diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/64069-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64069-0.txt | 4352 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 4352 deletions
diff --git a/old/64069-0.txt b/old/64069-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b8f5979..0000000 --- a/old/64069-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4352 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The most notable Antiquity of Great Britain, -vulgarly called Stone-Heng on Salisbury Plain, by Inigo Jones - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The most notable Antiquity of Great Britain, vulgarly called - Stone-Heng on Salisbury Plain - Restored by Inigo Jones Esquire, Architect Generall to the late - King - -Author: Inigo Jones - -Editor: John Webb - -Engraver: Wencelaus Hollar - -Release Date: December 22, 2020 [eBook #64069] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Image source(s): https://archive.org/details/mostnotableantiq00jone - -Produced by: MWS, Robert Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet - Archive/American Libraries.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MOST NOTABLE ANTIQUITY OF -GREAT BRITAIN, VULGARLY CALLED STONE-HENG ON SALISBURY PLAIN *** - - -[Illustration: IGNATII IONES MAG: BRIT: ARCHITECTI GENERALIS, VERA -EFFIGIES, - -_Anth. van Dycke Eques pinxit,_ _W. Hollar fecit, aqua forti_] - - - - - THE - most notable - ANTIQUITY - OF - _GREAT BRITAIN_, - vulgarly called - STONE-HENG - ON - _SALISBURY PLAIN_. - - RESTORED - By _INIGO JONES_ Esquire, - Architect Generall to the late - KING. - - - _LONDON_, - Printed by _James Flesher_ for _Daniel Pakeman_ at the sign of the - _Rainbow_ in _Fleetstreet_, and _Laurence Chapman_ next door - to the Fountain Tavern in the _Strand_. 1655. - - - TO - The Right Honourable - PHILIP - Earle of _Pembroke_ and _Montgomerie_, - Baron _Herbert_ of _Caerdiff_ and _Sherland_, - Lord _Parr_ and _Rosse_ of _Kendall_, Lo: _Fitzhugh - Marmyon_ and Saint _Quintin_ &c. - _STONE-HENG_ restored - is - humbly dedicated - by - Your Loᵖˢ devoted servant - _John Webb_. - - - - - TO - THE FAVOURERS - OF - _ANTIQUITY_. - - -This Discourse of _Stone-heng_ is moulded off, and cast into a rude -Form, from some few indigested notes of the late judicious _Architect_, -the _Vitruvius_ of his age _Inigo Jones_. That so venerable an -_Antiquity_ might not perish, but the world made beholding to him for -restoring it to light, the desires of severall his learned _Friends_ -have encouraged me to compose this Treatise. Had he survived to have -done it with his own hand, there had needed no Apology. Such as it is, -I make now yours. Accept it in _his name_, from - - _J. W._ - - - - - STONEHENG - RESTORED, - BY - _INIGO JONES_ Esquire. - - -Being naturally inclined in my younger years to study the _Arts of -Designe_, I passed into forrain parts to converse with the great -Masters thereof in _Italy_; where I applied my self to search out the -ruines of those ancient _Buildings_, which in despight of _Time_ it -self, and violence of _Barbarians_ are yet remaining. Having satisfied -my self in these, and returning to my native _Countrey_, I applied -my minde more particularly to the study of _Architecture_. Among the -ancient monuments whereof, found here, I deemed none more worthy the -searching after, then this of _Stoneheng_; not only in regard of the -_Founders_ thereof, the _Time_ when built, the _Work_ it self, but also -for the rarity of its _Invention_, being different in _Forme_ from all -I had seen before: likewise, of as beautifull _Proportions_, as elegant -in _Order_, and as stately in _Aspect_, as any. - -King _James_, in his progresse, the year one thousand six hundred and -twenty, being at _Wilton_, and discoursing of this _Antiquity_, I was -sent for by the right Honourable _William_ then _Earl of Pembrook_, -and received there his Majesties commands to produce out of mine own -practise in _Architecture_, and experience in _Antiquities_ abroad, -what possibly I could discover concerning this of _Stoneheng_. What -mine opinion was then, and what I have since collected in relation -thereunto; I intend to make the subject of this present Treatise. And -certainly, in the intricate, and obscure study of _Antiquity_ it is -far easier (as _Camden_ very well observes) to refute and contradict -a false, then to set down a true and certain resolution. For mine own -part, in what I shall here deliver, I intend not to struggle against -any opinion commonly, and long since received. Let every man judge as -it pleaseth him. What opinion soever the Reader inclines to, I shall -not make much materiall, my aime being, a desire only to vindicate, -as much as in me lies, the _Founders_ of this venerable _Antiquity_ -from oblivion, and to make the truth, as far forth as possibly I may, -appeare to all men. - -Severall Writers, both Strangers, and our own Countreymen, have treated -of _Stoneheng_. Before recite whole opinions, I think not amisse to -seek this subject from the most ancient times, endevouring thereby to -give satisfaction whether or no, the _Druides_, _aliàs_ _Druidæ_ (in -Authors indifferently written, and in old time the _Priests_ of the -_Britans_ and _Gauls_) or the ancient _Britans_, for the _Druid’s_ use, -might not be the _Founders_ of so notable a monument; which if they -were, there is then no cause why bestow farther study or pains, in -searching who the _Founders_ were, but acquiesce in the honour of our -own Nations first erection of it. - -As far neverthelesse, as from History ancient or moderne may be -gathered, there is little likelyhood of any such matter, considering -especially what the _Druid’s_ were; also, what small experience the -_Britans_, anciently inhabiting this Isle, had, in knowledge of what -ever _Arts_, much lesse of building, with like elegancy and proportion, -such goodly works as _Stoneheng_. - -[Sidenote: _Cæsar. Commen. lib. 6._] - -[Sidenote: _Plin. lib. 16._] - -Concerning the _Druid’s_ in the first place, true it is, they are -reported in ancient times, to have been in great esteeme in this -Island, where their discipline, and manner of learning, was supposed to -be first invented, and from hence translated into _Gaul_. _Disciplina -in Britannia reperta_ (saith _Cæsar_) _atque inde in Galliam translata -esse existimatur._ They are said in like manner no have ordered and -disposed all divine matters, as well in relation to their severall -kinds of Sacrifices, as to expounding whatever rites of their -idolatrous superstition; insomuch, you may call them (if you please) -the Bishops and Clergy of that Age. - -[Sidenote: _Strab. lib. 4._] - -[Sidenote: _Cæsar. lib. 6._] - -Their power moreover, and preheminence was not confined within the -strict limits of sacred matters, but enjoying a more large prerogative, -temporall negotiations, and affairs of State were transacted by them: -the managing of Peace and War was usually remitted to their Authority, -even when Armies were ready to joyn in Battell. _Publica iis_ -(saith _Strabo_) _& privata judicia committuntur, & aliquando causis -bellorum disceptandis jam acie congressuros composuerunt._ Judges -they were (saith _Cæsar_ also) in almost all civill and criminall -causes: sentence they gave in case of life and death: decide they did -controversies, and debates betwixt party and party: finally, whatever -else was requisite and convenient to keep the people in due obedience -to their _Princes_, they wholly took the care and charge of. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. li. 1._] - -These were the maine affaires wherein the employment of the _Druides_ -consisted, and whereunto they wholly addicted themselves. Whosoever -desires to know more of them, may read _Cæsar_, _Diodorus Siculus_, -_Strabo_, _Pliny_, _Diogenes Laertius_, _Ammianus Marcellinus_, and -such like ancient Authors. But, whatsoever these, or other Historians -have written of the _Druides_, certainly, _Stoneheng_ could not be -builded by them, in regard, I find no mention, they were at any time -either studious in _Architecture_, (which in this subject is chiefly to -be respected) or skilfull in any thing else conducing thereunto. For, -_Academies_ of _Designe_ were unknown unto them: publique Lectures in -the _Mathematiques_ not read amongst them: nothing of their _Painting_, -not one word of their _Sculpture_ is to be found, or scarce of any -Science (_Philosophy_ and _Astronomy_ excepted) proper to informe the -judgement of an _Architect_; who, (as _Vitruvius_ saith) should be -_peritus Graphidos, eruditus Geometria, & Optices non ignarus_ &c. -_perfect in Designe, expert in Geometry, well seen in the Opticks, -skilfull in Arithmetick, a good Historian, a diligent hearer of -Philosophers, well experienced in Physick, Musick, Law and Astrologie_. - -[Sidenote: _Cæsar. li. 6._] - -Of all that have written of the _Druid’s_, no Author knew them better -then _Cæsar_, neither hath any more fully described them; who after -a large discourse of their discipline, priviledges, and _Theologie_, -_Multa de sideribus_ (saith he) _atque eorum motu, de mundi ac terrarum -magnitudine, de rerum natura, &c. disputant, & juventuti transdunt. -They make much dispute, and instruct their Scholars in many things -concerning the Stars, and their motion, the greatnesse of Heaven and -Earth, of the nature of things &c._ As for other Arts relating to the -_Mathematiques_, or any works of this kind, he makes no manner of -mention, though himself an _Architect_, glorying in his own, and much -more extolling others invention in that _Art_. - -The truth is, those ancient times had no knowledge of publique works, -either Sacred or Secular, for their own use, or honour of their -_Deities_. Besides, they us’d not any buildings of Stone, or (for -ought is manifest) knew so much, as how to order working therein. The -_Druid’s_ led a solitary contemplative life, contenting themselves with -such habitations, as either meer necessity invented, to shelter them -from contrariety of seasons, without _Art_, without _Order_, without -any whatever means tending to perpetuity: or, such as _Nature_ alone -had prepared for them in dens, and caves of desert and darksome woods; -esteeming it, questionlesse, the highest secret of their mystery, -rather to command in caves and cottages, then live like Kings, in -Palaces, and stately houses. They were too wise, knew too well, ’twas -their humility, integrity, retired manner of life, and pretended -sanctity possest the people with an awfully reverend esteem of them; -and which fed, and kept up their reputation throughout the Countrey, -when outward appearances of State and magnificence would either have -brought them into envy, and their superstition into contempt, or -themselves and _Religion_ both to be wholly extirpated and laid aside. - -[Sidenote: _Pomp. Mela lib. 3._] - -_Pomponius Mela_ discoursing of the _Druides_, _Docent multa_ (saith -he) _nobilissimos gentis clam & diu vicenis annis in specu, aut in -abditis saltibus_, _They teach the Nobility, and better sort of their -nation, many things, even twenty years together, secretly in caves, or -close coverts of obscure woods and forrests_. Such, and no other were -their habitations, such their Universities, and publique Schooles. - -[Sidenote: _Pliny lib. 16._] - -As for their _Temples_ and sacred structures, they consisted not in -variety of formes, costlinesse of materials, or perfection of humane -_Arts_, but were of _Natures_ own framing in like manner, being no -other then groves of Oke. _The_ Druid’s _chose of purpose_ (saith -_Pliny_) _such groves for their divine Service, as stood only upon -Okes; nay they solemnized no Sacrifice, nor performed any sacred -Ceremonies without the branches, and leaves thereof; from whence they -may seem well enough to be named_ Dryadæ _in_ Greek, _which signifies -as much as_ Oke Priests. - -[Sidenote: _Tacit. Ann. lib. 14._] - -The _Romans_ having forced their passage, and gained victory over the -_Druid’s_ in _Anglesey_, cut down their woods and groves, amongst -them reckoned holy, and consecrated to their execrable superstitions. -_Excisi luci_ (saith _Tacitus_) _sævis superstitionibus sacri_. - -To this purpose, _Humphrey Lloid_, in his history of _Wales_, The -vast woods growing in that Island, were not only by the _Romans_, but -afterwards, when the _Christian_ Faith took place in this _Nation_, -by the _Christians_ also fell’d and rooted out. And why? because of -the idolatry (saith he) and absurd Religion used in them. Again, in -his Epistle to _Ortelius_ concerning the Isle of _Anglesey_, the same -Author affirmes; Though there is little wood now growing there, yet -every day the roots and bodies of huge trees of a wonderfull length and -bignesse are by the inhabitants found, and digged out of the earth, in -divers places in low grounds, and champion fields. - -Now, if in stead of these roots, and bodies of trees, the ruines of -ancient Structures had been there found, it might peradventure, with -some probability, have been presumed either that the _Druid’s_ used -_Temples_, or some other buildings of stone. For, their ancient seat -was in the Isle of _Mona_, now _Anglesey_, whence modern Writers -style it _Insulam Druidum_, the _Island_ of the _Druid’s_, and _sedem -Druidum_, the seat of the _Druid’s_. And from hence, questionlesse, it -came to passe, the _Romans_, with such difficulty, under the conduct of -_Suetonius Paulinus_, brought that Island under their power; nor was it -wholly subdued to their Empire, untill _Julius Agricola’s_ time. For, -whereas in other parts of _Britain_, the people contended for Liberty -only, there, they fought _pro aris & focis_, for Liberty, and Religion -both. - -[Sidenote: _Tacit. Ann. lib. 16._] - -There it was the _British_ armies (saith _Tacitus_) being imbattailed, -the women ran to and fro amongst them in sable weeds, their hair about -their ears, and fire-brands in their hands, like infernall furies, the -_Druid’s_ round about them also, lifting up their hands to Heaven, -and pouring forth deadly curses; the novelty of which sight bred such -amazement in the _Roman Legions_, (the _Romans_ here, it seems, were -unacquainted with the _Druid’s_ till then) that they stood stock still, -and close together, not once moving a foot, as if possessed with a -resolution to act nothing at all, but receive their deaths tamely and -without any great resistance. - -Wherefore, besides, that History hath not remembred the ruines of any -ancient buildings digged up in _Anglesey_; if either, this _Antiquity_ -had been remaining in that _Island_, or any Author delivered such -Actions of the _Druid’s_, as aforesaid, performed about the place, -where _Stoneheng_ remains standing, there might have been some -advantage made thereof to the purpose now in hand. But _Anglesey_ -excepted, ancient Writers give them residence in no part of _Britain_ -beside, nor are they remembred by any, to have been found elswhere, -throughout the whole Nation. With respect whereunto, if the _Druid’s_ -had knowledge, either to build the like magnificent structures, or use, -for any such, they would, without all peradventure, have erected them -upon the same place rather where themselves resided, then elswhere. - -[Sidenote: _Cæs. Com. lib. 6._] - -Neither are we to wonder, they chose such an out-nook or corner as -_Anglesey_, to reside in; in regard, there, they lived remote, and -solitary; there, were store of caves, and dens to instruct their -Scholars in, close and retired places for their own habitations, and -plenty of groves to perform their sacred mysteries in. Moreover, they -past their days there, like the Hermits of old time, according to their -own desire, in full contentment, and with free liberty to study, and -contemplate what they pleased. For, _Anglesey_ (we must know) in those -times of yore, was wholly overgrown with desert Woods, and obscure -forrests, from whence the ancient _Britans_ call’d it _Ynis Dowil_, -the shadowy or dark _Island_. Which name it still retains, and is -well known thereby to the now inhabitants, who are, even at this day, -likewise enclined, (yea, they usually accustome themselves) to commit -things more to Memory, then Writing; and, as having received it by -tradition from their Ancestors, living in those ancient times, still -endevour to observe that custom of the _Druid’s, who held it unlawfull -to commit any thing to writing_. As _Cæsar_ (in the sixth book of his -Commentaries of the Gaulish war) delivers. - -Concerning the _Britans_ in the next place, The condition of those -ancient inhabitants of this Island in the _Druid’s_ time duly -considered, (_viz._ in what manner they lived, how unskilfull in all -Sciences, and civill customs, what Deities they had, in what places -they adored them, and what manner of buildings, or sacred or secular, -were used by them) as little reason appears, that this Antiquity was by -them erected. - -[Sidenote: _Herodian. lib. 3._] - -As for their manner of living, the _Britans_ were then a savage and -barbarous people, knowing no use at all of garments. _Vestis usum non -cognoscunt_ (saith _Herodian_.) Now, if destitute of the knowledge, -even to clothe themselves, much lesse any knowledge had they to erect -stately structures, or such remarkable works as _Stoneheng_. What -fashions they used to adorn their bodies with, the same Author tells -us. _As a rare and rich habiliment, they wore about their wasts -and necks ornaments of iron_ (saith he) _and did pounce and colour -their bodies with sundry forms, in rude manner representing severall -creatures_. In which regard, they would not be otherwise clothed, lest -constrain’d thereby to hide such their simple (though with them much -esteemed) bravery. - -[Sidenote: _Strabo li. 4._] - -Again, in other their civill customs, they were no lesse rude and -ignorant; yea, so barbarous, even in things appertaining to common -sustenance, and whatever husbandry; that (as _Strabo_) _Quidam eorum -ob imperitiam caseos nullos conficiant, cum tamen lacte abundent: alii -hortos colendi, & aliarum partium agriculturæ ignari sunt_. _Many of -them, though they had great plenty of milk, yet their want of skill was -such, they knew not how to make cheese: others so simple, they knew not -to order their gardens or orchards, or any thing belonging thereunto._ - -[Sidenote: _Dion li. 62._] - -[Sidenote: _Ral. li. 3. c. 5._] - -Their Countrey also then lay uncultivated, no corn sown: _Quævis herba -& radix cibus est_, _Their food was herbs and roots_ (saith _Dion -Cassius_.) Hence Sir _Walter Raleigh_ cals them the _British Nomades_. -And (by the way) it may not inappositely be observ’d, milk, roots, -and fruit were the chief banquetting dishes; and skins of beasts (if -clothed) the most costly habits of our Forefathers. Now who can, in -reason imagine, that any great knowledge, practice, or delight of Arts -and Sciences, wherein the elegancy of Architecture consists, should be -in use or esteem, amongst a people, wholly devoted (as I may so say) -and given over to such barbarity? - -[Sidenote: _Dion li. 76._] - -There were then no publick roads, or common high-ways to passe from -one place to another, no constant habitations, _Nec mœnia, nec urbes_, -_Nor towns nor walls_ (as _Dion_ out of _Xiphiline_ hath it) much lesse -_Temples_, or other buildings made of stone, composed by Art, with -Order, and Proportion. - -[Sidenote: _Dion lib. 62._] - -Moreover, who cast their eies upon this Antiquity, and examine the same -with judgement, must be enforced to confesse it erected by people, -grand masters in the Art of building, and liberall sciences, whereof -the ancient _Britans_ utterly ignorant, as a Nation wholly addicted to -wars, never applying themselves to the study of Arts, or troubling -their thoughts with any excellency therein. _Omnis arbor domus._ _Every -tree being in stead of a house to them._ - -[Sidenote: _Dion lib. 62._] - -In the wars which _Bunduica_ (whom _Tacitus_ cals _Boadicia_) Queen of -the _Iceni_, undertook against the _Romans_, wherein seventy thousand -of their Citizens, and allies perished; in disdainfull contempt of the -experience in Arts, wherein the _Romans_ flourished, _She_ accounted -it her chiefest glory (saith _Dion Cassius_) to command over the -_Britans_, in regard, a people they were, who had not learned, or -knew, what belonged to the cultivating _and manuring of lands; or the -practice of Arts, or to be craftsmen in any thing, save war_. _Qui non -agros colere, non opifices esse, sed bella gerere optimè didicerunt._ -Where you see, their having nor experience nor practice in any kinde -of Sciences, war excepted, was enforc’d, by _Bunduica_, as redounding -greatly to the _Britans_ honour, much advantage being made thereof by -_Her_, towards advancing _Her_ designs, as the Historian plainly tells -us. - -But certain it is, however barbarous in other affairs, a most warlike -people they were. Never, untill the forces of the whole world united -in the _Roman_ Empire conspiring to subdue them, liable to conquest: -neither could all that power, till after numbers of years spent in -the attempt, with infinite expence of men and treasure, ever prevail -against them. Now, as their sole skilfulnesse was in war, so they -idoliz’d principally what had relation thereunto, their _Dea optima -maxima_, being _Victoria_, whom they worshipped under the name of -_Andates_. Another Goddesse they had in much esteem, called _Adraste_, -which some imagine (as the _Nemesis_ amongst the _Greeks_) was their -Goddesse of Revenge. These, according to their savage manner of living, -they adored in groves, and woods, the only _Temples_ in use amongst -them, to perform their Sacrifices, and divine mysteries in. (as from -severall Authors I have already proved) Neither find I any particular -place mentioned, to which any of these their _Temples_ (if they may so -be called) were assigned; only _Andates_ (it seems from _Dion Cassius_) -had a grove sacred to her in the Countrey of the _Iceni_, anciently -containing _Norfolk_, _Suffolk_, _Cambridge_, and _Huntingdon_ Shires, -farre enough from _Stoneheng_. - -Besides, it is not to be past over in silence, how _Tacitus_ expresseth -himself in the before cited fourteenth Book of his Annals, telling us; -_The_ Romans _overthrew not the Temples, or razed to the Foundations, -any of the sacred structures of the_ Druid’s _and_ Britans _made of -stone, or other materials, which he might as readily have done, if they -had used any such: but positively, the_ Romans _cut down the_ Britans -_woods and groves, amongst them reckoned holy, and consecrated to -their execrable superstitions_. True it is, other Temples, of greater -magnificence then already spoken of, I find none: Ornaments of Art to -enrich them they were not acquainted with: such orderly composed works -as _Stoneheng_, they had not any: yea, no kind of sacred structures of -stone were in use amongst them: their idolatrous places being naturally -adorned, only with wild, and overgrown shades, designed and brought to -perfection by Dame Nature her self, she being Architect generall to all -their Deities. Nor did it consist with their vain Religion to use any -other, they making their worship, performing their Ceremonies, offering -their Sacrifices in dark and obscure groves, most conformable unto -their barbarous, and inhumane, humane oblations. - -[Sidenote: _Mayer. 1 K. 1. Ch._] - -[Sidenote: _Herod. li. 1._] - -Neither must it seem strange, they used no other Temples then these, -it not being their custom alone; for the _Excelsi_ or high places -mentioned in the sacred Story, wherein the Heathen performed idolatrous -rites unto their Idols, were commonly groves, affectedly sited upon -some mountainous place, without any _House_ or _Temple_. The _Persians_ -of old, (of whom _Herodotus_) _Neque statuas, neque templa, neque -aras extruere consuetudo est_, _Erected neither Images, nor Temples, -nor Altars_: _quinimo hoc facientibus insaniæ tribuere_, _accounting -it great folly and madnesse in those that did_: but ascending to the -tops of the highest, and most lofty hils, on them offered sacrifices -to their Gods. From hence, _Xerxes_, in his expedition, burnt down the -Temples of the _Greeks_, because they shut up their Gods therein, -to whom all things are open and free, and to whom the whole Universe -serves for a Temple. The _Abasgians_ also (inhabiting Mount _Caucasus_) -did worship, even till _Procopius_ his time, groves and woods; and in -a barbarian simplicity esteemed the very trees themselves to be Gods. -In like manner, the Northern and Southern people of _America_, made -all their Invocations and Exorcisms in woods. The ancient _Germans_ -likewise consecrated woods and forests. _Lucos ac nemora consecrant_, -saith _Tacitus_ of them. And the like places for idolatrous -superstition, did divers other barbarous Nations use, before reduced to -order, and civility of life, _Tacitus_ giving this reason for it: They -thought it a matter ill beseeming the greatnesse of their Deities, to -enclose them within Temples made by Art. His words are, _Nec cohibere -parietibus Deos arbitrantur_, _They thought it not fit to restrain -their Deities within compacted walls_: _id est, neque templis, neque -domibus_, viz. _neither within Temples or Houses made with hands_, as -_C. Pichenas_ commenting thereon more fully interprets. - -[Sidenote: _Ovid. Met. lib. 1._] - -[Sidenote: _Vitru. lib. 2._] - -Touching the manner of the buildings of the ancient _Britans_, and -of what materialls they consisted, I find them so far short of the -magnificence of this Antiquity, that they were nor stately, nor -sumptuous; neither had they any thing of _Order_, or _Symmetry_, much -lesse, of gracefulnesse, and _Decorum_ in them, being only such as -_Ovid_ (relating to the first Age of the world) makes mention of. - - ————————_domus antra fuerunt, - Et densi frutices, & junctæ cortice virgæ_. - -Thus Englished by _Arthur Golding_. - - ————————_their houses were the thicks, - And bushy queaches, hollow caves, and hardles made of sticks_. - -To like purpose _Vitruvius_. _In the first Age of the World_ (saith -he) _men lived in woods, caves, and forests, but after they had found -out the use of fire, and by the benefit thereof were invited to enter -into a certain kind of society_, _cœperunt alii de fronde facere -tecta, alii speluncas fodere sub montibus, nonnulli hirundinum nidos, -& ædificationes earum imitantes, de luto & virgultis facere loca, -quæ subirent_. _Some of them began to make themselves habitations of -boughs, some to dig dens in mountains; other some, imitating the nests -of birds, made themselves places of lome and twigs, and such like -materials, to creep into, and shroud themselves in._ Directly after -which manner of workmanship, were the houses of the ancient _Britans_. - -[Sidenote: _Diodo. li. 6._] - -_Domos ex calamis aut lignis ut plurimum habent compactas_. _Their -houses for the most part are of reed and wood_, saith _Diodorus -Siculus_. - -In the Northern parts they live in tents. _Degunt in tentoriis_, (saith -_Dion_, epitomis’d by _Xiphiline_.) - -[Sidenote: _Strab. lib. 4._] - -Their Cities were without walls, the Country without Towns. _Urbium -loco ipsis sunt nemora_, (saith _Strabo_) _woods stand them in stead -of Cities or Towns_. _Arboribus enim dejectis ubi amplum circulum -sepierunt, ipsi casas ibidem sibi ponunt, & pecori stabula condunt, ad -usum quidem non longi temporis._ _For when by felling of trees, they -have inclosed, and fenced therewith a large circuit of wood, therein -they raise cabbins and cottages for themselves, and hovels for their -cattell, of no great continuance, but only to supply their present use -and occasion._ - -[Sidenote: _Cæsar. lib. 5._] - -_Opidum Britanni vocant_ (saith _Cæsar_) _quum silvas impeditas vallo -atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandæ causa, convenire -consueverunt_, _The_ Britans _call a thick wood, enclosed about with a -ditch and rampire, made for a place of retreat to avoid the invasion -and assault of their bordering enemies, a Town_. - -Thus, you