89 | .055 | .032 | 11 |.00009 | .00001 |Suspicious. - 6. | 0.964 | .098 | .08 | 15 |.00011 | .00001 |Suspicious. - 7. | 0.798 | .178 | .104 | 28 |.00089 | .00005 |Very bad. - 8. | 0.37 | .025 | .049 | 12 |.0003 | .0004 |Suspicious. - ======================================================================= - NOTE: ???? means not obtained. - -In regard to the wholesomeness or unwholesomeness of water, Watt’s -Dictionary of Chemistry gives the following: “Water suitable for -economical, technical or culinary purposes should not contain of solid -constituents to exceed five-tenths of a gramme to one gramme per litre. -Water containing one-tenth gramme per litre of organic matter is unfit -for culinary purposes or drinking. Wholesome water should not contain -of organic matter more than five-one thousanth to one one-hundredth -gramme per liter. As a rule, water containing as much as one -one-hundredth of a gramme of chlorine per litre may be suspected of -being contaminated with drainage. Whenever in water the oxygen amounts -to less than one-third of the nitrogen, and the water also causes a -considerable reduction of permanganate of potash, the presence of -decomposing organic substance is probable. The capability of water to -remain for some days at a temperature of about 22°C, without undergoing -decomposition is of great importance in reference to the question of -wholesomeness.” - -The permanganate of potash test given above was as follows: The test -solution was distilled water, one litre, and permanganate of potash, -one gramme. Of this solution, the number of drops required to render -fifty cubic centimetres of the water under examination permanently -red, were reported. It should be understood that the same quantity of -distilled water required but eight drops of the test solution to become -permanently red. - -The first sample of water was taken from a well where fourteen persons -were simultaneously attacked in December last by typho-malarial and -diarrhœal diseases. All had been drinking water from this well, and -had it not been for the timely help of the physician who condemned the -water. - - -SERIOUS RESULTS WOULD HAVE FOLLOWED. - -On examination the cess-pool was found to be connected directly with -the well by a pipe, and when the cess-pool became full, its contents -regurgitated into the well. The Board of Health examined the premises, -condemned the well and ordered that both privy vault and cess-pool be -cleaned out without delay. I understand that it is quite common in this -city to connect the cess-pool with the well by a pipe so that the waste -water may be readily conveyed away; but if people knew the danger to -be feared from such an arrangement, greater care in the construction -of drains would be exercised. Hundreds of cases might be related where -in houses fitted with all that taste could desire, and gold procure, a -siphoned trap, or in the absence of a trap, an imperfect joint, or an -old brick drain, or riddled soil pipe, defects easily remedied if known -to exist, have undermined the health of adults and slain the little -ones. In the first sample a large quantity of animalculæ were revealed -by the microscope. Fox states that “the existence of animal life in a -water affords good evidence in itself of the presence of a very -sensible amount of organic matter, _alias_ filth. These little -creatures feed and flourish on what we call organic matter, and in -perfectly pure water they cannot live. A perfectly pure water contains -no suspended matter nor any animal or vegetable life. The ova of the -round and the thread worms, the eggs and joints of the tapeworm and -small leeches, which may give rise to grave disorders, should not be -forgotten in making microscopic examinations of drinking waters.” - -Good water is both a necessity and a priceless blessing. Foul water -is a scourge and a messenger of death. No one except a brute would -hesitate which to choose if he could tell one from the other. It is -only with the grosser pollution of water that chemists can apply their -science. Infinitesimal pollution cannot be estimated by the skill of -any chemist. It is the careful physician who decides more accurately -in regard to the purity of water than the chemist. Sir Benj. Brodie in -speaking of the detection of infinitesimal pollution says: “I think -you have a much better chance of getting at these relations through -accurate medical statistics, properly applied, than you have through -chemical analysis, because chemical analysis is one of the poorest -things possible to reach those delicate quantities. You cannot get at -these small quantities at all; chemical analysis must be limited by our -power of weighing and measuring. It may go on to a certain point, but -we cannot go beyond that point.” - -The well from which the second sample was taken, was within twenty-five -feet of a privy vault twenty feet deep. Several families used water -from the well. Two cases of - -TYPHOID FEVER DEVELOPED - -in one family, and all the persons who drank the water were constantly -ailing. The third sample was taken from a well where four cases of -typhoid fever had occurred. A thorough search had been made for the -cause of the trouble. The well water had been suspected and was -condemned by the attending physician. - -Seventy feet from the wall there was a privy vault overflowing. Another -vault was within twenty-five feet of the well. To the effluvia from -the former was attributed one case of typhoid fever. The stench was so -great at night that not even the windows in the upper stories of the -houses in the neighborhood could be kept open. People living near had -sore throats, malarial fever and diarrhœal disorders. - -The fourth sample was obtained from a surface dug well, from which the -inmates of the State Female Reformatory were supplied with drinking -water. Since the first of last August thirty-nine cases of well defined -typhoid fever, and thirteen milder cases of the same disease appeared -in the Reformatory. The attending physician attributed the outbreak -of the fever to the water from the well. After a thorough chemical -examination of the water, the well was condemned and filled up, and the -water supply now comes from a driven well. - -It is worthy of remark that the persons attacked by typhoid fever, had -been daily drinking the foul water from the well until the appearance -of the fever; that the immediate surroundings of the well and the -sanitary condition of the building were good, and that no direct cause -of typhoid fever outside of the well could be discovered. - -The fifth sample was taken from a well which supplied a family of six -persons with water. Diarrhœal troubles, - -SYMPTOMS OF TYPHOID FEVER, - -sore throats, etc., were not uncommon, and the family physician was -frequently consulted. One privy vault forty feet north from the well -was full. Another privy vault was fifty feet northeast of the well. The -contents of the vaults undoubtedly contaminated the well water to some -extent, and of course the evil would be increased with time. - -The sixth sample was drawn from a well on the south side of the city. -No privy vault or cess-pool is located within fifty feet of it. To all -appearances the surroundings are good. The well water has been used -for drinking purposes for several years. One person in the family had -typhoid fever three years ago, and malarial and bilious attacks have -annoyed the other members of the family frequently. - -The seventh sample was obtained from a well from which three cases -of typhoid fever had previously been supplied with water. The -attending physician attributed the development of the disease to the -unwholesomeness of the water. - -The eighth sample was obtained from one of the wells at the water works. - -The following table gives the analyses of waters from driven wells -extended below the first or second stratum of clay. These wells are -located in different parts of the city. Excepting the permanganate of -potash test, previously explained, the quantities are in one litre. - - ======================================================================= - | TOTAL | MATTER,| |PERMAN-| ALBUM- | FREE | - Sample| SOLIDS.| ORGANIC| CHLOR- |GANATE | INOID |AMMONIA.| REMARKS. - | | & | INE. | TEST. | AMMONIA.| | - | | VOLA- | | | | | - | | TILE. | | | | | - -----+--------+--------+--------+-------+---------+--------+----------- - |_Gramme_|_Gramme_|_Gramme_|_Drops_|_Gramme_ |_Gramme_| - 1. | 0.400 | .012 | .008 | 10 | .000045 | none |Good water. - 2. | 0.586 | .28 | .004 | 12 | .00005 | none |Good water. - 3. | 0.699 | .047 | .025 | 9 | none | none |Excellent. - 4. | 0.496 | .08 | .006 | 10 | none | none |Excellent. - 5. | 0.454 | .069 | .038 | 9 | none | .0001 |Excellent. - ====================================================================== - -I have in my possession partial and complete analyses by Prof. E. T. -Cox, of waters from nine other driven wells in the city. The analyses -show that these wells furnish good potable water. - -The occupants of large buildings are often supplied with water from -tanks on the upper floors. If the tanks are not properly constructed -and well inclosed, the water pumped into them may be contaminated at -any time by impurities. - -Given below are analyses of waters drawn from tanks in large blocks. - -The quantities are in one litre. - - =============================================================== - | TOTAL | MATTER | | FREE |ALBUMINOID| - Sample|SOLIDS. | ORGANIC | CHLOR- |AMMONIA.| AMMONIA. |REMARKS. - | | & | INE. | | | - | |VOLATILE.| | | | - ------+--------+---------+--------+--------+----------+-------- - |_Gramme_|_Gramme_ |_Gramme_|_Gramme_| _Gramme_ | - 1. | 1.032 | .14 | .09 |.00004 | .00012 | Bad. - 2. | .554 | .089 | .075 |.00015 | .00009 | Good. - =============================================================== - -One person who lived in the former block died of typhoid fever, and -many others had sickness from the use of the water. - -The question of drainage and water supply of cities, should take the -precedence of every other question, for upon its proper solution -depends thousands of lives. Those in authority should understand its -importance, and feel the pressing necessity of more thorough sanitary -work. Hygiene is not only a subject of scientific interest to the -medical man, but its problems and discoveries ought to be of great -practical importance to political economists and legislators, who -usually occupy themselves with subjects which benefit the common people -very little. It appears that the best engineering talent, and great -amounts of money, have been employed, to furnish cities and towns with -_inexhaustible supplies of water without sufficient regard to quality_. - -To economically furnish water in ample quantity, is an object of great -importance; but it is of more consequence that the water obtained is -not contaminated by sewers, cess-pools, and surface drainage to such an -extent that disease and death shall be scattered broadcast; among those -who drink the water. There are those who claim that a small proportion -of sewage in drinking water does not necessarily prove deleterious to -health. - -The English Rivers’ Pollution Commission published conclusions based -on the examination of some two thousand samples of water claimed to be -drinkable; condemning river water because it is liable to contamination -from drainage of cultivated land, towns and manufactories. According to -their decision “the admixture of even a small quantity of the infected -discharges (of persons suffering from cholera or typhoid fever), with -a large volume of drinking water, is sufficient for the propagation of -those diseases among persons using such water.” - -Dr. Folsom, in the report of the Massachusetts State Board of Health, -states that “excessive dilution simply diminishes the chances of danger -from any particular tumblerful.” To show how disease may be transmitted -in dilute sewage and that disease germs are not exterminated by -diffusion through a large body of running water, Dr. E. D. Mapother, of -Dublin, reports forty cases of typhoid fever occurring in a hospital -which received its supply from a river. The cause was traced to some -barracks twenty-five miles higher up, from which typhoidal dejections -had been emptied through drains into the river. - -The following classification of drinkable waters which was made by -the English commissioners, should be received by us as entirely -trustworthy. - - _Wholesome_—Spring water, deep well water, and - upland surface water. - - _Suspicious_—Stored rain water, and surface water - from cultivated land. - - _Dangerous_—River water to which sewage gets - access, and shallow well water. - -The fact that foul water will breed disease, should no longer be -ignored. The citizens of Indianapolis have been drinking water from the -city water works not above suspicion, and it is about time that the -pollution of the water by filth should excite public attention. - -Below I give analyses of samples of water drawn at different times and -places from the faucets of the city water works. - -The following report is from Prof. Thos. C. Van Nuys, of the State -University. - - BLOOMINGTON, Ind., May 10, 1880. - -The water you sent on Thursday was received on Friday evening. The -following is the report of my chemical and microscopic examinations: - -In one litre (1,000 cubic centimetres). - - Nitric acid anhydride, N₂O₅. 10.72 milligrammes - Ammonia, NH₃, 0.03 ” - Carbonic acid anhydride, CO₂. 0.439 gramme. - Calcium oxide, CaO, 0.148 ” - Magnesium oxide, MgO, 0.04128 ” - Chlorine, 0.09218 ” - Degree of hardness (English) 25.7 - -The organic matter in 100 cubic centimetres of the water required -3.11 cubic centimetres of the 1-100 normal solution of potassium -permanganate to oxidize it; therefore one litre of the water would -require 31.1 cubic centimetres of the 1-100 normal solution KMnO₄ -to oxidize the organic matter. In 31.1 c. c. of this solution there -is 0.0098 gramme KMnO₄ or 0.0247 gramme oxygen liberated. I would -remark here that there is no method of estimating the exact quantity -of organic matter in water. The method of estimating the carbon and -hydrogen by combustion analysis (Frankland and Armstrong’s) has been -found defective,—also the methods based on the estimation of nitrogen -and reduction of silver oxide. The method employed in this case -(Schultze’s) is the most reliable, and yet not all the organic matter -is oxidized, for some is volatized in boiling. - -I found the following infusorial animalaculcæ: Stylonchia pustulata, -actinurus neptunius, rotirfer vulgaris, monostylaquadridentata, -navicular baltica. - -I give here the magnified pictures. - -[Illustration: Actinurus Neptunius.] - -[Illustration: Navicula Baltica.] - -[Illustration: Monosty la Quadridentata.] - -[Illustration: Rotifer Vulgaris.] - -[Illustration: Stylonchia Pustulata.] - -I did not examine the first sample of water with the microscope. In -the water of the second bottle I found but one kind of infusoria, -_viz._, stylonchia pustulata, but they were numerous. In the water -sent on Thursday I found the others named, but few in number. In both -samples of water there was but a small quantity of mineral matter, a -few crystals of CaCO₃. The water was somewhat cloudy and the suspended -particles were evidently of vegetable origin. I have not adopted any -standard in judging water for drinking purposes. - -As yet none has been found having a scientific basis. But let us see -how this water would be rated by some of the standards of men who have -justly distinguished themselves by their labor in water analysis. The -Grenzzahlen limitary numbers are of E. Reichardt, Kubel, and Tiemann -and Fischer. - -One litre (1,000 cubic centimetres). - - =================================================================== - | | KUBEL AND | - | REICHARDT. | TIEMANN. | FISCHER. - ---------------+--------------+--------------------+--------------- - Nitric acid | | | - anhyd. | 4 milligramm.| 5 to 15 milligramm.| 27 milligramm. - Chlorine |28 ” |20 to 30 ” | 35 ” - Lime (CaO.) | | |112 ” - Magnesia (MgO.)| | | 40 ” - Degrees of | | | - hardness | | | - (German) |18 ” |18 to 20 ” | 17 ” - =================================================================== - -This water contains in milligrammes per litre: Nitric Acid Anhyd. -10.72; Chlorine, 92.18; Lime, 14.8; Magnesia, 41; degrees of hardness -(German), 20.596. - -The limitary quantity of organic matter in 100 c. c. should not exceed -that necessary for the deoxidation of K Mn 04 in 2 c. c. of the 1-100 -normal solution. This is given by Fresenius. For 100 c. c. of this -water 3.11 c. c. of the 1-100 normal solution was required. The organic -matter in the water is considerable, yet is no doubt variable in -quantity. On account of the quantity of the organic matter, by exposure -to the air doubtless many other species of infusoria would be formed. -The water is hard and by chemical technologists would be condemned, as -with them 10 degrees German, or 12.5 degrees English, is the limit. - -The ammonia is in a mere trace, yet accurately estimated as given. -Nearly all rain water contains more. I have estimated the chlorine -in water sent on Thursday last (by the volumetric method), and found -0.05992 gramme chlorine in one litre. This makes a difference of 0.0322 -gramme chlorine as found in one litre of the water of the first bottle -sent. In what way could there be such a great increase or rather -decrease of the chlorides? Are there any privy vaults or slaughter -houses near the source of the water? May I ask where this water was -obtained? - -In a letter of March 12, 1880, Prof. E. T. Cox gives the following: “I -fully believe that whenever any form of disease rages as an epidemic -in any locality, it is due in a large measure to water pollution. The -three streams of subterranean water beneath Indianapolis, flow from -northeast to southwest. Wells that are supplied from the upper water, -contain more and more chloride of sodium (common salt) as you go to the -south part of the city, and this is absolute proof of sewer-pollution, -and all the well water from the first and second seams is absolutely -dangerous, and its use should be prohibited. The lower stratum is safe -if the upper seams are shut off from it. When water works were first -contemplated at Indianapolis, I was called upon for information, and -had my advise been taken, you would now have the best possible water, -instead of water of doubtful character, to use the mildest term.” On -the 20th of March a sample of water was obtained from the water works -for examination. The analysis showed in one litre, - - Total solids, .985 gramme - Organic and volatile, .08 ” - Chlorine, .055 ” - -Fifty centimetres of the water required fourteen drops of the -permanganate of potash solution to render it permanently red. The same -amount of distilled water required but eight drops. The microscope, -with a lens of 100 diameters, revealed considerable vegetable matter. - -Inasmuch as White river is used by the water works as a source of -supply when the water in their wells get low, and also in time of fire -in the city, it was thought advisable to ascertain the condition of the -river water. Therefore, on April 30, 1880, a sample was drawn from the -river at middle of the iron bridge at the foot of Washington street. - -One litre contained: - - Total solid constituents .36 gramme. - Organic and volatile matter .032 ” - Chlorine .105 ” - Free ammonia .00072 ” - Albuminoid ammonia .00048 ” - -Fifty cubic centimetres of this water required thirty-six drops of the -permanganate of potash solution to render it permanently red. The same -amount of distilled water required but eight drops of said solution to -become permanently red. - -The microscope revealed sand, clay, legs, and other parts of insects, -foreign matter of many kinds, and animalculæ. This water is but little -better than sewage. It is due to the water works to state that the -water taken from the river is filtered through a bed of sand and gravel -about four feet deep. - -Professor Edward R. Taylor, of Cleveland, examined two samples of water -from the water works with the following result: - - 1st sample. 2d sample. - Specific gravity 10019 10021 - In grams per litre the analyses show - Solid residue .5876 .5696 - Organic and Volatile matter .3150 .1213 - Chlorine .0598 .0738 - Free ammonia .0015 .0002 - Albuminoid ammonia .0038 .0018 - -The amount of chlorine is very considerable in both samples. It would -properly be presumed that both had a bad origin. - -The following is taken from _The State Press_, Iowa City, Iowa, April -14, 1880: - -“The Des Moines City Council spent several days inspecting the various -systems of water works through Iowa, Illinois and Indiana and came back -discouraged and disgusted with what they had seen.” The _Leader_ says: -“The last report made was from Indianapolis, where the water was bad, -the contract bad, and all the conditions were very bad. But for that -matter those things are getting monotonous. On the whole route, from -Burlington to Peoria, water was not found fit to drink, and in several -places it was too bad to wash in. At Springfield water is taken out of -the Illinois river, thick and black, and pumped about the city without -even an excuse made toward filtering it, and yet the money spent on -her water works aggregates nearly three times the hundred thousand -of dollars the works in Des Moines are offered at. The State Board -of Health has declared the water unfit for use. At Indianapolis the -Secretary of the Water Company said they could not recommend the water; -at Burlington, with her new and cheap works, the filter is reported -broken and the yellow Mississippi mud is daily dished up for men to -wash their eyes in. There was no excuse made for the mixture of mud and -water at Keokuk, it is probably past the day of excuses.” - -On May 18, 1880, a sample of water was drawn from a faucet of the -Water Works Company. The analysis revealed the following. Each litre -contained: - - Total solids .84 gramme. - Organic and volatile matter .43 ” - Chlorine .047 ” - Free ammonia .00008 ” - Albuminoid ammonia .00024 ” - Nitrates and nitrites Large amount. - -The value of the above figures can best be understood when it is known -that pure spring water never contains over .000005 gramme of free -ammonia, and .00002 gramme albuminoid ammonia per litre. The best -authorities state that, that water is suspicious which contains above -.0001 gramme of albuminoid ammonia per litre; and over .00015 gramme of -albuminoid ammonia per litre ought to condemn absolutely. - -Another sample of water from the water works was sent to Prof. Van -Nuys, on May 27, 1880. He reports that the water contained much more -organic matter than that in which an estimation of organic matter was -made before. - -The following statement is from Prof. Van Nuys, July 14, 1880, in -regard to water from the water works. _Chemical and microscopic -examination of water received from Dr. M. T. Runnels, of Indianapolis, -on June 23 and 29, 1880_: - -“The organic matter in 100 cubic centimetres of the water required -5.35 cubic centimetres of the one one-hundredth normal potassium -permanganate solution. In 5.35 cubic centimetres of this solution there -are 1.6932 milligrammes potassium permanganate or 0.428 milligrammes -oxygen was liberated, hence in one litre of the water the organic -matter would require 53.5 cubic centimetres of the one one-hundredth -normal permanganate solution, or 4.28 milligrammes oxygen would combine -with the carbon and hydrogen of the organic matter. - - Residue (one litre filtered) heated to 180° centimetres 473.8 - Chlorine 189.3 - Nitric acid anhyd (N₂O₅) 17.448 - Nitrous acid anhyd (N₂O₃) a trace - Ammonia (NH₃) 0.38 - Calcium oxide (CaO) 128.8 - Magnesium oxide (MgO) 46.2 - Degree of hardness, English 21.93 - or, degree of hardness, German 17.54 - -No microscopic examination was made of the water received June 23d. In -that received June 29th, there were numerous flakes of what appeared -to be organic bodies with granular matter, the following infusorial -animalculæ were found: - -[Illustration: Closterium Acerosum.] - -[Illustration: Glaucoma scintillans.] - -[Illustration: _a_ Monas crepusculum. _b_ Monas punctum.] - -The residue, organic matter, chlorine, nitric acid anhyd, and ammonia -were estimated in the water received June 23d. The calcium and -magnesium were estimated in the water received June 29, 1880.” - -Although much has lately been said regarding impure water and the -startling mortality of Indianapolis, there are a great many people who -persistently refuse to accept the facts and would rather submit to a -large death rate than to “clean up” or go to the necessary expense -of obtaining good water. The complaint is often made that doctors do -not discharge their duties in warning the people against the dangers -of sickness. The fact is that the medical profession gives enough -wholesome advice to the public, but very few persons make practical use -of the information kindly given. - -I commenced last January a series of soil and water investigations. A -partial report of my investigations was published in the Indianapolis -_News_, May 25 and July 13, 1880, and the Indianapolis _Saturday -Herald_, June 5, 1880. Since that time with the assistance of the best -chemists I have zealously prosecuted the work. - -It is not an exaggeration to say that no dug well within a mile of -Circle street, can be depended upon for a continuous supply of good -water. The water furnished to the people by the water works company is -no better than the water from the average dug well. Water from deep -driven wells is the best well water we have. - -I found the alleys, by-ways, back yards and stables all through the -city in a very filthy condition. Privy vaults have been dug without -being cemented, and no care whatever has been taken to keep them clean. - -The drainage of the city is very defective. It is only along a few -of the principal streets that sewers have been constructed, and the -greater portion of the city has no drainage at all. It is a very common -thing to find standing water and large mud holes in every direction -through the city. It is a notable fact that the water level in many -cellars corresponds with the water level of dug wells and privy vaults -adjacent. Is it any wonder that infant mortality is so great in the -city? - -If “infants of one year and under drink but little water,” they do -breathe in this city the deadly gases developed by the action of the -hot sun on decaying organic and vegetable matters, and the effluvia -arising constantly from overflowing privy vaults and cess-pools. -Sickness is sure to follow and death may abruptly terminate the young -life. According to the report of the Board of Health the deaths in this -city have been since January 1, 1876, as follows: - - In 1876 the number of deaths were 1,641 - ” 1877 ” ” ” ” ” 1,528 - ” 1878 ” ” ” ” ” 1,296 - ” 1879 ” ” ” ” ” 1,470 - ” 1880 ” ” ” ” ” (9 months) 1,352 - ——— - Total 7,287 - -Assuming that the population has been 75,125, the annual death rate -would be: - - 21.8 per 1,000 in 1876 - 20.3 ” ” ” 1877 - 17.2 ” ” ” 1878 - 19.5 ” ” ” 1879 - 23.9 ” ” ” (9 months) 1880 - -The average would be 20.5 per 1,000 annually which is at least six -above what it should be. - -Herewith I give a table of recent sanitary analyses of our city well -and cistern waters, which startlingly outline the impending dangers and -serve as texts for many cases of ill health and death already met by -those who have drank the waters. - -The first and second samples were taken from two wells in the rear of a -block having about twenty occupants. An inspection of the back yard and -alley showed an immense amount of filth. There was no sewer to carry -away slop or excrementitious matters. A large privy vault was in the -rear of the block. There was one well north and another south of the -vault, and about twenty feet from it. These wells supplied the water -to the occupants of the block. Six cases of scarlet fever were there -developed and three of them died. The other persons in the block were -constantly ailing. One of the leading physicians of the city attributed -the outbreak of the fever to the bad surroundings and the impure water. - -The third sample was taken from a well on East Walnut street. The -family using the water were more or less sick all the time. Languor, -loss of appetite and spirits, sleeplessness, or nightmare, morning -diarrhœa, headache and nausea, one or all, continually annoyed those -drinking the water. The privy vault, twelve feet deep was forty feet -northeast of the well. - -The fourth sample was obtained from a well on North Tennessee street. -Throat affections, fevers, diarrhœas, headaches with malaise, etc., made -up the list of the complaints of the family using the water. - -The fifth sample came from a well on North Alabama street. During the -last three months, among those who drank the water there were three who -had scarlet fever—one of whom died. And so on similar reports can be -made of the other samples, except those marked “good” or “excellent.” - - -SANITARY ANALYSIS OF WELL WATERS. - - ==============+===============================+================= - | | PARTS PER - | GRAMS PER LITRE. | MILLION. - WHERE FROM +----------+--------+-----------+--------+-------- - | _Total_ |_Organ._|_Chlorine._| _Free_ | _Alb._ - |_Solids._ |_Volat._| | _Amm._ | _Amm._ - --------------+----------+--------+----------+--------+-------- - Susqueh. st. | 1.53 | .62 | .117 | .12 | .33 - Susqueh. st. | .88 | .33 | .088 | .07 | .16 - East Waln. st.| 1.32 | .72 | .127 | .04 | .18 - N.Tenn. st. | .94 | .41 | .077 | .05 | .0612 - N.Alabam. st. | 1.126 | .616 | .096 | .055 | .057 - N.Ills. st. | .60 | .18 | .043 | .01 | .24 - N.Merid. st. | .24 | .012 | .008 | trace | trace - N.Alabama | .68 | .30 | .045 | .01 | .14 - Hoyt Av. | .30 | .16 | .0018 | .12 | .04 - N.Penn. st. | 1.41 | .03 | .075 | .24 | .4 - Blackford st. | .78 | .28 | .038 | .04 | .4 - N.N.Jersey st.| .798 | .178 | .104 | .05 | .39 - E.Ohio st. | 1.032 | .50 | .09 | .04 | .19 - ==============+==========+========+===========+========+======== - | | | - |_Nitrates_|_Degree_| - WHERE FROM | _and_ | _of_ | OPINION. - |_Nitrites_|_Hardn._| - --------------+----------+--------+------------- - Susqueh. st. | much | 3 | Bad. - Susqueh. st. | much | 2½ | Bad. - East Waln. st.| much | 1½ | Bad. - N.Tenn. st. | much | 2 | Suspicious. - N.Alabam. st | much | 3³/₁₀ | Bad. - N.Ills. st. | much | 2½ | Very bad. - N.Merid. st. | trace | 1½ | Excellent. - N.Alabama | little | 2 | Suspicious. - Hoyt Av. | little | 1 | Good. - N.Penn. st. | much | ½ | Rotten cist. - Blackford st. | much | 1½ | Very bad. - N.N.Jersey st.| much | 2 | Bad. - E.Ohio st. | much | 4 | Bad. - ==============+==========+========+============== - - ================+===============================+============== - | - GRAMS PER LITRE. | PARTS pr MILL - NAME +----------+--------+-----------+------+------- - | _Total_ |_Organ._|_Chlorine._|_Free_| _Alb._ - |_Solids._ |& _Vol._| |_Amm._| _Amm._ - ----------------+----------+--------+-----------+------+------- - E. Verm’t st. | .908 | .36 | .058 | .12 | .13 - Davidson st. | .848 | .34 | .08 | .20 | .08 - E. St. Joseph. | .738 | .21 | .035 | .06 | .22 - E. Mich. st. | 1.588 | .96 | .09 | .12 | .202 - N. Tenn. st. | .968 | .48 | .07 | .06 | .28 - N. Penn. st. | .928 | .4 | .065 | .025 | .20 - New York st. | .5 | .13 | .04 | none | none - N. East st. | 1.788 | .874 | .09 | .08 | .22 - Irvington. | .697 | .29 | .04 | none | .03 - N. Merid st. | 1.06 | .57 | .10 | .08 | .164 - N. Delaw. st. | .86 | .36 | .95 | .07 | .10 - N. Tenn. st. | .44 | .14 | .007 | .01 | .00 - Blind Asyl’m. | .65 | .214 | .025 | .01 | .042 - N. East st. | 1.00 | .62 | .34 | .114 | .142 - 332 N. Miss. st.| .68 | .321 | .043 | .03 | .234 - ================+==========+========+===========+======+======= - |_Nitrates_|_Degree_| - NAME | _and_ | _of_ | OPINION. - |_Nitrites_|_Hardn._| - ----------------+----------+--------+------------ - E. Verm’t st. | small | 6 | Very susp. - Davidson st. | large | 6½ | Very susp. - E. St. Joseph. | large | 4.2 | Bad. - E. Mich. st. | large | 5½ | Bad. - N. Tenn. st. | large | 3½ | Bad. - N. Penn. st. | large | 5 | Bad. - New York st. | none | 3½ | Excellent. - N. East st. | large | 4 | Bad. - Irvington. | small | 3½ | Good. - N. Merid st. | large | 3½ | Bad. - N. Delaw. st. | large | 5 | Bad. - N. Tenn. st. | none | 2 | Driven good. - Blind Asyl’m. |{ heavy | 2½ | Driven good. - |{ slight | | - N. East st. | large | 4 | Very bad. - 332 N. Miss. st.| large | 4½ | Very bad. - ================+==========+========+============ - - ================+===============================+=============== - | GRAMS PER LITRE. | PARTS pr MILL - NAME +----------+--------+-----------+------+-------- - | _Total_ |_Organ._|_Chlorine._|_Free_| _Alb._ - |_Solids._ |& _Vol._| |_Amm._| _Amm._ - ----------------+----------+--------+-----------+------+-------- - Blackford st. | 0.78 | 0.39 | 0.38 | .04 | .4 - Peru st. | 0.54 | 0.36 | 0.025 | .03 | .13 - N. Penn. st. | 0.65 | 0.38 | 0.03 | .08 | .10 - N. Alab. st. | 0.48 | 0.24 | 0.059 | .06 | .06 - N. Delaw. st. | 0.54 | 0.22 | 0.31 | .029 | .182 - School st. | 0.994 | 0.414 | 0.10 | .04 | .16 - East Ohio st. | 1.04 | 0.63 | 0.47 | .12 | .22 - Mass. av. | 0.89 | 0.39 | 0.213 | .07 | .13 - E. Ohio | 0.892 | 0.374 | 0.121 | .04 | .10 - N.N. Jersey | 0.78 | 0.29 | 0.08 | .03 | .13 - E. Pratt | 0.69 | 0.28 | 0.074 | .02 | .09 - E. Maryland | 0.99 | 0.47 | 0.111 | .07 | .199 - Bellfontain | 0.49 | 0.19 | 0.004 | .03 | .022 - Christian av. | 0.67 | 0.23 | 0.012 | .035 | .06 - East Verm’t | 0.59 | 0.19 | 0.12 | .03 | .09 - ================+==========+========+===========+======+======== - |_Nitrates_|_Degree_| - NAME | _and_ | _of_ | OPINION. - |_Nitrites_|_Hardn._| - ----------------+----------+--------+------------ - Blackford st. | large | 6½ | Bad. - Peru st. | small | 12 | Suspicious. - N. Penn. st. | small | 3 | Suspicious. - N. Alab. st. | small | 7 | Good. - N. Delaw. st. | large | 4 | Bad. - School st. | large | 5½ | Very bad. - East Ohio st. | large | 7 | Abominable. - Mass. av. | large | 4½ | Bad. - E. Ohio | large | 3½ | Bad. - N.N. Jersey | large | 3½ | Bad. - E. Pratt | large | 4 | Bad. - E. Maryland | large | 7 | Very bad. - Bellfontain | small | 4 | Good. - Christian av. | large | 4 | Passably good. - East Verm’t | large | 3½ | Suspicious. - ================+==========+========+============ - - ================+===============================+=============== - | GRAMS PER LITRE. | PARTS pr MILL - NAME +----------+-------+------------+------+-------- - | _Total_ |_Organ._|_Chlorine._|_Free_ | _Alb._ - | _Solids._|& _Vol._| | _Amm._| _Amm._ - ----------------+----------+--------+-----------+-------+------- - N. Alab. st. | .832 | .56 | .059 | .70 | .12 - N. Alab. st. | .79 | .39 | .055 | .64 | .10 - N. N. Jersey | .82 | .39 | .09 | .06 | .09 - N. N. Jersey | .91 | .40 | .055 | .08 | .12 - Alab. & Waln. | .87 | .39 | .067 | .11 | .10 - N. Penn. st. | 1.04 | .62 | .111 | .16 | .204 - Oak st. | .57 | .24 | .014 | .02 | .009 - E. Verm’t st. | .66 | .29 | .04 | .05 | .07 - S. Merid. st. | .89 | .385 | .07 | .07 | .09 - S. Penn. st. | 1.24 | .81 | .22 | .19 | .22 - S. Penn. st. | .87 | .33 | .072 | .095 | .088 - Vir. Av. | 1.12 | .50 | .79 | .11 | .29 - E. Wash. st. | .79 | .33 | .09 | .107 | .18 - N. West st. | .83 | .42 | .07 | .067 | .093 - E. South st. | .74 | .22 | .03 | .03 | .06 - ================+==========+========+===========+=======+======= - |_Nitrates_|_Degree_| - NAME | _and_ | _of_ | OPINION. - |_Nitrites_|_Hardn._| - ----------------+----------+--------+------------ - N. Alab. st. | large | 4½ | Very susp. - N. Alab. st. | large | 5 | Very susp. - N. N. Jersey | med. | 5 | Suspicious. - N. N. Jersey | large | 5 | Bad. - Alab. & Waln. | large | 4½ | Bad. - N. Penn. st. | large | 7 | Very bad. - Oak st. | small | 4 | Good. - E. Verm’t st. | small | 4½ | Good. - S. Merid. st. | large | 6 | Very susp. - S. Penn. st. | large | 7 | Abominable. - S. Penn. st. | large | 5 | Bad. - Vir. Av. | large | 4½ | Very bad. - E. Wash. st. | large | 4½ | Bad. - N. West st. | large | 6½ | Bad. - E. South st. | med. | 5 | Passable. - ================+==========+========+=========== - - ================+===============================+============== - | GRAMS