see, in what condition the Inhabitants of this Island lived -in those ancient times, having of themselves, neither desire, nor -ability to exercise, nor from others, encouragement to attain whatever -knowledge in the Art of Building. Precepts, and rules therein, the -_Druid’s_ neither could, nor would impart unto them. That they could -not, appears from what is formerly said, and in what skilfull above -others, they communicated nothing, but to those of their own society, -_taking speciall order_ (as _Cæsar_ affirms) _their discipline might -not be divulged_. - -[Sidenote: _Cæsar. lib. 4._] - -[Sidenote: _Ortel. descr. Fr._] - -[Sidenote: _Camden fo. 2._] - -As for Colonies of any Nation practised in Arts, from whom they might -receive or knowledge, or civil conversation, there were none setled -amongst them: neither had they commerce, or traffique, with any people -experienced therein, much lesse acquaintance with any other, except -those of _Gaul_, welnear as barbarous as themselves. _None of the_ -Gauls _in a manner, had any knowledge_ (saith _Cæsar_) _of the nature -and quality of the people of_ Britain, _or of the places, ports, or -passes of the Countrey_. _Neque enim temerè præter mercatores illò -adit quisquam, neque iis ipsis quidquam, præter oram maritimam, atque -eas regiones quæ sunt contra Galliam, notum est._ For, _not any went -thither without eminent danger, except merchants, and they also could -give accompt of nothing, save only the Sea-coast, and those Countreys -which were opposite to_ Gaul. _Never any Colony of the_ Greeks, _for -ought I know_ (saith _Ortelius_) _was seated in_ Britain. _And_ Cæsar, -_the first of all the_ Romans _that discovered it_, saith _Camden_. - -If desire neverthelesse, to know in what times the ancient _Britans_ -began to be civilized, when to learn the knowledge of _Arts_, to build -stately _Temples_, _Palaces_, _publick Buildings_, to be eloquent -in forrain languages, and by their habits, and attire, attain the -qualities of a civil, and well ordered people, _Tacitus_ shall relate -the same. - -[Sidenote: _Tacit. in vit. Agr._] - -_Sequens hiems saluberrimis conciliis absumpta_ &c. _The winter -ensuing_ (being the second year of _Julius Agricola_ his -_Proprætorship_, or Leivtenancy in _Britan_; _Titus Vespasian_ -Emperour, about one hundred thirty three years after the first -discovery thereof by _Cæsar_) _was spent in most profitable, and -politick Councels_ (saith _Tacitus_.) _For, whereas the_ Britans _were -rude, and dispersed, and thereby prone, upon every occasion, to warre_; -Agricola, _to induce them by pleasure to quietnesse and rest, exhorted -in private, and helpt them in common to build Temples, Houses, and -places of publick resort, commending those, that were forward therein, -and punishing the refractory. Moreover, the Noblemens sons he took, and -instructed in the liberall Sciences, preferring the wits of_ Britain, -_to the students in_ Gaul, _as being now eagerly ambitious to attain -the eloquence of the_ Roman _tongue, whereas lately they utterly -rejected that language. After that, our attire grew in account, and -the gown much used amongst them, and so by little and little they -proceeded to provocations of vices, to sumptuous galleries, baths, -and exquisite banquettings._ Thus far _Tacitus_. Now had there been -but the least mention made, by any Author, concerning the _Druid’s_ -instructing, and training up the ancient _Britans_ in any such matters, -as these, (which _Tacitus_ remembers the _Romans_ to have done) what -conclusions might have been rais’d from them? what presumptive reasons -drawn, to prove, _Stoneheng_ a work of the _Druid’s_, or at least -erected for their use? - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo. 63._] - -To conclude, if this authority from _Tacitus_ only, (an Author esteem’d -the _Polybius_ of the _Latines_) be throughly weighed, it will -evidently manifest, (whatever else hath formerly been delivered) there -was no such thing in _Britain_, before the _Romans_ arrived here, as -that which we now call _Stoneheng_. What credit else with posterity -could _Tacitus_ expect to gain, in affirming the _Britans_ were taught -and instructed in the liberall Sciences by the _Romans_; if those -_Arts_ acknowledg’d, to be practis’d amongst the _Britans_ before? -What need to have told us, the _Romans_ made them skilfull in erecting -sumptuous _Palaces_, stately _Portico’s_, and publick places, if the -inhabitants here, accustomed to enjoy such noble buildings, before the -_Romans_ arrivall in this Land? Why, tell succeeding Ages, when gentle -persuasions not prevail, to make the _Britans_ innovate, and admit of -sacred structures to whatever Deities, _Agricola_ compelled them to -found magnificent _Temples_, and assist therein, if this Antiquity -_Stoneheng_ extant before those times? Why also, should the _Britans_ -look upon the _Temple_ erected by the _Romans_ at _Camalodunum_, -(supposed _Maldon_ in _Essex_) in honour of _Claudius_ sacred memory, -as an _Altar of perpetuall dominion_ over them, if been used to such -structures before? yea, such an eye-sore the _Britans_ accounted -it, as, that _Temple_ was one of the principall causes, which gave -birth to that fatall insurrection under _Boadicia_. Neither would -_Tacitus_ have magnified the introducing those customs amongst them, -as admirable policy in _Agricola_, and the true and only rule to bring -them from their rude, and dispersed manner of living to civility, if -the _Britans_ attain’d such discipline before, or any knowledge in -the excellency of _Architecture_ preceding the time of the _Romans_ -government here. No, for what saith _Camden_? _It was the brightnesse -of that most glorious Empire, which chased away all savage Barbarism -from the_ Britans _minds, like as from other Nations, whom it had -subdued._ - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo. 4._] - -Furthermore, in the time of this _Agricola_, _Britain_ was fully -discovered, the _Romans_ had circumnavigated it, and knew, for certain, -it was an Island, formerly doubted of till his time; yea, there was not -a Port (as I may so say) a bay, mountain, valley, hill, plain, wood, -or forest, either any custom, rite, ceremony, or what else belonging -to the knowledge of the Countrey, or manners of the People, but the -_Romans_ were then as well acquainted with (especially, in that part -of the Island now call’d _England_) as, at this day, the Inhabitants -themselves are. Neverthelesse, what mention soever is made by their -Historians, concerning other matters of the _Britans_, not one word -is to be found of this Antiquity, or any building of this kind in use -amongst them. But, because some curiously learned have desired somwhat -to be spoken for their better satisfaction touching this particular, I -have been too prolixe. In a word therefore, let it suffice, _Stoneheng_ -was no work of the _Druid’s_, or of the ancient _Britans_; the learning -of the _Druid’s_ consisting more in contemplation then practice, and -the ancient _Britans_ accounting it their chiefest glory to be wholly -ignorant in whatever Arts. Neither could it be otherwise, seeing _their -life so uncivil, so rude, so full of wars, and consequently void of all -literature_. (as _Camden_ relateth) - -Yet, before I come to speak of this middle Age (if I may so call it) -wherein the _Romans_ prevailed, and to compleat their victories gave -first rise to civility in this Island; as, I began with times of great -Antiquity, so must I now descend to those lesse ancient, and modern, -wherein, as posterity hath suffered an irreparable damage, through want -of writing in those first times, so hath it been almost at as great a -losse, by too much writing in later times; so many Authors, so much -contrariety, so little certainty is found amongst them. Who, when -they could not search out the truth in deed, laboured to bring forth -narrations invented by themselves, without or reason, or authority: -delivering (saith _Camden_) their severall opinions, rather with a -certain pleasant variety to give contentment to their _Readers_, then -with any care or judgement to find out the truth of things. - - • • • • • - -[Sidenote: _Leyland. de assert. Arth. fo. 35._] - -Those ancient Historians who (among other actions of the _Britans_) -treat of this Antiquity, differ much in their severall reports. And, -as it is usuall with _Historiographers_ of other Nations, where, they -cannot give a just and rationall accompt of unwonted accidents, beyond -the common course of things, to fill up their stories with fabulous, -and incredible relations; so, no marvell, if we hear the like in our -own Histories. _Credibile enim est calamitatem bellicam, quæ ecclesias -unà cum bibliochecis exhauserat infinitis, clara vetustatis monumenta -abrasisse. For evident it is, through the calamities of wars_ (saith -_Leyland_) _which together with infinite Libraries ruined the Churches -themselves, the certain records of our Antiquities, are utterly lost. -Unde scripturienti de antiquitate_ Britannica _occultissima, pleraque -omnia. Whereby the Writers of the_ British _Stories, are all of them, -for the most part, very obscure and doubtfull._ - -Some others again, especially the most ancient and authentick -_British_ Historians, who liv’d in Ages next succeeding those, -wherein, _Stoneheng_ might probably be first erected, have wholly -passed it over with silence. In like manner venerable _Bede_, _William -Malmesbury_, _Roger Hoveden_, and others, speak nothing thereof, as -happily, willing rather to decline it altogether, then deliver it upon -frivolous conjectures, and in so doing cast a blemish upon their other -labours. Neither is it improbable, that the most ancient Authors, -considering the times wherein they wrote, upon the first springing up -of _Christian Religion_ here, might through zeal unto the true God, -forbear to commemorate unto posterity, places designed for idolatrous -uses; endeavouring rather, to suppresse the memory thereof, and make -succeeding generations sollicitous therein; then, in that infancy of -Divine worship, to illustrate the magnificence of the Heathens, for -building such notable structures to their false Gods. Insomuch, I find -very little, or no mention at all thereof in the _British_ Stories, -except by _Geffrey Monmouth_, with some who follow him, and by such -Authors only, as our most judicious Writers hold in many things, either -meerly fabulous, or overladen with malicious, or accidentary untruths. -Such relations neverthelesse, as they make thereof, I shall endeavour -to deliver in their own words, reduceable into two conjectures, _viz._ -either that _Stoneheng_ was erected by _A. Ambrosius_ (in ancient times -King of the _Britans_) in memory of the _British_ Nobility perfidiously -slain at a treaty by _Hengist_ the _Saxon_: or else, set up by the -_Britans_ themselves in honour of Him their said King. - -[Sidenote: _Gir. Camb. de adm. Hib. Cap. 18._] - -_Giraldus Cambrensis_, curiously diligent in his relations of the -miracles in _Ireland_, amongst other strange things in those parts, -reckons up this Antiquity _Stoneheng_. _Fuit antiquis temporibus in_ -Hibernia, _lapidum congeries admiranda_, (saith he) _quæ &_ Chorea -Gigantum _dicta fuit, quia Gigantes eam ab ultimis_ Africæ _partibus -in_ Hiberniam _attulerunt &c. There was in_ Ireland _in ancient times, -a pile of stones worthy admiration, called the_ Giants Dance, _because -Giants, from the remotest parts of_ Africa, _brought them into_ -Ireland, _and in the plains of_ Kildare, _not farre from the Castle of -the_ Naase, _as well by force of Art, as strength, miraculously set -them up. These stones_ (according to the _British_ story) Aurelius -Ambrosius, _King of the_ Britans, _procured_ Merlin _by supernaturall -means to bring from Ireland, into_ Britain. _And, that he might leave -some famous monument of so great a treason to after ages, in the same -order, and art, as they stood formerly, set them up, where the flower -of the_ British _Nation fell by the cut-throat practice of the_ Saxons, -_and where under the pretence of peace, the ill secured youth of the -Kingdom, by murdrous designs were slain_. - -[Sidenote: _Polychr. li. 5._] - -_Rainulph_ Monk of _Chester_, speaking of _Aurelius_, alias _Aurelianus -Ambrosius_ (by others called _Ambrosius Aurelianus_) saith (as Sir -_John Trevisa_ the Priest in old English laid it down) =His brother -Uter Pendragon by help of Merlin the Prophet brought= Choream Gigantum, -=that is Stonehenges out of Ireland. Stonehenge is now in the plain of -Salisbury: of that bringing of Stonehenge out of Ireland, speaketh the -British story, if it should lawfully be ytrowed.= - -It appears, _Rainulph_ of _Chester_, as easie credit as he gave to -strange stories, had not much confidence in this: and if, according to -_Geffrey Monmouth_, or _Matthew Westminster_, I should set it down, I -presume you would be of his mind. But, I affect not such conceits, they -are neither fitting my discourse, nor your perusall. Neverthelesse, -seeing none of them tell us, by what ways, or Arts, Giants (as they -will have it) brought them from the remotest parts of _Africk_ into -_Ireland_ (for it seems they could not hansomly find a _Merlin_ to -help them therein also) I shall take so much leave, following _Geffrey -Monmouths_ steps, as to give you, at least, some part of the story, -and relate (according to their opinions) how they came from _Ireland_ -hither. After _Geffrey Monmouths_ discourse of _Uter Pendragons_ -victory over the _Irish_, who with _Merlin_ forsooth and a great -Army, were sent by _A. Ambrosius_ to fetch the Giants dance, _Lapidum -structuram adepti_ (saith he) _gavisi sunt & admirati; circumstantibus -itaque cunctis, accessit_ Merlinus _& ait, utimini viribus vestris -juvenes, ut in deponendo lapides istos, sciatis utrum ingenium virtuti, -aut virtus ingenio cedat, &c._ i.e. _Having found the structure, from -joy they fell into admiration, and standing all of them at gaze round -about it_, Merlin _draws near, and thus bespeaks them: Use now your -utmost strength young men, that in taking away these stones, you may -discover, whether Art to strength, or strength gives place to Art. -At his command therefore, they bring severall sorts of engines, and -addresse themselves to pulling it down. Some ropes, some cables, some -had made lathers ready, that what they so much desired, might be -effected, but in no wise able to atcheive their purpose. Deficientibus -cunctis, solutus est_ Merlinus _in risum_ (saith _Geffrey_) _& suas -machinationes confecit. Denique cum quæque necessaria apposuisset; -leviùs quàm credi potest lapides deposuit: depositis autem, fecit -deferri ad naves, & introponi: & sic cum gaudio in_ Britanniam _reverti -cœperunt. All of them tired_, Merlin _breaks out into laughter, -and provides his engines. Lastly, when he had set all things in a -readinesse, hardly to be beleev’d it is, with what facility he took -them down: being taken down, he caused them to be carried to the -Ships, and imbarqued; and so with joy they began their return towards_ -Britain. Leaving it for us to suppose, with as small labour they were -imbarqued, dis-imbarqued, and brought from their landing place to -_Salisbury_ plain: all (it seems) done by _Merlins_ spels. But of this -too much. - -[Sidenote: _G. Mon. li. 6._] - -[Sidenote: _Verstegan Ch. 5._] - -Neverthelesse, as I contemne fables, so doe I imbrace, and take -pleasure in the truth of History: and therefore, that which concerns -the slaughter of the _British_ Nobility by treason of _Hengist_ -commander of the _Saxons_, as of greater moment, and truth, I shall -more fully relate. And _Geffrey Monmouth’s_ Authority in this -treacherous slaughter of the _Britans_, though I respect not so much, -as _Ninnius_, _Malmsbury_, _Sigebert_, and others that affirm the same; -yet, because he was the first, after so many, and so ancient Authors, -that father’d _Stoneheng_ their monument, and _A. Ambrosius_ founder -thereof, and therefore must trace him, and his followers therein. -I will give you the history likewise from him, and thus it was: -_Hengist_, upon his return with new supplies into _Britain_, finding -_Vortigern_ beyond expectation restored to the Crown, and withall -greatly alienated in his affections towards him, prepared for his -defence, with force of arms. But, whether he thought himself too weak; -or, that he rather sought to be especially revenged on the _British_ -Nobility, who had wholly unriveted his designs, or both; he thought it -no difficult matter to delude him by a Treaty, whom formerly he had so -easily beguiled with his Neece _Rowena_. To which purpose, he makes an -overture, to compose the enmities betwixt them at a Parley; and the -King accepting it, appoints _Ambresbury_ Town their meeting place, _Nec -mora, statuta die instante convenerunt omnes intra nominatam urbem_ -(saith _Geffrey_) _& de pace habenda colloquium inceperunt. Ut igitur -horam proditioni suæ idoneam inspexisset_ Hengistus, _vociferatus -est_, =Nemet oure saxas=: _& ilico_ Vortigernum _accepit, & per pallium -detinuit. Audito ocyùs signo, abstraxerunt_ (i.e. _eduxerunt_) Saxones -_cultros suos, & astantes principes invaserunt, ipsósque nihil tale -præmeditantes jugulaverunt circiter quadringentos sexaginta inter -Barones & Consules. The prefixed day being come, they all, without -delay, met in the aforesaid Town, and began their Treaty for Peace; -when therefore_ Hengist _saw fit time for execution of his intended -Treason, he cried out, giving the word_, =Nemet oure saxas= (=Nem -eowr seaxes= (saith Verstegan) that is, _Take your_ =seaxes=; a kind -of crooked knives, which each of the _Saxons_ then carried closely in -his pocket) _and forthwith seised upon_ Vortigern, _and held him by -his robe. The_ Saxons _quickly hearing it, drew forth their knives, -and fell upon the_ Britans _standing by, of whom, part Noblemen, part -officers of State, expecting no such design, they slew four hundred -and sixty. Quorum corpora beatus_ Eldadus _postmodum sepelivit, atque -Christiano more humavit, haud longè à_ =Kaer-caradane=, _quæ nunc_ -Salesberia _dicitur, in cœmeterio, quod est juxta cœnobium_ Ambrii. -_Whose corpses holy_ Eldad, _according to custome, after Christian -manner interred, not far from_ =Kaer-caradane=, _now called_ Salisbury, -_in the Churchyard adjoyning to the monastery of_ Ambresbury. - -[Sidenote: _Ma. West. fo. 84._] - -[Sidenote: _Hollinsh. l. 5. Speed lib. 7. Stow fo. 53. 4ᵗᵒ._] - -[Sidenote: _G. Monm. lib. 5._] - -With this relation of the _Saxons_ treachery, _Mathew Westminster_ (in -his _Flores historiarum_) seems to agree. And it wholly destroys the -opinion commonly received, That the said Treaty with the _Saxons_, -the massacre of the _Britans_, and likewise their interment, were at -_Stoneheng_; and that in memory, those matters so transacted there, -_A. Ambrosius_ in the same place erected this Antiquity. Wherefore, I -much wonder, our modern historians should cite the aforesaid Authors -in confirmation thereof, especially, when they affirm directly, the -treaty was held in _Ambresbury_ Town, and that the _British_ Nobility -fell by Treason there. _Jussit_ Vortigernus _& cives &_ Saxones Maiis -_Kalendis, quæ jam instare incipiebant, juxta_ Ambrii _cœnobium -convenire_ (saith _G. Monmouth_) Vortigern _commanded both his own -people, and the_ Saxons, _upon the Calends of_ May _then approaching, -to appear near to the Monastery of_ Ambresbury. _In Pago_ Ambri -_convenire, to meet in the Town it self of_ Ambresbury (saith _Mathew -Westminster_) In order to which summons, (that I may proceed with -_Geffrey Monmouths_ story explaining himself positively concerning the -place) _statuta die instante convenerunt omnes intra nominatam urbem, -&c. the appointed day being come, all of them met together within the -forenamed Town, and there treated_. The issue whereof was, that upon -the word given (as before related) _The_ Saxons _drew their knives, and -falling upon the_ Britans _standing by, slew them_. And, lest posterity -should doubt those sacrificed for their Countreys cause neglected in -their funerals, he leaves not there, but gives us the direct place, -and manner of their buriall, affirming plainly they were buried by a -Metropolitane of those times, even in a Church-yard, as Christians -should. _In cœmeterio, quod est juxta cœnobium, In the Church-yard, -close by the Monastery._ (saith he) There is not one word mentioned (I -pray observe) of _Salisbury plain_, where this _Antiquity Stoneheng_ -remains, throughout all their Story. - -[Sidenote: _Thomas. Procachio fo. 46._] - -But, it’s objected, although they were buried at the Monastery, the -monument for their memory might be set up elsewhere, in a place more -proper, and more conspicuous; even, as in the most properly conspicuous -places where great actions happened _Trophies_ were erected by the -_Romans_, whose customs _A. Ambrosius_ living long time amongst them, -knew very well. I answer, _A. Ambrosius_, is suppos’d by _Bede_, and -the best Authors, descended from the _Romans_; who, living many years -under their subjection, in forrain parts, had fully inform’d his -judgement, no doubt, with whatever customs, civill or martiall, then in -use amongst them. For, though the _Romans_ in those times, had utterly -lost all knowledge of Arts, questionlesse civill, and martiall customs -in some sort continued with them. Neverthelesse, if _A. Ambrosius_ did -erect any monument for the _British_ Nobility, he rather, doubtlesse -endeavoured to observe the rules of his own Religion, being a -Christian, then the Heathenish customs of his Ancestors. However, in -erecting it, at the place of their interment, he pursued both. As for -the Christians honouring to posterity their famous men after death, -it being so well known, I need not relate it. And, as concerning the -ancient _Romans_ manner in burying their Emperours, and those that had -triumphed, or otherwise deserved well of the Common-wealth, though they -burned their bodies abroad, the place for sepulture of their Ashes, was -within the City, monuments to their memory being erected, upon the same -place where buried; so was _Publicola_ honoured, so the _Fabritii_, the -_Cæsars_, and others. And, after the same fashion it seems, was the -monument for the _British_ Nobility (if any) set up where they were -interred; as in the place of all others most proper for it, all the -considerable circumstances touching their deaths, happening there in -like manner. - -It’s true the _Romans_ set up _Trophies_ for great Victories, in the -most eminent places where those victories were obtained by them; as -the _Trophy_ for _Caius Marius_ his vanquishing the _Cimbrians_, in -the most notable place where that memorable field was fought. Also, -the _Trophy_ dedicated to the memory of _Augustus Cæsar_ that by his -happy conduct, all the _Alpine_ Nations, were reduced to _Roman_ -obedience, was erected in the most conspicuous place of the _Alps_. -Now, this martiall custome considered, the _British_ Nobility being -(as the aforesaid Historians maintain) slaughtered in the Town, and -buried at the Monastery adjoyning. Some one of those high hils, on -either side _Ambresbury_, had certainly for site been more eminent, -and the monument it self more exposed to the daily view of travellers, -then about two miles from the Town, in a place remote, where this -_Antiquity_ stands. Which, though indeed eminent of it self, and -overlooking the plains adjoyning; yet, at a large distance, especially -on that side towards _Ambresbury_, and _Salisbury_-ward, is so -surrounded with hils; as it appears with an Aspect of Religious horror, -rather then as carrying any form of whatever sepulture. - -[Sidenote: _Math. West. fo. 92._] - -[Sidenote: _G. Mon. li. 8._] - -This, though sufficient to refute the preceding objection (the -former reasons being grounded upon customs only) I shall yet, from -the histories of those times, further answer thereunto; _Mathew -Westminster_ tels us, _A. Ambrosius_ having compleated his victories -over _Hengist_, and subdued his sons at _York_; _Deinde porrexisse ad -monasterium_ Ambri, _ubi principes defuncti jacebant, quos_ Hengistus -_prodiderat; from thence came to the Monastery at_ Ambresbury, _where -the deceased Nobles, whom_ Hengist _betrayed, lay buried._ And -_Geffrey Monmouth_, prosecuting the same story, affirms also, that -_A. Ambrosius_ being come to the Monastery, _ut locum quo defuncti -jacebant circumspexit, pietate motus in lachrymas solutus est, dignum -namque memoria censebat cespitem, qui tot nobiles pro patria defunctos -protegebat. So soon as he cast his eyes upon the place where the -slaughtered Princes lay interred, deplored them; esteeming that very -ground which covered so many Nobles, dying for their Countreys cause, -worthy eternall memory._ Upon this consideration, _Præcepit_ Merlino -(saith the same Author) _lapides circa sepulturam erigere, quos ex_ -Hibernia _asportaverat_. A. Ambrosius _commanded_ Merlin, _that -the stones brought out of_ Ireland (for he still troubles himself -and readers therewith) _should be erected about the place of their -buriall_. Whereby it clearly appears their Sepulchre was set up about -the same place where they were buried, and not elsewhere. Also, as -fully that their buriall place (as both the said Historians have told -us) was at the Monastery of _Ambresbury_, or Churchyard adjoyning to -it. All which former circumstances duly weighed, ’tis not possible -_Stoneheng_ should be supposed their Monument; except _Geffrey -Monmouth_, having made so formall a tale of their easie transportation -from _Ireland_, would compell us also to imagine, posterity might as -easily be induced to assent, they were in like manner removed from the -Churchyard at _Ambresbury_ to _Salisbury_ plain, the one being equally -as ridiculous as the other, and no manner of credit to be given to -either. - -Wherefore, laying all the aforesaid Authorities together. First, that -_Giraldus Cambrensis_ formerly cited, tells us, (in that part of his -story which carries most likelihood of truth) a Monument was set up -by _A. Ambrosius_, in memory of the _Britans_, slain at a Treaty by -the _Saxons_, upon the very same place _where slain_; and in order -thereunto the aforesaid _British_ Historians unanimously affirming -the place at which that treaty was held, and where those _Britans were -slain_ was the Town it self of _Ambresbury_, not where this _Antiquity -Stoneheng_ remains: again, if suspect _Cambrensis_ authority, and allow -rather what our Historiographer of _Monmouth_ saith, That the Monument -was erected by _A. Ambrosius_, upon that plat of ground, where the -slaughtered _Britans lay buryed_; he telling us also, their _buriall -place_ was in the Churchyard of the Monastery at _Ambresbury_ (at the -Monastery it self, saith _Matthew Westminster_) certainly then their -Monument (whatsoever it was) being set up at the place, where they -were both slain and buried, and (according to the aforesaid Authors) -they being nor slain nor buryed at _Stoneheng_, it must necessarily -follow, this _Antiquity_ was not erected in Honour of those _Britans_. -Unlesse any man will undertake to prove (which most certain it is none -can) _Stoneheng_ stands now, where _Ambresbury_ stood of old: or that -the Monastery and Churchyard thereof were not at _Ambresbury_, but at -_Stoneheng_. - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo._ 254.] - -[Sidenote: _G. Monm. lib. 6. & 8._] - -That the Monastery of three hundred Monks, stood there, (to wit at -_Ambresbury_) _Camden_, out of the Book called _Eulogium_, affirms. -And, that the Churchyard was close adjoyning to it, there’s no question -to be made. First, because in all times since Monasteries erected, -it was always in use, to lay out places for Churchyards belonging to -them, near to the Monasteries themselves. Secondly, because divers -Sepulchres, upon severall occasions, broken up at _Ambresbury_ -Monastery, manifest the same. Thirdly, because _Geffrey Monmouth_ -plainly tels us, they were buried in _cœmeterio, quod est juxta -cœnobium_; _in the Churchyard which is close by the Monastery_. Lastly, -it is further confirmed by these his formerly recited words, _A. -Ambrosius being come unto the Monastery, cast his eyes upon the place -where the slaughtered Princes lay interred_. Which is not possible he -should have done, if the Churchyard had been at _Stoneheng_; it being -very well known _Stoneheng_ cannot be discerned, even from the highest -hils, upon those parts especially, that next surround _Ambresbury_, -much lesse from the Monastery it self, sited in the bottome of a deep -vale by the river _Avons_ side. - -Among other Sepulchres found at the said Monastery, it’s worthy memory, -that about the beginning of this Century, one of them hewn out of a -firm stone, and placed in the middle of a wall, was opened, having upon -its coverture in rude letters of massie gold, - -[Sidenote: The originall Inscription I could not procure; such relation -thereof neverthelesse as came to my hands, I have, upon credit of those -persons of quality from whom received, inserted it here.] - - _R. G. A. C._ 600. - -[Sidenote: _Leyl. de assert. Arth._] - -The bones within which Sepulchre were all firm, fair yellow coloured -hair about the scull, a supposed peece of the liver, near upon the -bignesse of a walnut, very dry and hard, and together therewith, were -found severall royall habiliments, as jewels, veils, scarfs, and -the like, retaining even till then, their proper colours. All which -were afterwards, very choicely kept, in the collection of the Right -honourable _Edward_, then Earl of _Hertford_: and of the aforesaid gold -divers rings were made and worn by his Lordships principall Officers. -Concerning which Tomb (though I list not dispute) why might it not be -the Sepulchre of Queen _Guinever_, wife of King _Arthur_; especially -the Letters _R G._ as much to say, _Regina Guinevera_, declaring her -title and name; and the date _An. Chr._ 600. (if truly copied) agreeing -(possibly well enough) with the time of her death? Besides, _Leyland_ -affirms, severall Writers make mention, she took _upon her a Nuns veil -at_ Ambresbury, _died, and was buried there_. To which he gives so much -credit, that (whatever _Giraldus Cambrensis_ delivers to the contrary) -he will by no means allow, either her body to be afterwards translated -from _Ambresbury_, or, at any time, buried by her husband King -_Arthur_ at _Glastonbury_. Unto _Leylands_ reasons for her interment -at _Ambresbury_, _Camden_ (it seems) inclines also, because wholly -silent of her Sepulchre, discovered any where else: though he at large -sets down all the circumstances of her Husbands body, its being found -at _Glastenbury_. For, had _Camden_ apprehended any thing inducing him -to beleeve, her body had been together with his there found, he would -never, certainly, have concealed it from posterity. - -[Sidenote: _Speed lib. 7._] - -[Sidenote: _Stow fo. 53._] - -Whether the aforesaid Tomb so found, were her monument, yea or no, -enough concerning the slaughter and sepultures of the afore mentioned -_Britans_; as also, that _Stoneheng_ was not erected in memory of them. -Let us come now to _Aurelius Ambrosius_, and see whether _Polydore -Virgill’s_ story in relation to _Stoneheng_ agrees with what other -Authors have delivered of _Aurelius_. For from _Polydore’s_ authority, -our modern Writers raise their second, and quite contrary opinion: -namely, that the _Britans_ erected this _Antiquity_ for _A. Ambrosius_ -his Sepulchre. - -[Sidenote: _Polyd. Virg. lib. 3._] - -_Polydore Virgill_ treating of the actions of those times betwixt the -_Britans_ and _Saxons_; Britanni, _Duci suo_ Ambrosio _de republica -bene merito magnificum_ (saith he) _posuerunt sepulchrum_ &c. _The_ -Britans _in memory of his great atchievements for the Commonwealth, -erected a magnificent Sepulchre to their Chieftain_ Ambrosius, _made -of great square stones in form of a Crown, even in that place, where -fighting, he was slain, that the prowesse of so great a Commander, -should neither be forgotten amongst themselves, who then lived, or left -unremembred to posterity. Which Monument remains even to this day, in -the Diocese of_ Salisbury, _near unto the village called_ Amisbery. - -This opinion of _Polydore_ is grounded (as I conceive) upon no great -likelihood. For, should the _British Nobles_, far inferiour to _A. -Ambrosius_, in honour, and dignity, be buried in the Churchyard of a -Monastery, and a Sepulchre assigned for _Ambrosius_ himself in the -open fields? Should that _Christian_ King, who had accomplished so -many great atchievements victoriously against the _Pagans_, enemies to -_Christ_? Caused Churches to be repaired, which the Barbarism of the -_Saxons_ had destroyed? pulled down and demolished idolatrous places -of the _Heathen_, and (as is more probable) rather, then erected by -him, whilst living, to others, or by others, to his memory after dead, -the very first that began to deface this Heathenish sacred structure -(for, though a _Roman_, yet a _Christian_, and zeal to true Religion -might, no doubt, cause him dispense with ruining idolatrous _Temples_ -though formerly built, and consecrated to false Gods by his seduced -Auncestors) should he, I say, be buried Pagan-like, in unsanctified, -unhallowed ground, and others far lesse eminent, lesse conspicuous, in -more noble, and sacred places? It could never be. Neither reason of -State, nor fervor of piety, in those more scrupulous times, could ever -admit thereof. - -[Sidenote: _Leyl. de assert. Art._] - -Had _Polydore_, or any other, told us some Pagan-Saxon-Commander lay -there intombed, ’twould have carried a shew of much more credit, and -the ancient custome of that _Peoples_ burying their dead might have -been produced, at least as a probable argument, to confirm the same. -For the Saxons a Pagan Nation, if any of _their Princes or Nobility -died, in their houses at home of sicknesse, were buried in pleasant, -and delightfull gardens; if from home, and in the wars, not far from -their camps, in heaps of earth cast up in the fields, which heaps they -called Burrows: and the promiscuous common people in medows and open -fields_. Saxones _Nobiles gens Christi ignara, in hortis amœnis, si -domi forte ægroti moriebantur: si foris & bello occisi, in egestis per -campos terræ tumulis quos Burgos appellabant, juxta castra sepulti -sunt: vulgus autem promiscuum etiam in pratis & apertis campis._ -As _Leyland_, who laid a good ground-work towards the discovery of -_British Antiquities_, delivers. - -[Sidenote: _G. Monm. M. Westm. Polychron. Caxton. Leyland._] - -[Sidenote: _Knolls in vit. Ba._] - -[Sidenote: _Ped. Mexia in vit. Con._] - -[Sidenote: _Plutarch in vit. Pyrr._] - -_Polydore_ neverthelesse, had great reason to imagine _A. Ambrosius_ -famed the restorer of his Countrey (and Bulwark of War, as _Camden_ -cals him) worthy an everlasting Monument, _Extat etiam nunc id -monimentum in diœcesi_ Sarisberiensi _prope pagum quam_ Amisberiam -_vocant, Which monument is yet extant in the diœcese of_ Salisbury -(saith he) _not far from_ Ambresbury _Town_: and so was the Churchyard -of the Monastery too. He also tels us, _Factum fuisse ad formam coronæ, -it was made in form of a Crown_. An elegant expression (I confesse) -of a no lesse elegant work, if he meant _Stoneheng_; yet no argument -thereby to prove _A. Ambrosius_ or buried, or slain there. For, as -touching _A. Ambrosius_ his death, severall Authors, of as good credit -as _Polydore_ (his integrity neverthelesse I question not, others have -been busie enough therein) affirm, that _Pascentius Vortigerns_ son, -with many rewards corrupted a certain _Saxon_ called _Eopas_ (_Clappa_, -saith _Caxton_) who, taking upon him the habit of a Monk, under -pretence of Physick (_A. Ambrosius_ being then sick) gave him poyson, -whereof he died at _Winchester_. And no wonder he was so poysoned, -many examples of the like kinde being recorded in History. As in later -times, the _Turkish_ Emperour _Bajazet_ the second, under pretence of -Physick poysoned by a Jew: also _Conrad_ third of that name Emperour -of _Germany_, by an _Italian_: and, in times of old, under the same -pretence, _Pyrrhus_ that famous Epirot had been poysoned by his own -Physitian, if _C. Fabricius_ the Roman Consul would have enclined to -such ignoble resolutions, as _Pascentius_ after put in act against _A. -Ambrosius_ in our story. - -[Sidenote: _Ma. West. fo. 94._] - -Amongst other, who relate this disaster of _A. Ambrosius_, _Matthew -Westminster_ tels us, The said pretended Monk, _tandem ad Regis -præsentiam perductum, venenum ei porrexisse, &c. being at last -admitted to the Kings presence, administered poyson unto him, which -having drunk, the wicked Traytor advised him to sleep, and in so doing -suddenly should recover health! Nec mora, illabente per poros corporis -& venas veneno, mortem pariter subsecutam esse. But, ere long, the -poyson being dispersed through the pores and veins of his body, death -seizes upon him._ - -[Sidenote: _G. Monm. lib. 8._] - -Concerning the buriall of _A. Ambrosius_, if give credit to _Geffrey -Monmouths_ affirming _A. Ambrosius_ on his death-bed gave command, -and was accordingly buried, in the Sepulchre by him (whilst living) -prepared in the Churchyard adjoyning to the Monastery at _Ambresbury_, -then was _A. Ambrosius_ nor _buried_ at _Stoneheng_, nor consequently -this _Antiquity_ erected to his memory. _Geffrey Monmouth_ tels us; -_His death being known, the Bishops, Abbats, and all the Clergy of -that province, assembled together in the City of_ Winchester. _Et -quia vivens adhuc præceperat, ut in cœmeterio prope cœnobium_ Ambrii, -_quod ipse paraverat sepeliretur, tulerunt corpus ejus, eodem atque -cum regalibus exequiis, humaverunt. And with respect to his command, -whilest living, that in the Churchyard adjoyning to the Monastery at_ -Ambresbury, _prepared by him, he would be buried, they took his body -and with royall solemnities enterred him there_. - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo. 254._] - -Furthermore, at _Ambresbury_, that is, _Ambrose_ his Town, (_Camden_ -tels us) _certain ancient Kings, by report of the_ British _story, -lay interred_. Whether _A. Ambrosius_ was one of them, or no, I argue -not; yet the same Author saith, _Ambrose Aurelianus_ gave name unto -the place. And why not, he being buried there, as well, as upon the -translation of the body of _Edmund_ that most Christian King, the Town -of _Edmundsbury_ in _Suffolk_ was so called? - -It manifestly hence appears, _Stoneheng_ no Sepulchre, either erected -by _A. Ambrosius_, or by the _British_ Nobility, or to any of their -memories. Some Monument there was, perhaps, anciently set up in honour -of them, at the Monastery of _Ambresbury_. Which, the fury of the -_Saxons_ when victorious, or violence of time, which destroyeth all -things, utterly consuming, might happily be the reason, Historians in -succeeding Ages, finding so notable an _Antiquity_ as _Stoneheng_, not -far from thence, and not apprehending for what use it was first built, -suppos’d no other thing worthy _A. Ambrosius_, or those _Britans_, -then such an extraordinary structure. Whereas, the Monuments in those -ancient times, made for great Princes here in _Britain_, were onely two -Pyramids between which interred, of no extraordinary bignesse erected -to their memory in whate’re Religious places those Princes lay buried. -Moreover, if seriously take notice of the severall sorts of Sepulchres -used by divers Nations, none are found bearing like _Aspect_ with this -work _Stoneheng_, but of other kinde of _Architecture_, far different -in _Form_, _Manner_, and _Composure_. Some, made of one Columne onely; -or, if otherwise, only a vase erected on the place of buriall, as -amongst the _Athenians_: Some, had a Columne whereon the shields used -in War by the deceased, whilst living, were fixt, as in those medals -of silver, which the _Roman_ Senate dedicated to _Vespasian_: Some, -a Columne with a Statue thereon; so the famous Columne of _Trajan_ -had a _Colossus_ on the top thereof, as by his medals also appears. -Again, the _Gauls_ on the tops of Mountains, erected _Pyramid’s_ or -_Columnes_, as Monuments to their Princes. The _Saxons_ were buried (as -said before) in huge heaps of earth, to this day visible among us. The -_Keep_ of the now _Castell_ S. _Angelo_ at _Rome_ was the Sepulchre of -the Emperour _Adrian_. (such mighty moles were the Monuments of the -_Romans_) The _Greeks_ erected _Altars_, and instituted Sacrifices to -the memory of their _Chieftains_, as the _Spartans_ to _Lysander_: -The renowned _Carian_ Queen made the _Mausoleum_ for her husband, a -massie bulk of building, 140 foot high: The huge _Pyramid’s_ in _Ægypt_ -causing such wonder in the world, were Sepulchres of _Ægyptian_ Kings. -In a word, amongst all Nations, Sepulchres whether little or great, -were always reall and solid piles; not airous, with frequent openings, -and void spaces of ground within, exposed to Sun and wind, neither -uncovered like this _Antiquity_; or in any manner so built, as may -enforce the least presumption, that this our _Stoneheng_ was ever a -Sepulchre. - -[Sidenote: _Leyland. de assert. Art. fol. 25._] - -I have given you a full relation what concerning _Stoneheng_ hath been -delivered by Writers, in respect of us though ancient, yet in regard -of the great antiquity of this _Work_, indeed but modern, _Geffrey -Monmouth_ living not full five hundred years ago, and _Polydore -Virgill_ long after him, in King _Henry_ the eighths reign: Who, as -they are the principall Authors that write any thing of _Stoneheng_; -so, upon what authority deliver the same, they make not appear. -Insomuch, _Camden_ gives no more credit to their relations in this -very particular, then unto common sayings, (so he cals them) as if -grounded upon _Fame_ only, or invented by themselves. And it may the -rather be so presumed, because, as they lived not in ancient times, and -consequently could not themselves bear testimony of any such things; -so, neither the _Britans_ nor _Saxons_ for a long time after their -first arrivall here, had any Records or Writings to convey whatever -actions, either of their own, or others to posterity. _Ninnius_ a -_British_ Historian, living about one thousand years ago, telling -us, Britannos _doctores nullam peritiam habuisse, &c. The great -Masters and Doctors of_ Britain _had no skill, nor left memoriall of -any thing in writing_: confessing, that himself _gathered whatsoever -he wrote, out of the Annals and Chronicles of the holy Fathers. Nec_ -Saxones _amusi quicquam penè de rebus inter ipsos, &_ Britannos _eo -tempore gestis scriptum posteritati reliquerint_, &c. _Neither did the_ -Saxons _being unlearned_ (saith _Leyland_) _leave almost any thing in -writing to posterity, of the actions performed in those times betwixt -themselves and_ Britans: _whatsoever, remembred after Christ taught in -this Island, of the first victories of the_ Saxons, _being both taken -up upon trust from the mouth of the common people, and committed to -writing from vulgar reports only. Neither the_ Britans, _utterly worn -out with so many wars, had_ (as the same Author hath it) _or desire, or -opportunity, had they desired it, to bestow their pains in compiling -any whatever history, that might commend their actions to succeeding -Ages._ - -But, it maybe objected: If _Polydore Virgill_, and _Geffrey Monmouth_ -could neither be eye-witnesses themselves, nor have authority from -other more ancient Authors for what related by them concerning -_Stoneheng_: and that from whatever writings ancient or modern, not any -thing of certainty can be found out concerning the same; from whence -then appear, for what use, or by whom _Stoneheng_ erected? I answer, -though not appear from Histories written either by the _Britans_ or -_Saxons_; yet, as _Gildas_ professing he wrote his History (for the -former reasons) _by relations from beyond Sea_: and, as _Ninnius_ his -_out of the Annals and Chronicles of the holy Fathers_ as aforesaid: -so, severall other ways a possibility of truth may be gathered, namely, -from the authority of other Nations; from the concurrence of time for -such undertakings; from the customs of forepassed Ages in like works; -from the manner and form of building proper to severall Countries; from -the use to which such buildings applied, and the like. Upon which, as -occasion serves, intending hereafter more largely to insist, I shall -in the mean while set down the judgement our late Writers give of this -_Antiquity_. - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo. 251._] - -_Camden_, a diligent searcher after Antiquities of our Nation, having, -in his _Chorography_ of _Wiltshire_, collected all the aforesaid -opinions, together with his own, gives a summary description of -_Stoneheng_, in words as follow. _Towards the North, about six miles -from_ Salisbury, _in the plain, is to be seen a huge and monstrous -peece of work, such as_ Cicero _termeth_ insanam substructionem. -_For, within the circuit of a ditch, there are erected in manner of a -Crown, in three ranks or courses one within another, certain mighty -and unwrought stones, whereof some are twenty eight foot high, & seven -foot broad, upon the heads of which others, like overthwart peeces, do -bear and rest cross-wise, with a small tenon and mortaise, so as the -whole frame seemeth to hang; whereof we call it_ Stoneheng, _like as -our old Historians termed it for the greatness the Giants dance. Our -Countrimen reckon this for one of our wonders, and miracles. And much -they marvell, from whence such huge stones were brought, considering -that in all those quarters bordering thereupon, there is hardly to be -found any common stone at all for building: as also, by what means they -were set up. For mine own part about these points I am not curiously -to argue and dispute, but rather to lament with much grief, that the -Authors of so notable a Monument are thus buried in oblivion. Yet -some there are, that think them to be no naturall stones hewn out of -the rock, but artificially made of pure sand, and by some glewy and -unctuous matter knit and incorporate together, like as those ancient -trophies or monuments of victory which I have seen in_ Yorkshire. _And -what marvell? Read we not I pray you in_ Pliny, _that the sand or dust -of_ Puteoli, _being covered over with water, becometh forthwith a very -stone, that the cisterns in_ Rome _of sand, digged out of the ground, -and the strongest kind of lime wrought together grow so hard, that they -seem stones indeed? and that statues and images of marble scalings, -and small grit grow together so compact and firm, that they were -deemed entire and solid marble? The common saying is, that_ Ambrosius -Aurelianus, _or his brother_ Uther _did rear them up, by the art of_ -Merlin, _&c._ Thus far _Camden_, it being needlesse to repeat more from -him, having already delivered the story from the Authors themselves. -Yet here neverthelesse, as necessarily induced thereunto, I shall take -leave to observe something more remarkable to our purpose in hand, upon -his words. - -In the first place then, _Stoneheng_ is by him called _a huge -and monstrous peece of work_, terming it from _Cicero_, _insanam -substructionem_. To which I say, had _Camden_ as well attained other -abilities of an _Architect_, as he was skilfull in _Antiquities_: or -been as conversant in _Antiquities_ abroad, as learned in those of -his own Nation, he would have given a far different judgement hereof. -For, whosoever is acquainted with the ancient ruines yet remaining in -and about _Italy_, may easily perceive this no such huge building, -either for the circuit of the work, or bignesse of the stones, -they being as manageable to the _Roman Architects_, as amongst us -to raise a May-pole, or mast of a Ship. And, if this styled _huge_ -and _monstrous_, what may be said of _Diocletians_ baths? the great -_Cirque_? _Marcellus_ his Theater? _Vespasians Temple of Peace_? and -other prodigious works of the _Romans_? the very remainders whereof now -lying in the dust, breed amazement and wonder (not without just reason -too) in whosoever beholds them with attentivenesse and judgement. Nay, -whereas he styles it _insanam substructionem_, it’s demonstrable, -that betwixt this Island of great _Britain_, and _Rome_ it self, -there’s no one structure to be seen, wherein more clearly shines those -harmoniacall proportions, of which only the best times could vaunt, -then in this of _Stoneheng_. - -Moreover, _Our Countreymen marvell_ (saith he) _from whence such huge -stones were brought, considering that in all those quarters bordering -thereupon, there is hardly to be found any common stone for building_. -Upon what trust _Camden_ (his extraordinary judgement otherwise -considered) took this relation, I know not. For there is not onely -common stone thereabouts, for ordinary uses, but stone of extraordinary -proportions likewise, even for greater works (if occasion were) then -_Stoneheng_: the Quarries of _Hasselborough_ and _Chilmark_, both of -them not far from the borders of the plain, having of a long time -furnished all the adjacent parts with common stone for building. And -(to come nearer the matter) it is manifest, that in divers places about -the Plain, the same kinde of Stone whereof this _Antiquity_ consists -may be found, especially about _Aibury_ in North-_Wiltshire_, not many -miles distant from it, where not onely are Quarries of the like stone, -but also stones of far greater dimensions then any at _Stoneheng_, may -be had. - -[Sidenote: _Plut. in Marcel._] - -[Sidenote: _Herod. lib. 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Ptol. lib. 4._] - -[Sidenote: _Plin. lib. 36._] - -[Sidenote: _Dom. Font. lib. 1._] - -_They wonder also_ (saith he) _by what means they_ (that, is such -huge stones) _were set up_. What may be effected by that _Mechanicall -Art_, which _Dee_ in his _Mathematicall Preface_ to _Euclyde_, cals -_Menadry_, or _Art of ordering Engines for raising weights_; those (it -seems) of whom _Camden_ speaks took little notice of, when _Archimedes_ -during the siege of _Syracuse_, raised out of the Sea, and turned -in the air at pleasure, the Ships and Gallies of the _Romans_, full -fraught as they were with Souldiers, Mariners, and their ordinary -lading: and if King _Hieron_ could have assigned him, a fit place to -firm his engines on, he would have undertaken to remove, even the -terrestriall _Globe_ out of the worlds _center_, so high, perfection -in this _Art_ transported him. What should I say of the _Obelisk_ -in Ages so far past, brought from the Mountains of _Armenia_, and -erected in _Babylon_ by _Semiramis_, one hundred & fifty foot high, -and at the base twenty four foot square of one entire stone? _Est in -fano_ Latonæ (saith _Herodotus_ of his own knowledge) _delubrum ex -uno factum lapide, cujus parietes æquali celsitudine ad longitudinem -quadragenum cubitorum, cujus lacunari, pro tecto impositus est alius -lapis quatuor cubitorum per oras crassitudine. In the Temple of_ Latona -(in _Ægypt_) _is a Chappell formed of one stone, whose walls being of -equall height, are in length forty cubits, covered in like manner with -one sole stone four cubits thick_. Those, which made this wonder would -have much more admired, if they could have seen the _Obelisk_ raised -in times of old by King _Ramesis_ at _Heliopolis_, in that part of -_Ægypt_ anciently called _Thebais_, in height one hundred twenty one -Geometrical feet (which of our measure makes one hundred thirty six -feet) of one entire stone: and so little wonder made they of raising -it, that the Architect undertook and did effect it, the Kings own son -being at the same time bound to the top thereof. Amongst the _Romans_, -_Augustus Cæsar_ erected in the great Cirque at _Rome_, an _Obelisk_ -of one stone, one hundred and twenty foot, nine inches long: another -also, was set up in _Mars_ field, nine foot higher then it, by the -said Emperour. And it seems also, neither they, nor _Camdens_ self had -ever seen that _Obelisk_, which even in these our days, in the year -one thousand five hundred eighty six, _Sixtus Quintus_ caused to be -erected in the _Piazza_ of S. _Peter_ at _Rome_, one hundred and eight -_Roman_ palms high, and at the base twelve palms square, (according to -our Assise, fourscore and one foot high, and nine foot square) of one -entire stone also: _Dominico Fontana_ being _Architect_. But, there are -more strange things (as Sir _Walter Raleigh_ hath it) in the world, -then betwixt _London_ and _Stanes_. It is want of knowledge in _Arts_ -makes such admirers, and _Art_ it self have so many Enemies. Had I -not been thought worthy (by him who then commanded) to have been sole -_Architect_ thereof, I would have made some mention of the great stones -used in the work, and _Portico_ at the West end of S. _Pauls_ Church -_London_, but I forbear; though in greatnesse they were equall to most -in this _Antiquity_, and raised to a far greater height then any there. -What manner of Engines the _Ancients_ used for raising; and what secure -ways they had, for cariage and transportation of their huge weights, is -more proper for another subject. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 2. cap. 6._] - -_Some there are_ (saith _Camden_) _that think them to be no naturall -stones, hewn out of the rock, but artificially made of pure sand, and -by some glewy and unctuous matter, knit and incorporate together, like -those ancient trophies, or monuments of victory, which I have seen -in_ Yorkshire. As for these Monuments (for my part) I have not seen, -otherwise I would give my sense upon them, and happily they may be -found as far from being artificiall, as those at _Stoneheng_. _And -what marvell?