PER LITRE. | PARTS pr MILL - NAME +----------+--------+-----------+-------+------ - | _Total_ |_Organ._|_Chlorine._|_Free_ |_Alb._ - | _Solids._|& _Vol._| | _Amm._|_Amm._ - ----------------+----------+--------+-----------+-------+------ - S. East st. | .82 | .39 | .05 | .037 | .114 - E. Market st. | .97 | .32 | .12 | .049 | .23 - E. Mich. st. | 1.12 | .57 | .07 | .072 | .17 - Central av. | .607 | .22 | .044 | .041 | .09 - Laurel st. | .92 | .38 | .089 | .105 | .38 - East Georgia | .62 | .49 | .072 | 1.08 | .427 - Broadway st. | .63 | .30 | .022 | .03 | .04 - East N. Y. st. | .59 | .21 | .094 | .07 | .07 - N. N. Jersey | .66 | .24 | .07 | .08 | .069 - N. N. Jersey | .68 | .22 | .075 | .09 | .066 - N. Illinois st. | .80 | .31 | .03 | .039 | .113 - Hoyt av. | .30 | .06 | 0.1 | .04 | .06 - W. St Clair st. | .83 | .32 | 0.7 | .045 | .112 - N. Tenn. st. | .69 | .27 | 0.55 | .07 | .09 - N. Tenn. st. | .66 | .19 | .065 | .09 | .11 - W. North st. | .74 | .30 | .04 | .09 | .12 - E. North st. | .69 | .28 | .03 | .08 | .08 - N. Delaw. st. | .75 | .29 | .075 | .07 | .11 - ================+==========+========+===========+=======+====== - |_Nitrates_|_Degree_| - NAME | _and_ | _of_ | OPINION. - |_Nitrites_|_Hardn._| - ----------------+----------+--------+------------ - S. East st. | large | 5 | Bad. - E. Market st. | v. large | 4½ | Very bad. - E. Mich. st. | large | 4½ | Very bad. - Central av. | med. | 6½ | Suspicious. - Laurel st. | v. large | 6½ | Very bad. - East Georgia | large | 1½ | Very bad. - Broadway st. | small | 7 | Good. - East N. Y. st. | large | 6½ | Bad. - N. N. Jersey | large | 7 | Bad. - N. N. Jersey | large | 6½ | Bad. - N. Illinois st. | large | 6½ | Suspicious. - Hoyt av. | small | 4 | Good. - W. St Clair st. | large | 7 | Very susp. - N. Tenn. st. | med. | 6½ | Very susp. - N. Tenn. st. | large | 6½ | Very susp. - W. North st. | large | 6½ | Bad. - E. North st. | large | 6½ | Suspicious. - N. Delaw. st. | large | 7 | Bad. - ================+==========+========+============ - J. N. HURTY, Analyst. - -It is very surprising to me that many people are so ignorant in regard -to impure water and its deleterious effect on health. I have met with -“would be” highly educated persons who have regarded, and do regard any -agitation of this subject, as of little value to the public, and as -very damaging to the fair fame of the city, and for that reason to be -at all hazards covered up and kept secret. - -They also express the thought that every kind of water is filled with -microscopic creatures, and that a small amount of filth or dirt in -drinking water does no special harm to anyone. All this is the opposite -of the facts. Prof. Barnard, of Cornell University, says: “Pure water -is not inhabited by organisms; on the contrary stagnant water or impure -water alone affords them subsistence. They hasten the destruction of -dead animal and vegetable matters the waters may contain, causing for -the time being an infusion or fermentation.” - -Macdonald states that “mineral particles may affect health on account -of their mechanical action, as for example when mineral silt or clay -causes diarrhœa. Dead animal and vegetable substances may have more -important effects, as when suspended fecal matter produces irritation -of the whole alimentary tract. On the other hand, living things, such -as the ova of entozoa, the nematoid worms and small leeches may give -rise at once to certain grave disorders, or algæ may act on sulphates -and disengage sulphuretted hydrogen.” - -Pure water is one of God’s best gifts to man, and if that is allowed to -be adulterated the impairment of our health and the destruction of our -happiness is sure to follow. - -In the samples of dug well waters which have recently been analyzed, -the following animalculæ in addition to those given above were found by -the use of the different powers of the microscope: - -[Illustration: Megalotrocha flavicans.] - -[Illustration: Glossiphonia bioculata.] - -[Illustration: Vibrio.] - -[Illustration: Anguillula fluviatilis. Anguillula aceti. Anguillula.] - -[Illustration: Vorticellina.] - -[Illustration: Bacteria.] - -[Illustration: Rotifera vulgaris.] - -[Illustration: Cyclops quadricornis.] - -[Illustration: Ophrydium versatile.] - -[Illustration: Halteria grandinella.] - -[Illustration: Alona quadrangularis.] - -[Illustration: Stentor coerulleus. Pluroxus trigonellus.] - -[Illustration: Cypris tristriata.] - -[Illustration: Candona reptans.] - -[Illustration: Cythere inopinator.] - -At Indianapolis we have on the Board of Health three earnest and -capable physicians who thoroughly understand the present necessities -and stand ready to enforce all laws pertaining to public health; but -our laws on hygiene are very inefficient, and the power and usefulness -of the board are unwisely limited; therefore the board can do little -towards averting the calamity already upon us. The Board of Health need -more money, more men and the largest liberty of action. - -We shall never have a healthy city until the health department is -advanced to the position it deserves. We need a vigorous public -sentiment in favor of cleanliness and hygienic measures. The best -thought and energies of physicians and scientists everywhere should be -directed to questions pertaining to water supply, sewerage and garbage -of cities, and if necessary to secure proper legislation, the people -must arise in their might and compel timid and shortsighted rulers to -give better laws on sanitary matters and more money to make the laws -effective. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION : PRESENTED -TO THE AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION AT NEW ORLEANS, DEC. 1880 *** - -***** This file should be named 64143-0.txt or 64143-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - https://www.gutenberg.org/6/4/1/4/64143/ - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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Runnels - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; } - -h1,h2 { text-align: center; clear: both; } - -h1 {page-break-before: always; } -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} - -p { margin-top: .51em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5em; margin-bottom: .49em; } -p.no-indent { margin-top: .51em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; margin-bottom: .49em;} -p.author { margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 5%; text-align: right;} -p.indent { text-indent: 1.5em;} -p.f120 { font-size: 120%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } -p.f150 { font-size: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } - -.space-above1 { margin-top: 1em; } -.space-above2 { margin-top: 2em; } -.space-above3 { margin-top: 3em; } -.space-below1 { margin-bottom: 1em; } -.space-below2 { margin-bottom: 2em; } - -hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-left: 47.5%; margin-right: 47.5%; } -hr.r25 {width: 25%; margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 3em; - margin-left: 37.5%; margin-right: 37.5%; } -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%; } - -table { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.tdc {text-align: center;} -.tdl_ws1 {text-align: left; vertical-align: top; padding-left: 1em;} -.tdl_ws1_c {text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 1em;} -.tdr_ws1 {text-align: right; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 1em;} - -.pagenum { - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.blockquot { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; } - -.bb2 {border-bottom: solid 2px;} -.bb {border-bottom: solid 1px;} -.bt {border-top: solid 1px;} -.bbox {border: solid 2px;} - -.center {text-align: center; text-indent: 0; } -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} -.u {text-decoration: underline;} - -img {max-width: 100%; height: auto;} -.figcenter { margin: auto; text-align: center; } -div.figcontainer { clear: both; margin: 0em auto; text-align: center; max-width: 100%;} -div.figsub { display: inline-block; margin: 1em 1em; vertical-align: top; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; } - -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -.ws2 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 2em;} -.ws4 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 4em;} - - @media handheld { .pagenum {display:none;}} - - </style> - </head> -<body> -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold;'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Soil and Water Pollution : Presented to the American Public Health Association at New Orleans, Dec. 1880, by Moses T. Runnels</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Soil and Water Pollution : Presented to the American Public Health Association at New Orleans, Dec. 1880</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Moses T. Runnels</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Release Date: December 27, 2020 [eBook #64143]</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Paul Marshall and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</div> -<div style='margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION : PRESENTED TO THE AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION AT NEW ORLEANS, DEC. 1880 ***</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h1>SOIL AND<br />WATER POLLUTION</h1> - -<p class="center space-above2">PRESENTED TO THE</p> -<p class="f150">American Public Health Association,</p> - -<p class="center space-above2">AT NEW ORLEANS, DEC. 1880.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By</span> MOSES T. RUNNELS, M. D.,</p> - -<p class="center">INDIANAPOLIS.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center">CHICAGO:<br />DUNCAN BROTHERS.<br />1880.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION.</h2> -</div> - -<p>There is no subject of greater interest to the people than that of -health and the best means of obtaining it. Plenty of wholesome food, -good air and pure water constitute the first essentials of right -living. Any thing which contaminates these prime requisites admits a -factor into the problem of life which seriously vitiates its result. -To what extent agents of adulteration have injured the human family -by disease and death we do not know, but the usual estimate made by -sanitarians is, that nearly one-half of the existing diseases might be -abolished, provided that individuals and communities should enter upon -correct modes of living. In the United States over one hundred thousand -persons die annually, and probably one hundred and fifty thousand -persons are constantly sick from causes well known to be preventable. -Dr. Draper says the total number of deaths in Massachusetts during five -years, 1869-73, from all causes was 156,289; of that number the deaths -from zymotic or fermentable diseases comprised 26 per cent.; those from -acute pulmonary diseases were 7 per cent.; and those from phthisis, -17 per cent. So that, if we include all these among the “preventable” -diseases, the deaths from these causes represent one-half the actual -mortality. It is estimated that the productive efficiency of the -average life in this country might be increased 30 per cent.; or up to -the normal amount by the proper observance of health laws. The annual -mortality rate should not exceed 15 per 1,000 in cities under good -sanitary management, but the tables of the National Board of Health -show a greater mortality in almost every city of the country. Zymotic -or preventable diseases are increasing in Indianapolis. From these -diseases 443 deaths occurred in the city during the year 1879—over 32 -per cent. more than in 1878—and if such a large number died, it is -fair to calculate that twenty times as many persons were more or less -sick from the same causes. Nearly 33 per cent. of the total deaths of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> -the city last year were due to zymotic diseases. These facts should -awaken the public to thorough search for the causes at work producing -such a high mortality.</p> - -<p>I believe, and it shall be my endeavor to prove, that the increase -of zymotic diseases in the city is due in a great measure to causes -easily preventable. Man, it is true, is born to sorrow; but many of -these sorrows are of his own creation, or are due to his neglect -of established principles. Having determined upon a thorough -investigation, we need only to visit the premises, where typhoid -fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, and diseases of this class prevail, -to obtain facts enough to solve the problem. Wherever filth abounds, -whether in the air, the ground, or the water, there will be a fruitful -soil for the propagation of fermentative diseases. To be convinced of -the present and past filthy condition of the city, one should take a -walk through any of the alleys at noonday, and inhale the foul odors -arising constantly from sewers, cess-pools, privies and decaying -animal, vegetable, and excrementitious matters thrown out from kitchens -and stables. An examination of the kitchen and back yard of a house is -sufficient to prove one of two things, either that Biddy is “monarch of -all she surveys,” or that the family need a few practical lessons on -sanitary science. The latter are sure to follow in time.</p> - -<p>The increase of zymotic diseases in Indianapolis, is due largely to -soil and water pollution. The conditions of the soil affect our health -through the water we drink and the air we breathe. To effluvia from -the soil, may be attributed, as stated by Parkes, paroxysmal fevers, -typhoid fever, yellow fever, bilious remittent fever, cholera and -dysentery. Waring accepts the theory of the dissemination of typhoid -fever by fecal discharges of the sick, but gives as his opinion that -the disease may be developed by exhalations of decomposing matters in -dung-heaps, pig sties, privy vaults, cellars, cess-pools, drains and -sewers, or it may be due to the presence of the poison deep in the -ground, and its escape in an active condition in ground exhalations. -A cold soil, and a misty, chilly condition of the atmosphere are -caused by large amounts of water in the ground; and persons living -on such soil are disposed to catarrhal complaints, rheumatism and -neuralgia. Dampness of the soil produces malaria and consumption, and -their activity varies with the degree of moisture. The lowering of -the ground water in the malarious districts of Indiana, has greatly -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> -mitigated the paroxysmal fevers which were formerly so prevalent, and -the general healthfulness of the state has been increased by drainage. -The sandy soil underlying Indianapolis retains from 33 to 36 per cent. -of water. A strong clay soil will not retain over 27 per cent. of water.</p> - -<p>According to Pettenkofer, Ford and others, an excessive amount of -water in the soil is injurious to health by the effects of dampness. -It favors the decomposition of organic matter in the soil, and the -evolution of unhealthy effluvia. The water is liable to become -polluted, especially when it is the source of supply of water in wells -used for drinking purposes. The soil is so damp in Indianapolis, that -houses built close to the ground are known to be very unhealthy. At -least four-fifths of all the houses in the city are too near the -ground, to insure perfect immunity from dampness, and its blasting -influences to health.</p> - -<p>In the construction of dwellings, care should be taken to provide -the most efficient means for excluding dampness from the foundation -walls and basement floors; and the soil should be rendered drier by -underground drainage. Fox says, it is very unwise to allow the soil -close to houses to be defiled by filth; for the fires of a house -creating a force of suction, draw into the house the air contained in -the surrounding soil, as well as of that on which it is built. The -popular impression, that the atmosphere ends where the ground begins, -is a very widely spread delusion. Most soils are more or less porous. -A house built on gravelly soil stands on a foundation composed of a -mixture of two parts of small stones and one part of air. The air may -give place to any gas or to water. Zymotic diseases have been known to -arise from the emanations of soil polluted by excreta, and impurities -from sewers and drains and all other filth. Poisoning by breathing the -gases generated in sewers and cess-pools is not uncommon. In reference -to this point, Dr. Jno. Simon says: “The ferments so far as we know -them, show no power of active diffusion in dry air; but as moisture is -their normal medium, currents of humid air (as from sewers and drains) -can lift them in their full effectiveness, and if into houses or -confined exterior spaces, then with their chief chances of remaining -effective; and ill-ventilated, low-lying localities, if unclean as -regards the removal of their refuse, may especially be expected to have -these ferments present in their common atmosphere as well as of course -teeming in their soil and ground water.” -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> - -<p>Indianapolis is in the bottom of a basin, the rim of which rises sixty -or seventy feet all round it, east of White river; in some places as at -Crown Hill to three times that height.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/image006.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="576" /> -</div> - -<p>Let us now inquire into the condition of the soil of the city. We -find that the general direction of the water trend is from northeast -to southwest; that the water level in the wells near the Atlas works -is thirty-five feet above the river level at the city water works; -and that the waterfall is from fifteen to eighteen feet per mile. The -formation of the ground beneath the city is attributed by geologists -to the glacial drift of pre-historic times. From seventy to ninety -feet below the surface the earth is built up of alternate beds of sand -gravel, and clay, and go to show that at some remote period running -water with its leveling and transforming power, aided by the corroding -force of the air, contributed largely to the geological formation which -we find to-day.</p> - -<p>After obtaining the distances through these various strata in the -different parts of the city, an average is calculated in the following order: -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> - -<p>Loam, three to four feet; sand and gravel, thirty to forty feet; blue -compact clay (hard-pan), twelve to eighteen feet; sand and gravel, five -to ten feet; soft clay, one to five feet; and blue gravel and boulders -to Devonian limestone, thirty-five to fifty feet. The first stratum of -clay is very hard and tough, and for that reason is called “hard-pan.” -It has an inclination from the northeast to the southwest of about -thirty feet to the mile. The further north and east of White river, -the less distance it is to bed rock. Occasionally below the “hard-pan” -is found a small drift of soft clay, but this is not usual and does -not extend very far in area; often in moving ten feet it is missed. -The first seam of water is usually reached at a depth of seventeen to -twenty-five feet; the second seam at fifty to sixty-five feet; and the -third seam at seventy to ninety feet.</p> - -<p>These various strata of water are all what is called “hard water.” -Prof. E. T. Cox states that “the first seam contains the largest amount -of mineral water, principally calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, -chlorides and ferrous sulphate. The amount of chlorine is so large, -that its presence is due in a great measure to sewage contaminations. -The second seam of water contains but little chlorides, but has about -the same amount of calcic and magnesic carbonates as the first. It is a -good potable water when properly protected from contaminations from the -upper seam. The third seam of water is also a hard water, that is, its -salts will decompose a portion of soap and form a curd; but it contains -less carbonates and more sulphates of the alkaline earths, lime and -magnesia.” Inasmuch as the object of this paper, is to show to what -extent the soil and water of Indianapolis are affected by pollution and -the influence such pollution has on health, it is proper to state as -nearly as possible, the sources from which the contamination arises. By -the assistance of the former civil engineer of the city, the following -estimate was made:</p> - -<p>Area of Indianapolis (not including ground unimproved) 5,000 acres.</p> - -<p>Within the city limits there are:</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Pollution Sources" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Surface dug wells</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">15,000</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Driven wells</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> 5,000</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Open privy vaults</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">22,000</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Privy vaults filled up</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">13,000</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Cess-pools</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">10,000</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Cess-pools filled up</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> 5,000</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p>The builders of the city state, that in the business portion of the -city, it is not uncommon to discover from three to a half dozen old -privy vaults, in making a single excavation for an ordinary building. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p> - -<p>According to the above estimate which is considered very low, 50,000 -privy vaults and cess-pools are constantly filling the soil with deadly -poisons, and polluting the water of at least 15,000 surface dug wells, -which furnish drinking water to 50,000 people.</p> - -<p>Not more than 6,000 persons drink water from the city water works, and -about 20,000 persons use water from driven wells and cisterns. It is -a rule well established by eastern boards of health, that a dug well -drains a circular area with a radius equal to twice the distance of the -depth of the well. It has been ascertained, that a very large number of -the wells of the city are situated within an average distance of less -than thirty feet of cess-pools and privy vaults, while a great many are -distant from them not over ten feet. Most wells are dug simply with -the view of obtaining water and of having it as convenient to hand as -possible; the cess-pools are dug similarly, with a view to convenience -except that the demand here is that the liquid contents shall readily -drain away. Provided the well furnishes an abundance of water, and the -cess-pool allows the liquid refuse to soak away, and on this account, -seldom requires cleaning out, there is little concern as to what goes -on unobserved beneath the surface of the ground. In the course of time -the well water is discovered to be impure, after sickness, and perhaps -death, have followed its use.</p> - -<p>Wells situated on street corners in close proximity to the catch basin -of the sewers, are extremely liable to pollution from leakage from the -foul gutters and seepage from the catch basins.</p> - -<p>A notable outbreak of typhoid fever occurred in Louisville, in the -autumn of 1875, from the use of wellwater contaminated by a privy in an -adjoining school yard. The water was found to be impure, and the well -was condemned. “In the summer of 1878 some forty persons in Rochester -whose supply of drinking water was derived from a certain well, were -taken sick with typhoid fever and other zymotic diseases.” The health -officers closed the well and the people got water from other sources. -They began to recover immediately.</p> - -<p>“All authorities agree that any well situated within a few feet of -a cess-pool or sewer should be regarded with grave suspicion, for the -intervening soil may become overdone with filth at any moment, and -cease to act as an efficient filter of the polluted water, and allow -organic matter to enter the well; or animal filth may be washed into -the well at any time by a hard rain.” -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> - -<p>A great many citizens of Indianapolis are drinking water exclusively -from cisterns. It is difficult to estimate the number of cisterns -within the city limits; but a great deal may be said in regard to the -general unwholesomeness of the water they contain. Rain water contains -a small proportion of chlorine, the amount varying with the condition -of the atmosphere, and the purity of the shedding surface.</p> - -<p>When pure rain falls upon a roof it carries down with it all the -impurities accumulated there during dry weather; these soon putrify in -the cistern, and infect the water.</p> - -<p>The majority of the cisterns in the city are faulty in some -particular—either proper care was not exercised in their construction, -or the necessary repairs were not made in due time—and they are -found to be seeping, or leaky. Sufficient attention is not given to -keeping the cisterns well closed, and the result is that filth in large -quantities is to be found on emptying them. During my examinations I -have met with many cistern waters in the city so polluted by sewage -infiltration, that an immediate interdict on their use appeared to be -called for. Owing to the impurity of the soil, sewage matter finds its -way into hundreds of cisterns, and contaminates the water. Many of our -cisterns contain water rank with vegetable or animal impurity, and the -contents of the greater portion of these are not above suspicion. Some -of them are neither more or less than shallow wells, receiving more of -their contents by percolation than by inflow above.</p> - -<p>Last December 458 cisterns in Memphis, Tenn., were examined with the -following result: Sound, 209; seeping, eighty-two; and undoubtedly -leaking, 167. In the total number, there were 249 condemned as unfit -for use. To what extent these leaky cisterns contributed to the -epidemic of yellow fever we cannot tell. The probability of sewage -contamination in each instance was strong.</p> - -<p>In the year of 1879 there were seventy-eight deaths from typhoid and -typho-malarial fevers in Indianapolis. It may be stated as a probable -fact, that our siege of fevers in 1879 originated and was afterward -propagated in polluted drinking water, and ill-ventilated apartments -poisoned by sewer gases, or in close proximity to foul and overflowing -water closets and cess-pools. Forty-three per cent. of the total deaths -in the city in 1879 were deaths of children under five years of age. -Among the general causes of the high death rate of infants, may be -mentioned poverty and ignorance. These two conditions existing in the -parents, are great enemies of the public health and are two important -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> -factors which go to make up this startling infantile mortality. But -it must be conceded that typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, -measles, hooping cough and diarrhœal diseases have been endemic in our -midst as the result of foul air and polluted water. Deaths from these -causes occur more or less at all ages, but distinctively more among -children. The influence of filth causes the infants and young children -to die at twice, or thrice, or four times their fair standard rate of -mortality; and this disproportion seems to mark the young lives as -finer tests of soil and water pollution than are the acclimated adults. -The board of health of Indianapolis report that hundreds of cellars -in this city are full, or partly full of water, the entire year; and -that the increase of zymotic diseases is due largely to wet and damp -cellars, as well as to the long continued and general practice of -covering up foul privy vaults, after they have become full, to save the -expense of removing the contents.</p> - -<p>Being thoroughly impressed with the facts above enumerated, I commenced -to make investigations. I employed a competent chemist, Mr. Jno. Hurty, -to make sanitary examinations of water, and assist me in the work.</p> - -<p>In the collection of samples of water, special care was exercised -in regard to cleanliness and to avoid introducing any errors into -our examinations. Below I give a tabular statement of the analyses -of waters taken from surface dug wells in the city. Excepting the -permanganate of potash test, the quantities are in one litre (22-100ths -of an imperial gallon).</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Water Analysis" cellpadding="0" rules="cols"> - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb2" colspan="8"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb">Sample </th> - <th class="tdc bb">TOTAL<br /> SOLIDS. </th> - <th class="tdc bb">MATTER,<br />ORGANIC<br /> & VOLATILE. </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> CHLORINE. </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> PERMAN- <br />GANATE<br />TEST.</th> - <th class="tdc bb"> ALBUMINOID <br />AMMONIA.</th> - <th class="tdc bb">FREE<br /> AMMONIA. </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> REMARKS.</th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc"> </th> - <th class="tdc"><i>Gramme</i></th> - <th class="tdc"><i>Gramme</i></th> - <th class="tdc"><i>Gramme</i></th> - <th class="tdc"><i>Drops</i></th> - <th class="tdc"><i>Gramme</i></th> - <th class="tdc"><i>Gramme</i></th> - <th class="tdc"> </th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">1.</td> - <td class="tdc">0.81 </td> - <td class="tdc">.09 </td> - <td class="tdc">.11 </td> - <td class="tdc">30</td> - <td class="tdc">.0024 </td> - <td class="tdc">????</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">2.</td> - <td class="tdc">1.061</td> - <td class="tdc">.179</td> - <td class="tdc">.06 </td> - <td class="tdc">24</td> - <td class="tdc">.00015</td> - <td class="tdc">.00009</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Suspicious.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">3.</td> - <td class="tdc">1.26 </td> - <td class="tdc">.29 </td> - <td class="tdc">.115</td> - <td class="tdc">38</td> - <td class="tdc">????</td> - <td class="tdc">????</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">4.</td> - <td class="tdc">0.94 </td> - <td class="tdc">.131</td> - <td class="tdc">.093</td> - <td class="tdc">22</td> - <td class="tdc">????</td> - <td class="tdc">????</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">5.</td> - <td class="tdc">0.89 </td> - <td class="tdc">.055</td> - <td class="tdc">.032</td> - <td class="tdc">11</td> - <td class="tdc">.00009</td> - <td class="tdc">.00001</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Suspicious.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">6.</td> - <td class="tdc">0.964</td> - <td class="tdc">.098</td> - <td class="tdc">.08 </td> - <td class="tdc">15</td> - <td class="tdc">.00011</td> - <td class="tdc">.00001</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Suspicious.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">7.</td> - <td class="tdc">0.798</td> - <td class="tdc">.178</td> - <td class="tdc">.104</td> - <td class="tdc">28</td> - <td class="tdc">.00089</td> - <td class="tdc">.00005</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">8.</td> - <td class="tdc">0.37 </td> - <td class="tdc">.025</td> - <td class="tdc">.049</td> - <td class="tdc">12</td> - <td class="tdc">.0003 </td> - <td class="tdc">.0004 </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Suspicious.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bt" colspan="8"><b>NOTE:</b> ???? means not obtained.</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p>In regard to the wholesomeness or unwholesomeness of water, Watt’s -Dictionary of Chemistry gives the following: “Water suitable for -economical, technical or culinary purposes should not contain of solid -constituents to exceed five-tenths of a gramme to one gramme per litre. -Water containing one-tenth gramme per litre of organic matter is unfit -for culinary purposes or drinking. Wholesome water should not contain -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> -of organic matter more than five-one thousanth to one one-hundredth -gramme per liter. As a rule, water containing as much as one -one-hundredth of a gramme of chlorine per litre may be suspected of -being contaminated with drainage. Whenever in water the oxygen amounts -to less than one-third of the nitrogen, and the water also causes a -considerable reduction of permanganate of potash, the presence of -decomposing organic substance is probable. The capability of water to -remain for some days at a temperature of about 22°C, without undergoing -decomposition is of great importance in reference to the question of -wholesomeness.”</p> - -<p>The permanganate of potash test given above was as follows: The test -solution was distilled water, one litre, and permanganate of potash, -one gramme. Of this solution, the number of drops required to render -fifty cubic centimetres of the water under examination permanently -red, were reported. It should be understood that the same quantity of -distilled water required but eight drops of the test solution to become -permanently red.</p> - -<p>The first sample of water was taken from a well where fourteen persons -were simultaneously attacked in December last by typho-malarial and -diarrhœal diseases. All had been drinking water from this well, and -had it not been for the timely help of the physician who condemned the -water.</p> - -<p class="f150"><b>SERIOUS RESULTS WOULD HAVE FOLLOWED.</b></p> - -<p>On examination the cess-pool was found to be connected directly with -the well by a pipe, and when the cess-pool became full, its contents -regurgitated into the well. The Board of Health examined the premises, -condemned the well and ordered that both privy vault and cess-pool be -cleaned out without delay. I understand that it is quite common in this -city to connect the cess-pool with the well by a pipe so that the waste -water may be readily conveyed away; but if people knew the danger to -be feared from such an arrangement, greater care in the construction -of drains would be exercised. Hundreds of cases might be related where -in houses fitted with all that taste could desire, and gold procure, a -siphoned trap, or in the absence of a trap, an imperfect joint, or an -old brick drain, or riddled soil pipe, defects easily remedied if known -to exist, have undermined the health of adults and slain the little -ones. In the first sample a large quantity of animalculæ were revealed -by the microscope. Fox states that “the existence of animal life in a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> -water affords good evidence in itself of the presence of a very -sensible amount of organic matter, <i>alias</i> filth. These little -creatures feed and flourish on what we call organic matter, and in -perfectly pure water they cannot live. A perfectly pure water contains -no suspended matter nor any animal or vegetable life. The ova of the -round and the thread worms, the eggs and joints of the tapeworm and -small leeches, which may give rise to grave disorders, should not be -forgotten in making microscopic examinations of drinking waters.”</p> - -<p>Good water is both a necessity and a priceless blessing. Foul water -is a scourge and a messenger of death. No one except a brute would -hesitate which to choose if he could tell one from the other. It is -only with the grosser pollution of water that chemists can apply their -science. Infinitesimal pollution cannot be estimated by the skill of -any chemist. It is the careful physician who decides more accurately -in regard to the purity of water than the chemist. Sir Benj. Brodie in -speaking of the detection of infinitesimal pollution says: “I think -you have a much better chance of getting at these relations through -accurate medical statistics, properly applied, than you have through -chemical analysis, because chemical analysis is one of the poorest -things possible to reach those delicate quantities. You cannot get at -these small quantities at all; chemical analysis must be limited by our -power of weighing and measuring. It may go on to a certain point, but -we cannot go beyond that point.”</p> - -<p>The well from which the second sample was taken, was within twenty-five -feet of a privy vault twenty feet deep. Several families used water -from the well. Two cases of</p> - -<p class="f150"><b>TYPHOID FEVER DEVELOPED</b></p> - -<p class="no-indent">in one family, and all the persons who drank the -water were constantly ailing. The third sample was taken from a well -where four cases of typhoid fever had occurred. A thorough search -had been made for the cause of the trouble. The well water had been -suspected and was condemned by the attending physician.</p> - -<p>Seventy feet from the wall there was a privy vault overflowing. Another -vault was within twenty-five feet of the well. To the effluvia from -the former was attributed one case of typhoid fever. The stench was so -great at night that not even the windows in the upper stories of the -houses in the neighborhood could be kept open. People living near had -sore throats, malarial fever and diarrhœal disorders. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> - -<p>The fourth sample was obtained from a surface dug well, from which the -inmates of the State Female Reformatory were supplied with drinking -water. Since the first of last August thirty-nine cases of well defined -typhoid fever, and thirteen milder cases of the same disease appeared -in the Reformatory. The attending physician attributed the outbreak -of the fever to the water from the well. After a thorough chemical -examination of the water, the well was condemned and filled up, and the -water supply now comes from a driven well.</p> - -<p>It is worthy of remark that the persons attacked by typhoid fever, had -been daily drinking the foul water from the well until the appearance -of the fever; that the immediate surroundings of the well and the -sanitary condition of the building were good, and that no direct cause -of typhoid fever outside of the well could be discovered.</p> - -<p>The fifth sample was taken from a well which supplied a family of six -persons with water. Diarrhœal troubles,</p> - -<p class="f150"><b>SYMPTOMS OF TYPHOID FEVER,</b></p> - -<p class="no-indent">sore throats, etc., were not uncommon, and the -family physician was frequently consulted. One privy vault forty -feet north from the well was full. Another privy vault was fifty -feet northeast of the well. The contents of the vaults undoubtedly -contaminated the well water to some extent, and of course the evil -would be increased with time.</p> - -<p>The sixth sample was drawn from a well on the south side of the city. -No privy vault or cess-pool is located within fifty feet of it. To all -appearances the surroundings are good. The well water has been used -for drinking purposes for several years. One person in the family had -typhoid fever three years ago, and malarial and bilious attacks have -annoyed the other members of the family frequently.</p> - -<p>The seventh sample was obtained from a well from which three cases -of typhoid fever had previously been supplied with water. The -attending physician attributed the development of the disease to the -unwholesomeness of the water.</p> - -<p>The eighth sample was obtained from one of the wells at the water works.</p> - -<p>The following table gives the analyses of waters from driven wells -extended below the first or second stratum of clay. These wells are -located in different parts of the city. Excepting the permanganate of -potash test, previously explained, the quantities are in one litre. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Water Analysis" cellpadding="0" rules="cols"> - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb2" colspan="8"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb">Sample </th> - <th class="tdc bb">TOTAL<br /> SOLIDS. </th> - <th class="tdc bb">MATTER,<br />ORGANIC<br /> & VOLATILE. </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> CHLORINE. </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> PERMAN- <br />GANATE<br />TEST.</th> - <th class="tdc bb"> ALBUMINOID <br />AMMONIA.</th> - <th class="tdc bb">FREE<br /> AMMONIA. </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> REMARKS.</th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc"> </th> - <th class="tdc"><i>Gramme</i></th> - <th class="tdc"><i>Gramme</i></th> - <th class="tdc"><i>Gramme</i></th> - <th class="tdc"><i>Drops</i></th> - <th class="tdc"><i>Gramme</i></th> - <th class="tdc"><i>Gramme</i></th> - <th class="tdc"> </th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">1.</td> - <td class="tdc">0.400</td> - <td class="tdc">.012</td> - <td class="tdc">.008</td> - <td class="tdc">10</td> - <td class="tdc">.000045</td> - <td class="tdc">none</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Good water.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">2.</td> - <td class="tdc">0.586</td> - <td class="tdc">.28 </td> - <td class="tdc">.004</td> - <td class="tdc">12</td> - <td class="tdc">.00005 </td> - <td class="tdc">none</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Good water.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">3.</td> - <td class="tdc">0.699</td> - <td class="tdc">.047</td> - <td class="tdc">.025</td> - <td class="tdc"> 9</td> - <td class="tdc">none</td> - <td class="tdc">none</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Excellent.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">4.</td> - <td class="tdc">0.496</td> - <td class="tdc">.08 </td> - <td class="tdc">.006</td> - <td class="tdc">10</td> - <td class="tdc">none</td> - <td class="tdc">none</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Excellent.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">5.</td> - <td class="tdc">0.454</td> - <td class="tdc">.069</td> - <td class="tdc">.038</td> - <td class="tdc"> 9</td> - <td class="tdc">none</td> - <td class="tdc">.0001</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Excellent.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bt" colspan="8"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p>I have in my possession partial and complete analyses by Prof. E. T. -Cox, of waters from nine other driven wells in the city. The analyses -show that these wells furnish good potable water.</p> - -<p>The occupants of large buildings are often supplied with water from -tanks on the upper floors. If the tanks are not properly constructed -and well inclosed, the water pumped into them may be contaminated at -any time by impurities.</p> - -<p>Given below are analyses of waters drawn from tanks in large blocks.</p> - -<p>The quantities are in one litre.</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Water Analysis" cellpadding="0" rules="cols"> - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb2" colspan="8"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb">Sample </th> - <th class="tdc bb">TOTAL<br /> SOLIDS. </th> - <th class="tdc bb">MATTER,<br />ORGANIC<br /> & VOLATILE. </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> CHLORINE. </th> - <th class="tdc bb">FREE<br /> AMMONIA. </th> - <th class="tdc bb"> ALBUMINOID <br />AMMONIA.</th> - <th class="tdc bb"> REMARKS.</th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc"> </th> - <th class="tdc"><i>Gramme</i></th> - <th class="tdc"><i>Gramme</i></th> - <th class="tdc"><i>Gramme</i></th> - <th class="tdc"><i>Gramme</i></th> - <th class="tdc"><i>Gramme</i></th> - <th class="tdc"> </th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">1.</td> - <td class="tdc">1.032</td> - <td class="tdc">.14</td> - <td class="tdc">.09</td> - <td class="tdc">.00004</td> - <td class="tdc">.00012</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1">2.</td> - <td class="tdc">.554</td> - <td class="tdc">.089</td> - <td class="tdc">.075</td> - <td class="tdc">.00015</td> - <td class="tdc">.00009</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Good</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1 bt" colspan="7"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p>One person who lived in the former block died of typhoid fever, and -many others had sickness from the use of the water.</p> - -<p>The question of drainage and water supply of cities, should take the -precedence of every other question, for upon its proper solution -depends thousands of lives. Those in authority should understand its -importance, and feel the pressing necessity of more thorough sanitary -work. Hygiene is not only a subject of scientific interest to the -medical man, but its problems and discoveries ought to be of great -practical importance to political economists and legislators, who -usually occupy themselves with subjects which benefit the common people -very little. It appears that the best engineering talent, and great -amounts of money, have been employed, to furnish cities and towns with -<i>inexhaustible supplies of water without sufficient regard to quality</i>.</p> - -<p>To economically furnish water in ample quantity, is an object of great -importance; but it is of more consequence that the water obtained is -not contaminated by sewers, cess-pools, and surface drainage to such an -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> -extent that disease and death shall be scattered broadcast; among those -who drink the water. There are those who claim that a small proportion -of sewage in drinking water does not necessarily prove deleterious to health.</p> - -<p>The English Rivers’ Pollution Commission published conclusions based -on the examination of some two thousand samples of water claimed to be -drinkable; condemning river water because it is liable to contamination -from drainage of cultivated land, towns and manufactories. According to -their decision “the admixture of even a small quantity of the infected -discharges (of persons suffering from cholera or typhoid fever), with -a large volume of drinking water, is sufficient for the propagation of -those diseases among persons using such water.”</p> - -<p>Dr. Folsom, in the report of the Massachusetts State Board of Health, -states that “excessive dilution simply diminishes the chances of danger -from any particular tumblerful.” To show how disease may be transmitted -in dilute sewage and that disease germs are not exterminated by -diffusion through a large body of running water, Dr. E. D. Mapother, of -Dublin, reports forty cases of typhoid fever occurring in a hospital -which received its supply from a river. The cause was traced to some -barracks twenty-five miles higher up, from which typhoidal dejections -had been emptied through drains into the river.</p> - -<p>The following classification of drinkable waters which was made -by the English commissioners, should be received by us as entirely -trustworthy.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p><i>Wholesome</i>—Spring water, deep well water, and upland surface -water.</p> - -<p><i>Suspicious</i>—Stored rain water, and surface water from cultivated -land.</p> - -<p><i>Dangerous</i>—River water to which sewage gets access, and shallow -well water.</p> -</div> - -<p>The fact that foul water will breed disease, should no longer be -ignored. The citizens of Indianapolis have been drinking water from the -city water works not above suspicion, and it is about time that the -pollution of the water by filth should excite public attention.</p> - -<p>Below I give analyses of samples of water drawn at different times and -places from the faucets of the city water works.</p> - -<p>The following report is from Prof. Thos. C. Van Nuys, of the State University. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> - -<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Bloomington</span>, Ind., May 10, 1880.</p> - -<p>The water you sent on Thursday was received on Friday evening. The -following is the report of my chemical and microscopic examinations:</p> - -<p>In one litre (1,000 cubic centimetres).</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Water Analysis" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Nitric acid anhydride, N₂O₅.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">10.72</td> - <td class="tdc">milligrammes</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Ammonia, NH₃,</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> 0.03</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Carbonic acid anhydride, CO₂.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> 0.439</td> - <td class="tdc">gramme.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Calcium oxide, CaO,</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> 0.148</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Magnesium oxide, MgO,</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> 0.04128</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Chlorine,</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> 0.09218</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Degree of hardness (English)</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">25.7</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p>The organic matter in 100 cubic centimetres of the water required -3.11 cubic centimetres of the 1-100 normal solution of potassium -permanganate to oxidize it; therefore one litre of the water would -require 31.1 cubic centimetres of the 1-100 normal solution KMnO₄ -to oxidize the organic matter. In 31.1 c. c. of this solution there -is 0.0098 gramme KMnO₄ or 0.0247 gramme oxygen liberated. I would -remark here that there is no method of estimating the exact quantity -of organic matter in water. The method of estimating the carbon and -hydrogen by combustion analysis (Frankland and Armstrong’s) has been -found defective,—also the methods based on the estimation of nitrogen -and reduction of silver oxide. The method employed in this case -(Schultze’s) is the most reliable, and yet not all the organic matter -is oxidized, for some is volatized in boiling.</p> - -<p>I found the following infusorial animalaculcæ: Stylonchia pustulata, -actinurus neptunius, rotirfer vulgaris, monostylaquadridentata, -navicular baltica.</p> - -<p class="space-below2">I give here the magnified pictures.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/image016a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="100" /> - <p class="center">Actinurus Neptunius.</p> - <img src="images/image016b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="89" /> - <p class="center">Navicula Baltica.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/image017a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="209" /> - <p class="center">Monosty la Quadridentata.</p> - <img src="images/image017b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="246" /> - <p class="center">Rotifer Vulgaris.</p> - <img src="images/image017c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="123" /> - <p class="center">Stylonchia Pustulata.</p> -</div> - -<p>I did not examine the first sample of water with the microscope. In -the water of the second bottle I found but one kind of infusoria, -<i>viz.</i>, stylonchia pustulata, but they were numerous. In the water -sent on Thursday I found the others named, but few in number. In both -samples of water there was but a small quantity of mineral matter, a -few crystals of CaCO₃. The water was somewhat cloudy and the suspended -particles were evidently of vegetable origin. I have not adopted any -standard in judging water for drinking purposes.</p> - -<p>As yet none has been found having a scientific basis. But let us see -how this water would be rated by some of the standards of men who have -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> -justly distinguished themselves by their labor in water analysis. The -Grenzzahlen limitary numbers are of E. Reichardt, Kubel, and Tiemann -and Fischer.</p> - -<p>One litre (1,000 cubic centimetres).</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Grenzzahlen Limitary Numbers" cellpadding="0" rules="cols" > - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb2" colspan="4"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb"> </th> - <th class="tdc bb">REICHARDT.</th> - <th class="tdc bb">KUBEL AND<br />TIEMANN.</th> - <th class="tdc bb">FISCHER.</th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Nitric acid anhyd.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> 4 milligramm.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> 5 to 15 milligramm.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> 27 milligramm.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Chlorine</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">28<span class="ws2">”</span></td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">20 to 30<span class="ws2">”</span></td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> 35<span class="ws2">”</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Lime (CaO.)</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">112<span class="ws2">”</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Magnesia (MgO.)</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> 40<span class="ws2">”</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Degrees of hardness (German) </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">18<span class="ws2">”</span></td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">18 to 20<span class="ws2">”</span></td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> 17<span class="ws2">”</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p>This water contains in milligrammes per litre: Nitric Acid Anhyd. -10.72; Chlorine, 92.18; Lime, 14.8; Magnesia, 41; degrees of hardness -(German), 20.596.</p> - -<p>The limitary quantity of organic matter in 100 c. c. should not exceed -that necessary for the deoxidation of K Mn 04 in 2 c. c. of the 1-100 -normal solution. This is given by Fresenius. For 100 c. c. of this -water 3.11 c. c. of the 1-100 normal solution was required. The organic -matter in the water is considerable, yet is no doubt variable in -quantity. On account of the quantity of the organic matter, by exposure -to the air doubtless many other species of infusoria would be formed. -The water is hard and by chemical technologists would be condemned, as -with them 10 degrees German, or 12.5 degrees English, is the limit.</p> - -<p>The ammonia is in a mere trace, yet accurately estimated as given. -Nearly all rain water contains more. I have estimated the chlorine -in water sent on Thursday last (by the volumetric method), and found -0.05992 gramme chlorine in one litre. This makes a difference of 0.0322 -gramme chlorine as found in one litre of the water of the first bottle -sent. In what way could there be such a great increase or rather -decrease of the chlorides? Are there any privy vaults or slaughter -houses near the source of the water? May I ask where this water was -obtained?</p> - -<p>In a letter of March 12, 1880, Prof. E. T. Cox gives the following: “I -fully believe that whenever any form of disease rages as an epidemic -in any locality, it is due in a large measure to water pollution. The -three streams of subterranean water beneath Indianapolis, flow from -northeast to southwest. Wells that are supplied from the upper water, -contain more and more chloride of sodium (common salt) as you go to the -south part of the city, and this is absolute proof of sewer-pollution, -and all the well water from the first and second seams is absolutely -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> -dangerous, and its use should be prohibited. The lower stratum is safe -if the upper seams are shut off from it. When water works were first -contemplated at Indianapolis, I was called upon for information, and -had my advise been taken, you would now have the best possible water, -instead of water of doubtful character, to use the mildest term.” On -the 20th of March a sample of water was obtained from the water works -for examination. The analysis showed in one litre,</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Water Analysis" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Total solids,</td> - <td class="tdr">.985</td> - <td class="tdc"> gramme</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Organic and volatile,<span class="ws2"> </span></td> - <td class="tdr">.08 </td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Chlorine,</td> - <td class="tdr">.055</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p>Fifty centimetres of the water required fourteen drops of the -permanganate of potash solution to render it permanently red. The same -amount of distilled water required but eight drops. The microscope, -with a lens of 100 diameters, revealed considerable vegetable matter.</p> - -<p>Inasmuch as White river is used by the water works as a source of -supply when the water in their wells get low, and also in time of fire -in the city, it was thought advisable to ascertain the condition of the -river water. Therefore, on April 30, 1880, a sample was drawn from the -river at middle of the iron bridge at the foot of Washington street.</p> - -<p>One litre contained:</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Water Analysis" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Total solid constituents</td> - <td class="tdr">.36   </td> - <td class="tdc">gramme.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Organic and volatile matter  </td> - <td class="tdr">.032  </td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Chlorine</td> - <td class="tdr">.105  </td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Free ammonia</td> - <td class="tdr">.00072</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Albuminoid ammonia</td> - <td class="tdr">.00048</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p>Fifty cubic centimetres of this water required thirty-six drops of the -permanganate of potash solution to render it permanently red. The same -amount of distilled water required but eight drops of said solution to -become permanently red.</p> - -<p>The microscope revealed sand, clay, legs, and other parts of insects, -foreign matter of many kinds, and animalculæ. This water is but little -better than sewage. It is due to the water works to state that the -water taken from the river is filtered through a bed of sand and gravel -about four feet deep.</p> - -<p>Professor Edward R. Taylor, of Cleveland, examined two samples of water -from the water works with the following result:</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Water Analysis" cellpadding="0" > - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc"> </th> - <th class="tdc">1st sample. </th> - <th class="tdc"> 2d sample.</th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Specific gravity</td> - <td class="tdc">10019</td> - <td class="tdc">10021</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">In grams per litre the analyses show</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Solid residue</td> - <td class="tdc">.5876</td> - <td class="tdc">.5696</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Organic and Volatile matter</td> - <td class="tdc">.3150</td> - <td class="tdc">.1213</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Chlorine</td> - <td class="tdc">.0598</td> - <td class="tdc">.0738</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Free ammonia</td> - <td class="tdc">.0015</td> - <td class="tdc">.0002</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Albuminoid ammonia</td> - <td class="tdc">.0038</td> - <td class="tdc">.0018</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> -The amount of chlorine is very considerable in both samples. It would -properly be presumed that both had a bad origin.</p> - -<p>The following is taken from <i>The State Press</i>, Iowa City, Iowa, April -14, 1880:</p> - -<p>“The Des Moines City Council spent several days inspecting the various -systems of water works through Iowa, Illinois and Indiana and came back -discouraged and disgusted with what they had seen.” The <i>Leader</i> says: -“The last report made was from Indianapolis, where the water was bad, -the contract bad, and all the conditions were very bad. But for that -matter those things are getting monotonous. On the whole route, from -Burlington to Peoria, water was not found fit to drink, and in several -places it was too bad to wash in. At Springfield water is taken out of -the Illinois river, thick and black, and pumped about the city without -even an excuse made toward filtering it, and yet the money spent on -her water works aggregates nearly three times the hundred thousand -of dollars the works in Des Moines are offered at. The State Board -of Health has declared the water unfit for use. At Indianapolis the -Secretary of the Water Company said they could not recommend the water; -at Burlington, with her new and cheap works, the filter is reported -broken and the yellow Mississippi mud is daily dished up for men to -wash their eyes in. There was no excuse made for the mixture of mud and -water at Keokuk, it is probably past the day of excuses.”</p> - -<p>On May 18, 1880, a sample of water was drawn from a faucet of the -Water Works Company. The analysis revealed the following. Each litre -contained:</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Water Analysis" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Total solids</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">.84</td> - <td class="tdc">gramme.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Organic and volatile matter</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">.43</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Chlorine</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">.047</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Free ammonia</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">.00008</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Albuminoid ammonia</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">.00024</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Nitrates and nitrites</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="2">Large amount.</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p>The value of the above figures can best be understood when it is known -that pure spring water never contains over .000005 gramme of free -ammonia, and .00002 gramme albuminoid ammonia per litre. The best -authorities state that, that water is suspicious which contains above -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> -.0001 gramme of albuminoid ammonia per litre; and over .00015 gramme of -albuminoid ammonia per litre ought to condemn absolutely.</p> - -<p>Another sample of water from the water works was sent to Prof. Van -Nuys, on May 27, 1880. He reports that the water contained much more -organic matter than that in which an estimation of organic matter was -made before.</p> - -<p>The following statement is from Prof. Van Nuys, July 14, 1880, in -regard to water from the water works. <i>Chemical and microscopic -examination of water received from Dr. M. T. Runnels, of Indianapolis, -on June 23 and 29, 1880</i>:</p> - -<p class="space-below1">“The organic matter in 100 cubic centimetres -of the water required 5.35 cubic centimetres of the one one-hundredth -normal potassium permanganate solution. In 5.35 cubic centimetres of -this solution there are 1.6932 milligrammes potassium permanganate or -0.428 milligrammes oxygen was liberated, hence in one litre of the -water the organic matter would require 53.5 cubic centimetres of the -one one-hundredth normal permanganate solution, or 4.28 milligrammes -oxygen would combine with the carbon and hydrogen of the organic matter.</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Water Analysis" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Residue (one litre filtered) heated to 180° centimetres</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">473.8</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Chlorine</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">189.3</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Nitric acid anhyd (N₂O₅)</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> 17.448</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Nitrous acid anhyd (N₂O₃)</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> a trace</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Ammonia (NH₃)</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">  0.38</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Calcium oxide (CaO)</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">128.8</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Magnesium oxide (MgO)</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> 46.2</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Degree of hardness, English</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> 21.93</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">or, degree of hardness, German</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> 17.54</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p class="space-above1">No microscopic examination was made of the -water received June 23d. In that received June 29th, there were -numerous flakes of what appeared to be organic bodies with granular -matter, the following infusorial animalculæ were found:</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/image021a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="98" /> - <p class="center">Closterium Acerosum.</p> -</div> -<div class="figcontainer"> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/image021b.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="289" /> - <p class="center">Glaucoma scintillans.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/image021c.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="251" /> - <p class="center"><i>a</i> Monas crepusculum.<br /><i>b</i> Monas punctum.  </p> - </div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> -The residue, organic matter, chlorine, nitric acid anhyd, and ammonia -were estimated in the water received June 23d. The calcium and -magnesium were estimated in the water received June 29, 1880.”</p> - -<p>Although much has lately been said regarding impure water and the -startling mortality of Indianapolis, there are a great many people who -persistently refuse to accept the facts and would rather submit to a -large death rate than to “clean up” or go to the necessary expense -of obtaining good water. The complaint is often made that doctors do -not discharge their duties in warning the people against the dangers -of sickness. The fact is that the medical profession gives enough -wholesome advice to the public, but very few persons make practical use -of the information kindly given.</p> - -<p>I commenced last January a series of soil and water investigations. A -partial report of my investigations was published in the Indianapolis -<i>News</i>, May 25 and July 13, 1880, and the Indianapolis <i>Saturday -Herald</i>, June 5, 1880. Since that time with the assistance of the best -chemists I have zealously prosecuted the work.</p> - -<p>It is not an exaggeration to say that no dug well within a mile of -Circle street, can be depended upon for a continuous supply of good -water. The water furnished to the people by the water works company is -no better than the water from the average dug well. Water from deep -driven wells is the best well water we have.</p> - -<p>I found the alleys, by-ways, back yards and stables all through the -city in a very filthy condition. Privy vaults have been dug without -being cemented, and no care whatever has been taken to keep them clean.</p> - -<p>The drainage of the city is very defective. It is only along a few -of the principal streets that sewers have been constructed, and the -greater portion of the city has no drainage at all. It is a very common -thing to find standing water and large mud holes in every direction -through the city. It is a notable fact that the water level in many -cellars corresponds with the water level of dug wells and privy vaults -adjacent. Is it any wonder that infant mortality is so great in the city?</p> - -<p>If “infants of one year and under drink but little water,” they do -breathe in this city the deadly gases developed by the action of the -hot sun on decaying organic and vegetable matters, and the effluvia -arising constantly from overflowing privy vaults and cess-pools. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> -Sickness is sure to follow and death may abruptly terminate the young -life. According to the report of the Board of Health the deaths in this -city have been since January 1, 1876, as follows:</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Death Rate" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">In </td> - <td class="tdc"> 1876 </td> - <td class="tdc"> the </td> - <td class="tdc">number</td> - <td class="tdc"> of </td> - <td class="tdc"> deaths </td> - <td class="tdc"> were</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">1,641</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">”</td> - <td class="tdc">1877</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">1,528</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">”</td> - <td class="tdc">1878</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">1,296</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">”</td> - <td class="tdc">1879</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">1,470</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">”</td> - <td class="tdc">1880</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">(9 months)</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1 u">1,352</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="8"><span class="ws4">Total</span></td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">7,287</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p>Assuming that the population has been 75,125, the annual death rate -would be:</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Death Rate" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">21.8 </td> - <td class="tdc"> per </td> - <td class="tdc"> 1,000 </td> - <td class="tdc"> in </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">1876</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">20.3</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">1877</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">17.2</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">1878</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">19.5</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">1879</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">23.9</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">(9 months)</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">1880</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p>The average would be 20.5 per 1,000 annually which is at least six -above what it should be.</p> - -<p>Herewith I give a <a href="#TABLE_1">table of recent sanitary analyses</a> -of our city well and cistern waters, which startlingly outline the -impending dangers and serve as texts for many cases of ill health and -death already met by those who have drank the waters.</p> - -<p>The first and second samples were taken from two wells in the rear of a -block having about twenty occupants. An inspection of the back yard and -alley showed an immense amount of filth. There was no sewer to carry -away slop or excrementitious matters. A large privy vault was in the -rear of the block. There was one well north and another south of the -vault, and about twenty feet from it. These wells supplied the water -to the occupants of the block. Six cases of scarlet fever were there -developed and three of them died. The other persons in the block were -constantly ailing. One of the leading physicians of the city attributed -the outbreak of the fever to the bad surroundings and the impure water.</p> - -<p>The third sample was taken from a well on East Walnut street. The -family using the water were more or less sick all the time. Languor, -loss of appetite and spirits, sleeplessness, or nightmare, morning -diarrhœa, headache and nausea, one or all, continually annoyed those -drinking the water. The privy vault, twelve feet deep was forty feet -northeast of the well. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> - -<p>The fourth sample was obtained from a well on North Tennessee street. -Throat affections, fevers, diarrhœas, headaches with malaise, etc., made -up the list of the complaints of the family using the water.</p> - -<p>The fifth sample came from a well on North Alabama street. During the -last three months, among those who drank the water there were three who -had scarlet fever—one of whom died. And so on similar reports can be -made of the other samples, except those marked “good” or “excellent.”</p> - -<div><a name="TABLE_1" id="TABLE_1"> </a></div> -<p class="f150">SANITARY ANALYSIS OF WELL WATERS.</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Analysis of Well Water" cellpadding="0" rules="cols"> - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb2" colspan="9"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">WHERE FROM </th> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="3"> GRAMS PER LITRE. </th> - - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="2"> PARTS PER <br />MILLION.</th> - - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2"> <i>Nitrates <br />and<br />Nitrites</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2"> <i>Degree <br />of<br />Hardn.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2"> OPINION.</th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Total<br />Solids.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Organ.<br />Volat.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Chlorine.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Free<br />Amm.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>ALB.<br />Amm.</i></th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Susqueh. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">1.53 </td> - <td class="tdc">.62</td> - <td class="tdc">.117</td> - <td class="tdc">.12</td> - <td class="tdc">.33</td> - <td class="tdc">much</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">3</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Susqueh. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.88</td> - <td class="tdc">.33</td> - <td class="tdc">.088</td> - <td class="tdc">.07</td> - <td class="tdc">.16</td> - <td class="tdc">much</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">2½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">East Waln. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">1.32 </td> - <td class="tdc">.72</td> - <td class="tdc">.127</td> - <td class="tdc">.04</td> - <td class="tdc">.18</td> - <td class="tdc">much</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">1½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N.Tenn. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.94</td> - <td class="tdc">.41</td> - <td class="tdc">.077</td> - <td class="tdc">.05</td> - <td class="tdc">  .0612</td> - <td class="tdc">much</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">2</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Suspicious.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N.Alabam. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">1.126</td> - <td class="tdc"> .616</td> - <td class="tdc">.096</td> - <td class="tdc"> .055</td> - <td class="tdc"> .057</td> - <td class="tdc">much</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">3³/₁₀</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N.Ills. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.60</td> - <td class="tdc">.18</td> - <td class="tdc">.043</td> - <td class="tdc">.01</td> - <td class="tdc">.24</td> - <td class="tdc">much</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">2½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N.Merid. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.24</td> - <td class="tdc"> .012</td> - <td class="tdc">.008</td> - <td class="tdc">trace</td> - <td class="tdc">trace</td> - <td class="tdc">trace</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">1½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Excellent.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N.Alabama</td> - <td class="tdc">.68</td> - <td class="tdc">.30</td> - <td class="tdc">.045</td> - <td class="tdc">.01</td> - <td class="tdc">.14</td> - <td class="tdc">little</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">2</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Suspicious.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Hoyt Av.</td> - <td class="tdc">.30</td> - <td class="tdc">.16</td> - <td class="tdc"> .0018</td> - <td class="tdc">.12</td> - <td class="tdc">.04</td> - <td class="tdc">little</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">1</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Good.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N.Penn. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">1.41 </td> - <td class="tdc">.03</td> - <td class="tdc">.075</td> - <td class="tdc">.24</td> - <td class="tdc">.4 </td> - <td class="tdc">much</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Rotten cist.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Blackford st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.78</td> - <td class="tdc">.28</td> - <td class="tdc">.038</td> - <td class="tdc">.04</td> - <td class="tdc">.4 </td> - <td class="tdc">much</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">1½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N.N.Jersey st.</td> - <td class="tdc"> .798</td> - <td class="tdc"> .178</td> - <td class="tdc">.104</td> - <td class="tdc">.05</td> - <td class="tdc">.39</td> - <td class="tdc">much</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">2</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">E.Ohio st.</td> - <td class="tdc">1.032</td> - <td class="tdc">.50</td> - <td class="tdc">.09</td> - <td class="tdc">.04</td> - <td class="tdc">.19</td> - <td class="tdc">much</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="9"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Analysis of Well Water" cellpadding="0" rules="cols"> - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb2" colspan="9"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">NAME.</th> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="3"> GRAMS PER LITRE. </th> - - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="2"> PARTS pr MILL. </th> - - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2"> <i>Nitrates <br />and<br />Nitrites</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2"> <i>Degree <br />of<br />Hardn.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2"> OPINION.</th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Total<br />Solids.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Organ.<br />Volat.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Chlorine.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Free<br />Amm.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>ALB.<br />Amm.</i></th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">E. Verm’t st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.908</td> - <td class="tdc">.36</td> - <td class="tdc"> .058</td> - <td class="tdc">.12</td> - <td class="tdc">.13</td> - <td class="tdc">small</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">6</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very susp.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Davidson st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.848</td> - <td class="tdc">.34</td> - <td class="tdc">.08</td> - <td class="tdc">.20</td> - <td class="tdc">.08</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">6½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very susp.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">E. St. Joseph.</td> - <td class="tdc">.738</td> - <td class="tdc">.21</td> - <td class="tdc"> .035</td> - <td class="tdc">.06</td> - <td class="tdc">.22</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4.2</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">E. Mich. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">1.588 </td> - <td class="tdc">.96</td> - <td class="tdc">.09</td> - <td class="tdc">.12</td> - <td class="tdc"> .202</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">5½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. Tenn. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.968</td> - <td class="tdc">.48</td> - <td class="tdc">.07</td> - <td class="tdc">.06</td> - <td class="tdc">.28</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">3½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. Penn. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.928</td> - <td class="tdc">.4 </td> - <td class="tdc"> .065</td> - <td class="tdc"> .025</td> - <td class="tdc">.20</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">5</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">New York st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.5  </td> - <td class="tdc">.13</td> - <td class="tdc">.04</td> - <td class="tdc">none</td> - <td class="tdc">none</td> - <td class="tdc">none</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">3½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Excellent.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. East st.</td> - <td class="tdc">1.788 </td> - <td class="tdc"> .874</td> - <td class="tdc">.09</td> - <td class="tdc">.08</td> - <td class="tdc">.22</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Irvington.</td> - <td class="tdc">.697</td> - <td class="tdc">.29</td> - <td class="tdc">.04</td> - <td class="tdc">none</td> - <td class="tdc">.03</td> - <td class="tdc">small</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">3½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Good.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. Merid st.</td> - <td class="tdc">1.06 </td> - <td class="tdc">.57</td> - <td class="tdc">.10</td> - <td class="tdc">.08</td> - <td class="tdc"> .164</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">3½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. Delaw. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.86 </td> - <td class="tdc">.36</td> - <td class="tdc">.95</td> - <td class="tdc">.07</td> - <td class="tdc">.10</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">5</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. Tenn. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.44 </td> - <td class="tdc">.14</td> - <td class="tdc"> .007</td> - <td class="tdc">.01</td> - <td class="tdc">.00</td> - <td class="tdc">none</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">2</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Driven good.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Blind Asyl’m.</td> - <td class="tdc">.65 </td> - <td class="tdc"> .214</td> - <td class="tdc"> .025</td> - <td class="tdc">.01</td> - <td class="tdc"> .042</td> - <td class="tdc">{heavy<br />{slight </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c">2½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c">Driven good.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. East st.</td> - <td class="tdc">1.00 </td> - <td class="tdc">.62</td> - <td class="tdc">.34</td> - <td class="tdc"> .114</td> - <td class="tdc"> .142</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">332 N. Miss. st. </td> - <td class="tdc">.68 </td> - <td class="tdc"> .321</td> - <td class="tdc"> .043</td> - <td class="tdc">.03</td> - <td class="tdc"> .234</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="9"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Analysis of Well Water" cellpadding="0" rules="cols"> - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb2" colspan="9"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">NAME.</th> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="3"> GRAMS PER LITRE. </th> - - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="2"> PARTS pr MILL. </th> - - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2"> <i>Nitrates <br />and<br />Nitrites</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2"> <i>Degree <br />of<br />Hardn.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2"> OPINION.</th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Total<br />Solids.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Organ.<br />Volat.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Chlorine.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Free<br />Amm.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>ALB.<br />Amm.</i></th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Blackford st</td> - <td class="tdc">0.78</td> - <td class="tdc">0.39</td> - <td class="tdc">0.38</td> - <td class="tdc">.04</td> - <td class="tdc">.4 </td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">6½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Peru st.</td> - <td class="tdc">0.54</td> - <td class="tdc">0.36</td> - <td class="tdc"> 0.025</td> - <td class="tdc">.03</td> - <td class="tdc">.13</td> - <td class="tdc">small</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">12</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Suspicious.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. Penn. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">0.65</td> - <td class="tdc">0.38</td> - <td class="tdc">0.03</td> - <td class="tdc">.08</td> - <td class="tdc">.10</td> - <td class="tdc">small</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">3</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Suspicious.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. Alab. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">0.48</td> - <td class="tdc">0.24</td> - <td class="tdc"> 0.059</td> - <td class="tdc">.06</td> - <td class="tdc">.06</td> - <td class="tdc">small</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">7</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Good.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. Delaw. st. </td> - <td class="tdc">0.54</td> - <td class="tdc">0.22</td> - <td class="tdc">0.31</td> - <td class="tdc"> .029</td> - <td class="tdc"> .182</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">School st.</td> - <td class="tdc"> 0.994</td> - <td class="tdc"> 0.414</td> - <td class="tdc">0.10</td> - <td class="tdc">.04</td> - <td class="tdc">.16</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">5½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">East Ohio st.</td> - <td class="tdc">1.04</td> - <td class="tdc">0.63</td> - <td class="tdc">0.47</td> - <td class="tdc">.12</td> - <td class="tdc">.22</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">7</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Abominable.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Mass. av.</td> - <td class="tdc">0.89</td> - <td class="tdc">0.39</td> - <td class="tdc"> 0.213</td> - <td class="tdc">.07</td> - <td class="tdc">.13</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">E. Ohio</td> - <td class="tdc"> 0.892</td> - <td class="tdc"> 0.374</td> - <td class="tdc"> 0.121</td> - <td class="tdc">.04</td> - <td class="tdc">.10</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">3½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. N. Jersey</td> - <td class="tdc">0.78</td> - <td class="tdc">0.29</td> - <td class="tdc">0.08</td> - <td class="tdc">.03</td> - <td class="tdc">.13</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">3½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">E. Pratt</td> - <td class="tdc">0.69</td> - <td class="tdc">0.28</td> - <td class="tdc"> 0.074</td> - <td class="tdc">.02</td> - <td class="tdc">.09</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">E. Maryland</td> - <td class="tdc">0.99</td> - <td class="tdc">0.47</td> - <td class="tdc"> 0.111</td> - <td class="tdc">.07</td> - <td class="tdc"> .199</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">7</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Bellfontain</td> - <td class="tdc">0.49</td> - <td class="tdc">0.19</td> - <td class="tdc"> 0.004</td> - <td class="tdc">.03</td> - <td class="tdc"> .022</td> - <td class="tdc">small</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Good.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Christian av.</td> - <td class="tdc">0.67</td> - <td class="tdc">0.23</td> - <td class="tdc"> 0.012</td> - <td class="tdc"> .035</td> - <td class="tdc">.06</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Passably good.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">East Verm’t</td> - <td class="tdc">0.59</td> - <td class="tdc">0.19</td> - <td class="tdc">0.12</td> - <td class="tdc">.03</td> - <td class="tdc">.09</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">3½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Suspicious.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="9"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Analysis of Well Water" cellpadding="0" rules="cols"> - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb2" colspan="9"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">NAME.</th> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="3"> GRAMS PER LITRE. </th> - - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="2"> PARTS pr MILL. </th> - - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2"> <i>Nitrates <br />and<br />Nitrites</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2"> <i>Degree <br />of<br />Hardn.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2"> OPINION.</th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Total<br />Solids.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Organ.<br />Volat.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Chlorine.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Free<br />Amm.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>ALB.<br />Amm.</i></th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. Alab. st.</td> - <td class="tdc"> .832</td> - <td class="tdc">.56</td> - <td class="tdc">.059</td> - <td class="tdc">.70</td> - <td class="tdc">.12</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very susp.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. Alab. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.79</td> - <td class="tdc">.39</td> - <td class="tdc">.055</td> - <td class="tdc">.64</td> - <td class="tdc">.10</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">5</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very susp.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. N. Jersey</td> - <td class="tdc">.82</td> - <td class="tdc">.39</td> - <td class="tdc">.09 </td> - <td class="tdc">.06</td> - <td class="tdc">.09</td> - <td class="tdc">med.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">5</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Suspicious.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. N. Jersey</td> - <td class="tdc">.91</td> - <td class="tdc">.40</td> - <td class="tdc">.055</td> - <td class="tdc">.08</td> - <td class="tdc">.12</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">5</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Alab. & Waln. </td> - <td class="tdc">.87</td> - <td class="tdc">.39</td> - <td class="tdc">.067</td> - <td class="tdc">.11</td> - <td class="tdc">.10</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. Penn. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">1.04</td> - <td class="tdc">.62</td> - <td class="tdc">.111</td> - <td class="tdc">.16</td> - <td class="tdc"> .204</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">7</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Oak st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.57</td> - <td class="tdc">.24</td> - <td class="tdc">.014</td> - <td class="tdc">.02</td> - <td class="tdc"> .009</td> - <td class="tdc">small</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Good.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">E. Verm’t st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.66</td> - <td class="tdc">.29</td> - <td class="tdc">.04 </td> - <td class="tdc">.05</td> - <td class="tdc">.07</td> - <td class="tdc">small</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Good.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">S. Merid. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.89</td> - <td class="tdc"> .385</td> - <td class="tdc">.07 </td> - <td class="tdc">.07</td> - <td class="tdc">.09</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">6</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very susp.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">S. Penn. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">1.24</td> - <td class="tdc">.81</td> - <td class="tdc">.22 </td> - <td class="tdc">.19</td> - <td class="tdc">.22</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">7</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Abominable.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">S. Penn. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.87</td> - <td class="tdc">.33</td> - <td class="tdc">.072</td> - <td class="tdc"> .095</td> - <td class="tdc"> .088</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">5</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Vir. Av.</td> - <td class="tdc">1.12</td> - <td class="tdc">.50</td> - <td class="tdc">.79 </td> - <td class="tdc">.11</td> - <td class="tdc">.29</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">E. Wash. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.79</td> - <td class="tdc">.33</td> - <td class="tdc">.09 </td> - <td class="tdc"> .107</td> - <td class="tdc">.18</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. West st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.83</td> - <td class="tdc">.42</td> - <td class="tdc">.07 </td> - <td class="tdc"> .067</td> - <td class="tdc"> .093</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">6½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">E. South st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.74</td> - <td class="tdc">.22</td> - <td class="tdc">.03 </td> - <td class="tdc">.03</td> - <td class="tdc">.06</td> - <td class="tdc">med.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">5</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Passable.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="9"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Analysis of Well Water" cellpadding="0" rules="cols"> - <thead><tr> - <th class="tdc bb2" colspan="9"> </th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">NAME.</th> - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="3"> GRAMS PER LITRE. </th> - - <th class="tdc bb" colspan="2"> PARTS pr MILL. </th> - - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2"> <i>Nitrates <br />and<br />Nitrites</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2"> <i>Degree <br />of<br />Hardn.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2"> OPINION.</th> - </tr><tr> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Total<br />Solids.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Organ.<br />Volat.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Chlorine.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>Free<br />Amm.</i></th> - <th class="tdc bb"><i>ALB.<br />Amm.</i></th> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">S. East st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.82</td> - <td class="tdc">.39</td> - <td class="tdc">.05 </td> - <td class="tdc">.037</td> - <td class="tdc"> .114</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">5</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">E. Market st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.97</td> - <td class="tdc">.32</td> - <td class="tdc">.12  </td> - <td class="tdc">.049</td> - <td class="tdc">.23</td> - <td class="tdc">v. large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">E. Mich. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">1.12  </td> - <td class="tdc">.57</td> - <td class="tdc">.07 </td> - <td class="tdc">.072</td> - <td class="tdc">.17</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Central av.</td> - <td class="tdc"> .607</td> - <td class="tdc">.22</td> - <td class="tdc">.044</td> - <td class="tdc">.041</td> - <td class="tdc">.09</td> - <td class="tdc">med.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">6½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Suspicious.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Laurel st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.92</td> - <td class="tdc">.38</td> - <td class="tdc">.089</td> - <td class="tdc">.105</td> - <td class="tdc">.38</td> - <td class="tdc">v. large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">6½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">East Georgia</td> - <td class="tdc">.62</td> - <td class="tdc">.49</td> - <td class="tdc">.072</td> - <td class="tdc">1.08  </td> - <td class="tdc"> .427</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">1½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Broadway st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.63</td> - <td class="tdc">.30</td> - <td class="tdc">.022</td> - <td class="tdc">.03 </td> - <td class="tdc">.04</td> - <td class="tdc">small</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">7</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Good.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">East N. Y. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.59</td> - <td class="tdc">.21</td> - <td class="tdc">.094</td> - <td class="tdc">.07 </td> - <td class="tdc">.07</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">6½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. N. Jersey</td> - <td class="tdc">.66</td> - <td class="tdc">.24</td> - <td class="tdc">.07 </td> - <td class="tdc">.08 </td> - <td class="tdc"> .069</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">7</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. N. Jersey</td> - <td class="tdc">.68</td> - <td class="tdc">.22</td> - <td class="tdc">.075</td> - <td class="tdc">.09 </td> - <td class="tdc"> .066</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">6½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. Illinois st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.80</td> - <td class="tdc">.31</td> - <td class="tdc">.03 </td> - <td class="tdc">.039</td> - <td class="tdc"> .113</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">6½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Suspicious.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Hoyt av.</td> - <td class="tdc">.30</td> - <td class="tdc">.06</td> - <td class="tdc">0.1   </td> - <td class="tdc">.04 </td> - <td class="tdc">.06</td> - <td class="tdc">small</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">4</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Good.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">W. St Clair st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.83</td> - <td class="tdc">.32</td> - <td class="tdc">0.7   </td> - <td class="tdc">.045</td> - <td class="tdc"> .112</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">7</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very susp.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. Tenn. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.69</td> - <td class="tdc">.27</td> - <td class="tdc">0.55  </td> - <td class="tdc">.07 </td> - <td class="tdc">.09</td> - <td class="tdc">med.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">6½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very susp.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. Tenn. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.66</td> - <td class="tdc">.19</td> - <td class="tdc">.065</td> - <td class="tdc">.09 </td> - <td class="tdc">.11</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">6½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Very susp.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">W. North st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.74</td> - <td class="tdc">.30</td> - <td class="tdc">.04 </td> - <td class="tdc">.09 </td> - <td class="tdc">.12</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">6½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">E. North st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.69</td> - <td class="tdc">.28</td> - <td class="tdc">.03 </td> - <td class="tdc">.08 </td> - <td class="tdc">.08</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">6½</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Suspicious.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">N. Delaw. st.</td> - <td class="tdc">.75</td> - <td class="tdc">.29</td> - <td class="tdc">.075</td> - <td class="tdc">.07 </td> - <td class="tdc">.11</td> - <td class="tdc">large</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">7</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Bad.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="9"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_ws1" colspan="9"><span class="smcap">J. N. Hurty</span>, Analyst.</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p class="space-above1">It is very surprising to me that many people -are so ignorant in regard to impure water and its deleterious effect -on health. I have met with “would be” highly educated persons who have -regarded, and do regard any agitation of this subject, as of little -value to the public, and as very damaging to the fair fame of the city, -and for that reason to be at all hazards covered up and kept secret.</p> - -<p>They also express the thought that every kind of water is filled with -microscopic creatures, and that a small amount of filth or dirt in -drinking water does no special harm to anyone. All this is the opposite -of the facts. Prof. Barnard, of Cornell University, says: “Pure water -is not inhabited by organisms; on the contrary stagnant water or impure -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> -water alone affords them subsistence. They hasten the destruction of -dead animal and vegetable matters the waters may contain, causing for -the time being an infusion or fermentation.”</p> - -<p>Macdonald states that “mineral particles may affect health on account -of their mechanical action, as for example when mineral silt or clay -causes diarrhœa. Dead animal and vegetable substances may have more -important effects, as when suspended fecal matter produces irritation -of the whole alimentary tract. On the other hand, living things, such -as the ova of entozoa, the nematoid worms and small leeches may give -rise at once to certain grave disorders, or algæ may act on sulphates -and disengage sulphuretted hydrogen.”</p> - -<p>Pure water is one of God’s best gifts to man, and if that is allowed to -be adulterated the impairment of our health and the destruction of our -happiness is sure to follow.</p> - -<p>In the samples of dug well waters which have recently been analyzed, -the following animalculæ in addition to those given above were found by -the use of the different powers of the microscope:</p> - -<div class="figcontainer"> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/image026a.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="392" /> - <p class="center">Megalotrocha flavicans.</p> - </div> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/image026b.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="408" /> - <p class="center">Glossiphonia bioculata.</p> - </div> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/image026c.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="343" /> - <p class="center space-above3">Vibrio.</p> - </div> -</div> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/image026d.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="130" /> - <table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary=" " cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Anguillula fluviatilis.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="ws4">Anguillula.</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Anguillula aceti.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> - </table> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcontainer"> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/image027a.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="316" /> - <p class="center">Vorticellina.</p> - </div> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/image027b.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="283" /> - <p class="center">Bacteria.</p> - </div> -</div> -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/image027c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="85" /> - <p class="center">Rotifera vulgaris.</p> -</div> -<div class="figcontainer"> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/image027d.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="335" /> - <p class="center">Cyclops quadricornis.</p> - </div> - <div class="figsub"> - <p class="space-above3"> </p> - <img src="images/image027e.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="78" /> - <p class="center">Ophrydium versatile.</p> - </div> - <div class="figsub"> - <p class="space-above3"> </p> - <img src="images/image027f.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="108" /> - <p class="center">Halteria grandinella.</p> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class="r25" /> - -<div class="figcontainer"> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/image027g.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="190" /> - <p class="center">Alona quadrangularis.</p> - </div> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/image027h.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="189" /> - <p class="center">Stentor coerulleus.</p> - </div> - <p class="f150">Pluroxus trigonellus.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="r25" /> - -<div class="figcontainer"> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/image027i.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="146" /> - <p class="center">Cypris tristriata.</p> - </div> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/image027j.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="148" /> - <p class="center">Candona reptans.</p> - </div> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/image027k.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="122" /> - <p class="center">Cythere inopinator.</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> -At Indianapolis we have on the Board of Health three earnest and -capable physicians who thoroughly understand the present necessities -and stand ready to enforce all laws pertaining to public health; but -our laws on hygiene are very inefficient, and the power and usefulness -of the board are unwisely limited; therefore the board can do little -towards averting the calamity already upon us. The Board of Health need -more money, more men and the largest liberty of action.</p> - -<p>We shall never have a healthy city until the health department is -advanced to the position it deserves. We need a vigorous public -sentiment in favor of cleanliness and hygienic measures. The best -thought and energies of physicians and scientists everywhere should be -directed to questions pertaining to water supply, sewerage and garbage -of cities, and if necessary to secure proper legislation, the people -must arise in their might and compel timid and shortsighted rulers to -give better laws on sanitary matters and more money to make the laws -effective.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="transnote bbox space-above2"> -<p class="f120 space-above1">Transcriber’s Notes:</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="indent">Typographical errors have been silently corrected.</p> -</div> -<div style='display:block;margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION : PRESENTED TO THE AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION AT NEW ORLEANS, DEC. 1880 ***</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0;'>This file should be named 64143-h.htm or 64143-h.zip</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0;'>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in https://www.gutenberg.org/6/4/1/4/64143/</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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