_ (saith he) _read we not, I pray you, in_ Pliny, _that -the sand or dust of_ Puteoli, _being covered over with water, becometh -forthwith a very stone &c._ He might as well have told us the Rocks -in _Portland_ are artificiall. But it’s true, this sand of _Puteoli_, -was much used by the _Ancients_, and it is such a kind of earth, as -is very famous for its admirable effects in building, being tempered -with the cement of _Cuma_: For, it not onely yeelds strength to all -other buildings, but thereby also, all works made in the Sea under -water, are most firmly consolidated. Yet, doe I not find, that ever the -_Ancients_ made any artificiall stones thereof, or that _Vitruvius_ -hath any thing to that purpose, to him the credit given to _Pliny_, and -others, concerning the Earth of _Puteoli_, being only due; posterity -being in the first place beholding unto him for finding out the nature -of that earth, he giving us not only the effects thereof, but the cause -also from whence those effects proceed. _Hoc autem fieri hac ratione -videtur, quòd sub his montibus_ (i.e. _in regionibus_ Baianis, _& in -agris, quæ sunt circa_ Vesuvium _montem) & terræ ferventes sunt, & -fontes crebri, qui non essent, si non in imo haberent, aut de sulphure, -aut alumine, aut bitumine ardentes maximos ignes. Which is_ (saith -he) _by reason in those mountains_ (to wit, _in the regions of_ Baiæ, -_and fields about mount_ Vesuvius) _the grounds are hot, and full -of springs, which heat could not be, but that from the bottome, are -nourished mighty great fires, arising from sulphur, alume, or brimstone -there._ Indeed, according to _Pliny_, the sand upon the side of the -hill of _Puteoli_, being opposed to the Sea, and continually drenched, -and drowned with the water thereof, doth (by the restringent quality, -no doubt, of the salt water) become a stone so compact, and united -together, that scorning all the violence of the surging billows, it -hardeneth every day more and more. - -Neverthelesse, whosoever could find out any kind of earth in this -Island, naturally apt, to make artificiall stones of such greatnesse -as these; and, like them so obdurate also, that hardly any tool enter -them: or, that our Auncestors in times of old, did make use of such -a cement, and in what manner composed by them. The benefit thereof -doubtlesse, would amount so ample to this Nation, that Records could -not but render him deservedly famous to all posterity. In the mean -while, as it is most certain those stones at _Stoneheng_ are naturall; -so, am I as clearly of opinion, the very Quarries from whence hewn, -were about _Aibury_ beforementioned: where, no small quantities of -the same kind, are even at this day to be had; vast scantlings, not -only appearing about the Town it self, but throughout the plain and -fields adjoyning, the Quarries lying bare, numbers also numberlesse of -stones, are generally seen. (being no small prejudice to the bordering -inhabitants) As also, not far from the edge of _Wiltshire_, in the -ascent from _Lamborn_ to _Whitehorse hill_, the like stones are daily -discovered. To mention, more places in particular is needlesse, the -Quarries at and about _Aibury_ (without relating to _Lamborn_, or what -ever other) distant but fifteen miles or thereabouts from _Stoneheng_, -being of themselves sufficient to clear the doubt. These, having -through long time, got the very same crustation upon them, are in like -manner coloured, grained, bedded, weighty, and of like difficulty in -working, as those at _Stoneheng_. Some of which, being of a whitish -colour, are intermixt and veined here and there with red: some, of a -lightish blew, glister, as if minerall amongst them: some, for the most -part white, perplexed (as it were) with a ruddy colour: some, dark gray -and russet, differing in kinds as those stones at _Aibury_ do. Some of -them again, of a grayish colour, are speckled or intermixt with dark -green, and white, together with yellow amongst it, resembling after a -sort, that kind of marble which the _Italians_ (from the valley where -the Quarries are found) call _Pozzevera_; nothing, notwithstanding, so -beautifull, though naturally much harder, and being weathered by time, -as in this work; disdain the touch even of the best tempered tool. -Insomuch, that if nothing else, the more then ordinary hardnesse of -them is such, as will in part convince any indifferent judgement in the -nature and quality of stones; those, in this _Antiquity_, are not (as -_Camden_ would have them) artificiall, but naturall. - -[Sidenote: _H. Hunting, lib. 1._] - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo. 241._] - -Whatsoever, worthy admiration concerning _Stoneheng_, either in -relation to the greatnesse of the work in generall, the extraordinary -proportion of the stones in particular, the wonder the people make, -from whence brought, by what Arts or Engines raised, and in such order -placed, _Camden_ delivers; certainly, in his judgement he was wholly -opposite to the opinions of the aforesaid _British_ Historians. He -would never else, with so much regret have complained, _The Authors -of so notable a Monument lay buried in oblivion_, had he given any -the least credit, this _Antiquity_ had been built, either by _A. -Ambrosius_, or the _British_ Nobility, or to eternize either of their -names, or actions to succeeding generations. Let _Geffrey Monmouth_ -and his followers, say what they please, _Henry Huntingdon_ (his -Contemporary, if not more Ancient) is mine Author, _Nec potest aliquis -excogitare, qua arte tanti lapides adeo in altum elevati sunt, vel -quare ibi constructi sunt. No man knows_ (saith _Huntingdon_) _for what -cause_ Stoneheng _erected, or_ (which is fully answered already) _by -what Art such huge stones were raised to so great a height_. Take with -you also _Draytons_ judgement in his _Poly-olbion_ couched under the -fiction of old _Wansdikes_ depraving _Stoneheng_. (_Wansdike_ being a -huge Ditch in _Wiltshire_ so called, anciently, as _Camden_ opines, -dividing the two Kingdomes of the _Mertians_ and _West Saxons_ asunder) - -[Sidenote: _Poly-olbion Cant. 3._] - - _Whom for a paltry ditch, when_ Stonendge _pleas’d t’upbraid, - The old man taking heart, thus to that Trophy said; - Dull heap, that thus thy head above the rest doth reare, - Precisely yet not know’st who first did place thee there; - But Traytor basely turn’d to_ Merlins _skill dost flie, - And with his Magicks dost thy Makers truth belie_. - -For, as for that ridiculous Fable, of _Merlins_ transporting the stones -out of _Ireland_ by Magick, it’s an idle conceit. As also, that old -wives tale, that for the greatnesse it was in elder times called the -_Giants dance_. The name of the _dance of Giants_ by which it is styled -in _Monmouth_, hath nothing allusive, no not so much as to the _tale he -tels us_, saith a modern Writer in the life of _Nero Cæsar_. - -[Sidenote: _Speed lib. 7. Stow fo. 58. in 4ᵒ._] - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo. 194._ _Speed lib. 7._] - -Furthermore, our modern Historians _Stow_ and _Speed_, tell us, in -severall parts of the Plain adjoyning, have been by digging found, -peeces of ancient fashioned armour, and the bones of men, insinuating -this as an argument, for upholding the opinions of the _British_ -Writers. To which, if they would have those to be the bones of the -slaughtered _Britans_, how came those Armours to be found with them, -they coming to the Treaty unarmed, and without weapons? Howsoever, what -is done in the Plains abroad, concerns not _Stoneheng_, Neither can -any man think it strange, that in a place, where _Fame_ hath rendred, -so many memorable and fierce battels, fought in times of old, rusty -armour, and mens bones should be digged up. It is usuall throughout -the world in all such places, and (if I mistake not) _Sands_ in his -Travels, relates, that even in the Plains of _Pharsalia_, such like -bones and Armour, have lately been discovered: and Sir _Henry Blunt_ -in that notable relation of his voyage into the _Levant_, speaks with -much judgement of those _Pharsalian_ fields. Likewise, the aforesaid -Writers, might well have remembred, some of themselves deliver, that at -_Kambulan_, or _Cambula_ in _Cornwall_, such habiliments of War have -been digged up, in tillage of the ground, witnessing either the fatall -field, sometimes there fought, where _Mordred_ was slain by _Arthur_, -and _Arthur_ himself received his deaths wound: or else, the reliques -of that battel betwixt the _Britans_ and _Saxons_, in the year eight -hundred and twenty. ’Tis true, the relation conduces much towards -confirming, that ancient custome of the _Saxons_, formerly recited out -of _Leyland_, considering especially, not far from this _Antiquity_, -lie certain hillocks, at this day commonly called the _seven Burrows_, -where it may be presumed, some _Princes_, or _Nobles_ of the _Saxon_ -Nation lie interred. But, that _Stoneheng_ should therefore be a place -of buriall, the aforesaid relation to maintain the same is nothing -worth. - -They adde moreover, the stones yet remaining are not to be numbred, -according as our Noble _Sydney_ in his Sonnet of the wonders of -_England_. - - _Near_ Wilton _sweet, huge heaps of stone are found, - But so confus’d, that neither any eye - Can count them just, nor reason reason try, - What force brought them to so unlikely ground_. - -This, though it scarcely merits an answer, yet, to satisfie those -which in this point may be curious, let them but observe the orders -of the Circles, as they now appear, and not passe from one to another -confusedly (noting neverthelesse where they begin) and they’ll find the -just number easie to be taken. - -Now, though whether in order to the Place it self where this -_Antiquity_ stands, or _Persons_, by whom _Stoneheng_ pretended to be -built, enough laid, to wave the reports upon fancy, or common Fame, -formerly delivered: to the state of _Time_ neverthelesse, wherein the -_British_ Histories would have it erected, because nothing by me hath -yet been spoken, I will therefore adde, ’tis not probable such a work -as _Stoneheng_ could be then built. For, although our _Britans_, in -ancient time possessed, together with the _Roman_ civility, all good -_Arts_, it is evident during the reign of _A. Ambrosius_ (about the -first coming in of the _Saxons_ here, and towards the later end of -the fifth Century, as Historians and Chronologists compute it) in the -last declining of the _Roman_ Empire, the _Arts_ of _Design_, of which -_Architecture_ chief, were utterly lost even in _Rome_ it self, much -more in _Britain_, being then but a Tempest-beaten _Province_, and -utterly abandoned by the _Romans_. _Britain_, therefore, being over-run -with enemies, and the knowledge of _Arts_ then lost amongst them: -none, questionlesse, can reasonably apprehend so notable a work as -_Stoneheng_ could in such times be built. - -[Sidenote: _Serl. lib. 3._] - -That, amongst the _Romans_ and _Britans_ both, _A. Ambrosius_ governing -here, all Sciences were utterly perished, is evidently manifest. For, -the _Goths_ had then invaded _Italy_; and that vast Empire drooping -with extreme Age, by the fatall irruption of strange Nations, was not -only torn in peeces, but _Barbarisme_ having trod learning under -foot, and the sword bearing more sway then letters, or learned men, -all Sciences were neglected; and particularly that of _Building_ fell -into such decay, that till of late about the year one thousand five -hundred and ten, it lay swallowed up, and (as I may so say) buried -in oblivion. When one _Bramante_ of the Dutchy of _Urbin_, attaining -admirable perfection in _Architecture_, restored to the world again, -the true rules of building, according to those Orders, by the ancient -_Romans_ in their most flourishing times observed. Furthermore, not -onely liberall Sciences and _Architecture_, but _Art_ military also, -about the time of _A. Ambrosius_, was so far lost amongst the _Romans_, -that they were ignorant, yea, in the very rudiments of War. Insomuch, -(as _Procopius_ in his second Book of the _Gothick_ Wars relate) -_Barbarism_ had bereft them of the skill, even in what manner to sound -a retreat. - -[Sidenote: _W. Malmes. fol. 8._ _Camden fo. 87._] - -With us here also, the _Saxons_ domineer’d over all, and _A. Ambrosius_ -with the _Britans_ had enough to do, in endeavouring the recovery -of their lost Countrey from a mighty prevailing Enemy, that in few -years afterwards (maugre all the ways which force or policy could -invent) conquered the whole Nation. Among other calamities attending -that miserable Age, _Camden_ (from _William_ of _Malmsbury_) directly -to the purpose in hand tels us. _Cum Tyranni nullum in agris præter -semibarbaros, nullum in urbibus præter ventri deditos reliquissent_: -Britannia _omni patrocinio juvenilis vigoris viduata, omni Artium -exercitio exinanita, conterminarum gentium inhiationi diu obnoxia fuit. -When the Tyrants_ (to wit, the _Romans_) _had left none in the Countrey -but half Barbarians, none in the Cities and Towns, but such as wholly -gave themselves to belly-cheer_; Britain, _destitute of all protection, -by her vigorous young men, bereaved of_ all exercise, and practice of -good Arts, _became exposed for a long time to the greedy, and gaping -jaws of Nations confining upon her_. - -[Sidenote: _Gildas._] - -Here you have it from an Author, more ancient then _G. Monmouth_ a -little, though both lived in one age, the times about _A. Ambrosius_ -government, whether before, during his reign, or after, were so full -of miseries, that he complains, none then employed, or exercised in -any whatever works belonging to _Art_. They had somthing else (as -appears by divers Writers) to think upon, all their abilities being -insufficient to defend their Countrey from forein servitude, their -Cities and Towns from ruine, and destruction, and their habitations -from rage of cruell and insolent enemies, robbing, spoiling, burning, -wasting, all before them: to which, plague, pestilence, and famine -being joyned, the inland part of the _Island_, even to the Western -_Ocean_ was welnear totally consumed. - -Besides, the Countrey was so oppress’d, what with outward hostile -miseries, what with intestine tumults and troubles: that, had they -not lost the _practice of all Arts_ (as the former Historian saith -they had) so far were they from erecting any work of this kind, that -they were compelled to abandon their Towns, and houses, built in times -foregoing by their Auncestors, and betake themselves to mountains, -caves, and woods for shelter. Now, if the calamities of those times -hung over the _Britans_ heads, in so generall manner, that not one -amongst them had leisure to put pen to paper, (as from _Leyland_ before -remembred) much lesse able were they, without all peradventure, to -undertake so great a work as _Stoneheng_, wherein, as all rationall men -must grant, numbers of men employed, and many years taken up, before -brought to its absolute perfection. - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo. 228._] - -But, nothing can better expresse the ignorance of that Age, then the -barbarous manner of inscription upon the Tomb of the _British Hector_ -King _Arthur_, nephew to _A. Ambrosius_, found long since in the -Churchyard of the Abbey at _Glastenbury_, the letters whereof, being -exactly represented to our view by _Camden_, do, as by demonstration, -fully discover to us the Barbarism of those times. As, barbarous in -those characters, so were they ignorant in, and had lost the use of all -other _Arts_. _Nor exercise nor practice of good Arts, was then amongst -them_, saith the Historiographer of _Malmsbury_. And well he might so -deliver himself, not withstanding _Matthew Westminster_ tels us, _A. -Ambrosius_ repaired _Churches_, which the rage of _Saxons_, enemies -to _Christian Religion_, spoiled. For, besides, the vast difference -betwixt such works as _Stoneheng_, where _Art_ overmasters the common -skill of man, and making up the decaies of ruinated buildings, is -apprehensive even to the meanest capacities: _Gildas_ and _Bede_ (whose -Antiquity and learning the greater it is, the more is their authority -acceptable) affirm, the _Britans_ in those times knew not in what -manner to bring up bare wals of stone. When, the _Roman_ Legion sent -to aid the _Britans_ by _Valentinian_ the third, under the conduct of -_Gallio_ of _Ravenna_, was remanded hence, for defence of _France_; -before departing, they exhorted the _Britans_ to make a wall overthwart -the _Island_, to secure themselves from the _Barbarians_, _Picts_, and -_Scots_: which wall, _Bede_ tels us, _was made not so much with stone, -as turffes, considering they had no workmen to bring up such works -of stone; and so_, (saith the venerable Historian) _they did set up -one, good for nothing. ’Twas made by the rude, and unskilfull common -multitude, not so much of stone, as turffes_ (saith _Gildas_ also) -_none being found able to give direction for building works of stone_. -This was about thirty six years preceding _A. Ambrosius_ government. -In which time, the _Romans_ abandoning _Britain_, _Vortigern_ usurped; -call’d in the _Saxons_ to his aid; was deposed by his Nobility; and -_Vortimer_ his son set up. Whom _Rowena_ having made away; _Vortigern_ -was re-enthronis’d. Him _A. Ambrosius_ invades, and having burnt him, -together with _Rowena_ in _Wales_, assumes the Crown as his; holding -continuall war with the _Saxons_, untill poysoned by _Pascentius_ as -aforesaid. - -It being thus, that nothing but universall confusion, and destructive -broyls of war, appeared then in all parts; more ancient, and far -more propitious times, must be sought out for designing a structure, -so exquisite in the composure as this: even such a flourishing Age, -as when _Architecture_ in rare perfection, and such _People_ lookt -upon, as by continuall successe, attaining unto the sole power over -_Arts_, as well as _Empires_, commanded all. I say, such _Times_, and -_Persons_, because those things, which accord not with the course of -time, which by a generall consent of Authors agree not; which by the -approved customes of ancient Ages, and votes of learned men, are not -received and allowed, and consequently no ways probable; I easily admit -not of. - -Another fiction there is concerning _Stoneheng_, not to be past over; -and though the cause upon which it’s grounded, be far more ancient -then the government of _Ambrosius_, or aforesaid slaughter of the -_Britains_: neverthelesse, in respect it is a new conceit, not thirty -years being past since hatch’t, I suppose this the most proper place -to discourse thereof, having ended with _Geffrey Monmouth_, _Polydore -Virgill_, and their followers. - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 181._] - -The Author thereof is _Anonymus_, unlesse known in being Translator -of _Lucius Florus_. His opinion, (in his _Nero Cæsar_) _Stoneheng_ -the Tomb of _Boadicia_ (formerly remembred) Queen of the _Iceni_. -His reasons, first, because that memorable battell betwixt her, and -_Suetonius Paulinus_ fought upon a Plain. Secondly, in respect the -_Britans_ buried her magnificently. For confirming this, he tels -us, _Had the pretieus volumes of the_ Cornelian _Annals, and_ Dio -Cassius, _and_ John Xiphiline _been within the spheare of_ Geffrey -Monmouths _studies, not_ Aurelus Ambrosius, _nor those four hundred -and sixty Noblemen of_ Britain, _murthered in_ Vortigerns _reign, -should have carried away with him the fame of this materiall wonder, -but magnanimous_ Boadicia. It seems, he would not be behinde-hand with -_Monmouth_; for, as the one finding no story more famous then of _A. -Ambrosius_ and the slaughtered _Britans_, fathered _Stoneheng_ upon -them: so, to make the inventive faculty, as apparently predominant in -himself; this other, respecting _Boadicia’s_ heroicall actions, would -as willingly make the world beleeve this _Antiquity_ her Monument. - -His principall argument I delivered before; to wit, the battell betwixt -Her and the _Romans_, wherein _Boadicia_ utterly overthrown too, being -fought upon a Plain. Was there in old time (did he think) no Plain -in _Britain_ to fight a battell on but _Salisbury_ Plain? How came -_Boadicia_ and her Army thither? I find indeed, _Boadicia_ leading -one hundred and twenty thousand fighting men out of the _Icenian_ -Countries, and like a terrible tempest, falling upon _Camalodunum_, -that famous _Roman_ Colony of old, (where the first fury of the War was -felt) she surprised it and razed it to the ground; _Suetonius Paulinus_ -then in _Anglesey_: Intercepting _Petilius Cerealis_, who advanced -with the ninth legion to relieve that Colony, she cut all his Infantry -in peeces: Putting to the sword all those, which imbecillity of sex, -tediousnesse of age, or pleasure of the place detained from following -_Suetonius_ in his march from _London_: And taking _Verulamium_, -sackt and burnt it down to ashes. But, how she marcht from thence to -_Salisbury_ Plain is neither apparent nor probable; not the least -inkling being left in the world, what hostile acts she committed, which -way she moved, or what done by her, after the ruine of _Verulam_, till -utterly overthrown. - -[Sidenote: _Tacit. Ann. lib. 14._] - -[Sidenote: _Dion. Cas. lib. 62._] - -Can it be imagined, she that destroyed so great a Colony, together -with a free-borough of the _Romans_, slain seventy or eighty thousand -persons in such horrid manner as scarce credible; reserving not -one Prisoner alive, but killing, hanging, crucifying, and burning -whatsoever _Romane_, or to that party enclined: that was yet -victorious, and her Army encreasing daily; can it be imagined, I say, -she marcht to _Salisbury_ Plain with so huge an Army invisibly? or -stole from _Verulam_ thither by night, lest notice should be taken of -her proceedings? _Anonymus_ self cannot think so unworthily of his -_Boadicia_, yet certainly after such manner she went, if ever went -thither at all: Otherwise, _Boadicia_ marching in the height of glory, -and bearing down all before her till rancountred by _Suetonius_. Those -faithfull Historians _Tacitus_, and _Dion_, (both so sedulous in -delivering her Fame to posterity) would never have omitted so notable a -march, through such a large tract of enemies Countrey, as of necessity -she was to make from _Verulam_, to _Salisbury_ Plain; but would have -prosecuted her War, by recording the spoyls, rapines, burnings, and -devastations made therein; as particularly, as from the first fomenting -the rebellion, till her advance to _Verulam_, they have done. -Upon which Town, and the aforementioned places only, the aforesaid -Historians directly tell us the whole burden of the War fell. _Ad -Septuaginta millia civium & sociorum iis quæ memoravi locis occidisse -constitit_, saith _Tacitus_. _It was manifest, there were slain in -the places, I have remembred, the number of seventy thousand Citizens -and Allies._ Bunduica _duas urbes_ (saith _Xiphilines Dion_ also) -_populi_ Romani _expugnavit atque diripuit, in iísque cædem infinitam, -ut supradixi, fecit._ Bunduica _took and razed to the ground two Towns -of the_ Romans, _and in them made that infinite slaughter, I have -mentioned before, of fourscore thousand persons_. At _Verulam_ then, it -fully appears, the course of her Victories stopt, the inhumane butchery -of the _Romans_, and their confederates, ended with the massacre in -that Town; which could not possibly have hapned, if with such a firm -resolution to extirpate the _Roman_ name in _Britain_, and such a -numerous Army to effect it, she had gone on victoriously unfought with, -so far as where this _Antiquity_ stands. And therefore the Plain of -_Salisbury_ could not be the place of battell, as _Anonymus_ would fain -enforce it. Who having so largely, and with so good advice, discoursed -the motions, and actions of this rebellion, with all the circumstances -thereof, from the first rise, till she destroyed _Verulam_, should -either have found some warrantable authority for _Boadicia’s_ so great -an undertaking afterwards, else never engaged her so far within the -_Roman_ Province; otherwise, some may imagine, he framed it, only -out of ambition for a meer pretence, rather, then stated it, from a -reall endeavour, to make discovery for what cause _Stoneheng_ at first -erected. - -[Sidenote: _Tacit. Ann. lib. 14._] - -[Sidenote: _Dion. Cass. lib. 62._] - -Furthermore, _Suetonius Paulinus_ was too well skilled in the -discipline of war, to make the seat thereof in a Countrey so absolutely -_Roman_, as betwixt the _British_ Ocean and the River _Thames_. He -had it’s true (being return’d from _Anglesey_) abandoned _London_, -no colony. But upon what result? finding his accesse of strength -disproportionable to the War in hand, and therefore _determined with -the losse of one Town to preserve the rest whole_, (whether _London_ -or _Camalodunum_ is not to the purpose) and, by attending the motions -of the enemy, wait all fair occasions to give _Boadicia_ battell, -_being unwilling to try his fortune too suddenly, multitude and -successe making the_ Britans _outrageously daring_. In the interim -neverthelesse, raising what forces, the exigency of so important -affairs would permit. - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 105._] - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 154._] - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 155._] - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 166._] - -Which way _Suetonius_ marched from _London_ is altogether omitted, -yet if lawfull to conjecture, why not? to draw off the Forces of -_Catus Decianus_ Procurator, (not long before fled into _Gaul_, for -fear of this War) together with the remains of _Petilius Cerealis_ -troops; quartered, as _Anonymus_ confesseth, in those very camps yet -appearing about _Gildsbrough_ and _Daintry_ in _Northamptonshire_, -then, confining the _Icenian_ Dominion to the Westward. Which Troops -therefore, lay doubtlesse, in very great danger if not timely relieved; -especially in case _Boadicia_ should conduct her Army that way; as, ere -long afterwards she did so far as _Verulam_; this course being taken -by her, not improbably, in pursuit of _Suetonius_. Neither was it very -dangerous for the _Roman_ Generall to lead his Forces that way, the -Enemies main strength lying about _Camalodunum_. Howsoever, whether he -marched up to them or no, concluded it is, he made his retreat towards -_Pœnius Posthumus_ encamped with the _second Legion_ in the borders -of the _Silures_, (now _Herefordshire_, _Radnorshire_ &c.) for which -_Legion_, _Suetonius_ sending to have it brought up to his Rendezvouz, -his commands being slighted, that strength failed him. _The way which_ -Suetonius _took, after his departure, was in mine opinion_ (saith -_Anonymus_) _towards_ Severn, _where_ Pœnius Posthumus _encamped with -the second Legion among the_ Silures. So also _Spencer_ our famous -_English_ Poet finds it. Whereby it appears, _Suetonius_ retreat was -not Westward to _Salisbury_ Plains, but Northerly towards that _second -Legion_. In this retreat, I may not omit, _Anonymus_ conducts him -over the _Thames_ at _London_; which if granted, and, _that he kept -the river upon his right hand still_, untill engaging _Boadicia_, as -_Anonymus_ saith he did: then was _Suetonius_ march _far away_ indeed -from _Salisbury_ Plain. The course of that River winding, as we all -know, through _Barkshire_ out of _Oxfordshire_, where _Tame_ from the -County _Buckingham_, and _Isis_ from the edge of _Glocester_ Province, -make their conjunction a little beneath _Dorchester_. And, if keeping -this course _still_ by the Rivers side, _Suetonius_ marcht alongst the -banks of _Cherwell_ also, then must _Anonymus_, whether he will or no, -bring him up close to _Gildsbrough_ and _Daintry_, as aforesaid; and -thereby (for it is admitted _Cerealis_ horse-troops were at the fight) -reconciling all opinions, upon his direct way towards the _second -Legion_. - -How far on, neverthelesse, toward _Pœnius Posthumus_ Camp _Suetonius_ -advanced is uncertain; but, that the battell might be fought in some -Plain about _Verulam_, or upon that rode, is not altogether improbable. -(Especially considering part of _Suetonius_ strength consisted of -_Londoners_, who, as _Auxiliaries_ followed him in this War, and would -not stay behind). For, the _Roman_ Generall when marshalling his Army -for fight, had with him (saith _Tacitus_) _the aids of the places -adjoyning_. What places were these? the last _place_ named by him was -_Verulam_, the next place before it _London_; and, if the Historian -intends either of these two, by the _places adjoyning_ to the field, -where the battell fought; then, may _Anonymus_ prove the desarts in -_Africa_, as soon as the Plains of _Salisbury_, to be the place of -Battell. - -[Sidenote: _Cant. 10._] - -_Spencer_ saith, the battell was fought near _Severn_: - - _Which seeing stout_ Bunduca _up arose, - And taking arms, the_ Britons _to her drew; - With whom she marched straight against her foes, - And them vnwares besides the_ Seuerne _did enclose_. - -[Sidenote: _Tacit. Ann. lib. 14._] - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 179._] - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 178._] - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 161._] - -_Suetonius_, when resolving for fight, _deligit locum artis faucibus, -& à tergo silvâ clausum, satis cognito, nihil hostium nisi in fronte, -& apertam planitiem esse sine metu insidiarum. Choosed a place with a -narrow entrance, enclosed behind with a wood, being well assured, he -had no enemies but before him, and the Plain being open was without -fear of Ambush._ Thus _Tacitus_ describes the field, the _Roman_ Army -consisting of scarce ten thousand armed men. In what part of _Britan_ -soever this Plain lay, it was, for certain, of no great extent, being -hardly able to contain the vast multitudes of _Boadicia’s_ Army; -computed two hundred and thirty thousand fighting men, by _Dion_, -and therefore could not possibly be _Salisbury_ Plain. For, the -_Britans_ placing their carts and wagons _supra extremum ambitium -campi, in the utmost borders of the field_, had so environed their -Army therewith, that upon the rout given, they could hardly flee away, -_quia circumjecta vehicula sepserant abitus, by reason the carts_ -(saith _Tacitus_) _hedged in the passages on every side_, and (to use -_Anonymus_ own words) _were like a wall against evasion_. Now, if the -_Britans_ had so surrounded the utmost borders of _Salisbury_ Plain, -and in such manner barricado’d up all the passages thereof, their -numbers should rather have been millions then thousands, as every man -knowing those Plains must needs confesse. Besides, _Anonymus_ self tels -us, _after the_ Britans _in the head of their battel began to shrink -and turn, that alone was a blow to all behind, who being many score -of thousands, remain’d untoucht, during the fight, because they could -never come up to handy-strokes, for_ want of room _in the narrowings of -the field_. He told us even now there was scope enough. _Whereabout in -these parts of_ Britain, (saith he) _that very place was, unlesse it -were upon_ Salisbury _Plain, where there is a black heath, and_ scope -enough, _is not for me to imagine_. Now, on the contrary, when coming -to the issue, he tels us the Plain was narrow, and they _wanted room_. -Did the _Britans_ want room in the field, and were on _Salisbury_ -Plain? Surely, in the heat of his describing the Battel _Anonymus_ -forgot his own invention; the fury of the _Romans_, in beating down the -_British_ squadrons, therewith dasht the main force of his conceit to -peeces. Suspicious and jealous men had need of good memories. Upon the -aforesaid situation he might rather have observed, the great experience -of the _Romane Generall_ in martiall affairs, then from thence -suggested, the _Britans_ in point of honour erected _Stoneheng_ to -the memory of _Boadicia_, _Suetonius_ not onely choosing to make good -a straight enclosed behinde with a wood, for securing his own small -Troops, but such a straight also, where the Plain, or field before it, -was not of sufficient extent for _Boadicia_ to marshall her great Army -in. Furthermore, _Anonymus_ determining (it seems) to parcell out his -ground proportionable to the numbers, undertakes to give posterity an -exact survey of this Plain, telling us, it _was a Plain of five or -six miles over_: This makes it more apparent ’twas not _Salisbury_ -Plain, which far and wide so expatiates it self through the middle of -_Wiltshire_, that it is not onely _five or six miles_, but (as I may -say) five times six miles over. This famous battell then, being struck -upon a Plain hardly capable of _Boadicia’s_ Army, was not fought upon -_Salisbury_ Plain; but, on some other, which _Suetonius Paulinus_ found -best for his own advantage, and therefore _Stoneheng_ (as _Anonymus_ -would fain have it) could not be the Sepulchre of _Boadicia_. - -[Sidenote: _Dion. Cass. lib. 62._] - -Concerning _Boadicia’s_ magnificent obsequies; a mighty Prince may be -buried with great solemnity, yet no materiall Monument dedicated to -his memory. Examples of this kinde are so frequent, there needs no -mention of them. _Humaverunt magnificè_, (they are _Dions_ words) the -_Britans_ laid her into the earth magnificently, with as much pomp, -happily, and honour, attending her to the grave, as their barbarous -customs for their glorious Chieftain would admit; but, that they raised -any Monument, or erected whatsoever kinde of Sepulchre for her, much -lesse so notable a structure as _Stoneheng_, he no where tels us. Which -had the _Britans_ done, the Historian could not avoid, taking more -knowledge thereof, then of her bare enterment, and would undoubtedly -have recorded it. Again, grant _Salisbury_ Plain the place of Battell, -yet, _Dion_ saith not, they buried her magnificently where the battell -fought, only, _Humaverunt magnificè_: adding withall, those, that -escaped the field, prepared to re-enforce themselves for a new triall, -in the mean while a disease seizing on _Bunduica_, she died. Now -then, after so terrible an overthrow, wherein ’tis reported she lost -fourscore thousand _Britans_; _Boadicia_, in all likelihood, endevoured -to recover the _Icenian_ Countreys, her principall strength; having in -her speech before the Battell insinuated the fenny parts thereof, as a -refuge if the worst should happen. In what Countreys else could they -recruit? where falling sick she died, (whether by violent or naturall -death is not materiall) and as ever observed among all Nations, was, no -doubt, buried in her own territories, among the graves of her renowned -Ancestors. - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 117._] - -[Sidenote: _Sueton. in Ner._] - -[Sidenote: _Dion. Cas. lib. 62._] - -That the _Britans_, untill _Julius Agricolas_ time, had learned -nothing (as _Anonymus_ takes speciall notice) but _to fight, and were -no handicraftsmen_, whereby they might be capable of erecting such -works as _Stoneheng_, being already fully proved from _Tacitus_, I -will adde, the ringleaders or heads of commotions against Empires and -Commonwealths were anciently, (in many Countreys at this day) not -only themselves punishable by the Laws with death, but their whole -families and kindred though guiltlesse, suffered in like manner; -their very houses also, being razed to the ground, lest any knowledge -of such pernicious undertakings should remain visible to posterity: -and a capitall crime it was, in whomsoever that restor’d them. How -comes it then, _Boadicia_ the principall promoter, and Head of an -insurrection so fatall, as accounted by _Suetonius Tranquillus_, among -the infortunate losses of the _Roman_ Empire, and the more ignominious -by a womans conduct, should be permitted by the conquering _Romans_, a -monument to eternize her fame to succeeding Ages? _Boadicia_, that ript -up the bellies of the _Roman_ Legionaries, and cutting out their bowels -impal’d their bodies upon burning stakes; that hanged up the most noble -and honourable _Roman Dames_ naked, and slicing off their paps, sowed -them to their mouths, as in act of eating them; that in scalding water -boiled the _Roman_ infants, and young children to death; their Parents, -Husbands, and Commanders unable to relieve them, but enforced to give -way, and happy in so saving themselves from the cruell inhumanities -of the _Conqueresse_. _We fought for to live_, saith _Tacitus_. Yet, -when ere long afterwards, victoriously recovering _Britain_ to _Cæsar_, -by so memorable a battell as compared to their victories of old, -should the _Romans_ suffer the enthralled _Britans_ to erect a Trophy -to her memory, whose purpose was absolutely to root out all that was -_Roman_ here? what greater infamy to the _Roman_ name, except the -permission of it? They, who rased and broke in peeces whatever titles -and inscriptions, bearing the names of their _Cæsars_; pulled down and -demolished the royall _Ensigns_, _Trophies_, _Statues_, _Temples_, or -whatever else sacred, to their own Emperors, when actively administring -to the prejudice of the _Romane_ State; would they permit any publick -monuments be erected to the memory of a conquered Prince, of an Enemy -so barbarously cruell as _Boadicia_? That she lives in History, they -could not prevent; so live their worst of Emperors. Moreover, publick -Monuments were in all ages set up in honour of the Vanquishers, not -vanquished; respecting which, _Anonymus_ should also, either have made -_Boadicia_ Victresse, or never supposed _Stoneheng_ her Sepulchre. - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 182._] - -[Sidenote: _Tacit. Ann. lib. 14._] - -The time assigned by _Anonymus_, for erecting these _orderly irregular, -and formlesse uniform heaps of massive marble_, (as he cals them) _to -the everlasting remembrance of Boadicia_, is much above fifteen hundred -years since: _Petronius Turpilianus_ succeeding _Suetonius Paulinus_ in -the Leivtenancy of _Britain_; who by his idle and lazy life, making the -world beleeve there was peace here: _Anonymus_ will have it a proper -time, for permitting _such an office to the Britans_, in _Boadicia’s_ -honour. Times of peace, ’tis confest, when _Arts_ flourish under -nobly minded Governours, are chiefly proper for erecting magnificent -buildings. The Government under _Petronius_ was guilty of none of -these. As for the State of _Britain_ in generall, _Tacitus_ in the life -of _Agricola_ tels us, _Petronius_ had composed the former troubles; -but in what sort, the fourteenth book of his _Annals_ declares; _non -irritato hoste, neque lacessitus, neither the Enemy, incensed him; -nor he, provoked the Enemy_: otherwise _Petronius_ durst not do. And, -if peace setled, why doth the Historian call them Enemies? Concerning -his own person in particular, _Petronius_ gave himself over to an -unprofitable life, disguising it under the honourable name of peace. -_Honestum pacis nomen segni otio imposuit_, saith _Tacitus_. And, the -_Britans_ (as said before) were not then civilized, nor friends to -such Arts as either nourish or are nourished by peace, therefore such -a work of wonder as this _Antiquity_ famed, not to be expected from -them. For, as through the malignities of the Age, wherein _Aurelius -Ambrosius_ lived, the _Britans_ had utterly lost the practice of all -those _Sciences_, in times foregoing, learned by their Auncestors from -the _Romans_: so, through the neglect of civil policy in the preceding -_Roman_ Governours, in this Leivtenancy of _Petronius_, the _Britans_ -had not attained the knowledge of any those _Arts_, not many years -afterwards, taught their posterity by the _Romans_. Whole imperiall -Eagles took not wing in _Britain_ with such lofty speed, as over other -Countreys; _The_ Britans _being a fierce Nation, slowly giving ear to -any peace_, the _Romans_ had work enough in subduing them. _Julius -Cæsar_ rather shewed the Island to his successors, then left them -possession of it: _Augustus_ and _Tiberius_ held it policy to neglect -it: _Caligula_ intending to invade _Britain_, was diverted by his Wars -in _Germany_: _Claudius_ first prosecuting the conquest with effect, -established the colony at _Camalodunum_, and his Leivtenants _Aulus -Plautius_, _Flavius Vespasianus_, _Ostorius Scapula_, and _Didius -Gallus_ by little and little, after much contest, and various successe, -subdued certain Countries; and reducing the nearest part of the Island -to the form of a Province, built also, or rather cast up some few -fortifications further within the land: _Nero’s_ Generals had much to -do in keeping, what their predecessors gained; _Suetonius Paulinus_ -(under him) struck that fortunate battell with _Boadicia_, else the -_Romans_ beaten out of all. So that, in the time of _Petronius_, the -_Romans_ having obtained no such assured dominion over the _Britans_, -as might make them, themselves confident to undertake great and -stately buildings here, for their own either publick, or private -accommodations; (the ruine of _Camalodunum_ being too fresh in memory) -occasion was not offered, nor the time yet come, to let the _Britans_ -know by what _Arts_ all civill Nations of the world, did erect their -excessive, rather then not magnificent structures, for eternizing their -names to succeeding generations. And therefore, the Leivtenancy of -_Petronius Turpilianus_, not proper for building this _stony marvell_, -as _Anonymus_ suspects. For, beside what’s delivered, whensoever -_Stoneheng_ built, the preparation only of materials for the work, -and bringing them to the place, what _Engines_ or _Arts_ soever used, -necessarily, spent more time, then _Petronius_ consumed in the whole -continuance of his government here. What tumults succeeded him, let -others declare. - -[Sidenote: _Suet. in Vespas._] - -Furthermore, _if those_ times of _Petronius_ would not, _yet_ (saith -_Anonymus_) _other ensuing seasons might permit such an office to the_ -Britans, _her name for ever glorious among them_. The hainousnesse of -her Rebellion, horridnesse of her cruelties, and inveterate hatred -_Boadicia_ bore to the _Romans_, whereby _her name for ever infamous -among them_, clearly manifest all other _ensuing seasons_, equally -improper for those ancient inhabitants of this Island, to erect -_Stoneheng_. If the _Britans_, once attaining the _Romane_ manner of -_Architecture_, in any succeeding times had expelled the _Romans_, -and been triumphant; some probable reason, at least, _Anonymus_ might -have alledged, towards advancing his opinion. But _Boadicia_ and her -_Complices_ overthrown, the _Roman_ Power in this Island encreasing -dayly, and the liberty of the _Britans_ as fast declining, no following -_season_ could be opportunely favourable, for undertaking such a -work by them; the erecting whereof, yea the sole endeavouring to -commemorate by such publick means, so mortall an enemy to the _Romans_ -as _Boadicia_: nothing but the dearest lives of the bold attempters, -could, certainly, expiate. The _Temple_ upon Mount _Cœlius_ at _Rome_, -begun to _Claudius_ sacred memory by _Agrippina_, was destroyed to the -very foundations by _Nero_. If then, insulting _Agrippina_ might not -erect a memorable structure, to the glory of her deceased _Cæsar_; whom -the _Senate_ and _People_ of _Rome_, in all solemne manner deified: -What oppressed _Britan_, durst undertake the raising a publick Monument -to the honour of vanquished _Boadicia_, whom the State (in all reason) -for ever declared enemy to the _Roman_ Empire? And though, after a long -succession of years, the _Romans_ abandoned this Island, yet, when -departed, the _Britans_ were left in such deplorable condition, (at -large declared before) that, albeit _her name_ never so glorious among -them, they had much more to do, in saving their own miserable lives -from plague, famine, and the sword, then any opportunity, or ability -to erect whatever Monument to the glory of _Boadicia_. But, of this -enough; the invalidity of _Anonymus_ opinion especially respected. -The discovering the originall foundation of an _Antiquity_ so famous, -being not to be enforced by jealous suspicions, raised upon bare and -groundlesse conjectures. - - • • • • • - -This _Antiquity_ (call’d by _Henry Huntingdon, The second_: by -_Poly-olbion_ - - ——_First wonder of the land_) - -because the _Architraves_ are set upon the heads of the upright stones, -and hang (as it were) in the air, is generally known by the name of -_Stone-heng_. It is sited upon the Plain in the County of _Wiltshire_ -in _England_, not far from _Ambresbury_ (the foundations of whose -ancient buildings, frequently digged up, render it to have been in -times past a _Town_ of no small fame) six miles at least from new -_Salisbury_ northwards. - -The whole work, in generall, being of a circular form, is one -hundred and ten foot diameter, double winged about without a roof, -anciently environed with a deep Trench, still appearing about thirty -foot broad. So that, betwixt it, and the work it self, a large and -void space of ground being left, it had, from the Plain, three open -entrances, the most conspicuous thereof lying North-east. At each -of which, was raised, on the outside of the Trench aforesaid, two -huge stones gate-wise, parallel whereunto, on the inside two others -of lesse proportion. The inner part of the work, consisting of an -_Exagonall_ figure, was raised, by due symmetry, upon the bases of four -equilaterall triangles, (which formed the whole structure) this inner -part likewise was double, having, within it also, another _Exagon_ -raised, and all that part within the Trench sited upon a commanding -ground, eminent, and higher by much, then any of the Plain lying -without, and, in the midst thereof, upon a foundation of hard chalk, -the work it self was placed. Insomuch, from what part soever they came -unto it, they rose by an easie ascending hill. - -Which, that it may be the more clearly demonstrated, (being by me, -with no little pains, and charge measured, and the foundations thereof -diligently searched) I have reduced into _Design_, not onely as the -ruine thereof now appears, but as (in my judgement) it was in its -pristine perfection. And that the groundplot, with the uprights, and -profyle of the whole work may the more distinctly be understood, I have -purposely countersigned each _Design_ of them with _Numbers_, and the -particular parts thereof with _Letters_. - - Nu. 1 - -Signifies the Plant of the whole work in generall, with the Trench -round about it, drawn by a small scale, that it may be seen all at one -view. - - _A_ - -The Trench. - - _B_ - -The Intervall betwixt the Trench and Work. - - _C_ - -[Sidenote: _Rosin. lib. 2._] - -The Work it self; in the inmost part whereof, there is a stone -appearing not much above the surface of the earth, (and lying towards -the East) four foot broad, and sixteen foot in length. Which, whether -it might be an _Altar_ or no, I leave to the judgement of others, -because so overwhelmed with the ruines of the Work, that I could make -no search after it, but even with much difficulty, took the aforesaid -proportion thereof. Yet for my part, I can apprehend no valid reason -to the contrary, except that the whole constructure being circular in -form, the Altar should rather have been placed upon the center of the -Circle, then enclining to the circumference. Neverthelesse it cannot be -denied, but being so sited, the _Cell_ (as I may call it) was thereby -left more free, for the due performance of those severall superstitious -rites, which their Idolatry led them to. Besides, though the _Altare_ -amongst the _Ancients_ was exalted and raised somwhat high above the -earth; yet, their _Ara_ was made quadrangular, not very high, and as -some will have it close to the ground, being consecrated as well to the -supernall as infernall Deities: and therefore in respect of the form, -it may hold well enough it was anciently an Altar. - - _D_ - -The supposed Altar. - - _E_ - -The great stones which made the entrances from the outside of the -Trench, seven foot broad, three foot thick, and twenty foot high. - - _F_ - -The parallel stones, on the inside of the Trench, four foot broad, and -three foot thick; but they lie so broken, and ruined by time, that -their proportion in height cannot be distinguisht, much lesse exactly -measured. - - _G_ - -The scale of fifty foot. - - • • • • • - -The _Design_ follows. - -[Illustration] - - Nu. 2 - -The Groundplot of the work, as when first built, in a greater form, -with the foure equilaterall triangles making the _Scheame_, by which -the whole work was composed. - - _H_ - -The six principall entrances, three whereof directly opposite to those -of the Trench. - - _I_ - -The stones which made the outward Circle, seven foot in breadth; three -foot and an half thick, and fifteen foot and an half high: each stone -having two tenons mortaised into the _Architrave_, continuing upon -them, throughout the whole circumference. For, these _Architraves_, -being joynted directly in the middle of each of the perpendicular -stones that their weight might have an equall bearing, and upon each -side of the joynt a tenon wrought, (as remains yet to be seen) it may -positively be concluded thereby, the _Architrave_ continued round about -this outward circle. - - _K_ - -The smaller stones of the inner circle, one foot and an half in bredth, -one foot thick, and six foot high. These had no _Architraves_ upon -them, but were raised perpendicular, of a pyramidall form. That, there -was no _Architrave_ upon these, may be hence concluded, the stones -being too small to carry such a weight, the spaces being also too wide, -to admit of an _Architrave_ upon them without danger of breaking, and -being but six foot high, there could not, possibly, be a convenient -head-height remaining for a passage underneath, especially, considering -fully the greatnesse of the whole work. - - _L_ - -The stones of the greater _Hexagon_, seven foot and an half in breadth, -three foot nine inches thick, and twenty foot high, each stone having -one tenon in the middle. - - _M_ - -The stones of the _Hexagon_ within, two foot six inches in breadth, one -foot and an half thick, and eight foot high, in form pyramidall, like -those of the inner circle. - - • • • • • - -The Scale which hath this mark, _X_, is of thirty foot, by which -likewise all the ensuing _Designs_ are drawn. - - • • • • • - -The _Design_ follows. - -[Illustration] - - Nu. 3 - -The upright of the work, as when entire, in which the perpendicular -stones of the outward circle, are countersigned with the Letter _I_, as -in the groundplot. - - _N_ - -The _Architrave_ lying round about upon them, being mortaised into -them, and joynted in the middle of each of the perpendicular stones. -This _Architrave_ is three foot and an half broad, and two foot and an -half high. - - _O_ - -The _Architrave_ lying on the top of the great stones of the _Hexagon_, -and mortaised also into them, sixteen foot long, three foot nine inches -broad, and three foot four inches high. This _Architrave_ continuing -onely from stone to stone, left betwixt every two and two, a void space -free to the Air uncovered. For, if they had been continued throughout -the whole _Hexagon_, then necessarily there must have been two tenons -upon each of the said stones, as those of the outward circle had, but -being disposed as aforesaid, that one, which was in the middle, and yet -remains apparent, was sufficient for the thing intended. - - Nu. 4 - -The Profyle, or cut, through the middle of the work, as entire, -countersigned with the Letters of the Groundplot. - -The _Designs_ follow. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - Nu. 5 - -The whole work in _Prospective_, as when entire, whereby the generall -composure of the particular parts of the uprights, are together -all seen: and, by which also, the stately Aspect, and magnificent -greatnesse thereof, are fully, and more apparently conspicuous. - - Nu. 6 - -The Groundplot of the work, as it now stands, countersigned with the -same Letters by which the Plant marked _Nu. 2_ is described. The stones -of the greater _Hexagon_, and outward circle, after so long contest -with the violence of time, and injury of weather, are for the most part -standing at this day; which, though not all at their full height, as -when first set up, yet the Footsteps neverthelesse, of so many of them -as exprest in the _Design_, are still remaining in their proper places. -Those of the inner circle, and lesser _Hexagon_, not only exposed to -the fury of all devouring Age, but to the rage of men likewise, have -been more subject to ruine. For, being of no extraordinary proportions, -they might easily be beaten down, or digged up, and at pleasure, made -use of for other occasions. Which, I am the rather enduced to beleeve, -because, since my first measuring the work, not one fragment of some -then standing, are now to be found. - - Nu. 7 - -The Ruine yet remaining drawn in _Prospective_. - - _P_ - -The manner of the tenons, of a round form, mortaised into the -_Architrave_ of the outward Circle. - - _Q_ - -The tenons of like form in the middle of the stones of the greater -_Hexagon_. - - _R_ - -The English foot (by which the work it self was measured) divided into -twelve inches, and each inch subdivided into four parts. - -The _Designs_ follow. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -Hitherto, upon what occasion _Stoneheng_ built (you may easily -perceive) is very doubtfull, the true History of those times, when -first erected, and by which the memory of things especially made over -to succeeding Ages, being either not written, or if written, utterly -lost. Likewise, as for what use set up, not yet known; so, by whom also -founded, is equally uncertain. - -You cannot but remember, in what manner the ancient Inhabitants of -this Island lived, before reduced to civility by the _Romans_ I have -formerly delivered: also, how they were first instructed by them, in -severall _Arts_ and _Sciences_, whereof the _Britans_ wholly ignorant, -before the _Romans_ arrivall here, and teaching them. I have given -you in like manner, a full description of this _Antiquity_, whereby -doubtlesse it appears to you, as in truth it is, a work built with much -_Art_, _Order_ and _Proportion_. That the ancient _Britans_, before the -discovery of this Island by the _Romans_, could not be the _Founders_ -thereof, by the former reasons, I suppose, is clearly manifested. -For, where _Art_ is not, nothing can be performed by _Art_. As, for -that which concerns the _British_ Nobility, _Aurelius Ambrosius_, or -_Boadicia_, enough already. - -It rests now, to endeavor the discovering by whom _Stoneheng_ built; in -what time, and, for what use anciently erected. But, it is not expected -(I hope) any absolute resolution should be given by me, in so doubtfull -a matter; for, _as it hath been always lawfull for every man in such -like matters_ (saith _Camden_) _both to think what he will, and relate -what others have thought_: So pardon me, if I take upon me, what others -have done before me, and interpose mine own opinion also, grounded -neverthelesse upon such Authorities, customes, and concurrence of time, -as very probably may satisfie judicious and impartiall Readers. - -[Sidenote: _Pausan. fo. 392._] - -[Sidenote: _Idem fo. 75_:] - -[Sidenote: _In Vitr. lib. 4._] - -Touching the _Founders_ of _Stoneheng_. Among the _Ægyptian -Antiquities_, or those _Eastern_ Nations from whom the _Græcians_ -deduced their learning, I find not any such composure ever used: or -with the _Greeks_ themselves, mention made of any work conformable to -this, in point of _Order_, (as the mod conversant in those Histories -cannot contradict) I read neverthelesse, in _Pausanias_, of a _Temple_ -amongst the _Eleans_ erected without walls: _novam quandam in_ Eleorum -_foro templi formam vidi. I saw_ (saith he) _in the market place of -the_ Eleans, _a Temple of a new form. Modicæ est ædes altitudinis, -sine parietibus, tectum è quercu dolatis fulcientibus tibicinibus. -A low thing, without walls, having the roof supported with props of -oaken timber_ (instead, it seems, of Columnes) _neatly wrought_. He -remembers a _Temple_ also in _Attica_ sacred to _Jove_ without a -roof. The _Thracians_ (as I read likewise) used to build _Temples_ -dedicated to _Sol_, _of a round form, open in the middle_, and also -without a _roof_: by the form, or roundnesse thereof, they signified -the Suns figure; by making them open, and rooflesse, they expressed his -surmounting, and dilating light equally to all things. _Thraces soli -rotunda templa faciebant_ (saith _Daniel Barbaro_) _in medio sub divo, -& aperta erant: hac forma Solis figuram innuebant: quòd autem aperta -essent, & sine tecto, innuebant Solem supra omnia esse, & lumen suum -diffundere_. - -[Sidenote: _Scamoz. lib. 1. fo. 9._] - -[Sidenote: _Camden fo. 64._] - -Howsoever, considering what magnificence the _Romans_ in prosperous -times anciently used in all works, both publick, and private: -their knowledge and experience in all _Arts_ and _Sciences_: their -powerfull means for effecting great works: together with their _Order_ -in building, and manner of workmanship accustomed amongst them: -_Stoneheng_ in my judgement was a work, built by the _Romans_, and -they the sole _Founders_ thereof. For, if look upon this _Antiquity_, -as an admired and magnificent building, who more magnificent then the -_Romans_? _Essi soli frà i populi dell’ vniverso, con ogni termine di -magnificenza edificarono tutti i generi d’edifici. They only amongst -all the Nations of the Universe, erecting all sorts of buildings, with -all kinds of magnificence_, saith _Scamozzo_ in the first Book of his -_Architecture_. If consider the _Art_, and elegant disposition thereof, -all _Arts_ and _Sciences_ (we must know) were in full perfection with -them, and _Architecture_, which amongst the _Greeks_ was youthfull -only, and vigorous; under the _Romans_ their _Empire_ grown to the -full height became manly and perfect, not in _inventions, and elegancy -of forms alone, but also in exquisitenesse of Art, and excellency of -materials. Salito al colmo l’imperio_ Romano, _ella pure divenne virile -e perfetta: non solo nelle inventioni, e nella elleganza delle forme, -mà parimente nell’ esquisitezza dell’ artificio, e nella singolarità -della materia_. As the same Author hath it. If take notice of their -power and ways by which they effected such goodly structures, their -means were not ordinary according to the common custome of other -_People_; and why? because, besides particular _Artisans_ practised in -severall _Arts_, they employed in those their works whole bodies of -their own _Armies_, and whatever Nations subdued by them. _The_ Romans -_were wont to exercise therein_ (saith _Camden_) _their Souldiers, -and the common multitude, upon great policy doing the same, left -being idle they should grow factious, and affect alteration in the -State. The_ Britans _complained_ (saith _Tacitus_ likewise) _corpora -& manus contrivisse, that their bodies and hands were worn out, and -consumed by the_ Romans, _in bringing to effect their great and admired -undertakings_: in that kind employing their slaves and prisoners also, -as holding it, rather then by violent deaths to cut them off; more -profitable for the _Commonwealth_, more exemplary for others, and far -greater punishment for their Prisoners, to enjoyn them continuall -labour. - -[Sidenote: _Choul. fo. 5._] - -If observe _their Order_ in building; the only _Order_ of -_Architecture_, which _Italy_ may truly glory in the invention of, -is the _Tuscane Order_, so called, because first found out by the -_Tuscans_, that in a more then ordinary manner they might reverence -their _Deities_ in _Temples_ composed thereof. (_Janus_ their first -King, according to the common opinion of divers ancient Historians, -being the first of all others, that built _Temples_ to the Gods) -Which _Order_, though first used by the _Tuscans_, certain it is, the -_Romans_ took from them, and brought it in use with other _Arts_, in -severall parts of the world, as their conquests led them on. Now of -this _Tuscan Order_, a plain, grave, and humble manner of _Building_, -very solid and strong _Stoneheng_ principally consists. So that, -observing the _Order_ whereof _Stoneheng_ built, there being no such -Elements known in this _Island_ as distinct _Orders_ of _Architecture_, -untill the _Romans_ introduced them, the very work it self, of so -great _Antiquity_, declares the _Romans Founders_ thereof. Who, that -hath right judgement in _Architecture_, knows not the difference, and -by the manner of their works how to distinguish _Ægyptian_, _Greek_, -and _Roman_ structures of old, also _Italian_, _French_ and _Dutch_ -buildings in these modern times? Is not our Shipping by the mould -thereof, known throughout the world _English_ built? Who did not by the -very _Order_ of the work, assure himself, the body of the Church of S. -_Paul London_, from its Tower to the West end anciently built by the -_Saxons_: as the Quire thereof, from the said Tower to the East end -by the _Normans_, it being _Gothick_ work? yet that there might be a -_Roman Temple_ in old time standing in that place, I will not deny, the -numbers of Oxeheads digged up and anciently sacrificed there, setting -all other reasons aside, so probably manifesting the same. And in all -likelihood, the _Romans_ for so notable a structure as _Stoneheng_, -made choice of the _Tuscane_ rather then any other _Order_, not only -as best agreeing with the rude, plain, simple nature of those they -intended to instruct, and use for which erected; but also, because -presuming to challenge a certain kind of propriety therein, they might -take occasion thereby, to magnifie to those then living the virtue of -their _Auncestors_ for so noble an invention, and make themselves the -more renowned to posterity, for erecting thereof, so well ordred a -building. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 5._] - -Besides, the _Order_ is not only _Roman_, but the _Scheam_ also -(consisting of four equilaterall triangles, inscribed within the -circumference of a Circle) by which this work _Stoneheng_ formed, was -an _Architectonicall Scheam_ used by the _Romans_. Whereof, I shall -have more occasion to speak, when I come to set down, for what use this -_Antiquity_ at first erected. - -Again, the _Portico_ at _Stoneheng_, is made double, as in structures -of great magnificence the ancient _Romans_ used; so at the foot of -the _Capitol_ the _Temple_ to _Jove the Thunderer_, built by _Augustus -Cæsar_; so the _Pantheon_ at _Athens_, royally adorned with one hundred -and twenty vast columnes of rich _Phrygian_ marble, by the _Emperour -Adrian_. But, some may alledge, the _Romans_ made the Pillars of their -double _Portico’s_, of one and the same symmetry, or very little -different, which in this _Antiquity_ otherwise appearing, cannot be a -_Roman_ work. To as much purpose it may be alledged the _Temple_ of -_Diana_ at _Magnesia_, was no _Greek_ work, because the Pillars of -the inner _Portico_ were wholly left out. Yet it’s true, the _Romans_ -usually made them as is objected, and the reason was, because of the -weight the inner Pillars carried: now, in this work, no roof being to -be sustained, nor any manner of weight born up, though the judgement of -the _Architect_, thereby to save labour and expence, ordered the stones -making the _Portico_ within, of a far lesse proportion then those -of the outward circle, it retains neverthelesse the proper _Aspect_ -(principally aim’d at by the ancient _Architects_) in use amongst the -_Romans_, and consequently for ought alledged to the contrary by them -built. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 3. cap. 1._] - -In this _Antiquity_, there is a _Portico_ also (as I may rightly term -it) within the _Cell_, or greater _Hexagon_, reduced likewise into the -same figure. Now, that the _Romans_ used to make _Portico’s_ on the -inside of their buildings, as well sacred as secular, by the ruines -of their _Basilicaes_ or Courts of _Judicature_; by that _Temple_ -without a roof anciently dedicated to _Jove_ in Mount _Quirinalis_, -now the _Horse_ Mount in _Rome_; by the _Temple of Bacchus_ there of -a round form, at this day consecrate to S. _Agnes_ without the gate -_Viminalis_, manifestly appears. But in what ever structures else -the _Romans_ used them, certain it is, within their most stately -_Temples_ which lay uncovered, and had no roofs, they always made such -_Portico’s_; and though in other _Temples_ they sometimes dispos’d -them, yet from _Vitruvius_ it may be gathered, they properly belonged -to the _Aspect Hypæthros_, which was uncovered and rooflesse as this -_Antiquity Stoneheng_, he peremptorily assigning _Portico’s_ to be -made on the inside of no kind of _Temples_, but those; His words are, -_Hypæthros in interiore parte habet columnas, remotas à parietibus ad -circuitionem (ut porticus) peristyliorum. Temples open to the air, -and without roofs, have columnes on the inside, distant from the walls, -as Courts Portico’s about them._ Even, after the same _decorum_ as at -_Stoneheng_. - -Furthermore, if cast an eye upon _their_ artifice and manner of -workmanship, _Stoneheng_ appears built directly agreeable to those -rules, which the _Romans_ observed in great works. For, the _Roman -Architects_, in distinguishing the manner of their _Temples_, always -observed (as _Vitruvius_ in his third book teacheth us) the greater -the Columnes were, the closer they set them together; so in this -_Antiquity_, the stones being great, the spaces betwixt them are -likewise narrow. - -[Sidenote: _Leo Bap. Alber. lib. 3._] - -[Sidenote: _Leo Bap. Alber. lib. 3._] - -The _Architraves_ also, in this work were all of them set without -morter, and fixed upon the upright stones by tenons (as formerly -described) in the very same manner, as in great structures, where -the stones solid, and of more then ordinary greatnesse, the _Romans_ -were wont to doe. _They laid them without any unctuous incorporating -matter, nullo fulta glutino_, saith _Leo Baptista Albertus_. And -divers examples of this kind might be brought, I my self amongst other -_Antiquities_ have seen the ruines of an _Aquaeduct_, built by the -_Romans_ in _Provynce_, running through a deep valley, and raised in -height equall to the adjacent Mountains, upon huge Arches fifty eight -foot wide, the stones whereof, being of extraordinary scantlings, were -laid without any cement or morter, to incorporate them with the rest of -the work. And, where occasion guided their judgements to the observance -of this rule, they united and compared the stones together, by certain -ligatures or holdfasts, (the _Italians_ call them _Perni_, pegs or -tops, for such they resemble, and we, from the verb _tenere_ to hold, -not improperly calling them _tenons_) _quæ inferiores, & unà superiores -in lapides infixæ, cavatæ fuere, ne quid fortè protrusi ordines alteri -ab alteris distrahantur. Which_ (saith _Albertus_) _being formed in the -inferiour stones, were hollowed or mortaised into those above, left -by any chance they should start one from another, and break the order -of the work_. Here the _Florentine Architect_ gives us the self same -manner of banding stones, when the _Romans_ laid them without morter, -as if he had seen this very _Antiquity Stoneheng_. - -[Sidenote: _Camden._] - -[Sidenote: _Speed._] - -Moreover, what ever footsteps of the _Romans_ found in other places -of this Island, it’s not inconsiderately to be past over, that in -_Wiltshire_, the County (as is said before) where our _Stoneheng_ -remains, _Roman Antiquities_ are most perspicuous, not only, by the -apparent testimonies of the coyns of their Emperors in divers places -digged up, but by severall their encamping places yet to be seen, -as _Leckham_, in times of yore a seat of the _Romans_: the place -also where old _Salisbury_ now sheweth it self, within six miles -of _Stoneheng_: and within three miles thereof _Yanesbury_ Castle, -supposed a work of _Vespasians_ when he conquered, and after kept in -subjection the _Belgæ_, ancient inhabitants of that tract. Likewise the -mines nearer yet to _Stoneheng_, of a fortresse our Historians hold -anciently a garrison of the _Romans_, and in many other forts of that -Shire (both by their form and manner of making well known to have been -_Roman_) the tract of their footing is yet left. - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo. 64._] - -[Sidenote: _Tacitus._] - -[Sidenote: _Beda._] - -But it is objected, If _Stoneheng_ a _Roman_ work, how comes it, no -_Roman_ Author makes mention of it? I answer, their Historians used -not to commit to writing every particular work, or action the _Romans_ -performed: if so, how vast would their volumes have been? _Stoneheng_ -’tis granted, is much admired by us, yet, how far more admirable -works were the _Romans_ Founders of, not mentioned in any of their -ancient stories? That notable bridge invented and built by _Cæsar_, -for passing his Army over the _Rhine_, himself at large describes, -remembring little or nothing neverthelesse concerning divers other as -great works in _Gaul_ and _Batavia_, suppos’d to be performed by him -also. _Dion_, _Herodian_, _Eutropius_ and other their Historians tell -us, the _Romans_ built the so famed wall, commonly by us called the -_Picts wall_, extending crosseover our Island from the _Irish_ Sea to -the _German_ Ocean, above fourscore _Italian_ miles in length, with -many towers and fortresses erected upon it; when works of as great -admiration in _Britain_ they have past in silence: those wonderfull -causeys made throughout the land, by dreining and drying up Fens, -levelling hils, raising valleys, and paving them with stones of such -breadth, that Wains might without danger passe one by another, not any -ancient _Roman_ Author (for ought appears) directly mentioning. Yet, -who doubts them _Roman_ works? _I dare confidently avouch, the Romans -by little and little founded and raised them up_, saith _Camden_. -And why? mark I pray, because, whilst _Agricola_ governed _Britain_, -_Tacitus_ tels us, _severall ways were enjoyned_. If then, because -_Tacitus_ affirms in generall terms only, _severall ways enjoyned_, -_Camden_ confidently concludes them _Roman works_, no _Roman_ History -otherwise remembring them; Why may it not, the same _Tacitus_ telling -us in like manner, _Agicola exhorted the Britans in private, and -helpt them in common, to build Temples, Houses, and Places of publick -resort_, as peremptorily be inferr’d, _Stoneheng_ was a work built -by the _Romans_, though not particularly remembred by them in their -stories? In a word, _Temples_ and places of publick resort, the -_Romans_ built here, and were the first that did so, leaving it to -after ages to find out by their _Manner_ of _building_, _Order_ in -_building_, and _Power_ and _Means_ for _building_, such lofty ruines, -as appears in this _Antiquity_, could be remains of none but _Roman_ -building. - -[Sidenote: _Camden fo. 63._] - -The next thing to be enquired after, is, in what time _Stoneheng_ -built. Happily, about those times, when the _Romans_ having setled the -Country here under their own _Empire_, and, together with bringing over -_Colonies_ reduced the naturall inhabitants of this Island unto the -society of civill life, by training them up in the liberall Sciences. -For, _then also_ (saith _Camden_) _did they furnish the_ Britans, _with -goodly houses, and stately buildings, in such sort, that the reliques -and rubbish of their ruines, cause the beholders now, exceedingly to -admire the same, and the common sort of People plainly say, those_ -Roman _works were made by Giants, of such exceeding great admiration, -and sumptuous magnificence they are_. - -This relation of _Camdens_, reflects chiefly upon the time of -_Agricola_; neverthelesse, that _Stoneheng_ (though fabled Giants work) -was then built, I dare not affirm: the great works of the _Romans_, -brought to perfection in this Island, being not the work of a day. It -hath been the invention of wise _Romans_ of old, affecting civility, -to raise goodly buildings here: but the precise times when, in things -so far from all knowledge, cannot be with any certainty avouched. For -my part, I should choose to assign those times for building thereof, -when the _Romans_ in their chief prosperity most flourished here, and -refer the first erection to the time betwixt _Agricolas_ government -formerly mentioned, and the reign of _Constantine_ the Great: in order -to which, the times rather somwhat after _Agricola_, if not during his -own Lievtenancy, then next preceding _Constantine_. For, long before -_Constantine_ acquired the Soveraignty (which was not till the year -of our Lord three hundred and ten) the magnificent splendor of that -mighty _Empire_ began sensibly to wane, and the ambition of the great -Captains of _Rome_, (some few excepted) tended rather to make parties -for obtaining the _Purple Robe_, then (after the manner of their -ancestors) to eternise their names by great and admirable works, or -patronizing good _Arts_, for want whereof they began likewise to decay -apace; _Serly_ in his third Book speaking of those times, telling us, -that _id temporis Architecti, si cum superioribus conferantur, rudiores -& ineptiores extitisse videntur. In those days although there were many -Architects, yet, compared with such as lived in the preceding Ages, -they were very rude and unskilfull._ Besides, the condition wherein -this Island was, divers years preceding _Constantine_, would not admit -such undertakings. For, by the civil discord of the _Romans_, the -_Britans_ taking occasion to make frequent revolts, in hope to recover -their lost liberty, the _Romans_ were put upon other manner of Councels -then to think of building; namely to reduce the _Britans_ to their -wonted obedience, and keep the Province in some reasonable quiet, by -expelling the _Scots_ and _Picts_ (savage and perfidious _People_ even -from times of old) making daily inroads and incursions thereunto. - -[Sidenote: _Gildas._] - -Now, as for these reasons, it’s not likely _Stoneheng_ could be built -in the times next before _Constantine_, so, by what follows, it will -manifestly appear, it was not erected after his Reign. For, after his -transplanting the seat of the Empire into the East, and the government -of the then known world, under the _Romans_, distinguished by _East_ -and _Western_ Emperours, a deluge of barbarous Nations (like so many -Locusts) swarmed over all. Who, as with their vast multitudes they -oft had formerly attempted it, so, thence forward, till bringing that -mighty Empire unto its finall and fatall period; and thereby utterly -destroying in like manner all _Arts_ and _Sciences_, together with -_Architecture_, (not restored again, even in _Italy_ it self, untill, -as formerly remembred) they never desisted. Moreover, in the times -after _Constantine_, no _Temples_ to Heathen _Deities_ (such as I shall -make appear this _Antiquity Stoneheng_ was) were erected here, they -being times of defacing, rather then erecting idolatrous places. For, -most of the succeeding Emperors becoming _Christians_, the tempestuous -storms of perfection were over, and the thick clouds of superstition -beginning to be dissolved by the bright beams of the Gospel, and true -light of CHRIST, every where _Temples_ were shut up against false -Gods, and set open to the true GOD. According to that of _Gildas_, _No -sooner was the blustering tempest, and storm of persecution blown over, -but the faithfull Christians, who in the time of trouble and danger -had hidden themselves in woods, deserts, and secret caves, being come -abroad in open sight, renovant Ecclesias ad solum usque destructas, -basilicas sanctorum martyrum fundant, construunt, perficiunt &c. -Churches ruinate to the very ground they reedifie, Temples of holy -Martyrs they found, build, and finish &c._ So that, in stead of -idolatrous _Temples_, built in the Ages preceding _Constantine_, during -his reign and after, whilst the _Romans_ continued in any prosperous -state here, by erecting _Christian Churches_, they began generally to -neglect, and suffer fall to decay, rather then new build _Temples_ to -their _Pagan_ Gods. - -[Sidenote: _Tacit. in Vit. Agr._] - -These pressing occurrences therefore, to wit, civill broyls amongst -the _Romans_ themselves, frequent insurrections of the _Britans_, -daily inrodes by the _Picts_ and _Scots_, together with the _downfall_ -of _Paganism_, _decay_ of _Arts_, and fatall _ruine_ of the whole -_Empire_, making the times both long before and after _Constantine_ -incompatible for undertaking such works as this _Antiquity_, it may -safely enough be concluded, if _Stoneheng_ not founded by _Agricola_, -yet created it might be about fifteen hundred and fifty years ago, in -the times somewhat after his government, _the_ Province _being formerly -left by him in good and peaceable state_, the _Britans_ reduced -from _Barbarity_ to order and civill conversation, and the _Romans_ -flourishing in all manner of _Arts_ and _Sciences_. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 4. cap. 8._] - -[Sidenote: _Plin. lib. 16._] - -[Sidenote: _Tom. 1. lib. 33. Tom. 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Rosin. lib. 3._] - -[Sidenote: _Choul fol. 217, 229._] - -Now, concerning the use for which _Stoneheng_ at first erected, I am -clearly of opinion, it was originally a _Temple_, it being built with -all accommodations properly belonging to a sacred structure. For, it -had an intervall or spacious Court lying round about it, wherein the -_Victimes_ for oblation were slain, into which it was unlawfull for -any profane person to enter: it was separated from the circumadjacent -Plain, with a large Trench in stead of a wall, as a boundary about -the _Temple_, most conformable to the main work, wholly exposed to -open view: Without this Trench, the promiscuous common multitude, -with zeal too much, attended the _ceremonies_ of their solemne though -superstitious Sacrifices, and might see the oblations, but not come -within them: It had likewise its peculiar _Cell_, with _Portico’s_ -round about, into which _Cell_, as into their _Sanctum sanctorum_ -(pardon the expression) none but the _Priests_ entred to offer -Sacrifice, and make atonement for the _People_: Within the _Cell_ -an _Ara_ or _Altar_ was placed, having its proper position towards -the _East_, as the _Romans_ used. _Aræ spectent ad Orientem_, saith -_Vitruvius_. And, that there hath been the heads of Bulls, or Oxen, of -Harts, and other such beasts digged up, or in, or near this _Antiquity_ -(as divers now living can testifie) is not to be omitted; for who -can imagine, but these were the heads of such, as anciently there -offered in Sacrifice? together with which also, were heaped up great -quantities of Charcole, happily used about the performance of their -superstitious ceremonies. That the ancient _Romans_ had Charcole in -use amongst them, _Pliny_ affirms. And when I caused the foundations -of the stones to be searched, my self found, and yet have by me to -shew the cover of a _Thuribulum_, or some such like vase (I suppose) -wherein _Choul_ in his discourse of their Religion, reports the ancient -_Romans_ used to carry Incense, wine or holy water, for service in -their Sacrifices, lying about three foot within the ground, near one of -the stones of the greater _Hexagon_. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 4. cap. 7._] - -The _Order_ whereof this _Temple_ consists, according to the rules -of _Art_ observed by the ancient _Romans_ in works of this kinde, is -mingled of _Greek_ and _Tuscane_ work. For, as the plainnesse and -solidnesse of the _Tuscane Order_, appears eminently throughout the -whole _Antiquity_: so the narrownesse of the spaces betwixt the stones, -visibly discovers therein, the delicacy of the _Corinthian Order_. -Which commixture amongst the _Roman Architects_ was very usuall, in -regard _Vitruvius_ (in his fourth Book and seventh Chapter) treating -somwhat largely (his method otherwise considered) of severall sorts of -the like composed _Temples_, mixt of the _Greek_ and _Tuscane_ manners -tels us: that, _Nonnulli de Tuscanicis generibus sumentes columnarum -dispositiones, transferunt in Corinthiorum & Ionicorum operum -ordinationes. Some taking the qualities of the columns of the Tuscane -Order, transfer them into the symmetry of the Corinthian and Ionick -works._ Whereby (to please themselves it seems in their own inventions) -_efficiunt Tuscanicorum & Græcorum operum communem ratiocinationem. -They make of the Tuscane and Greek works one common composure._ As the -same Author likewise remembers. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 3. cap. 1._] - -The _Aspect_ of this _Temple_; by which we understand that first shew -which _Temples_ make to those that draw near unto them, is _Dipteros -Hypæthros_, which is double winged about uncovered. _Dipteros circa -ædem duplices habet columnarum ordines_ (saith _Vitruvius_) _Dipteros -hath double orders of columnes about the Temple. Hypæthros sub divo -est, sine tecto_, (as the same Author) _Hypæthros is open to the air, -without a roof_. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 3. cap. 2._] - -The Manner of this _Temple_ is _Pycnostylos_, or _narrow spaces_. -_Pycnostylos_ is that kinde of _Temples_, which hath the columnes set -thick, and close together _crebris columnis_, as _Vitruvius_ also hath -it. - -But it may be objected, though it appears from very good Authorities, -the Artifice, and workmanship of this _Antiquity_, together with the -_Scheam_ which formed it, were _Roman_: and the _Order_ of which -consisting, invented in _Italy_, and so consequently _Roman_ in -like manner: as also, by the severall peculiar accommodations, the -probable reliques of _Heathenish_ Sacrifices, and determinate rules of -_Architecture_, it was anciently a _Temple_: Neverthelesse it appears -not, the _Romans_ ever used any whatever profane structure like this, -much lesse any manner of _Temples_ of this kinde of invention, _Where -the Temple lies open without walls, surrounded only with pillars_. For, -that the upright stones which make this work _Stoneheng_, are in stead -of them, may well enough be granted. - -[Sidenote: _Phil. in Vitr. lib. 4._] - -To this I answer, the learned in _Antiquities_ very well know, those -things which oblivion hath so long removed out of mind, are hardly to -be discovered. Yet, as to the first part of the objection, that the -_Romans_ never used any whatever profane structure like this, _Varro -de re rustica_ (as I find him cited by _Philander_) tels us, that they -had in use amongst them a round building without any wals, having a -double _Order_ of columns round about, this he cals by the name of -_Tholus, ædificium rotundum, columnatum duplici columnarum ordine. -A round edifice_ (saith he) _environed about with a double order of -columns_. Which double _Order_ of _Columns_ _Pyrrho Ligorio_ a famous -_Neapolitane Architect_, and great discoverer of _Antiquities_, in his -description thereof designes without a roof also. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 4. cap. 7._] - -[Sidenote: _Ædes sacræ Templa dicta fuerunt, quòd essent quasi ædes -Deorum. Rosin. lib. 2. cap. 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Dan. Barbar._] - -But to come to their sacred works, which in regard of this _Antiquity_, -are (it’s true) of most concernment, I find the _Romans_ used (as -_Vitruvius_ witnesseth) such manner of _Temples_. For (in his fourth -Book, and seventh Chapter) he delivers, there were amongst others -two forms of round _Temples_, commonly in use amongst them, the one -called _Monopteros_; the other _Peripteros_. This, had the _Cell_ -enclosed about with a continued wall, and at a proportionate distance -from it, the columns placed which made a _Portico_ round about it, -clean different from _Stoneheng_: the other made open, and in stead -of a wall encompassed with a row of pillars only, having no enclosed -_Cell_ within it at all, as much conducing to our purpose in hand. His -words are these, _Fiunt autem ædes rotundæ, è quibus aliæ sine cella -columnatæ constituuntur. They make also_ (saith he) _round Temples, -of which some are built without a Cell, environed with Pillars only_. -These were without any wals, (as his Commenter hath it) lying open to -the Air. And truly (as I may presume to say) from this very manner the -invention of _Stoneheng_ was principally taken, in ordering whereof, -the _Architect_ disdaining usuall and common forms, of both the -aforesaid forms composed one. For, taking the outward circle from the -_Monopteros_, he made it open also as in that, but in stead of the -continued wall circularly enclosing the _Cell_ of the _Peripteros_, -at _Stoneheng_ he made only an _Hexagon_ about the _Cell_, leaving -the same open in like manner. And, as _Hermogenes_ (whom I shall have -occasion to remember again) to illustrate his work, leaving out the -inner row of Pillars, made a single _Portico_ about the _Temple_ at -_Magnesia_, whereby it came to be a new invention, for which he is -famous to posterity: so the subtile _Architect_, whosoever he was, to -ennoble this his work, adding the said _Hexagon_ here, made a double -_Portico_ round about this _Temple_, and thereby a new invention -likewise, no lesse famous to succeeding Ages. Our _Antiquity Stoneheng_ -had otherwise been of the self same _Aspect_ without a _Cell_, as -_Vitruvius_ hath before delivered. That _Temple Monopteros_, was -environed with a row of pillars; this _Temple Stoneheng_, in stead -of them, supplied with a rank of pillasters (as they may well be -called) continuing round about it. That, lay open to the air without -any walls: so doth this at _Stoneheng_. That, had over the pillars an -_Architrave_, _Freese_, and _Cornice_, the _Order_ being delicate: -this at _Stoneheng_, over the pillasters an _Architrave_ only, as most -conformable to the solidnesse of the _Order_ and plainnesse of the work. - -Thus it fully appears, the ancient _Romans_ used to erect _Temples, -which lay open without walls, surrounded only with pillars_; in -invention like this at _Stoneheng_. But, let us see whether the form -_Monopteros_, had any roof over it. That the _Romans_ had _Temples_ -uncovered, and without roofs, like _Stoneheng_, is in part already, -and shall more manifestly be hereafter proved: and searching curiously -into their _Antiquities_, it will be found the greatest, most splendid, -and most magnificent work of all others, which the _Ancients_ made -for service of their _Deities_, were those kinde of _Temples_ of -the _Aspect Hypæthros_. Whether the _Monopteros_ was one of that -kind, appears not yet, and _Vitruvius_ is very obscure therein; -neverthelesse, that it was built without a roof, I shall illustrate by -these reasons. - -First, _Vitruvius_ tels us not it had a roof; for, in his precepts of -all severall kinds of _Temples_, after he hath delivered the _Aspect_, -_Form_, and _Manner_ of them with much exactnesse, he omits not -throughout his fourth Book to demonstrate aswell the contignation, -as proportion of timbers of the roofs, belonging to all those -_Temples_, which had any, and when vaulted he gives us likewise the -form thereof, if the _Temples_ so covered: but, in the description of -the form _Monopteros_, there is no manner of timber work, nor form of -vault, nor the least word mentioned of any roof at all, in what place -soever throughout his whole work speaking thereof. In which respect, -considering all _Temples_ having roofs, those roofs are described by -_Vitruvius_, and that he describes no roof belonging to this, it must -necessarily follow, the _Temples_ in form _Monopteros_ had no roofs -over them. - -Again, after giving the proportion of the _Architrave_ over the -columnes of the _Monopteros_, he saith, _Zophorus & reliqua quæ insuper -imponuntur, ita uti in tertio volumine de symmetriis scripsit. The -Freese and other ornaments laid upon them, are as in his third Book -of symmetries made mention of._ Now, in his third Book, he only treats -of proportions, and not one word is so much as mentioned by him of any -manner of roofs at all, only in the close of the said Book, he gives -the proportion of frontispices belonging to quadrangular _Temples_: -the same referment in like manner he makes for the ornaments of the -_Peripteros_, and withall proceeds to a full description, in what -manner the roof of its _Cell_ was made, which questionlesse, he would -likewise have done in the other form, if it had been covered. For, he -saith, whatever is to be laid above the _Freese_ of the _Monopteros_, -is, as set down in his third Book: but, in his third Book, there is -not One word mentioned of any roofs; the conclusion then follows the -_Monopteros_ was without a roof. - -[Sidenote: _Bern. Baldo._] - -Lastly, he positively tels us it was _sine Cella, without a Cell_: -now the _Cell_ (and which for distinction sake I have so called in -describing this _Antiquity_, because it was applied to the same use, -to perform their sacred rites in) was indeed properly, the inner, or -chief part of the _Temple, quam nos corpus Templi vulgò dicimus, we -commonly call it the body of the Church_, which enclosed with wals, was -covered with a roof, as _Vitruvius_ declares in the form _Peripteros, -tecti ratio ita habeatur &c. The manner of a roof_ (saith he) _was -thus &c._ But, the _Monopteros_ was without a _Cell_, and consequently -without a roof also, as having no walls to bear it. For, in regard of -the manner of the _Architecture_, the pillars standing in _Island_ -(as we say) the work could not securely bear a roof, if made of any -great capacity: either therefore, they made _Temples_ of this form -very little (in which respect only, _Palladio_ supposeth it might -be vaulted) inconsistent with the _Roman_ greatnesse, or else, like -_Stoneheng_ they were wholly uncovered and rooflesse. Howsoever, it -is manifest, the _Aspect_ was just the same. And if I should say, the -ruines of one after the same form also, remains yet in _Oxfordshire_, -which the common people usually call _Rolle-rich-stones_, take it but -as my conjecture only, as likewise one or two built after the like -manner in _Scotland_, no man unlesse _Hector Boetius_ knowing by what -Kings. - -Moreover, the proportions appearing in this _Antiquity Stoneheng_, are -much conformable to those, assigned by _Vitruvius_ to the parts of the -_Monopteros_: He tels us, _Tribunal habent & ascensum ex suæ diametri -tertia parte: they had the Tribunal_, (by which is understood that -levell upon which the _Temple_ placed) _and the ascent, consisting of -one third part of the Diameter_. So at _Stoneheng_, the work it self is -one _third part of the Diameter_ of the circumvallation: And, acording -to the proportion allowed by him to _the Ascent_, it seems those -_Temples_ were sited more stately then others, (by consequence great -also) and certain it is, whosoever views this _Antiquity_ attentively -with judgement, upon the place where remaining (for the _Folio_ -being too little I could not expresse it in Design) and doth allow a -proportionate depth to the Trench surrounding it; considering also, -together therewith, the levell of the plain lying without, he will then -finde it standing upon such a rising ground, that the _Ascent_ unto it, -was not much lesse magnificent, then what _Vitruvius_ hath declared. - -Furthermore, besides the aforementioned round _Temples, Vitruvius_ in -the same Chapter tels us, that, _generibus aliis constituuntur ædes, -ex iisdem symmetriis ordinatæ, & alio genere dispositiones habentes. -The_ Romans _built them after other manner of inventions, following the -same proportions, and having their disposures after another kinde_. Of -which, if vouchsafed to posterity the descriptions, some of them might -have been found, not only agreeable in _Aspect_, but happily of the -very self same form also, as this _Temple Stoneheng_ doth appear. - -Now considering this discourse may happen into the hands of those, -who cannot by words so easily apprehend things of this _Art_, I have -for their satisfaction brought into _Design_, the plants of both the -aforesaid _Temples_ mentioned by _Vitruvius_, whereby their conformity -with _Stoneheng_, and the invention thereof taken from them, is more -clearly manifested. - - _A_ - -The Plant of the _Monopteros_. - - _B_ - -The _Order_ of _Pillars_ which continued round about it, to which the -outward circle (of Pillasters) in this _Antiquity Stoneheng_, directly -corresponds, as will appear in the second Figure thereof, formerly -described by the Letter _I_. - -The _Design_ follows. - -[Illustration] - - _C_ - -The Plant of the _Peripteros_. - - _D_ - -The _Portico_ continuing about the _Cell_. - - _E_ - -The Circular _Cell_ enclosed with a wall, which in the _Temple -Stoneheng_, to vary the invention, was converted into an _Hexagonall_ -form, and in stead of walling it round about, the _Architect_ as said -before, left it wholly open, as most agreeing with the nature of the -_Deity_ to whom consecrate. - -The Design follows. - -[Illustration] - -By the Plants of which said _Roman Temples_, although it is plainly -manifest, from whence the invention of _Stoneheng_ was taken: yet, that -it may more clearly be understood, I have, unto the _Order_ of pillars -which makes the _Portico_ of the last of those _Temples_, applied the -_Architectonicall Scheam_ by which our _Antiquity_ was formed; whereby -the intersection of the severall triangles fully demonstrates after -what manner the greater _Hexagon_ made open at _Stoneheng_, was raised -from the solid wall environing the _Cell_ of the _Peripteros_. - - _F_ - -The Rank of _Pillars_ which made the _Portico_ of the _Peripteros_. - - _G_ - -The _Architectonicall Scheam_ by which _Stoneheng_ formed. - - _H_ - -The circular wall environing the _Cell_ of the _Peripteros_. - - _I_ - -After what manner the stones of the greater _Hexagon_ at _Stoneheng_, -were raised from the circumference of the said wall. - -The Design follows. - -[Illustration] - -But, before deliver my judgment, unto which of their _Deities_ this -_Temple Stoneheng_ was anciently dedicated by the _Romans_, I shall -give you some customs in force amongst the _Ancients_, relating the -_Decorum_ used by them, in building their particular _Temples_: -whereby, those several opinions seemingly conclusive to whom -_Stoneheng_ sacred, may more evidently appear invalid, and my own -more apparently probable. Those therefore that endevour the searching -out _Antiquities_ of _Architecture_, must amongst others, especially -prescribe to themselves five things to be guided by. _viz._ _The -Situation_, _Aspect_, _Manner_, _Form_, and _Order_ of the work as in -use amongst the _Ancients_. For, inventing the severall ornaments of -_Architecture_, at first for honour and distinction onely of their -_Deities_, they appropriated to each of them particular _situations_, -precise _forms_, peculiar _Orders_, according to the severall -qualities, in regard whereof adored by them. - -The _situation_ of the _Temples_ to _Venus_, _Mars_, _Vulcan_, they -ordained to be chosen without their Cities, as those which moved mens -minds to lasciviousnesse, wars, and devastations. Within their Cities -they placed the _Temples_ of the Patrons of _Chastity_, _Peace_, good -_Arts_: and of such Gods also, to whom the Protection of their Cities -committed. To _Pallas_, _Mercury_, and _Isis_ the chief Presidents of -Artificers, and Merchants, they built _Temples_ near the Market places, -or upon the Market places themselves. To _Apollo_ and _Bacchus_ near -the _Theater_. To _Hercules_ near the Cirque or _Amphitheater_. Unto -_Æsculapius_ and _Salus_, in places most of all others healthfull, and -near to pure streams, and waters; because the infirm people, coming -out of a pestilent and contagious _Aire_, to that which was good and -healthfull, by drinking those waters might the sooner, and with lesse -difficulty be recovered, whereby zeal to those supposed _Deities_ -encreased. - -The _Aspect Hypæthros_, mentioned before, of which _Stoneheng_ appears -built, was proper only to some of their Gods, as shall be remembred in -due time: the other _five_ (needlesse here to name) were indifferently -disposed, sometime to one, and sometime to another _Deity_, as the -magnificence of the _Temples_ to be built required, and, as to be made -with _Portico’s_ or without. - -The _Manner_, which _Vitruvius_ distinguishes into five kinds, -according as the intercolumnes are of five severall proportions, was -only so far forth peculiarly appropriated to their _Deities_, as it was -agreeable to the proper _Order_, otherwise they followed the greatnesse -of the Work. - -But, to each of them appropriating particular forms of _Temples_; -to some of their Gods, they made them of a round form, to others -quadrangular, to others of many angles: some of them having their -_Temples_ covered, with roofs over them; others again built uncovered, -without any manner of roofs at all: As, our _Antiquity Stoneheng_. - -Lastly, the _Order_ of which they built them, was so diligently -observed, according to the peculiar qualities of their _Deities_, that -seldom or never they varied: as in fit place I shall remember. These -aforesaid rules also were so firmly observed by the _Ancients_, that -even at first sight the _Roman Architects_ of old were able to judge, -to what _Deity_, this, or that _Temple_ sacred: and the modern _Italian -Architects_, by the ruines of them at this day, give such notable -testimonies towards the discovery of them, as are very hardly to be -contradicted. Whosoever desires more of this, may read _Vitruvius_, -_Leo Baptista Albertus_, and other Authors writing of _Architecture_. -That then we may arrive to a degree of certainty unto whom our -_Stoneheng_ anciently dedicated; some such _Deitie_ of the _Romans_ is -to be found out, in whose honour they built _Temples_, not only in such -_situations_ as this at _Stoneheng_; but with whole nature or quality -the _Form_ and _Aspect_ thereof may be agreeable also; and the _Order -proper_. For, whosoever goes about to enforce other reasons, do as I -conceive but beat the air, neither can they reduce this _Antiquity_ to -any probable Originall. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 3. cap. 1 & 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Fab. Cal._] - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 4. cap. 7._] - -To which of the _Roman_ Deities _Stoneheng_ consecrated, are, as I -said before, severall opinions. Some presume it sacred to _Diana_, -but upon what ground their conjecture is raised, considering both -the _Aspect_ and _Manner_ of this _Temple_ utterly different from -those the _Ancients_ used to dedicate to Her, I cannot conceive; for, -the _Manner_ of the _Temples_ erected to _Diana_, was _Diastylos_, -i.e. _columnis ampliùs patentibus_, made with large and void spaces: -the _Aspect_ of that at _Ephesus_ was _Dipteros_; that at _Magnesia -Pseudodipteros_: which _Manner Hermogenes_ inventing to save expence -and labour, though he left out the _Order_ of pillars within, and -thereby the _Portico_ came to be more large, yet the _Aspect_ continued -still the same. And, as in the _Aspect_ and _Manner_, so likewise in -the _Order_ and _Form_ it’s different: that, at _Ephesus_ aforesaid -being of the _Ionick Order_, the _Order_ peculiarly appropriated -to _Diana_, and quadrangular: of the same _Form_ also, was that at -_Magnesia_ aforesaid, and so likewise the _Romans_ built them, as by -the now Church of S. _John_ Evangelist at the _Latian_, or _Latine_ -Port, anciently the Temple of _Diana_; and that in Mount _Aventine_ -also, the chief of her _Temples_ in _Rome_, fully appears. The -_situation_ of the Temples dedicated to her, was in groves, whence -_Vitruvius_ cals her grovy _Diana_. - - _Ecce suburbanæ templum nemorale Dianæ_, saith _Ovid_. - _See where_ Diana’s _grovy Temple stands_. - -In which sort _Virgil_, _Pliny_, and other Authors also tell us her -Temples were always sited. The _Architecture_ therefore of the Temples -to _Diana_, and this at _Stoneheng_ being so far different, there is no -probable reason _Stoneheng_ should be suppos’d dedicated to her. - -[Sidenote: _Nat. Com. lib. 3. cap. 18._] - -[Sidenote: _Camden fo. 64._] - -[Sidenote: _Camden fo. 517._] - -[Sidenote: _Ibid. fo. 366._] - -[Sidenote: _Strab. li. 16._] - -[Sidenote: _Rosin. lib. 2. cap. 7._] - -[Sidenote: _Camden fo. 490._] - -Moreover, whether or no this opinion maybe consistent with any of those -qualities, the Ancients endowed this Goddesse with, let us examine -further the Nature of the Deity it self. Is _Stoneheng_ consecrated to -_Diana_ because she presided over ways? what publick roads then, or -common high-ways are to be read of, which anciently led over the Downs -near this _Antiquity_? The most ancient ways we meet with, and which -the _Romans_ first made in this _Island_, as _Camden_ sets them down, -are four, _Watling-street_, _Ikemild-street_, _Ermin-street_, and -the _Fosse_. _Watling-street_ led through _Verolamium_ directly as it -were by a streight line to the West side of _Leicestershire_, and from -thence through the Northerly Counties into _Wales_. _Ikemild-street_ -began in the Countrey of the _Iceni_, tending Eastward. -_Ermin-street_ in the same quarter, running through _Cambridgeshire_, -_Huntingdonshire_, and so on towards _Lincolnshire_ led the right way -into the Northern Countreys on that side: (this street-way, happly, -may be that which among the inhabitants passeth now by the name of -_High Dike_.) The _Fosse_ passing through _Warwickshire_, came down -to _Stow_ on the _Would_, thence to _Cirncester_, from _Cirncester_ -continuing on towards _Bath_ and beyond it to _Somerton_ into the -Western Provinces: the ridge whereof is yet to be seen in divers places -of that tract. All of them lying so far from _Stoneheng_ that none of -them are remembred to come nearer then _Cirncester_ to any part of the -Plains whereon it stands, and therefore in this respect there can be -no cause to imagine this _Antiquity_ should be dedicated to her. Or, -is _Stoneheng_ sacred to _Diana_, because she was the Patronesse of -Gates? for which reason the Ancients built her Temples, either near -to them within their Cities, or not far from them in the pleasant -suburbs. But what Cities, or places having any such Gates, were ever -found anciently so near _Stoneheng_, as might cause the dedication of -so great a work to her? surely none. Or, is _Stoneheng_ hallowed to -_Diana_ because she had the tutelage of Mountains? if so, then where -are those Mountains to be found near this _Antiquity_ on _Salisbury_ -Plains? which Plains, North, South, East and Westward through the -midst of _Wiltshire_ are so open, that they terminate the Horizon. If -any such Mountains there, why do all Historians call them Plains? But -admit Mountains somtimes on _Salisbury_ Plain, what then became of -them? were they removed by Earthquakes, swallowed into the ground by an -_Hiatus_ of the earth, or levell’d by inundations? then let it be made -apparent when such like accidents fell out. Or is _Stoneheng_ dedicated -to _Diana_, because she delighted to bath her self in fountains and -fresh springs? where are those fountains and fresh springs to be found? -haply, in the utmost borders they may be had, none certainly in the -body of the Plains, or any thing near _Stoneheng_: spring veins being -not there to be found, unlesse by sinking wells or pits very deep, -which the inhabitants are enforced to make in severall places for -watering their sheep, and as glad they are there, as the Patriarchs -of old in the deserts of _Canaan_ to come by them. Or is _Stoneheng_ -sacred to _Diana_, because reputed Goddesse of hunting? then, who ever -desirous of a Temple for her, may finde it in _Daphne_, the anciently -famous suburbs of _Antiochia_, where was not onely a Temple dedicated -to her, but an _Asylum_ also, as _Strabo_ witnesseth: such places -only being held proper for her mysteries, where interven’d variety of -pleasures, goodly shadowy groves, delicate walks, and pleasant springs -of most cool and fresh waters. In the midst of these delights the -Ancients sited her Temples, not in wilde Downs, or vast Plains, so wide -and open that hardly see from one side of them to another, affording -neither shelter for travellers against canicular heats, nor succour for -cattell against the boisterous blasts of blustering _Boreas_. Lastly, -is _Stoneheng_ dedicated to _Diana_, because the supposed guardian of -woods? then remains it to be made apparent by them, those Plains in -ancient times bore another countenance then at present. That they were -full of Forrests, woods and groves, with variety of lawns, replenished -and stored with such sorts of game, and wilde beasts in chase whereof -_Diana_ and her companions are said to recreate themselves: from whence -some are of opinion she was called _Diana_, as much to say _Deviana, -quoniam venantes per devia & silvas deviare solent, captantes feras. -Because of huntsmens deviating, or wandring out of the way, through -uncouth paths and woods in pursuit of their game._ That those Plains -afforded as much pleasure and delights as the _Thessalian Tempe_, the -_Syrian Daphne_, or what place else as famous where her _Temples_ -anciently stood: and, in what unknown age they were disafforrested -and laid wast. Which, if ever so, certainly some signs thereof would -remain, or at least be found there, as well as in other parts of the -Island, in times past overgrown with woods. As in _Anglesey_ formerly -mentioned; in _Cheshire_, where, in digging their marlepits are often -found huge trees, demonstrating to posterity the forrests there -anciently growing; in the Isle of _Axholm_ in _Lincolnshire_, where -the inhabitants have hardly any fewell, but what such trees afford so -digged out of the earth; in _Somersetshire_, where I my self have seen -trunks of trees lying under ground, and expressing the places in times -past overgrown with trees, very few or none being in those places now -standing. Besides, some remembrance of the aforesaid forrests and woods -History questionlesse would yeeld; now what occasion soever Historians -take for mentioning this tract, not one word is delivered by them to -that purpose, all unanimously consenting ’twas never other then at -present an open and champion Countrey. A Theater on which _Bellona_ -often displayed her bloody ensigns, and acted severall tragedies in -times of old: A field of _Mars_, where _Romans_, _Saxons_ and after -_Danes_ for obtaining the dominion of this Island decided their -ambitious controversies. Of which actions we have visible testimony -unto this day, witnesse those burrows, and places where they cast -the bodies of their slain, over all quarters of the plain dispersed, -which in long time are so shrowded by nature with ever growing grasse, -that their memory will remain by their sepulchres to all posterity; -that which consumes all works of Art, making them still more fresh -and flourishing: witnesse spoils of war there frequently digged up, -as formerly remembred: severall encamping places of those severall -Nations in all parts of the plain even yet appearing, no place in the -whole Island, respecting the circuit, having more remains of them: Also -that huge Trench, mentioned before by the name of _Wansdike_, running -through the very bowels of them, such manner of trenches appearing no -where in any part of _England_ beside, saving where the like plains -interveen; so at _Newmarket Heath_ the like trench vulgarly called -_Devils Dike_, as if _made by Devils not by men_, is to be seen; -though in ancient times it was the limits of the Kingdome of the East -_Angles_, and it took end, as _Camden_ very well observes, _where the -passages by reason of woods grew cumbersome_: Which, if the like be -granted for _Wansdike_ (as is very probable, it ending also with the -Plains) then without controversie there were no more woods in times -of old on _Salisbury_ Plains then at this day; it running overthwart -them, as in a direct line from East to West. And who knows not, that -other manner of fortifications then running trenches upon direct lines -are to be cast up for defence of woody situations? But why urge more -Authorities, when the Inhabitants of the Countrey tell us, the soil or -ground being hot, dry, and chalky is altogether improper for the growth -of trees. Thus then the situation of the place, so antipathizing in all -respects with the nature and qualities anciently attributed to _Diana_, -and the _Manner_, _Form_, and _Order_ of this _Antiquity_, so contrary -to the custome used by the _Ancients_ in erecting her Temples, no -reason wherefore this _Temple Stoneheng_ should be conceiv’d as erected -for celebration of the superstitious ceremonies anciently ascribed unto -her _Worship_. - -Some, again, would have _Stoneheng_ consecrated to _Pan_; because _Pan_ -a _Greek_ word signifying the _Universe_, under him the whole frame of -_Nature_ was adored. And therefore, the _Ancients_ made his statues -with horns, saith _Servius_, expressing thereby the beams of the _Sun_, -and horns of the _Moon_; those issuing from his forehead, and turning -upwards towards _Heaven_, as _Boccace_ will have it, signified the -Celestiall bodies: feigning also, as the world moves with extraordinary -swiftnesse, he excelled likewise in speed of running. By the purple, -ruddy, and enflamed face, attributed to _Pan_, that pure fire, -above all other _Elements_ holding his place in the confines of the -Celestiall Sphears was demonstrated: by his large long beard descending -down upon his breast, the two superiour Elements _Aire_ and _Fire_ -of a masculine nature, sending down their impressions upon the other -two naturally feminine was shewed: by the spotted skin covering his -breast and shoulders, the eighth sphear wholly embelished with glorious -stars; inveloping in like manner all appertaining to the nature of -sublunary creatures was represented: by the sheep-hook which he held -in one hand, Natures dominion over all things (according to _Boccace_) -was signified: and as _Servius_ saith, because this staffe, or rod was -crooked, the year revolving into it self, was thereby expressed: in -the other hand holding a Pipe, consisting of seven reeds, whereby, the -Celestiall harmony conceived by some to have seven sounds, and seven -different tunes, according to the number of the _Planets_, and their -_Sphears_ which are seven, was so set forth. - -After this manner _Mythologists_ discourse of _Pan_, with various -opinions, according to the subtile niceties of their severall fancies: -and in these respects as having relation to the _Heavens_, this -_Antiquity Stoneheng_ is imagined sacred to _Him_. ’Tis true, if -_Mythologie_, and not demonstrative reasons were to be fixt upon in -matters of _Architecture_, the former conceptions might be some ground -to frame conjectures _Stoneheng_ sacred to _Pan_. But, _Architecture_ -depending upon demonstration, not fancy, the fictions of _Mythologists_ -are no further to be embraced, then as not impertinently conducing to -prove reall truths. Wherefore, the aforesaid ancient rules for building -_Temples_ considered, and comparing the _Order_, _Form_, _Aspect_ -and _Situation_ of the _Temples_ to _Pan_, with the like in this -_Antiquity_, so much contrariety is found betwixt them, as may convince -any reasonable judgement _Stoneheng_ not dedicated to _Him_. - -[Sidenote: _Nat. Com. lib. 5._] - -[Sidenote: _Dion. Hali. lib. 1._] - -[Sidenote: _Rosin. lib. 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Pausan. fo. 496._] - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 1. cap. 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Alexan. Don._] - -[Sidenote: _Pomp. Totti._] - -[Sidenote: _Pausan. fo. 114. & 317._] - -[Sidenote: _Ibid. fo. 516._] - -_Pan pastorum, venatorum, & universæ vitæ rusticanæ præsidem -crediderunt Antiqui_, saith _Natalis Comes_. _Pan_ was the reputed -_God_ amongst the _Ancients, of Shepherds, Huntsmen, and all those that -led an agrestick life_. The same Author also calling him _Piscatorum -Deum_, the _God of Fishermen_ as well as _Shepherds_. _Arcadibus -Deorum antiquissimus & honoratissimus est Pan_, saith _Dionysius_. -_Pan is the most ancient, and most honoured Deity of the Arcadians._ -And in _Arcadia_ itself where he was principally adored, they built -his _Temples_ for the most part in Towns of the same _Form_ and -_Order_ as to _Juno_: In the _Town of Heræa_, _habet Pan templum suum_ -(saith _Pausanias_ in his description of _Arcadia_) _quod olim_ Junoni -_dicatum fuit_, Pan _had his Temple which anciently was dedicated to_ -Juno. Now, the _Order appropriated_ to _Juno_ by the _Romans_, was -the _Ionick_, as is manifest from _Vitruvius_, who tels us, _To Juno, -Diana, and Bacchus_, and to the other _Deities_ of the same quality, -_they built Temples of the Ionick Order_. The _Form_ in like manner -of her sacred structures was quadrangular, as in Mount _Aventine_, in -_foro Olitorio_ (or the herb Market) in Mount _Quirinal_, and elswhere -amongst the _Romans_ the _ruines_ of her _Temples_ do evidently -witnesse: as also, her _Temples_ anciently at _Argos_, and amongst the -_Elians_ in _Greece_, built of the like _Form_, and of the _Dorick -Order_. But this _Antiquity_ is of the severe _Tuscane_ work, and of a -round figure. The _Temples_ to _Pan_ had a _Portico_ onely in _front_, -at _Stoneheng_ it continues round about the _Cell_. The _Temples_ to -_Pan_ were not exposed to the open _Aire_, and built uncovered as -_Stoneheng_ was, but had roofs upon them. For, _Ignis ei perpetuus -ardebat_, therein _they kept perpetuall fire_, as at _Acacesium_ a -_Town_ also of _Arcadians_; all _Temples_ wherein they kept such fires -being covered, as the _Temple_ to _Apollo_ at _Delphos_ amongst the -_Greeks_, and to _Vesta_ at _Rome_ amongst the _Romans_. But, if at -any time they did erect them distant from a _Town_, reserving always -the _Form_ and _Order_, they chose such situations as wholly environed -with trees; for example, the _Temple_ to _Pan_ in Mount _Lycæus_, -was compassed in with a thick wood, _condenso circumseptum luco_, as -_Pausanias_ hath it: so likewise, that _Temple_ sacred to _Him_ in the -_Parthenian_ Forrest, according to the said Author. Now, this _Temple -Stoneheng_ is sited in an open champion Countrey, where scarce a bush -or tree, much lesse thick woods, or forrests to be seen throughout -the whole Plain; nor was there ever any in times of old as History -remembers, and the nature of the soil, as I am informed, is no wise -prosperous for their growing there, as is sufficiently before declared. - -But _Pan_ (say they) being the God of _Shepherds_, why might not -_Stoneheng_ to gratifie them be erected, and consequently by the -_Romans_ dedicated to their God _Pan_? no place in the whole Island -more abounding with sheep, then the circumadjacent Plains; the almost -innumerable flocks whereof, not only most plentifully satisfying the -bordering inhabitants for food; but, from their delicate fleeces, a -great part of the known universe are clad also. I answer, amongst the -_Romans_ (declared at large before to be _Founders_ of _Stoneheng_) -I do not finde any one _Temple_, _Holy House_, _Sanctuary_, _Grove_, -_Altar_, or any such like sacred structure consecrated to _Pan_ in -their own Country; much lesse any _Temple_ dedicated unto Him by them -in _Britain_: and therefore, utterly improbable this _Temple Stoneheng_ -should be erected by the _Romans_ unto _Pan_. - -[Sidenote: _Dion. Hal. lib. 1._] - -[Sidenote: _Rosin. lib. 2. cap. 20._] - -[Sidenote: _Justin. lib. 43._] - -[Sidenote: _Plutarch. in Rom._] - -[Sidenote: _Rosin. lib. 3. cap. 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Plut. in Rom._] - -There was a _Temple_ indeed, built to _Pan Lycæus_ on Mount _Palatine_, -by those _Arcadians_ which accompanied _Evander_ into _Italy_; in -which, though the _Romans_ in succeeding times performed the same -rites, as the _Arcadians_ anciently had instituted; yet, _He_ passed -with the _Romans_ under the name of _Lupercus_, and in honour of -_Him_, as some Authors of opinion, certain festivals or games called -_Lupercalia_, at _Rome_ onely, not in Provinces conquered by them, were -solemnized by the _Romans_; Noblemens sons running in those games, -according to the primitive institution setting forth and beginning -their course at Mount _Palatine_, and so round about the City to the -same place again. I may not omit, neverthelesse, that severall Authors -deliver the _Lupercalia_ were instituted in thankfulnesse to _Lupa_, -or the wolf that gave _Romulus_ suck, and the course of those games -beginning at Mount _Palatine_ (not so much in remembrance it seems of -_Pans_ Temple there, as) from the _Lupercal_ or _the very place they -say where_ Romulus _was cast out_. - -[Sidenote: _Dion. lib. 1._] - -_Dionysius_ of _Halicarnassus_ tels us the _Arcadians_ built the -aforesaid _Temple_ to _Pan_, _idoneo invento loco &c._ when they had -found out a _convenient place_ for it adjoyning to their habitations: -the condition or nature of which place is not unworthy your -observation; for by his description thereof we shall easily perceive -what manner of situation was by the _Arcadian_ Shepherds held proper -for performing the ceremonies of their God _Pan_. His words are, _Erat -tum, ut fertur, spelunca sub tumulo magna, denso querceto contecta, & -sub petris profundi fonticuli, solúmque rupibus contiguum nemorosum, & -frequentibus ac proceris opacum arboribus: ibi ara deo extructa, more -patrio sacra fecerunt. Under the Hill_ (to wit, Mount _Palatine_) _was -anciently, as report goes_ (saith he) _a great cave or den, covered -over by a thick grove, deep wells or riverets running amongst the -stones of the cave, and round about it a wood, by the many and tall -trees growing therein very dark and obscure: there the Altar of the God -was placed, and his Sacrifices after their Country manner performed_. -Now is _Stoneheng_ thus sited, or was there ever any such like place -near this _Antiquity_? of all the places in _England_ that I know, none -comes nearer that cave, then _Ochy-hole_ in _Somersetshire_: And if the -Ancients held such dismall situations only proper for _Pans Temples_, -then without peradventure _Stoneheng_ was never erected in honour of -him, they being no innovators in their superstitions. - -[Sidenote: _Dion. lib. 1._] - -A further observation may be made to our purpose, upon the aforesaid -description, _Erat tum antrum magnum, it was anciently_ (saith -_Dionysius_) _a great cave_. But in his own time, which was under -_Augustus_, the _Romans_ had so choked up the place with building, -that the manner how _Pans Temple_ in old time stood, was hardly to be -discovered: _nunc quidem ædificiis_ (saith he) _fanum circumquaque -sepientibus, difficilis conjectura est qualis olim loci natura fuerit. -At this present, verily, the Temple being every way environed with -buildings, it is hardly to be conjectured in what manner of place it -anciently stood_. This was the cause which enforced him to deliver to -posterity the former description meerly upon report. Certainly then, -the _Romans_ employing the place to profaner uses, _Pans_ Deity was -little esteemed by them; otherwise, they would never have polluted it, -by setting up private houses upon the place consecrated to him. Now the -_Romans_ slighting him after this manner at home, little reason appears -so magnificent a structure as _Stoneheng_, should be erected by them -for adoration of _Pan_ in other Countreys. - -[Sidenote: _Nat. Com. lib. 5._] - -Furthermore, the Sacrifices in times of old offered to _Pan_ were milk -and honey, offered up in simple Shepherds crocks or earthen pitchers: -_quare non ritè sacrificabant, qui tauros illi immolabant, aut qui in -aureis poculis lac aut vinum offerebant &c. Wherefore, they sacrificed -not aright_, saith _Natalis Comes, who immolated Buls or Oxen unto -him, or out of golden cups poured forth milk or wine upon his Altars_; -for goblets of that metall were proper onely for the supernall and -celestiall _Deities_, not to terrestriall, and such as had care of -Heardsmen or Shepherd Swains. To which purpose also, the same Author -out of _Apollonius Smyrnæus_ remembers _Pan_, thus speaking of himself. - - _Sum Deus agrestis, cur his sunt aurea sacris - Pocula? quo vinum funditis Italicum? - Ad petram cur stat taurus cervice ligatus? - Parcite: non hæc est victima grata mihi. - Pan montanus ego sum, ligneus, ipsáque vestis - Pellicea est: mustum è fictilibúsque bibo._ - -In English thus: - - _A rurall God am I, in golden cup - The Falern wine, why then d’yee offer up? - Why at mine Altar, stands the stern Bull bound, - Or Oxe that’s fat, with laurell girland crown’d? - Spare ye such cost: no gratefull victimes these - Are unto me, others lesse costly please. - A Mountaineer, a wood-man clad in skin - Am I: your wine in earthen vessels bring._ - -But the Sacrifices anciently offered at _Stoneheng_ (already remembred) -were _Buls_ or _Oxen_, and severall sorts of beasts, as appears by the -heads of divers kinds of them, not many years since there digged up. - -[Sidenote: _Platin. in Bon._] - -[Sidenote: _Dion. lib. 53._] - -As for that of the _Pantheon_, it is very well known the _Ancients_ so -called it, not in any relation to _Pan_, but because it was sacred to -_Jove_ the _Revenger_, and according to others to _Cibele_, and all -Gods. For which reason, _Boniface_ the fourth obtained licence from -the Emperour _Phocas_, to consecrate it to the _Virgin Mary_, and all -Saints. And who knows not the _Architecture_ thereof wholly different -from this of _Stoneheng_? The _Pantheon_ hath its _Cell_ enclosed -with a continued solid wall, and the _Portico_ only in front, of the -delicate _Corinthian Order_; of which _Order_ the inner part consisted -likewise, being vaulted in most admirable and magnificent manner. From -whence _Dion Cassius_ delivers his opinion, _inde id nominis habere, -quod forma convexa fastigiatum, cœli similitudinem ostenderet, it to -be called the_ Pantheon, _because by the form of that vault wherewith -covered, it represented the concave of Heaven_, or (as others will) -the figure of the world; for the world being mans house, the firmament -is as the vaulted roof thereof. At the crown of the vault it had an -opening, by which only it received light and air. But, this _Antiquity -Stoneheng_ built of a grave and humble _Order_ (as is said before) had -a double _Portico_ continuing round about it, the Cell thereof free and -open, and every way exposed to the air, received light from all parts. - -Wherefore leaving these, _Stoneheng_ was dedicated, as I conceive, to -the God _Cœlus_, by some Authors called _Cœlum_, by others _Uranus_, -from whom the Ancients imagined all things took their beginning. My -reasons are, First, in respect of the _situation_ thereof; for it -stands in a Plain, remote from any _Town_ or _Village_, in a free and -open air, without any groves or woods about it. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. li. 1. cap. 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Godw. Antiq. l. 1. cap. 20._] - -Secondly, in regard of the _Aspect_; for _Stoneheng_ was never covered, -but built without a roof. Which _Decorum_ the _Romans_ ever observed, -both in the _Situation_ and _Aspect_ of the _Temples_ dedicated to -this their God, and to _Jove_ the _Lightner_, the _Sun_, and the -_Moon_. _Jovi fulguratori, & Cœlo, & Soli, & Lunæ, ædificia sub divo -Hypæthráque constituuntur. To_ Jove _the Lightner, and to Cœlus, and -to the Sun, and to the Moon, they erected buildings in the open air -and uncovered_, saith _Vitruvius_ in the second Chapter of his first -Book. Take with you also his reason. _Horum enim Deorum & species & -effectus in aperto mundo atque lucenti præsentes videmus, because -both the forms and effects of these Deities, we behold present before -our eyes, in a clear and open view._ Another reason I find also why -they built their Temples to _Cœlus_, and those other Deities uncovered -as _Stoneheng_: because they counted it an hainous matter to see those -Gods confined under a roof, whose doing good consisted in being abroad. - -[Sidenote: _Pier. Valer. Hier. lib. 39._] - -[Sidenote: _Leo Bapt. Alb. lib. 7._] - -[Sidenote: _Philand. in 4. lib. Vitr. cap. 7._] - -Thirdly, in regard of the _Form_ of _Stoneheng_, which is _circular_. -This figure was proper to the _Temples_ of _Cœlus_ and _Tellus_, whom -the Ancients called _Vesta_, as _Valerianus_ (in his _Hieroglyphicks_) -affirms. _Non solamente la palla, ma una simplice piegatura di ruota, -appresso gli Egizziani demostrava il Cielo. Not only_ (saith he) _the -circular form, but the meer segment of a circle amongst the Egyptians -was an Hieroglyphick of Cœlus_. And to this purpose also, _Leo Baptista -Albertus_ useth these words. _Ædem Vestæ, quam esse terram putarent, -rotundam ad pilæ similitudinem, faciebant. Unto Vesta, whom they -reputed to be the Earth, they built Temples of a round form globelike_. -Besides, observe what _Philander_ commenting on _Vitruvius_ tels us. -_Templorum quanquam alia fiant quadrata, alia multorum angulorum, Cœli -naturam imitati veteres, imprimis rotundis sunt delectati: Although_ -(saith he) _the Ancients made some Temples square, some of six sides, -others of many angles, they were especially delighted with making of -them round, as representing thereby the Form or Figure of_ Cœlum, -_Heaven_. - -[Sidenote: _An. Pal. li. 1._] - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 1. cap. 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Apollod. lib. 1._] - -Fourthly, in respect of the _Order_ whereof _Stoneheng_ built. The -severity of this _Tuscane_ work, retaining in it a shew (as it -were) of that first face of _Antiquity_ (as _A. Palladio_ terms it) -being most agreeable to the nature of this their God, reputed the -ancientest of all their _Deities_, and Father of _Saturn_. For, it -was the custome of the Ancients (as in part I remembred before) to -appropriate the severall _Orders_ of _Architecture_, according to the -particular qualifications of those they deified. _Minervæ, & Marti, -& Herculi, ædes Doricæ fient: his enim diis propter virtutem, sine -deliciis ædificia constitui decet. To Minerva, and Mars, and Hercules, -Temples of the Dorick Order were made; for, to these Deities in -respect of their valiant actions, it was requisite to build without -delicacy. Veneri, Floræ, Proserpinæ, Fontium Nymphis, Corinthio -genere constitutæ, aptas videbuntur habere proprietates, quòd his -diis propter teneritatem, graciliora & florida, foliísque & volutis -ornata opera facta augere videbuntur justum decorem. To Venus, Flora, -Proserpina, the Fountain Nymphs, the Corinthian Order was thought -most proper: because unto these in regard of their tender natures, -the work seemed to advance a just decorum, when made delicate and -flourishing, and adorned with leaves and volutes. Junoni, Dianæ, Libero -Patri cæterísque diis qui eadem sunt similitudine, si ædes Ionicæ -construerentur, habita erat ratio mediocritatis, quod & ab severo more -Doricorum, & à teneritate Corinthiorum, temperabitur earum institutio -proprietatis. To Juno, Diana, Bacchus, and to the other Deities of -the same quality, building Temples of the Ionick Order, they had -regard unto the mean, that from the severe manner of the Dorick, and -delicacy of the Corinthian, the condition of their indowments might be -duly moderated_, saith _Vitruvius_. To _Jupiter_, _Sol_, and _Luna_, -though they made Temples _sub divo_ open to the air and without roofs -like this _Antiquity_; yet were they not built of severe and humble -but most delicate _Orders_, and accordingly were adorned with costly -ornaments, and beautified with various enrichments in severall sorts -of sculpture, as by the ruines of them in divers parts of _Italy_ -remaining to this day, evidently appears. Respecting therefore, this -_Decorum_ used by the _Ancients_ in building their _Temples_, and that -this work _Stoneheng_ is principally composed of a most grave _Tuscane_ -manner, by just proportions of an agreeable form; it is in mine -opinion, as I said before, most agreeable to the quality and condition -of that ancient _Cœlus_, whom Antiquity reputed the very stem whence -all those Deities in the succeeding Ages proceeded. Cœlus _ex eadem -conjuge (scilicet Tellure) procreavit_ Oceanum, Cœlum, Hyperionem _&c. -& novissimum omnium_ Saturnum _suscepit_. Cœlus, _by the same wife_ -(to wit _Tellus_) _had_ Oceanus, Cœlum, Hyperion _&c. and last of all -begat_ Saturn. To which purpose also _Lactantius, I finde_ Uranius -_by his wife_ Vesta _had_ Saturn _and_ Ops: Saturn _attaining the -government, called his father_ Uranius, Cœlus, _and his mother_ Terra; -_that by this change of names, he might the more magnifie the splendor -of his originall &c._ Further, I conceive it will not be impertinent to -our purpose in hand, to deliver what the _Ancients_ have reported of -_Cœlus_; and wherefore they ascribed divine Honours unto Him. - -[Sidenote: _Boccace lib. 3._] - -According to the _Poets_, _Cœlus_ was not that huge machine adorned -with stars, which _Orpheus_ saith was composed for habitation of -the _Planets_, and other _Deities_, and which we behold moving with -continuall revolution: but a certain man so called, son to _Æther_ -and _Dies_, that, is _della virtù ardente, & della luce famosa, of -transcendent influence and resplendent brightness_, as _Boccace_ hath -it. - -[Sidenote: _Diodor. lib. 4._] - -By Historians, especially _Diodorus Siculus_, it’s thus delivered. -_Scribunt primùm regnasse apud Atlantides_ Cœlum: _Hominésque antea -per agros dispersos, ad cœtum, condendásque urbes exhortatum, à fera -eos agrestíque vita ad mitiorem cultum extitisse &c. They write, -he which first reigned over the_ Atlantides _was_ Cœlus, _and that -he invited men living dispersedly before throughout the fields, to -convene, and dwell in companies together, exhorting them to build -Towns, and reducing them from wild and savage to the conversation of -civill life: Taught them also to sow corn and seeds, and divers other -things belonging to the common use of mankind; Ruled likewise over a -great part of the world from East to West; Was a diligent observer of -the stars, and foretold men divers things to come: The year (before -confus’d) bringing into Order, according to the course of the Sun, -reducing it also into moneths after the Moons course, and appointing -likewise the severall seasons of the year. Whereby many ignorant of the -perpetuall course of the stars, and amazed at his future predictions, -did verily believe he participated of Divine Nature, and therefore -after his death, as well for benefits received from him, as great -knowledge of the stars, they conferred on him immortall honours, -and adored him as a God. And, as appears, called_ Cœlus _in regard -of his skill in the celestiall bodies, as also, for divers other -causes eternall King of all the world_. Thus _Diodorus_. It being an -ordinary custome among the Heathens to deifie, and esteem for Gods, -such excellent personages, as either had well ruled, or governed them, -or done any notable thing among them to their especiall benefit, or -good liking. Such, were they men, or women, remained with the name, -reputation, and reverence of _Gods_ or _Goddesses_ after their deaths. - -[Sidenote: _Plut. Phil. opin. lib. 1._] - -Furthermore, according to the _Philosophers_; _Men_ (they knew not how) -by nature soon wanting, and by instinct as soon seeking some God (in -stead of apprehending better) deified the _best_ to sense. Whereupon, -out of all _Entities_ as most glorious to the eye, they first made -choice of _Heaven_, and _Heavenly_ bodies; considering again, as the -most beneficiall objects, those living creatures, and fruits which -the _Earth_ beneath brought forth, to make compleat generations, they -coupled _Cœlus_ to _Tellus_, adoring _Heaven_ as Father, and _Earth_ as -Mother to these; the pouring down of showers from _Heaven_ seeming in -stead of naturall seeds, and the _Earth_ as a Mother to conceive, and -bring forth the same. - -[Sidenote: _Rosin. lib. 2. cap. 5._] - -Fifthly, the Sacrifices in times of old offered to _Cœlus_ were Bulls -or Oxen, their great God _Jupiter_ himself, as I find in _Rosinus_, -offering such Victimes unto him. _Ante pugnam, que cum Gigantibus in_ -Creta _habita est_, Jovem _sacrificasse dicunt_ Soli, Cœlo, _ac_ Terræ -_bovem. Before the battell struck with the Giants in_ Crete, _they say_ -Jupiter _sacrificed an Oxe to_ Sol, Cœlus, _and_ Terra. Now that there -hath oftentimes been digged out of the ground at _Stoneheng_, the heads -of such beasts, in all probability anciently in that place sacrificed; -I need not again remember, being it is so well known. - -[Sidenote: _Pier. Valer. Hier. lib. 60._] - -Sixthly, all the upright stones in this _Antiquity_ are _Pyramidall_ -like flames, in imitation of those _Ætheriall_ fires, wherewith the -_Heaven_ is adorned. Now, that _Fire_ hath the form of a _Pyramis_ is -evident, _percioche, essendo largo da basso, intorno alla materia & -esca, da che si pasce, finisce in acuta fiammache riguardo al Cielo. -Because, being large at the bottome, in respect of the matter and -fewell, by which it is fed, it finishes in an acute flame tending -upwards towards Heaven._ And, that the Heavens are adorned with fires, -_Natalis Comes_ in his Mythology, out of _Orpheus_, makes apparent. -_Nihil aliud esse Cœlum existimans, nisi hunc æthera qui constat ex -altissimis illis ignibus. Supposing the Heaven to be no other thing, -but this Air which consisteth of those transcendent Fires._ - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 5._] - -[Sidenote: _Pier. Valer. Hier. lib. 39._] - -Lastly, that _Stoneheng_ was anciently dedicated to _Cœlus_ I collect -from the _Conformation_ of the work. For the _conformation_ of the -_Cell_ and _Porticus_ in the Plant, was designed with four equilaterall -_Triangles_, inscribed in a _Circle_, such as the _Astrologers_ use -in describing the twelve _celestiall_ signs in musicall proportions. -According to that of _Vitruvius_; _In ea conformatione quatuor -scribantur trigona paribus lateribus & intervallis, quæ extremam lineam -circinationis tangant; In the conformation thereof let four triangles -be inscribed of equall sides and intervals, which may touch the extreme -part of the circumference: quibus etiam in duodecim signorum cœlestium -descriptione, Astrologi ex musica convenientia astrorum ratiocinantur; -by which figures also, Astrologers from the musicall harmony of the -stars ground their reasonings, as concerning the description of the -twelve celestiall signs_. Besides the _Cell_ it self in the formation -thereof, is cast into an _Exagon_, one of the three figures, likewise -used by _Astrologers_ in their aforesaid arguments of the _sympathy_ -of the stars. _Figuris tribus_ (saith _Philander_) _utuntur Astrologi, -Trigono, Tetragono & Hexagono. The Astrologers make use of three sorts -of figures; the Triangle, Tetragon, and Hexagon._ Furthermore, the -three entrances leading into the Temple from the Plain, were comparted -by an equilaterall _triangle_; which was the figure whereby the -Ancients expressed what appertained to _Heaven_, and divine mysteries -also. _Aggiungono i Magi_ (saith _Pierius Valerianus_) _che un -triangolo semplice di lati uguali, è indizio di divinità, overo effigie -di cose celesti. The_ Magi _adde that a triangle of equall sides -is a symbole of Divinity, or sign of celestiall matters_. Now this -_Antiquity_ consisting of severall stones, orderly disposed into one -entire work, in imitation, as it were, of those severall stars which -appearing to us in the Heavens in form of a circle, are called the -_celestiall Crown_; and wholly designed by those _Scheams_ wherewith -_Astrologers_ use to describe _celestiall_ bodies, which figures, -usually applied by them to particular accidents onely, being all -joyntly made use of by the _Architect_ for conformation of this sacred -structure, it is not improbable _Stoneheng_ was so composed, because -dedicated to _Cœlum_. Yea further, (if lawfull to compare an idolatrous -place with so divine a work) was not the _Temple_ at _Hierusalem_ -adorned with the figures of _Cherubims_; that thereby the Nations of -the Earth might know it was the habitation of the living God? and, why -not in like manner this _Temple_ composed by _Astrologicall_ figures, -that after Ages might apprehend, it was anciently consecrated to -_Cœlus_ or _Cœlum_ Heaven? - -[Sidenote: _Dan. Barba. in lib. 4._] - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. cap. 7. in Ven. 1584._] - -But in this conjuncture; concerning such kinde of _Temples_ as this -at _Stoneheng_, what saith the learned _Patriarch_ of _Aquileia_? _Io -credo, che quel Tempio senza parete significava alcune cose del Cielo, -gli effetti delle quali sono nelle scoperto. I beleeve that Temple -without walls_ (speaking of the _Monopteros_ aforesaid) _had a relation -to_ Cœlum (_Heaven_) _because the effects thereof are openly displaied -to the full view of all men_. - -_Camden_ tels us he had heard, that in the time of King _Henry_ the -eighth, a table of metall was found, not far from this _Antiquity_, -engraven with divers strange characters, which being not legible, was -neglected and lost: had, indeed, that Table been found within the work -it self it might happily have brought to light somwhat in relation -to _Stoneheng_. And by all likelihood, in time some inscriptions may -therein be found, it being the custome as well of _Greeks_ as _Romans_, -in times of greatest _Antiquity_, to lay inscriptions (usually) under -the first stones set in what works soever; especially, those of any -great magnificence. Wherefore, I advise mine honoured Friend _Laurence -Washington_ Esquire in whose demeasnes this _Antiquity_ stands, to -whom I am much obliged, for his friendly notice of what things have -been there of late years digged up, that he would be solicitous upon -any search made there, to enquire after them, and if any found not to -neglect, or curiously conceal them, but preserve and willingly produce -the same. - -I suppose, I have now proved from Authentick Authors, and the rules of -Art, _Stoneheng_ anciently a _Temple_, dedicated to _Cœlus_, built -by the _Romans_; either in, or not long after those times (by all -likelihood) when the _Roman_ Eagles spreading their commanding wings -over this _Island_, the more to civilize the Natives, introduc’d the -_Art_ of Building amongst them, discovering their ambitious desire, -by stupendious and prodigious works, to eternize the memory of their -high minds to succeeding Ages. For, the magnificence of that stately -_Empire_, is at this day clearly visible in nothing more, then in the -ruines of their _Temples_, _Palaces_, _Arch’s Triumphals_, _Aquæducts_, -_Thermæ_, _Theaters_, _Amphitheaters_, _Cirques_, and other secular, -and sacred structures. - -[Sidenote: _Camd. fo. 8._] - -History affords only _Contemplation_, whereby their great Actions are -made conceivable alone to reasoning: but the ruines of their buildings -_Demonstration_, which obvious to sense, are even yet as so many -eye-witnesses of their admir’d atchievements. - - Roma _quanta fuit, ipsa ruina docet_, - _How great_ Rome _was, her ruines yet declare_. - -Opinions fancied to the contrary, I have rendred improbable, the -Authors of them in respect of this _Antiquity_ being not only modern; -but also, what said by them _Romance_-like hatched out of their own -brains, even as other fables invented by them, touching the _Britains_ -of old. Men possest neverthelesse, with a former conceit of things, -endure not by any means new opinions, having not commonly patience to -search long after the truth thereof. To them, ever the more generally -received, the truer things seem, accounting all of their own time -despicable; insomuch, as some are so far in love with vulgarly receiv’d -reports, that it must be taken for truth, whatsoever related by them, -though nor head, nor tail, nor foot, nor footstep in it oftentimes -of reason or common sense. They that beleeve _Geffrey Monmouths ipse -dixit_, may make themselves merry therewith; in pleasing their own -fancy, they displease not mine. As I have delivered my own judgement -freely, all reason they should enjoy theirs. But such as sail in the -vast Ocean of time, amongst the craggy rocks of _Antiquity_, steering -their course, betwixt anciently approved customs, and convincing -arguments, guided by good Authority, and sound judgement, arrive -much safer, and with better repute, in the secure Haven of undoubted -_Truth_. For mine own part, I had rather erre happily with venerable -_Antiquity_, then so much as trouble my thoughts with modern conceits. -Whether, in this adventure, I have wasted my Barque into the wished -_Port_ of _Truths_ discovery concerning _Stoneheng_, I leave to the -judgement of skilfull _Pilots_. I have endevoured, at least, to give -life to the attempt, trending perhaps, to such a degree, as either -may invite others to undertake the Voyage anew, or prosecute the same -in more ample manner, in which, I wish them their desired successe, -and that with prosperous gales they may make a more full and certain -discovery. - - _FINIS._ - - - - - Errata. - - -Folio 10. line 6. These words, - -[_The_ Romans _overthrew not the Temples, or razed to the Foundations, -any of the sacred structures of the_ Druid’s _and_ Britans _made of -stone, or other materials, which he might as readily have done, if they -had used any such: but positively_,] should have been printed in the -ordinary letter. - - Fo. | Line | Read - | | - 18 | 22 | was - 28 | 4 | _Cappa_ - 38 | 19 | _Mercians_ - 49 | 37 | streit - 50 | 1 | streit - 80 | 23 | the roofe - - - Transcriber’s Notes: - - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - Text enclosed by equals is in blackletter (=blackletter=). - - Blank pages have been removed. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MOST NOTABLE ANTIQUITY OF GREAT -BRITAIN, VULGARLY CALLED STONE-HENG ON SALISBURY PLAIN *** - -***** This file should be named 64069-0.txt or 64069-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - https://www.gutenberg.org/6/4/0/6/64069/ - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where - you are located before using this eBook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |