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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d196179 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #64069 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64069) diff --git a/old/64069-0.txt b/old/64069-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b8f5979..0000000 --- a/old/64069-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4352 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The most notable Antiquity of Great Britain, -vulgarly called Stone-Heng on Salisbury Plain, by Inigo Jones - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The most notable Antiquity of Great Britain, vulgarly called - Stone-Heng on Salisbury Plain - Restored by Inigo Jones Esquire, Architect Generall to the late - King - -Author: Inigo Jones - -Editor: John Webb - -Engraver: Wencelaus Hollar - -Release Date: December 22, 2020 [eBook #64069] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Image source(s): https://archive.org/details/mostnotableantiq00jone - -Produced by: MWS, Robert Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet - Archive/American Libraries.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MOST NOTABLE ANTIQUITY OF -GREAT BRITAIN, VULGARLY CALLED STONE-HENG ON SALISBURY PLAIN *** - - -[Illustration: IGNATII IONES MAG: BRIT: ARCHITECTI GENERALIS, VERA -EFFIGIES, - -_Anth. van Dycke Eques pinxit,_ _W. Hollar fecit, aqua forti_] - - - - - THE - most notable - ANTIQUITY - OF - _GREAT BRITAIN_, - vulgarly called - STONE-HENG - ON - _SALISBURY PLAIN_. - - RESTORED - By _INIGO JONES_ Esquire, - Architect Generall to the late - KING. - - - _LONDON_, - Printed by _James Flesher_ for _Daniel Pakeman_ at the sign of the - _Rainbow_ in _Fleetstreet_, and _Laurence Chapman_ next door - to the Fountain Tavern in the _Strand_. 1655. - - - TO - The Right Honourable - PHILIP - Earle of _Pembroke_ and _Montgomerie_, - Baron _Herbert_ of _Caerdiff_ and _Sherland_, - Lord _Parr_ and _Rosse_ of _Kendall_, Lo: _Fitzhugh - Marmyon_ and Saint _Quintin_ &c. - _STONE-HENG_ restored - is - humbly dedicated - by - Your Loᵖˢ devoted servant - _John Webb_. - - - - - TO - THE FAVOURERS - OF - _ANTIQUITY_. - - -This Discourse of _Stone-heng_ is moulded off, and cast into a rude -Form, from some few indigested notes of the late judicious _Architect_, -the _Vitruvius_ of his age _Inigo Jones_. That so venerable an -_Antiquity_ might not perish, but the world made beholding to him for -restoring it to light, the desires of severall his learned _Friends_ -have encouraged me to compose this Treatise. Had he survived to have -done it with his own hand, there had needed no Apology. Such as it is, -I make now yours. Accept it in _his name_, from - - _J. W._ - - - - - STONEHENG - RESTORED, - BY - _INIGO JONES_ Esquire. - - -Being naturally inclined in my younger years to study the _Arts of -Designe_, I passed into forrain parts to converse with the great -Masters thereof in _Italy_; where I applied my self to search out the -ruines of those ancient _Buildings_, which in despight of _Time_ it -self, and violence of _Barbarians_ are yet remaining. Having satisfied -my self in these, and returning to my native _Countrey_, I applied -my minde more particularly to the study of _Architecture_. Among the -ancient monuments whereof, found here, I deemed none more worthy the -searching after, then this of _Stoneheng_; not only in regard of the -_Founders_ thereof, the _Time_ when built, the _Work_ it self, but also -for the rarity of its _Invention_, being different in _Forme_ from all -I had seen before: likewise, of as beautifull _Proportions_, as elegant -in _Order_, and as stately in _Aspect_, as any. - -King _James_, in his progresse, the year one thousand six hundred and -twenty, being at _Wilton_, and discoursing of this _Antiquity_, I was -sent for by the right Honourable _William_ then _Earl of Pembrook_, -and received there his Majesties commands to produce out of mine own -practise in _Architecture_, and experience in _Antiquities_ abroad, -what possibly I could discover concerning this of _Stoneheng_. What -mine opinion was then, and what I have since collected in relation -thereunto; I intend to make the subject of this present Treatise. And -certainly, in the intricate, and obscure study of _Antiquity_ it is -far easier (as _Camden_ very well observes) to refute and contradict -a false, then to set down a true and certain resolution. For mine own -part, in what I shall here deliver, I intend not to struggle against -any opinion commonly, and long since received. Let every man judge as -it pleaseth him. What opinion soever the Reader inclines to, I shall -not make much materiall, my aime being, a desire only to vindicate, -as much as in me lies, the _Founders_ of this venerable _Antiquity_ -from oblivion, and to make the truth, as far forth as possibly I may, -appeare to all men. - -Severall Writers, both Strangers, and our own Countreymen, have treated -of _Stoneheng_. Before recite whole opinions, I think not amisse to -seek this subject from the most ancient times, endevouring thereby to -give satisfaction whether or no, the _Druides_, _aliàs_ _Druidæ_ (in -Authors indifferently written, and in old time the _Priests_ of the -_Britans_ and _Gauls_) or the ancient _Britans_, for the _Druid’s_ use, -might not be the _Founders_ of so notable a monument; which if they -were, there is then no cause why bestow farther study or pains, in -searching who the _Founders_ were, but acquiesce in the honour of our -own Nations first erection of it. - -As far neverthelesse, as from History ancient or moderne may be -gathered, there is little likelyhood of any such matter, considering -especially what the _Druid’s_ were; also, what small experience the -_Britans_, anciently inhabiting this Isle, had, in knowledge of what -ever _Arts_, much lesse of building, with like elegancy and proportion, -such goodly works as _Stoneheng_. - -[Sidenote: _Cæsar. Commen. lib. 6._] - -[Sidenote: _Plin. lib. 16._] - -Concerning the _Druid’s_ in the first place, true it is, they are -reported in ancient times, to have been in great esteeme in this -Island, where their discipline, and manner of learning, was supposed to -be first invented, and from hence translated into _Gaul_. _Disciplina -in Britannia reperta_ (saith _Cæsar_) _atque inde in Galliam translata -esse existimatur._ They are said in like manner no have ordered and -disposed all divine matters, as well in relation to their severall -kinds of Sacrifices, as to expounding whatever rites of their -idolatrous superstition; insomuch, you may call them (if you please) -the Bishops and Clergy of that Age. - -[Sidenote: _Strab. lib. 4._] - -[Sidenote: _Cæsar. lib. 6._] - -Their power moreover, and preheminence was not confined within the -strict limits of sacred matters, but enjoying a more large prerogative, -temporall negotiations, and affairs of State were transacted by them: -the managing of Peace and War was usually remitted to their Authority, -even when Armies were ready to joyn in Battell. _Publica iis_ -(saith _Strabo_) _& privata judicia committuntur, & aliquando causis -bellorum disceptandis jam acie congressuros composuerunt._ Judges -they were (saith _Cæsar_ also) in almost all civill and criminall -causes: sentence they gave in case of life and death: decide they did -controversies, and debates betwixt party and party: finally, whatever -else was requisite and convenient to keep the people in due obedience -to their _Princes_, they wholly took the care and charge of. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. li. 1._] - -These were the maine affaires wherein the employment of the _Druides_ -consisted, and whereunto they wholly addicted themselves. Whosoever -desires to know more of them, may read _Cæsar_, _Diodorus Siculus_, -_Strabo_, _Pliny_, _Diogenes Laertius_, _Ammianus Marcellinus_, and -such like ancient Authors. But, whatsoever these, or other Historians -have written of the _Druides_, certainly, _Stoneheng_ could not be -builded by them, in regard, I find no mention, they were at any time -either studious in _Architecture_, (which in this subject is chiefly to -be respected) or skilfull in any thing else conducing thereunto. For, -_Academies_ of _Designe_ were unknown unto them: publique Lectures in -the _Mathematiques_ not read amongst them: nothing of their _Painting_, -not one word of their _Sculpture_ is to be found, or scarce of any -Science (_Philosophy_ and _Astronomy_ excepted) proper to informe the -judgement of an _Architect_; who, (as _Vitruvius_ saith) should be -_peritus Graphidos, eruditus Geometria, & Optices non ignarus_ &c. -_perfect in Designe, expert in Geometry, well seen in the Opticks, -skilfull in Arithmetick, a good Historian, a diligent hearer of -Philosophers, well experienced in Physick, Musick, Law and Astrologie_. - -[Sidenote: _Cæsar. li. 6._] - -Of all that have written of the _Druid’s_, no Author knew them better -then _Cæsar_, neither hath any more fully described them; who after -a large discourse of their discipline, priviledges, and _Theologie_, -_Multa de sideribus_ (saith he) _atque eorum motu, de mundi ac terrarum -magnitudine, de rerum natura, &c. disputant, & juventuti transdunt. -They make much dispute, and instruct their Scholars in many things -concerning the Stars, and their motion, the greatnesse of Heaven and -Earth, of the nature of things &c._ As for other Arts relating to the -_Mathematiques_, or any works of this kind, he makes no manner of -mention, though himself an _Architect_, glorying in his own, and much -more extolling others invention in that _Art_. - -The truth is, those ancient times had no knowledge of publique works, -either Sacred or Secular, for their own use, or honour of their -_Deities_. Besides, they us’d not any buildings of Stone, or (for -ought is manifest) knew so much, as how to order working therein. The -_Druid’s_ led a solitary contemplative life, contenting themselves with -such habitations, as either meer necessity invented, to shelter them -from contrariety of seasons, without _Art_, without _Order_, without -any whatever means tending to perpetuity: or, such as _Nature_ alone -had prepared for them in dens, and caves of desert and darksome woods; -esteeming it, questionlesse, the highest secret of their mystery, -rather to command in caves and cottages, then live like Kings, in -Palaces, and stately houses. They were too wise, knew too well, ’twas -their humility, integrity, retired manner of life, and pretended -sanctity possest the people with an awfully reverend esteem of them; -and which fed, and kept up their reputation throughout the Countrey, -when outward appearances of State and magnificence would either have -brought them into envy, and their superstition into contempt, or -themselves and _Religion_ both to be wholly extirpated and laid aside. - -[Sidenote: _Pomp. Mela lib. 3._] - -_Pomponius Mela_ discoursing of the _Druides_, _Docent multa_ (saith -he) _nobilissimos gentis clam & diu vicenis annis in specu, aut in -abditis saltibus_, _They teach the Nobility, and better sort of their -nation, many things, even twenty years together, secretly in caves, or -close coverts of obscure woods and forrests_. Such, and no other were -their habitations, such their Universities, and publique Schooles. - -[Sidenote: _Pliny lib. 16._] - -As for their _Temples_ and sacred structures, they consisted not in -variety of formes, costlinesse of materials, or perfection of humane -_Arts_, but were of _Natures_ own framing in like manner, being no -other then groves of Oke. _The_ Druid’s _chose of purpose_ (saith -_Pliny_) _such groves for their divine Service, as stood only upon -Okes; nay they solemnized no Sacrifice, nor performed any sacred -Ceremonies without the branches, and leaves thereof; from whence they -may seem well enough to be named_ Dryadæ _in_ Greek, _which signifies -as much as_ Oke Priests. - -[Sidenote: _Tacit. Ann. lib. 14._] - -The _Romans_ having forced their passage, and gained victory over the -_Druid’s_ in _Anglesey_, cut down their woods and groves, amongst -them reckoned holy, and consecrated to their execrable superstitions. -_Excisi luci_ (saith _Tacitus_) _sævis superstitionibus sacri_. - -To this purpose, _Humphrey Lloid_, in his history of _Wales_, The -vast woods growing in that Island, were not only by the _Romans_, but -afterwards, when the _Christian_ Faith took place in this _Nation_, -by the _Christians_ also fell’d and rooted out. And why? because of -the idolatry (saith he) and absurd Religion used in them. Again, in -his Epistle to _Ortelius_ concerning the Isle of _Anglesey_, the same -Author affirmes; Though there is little wood now growing there, yet -every day the roots and bodies of huge trees of a wonderfull length and -bignesse are by the inhabitants found, and digged out of the earth, in -divers places in low grounds, and champion fields. - -Now, if in stead of these roots, and bodies of trees, the ruines of -ancient Structures had been there found, it might peradventure, with -some probability, have been presumed either that the _Druid’s_ used -_Temples_, or some other buildings of stone. For, their ancient seat -was in the Isle of _Mona_, now _Anglesey_, whence modern Writers -style it _Insulam Druidum_, the _Island_ of the _Druid’s_, and _sedem -Druidum_, the seat of the _Druid’s_. And from hence, questionlesse, it -came to passe, the _Romans_, with such difficulty, under the conduct of -_Suetonius Paulinus_, brought that Island under their power; nor was it -wholly subdued to their Empire, untill _Julius Agricola’s_ time. For, -whereas in other parts of _Britain_, the people contended for Liberty -only, there, they fought _pro aris & focis_, for Liberty, and Religion -both. - -[Sidenote: _Tacit. Ann. lib. 16._] - -There it was the _British_ armies (saith _Tacitus_) being imbattailed, -the women ran to and fro amongst them in sable weeds, their hair about -their ears, and fire-brands in their hands, like infernall furies, the -_Druid’s_ round about them also, lifting up their hands to Heaven, -and pouring forth deadly curses; the novelty of which sight bred such -amazement in the _Roman Legions_, (the _Romans_ here, it seems, were -unacquainted with the _Druid’s_ till then) that they stood stock still, -and close together, not once moving a foot, as if possessed with a -resolution to act nothing at all, but receive their deaths tamely and -without any great resistance. - -Wherefore, besides, that History hath not remembred the ruines of any -ancient buildings digged up in _Anglesey_; if either, this _Antiquity_ -had been remaining in that _Island_, or any Author delivered such -Actions of the _Druid’s_, as aforesaid, performed about the place, -where _Stoneheng_ remains standing, there might have been some -advantage made thereof to the purpose now in hand. But _Anglesey_ -excepted, ancient Writers give them residence in no part of _Britain_ -beside, nor are they remembred by any, to have been found elswhere, -throughout the whole Nation. With respect whereunto, if the _Druid’s_ -had knowledge, either to build the like magnificent structures, or use, -for any such, they would, without all peradventure, have erected them -upon the same place rather where themselves resided, then elswhere. - -[Sidenote: _Cæs. Com. lib. 6._] - -Neither are we to wonder, they chose such an out-nook or corner as -_Anglesey_, to reside in; in regard, there, they lived remote, and -solitary; there, were store of caves, and dens to instruct their -Scholars in, close and retired places for their own habitations, and -plenty of groves to perform their sacred mysteries in. Moreover, they -past their days there, like the Hermits of old time, according to their -own desire, in full contentment, and with free liberty to study, and -contemplate what they pleased. For, _Anglesey_ (we must know) in those -times of yore, was wholly overgrown with desert Woods, and obscure -forrests, from whence the ancient _Britans_ call’d it _Ynis Dowil_, -the shadowy or dark _Island_. Which name it still retains, and is -well known thereby to the now inhabitants, who are, even at this day, -likewise enclined, (yea, they usually accustome themselves) to commit -things more to Memory, then Writing; and, as having received it by -tradition from their Ancestors, living in those ancient times, still -endevour to observe that custom of the _Druid’s, who held it unlawfull -to commit any thing to writing_. As _Cæsar_ (in the sixth book of his -Commentaries of the Gaulish war) delivers. - -Concerning the _Britans_ in the next place, The condition of those -ancient inhabitants of this Island in the _Druid’s_ time duly -considered, (_viz._ in what manner they lived, how unskilfull in all -Sciences, and civill customs, what Deities they had, in what places -they adored them, and what manner of buildings, or sacred or secular, -were used by them) as little reason appears, that this Antiquity was by -them erected. - -[Sidenote: _Herodian. lib. 3._] - -As for their manner of living, the _Britans_ were then a savage and -barbarous people, knowing no use at all of garments. _Vestis usum non -cognoscunt_ (saith _Herodian_.) Now, if destitute of the knowledge, -even to clothe themselves, much lesse any knowledge had they to erect -stately structures, or such remarkable works as _Stoneheng_. What -fashions they used to adorn their bodies with, the same Author tells -us. _As a rare and rich habiliment, they wore about their wasts -and necks ornaments of iron_ (saith he) _and did pounce and colour -their bodies with sundry forms, in rude manner representing severall -creatures_. In which regard, they would not be otherwise clothed, lest -constrain’d thereby to hide such their simple (though with them much -esteemed) bravery. - -[Sidenote: _Strabo li. 4._] - -Again, in other their civill customs, they were no lesse rude and -ignorant; yea, so barbarous, even in things appertaining to common -sustenance, and whatever husbandry; that (as _Strabo_) _Quidam eorum -ob imperitiam caseos nullos conficiant, cum tamen lacte abundent: alii -hortos colendi, & aliarum partium agriculturæ ignari sunt_. _Many of -them, though they had great plenty of milk, yet their want of skill was -such, they knew not how to make cheese: others so simple, they knew not -to order their gardens or orchards, or any thing belonging thereunto._ - -[Sidenote: _Dion li. 62._] - -[Sidenote: _Ral. li. 3. c. 5._] - -Their Countrey also then lay uncultivated, no corn sown: _Quævis herba -& radix cibus est_, _Their food was herbs and roots_ (saith _Dion -Cassius_.) Hence Sir _Walter Raleigh_ cals them the _British Nomades_. -And (by the way) it may not inappositely be observ’d, milk, roots, -and fruit were the chief banquetting dishes; and skins of beasts (if -clothed) the most costly habits of our Forefathers. Now who can, in -reason imagine, that any great knowledge, practice, or delight of Arts -and Sciences, wherein the elegancy of Architecture consists, should be -in use or esteem, amongst a people, wholly devoted (as I may so say) -and given over to such barbarity? - -[Sidenote: _Dion li. 76._] - -There were then no publick roads, or common high-ways to passe from -one place to another, no constant habitations, _Nec mœnia, nec urbes_, -_Nor towns nor walls_ (as _Dion_ out of _Xiphiline_ hath it) much lesse -_Temples_, or other buildings made of stone, composed by Art, with -Order, and Proportion. - -[Sidenote: _Dion lib. 62._] - -Moreover, who cast their eies upon this Antiquity, and examine the same -with judgement, must be enforced to confesse it erected by people, -grand masters in the Art of building, and liberall sciences, whereof -the ancient _Britans_ utterly ignorant, as a Nation wholly addicted to -wars, never applying themselves to the study of Arts, or troubling -their thoughts with any excellency therein. _Omnis arbor domus._ _Every -tree being in stead of a house to them._ - -[Sidenote: _Dion lib. 62._] - -In the wars which _Bunduica_ (whom _Tacitus_ cals _Boadicia_) Queen of -the _Iceni_, undertook against the _Romans_, wherein seventy thousand -of their Citizens, and allies perished; in disdainfull contempt of the -experience in Arts, wherein the _Romans_ flourished, _She_ accounted -it her chiefest glory (saith _Dion Cassius_) to command over the -_Britans_, in regard, a people they were, who had not learned, or -knew, what belonged to the cultivating _and manuring of lands; or the -practice of Arts, or to be craftsmen in any thing, save war_. _Qui non -agros colere, non opifices esse, sed bella gerere optimè didicerunt._ -Where you see, their having nor experience nor practice in any kinde -of Sciences, war excepted, was enforc’d, by _Bunduica_, as redounding -greatly to the _Britans_ honour, much advantage being made thereof by -_Her_, towards advancing _Her_ designs, as the Historian plainly tells -us. - -But certain it is, however barbarous in other affairs, a most warlike -people they were. Never, untill the forces of the whole world united -in the _Roman_ Empire conspiring to subdue them, liable to conquest: -neither could all that power, till after numbers of years spent in -the attempt, with infinite expence of men and treasure, ever prevail -against them. Now, as their sole skilfulnesse was in war, so they -idoliz’d principally what had relation thereunto, their _Dea optima -maxima_, being _Victoria_, whom they worshipped under the name of -_Andates_. Another Goddesse they had in much esteem, called _Adraste_, -which some imagine (as the _Nemesis_ amongst the _Greeks_) was their -Goddesse of Revenge. These, according to their savage manner of living, -they adored in groves, and woods, the only _Temples_ in use amongst -them, to perform their Sacrifices, and divine mysteries in. (as from -severall Authors I have already proved) Neither find I any particular -place mentioned, to which any of these their _Temples_ (if they may so -be called) were assigned; only _Andates_ (it seems from _Dion Cassius_) -had a grove sacred to her in the Countrey of the _Iceni_, anciently -containing _Norfolk_, _Suffolk_, _Cambridge_, and _Huntingdon_ Shires, -farre enough from _Stoneheng_. - -Besides, it is not to be past over in silence, how _Tacitus_ expresseth -himself in the before cited fourteenth Book of his Annals, telling us; -_The_ Romans _overthrew not the Temples, or razed to the Foundations, -any of the sacred structures of the_ Druid’s _and_ Britans _made of -stone, or other materials, which he might as readily have done, if they -had used any such: but positively, the_ Romans _cut down the_ Britans -_woods and groves, amongst them reckoned holy, and consecrated to -their execrable superstitions_. True it is, other Temples, of greater -magnificence then already spoken of, I find none: Ornaments of Art to -enrich them they were not acquainted with: such orderly composed works -as _Stoneheng_, they had not any: yea, no kind of sacred structures of -stone were in use amongst them: their idolatrous places being naturally -adorned, only with wild, and overgrown shades, designed and brought to -perfection by Dame Nature her self, she being Architect generall to all -their Deities. Nor did it consist with their vain Religion to use any -other, they making their worship, performing their Ceremonies, offering -their Sacrifices in dark and obscure groves, most conformable unto -their barbarous, and inhumane, humane oblations. - -[Sidenote: _Mayer. 1 K. 1. Ch._] - -[Sidenote: _Herod. li. 1._] - -Neither must it seem strange, they used no other Temples then these, -it not being their custom alone; for the _Excelsi_ or high places -mentioned in the sacred Story, wherein the Heathen performed idolatrous -rites unto their Idols, were commonly groves, affectedly sited upon -some mountainous place, without any _House_ or _Temple_. The _Persians_ -of old, (of whom _Herodotus_) _Neque statuas, neque templa, neque -aras extruere consuetudo est_, _Erected neither Images, nor Temples, -nor Altars_: _quinimo hoc facientibus insaniæ tribuere_, _accounting -it great folly and madnesse in those that did_: but ascending to the -tops of the highest, and most lofty hils, on them offered sacrifices -to their Gods. From hence, _Xerxes_, in his expedition, burnt down the -Temples of the _Greeks_, because they shut up their Gods therein, -to whom all things are open and free, and to whom the whole Universe -serves for a Temple. The _Abasgians_ also (inhabiting Mount _Caucasus_) -did worship, even till _Procopius_ his time, groves and woods; and in -a barbarian simplicity esteemed the very trees themselves to be Gods. -In like manner, the Northern and Southern people of _America_, made -all their Invocations and Exorcisms in woods. The ancient _Germans_ -likewise consecrated woods and forests. _Lucos ac nemora consecrant_, -saith _Tacitus_ of them. And the like places for idolatrous -superstition, did divers other barbarous Nations use, before reduced to -order, and civility of life, _Tacitus_ giving this reason for it: They -thought it a matter ill beseeming the greatnesse of their Deities, to -enclose them within Temples made by Art. His words are, _Nec cohibere -parietibus Deos arbitrantur_, _They thought it not fit to restrain -their Deities within compacted walls_: _id est, neque templis, neque -domibus_, viz. _neither within Temples or Houses made with hands_, as -_C. Pichenas_ commenting thereon more fully interprets. - -[Sidenote: _Ovid. Met. lib. 1._] - -[Sidenote: _Vitru. lib. 2._] - -Touching the manner of the buildings of the ancient _Britans_, and -of what materialls they consisted, I find them so far short of the -magnificence of this Antiquity, that they were nor stately, nor -sumptuous; neither had they any thing of _Order_, or _Symmetry_, much -lesse, of gracefulnesse, and _Decorum_ in them, being only such as -_Ovid_ (relating to the first Age of the world) makes mention of. - - ————————_domus antra fuerunt, - Et densi frutices, & junctæ cortice virgæ_. - -Thus Englished by _Arthur Golding_. - - ————————_their houses were the thicks, - And bushy queaches, hollow caves, and hardles made of sticks_. - -To like purpose _Vitruvius_. _In the first Age of the World_ (saith -he) _men lived in woods, caves, and forests, but after they had found -out the use of fire, and by the benefit thereof were invited to enter -into a certain kind of society_, _cœperunt alii de fronde facere -tecta, alii speluncas fodere sub montibus, nonnulli hirundinum nidos, -& ædificationes earum imitantes, de luto & virgultis facere loca, -quæ subirent_. _Some of them began to make themselves habitations of -boughs, some to dig dens in mountains; other some, imitating the nests -of birds, made themselves places of lome and twigs, and such like -materials, to creep into, and shroud themselves in._ Directly after -which manner of workmanship, were the houses of the ancient _Britans_. - -[Sidenote: _Diodo. li. 6._] - -_Domos ex calamis aut lignis ut plurimum habent compactas_. _Their -houses for the most part are of reed and wood_, saith _Diodorus -Siculus_. - -In the Northern parts they live in tents. _Degunt in tentoriis_, (saith -_Dion_, epitomis’d by _Xiphiline_.) - -[Sidenote: _Strab. lib. 4._] - -Their Cities were without walls, the Country without Towns. _Urbium -loco ipsis sunt nemora_, (saith _Strabo_) _woods stand them in stead -of Cities or Towns_. _Arboribus enim dejectis ubi amplum circulum -sepierunt, ipsi casas ibidem sibi ponunt, & pecori stabula condunt, ad -usum quidem non longi temporis._ _For when by felling of trees, they -have inclosed, and fenced therewith a large circuit of wood, therein -they raise cabbins and cottages for themselves, and hovels for their -cattell, of no great continuance, but only to supply their present use -and occasion._ - -[Sidenote: _Cæsar. lib. 5._] - -_Opidum Britanni vocant_ (saith _Cæsar_) _quum silvas impeditas vallo -atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandæ causa, convenire -consueverunt_, _The_ Britans _call a thick wood, enclosed about with a -ditch and rampire, made for a place of retreat to avoid the invasion -and assault of their bordering enemies, a Town_. - -Thus, you see, in what condition the Inhabitants of this Island lived -in those ancient times, having of themselves, neither desire, nor -ability to exercise, nor from others, encouragement to attain whatever -knowledge in the Art of Building. Precepts, and rules therein, the -_Druid’s_ neither could, nor would impart unto them. That they could -not, appears from what is formerly said, and in what skilfull above -others, they communicated nothing, but to those of their own society, -_taking speciall order_ (as _Cæsar_ affirms) _their discipline might -not be divulged_. - -[Sidenote: _Cæsar. lib. 4._] - -[Sidenote: _Ortel. descr. Fr._] - -[Sidenote: _Camden fo. 2._] - -As for Colonies of any Nation practised in Arts, from whom they might -receive or knowledge, or civil conversation, there were none setled -amongst them: neither had they commerce, or traffique, with any people -experienced therein, much lesse acquaintance with any other, except -those of _Gaul_, welnear as barbarous as themselves. _None of the_ -Gauls _in a manner, had any knowledge_ (saith _Cæsar_) _of the nature -and quality of the people of_ Britain, _or of the places, ports, or -passes of the Countrey_. _Neque enim temerè præter mercatores illò -adit quisquam, neque iis ipsis quidquam, præter oram maritimam, atque -eas regiones quæ sunt contra Galliam, notum est._ For, _not any went -thither without eminent danger, except merchants, and they also could -give accompt of nothing, save only the Sea-coast, and those Countreys -which were opposite to_ Gaul. _Never any Colony of the_ Greeks, _for -ought I know_ (saith _Ortelius_) _was seated in_ Britain. _And_ Cæsar, -_the first of all the_ Romans _that discovered it_, saith _Camden_. - -If desire neverthelesse, to know in what times the ancient _Britans_ -began to be civilized, when to learn the knowledge of _Arts_, to build -stately _Temples_, _Palaces_, _publick Buildings_, to be eloquent -in forrain languages, and by their habits, and attire, attain the -qualities of a civil, and well ordered people, _Tacitus_ shall relate -the same. - -[Sidenote: _Tacit. in vit. Agr._] - -_Sequens hiems saluberrimis conciliis absumpta_ &c. _The winter -ensuing_ (being the second year of _Julius Agricola_ his -_Proprætorship_, or Leivtenancy in _Britan_; _Titus Vespasian_ -Emperour, about one hundred thirty three years after the first -discovery thereof by _Cæsar_) _was spent in most profitable, and -politick Councels_ (saith _Tacitus_.) _For, whereas the_ Britans _were -rude, and dispersed, and thereby prone, upon every occasion, to warre_; -Agricola, _to induce them by pleasure to quietnesse and rest, exhorted -in private, and helpt them in common to build Temples, Houses, and -places of publick resort, commending those, that were forward therein, -and punishing the refractory. Moreover, the Noblemens sons he took, and -instructed in the liberall Sciences, preferring the wits of_ Britain, -_to the students in_ Gaul, _as being now eagerly ambitious to attain -the eloquence of the_ Roman _tongue, whereas lately they utterly -rejected that language. After that, our attire grew in account, and -the gown much used amongst them, and so by little and little they -proceeded to provocations of vices, to sumptuous galleries, baths, -and exquisite banquettings._ Thus far _Tacitus_. Now had there been -but the least mention made, by any Author, concerning the _Druid’s_ -instructing, and training up the ancient _Britans_ in any such matters, -as these, (which _Tacitus_ remembers the _Romans_ to have done) what -conclusions might have been rais’d from them? what presumptive reasons -drawn, to prove, _Stoneheng_ a work of the _Druid’s_, or at least -erected for their use? - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo. 63._] - -To conclude, if this authority from _Tacitus_ only, (an Author esteem’d -the _Polybius_ of the _Latines_) be throughly weighed, it will -evidently manifest, (whatever else hath formerly been delivered) there -was no such thing in _Britain_, before the _Romans_ arrived here, as -that which we now call _Stoneheng_. What credit else with posterity -could _Tacitus_ expect to gain, in affirming the _Britans_ were taught -and instructed in the liberall Sciences by the _Romans_; if those -_Arts_ acknowledg’d, to be practis’d amongst the _Britans_ before? -What need to have told us, the _Romans_ made them skilfull in erecting -sumptuous _Palaces_, stately _Portico’s_, and publick places, if the -inhabitants here, accustomed to enjoy such noble buildings, before the -_Romans_ arrivall in this Land? Why, tell succeeding Ages, when gentle -persuasions not prevail, to make the _Britans_ innovate, and admit of -sacred structures to whatever Deities, _Agricola_ compelled them to -found magnificent _Temples_, and assist therein, if this Antiquity -_Stoneheng_ extant before those times? Why also, should the _Britans_ -look upon the _Temple_ erected by the _Romans_ at _Camalodunum_, -(supposed _Maldon_ in _Essex_) in honour of _Claudius_ sacred memory, -as an _Altar of perpetuall dominion_ over them, if been used to such -structures before? yea, such an eye-sore the _Britans_ accounted -it, as, that _Temple_ was one of the principall causes, which gave -birth to that fatall insurrection under _Boadicia_. Neither would -_Tacitus_ have magnified the introducing those customs amongst them, -as admirable policy in _Agricola_, and the true and only rule to bring -them from their rude, and dispersed manner of living to civility, if -the _Britans_ attain’d such discipline before, or any knowledge in -the excellency of _Architecture_ preceding the time of the _Romans_ -government here. No, for what saith _Camden_? _It was the brightnesse -of that most glorious Empire, which chased away all savage Barbarism -from the_ Britans _minds, like as from other Nations, whom it had -subdued._ - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo. 4._] - -Furthermore, in the time of this _Agricola_, _Britain_ was fully -discovered, the _Romans_ had circumnavigated it, and knew, for certain, -it was an Island, formerly doubted of till his time; yea, there was not -a Port (as I may so say) a bay, mountain, valley, hill, plain, wood, -or forest, either any custom, rite, ceremony, or what else belonging -to the knowledge of the Countrey, or manners of the People, but the -_Romans_ were then as well acquainted with (especially, in that part -of the Island now call’d _England_) as, at this day, the Inhabitants -themselves are. Neverthelesse, what mention soever is made by their -Historians, concerning other matters of the _Britans_, not one word -is to be found of this Antiquity, or any building of this kind in use -amongst them. But, because some curiously learned have desired somwhat -to be spoken for their better satisfaction touching this particular, I -have been too prolixe. In a word therefore, let it suffice, _Stoneheng_ -was no work of the _Druid’s_, or of the ancient _Britans_; the learning -of the _Druid’s_ consisting more in contemplation then practice, and -the ancient _Britans_ accounting it their chiefest glory to be wholly -ignorant in whatever Arts. Neither could it be otherwise, seeing _their -life so uncivil, so rude, so full of wars, and consequently void of all -literature_. (as _Camden_ relateth) - -Yet, before I come to speak of this middle Age (if I may so call it) -wherein the _Romans_ prevailed, and to compleat their victories gave -first rise to civility in this Island; as, I began with times of great -Antiquity, so must I now descend to those lesse ancient, and modern, -wherein, as posterity hath suffered an irreparable damage, through want -of writing in those first times, so hath it been almost at as great a -losse, by too much writing in later times; so many Authors, so much -contrariety, so little certainty is found amongst them. Who, when -they could not search out the truth in deed, laboured to bring forth -narrations invented by themselves, without or reason, or authority: -delivering (saith _Camden_) their severall opinions, rather with a -certain pleasant variety to give contentment to their _Readers_, then -with any care or judgement to find out the truth of things. - - • • • • • - -[Sidenote: _Leyland. de assert. Arth. fo. 35._] - -Those ancient Historians who (among other actions of the _Britans_) -treat of this Antiquity, differ much in their severall reports. And, -as it is usuall with _Historiographers_ of other Nations, where, they -cannot give a just and rationall accompt of unwonted accidents, beyond -the common course of things, to fill up their stories with fabulous, -and incredible relations; so, no marvell, if we hear the like in our -own Histories. _Credibile enim est calamitatem bellicam, quæ ecclesias -unà cum bibliochecis exhauserat infinitis, clara vetustatis monumenta -abrasisse. For evident it is, through the calamities of wars_ (saith -_Leyland_) _which together with infinite Libraries ruined the Churches -themselves, the certain records of our Antiquities, are utterly lost. -Unde scripturienti de antiquitate_ Britannica _occultissima, pleraque -omnia. Whereby the Writers of the_ British _Stories, are all of them, -for the most part, very obscure and doubtfull._ - -Some others again, especially the most ancient and authentick -_British_ Historians, who liv’d in Ages next succeeding those, -wherein, _Stoneheng_ might probably be first erected, have wholly -passed it over with silence. In like manner venerable _Bede_, _William -Malmesbury_, _Roger Hoveden_, and others, speak nothing thereof, as -happily, willing rather to decline it altogether, then deliver it upon -frivolous conjectures, and in so doing cast a blemish upon their other -labours. Neither is it improbable, that the most ancient Authors, -considering the times wherein they wrote, upon the first springing up -of _Christian Religion_ here, might through zeal unto the true God, -forbear to commemorate unto posterity, places designed for idolatrous -uses; endeavouring rather, to suppresse the memory thereof, and make -succeeding generations sollicitous therein; then, in that infancy of -Divine worship, to illustrate the magnificence of the Heathens, for -building such notable structures to their false Gods. Insomuch, I find -very little, or no mention at all thereof in the _British_ Stories, -except by _Geffrey Monmouth_, with some who follow him, and by such -Authors only, as our most judicious Writers hold in many things, either -meerly fabulous, or overladen with malicious, or accidentary untruths. -Such relations neverthelesse, as they make thereof, I shall endeavour -to deliver in their own words, reduceable into two conjectures, _viz._ -either that _Stoneheng_ was erected by _A. Ambrosius_ (in ancient times -King of the _Britans_) in memory of the _British_ Nobility perfidiously -slain at a treaty by _Hengist_ the _Saxon_: or else, set up by the -_Britans_ themselves in honour of Him their said King. - -[Sidenote: _Gir. Camb. de adm. Hib. Cap. 18._] - -_Giraldus Cambrensis_, curiously diligent in his relations of the -miracles in _Ireland_, amongst other strange things in those parts, -reckons up this Antiquity _Stoneheng_. _Fuit antiquis temporibus in_ -Hibernia, _lapidum congeries admiranda_, (saith he) _quæ &_ Chorea -Gigantum _dicta fuit, quia Gigantes eam ab ultimis_ Africæ _partibus -in_ Hiberniam _attulerunt &c. There was in_ Ireland _in ancient times, -a pile of stones worthy admiration, called the_ Giants Dance, _because -Giants, from the remotest parts of_ Africa, _brought them into_ -Ireland, _and in the plains of_ Kildare, _not farre from the Castle of -the_ Naase, _as well by force of Art, as strength, miraculously set -them up. These stones_ (according to the _British_ story) Aurelius -Ambrosius, _King of the_ Britans, _procured_ Merlin _by supernaturall -means to bring from Ireland, into_ Britain. _And, that he might leave -some famous monument of so great a treason to after ages, in the same -order, and art, as they stood formerly, set them up, where the flower -of the_ British _Nation fell by the cut-throat practice of the_ Saxons, -_and where under the pretence of peace, the ill secured youth of the -Kingdom, by murdrous designs were slain_. - -[Sidenote: _Polychr. li. 5._] - -_Rainulph_ Monk of _Chester_, speaking of _Aurelius_, alias _Aurelianus -Ambrosius_ (by others called _Ambrosius Aurelianus_) saith (as Sir -_John Trevisa_ the Priest in old English laid it down) =His brother -Uter Pendragon by help of Merlin the Prophet brought= Choream Gigantum, -=that is Stonehenges out of Ireland. Stonehenge is now in the plain of -Salisbury: of that bringing of Stonehenge out of Ireland, speaketh the -British story, if it should lawfully be ytrowed.= - -It appears, _Rainulph_ of _Chester_, as easie credit as he gave to -strange stories, had not much confidence in this: and if, according to -_Geffrey Monmouth_, or _Matthew Westminster_, I should set it down, I -presume you would be of his mind. But, I affect not such conceits, they -are neither fitting my discourse, nor your perusall. Neverthelesse, -seeing none of them tell us, by what ways, or Arts, Giants (as they -will have it) brought them from the remotest parts of _Africk_ into -_Ireland_ (for it seems they could not hansomly find a _Merlin_ to -help them therein also) I shall take so much leave, following _Geffrey -Monmouths_ steps, as to give you, at least, some part of the story, -and relate (according to their opinions) how they came from _Ireland_ -hither. After _Geffrey Monmouths_ discourse of _Uter Pendragons_ -victory over the _Irish_, who with _Merlin_ forsooth and a great -Army, were sent by _A. Ambrosius_ to fetch the Giants dance, _Lapidum -structuram adepti_ (saith he) _gavisi sunt & admirati; circumstantibus -itaque cunctis, accessit_ Merlinus _& ait, utimini viribus vestris -juvenes, ut in deponendo lapides istos, sciatis utrum ingenium virtuti, -aut virtus ingenio cedat, &c._ i.e. _Having found the structure, from -joy they fell into admiration, and standing all of them at gaze round -about it_, Merlin _draws near, and thus bespeaks them: Use now your -utmost strength young men, that in taking away these stones, you may -discover, whether Art to strength, or strength gives place to Art. -At his command therefore, they bring severall sorts of engines, and -addresse themselves to pulling it down. Some ropes, some cables, some -had made lathers ready, that what they so much desired, might be -effected, but in no wise able to atcheive their purpose. Deficientibus -cunctis, solutus est_ Merlinus _in risum_ (saith _Geffrey_) _& suas -machinationes confecit. Denique cum quæque necessaria apposuisset; -leviùs quàm credi potest lapides deposuit: depositis autem, fecit -deferri ad naves, & introponi: & sic cum gaudio in_ Britanniam _reverti -cœperunt. All of them tired_, Merlin _breaks out into laughter, -and provides his engines. Lastly, when he had set all things in a -readinesse, hardly to be beleev’d it is, with what facility he took -them down: being taken down, he caused them to be carried to the -Ships, and imbarqued; and so with joy they began their return towards_ -Britain. Leaving it for us to suppose, with as small labour they were -imbarqued, dis-imbarqued, and brought from their landing place to -_Salisbury_ plain: all (it seems) done by _Merlins_ spels. But of this -too much. - -[Sidenote: _G. Mon. li. 6._] - -[Sidenote: _Verstegan Ch. 5._] - -Neverthelesse, as I contemne fables, so doe I imbrace, and take -pleasure in the truth of History: and therefore, that which concerns -the slaughter of the _British_ Nobility by treason of _Hengist_ -commander of the _Saxons_, as of greater moment, and truth, I shall -more fully relate. And _Geffrey Monmouth’s_ Authority in this -treacherous slaughter of the _Britans_, though I respect not so much, -as _Ninnius_, _Malmsbury_, _Sigebert_, and others that affirm the same; -yet, because he was the first, after so many, and so ancient Authors, -that father’d _Stoneheng_ their monument, and _A. Ambrosius_ founder -thereof, and therefore must trace him, and his followers therein. -I will give you the history likewise from him, and thus it was: -_Hengist_, upon his return with new supplies into _Britain_, finding -_Vortigern_ beyond expectation restored to the Crown, and withall -greatly alienated in his affections towards him, prepared for his -defence, with force of arms. But, whether he thought himself too weak; -or, that he rather sought to be especially revenged on the _British_ -Nobility, who had wholly unriveted his designs, or both; he thought it -no difficult matter to delude him by a Treaty, whom formerly he had so -easily beguiled with his Neece _Rowena_. To which purpose, he makes an -overture, to compose the enmities betwixt them at a Parley; and the -King accepting it, appoints _Ambresbury_ Town their meeting place, _Nec -mora, statuta die instante convenerunt omnes intra nominatam urbem_ -(saith _Geffrey_) _& de pace habenda colloquium inceperunt. Ut igitur -horam proditioni suæ idoneam inspexisset_ Hengistus, _vociferatus -est_, =Nemet oure saxas=: _& ilico_ Vortigernum _accepit, & per pallium -detinuit. Audito ocyùs signo, abstraxerunt_ (i.e. _eduxerunt_) Saxones -_cultros suos, & astantes principes invaserunt, ipsósque nihil tale -præmeditantes jugulaverunt circiter quadringentos sexaginta inter -Barones & Consules. The prefixed day being come, they all, without -delay, met in the aforesaid Town, and began their Treaty for Peace; -when therefore_ Hengist _saw fit time for execution of his intended -Treason, he cried out, giving the word_, =Nemet oure saxas= (=Nem -eowr seaxes= (saith Verstegan) that is, _Take your_ =seaxes=; a kind -of crooked knives, which each of the _Saxons_ then carried closely in -his pocket) _and forthwith seised upon_ Vortigern, _and held him by -his robe. The_ Saxons _quickly hearing it, drew forth their knives, -and fell upon the_ Britans _standing by, of whom, part Noblemen, part -officers of State, expecting no such design, they slew four hundred -and sixty. Quorum corpora beatus_ Eldadus _postmodum sepelivit, atque -Christiano more humavit, haud longè à_ =Kaer-caradane=, _quæ nunc_ -Salesberia _dicitur, in cœmeterio, quod est juxta cœnobium_ Ambrii. -_Whose corpses holy_ Eldad, _according to custome, after Christian -manner interred, not far from_ =Kaer-caradane=, _now called_ Salisbury, -_in the Churchyard adjoyning to the monastery of_ Ambresbury. - -[Sidenote: _Ma. West. fo. 84._] - -[Sidenote: _Hollinsh. l. 5. Speed lib. 7. Stow fo. 53. 4ᵗᵒ._] - -[Sidenote: _G. Monm. lib. 5._] - -With this relation of the _Saxons_ treachery, _Mathew Westminster_ (in -his _Flores historiarum_) seems to agree. And it wholly destroys the -opinion commonly received, That the said Treaty with the _Saxons_, -the massacre of the _Britans_, and likewise their interment, were at -_Stoneheng_; and that in memory, those matters so transacted there, -_A. Ambrosius_ in the same place erected this Antiquity. Wherefore, I -much wonder, our modern historians should cite the aforesaid Authors -in confirmation thereof, especially, when they affirm directly, the -treaty was held in _Ambresbury_ Town, and that the _British_ Nobility -fell by Treason there. _Jussit_ Vortigernus _& cives &_ Saxones Maiis -_Kalendis, quæ jam instare incipiebant, juxta_ Ambrii _cœnobium -convenire_ (saith _G. Monmouth_) Vortigern _commanded both his own -people, and the_ Saxons, _upon the Calends of_ May _then approaching, -to appear near to the Monastery of_ Ambresbury. _In Pago_ Ambri -_convenire, to meet in the Town it self of_ Ambresbury (saith _Mathew -Westminster_) In order to which summons, (that I may proceed with -_Geffrey Monmouths_ story explaining himself positively concerning the -place) _statuta die instante convenerunt omnes intra nominatam urbem, -&c. the appointed day being come, all of them met together within the -forenamed Town, and there treated_. The issue whereof was, that upon -the word given (as before related) _The_ Saxons _drew their knives, and -falling upon the_ Britans _standing by, slew them_. And, lest posterity -should doubt those sacrificed for their Countreys cause neglected in -their funerals, he leaves not there, but gives us the direct place, -and manner of their buriall, affirming plainly they were buried by a -Metropolitane of those times, even in a Church-yard, as Christians -should. _In cœmeterio, quod est juxta cœnobium, In the Church-yard, -close by the Monastery._ (saith he) There is not one word mentioned (I -pray observe) of _Salisbury plain_, where this _Antiquity Stoneheng_ -remains, throughout all their Story. - -[Sidenote: _Thomas. Procachio fo. 46._] - -But, it’s objected, although they were buried at the Monastery, the -monument for their memory might be set up elsewhere, in a place more -proper, and more conspicuous; even, as in the most properly conspicuous -places where great actions happened _Trophies_ were erected by the -_Romans_, whose customs _A. Ambrosius_ living long time amongst them, -knew very well. I answer, _A. Ambrosius_, is suppos’d by _Bede_, and -the best Authors, descended from the _Romans_; who, living many years -under their subjection, in forrain parts, had fully inform’d his -judgement, no doubt, with whatever customs, civill or martiall, then in -use amongst them. For, though the _Romans_ in those times, had utterly -lost all knowledge of Arts, questionlesse civill, and martiall customs -in some sort continued with them. Neverthelesse, if _A. Ambrosius_ did -erect any monument for the _British_ Nobility, he rather, doubtlesse -endeavoured to observe the rules of his own Religion, being a -Christian, then the Heathenish customs of his Ancestors. However, in -erecting it, at the place of their interment, he pursued both. As for -the Christians honouring to posterity their famous men after death, -it being so well known, I need not relate it. And, as concerning the -ancient _Romans_ manner in burying their Emperours, and those that had -triumphed, or otherwise deserved well of the Common-wealth, though they -burned their bodies abroad, the place for sepulture of their Ashes, was -within the City, monuments to their memory being erected, upon the same -place where buried; so was _Publicola_ honoured, so the _Fabritii_, the -_Cæsars_, and others. And, after the same fashion it seems, was the -monument for the _British_ Nobility (if any) set up where they were -interred; as in the place of all others most proper for it, all the -considerable circumstances touching their deaths, happening there in -like manner. - -It’s true the _Romans_ set up _Trophies_ for great Victories, in the -most eminent places where those victories were obtained by them; as -the _Trophy_ for _Caius Marius_ his vanquishing the _Cimbrians_, in -the most notable place where that memorable field was fought. Also, -the _Trophy_ dedicated to the memory of _Augustus Cæsar_ that by his -happy conduct, all the _Alpine_ Nations, were reduced to _Roman_ -obedience, was erected in the most conspicuous place of the _Alps_. -Now, this martiall custome considered, the _British_ Nobility being -(as the aforesaid Historians maintain) slaughtered in the Town, and -buried at the Monastery adjoyning. Some one of those high hils, on -either side _Ambresbury_, had certainly for site been more eminent, -and the monument it self more exposed to the daily view of travellers, -then about two miles from the Town, in a place remote, where this -_Antiquity_ stands. Which, though indeed eminent of it self, and -overlooking the plains adjoyning; yet, at a large distance, especially -on that side towards _Ambresbury_, and _Salisbury_-ward, is so -surrounded with hils; as it appears with an Aspect of Religious horror, -rather then as carrying any form of whatever sepulture. - -[Sidenote: _Math. West. fo. 92._] - -[Sidenote: _G. Mon. li. 8._] - -This, though sufficient to refute the preceding objection (the -former reasons being grounded upon customs only) I shall yet, from -the histories of those times, further answer thereunto; _Mathew -Westminster_ tels us, _A. Ambrosius_ having compleated his victories -over _Hengist_, and subdued his sons at _York_; _Deinde porrexisse ad -monasterium_ Ambri, _ubi principes defuncti jacebant, quos_ Hengistus -_prodiderat; from thence came to the Monastery at_ Ambresbury, _where -the deceased Nobles, whom_ Hengist _betrayed, lay buried._ And -_Geffrey Monmouth_, prosecuting the same story, affirms also, that -_A. Ambrosius_ being come to the Monastery, _ut locum quo defuncti -jacebant circumspexit, pietate motus in lachrymas solutus est, dignum -namque memoria censebat cespitem, qui tot nobiles pro patria defunctos -protegebat. So soon as he cast his eyes upon the place where the -slaughtered Princes lay interred, deplored them; esteeming that very -ground which covered so many Nobles, dying for their Countreys cause, -worthy eternall memory._ Upon this consideration, _Præcepit_ Merlino -(saith the same Author) _lapides circa sepulturam erigere, quos ex_ -Hibernia _asportaverat_. A. Ambrosius _commanded_ Merlin, _that -the stones brought out of_ Ireland (for he still troubles himself -and readers therewith) _should be erected about the place of their -buriall_. Whereby it clearly appears their Sepulchre was set up about -the same place where they were buried, and not elsewhere. Also, as -fully that their buriall place (as both the said Historians have told -us) was at the Monastery of _Ambresbury_, or Churchyard adjoyning to -it. All which former circumstances duly weighed, ’tis not possible -_Stoneheng_ should be supposed their Monument; except _Geffrey -Monmouth_, having made so formall a tale of their easie transportation -from _Ireland_, would compell us also to imagine, posterity might as -easily be induced to assent, they were in like manner removed from the -Churchyard at _Ambresbury_ to _Salisbury_ plain, the one being equally -as ridiculous as the other, and no manner of credit to be given to -either. - -Wherefore, laying all the aforesaid Authorities together. First, that -_Giraldus Cambrensis_ formerly cited, tells us, (in that part of his -story which carries most likelihood of truth) a Monument was set up -by _A. Ambrosius_, in memory of the _Britans_, slain at a Treaty by -the _Saxons_, upon the very same place _where slain_; and in order -thereunto the aforesaid _British_ Historians unanimously affirming -the place at which that treaty was held, and where those _Britans were -slain_ was the Town it self of _Ambresbury_, not where this _Antiquity -Stoneheng_ remains: again, if suspect _Cambrensis_ authority, and allow -rather what our Historiographer of _Monmouth_ saith, That the Monument -was erected by _A. Ambrosius_, upon that plat of ground, where the -slaughtered _Britans lay buryed_; he telling us also, their _buriall -place_ was in the Churchyard of the Monastery at _Ambresbury_ (at the -Monastery it self, saith _Matthew Westminster_) certainly then their -Monument (whatsoever it was) being set up at the place, where they -were both slain and buried, and (according to the aforesaid Authors) -they being nor slain nor buryed at _Stoneheng_, it must necessarily -follow, this _Antiquity_ was not erected in Honour of those _Britans_. -Unlesse any man will undertake to prove (which most certain it is none -can) _Stoneheng_ stands now, where _Ambresbury_ stood of old: or that -the Monastery and Churchyard thereof were not at _Ambresbury_, but at -_Stoneheng_. - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo._ 254.] - -[Sidenote: _G. Monm. lib. 6. & 8._] - -That the Monastery of three hundred Monks, stood there, (to wit at -_Ambresbury_) _Camden_, out of the Book called _Eulogium_, affirms. -And, that the Churchyard was close adjoyning to it, there’s no question -to be made. First, because in all times since Monasteries erected, -it was always in use, to lay out places for Churchyards belonging to -them, near to the Monasteries themselves. Secondly, because divers -Sepulchres, upon severall occasions, broken up at _Ambresbury_ -Monastery, manifest the same. Thirdly, because _Geffrey Monmouth_ -plainly tels us, they were buried in _cœmeterio, quod est juxta -cœnobium_; _in the Churchyard which is close by the Monastery_. Lastly, -it is further confirmed by these his formerly recited words, _A. -Ambrosius being come unto the Monastery, cast his eyes upon the place -where the slaughtered Princes lay interred_. Which is not possible he -should have done, if the Churchyard had been at _Stoneheng_; it being -very well known _Stoneheng_ cannot be discerned, even from the highest -hils, upon those parts especially, that next surround _Ambresbury_, -much lesse from the Monastery it self, sited in the bottome of a deep -vale by the river _Avons_ side. - -Among other Sepulchres found at the said Monastery, it’s worthy memory, -that about the beginning of this Century, one of them hewn out of a -firm stone, and placed in the middle of a wall, was opened, having upon -its coverture in rude letters of massie gold, - -[Sidenote: The originall Inscription I could not procure; such relation -thereof neverthelesse as came to my hands, I have, upon credit of those -persons of quality from whom received, inserted it here.] - - _R. G. A. C._ 600. - -[Sidenote: _Leyl. de assert. Arth._] - -The bones within which Sepulchre were all firm, fair yellow coloured -hair about the scull, a supposed peece of the liver, near upon the -bignesse of a walnut, very dry and hard, and together therewith, were -found severall royall habiliments, as jewels, veils, scarfs, and -the like, retaining even till then, their proper colours. All which -were afterwards, very choicely kept, in the collection of the Right -honourable _Edward_, then Earl of _Hertford_: and of the aforesaid gold -divers rings were made and worn by his Lordships principall Officers. -Concerning which Tomb (though I list not dispute) why might it not be -the Sepulchre of Queen _Guinever_, wife of King _Arthur_; especially -the Letters _R G._ as much to say, _Regina Guinevera_, declaring her -title and name; and the date _An. Chr._ 600. (if truly copied) agreeing -(possibly well enough) with the time of her death? Besides, _Leyland_ -affirms, severall Writers make mention, she took _upon her a Nuns veil -at_ Ambresbury, _died, and was buried there_. To which he gives so much -credit, that (whatever _Giraldus Cambrensis_ delivers to the contrary) -he will by no means allow, either her body to be afterwards translated -from _Ambresbury_, or, at any time, buried by her husband King -_Arthur_ at _Glastonbury_. Unto _Leylands_ reasons for her interment -at _Ambresbury_, _Camden_ (it seems) inclines also, because wholly -silent of her Sepulchre, discovered any where else: though he at large -sets down all the circumstances of her Husbands body, its being found -at _Glastenbury_. For, had _Camden_ apprehended any thing inducing him -to beleeve, her body had been together with his there found, he would -never, certainly, have concealed it from posterity. - -[Sidenote: _Speed lib. 7._] - -[Sidenote: _Stow fo. 53._] - -Whether the aforesaid Tomb so found, were her monument, yea or no, -enough concerning the slaughter and sepultures of the afore mentioned -_Britans_; as also, that _Stoneheng_ was not erected in memory of them. -Let us come now to _Aurelius Ambrosius_, and see whether _Polydore -Virgill’s_ story in relation to _Stoneheng_ agrees with what other -Authors have delivered of _Aurelius_. For from _Polydore’s_ authority, -our modern Writers raise their second, and quite contrary opinion: -namely, that the _Britans_ erected this _Antiquity_ for _A. Ambrosius_ -his Sepulchre. - -[Sidenote: _Polyd. Virg. lib. 3._] - -_Polydore Virgill_ treating of the actions of those times betwixt the -_Britans_ and _Saxons_; Britanni, _Duci suo_ Ambrosio _de republica -bene merito magnificum_ (saith he) _posuerunt sepulchrum_ &c. _The_ -Britans _in memory of his great atchievements for the Commonwealth, -erected a magnificent Sepulchre to their Chieftain_ Ambrosius, _made -of great square stones in form of a Crown, even in that place, where -fighting, he was slain, that the prowesse of so great a Commander, -should neither be forgotten amongst themselves, who then lived, or left -unremembred to posterity. Which Monument remains even to this day, in -the Diocese of_ Salisbury, _near unto the village called_ Amisbery. - -This opinion of _Polydore_ is grounded (as I conceive) upon no great -likelihood. For, should the _British Nobles_, far inferiour to _A. -Ambrosius_, in honour, and dignity, be buried in the Churchyard of a -Monastery, and a Sepulchre assigned for _Ambrosius_ himself in the -open fields? Should that _Christian_ King, who had accomplished so -many great atchievements victoriously against the _Pagans_, enemies to -_Christ_? Caused Churches to be repaired, which the Barbarism of the -_Saxons_ had destroyed? pulled down and demolished idolatrous places -of the _Heathen_, and (as is more probable) rather, then erected by -him, whilst living, to others, or by others, to his memory after dead, -the very first that began to deface this Heathenish sacred structure -(for, though a _Roman_, yet a _Christian_, and zeal to true Religion -might, no doubt, cause him dispense with ruining idolatrous _Temples_ -though formerly built, and consecrated to false Gods by his seduced -Auncestors) should he, I say, be buried Pagan-like, in unsanctified, -unhallowed ground, and others far lesse eminent, lesse conspicuous, in -more noble, and sacred places? It could never be. Neither reason of -State, nor fervor of piety, in those more scrupulous times, could ever -admit thereof. - -[Sidenote: _Leyl. de assert. Art._] - -Had _Polydore_, or any other, told us some Pagan-Saxon-Commander lay -there intombed, ’twould have carried a shew of much more credit, and -the ancient custome of that _Peoples_ burying their dead might have -been produced, at least as a probable argument, to confirm the same. -For the Saxons a Pagan Nation, if any of _their Princes or Nobility -died, in their houses at home of sicknesse, were buried in pleasant, -and delightfull gardens; if from home, and in the wars, not far from -their camps, in heaps of earth cast up in the fields, which heaps they -called Burrows: and the promiscuous common people in medows and open -fields_. Saxones _Nobiles gens Christi ignara, in hortis amœnis, si -domi forte ægroti moriebantur: si foris & bello occisi, in egestis per -campos terræ tumulis quos Burgos appellabant, juxta castra sepulti -sunt: vulgus autem promiscuum etiam in pratis & apertis campis._ -As _Leyland_, who laid a good ground-work towards the discovery of -_British Antiquities_, delivers. - -[Sidenote: _G. Monm. M. Westm. Polychron. Caxton. Leyland._] - -[Sidenote: _Knolls in vit. Ba._] - -[Sidenote: _Ped. Mexia in vit. Con._] - -[Sidenote: _Plutarch in vit. Pyrr._] - -_Polydore_ neverthelesse, had great reason to imagine _A. Ambrosius_ -famed the restorer of his Countrey (and Bulwark of War, as _Camden_ -cals him) worthy an everlasting Monument, _Extat etiam nunc id -monimentum in diœcesi_ Sarisberiensi _prope pagum quam_ Amisberiam -_vocant, Which monument is yet extant in the diœcese of_ Salisbury -(saith he) _not far from_ Ambresbury _Town_: and so was the Churchyard -of the Monastery too. He also tels us, _Factum fuisse ad formam coronæ, -it was made in form of a Crown_. An elegant expression (I confesse) -of a no lesse elegant work, if he meant _Stoneheng_; yet no argument -thereby to prove _A. Ambrosius_ or buried, or slain there. For, as -touching _A. Ambrosius_ his death, severall Authors, of as good credit -as _Polydore_ (his integrity neverthelesse I question not, others have -been busie enough therein) affirm, that _Pascentius Vortigerns_ son, -with many rewards corrupted a certain _Saxon_ called _Eopas_ (_Clappa_, -saith _Caxton_) who, taking upon him the habit of a Monk, under -pretence of Physick (_A. Ambrosius_ being then sick) gave him poyson, -whereof he died at _Winchester_. And no wonder he was so poysoned, -many examples of the like kinde being recorded in History. As in later -times, the _Turkish_ Emperour _Bajazet_ the second, under pretence of -Physick poysoned by a Jew: also _Conrad_ third of that name Emperour -of _Germany_, by an _Italian_: and, in times of old, under the same -pretence, _Pyrrhus_ that famous Epirot had been poysoned by his own -Physitian, if _C. Fabricius_ the Roman Consul would have enclined to -such ignoble resolutions, as _Pascentius_ after put in act against _A. -Ambrosius_ in our story. - -[Sidenote: _Ma. West. fo. 94._] - -Amongst other, who relate this disaster of _A. Ambrosius_, _Matthew -Westminster_ tels us, The said pretended Monk, _tandem ad Regis -præsentiam perductum, venenum ei porrexisse, &c. being at last -admitted to the Kings presence, administered poyson unto him, which -having drunk, the wicked Traytor advised him to sleep, and in so doing -suddenly should recover health! Nec mora, illabente per poros corporis -& venas veneno, mortem pariter subsecutam esse. But, ere long, the -poyson being dispersed through the pores and veins of his body, death -seizes upon him._ - -[Sidenote: _G. Monm. lib. 8._] - -Concerning the buriall of _A. Ambrosius_, if give credit to _Geffrey -Monmouths_ affirming _A. Ambrosius_ on his death-bed gave command, -and was accordingly buried, in the Sepulchre by him (whilst living) -prepared in the Churchyard adjoyning to the Monastery at _Ambresbury_, -then was _A. Ambrosius_ nor _buried_ at _Stoneheng_, nor consequently -this _Antiquity_ erected to his memory. _Geffrey Monmouth_ tels us; -_His death being known, the Bishops, Abbats, and all the Clergy of -that province, assembled together in the City of_ Winchester. _Et -quia vivens adhuc præceperat, ut in cœmeterio prope cœnobium_ Ambrii, -_quod ipse paraverat sepeliretur, tulerunt corpus ejus, eodem atque -cum regalibus exequiis, humaverunt. And with respect to his command, -whilest living, that in the Churchyard adjoyning to the Monastery at_ -Ambresbury, _prepared by him, he would be buried, they took his body -and with royall solemnities enterred him there_. - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo. 254._] - -Furthermore, at _Ambresbury_, that is, _Ambrose_ his Town, (_Camden_ -tels us) _certain ancient Kings, by report of the_ British _story, -lay interred_. Whether _A. Ambrosius_ was one of them, or no, I argue -not; yet the same Author saith, _Ambrose Aurelianus_ gave name unto -the place. And why not, he being buried there, as well, as upon the -translation of the body of _Edmund_ that most Christian King, the Town -of _Edmundsbury_ in _Suffolk_ was so called? - -It manifestly hence appears, _Stoneheng_ no Sepulchre, either erected -by _A. Ambrosius_, or by the _British_ Nobility, or to any of their -memories. Some Monument there was, perhaps, anciently set up in honour -of them, at the Monastery of _Ambresbury_. Which, the fury of the -_Saxons_ when victorious, or violence of time, which destroyeth all -things, utterly consuming, might happily be the reason, Historians in -succeeding Ages, finding so notable an _Antiquity_ as _Stoneheng_, not -far from thence, and not apprehending for what use it was first built, -suppos’d no other thing worthy _A. Ambrosius_, or those _Britans_, -then such an extraordinary structure. Whereas, the Monuments in those -ancient times, made for great Princes here in _Britain_, were onely two -Pyramids between which interred, of no extraordinary bignesse erected -to their memory in whate’re Religious places those Princes lay buried. -Moreover, if seriously take notice of the severall sorts of Sepulchres -used by divers Nations, none are found bearing like _Aspect_ with this -work _Stoneheng_, but of other kinde of _Architecture_, far different -in _Form_, _Manner_, and _Composure_. Some, made of one Columne onely; -or, if otherwise, only a vase erected on the place of buriall, as -amongst the _Athenians_: Some, had a Columne whereon the shields used -in War by the deceased, whilst living, were fixt, as in those medals -of silver, which the _Roman_ Senate dedicated to _Vespasian_: Some, -a Columne with a Statue thereon; so the famous Columne of _Trajan_ -had a _Colossus_ on the top thereof, as by his medals also appears. -Again, the _Gauls_ on the tops of Mountains, erected _Pyramid’s_ or -_Columnes_, as Monuments to their Princes. The _Saxons_ were buried (as -said before) in huge heaps of earth, to this day visible among us. The -_Keep_ of the now _Castell_ S. _Angelo_ at _Rome_ was the Sepulchre of -the Emperour _Adrian_. (such mighty moles were the Monuments of the -_Romans_) The _Greeks_ erected _Altars_, and instituted Sacrifices to -the memory of their _Chieftains_, as the _Spartans_ to _Lysander_: -The renowned _Carian_ Queen made the _Mausoleum_ for her husband, a -massie bulk of building, 140 foot high: The huge _Pyramid’s_ in _Ægypt_ -causing such wonder in the world, were Sepulchres of _Ægyptian_ Kings. -In a word, amongst all Nations, Sepulchres whether little or great, -were always reall and solid piles; not airous, with frequent openings, -and void spaces of ground within, exposed to Sun and wind, neither -uncovered like this _Antiquity_; or in any manner so built, as may -enforce the least presumption, that this our _Stoneheng_ was ever a -Sepulchre. - -[Sidenote: _Leyland. de assert. Art. fol. 25._] - -I have given you a full relation what concerning _Stoneheng_ hath been -delivered by Writers, in respect of us though ancient, yet in regard -of the great antiquity of this _Work_, indeed but modern, _Geffrey -Monmouth_ living not full five hundred years ago, and _Polydore -Virgill_ long after him, in King _Henry_ the eighths reign: Who, as -they are the principall Authors that write any thing of _Stoneheng_; -so, upon what authority deliver the same, they make not appear. -Insomuch, _Camden_ gives no more credit to their relations in this -very particular, then unto common sayings, (so he cals them) as if -grounded upon _Fame_ only, or invented by themselves. And it may the -rather be so presumed, because, as they lived not in ancient times, and -consequently could not themselves bear testimony of any such things; -so, neither the _Britans_ nor _Saxons_ for a long time after their -first arrivall here, had any Records or Writings to convey whatever -actions, either of their own, or others to posterity. _Ninnius_ a -_British_ Historian, living about one thousand years ago, telling -us, Britannos _doctores nullam peritiam habuisse, &c. The great -Masters and Doctors of_ Britain _had no skill, nor left memoriall of -any thing in writing_: confessing, that himself _gathered whatsoever -he wrote, out of the Annals and Chronicles of the holy Fathers. Nec_ -Saxones _amusi quicquam penè de rebus inter ipsos, &_ Britannos _eo -tempore gestis scriptum posteritati reliquerint_, &c. _Neither did the_ -Saxons _being unlearned_ (saith _Leyland_) _leave almost any thing in -writing to posterity, of the actions performed in those times betwixt -themselves and_ Britans: _whatsoever, remembred after Christ taught in -this Island, of the first victories of the_ Saxons, _being both taken -up upon trust from the mouth of the common people, and committed to -writing from vulgar reports only. Neither the_ Britans, _utterly worn -out with so many wars, had_ (as the same Author hath it) _or desire, or -opportunity, had they desired it, to bestow their pains in compiling -any whatever history, that might commend their actions to succeeding -Ages._ - -But, it maybe objected: If _Polydore Virgill_, and _Geffrey Monmouth_ -could neither be eye-witnesses themselves, nor have authority from -other more ancient Authors for what related by them concerning -_Stoneheng_: and that from whatever writings ancient or modern, not any -thing of certainty can be found out concerning the same; from whence -then appear, for what use, or by whom _Stoneheng_ erected? I answer, -though not appear from Histories written either by the _Britans_ or -_Saxons_; yet, as _Gildas_ professing he wrote his History (for the -former reasons) _by relations from beyond Sea_: and, as _Ninnius_ his -_out of the Annals and Chronicles of the holy Fathers_ as aforesaid: -so, severall other ways a possibility of truth may be gathered, namely, -from the authority of other Nations; from the concurrence of time for -such undertakings; from the customs of forepassed Ages in like works; -from the manner and form of building proper to severall Countries; from -the use to which such buildings applied, and the like. Upon which, as -occasion serves, intending hereafter more largely to insist, I shall -in the mean while set down the judgement our late Writers give of this -_Antiquity_. - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo. 251._] - -_Camden_, a diligent searcher after Antiquities of our Nation, having, -in his _Chorography_ of _Wiltshire_, collected all the aforesaid -opinions, together with his own, gives a summary description of -_Stoneheng_, in words as follow. _Towards the North, about six miles -from_ Salisbury, _in the plain, is to be seen a huge and monstrous -peece of work, such as_ Cicero _termeth_ insanam substructionem. -_For, within the circuit of a ditch, there are erected in manner of a -Crown, in three ranks or courses one within another, certain mighty -and unwrought stones, whereof some are twenty eight foot high, & seven -foot broad, upon the heads of which others, like overthwart peeces, do -bear and rest cross-wise, with a small tenon and mortaise, so as the -whole frame seemeth to hang; whereof we call it_ Stoneheng, _like as -our old Historians termed it for the greatness the Giants dance. Our -Countrimen reckon this for one of our wonders, and miracles. And much -they marvell, from whence such huge stones were brought, considering -that in all those quarters bordering thereupon, there is hardly to be -found any common stone at all for building: as also, by what means they -were set up. For mine own part about these points I am not curiously -to argue and dispute, but rather to lament with much grief, that the -Authors of so notable a Monument are thus buried in oblivion. Yet -some there are, that think them to be no naturall stones hewn out of -the rock, but artificially made of pure sand, and by some glewy and -unctuous matter knit and incorporate together, like as those ancient -trophies or monuments of victory which I have seen in_ Yorkshire. _And -what marvell? Read we not I pray you in_ Pliny, _that the sand or dust -of_ Puteoli, _being covered over with water, becometh forthwith a very -stone, that the cisterns in_ Rome _of sand, digged out of the ground, -and the strongest kind of lime wrought together grow so hard, that they -seem stones indeed? and that statues and images of marble scalings, -and small grit grow together so compact and firm, that they were -deemed entire and solid marble? The common saying is, that_ Ambrosius -Aurelianus, _or his brother_ Uther _did rear them up, by the art of_ -Merlin, _&c._ Thus far _Camden_, it being needlesse to repeat more from -him, having already delivered the story from the Authors themselves. -Yet here neverthelesse, as necessarily induced thereunto, I shall take -leave to observe something more remarkable to our purpose in hand, upon -his words. - -In the first place then, _Stoneheng_ is by him called _a huge -and monstrous peece of work_, terming it from _Cicero_, _insanam -substructionem_. To which I say, had _Camden_ as well attained other -abilities of an _Architect_, as he was skilfull in _Antiquities_: or -been as conversant in _Antiquities_ abroad, as learned in those of -his own Nation, he would have given a far different judgement hereof. -For, whosoever is acquainted with the ancient ruines yet remaining in -and about _Italy_, may easily perceive this no such huge building, -either for the circuit of the work, or bignesse of the stones, -they being as manageable to the _Roman Architects_, as amongst us -to raise a May-pole, or mast of a Ship. And, if this styled _huge_ -and _monstrous_, what may be said of _Diocletians_ baths? the great -_Cirque_? _Marcellus_ his Theater? _Vespasians Temple of Peace_? and -other prodigious works of the _Romans_? the very remainders whereof now -lying in the dust, breed amazement and wonder (not without just reason -too) in whosoever beholds them with attentivenesse and judgement. Nay, -whereas he styles it _insanam substructionem_, it’s demonstrable, -that betwixt this Island of great _Britain_, and _Rome_ it self, -there’s no one structure to be seen, wherein more clearly shines those -harmoniacall proportions, of which only the best times could vaunt, -then in this of _Stoneheng_. - -Moreover, _Our Countreymen marvell_ (saith he) _from whence such huge -stones were brought, considering that in all those quarters bordering -thereupon, there is hardly to be found any common stone for building_. -Upon what trust _Camden_ (his extraordinary judgement otherwise -considered) took this relation, I know not. For there is not onely -common stone thereabouts, for ordinary uses, but stone of extraordinary -proportions likewise, even for greater works (if occasion were) then -_Stoneheng_: the Quarries of _Hasselborough_ and _Chilmark_, both of -them not far from the borders of the plain, having of a long time -furnished all the adjacent parts with common stone for building. And -(to come nearer the matter) it is manifest, that in divers places about -the Plain, the same kinde of Stone whereof this _Antiquity_ consists -may be found, especially about _Aibury_ in North-_Wiltshire_, not many -miles distant from it, where not onely are Quarries of the like stone, -but also stones of far greater dimensions then any at _Stoneheng_, may -be had. - -[Sidenote: _Plut. in Marcel._] - -[Sidenote: _Herod. lib. 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Ptol. lib. 4._] - -[Sidenote: _Plin. lib. 36._] - -[Sidenote: _Dom. Font. lib. 1._] - -_They wonder also_ (saith he) _by what means they_ (that, is such -huge stones) _were set up_. What may be effected by that _Mechanicall -Art_, which _Dee_ in his _Mathematicall Preface_ to _Euclyde_, cals -_Menadry_, or _Art of ordering Engines for raising weights_; those (it -seems) of whom _Camden_ speaks took little notice of, when _Archimedes_ -during the siege of _Syracuse_, raised out of the Sea, and turned -in the air at pleasure, the Ships and Gallies of the _Romans_, full -fraught as they were with Souldiers, Mariners, and their ordinary -lading: and if King _Hieron_ could have assigned him, a fit place to -firm his engines on, he would have undertaken to remove, even the -terrestriall _Globe_ out of the worlds _center_, so high, perfection -in this _Art_ transported him. What should I say of the _Obelisk_ -in Ages so far past, brought from the Mountains of _Armenia_, and -erected in _Babylon_ by _Semiramis_, one hundred & fifty foot high, -and at the base twenty four foot square of one entire stone? _Est in -fano_ Latonæ (saith _Herodotus_ of his own knowledge) _delubrum ex -uno factum lapide, cujus parietes æquali celsitudine ad longitudinem -quadragenum cubitorum, cujus lacunari, pro tecto impositus est alius -lapis quatuor cubitorum per oras crassitudine. In the Temple of_ Latona -(in _Ægypt_) _is a Chappell formed of one stone, whose walls being of -equall height, are in length forty cubits, covered in like manner with -one sole stone four cubits thick_. Those, which made this wonder would -have much more admired, if they could have seen the _Obelisk_ raised -in times of old by King _Ramesis_ at _Heliopolis_, in that part of -_Ægypt_ anciently called _Thebais_, in height one hundred twenty one -Geometrical feet (which of our measure makes one hundred thirty six -feet) of one entire stone: and so little wonder made they of raising -it, that the Architect undertook and did effect it, the Kings own son -being at the same time bound to the top thereof. Amongst the _Romans_, -_Augustus Cæsar_ erected in the great Cirque at _Rome_, an _Obelisk_ -of one stone, one hundred and twenty foot, nine inches long: another -also, was set up in _Mars_ field, nine foot higher then it, by the -said Emperour. And it seems also, neither they, nor _Camdens_ self had -ever seen that _Obelisk_, which even in these our days, in the year -one thousand five hundred eighty six, _Sixtus Quintus_ caused to be -erected in the _Piazza_ of S. _Peter_ at _Rome_, one hundred and eight -_Roman_ palms high, and at the base twelve palms square, (according to -our Assise, fourscore and one foot high, and nine foot square) of one -entire stone also: _Dominico Fontana_ being _Architect_. But, there are -more strange things (as Sir _Walter Raleigh_ hath it) in the world, -then betwixt _London_ and _Stanes_. It is want of knowledge in _Arts_ -makes such admirers, and _Art_ it self have so many Enemies. Had I -not been thought worthy (by him who then commanded) to have been sole -_Architect_ thereof, I would have made some mention of the great stones -used in the work, and _Portico_ at the West end of S. _Pauls_ Church -_London_, but I forbear; though in greatnesse they were equall to most -in this _Antiquity_, and raised to a far greater height then any there. -What manner of Engines the _Ancients_ used for raising; and what secure -ways they had, for cariage and transportation of their huge weights, is -more proper for another subject. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 2. cap. 6._] - -_Some there are_ (saith _Camden_) _that think them to be no naturall -stones, hewn out of the rock, but artificially made of pure sand, and -by some glewy and unctuous matter, knit and incorporate together, like -those ancient trophies, or monuments of victory, which I have seen -in_ Yorkshire. As for these Monuments (for my part) I have not seen, -otherwise I would give my sense upon them, and happily they may be -found as far from being artificiall, as those at _Stoneheng_. _And -what marvell?_ (saith he) _read we not, I pray you, in_ Pliny, _that -the sand or dust of_ Puteoli, _being covered over with water, becometh -forthwith a very stone &c._ He might as well have told us the Rocks -in _Portland_ are artificiall. But it’s true, this sand of _Puteoli_, -was much used by the _Ancients_, and it is such a kind of earth, as -is very famous for its admirable effects in building, being tempered -with the cement of _Cuma_: For, it not onely yeelds strength to all -other buildings, but thereby also, all works made in the Sea under -water, are most firmly consolidated. Yet, doe I not find, that ever the -_Ancients_ made any artificiall stones thereof, or that _Vitruvius_ -hath any thing to that purpose, to him the credit given to _Pliny_, and -others, concerning the Earth of _Puteoli_, being only due; posterity -being in the first place beholding unto him for finding out the nature -of that earth, he giving us not only the effects thereof, but the cause -also from whence those effects proceed. _Hoc autem fieri hac ratione -videtur, quòd sub his montibus_ (i.e. _in regionibus_ Baianis, _& in -agris, quæ sunt circa_ Vesuvium _montem) & terræ ferventes sunt, & -fontes crebri, qui non essent, si non in imo haberent, aut de sulphure, -aut alumine, aut bitumine ardentes maximos ignes. Which is_ (saith -he) _by reason in those mountains_ (to wit, _in the regions of_ Baiæ, -_and fields about mount_ Vesuvius) _the grounds are hot, and full -of springs, which heat could not be, but that from the bottome, are -nourished mighty great fires, arising from sulphur, alume, or brimstone -there._ Indeed, according to _Pliny_, the sand upon the side of the -hill of _Puteoli_, being opposed to the Sea, and continually drenched, -and drowned with the water thereof, doth (by the restringent quality, -no doubt, of the salt water) become a stone so compact, and united -together, that scorning all the violence of the surging billows, it -hardeneth every day more and more. - -Neverthelesse, whosoever could find out any kind of earth in this -Island, naturally apt, to make artificiall stones of such greatnesse -as these; and, like them so obdurate also, that hardly any tool enter -them: or, that our Auncestors in times of old, did make use of such -a cement, and in what manner composed by them. The benefit thereof -doubtlesse, would amount so ample to this Nation, that Records could -not but render him deservedly famous to all posterity. In the mean -while, as it is most certain those stones at _Stoneheng_ are naturall; -so, am I as clearly of opinion, the very Quarries from whence hewn, -were about _Aibury_ beforementioned: where, no small quantities of -the same kind, are even at this day to be had; vast scantlings, not -only appearing about the Town it self, but throughout the plain and -fields adjoyning, the Quarries lying bare, numbers also numberlesse of -stones, are generally seen. (being no small prejudice to the bordering -inhabitants) As also, not far from the edge of _Wiltshire_, in the -ascent from _Lamborn_ to _Whitehorse hill_, the like stones are daily -discovered. To mention, more places in particular is needlesse, the -Quarries at and about _Aibury_ (without relating to _Lamborn_, or what -ever other) distant but fifteen miles or thereabouts from _Stoneheng_, -being of themselves sufficient to clear the doubt. These, having -through long time, got the very same crustation upon them, are in like -manner coloured, grained, bedded, weighty, and of like difficulty in -working, as those at _Stoneheng_. Some of which, being of a whitish -colour, are intermixt and veined here and there with red: some, of a -lightish blew, glister, as if minerall amongst them: some, for the most -part white, perplexed (as it were) with a ruddy colour: some, dark gray -and russet, differing in kinds as those stones at _Aibury_ do. Some of -them again, of a grayish colour, are speckled or intermixt with dark -green, and white, together with yellow amongst it, resembling after a -sort, that kind of marble which the _Italians_ (from the valley where -the Quarries are found) call _Pozzevera_; nothing, notwithstanding, so -beautifull, though naturally much harder, and being weathered by time, -as in this work; disdain the touch even of the best tempered tool. -Insomuch, that if nothing else, the more then ordinary hardnesse of -them is such, as will in part convince any indifferent judgement in the -nature and quality of stones; those, in this _Antiquity_, are not (as -_Camden_ would have them) artificiall, but naturall. - -[Sidenote: _H. Hunting, lib. 1._] - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo. 241._] - -Whatsoever, worthy admiration concerning _Stoneheng_, either in -relation to the greatnesse of the work in generall, the extraordinary -proportion of the stones in particular, the wonder the people make, -from whence brought, by what Arts or Engines raised, and in such order -placed, _Camden_ delivers; certainly, in his judgement he was wholly -opposite to the opinions of the aforesaid _British_ Historians. He -would never else, with so much regret have complained, _The Authors -of so notable a Monument lay buried in oblivion_, had he given any -the least credit, this _Antiquity_ had been built, either by _A. -Ambrosius_, or the _British_ Nobility, or to eternize either of their -names, or actions to succeeding generations. Let _Geffrey Monmouth_ -and his followers, say what they please, _Henry Huntingdon_ (his -Contemporary, if not more Ancient) is mine Author, _Nec potest aliquis -excogitare, qua arte tanti lapides adeo in altum elevati sunt, vel -quare ibi constructi sunt. No man knows_ (saith _Huntingdon_) _for what -cause_ Stoneheng _erected, or_ (which is fully answered already) _by -what Art such huge stones were raised to so great a height_. Take with -you also _Draytons_ judgement in his _Poly-olbion_ couched under the -fiction of old _Wansdikes_ depraving _Stoneheng_. (_Wansdike_ being a -huge Ditch in _Wiltshire_ so called, anciently, as _Camden_ opines, -dividing the two Kingdomes of the _Mertians_ and _West Saxons_ asunder) - -[Sidenote: _Poly-olbion Cant. 3._] - - _Whom for a paltry ditch, when_ Stonendge _pleas’d t’upbraid, - The old man taking heart, thus to that Trophy said; - Dull heap, that thus thy head above the rest doth reare, - Precisely yet not know’st who first did place thee there; - But Traytor basely turn’d to_ Merlins _skill dost flie, - And with his Magicks dost thy Makers truth belie_. - -For, as for that ridiculous Fable, of _Merlins_ transporting the stones -out of _Ireland_ by Magick, it’s an idle conceit. As also, that old -wives tale, that for the greatnesse it was in elder times called the -_Giants dance_. The name of the _dance of Giants_ by which it is styled -in _Monmouth_, hath nothing allusive, no not so much as to the _tale he -tels us_, saith a modern Writer in the life of _Nero Cæsar_. - -[Sidenote: _Speed lib. 7. Stow fo. 58. in 4ᵒ._] - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo. 194._ _Speed lib. 7._] - -Furthermore, our modern Historians _Stow_ and _Speed_, tell us, in -severall parts of the Plain adjoyning, have been by digging found, -peeces of ancient fashioned armour, and the bones of men, insinuating -this as an argument, for upholding the opinions of the _British_ -Writers. To which, if they would have those to be the bones of the -slaughtered _Britans_, how came those Armours to be found with them, -they coming to the Treaty unarmed, and without weapons? Howsoever, what -is done in the Plains abroad, concerns not _Stoneheng_, Neither can -any man think it strange, that in a place, where _Fame_ hath rendred, -so many memorable and fierce battels, fought in times of old, rusty -armour, and mens bones should be digged up. It is usuall throughout -the world in all such places, and (if I mistake not) _Sands_ in his -Travels, relates, that even in the Plains of _Pharsalia_, such like -bones and Armour, have lately been discovered: and Sir _Henry Blunt_ -in that notable relation of his voyage into the _Levant_, speaks with -much judgement of those _Pharsalian_ fields. Likewise, the aforesaid -Writers, might well have remembred, some of themselves deliver, that at -_Kambulan_, or _Cambula_ in _Cornwall_, such habiliments of War have -been digged up, in tillage of the ground, witnessing either the fatall -field, sometimes there fought, where _Mordred_ was slain by _Arthur_, -and _Arthur_ himself received his deaths wound: or else, the reliques -of that battel betwixt the _Britans_ and _Saxons_, in the year eight -hundred and twenty. ’Tis true, the relation conduces much towards -confirming, that ancient custome of the _Saxons_, formerly recited out -of _Leyland_, considering especially, not far from this _Antiquity_, -lie certain hillocks, at this day commonly called the _seven Burrows_, -where it may be presumed, some _Princes_, or _Nobles_ of the _Saxon_ -Nation lie interred. But, that _Stoneheng_ should therefore be a place -of buriall, the aforesaid relation to maintain the same is nothing -worth. - -They adde moreover, the stones yet remaining are not to be numbred, -according as our Noble _Sydney_ in his Sonnet of the wonders of -_England_. - - _Near_ Wilton _sweet, huge heaps of stone are found, - But so confus’d, that neither any eye - Can count them just, nor reason reason try, - What force brought them to so unlikely ground_. - -This, though it scarcely merits an answer, yet, to satisfie those -which in this point may be curious, let them but observe the orders -of the Circles, as they now appear, and not passe from one to another -confusedly (noting neverthelesse where they begin) and they’ll find the -just number easie to be taken. - -Now, though whether in order to the Place it self where this -_Antiquity_ stands, or _Persons_, by whom _Stoneheng_ pretended to be -built, enough laid, to wave the reports upon fancy, or common Fame, -formerly delivered: to the state of _Time_ neverthelesse, wherein the -_British_ Histories would have it erected, because nothing by me hath -yet been spoken, I will therefore adde, ’tis not probable such a work -as _Stoneheng_ could be then built. For, although our _Britans_, in -ancient time possessed, together with the _Roman_ civility, all good -_Arts_, it is evident during the reign of _A. Ambrosius_ (about the -first coming in of the _Saxons_ here, and towards the later end of -the fifth Century, as Historians and Chronologists compute it) in the -last declining of the _Roman_ Empire, the _Arts_ of _Design_, of which -_Architecture_ chief, were utterly lost even in _Rome_ it self, much -more in _Britain_, being then but a Tempest-beaten _Province_, and -utterly abandoned by the _Romans_. _Britain_, therefore, being over-run -with enemies, and the knowledge of _Arts_ then lost amongst them: -none, questionlesse, can reasonably apprehend so notable a work as -_Stoneheng_ could in such times be built. - -[Sidenote: _Serl. lib. 3._] - -That, amongst the _Romans_ and _Britans_ both, _A. Ambrosius_ governing -here, all Sciences were utterly perished, is evidently manifest. For, -the _Goths_ had then invaded _Italy_; and that vast Empire drooping -with extreme Age, by the fatall irruption of strange Nations, was not -only torn in peeces, but _Barbarisme_ having trod learning under -foot, and the sword bearing more sway then letters, or learned men, -all Sciences were neglected; and particularly that of _Building_ fell -into such decay, that till of late about the year one thousand five -hundred and ten, it lay swallowed up, and (as I may so say) buried -in oblivion. When one _Bramante_ of the Dutchy of _Urbin_, attaining -admirable perfection in _Architecture_, restored to the world again, -the true rules of building, according to those Orders, by the ancient -_Romans_ in their most flourishing times observed. Furthermore, not -onely liberall Sciences and _Architecture_, but _Art_ military also, -about the time of _A. Ambrosius_, was so far lost amongst the _Romans_, -that they were ignorant, yea, in the very rudiments of War. Insomuch, -(as _Procopius_ in his second Book of the _Gothick_ Wars relate) -_Barbarism_ had bereft them of the skill, even in what manner to sound -a retreat. - -[Sidenote: _W. Malmes. fol. 8._ _Camden fo. 87._] - -With us here also, the _Saxons_ domineer’d over all, and _A. Ambrosius_ -with the _Britans_ had enough to do, in endeavouring the recovery -of their lost Countrey from a mighty prevailing Enemy, that in few -years afterwards (maugre all the ways which force or policy could -invent) conquered the whole Nation. Among other calamities attending -that miserable Age, _Camden_ (from _William_ of _Malmsbury_) directly -to the purpose in hand tels us. _Cum Tyranni nullum in agris præter -semibarbaros, nullum in urbibus præter ventri deditos reliquissent_: -Britannia _omni patrocinio juvenilis vigoris viduata, omni Artium -exercitio exinanita, conterminarum gentium inhiationi diu obnoxia fuit. -When the Tyrants_ (to wit, the _Romans_) _had left none in the Countrey -but half Barbarians, none in the Cities and Towns, but such as wholly -gave themselves to belly-cheer_; Britain, _destitute of all protection, -by her vigorous young men, bereaved of_ all exercise, and practice of -good Arts, _became exposed for a long time to the greedy, and gaping -jaws of Nations confining upon her_. - -[Sidenote: _Gildas._] - -Here you have it from an Author, more ancient then _G. Monmouth_ a -little, though both lived in one age, the times about _A. Ambrosius_ -government, whether before, during his reign, or after, were so full -of miseries, that he complains, none then employed, or exercised in -any whatever works belonging to _Art_. They had somthing else (as -appears by divers Writers) to think upon, all their abilities being -insufficient to defend their Countrey from forein servitude, their -Cities and Towns from ruine, and destruction, and their habitations -from rage of cruell and insolent enemies, robbing, spoiling, burning, -wasting, all before them: to which, plague, pestilence, and famine -being joyned, the inland part of the _Island_, even to the Western -_Ocean_ was welnear totally consumed. - -Besides, the Countrey was so oppress’d, what with outward hostile -miseries, what with intestine tumults and troubles: that, had they -not lost the _practice of all Arts_ (as the former Historian saith -they had) so far were they from erecting any work of this kind, that -they were compelled to abandon their Towns, and houses, built in times -foregoing by their Auncestors, and betake themselves to mountains, -caves, and woods for shelter. Now, if the calamities of those times -hung over the _Britans_ heads, in so generall manner, that not one -amongst them had leisure to put pen to paper, (as from _Leyland_ before -remembred) much lesse able were they, without all peradventure, to -undertake so great a work as _Stoneheng_, wherein, as all rationall men -must grant, numbers of men employed, and many years taken up, before -brought to its absolute perfection. - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo. 228._] - -But, nothing can better expresse the ignorance of that Age, then the -barbarous manner of inscription upon the Tomb of the _British Hector_ -King _Arthur_, nephew to _A. Ambrosius_, found long since in the -Churchyard of the Abbey at _Glastenbury_, the letters whereof, being -exactly represented to our view by _Camden_, do, as by demonstration, -fully discover to us the Barbarism of those times. As, barbarous in -those characters, so were they ignorant in, and had lost the use of all -other _Arts_. _Nor exercise nor practice of good Arts, was then amongst -them_, saith the Historiographer of _Malmsbury_. And well he might so -deliver himself, not withstanding _Matthew Westminster_ tels us, _A. -Ambrosius_ repaired _Churches_, which the rage of _Saxons_, enemies -to _Christian Religion_, spoiled. For, besides, the vast difference -betwixt such works as _Stoneheng_, where _Art_ overmasters the common -skill of man, and making up the decaies of ruinated buildings, is -apprehensive even to the meanest capacities: _Gildas_ and _Bede_ (whose -Antiquity and learning the greater it is, the more is their authority -acceptable) affirm, the _Britans_ in those times knew not in what -manner to bring up bare wals of stone. When, the _Roman_ Legion sent -to aid the _Britans_ by _Valentinian_ the third, under the conduct of -_Gallio_ of _Ravenna_, was remanded hence, for defence of _France_; -before departing, they exhorted the _Britans_ to make a wall overthwart -the _Island_, to secure themselves from the _Barbarians_, _Picts_, and -_Scots_: which wall, _Bede_ tels us, _was made not so much with stone, -as turffes, considering they had no workmen to bring up such works -of stone; and so_, (saith the venerable Historian) _they did set up -one, good for nothing. ’Twas made by the rude, and unskilfull common -multitude, not so much of stone, as turffes_ (saith _Gildas_ also) -_none being found able to give direction for building works of stone_. -This was about thirty six years preceding _A. Ambrosius_ government. -In which time, the _Romans_ abandoning _Britain_, _Vortigern_ usurped; -call’d in the _Saxons_ to his aid; was deposed by his Nobility; and -_Vortimer_ his son set up. Whom _Rowena_ having made away; _Vortigern_ -was re-enthronis’d. Him _A. Ambrosius_ invades, and having burnt him, -together with _Rowena_ in _Wales_, assumes the Crown as his; holding -continuall war with the _Saxons_, untill poysoned by _Pascentius_ as -aforesaid. - -It being thus, that nothing but universall confusion, and destructive -broyls of war, appeared then in all parts; more ancient, and far -more propitious times, must be sought out for designing a structure, -so exquisite in the composure as this: even such a flourishing Age, -as when _Architecture_ in rare perfection, and such _People_ lookt -upon, as by continuall successe, attaining unto the sole power over -_Arts_, as well as _Empires_, commanded all. I say, such _Times_, and -_Persons_, because those things, which accord not with the course of -time, which by a generall consent of Authors agree not; which by the -approved customes of ancient Ages, and votes of learned men, are not -received and allowed, and consequently no ways probable; I easily admit -not of. - -Another fiction there is concerning _Stoneheng_, not to be past over; -and though the cause upon which it’s grounded, be far more ancient -then the government of _Ambrosius_, or aforesaid slaughter of the -_Britains_: neverthelesse, in respect it is a new conceit, not thirty -years being past since hatch’t, I suppose this the most proper place -to discourse thereof, having ended with _Geffrey Monmouth_, _Polydore -Virgill_, and their followers. - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 181._] - -The Author thereof is _Anonymus_, unlesse known in being Translator -of _Lucius Florus_. His opinion, (in his _Nero Cæsar_) _Stoneheng_ -the Tomb of _Boadicia_ (formerly remembred) Queen of the _Iceni_. -His reasons, first, because that memorable battell betwixt her, and -_Suetonius Paulinus_ fought upon a Plain. Secondly, in respect the -_Britans_ buried her magnificently. For confirming this, he tels -us, _Had the pretieus volumes of the_ Cornelian _Annals, and_ Dio -Cassius, _and_ John Xiphiline _been within the spheare of_ Geffrey -Monmouths _studies, not_ Aurelus Ambrosius, _nor those four hundred -and sixty Noblemen of_ Britain, _murthered in_ Vortigerns _reign, -should have carried away with him the fame of this materiall wonder, -but magnanimous_ Boadicia. It seems, he would not be behinde-hand with -_Monmouth_; for, as the one finding no story more famous then of _A. -Ambrosius_ and the slaughtered _Britans_, fathered _Stoneheng_ upon -them: so, to make the inventive faculty, as apparently predominant in -himself; this other, respecting _Boadicia’s_ heroicall actions, would -as willingly make the world beleeve this _Antiquity_ her Monument. - -His principall argument I delivered before; to wit, the battell betwixt -Her and the _Romans_, wherein _Boadicia_ utterly overthrown too, being -fought upon a Plain. Was there in old time (did he think) no Plain -in _Britain_ to fight a battell on but _Salisbury_ Plain? How came -_Boadicia_ and her Army thither? I find indeed, _Boadicia_ leading -one hundred and twenty thousand fighting men out of the _Icenian_ -Countries, and like a terrible tempest, falling upon _Camalodunum_, -that famous _Roman_ Colony of old, (where the first fury of the War was -felt) she surprised it and razed it to the ground; _Suetonius Paulinus_ -then in _Anglesey_: Intercepting _Petilius Cerealis_, who advanced -with the ninth legion to relieve that Colony, she cut all his Infantry -in peeces: Putting to the sword all those, which imbecillity of sex, -tediousnesse of age, or pleasure of the place detained from following -_Suetonius_ in his march from _London_: And taking _Verulamium_, -sackt and burnt it down to ashes. But, how she marcht from thence to -_Salisbury_ Plain is neither apparent nor probable; not the least -inkling being left in the world, what hostile acts she committed, which -way she moved, or what done by her, after the ruine of _Verulam_, till -utterly overthrown. - -[Sidenote: _Tacit. Ann. lib. 14._] - -[Sidenote: _Dion. Cas. lib. 62._] - -Can it be imagined, she that destroyed so great a Colony, together -with a free-borough of the _Romans_, slain seventy or eighty thousand -persons in such horrid manner as scarce credible; reserving not -one Prisoner alive, but killing, hanging, crucifying, and burning -whatsoever _Romane_, or to that party enclined: that was yet -victorious, and her Army encreasing daily; can it be imagined, I say, -she marcht to _Salisbury_ Plain with so huge an Army invisibly? or -stole from _Verulam_ thither by night, lest notice should be taken of -her proceedings? _Anonymus_ self cannot think so unworthily of his -_Boadicia_, yet certainly after such manner she went, if ever went -thither at all: Otherwise, _Boadicia_ marching in the height of glory, -and bearing down all before her till rancountred by _Suetonius_. Those -faithfull Historians _Tacitus_, and _Dion_, (both so sedulous in -delivering her Fame to posterity) would never have omitted so notable a -march, through such a large tract of enemies Countrey, as of necessity -she was to make from _Verulam_, to _Salisbury_ Plain; but would have -prosecuted her War, by recording the spoyls, rapines, burnings, and -devastations made therein; as particularly, as from the first fomenting -the rebellion, till her advance to _Verulam_, they have done. -Upon which Town, and the aforementioned places only, the aforesaid -Historians directly tell us the whole burden of the War fell. _Ad -Septuaginta millia civium & sociorum iis quæ memoravi locis occidisse -constitit_, saith _Tacitus_. _It was manifest, there were slain in -the places, I have remembred, the number of seventy thousand Citizens -and Allies._ Bunduica _duas urbes_ (saith _Xiphilines Dion_ also) -_populi_ Romani _expugnavit atque diripuit, in iísque cædem infinitam, -ut supradixi, fecit._ Bunduica _took and razed to the ground two Towns -of the_ Romans, _and in them made that infinite slaughter, I have -mentioned before, of fourscore thousand persons_. At _Verulam_ then, it -fully appears, the course of her Victories stopt, the inhumane butchery -of the _Romans_, and their confederates, ended with the massacre in -that Town; which could not possibly have hapned, if with such a firm -resolution to extirpate the _Roman_ name in _Britain_, and such a -numerous Army to effect it, she had gone on victoriously unfought with, -so far as where this _Antiquity_ stands. And therefore the Plain of -_Salisbury_ could not be the place of battell, as _Anonymus_ would fain -enforce it. Who having so largely, and with so good advice, discoursed -the motions, and actions of this rebellion, with all the circumstances -thereof, from the first rise, till she destroyed _Verulam_, should -either have found some warrantable authority for _Boadicia’s_ so great -an undertaking afterwards, else never engaged her so far within the -_Roman_ Province; otherwise, some may imagine, he framed it, only -out of ambition for a meer pretence, rather, then stated it, from a -reall endeavour, to make discovery for what cause _Stoneheng_ at first -erected. - -[Sidenote: _Tacit. Ann. lib. 14._] - -[Sidenote: _Dion. Cass. lib. 62._] - -Furthermore, _Suetonius Paulinus_ was too well skilled in the -discipline of war, to make the seat thereof in a Countrey so absolutely -_Roman_, as betwixt the _British_ Ocean and the River _Thames_. He -had it’s true (being return’d from _Anglesey_) abandoned _London_, -no colony. But upon what result? finding his accesse of strength -disproportionable to the War in hand, and therefore _determined with -the losse of one Town to preserve the rest whole_, (whether _London_ -or _Camalodunum_ is not to the purpose) and, by attending the motions -of the enemy, wait all fair occasions to give _Boadicia_ battell, -_being unwilling to try his fortune too suddenly, multitude and -successe making the_ Britans _outrageously daring_. In the interim -neverthelesse, raising what forces, the exigency of so important -affairs would permit. - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 105._] - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 154._] - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 155._] - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 166._] - -Which way _Suetonius_ marched from _London_ is altogether omitted, -yet if lawfull to conjecture, why not? to draw off the Forces of -_Catus Decianus_ Procurator, (not long before fled into _Gaul_, for -fear of this War) together with the remains of _Petilius Cerealis_ -troops; quartered, as _Anonymus_ confesseth, in those very camps yet -appearing about _Gildsbrough_ and _Daintry_ in _Northamptonshire_, -then, confining the _Icenian_ Dominion to the Westward. Which Troops -therefore, lay doubtlesse, in very great danger if not timely relieved; -especially in case _Boadicia_ should conduct her Army that way; as, ere -long afterwards she did so far as _Verulam_; this course being taken -by her, not improbably, in pursuit of _Suetonius_. Neither was it very -dangerous for the _Roman_ Generall to lead his Forces that way, the -Enemies main strength lying about _Camalodunum_. Howsoever, whether he -marched up to them or no, concluded it is, he made his retreat towards -_Pœnius Posthumus_ encamped with the _second Legion_ in the borders -of the _Silures_, (now _Herefordshire_, _Radnorshire_ &c.) for which -_Legion_, _Suetonius_ sending to have it brought up to his Rendezvouz, -his commands being slighted, that strength failed him. _The way which_ -Suetonius _took, after his departure, was in mine opinion_ (saith -_Anonymus_) _towards_ Severn, _where_ Pœnius Posthumus _encamped with -the second Legion among the_ Silures. So also _Spencer_ our famous -_English_ Poet finds it. Whereby it appears, _Suetonius_ retreat was -not Westward to _Salisbury_ Plains, but Northerly towards that _second -Legion_. In this retreat, I may not omit, _Anonymus_ conducts him -over the _Thames_ at _London_; which if granted, and, _that he kept -the river upon his right hand still_, untill engaging _Boadicia_, as -_Anonymus_ saith he did: then was _Suetonius_ march _far away_ indeed -from _Salisbury_ Plain. The course of that River winding, as we all -know, through _Barkshire_ out of _Oxfordshire_, where _Tame_ from the -County _Buckingham_, and _Isis_ from the edge of _Glocester_ Province, -make their conjunction a little beneath _Dorchester_. And, if keeping -this course _still_ by the Rivers side, _Suetonius_ marcht alongst the -banks of _Cherwell_ also, then must _Anonymus_, whether he will or no, -bring him up close to _Gildsbrough_ and _Daintry_, as aforesaid; and -thereby (for it is admitted _Cerealis_ horse-troops were at the fight) -reconciling all opinions, upon his direct way towards the _second -Legion_. - -How far on, neverthelesse, toward _Pœnius Posthumus_ Camp _Suetonius_ -advanced is uncertain; but, that the battell might be fought in some -Plain about _Verulam_, or upon that rode, is not altogether improbable. -(Especially considering part of _Suetonius_ strength consisted of -_Londoners_, who, as _Auxiliaries_ followed him in this War, and would -not stay behind). For, the _Roman_ Generall when marshalling his Army -for fight, had with him (saith _Tacitus_) _the aids of the places -adjoyning_. What places were these? the last _place_ named by him was -_Verulam_, the next place before it _London_; and, if the Historian -intends either of these two, by the _places adjoyning_ to the field, -where the battell fought; then, may _Anonymus_ prove the desarts in -_Africa_, as soon as the Plains of _Salisbury_, to be the place of -Battell. - -[Sidenote: _Cant. 10._] - -_Spencer_ saith, the battell was fought near _Severn_: - - _Which seeing stout_ Bunduca _up arose, - And taking arms, the_ Britons _to her drew; - With whom she marched straight against her foes, - And them vnwares besides the_ Seuerne _did enclose_. - -[Sidenote: _Tacit. Ann. lib. 14._] - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 179._] - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 178._] - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 161._] - -_Suetonius_, when resolving for fight, _deligit locum artis faucibus, -& à tergo silvâ clausum, satis cognito, nihil hostium nisi in fronte, -& apertam planitiem esse sine metu insidiarum. Choosed a place with a -narrow entrance, enclosed behind with a wood, being well assured, he -had no enemies but before him, and the Plain being open was without -fear of Ambush._ Thus _Tacitus_ describes the field, the _Roman_ Army -consisting of scarce ten thousand armed men. In what part of _Britan_ -soever this Plain lay, it was, for certain, of no great extent, being -hardly able to contain the vast multitudes of _Boadicia’s_ Army; -computed two hundred and thirty thousand fighting men, by _Dion_, -and therefore could not possibly be _Salisbury_ Plain. For, the -_Britans_ placing their carts and wagons _supra extremum ambitium -campi, in the utmost borders of the field_, had so environed their -Army therewith, that upon the rout given, they could hardly flee away, -_quia circumjecta vehicula sepserant abitus, by reason the carts_ -(saith _Tacitus_) _hedged in the passages on every side_, and (to use -_Anonymus_ own words) _were like a wall against evasion_. Now, if the -_Britans_ had so surrounded the utmost borders of _Salisbury_ Plain, -and in such manner barricado’d up all the passages thereof, their -numbers should rather have been millions then thousands, as every man -knowing those Plains must needs confesse. Besides, _Anonymus_ self tels -us, _after the_ Britans _in the head of their battel began to shrink -and turn, that alone was a blow to all behind, who being many score -of thousands, remain’d untoucht, during the fight, because they could -never come up to handy-strokes, for_ want of room _in the narrowings of -the field_. He told us even now there was scope enough. _Whereabout in -these parts of_ Britain, (saith he) _that very place was, unlesse it -were upon_ Salisbury _Plain, where there is a black heath, and_ scope -enough, _is not for me to imagine_. Now, on the contrary, when coming -to the issue, he tels us the Plain was narrow, and they _wanted room_. -Did the _Britans_ want room in the field, and were on _Salisbury_ -Plain? Surely, in the heat of his describing the Battel _Anonymus_ -forgot his own invention; the fury of the _Romans_, in beating down the -_British_ squadrons, therewith dasht the main force of his conceit to -peeces. Suspicious and jealous men had need of good memories. Upon the -aforesaid situation he might rather have observed, the great experience -of the _Romane Generall_ in martiall affairs, then from thence -suggested, the _Britans_ in point of honour erected _Stoneheng_ to -the memory of _Boadicia_, _Suetonius_ not onely choosing to make good -a straight enclosed behinde with a wood, for securing his own small -Troops, but such a straight also, where the Plain, or field before it, -was not of sufficient extent for _Boadicia_ to marshall her great Army -in. Furthermore, _Anonymus_ determining (it seems) to parcell out his -ground proportionable to the numbers, undertakes to give posterity an -exact survey of this Plain, telling us, it _was a Plain of five or -six miles over_: This makes it more apparent ’twas not _Salisbury_ -Plain, which far and wide so expatiates it self through the middle of -_Wiltshire_, that it is not onely _five or six miles_, but (as I may -say) five times six miles over. This famous battell then, being struck -upon a Plain hardly capable of _Boadicia’s_ Army, was not fought upon -_Salisbury_ Plain; but, on some other, which _Suetonius Paulinus_ found -best for his own advantage, and therefore _Stoneheng_ (as _Anonymus_ -would fain have it) could not be the Sepulchre of _Boadicia_. - -[Sidenote: _Dion. Cass. lib. 62._] - -Concerning _Boadicia’s_ magnificent obsequies; a mighty Prince may be -buried with great solemnity, yet no materiall Monument dedicated to -his memory. Examples of this kinde are so frequent, there needs no -mention of them. _Humaverunt magnificè_, (they are _Dions_ words) the -_Britans_ laid her into the earth magnificently, with as much pomp, -happily, and honour, attending her to the grave, as their barbarous -customs for their glorious Chieftain would admit; but, that they raised -any Monument, or erected whatsoever kinde of Sepulchre for her, much -lesse so notable a structure as _Stoneheng_, he no where tels us. Which -had the _Britans_ done, the Historian could not avoid, taking more -knowledge thereof, then of her bare enterment, and would undoubtedly -have recorded it. Again, grant _Salisbury_ Plain the place of Battell, -yet, _Dion_ saith not, they buried her magnificently where the battell -fought, only, _Humaverunt magnificè_: adding withall, those, that -escaped the field, prepared to re-enforce themselves for a new triall, -in the mean while a disease seizing on _Bunduica_, she died. Now -then, after so terrible an overthrow, wherein ’tis reported she lost -fourscore thousand _Britans_; _Boadicia_, in all likelihood, endevoured -to recover the _Icenian_ Countreys, her principall strength; having in -her speech before the Battell insinuated the fenny parts thereof, as a -refuge if the worst should happen. In what Countreys else could they -recruit? where falling sick she died, (whether by violent or naturall -death is not materiall) and as ever observed among all Nations, was, no -doubt, buried in her own territories, among the graves of her renowned -Ancestors. - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 117._] - -[Sidenote: _Sueton. in Ner._] - -[Sidenote: _Dion. Cas. lib. 62._] - -That the _Britans_, untill _Julius Agricolas_ time, had learned -nothing (as _Anonymus_ takes speciall notice) but _to fight, and were -no handicraftsmen_, whereby they might be capable of erecting such -works as _Stoneheng_, being already fully proved from _Tacitus_, I -will adde, the ringleaders or heads of commotions against Empires and -Commonwealths were anciently, (in many Countreys at this day) not -only themselves punishable by the Laws with death, but their whole -families and kindred though guiltlesse, suffered in like manner; -their very houses also, being razed to the ground, lest any knowledge -of such pernicious undertakings should remain visible to posterity: -and a capitall crime it was, in whomsoever that restor’d them. How -comes it then, _Boadicia_ the principall promoter, and Head of an -insurrection so fatall, as accounted by _Suetonius Tranquillus_, among -the infortunate losses of the _Roman_ Empire, and the more ignominious -by a womans conduct, should be permitted by the conquering _Romans_, a -monument to eternize her fame to succeeding Ages? _Boadicia_, that ript -up the bellies of the _Roman_ Legionaries, and cutting out their bowels -impal’d their bodies upon burning stakes; that hanged up the most noble -and honourable _Roman Dames_ naked, and slicing off their paps, sowed -them to their mouths, as in act of eating them; that in scalding water -boiled the _Roman_ infants, and young children to death; their Parents, -Husbands, and Commanders unable to relieve them, but enforced to give -way, and happy in so saving themselves from the cruell inhumanities -of the _Conqueresse_. _We fought for to live_, saith _Tacitus_. Yet, -when ere long afterwards, victoriously recovering _Britain_ to _Cæsar_, -by so memorable a battell as compared to their victories of old, -should the _Romans_ suffer the enthralled _Britans_ to erect a Trophy -to her memory, whose purpose was absolutely to root out all that was -_Roman_ here? what greater infamy to the _Roman_ name, except the -permission of it? They, who rased and broke in peeces whatever titles -and inscriptions, bearing the names of their _Cæsars_; pulled down and -demolished the royall _Ensigns_, _Trophies_, _Statues_, _Temples_, or -whatever else sacred, to their own Emperors, when actively administring -to the prejudice of the _Romane_ State; would they permit any publick -monuments be erected to the memory of a conquered Prince, of an Enemy -so barbarously cruell as _Boadicia_? That she lives in History, they -could not prevent; so live their worst of Emperors. Moreover, publick -Monuments were in all ages set up in honour of the Vanquishers, not -vanquished; respecting which, _Anonymus_ should also, either have made -_Boadicia_ Victresse, or never supposed _Stoneheng_ her Sepulchre. - -[Sidenote: _Ner. Cæs. fo. 182._] - -[Sidenote: _Tacit. Ann. lib. 14._] - -The time assigned by _Anonymus_, for erecting these _orderly irregular, -and formlesse uniform heaps of massive marble_, (as he cals them) _to -the everlasting remembrance of Boadicia_, is much above fifteen hundred -years since: _Petronius Turpilianus_ succeeding _Suetonius Paulinus_ in -the Leivtenancy of _Britain_; who by his idle and lazy life, making the -world beleeve there was peace here: _Anonymus_ will have it a proper -time, for permitting _such an office to the Britans_, in _Boadicia’s_ -honour. Times of peace, ’tis confest, when _Arts_ flourish under -nobly minded Governours, are chiefly proper for erecting magnificent -buildings. The Government under _Petronius_ was guilty of none of -these. As for the State of _Britain_ in generall, _Tacitus_ in the life -of _Agricola_ tels us, _Petronius_ had composed the former troubles; -but in what sort, the fourteenth book of his _Annals_ declares; _non -irritato hoste, neque lacessitus, neither the Enemy, incensed him; -nor he, provoked the Enemy_: otherwise _Petronius_ durst not do. And, -if peace setled, why doth the Historian call them Enemies? Concerning -his own person in particular, _Petronius_ gave himself over to an -unprofitable life, disguising it under the honourable name of peace. -_Honestum pacis nomen segni otio imposuit_, saith _Tacitus_. And, the -_Britans_ (as said before) were not then civilized, nor friends to -such Arts as either nourish or are nourished by peace, therefore such -a work of wonder as this _Antiquity_ famed, not to be expected from -them. For, as through the malignities of the Age, wherein _Aurelius -Ambrosius_ lived, the _Britans_ had utterly lost the practice of all -those _Sciences_, in times foregoing, learned by their Auncestors from -the _Romans_: so, through the neglect of civil policy in the preceding -_Roman_ Governours, in this Leivtenancy of _Petronius_, the _Britans_ -had not attained the knowledge of any those _Arts_, not many years -afterwards, taught their posterity by the _Romans_. Whole imperiall -Eagles took not wing in _Britain_ with such lofty speed, as over other -Countreys; _The_ Britans _being a fierce Nation, slowly giving ear to -any peace_, the _Romans_ had work enough in subduing them. _Julius -Cæsar_ rather shewed the Island to his successors, then left them -possession of it: _Augustus_ and _Tiberius_ held it policy to neglect -it: _Caligula_ intending to invade _Britain_, was diverted by his Wars -in _Germany_: _Claudius_ first prosecuting the conquest with effect, -established the colony at _Camalodunum_, and his Leivtenants _Aulus -Plautius_, _Flavius Vespasianus_, _Ostorius Scapula_, and _Didius -Gallus_ by little and little, after much contest, and various successe, -subdued certain Countries; and reducing the nearest part of the Island -to the form of a Province, built also, or rather cast up some few -fortifications further within the land: _Nero’s_ Generals had much to -do in keeping, what their predecessors gained; _Suetonius Paulinus_ -(under him) struck that fortunate battell with _Boadicia_, else the -_Romans_ beaten out of all. So that, in the time of _Petronius_, the -_Romans_ having obtained no such assured dominion over the _Britans_, -as might make them, themselves confident to undertake great and -stately buildings here, for their own either publick, or private -accommodations; (the ruine of _Camalodunum_ being too fresh in memory) -occasion was not offered, nor the time yet come, to let the _Britans_ -know by what _Arts_ all civill Nations of the world, did erect their -excessive, rather then not magnificent structures, for eternizing their -names to succeeding generations. And therefore, the Leivtenancy of -_Petronius Turpilianus_, not proper for building this _stony marvell_, -as _Anonymus_ suspects. For, beside what’s delivered, whensoever -_Stoneheng_ built, the preparation only of materials for the work, -and bringing them to the place, what _Engines_ or _Arts_ soever used, -necessarily, spent more time, then _Petronius_ consumed in the whole -continuance of his government here. What tumults succeeded him, let -others declare. - -[Sidenote: _Suet. in Vespas._] - -Furthermore, _if those_ times of _Petronius_ would not, _yet_ (saith -_Anonymus_) _other ensuing seasons might permit such an office to the_ -Britans, _her name for ever glorious among them_. The hainousnesse of -her Rebellion, horridnesse of her cruelties, and inveterate hatred -_Boadicia_ bore to the _Romans_, whereby _her name for ever infamous -among them_, clearly manifest all other _ensuing seasons_, equally -improper for those ancient inhabitants of this Island, to erect -_Stoneheng_. If the _Britans_, once attaining the _Romane_ manner of -_Architecture_, in any succeeding times had expelled the _Romans_, -and been triumphant; some probable reason, at least, _Anonymus_ might -have alledged, towards advancing his opinion. But _Boadicia_ and her -_Complices_ overthrown, the _Roman_ Power in this Island encreasing -dayly, and the liberty of the _Britans_ as fast declining, no following -_season_ could be opportunely favourable, for undertaking such a -work by them; the erecting whereof, yea the sole endeavouring to -commemorate by such publick means, so mortall an enemy to the _Romans_ -as _Boadicia_: nothing but the dearest lives of the bold attempters, -could, certainly, expiate. The _Temple_ upon Mount _Cœlius_ at _Rome_, -begun to _Claudius_ sacred memory by _Agrippina_, was destroyed to the -very foundations by _Nero_. If then, insulting _Agrippina_ might not -erect a memorable structure, to the glory of her deceased _Cæsar_; whom -the _Senate_ and _People_ of _Rome_, in all solemne manner deified: -What oppressed _Britan_, durst undertake the raising a publick Monument -to the honour of vanquished _Boadicia_, whom the State (in all reason) -for ever declared enemy to the _Roman_ Empire? And though, after a long -succession of years, the _Romans_ abandoned this Island, yet, when -departed, the _Britans_ were left in such deplorable condition, (at -large declared before) that, albeit _her name_ never so glorious among -them, they had much more to do, in saving their own miserable lives -from plague, famine, and the sword, then any opportunity, or ability -to erect whatever Monument to the glory of _Boadicia_. But, of this -enough; the invalidity of _Anonymus_ opinion especially respected. -The discovering the originall foundation of an _Antiquity_ so famous, -being not to be enforced by jealous suspicions, raised upon bare and -groundlesse conjectures. - - • • • • • - -This _Antiquity_ (call’d by _Henry Huntingdon, The second_: by -_Poly-olbion_ - - ——_First wonder of the land_) - -because the _Architraves_ are set upon the heads of the upright stones, -and hang (as it were) in the air, is generally known by the name of -_Stone-heng_. It is sited upon the Plain in the County of _Wiltshire_ -in _England_, not far from _Ambresbury_ (the foundations of whose -ancient buildings, frequently digged up, render it to have been in -times past a _Town_ of no small fame) six miles at least from new -_Salisbury_ northwards. - -The whole work, in generall, being of a circular form, is one -hundred and ten foot diameter, double winged about without a roof, -anciently environed with a deep Trench, still appearing about thirty -foot broad. So that, betwixt it, and the work it self, a large and -void space of ground being left, it had, from the Plain, three open -entrances, the most conspicuous thereof lying North-east. At each -of which, was raised, on the outside of the Trench aforesaid, two -huge stones gate-wise, parallel whereunto, on the inside two others -of lesse proportion. The inner part of the work, consisting of an -_Exagonall_ figure, was raised, by due symmetry, upon the bases of four -equilaterall triangles, (which formed the whole structure) this inner -part likewise was double, having, within it also, another _Exagon_ -raised, and all that part within the Trench sited upon a commanding -ground, eminent, and higher by much, then any of the Plain lying -without, and, in the midst thereof, upon a foundation of hard chalk, -the work it self was placed. Insomuch, from what part soever they came -unto it, they rose by an easie ascending hill. - -Which, that it may be the more clearly demonstrated, (being by me, -with no little pains, and charge measured, and the foundations thereof -diligently searched) I have reduced into _Design_, not onely as the -ruine thereof now appears, but as (in my judgement) it was in its -pristine perfection. And that the groundplot, with the uprights, and -profyle of the whole work may the more distinctly be understood, I have -purposely countersigned each _Design_ of them with _Numbers_, and the -particular parts thereof with _Letters_. - - Nu. 1 - -Signifies the Plant of the whole work in generall, with the Trench -round about it, drawn by a small scale, that it may be seen all at one -view. - - _A_ - -The Trench. - - _B_ - -The Intervall betwixt the Trench and Work. - - _C_ - -[Sidenote: _Rosin. lib. 2._] - -The Work it self; in the inmost part whereof, there is a stone -appearing not much above the surface of the earth, (and lying towards -the East) four foot broad, and sixteen foot in length. Which, whether -it might be an _Altar_ or no, I leave to the judgement of others, -because so overwhelmed with the ruines of the Work, that I could make -no search after it, but even with much difficulty, took the aforesaid -proportion thereof. Yet for my part, I can apprehend no valid reason -to the contrary, except that the whole constructure being circular in -form, the Altar should rather have been placed upon the center of the -Circle, then enclining to the circumference. Neverthelesse it cannot be -denied, but being so sited, the _Cell_ (as I may call it) was thereby -left more free, for the due performance of those severall superstitious -rites, which their Idolatry led them to. Besides, though the _Altare_ -amongst the _Ancients_ was exalted and raised somwhat high above the -earth; yet, their _Ara_ was made quadrangular, not very high, and as -some will have it close to the ground, being consecrated as well to the -supernall as infernall Deities: and therefore in respect of the form, -it may hold well enough it was anciently an Altar. - - _D_ - -The supposed Altar. - - _E_ - -The great stones which made the entrances from the outside of the -Trench, seven foot broad, three foot thick, and twenty foot high. - - _F_ - -The parallel stones, on the inside of the Trench, four foot broad, and -three foot thick; but they lie so broken, and ruined by time, that -their proportion in height cannot be distinguisht, much lesse exactly -measured. - - _G_ - -The scale of fifty foot. - - • • • • • - -The _Design_ follows. - -[Illustration] - - Nu. 2 - -The Groundplot of the work, as when first built, in a greater form, -with the foure equilaterall triangles making the _Scheame_, by which -the whole work was composed. - - _H_ - -The six principall entrances, three whereof directly opposite to those -of the Trench. - - _I_ - -The stones which made the outward Circle, seven foot in breadth; three -foot and an half thick, and fifteen foot and an half high: each stone -having two tenons mortaised into the _Architrave_, continuing upon -them, throughout the whole circumference. For, these _Architraves_, -being joynted directly in the middle of each of the perpendicular -stones that their weight might have an equall bearing, and upon each -side of the joynt a tenon wrought, (as remains yet to be seen) it may -positively be concluded thereby, the _Architrave_ continued round about -this outward circle. - - _K_ - -The smaller stones of the inner circle, one foot and an half in bredth, -one foot thick, and six foot high. These had no _Architraves_ upon -them, but were raised perpendicular, of a pyramidall form. That, there -was no _Architrave_ upon these, may be hence concluded, the stones -being too small to carry such a weight, the spaces being also too wide, -to admit of an _Architrave_ upon them without danger of breaking, and -being but six foot high, there could not, possibly, be a convenient -head-height remaining for a passage underneath, especially, considering -fully the greatnesse of the whole work. - - _L_ - -The stones of the greater _Hexagon_, seven foot and an half in breadth, -three foot nine inches thick, and twenty foot high, each stone having -one tenon in the middle. - - _M_ - -The stones of the _Hexagon_ within, two foot six inches in breadth, one -foot and an half thick, and eight foot high, in form pyramidall, like -those of the inner circle. - - • • • • • - -The Scale which hath this mark, _X_, is of thirty foot, by which -likewise all the ensuing _Designs_ are drawn. - - • • • • • - -The _Design_ follows. - -[Illustration] - - Nu. 3 - -The upright of the work, as when entire, in which the perpendicular -stones of the outward circle, are countersigned with the Letter _I_, as -in the groundplot. - - _N_ - -The _Architrave_ lying round about upon them, being mortaised into -them, and joynted in the middle of each of the perpendicular stones. -This _Architrave_ is three foot and an half broad, and two foot and an -half high. - - _O_ - -The _Architrave_ lying on the top of the great stones of the _Hexagon_, -and mortaised also into them, sixteen foot long, three foot nine inches -broad, and three foot four inches high. This _Architrave_ continuing -onely from stone to stone, left betwixt every two and two, a void space -free to the Air uncovered. For, if they had been continued throughout -the whole _Hexagon_, then necessarily there must have been two tenons -upon each of the said stones, as those of the outward circle had, but -being disposed as aforesaid, that one, which was in the middle, and yet -remains apparent, was sufficient for the thing intended. - - Nu. 4 - -The Profyle, or cut, through the middle of the work, as entire, -countersigned with the Letters of the Groundplot. - -The _Designs_ follow. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - Nu. 5 - -The whole work in _Prospective_, as when entire, whereby the generall -composure of the particular parts of the uprights, are together -all seen: and, by which also, the stately Aspect, and magnificent -greatnesse thereof, are fully, and more apparently conspicuous. - - Nu. 6 - -The Groundplot of the work, as it now stands, countersigned with the -same Letters by which the Plant marked _Nu. 2_ is described. The stones -of the greater _Hexagon_, and outward circle, after so long contest -with the violence of time, and injury of weather, are for the most part -standing at this day; which, though not all at their full height, as -when first set up, yet the Footsteps neverthelesse, of so many of them -as exprest in the _Design_, are still remaining in their proper places. -Those of the inner circle, and lesser _Hexagon_, not only exposed to -the fury of all devouring Age, but to the rage of men likewise, have -been more subject to ruine. For, being of no extraordinary proportions, -they might easily be beaten down, or digged up, and at pleasure, made -use of for other occasions. Which, I am the rather enduced to beleeve, -because, since my first measuring the work, not one fragment of some -then standing, are now to be found. - - Nu. 7 - -The Ruine yet remaining drawn in _Prospective_. - - _P_ - -The manner of the tenons, of a round form, mortaised into the -_Architrave_ of the outward Circle. - - _Q_ - -The tenons of like form in the middle of the stones of the greater -_Hexagon_. - - _R_ - -The English foot (by which the work it self was measured) divided into -twelve inches, and each inch subdivided into four parts. - -The _Designs_ follow. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -Hitherto, upon what occasion _Stoneheng_ built (you may easily -perceive) is very doubtfull, the true History of those times, when -first erected, and by which the memory of things especially made over -to succeeding Ages, being either not written, or if written, utterly -lost. Likewise, as for what use set up, not yet known; so, by whom also -founded, is equally uncertain. - -You cannot but remember, in what manner the ancient Inhabitants of -this Island lived, before reduced to civility by the _Romans_ I have -formerly delivered: also, how they were first instructed by them, in -severall _Arts_ and _Sciences_, whereof the _Britans_ wholly ignorant, -before the _Romans_ arrivall here, and teaching them. I have given -you in like manner, a full description of this _Antiquity_, whereby -doubtlesse it appears to you, as in truth it is, a work built with much -_Art_, _Order_ and _Proportion_. That the ancient _Britans_, before the -discovery of this Island by the _Romans_, could not be the _Founders_ -thereof, by the former reasons, I suppose, is clearly manifested. -For, where _Art_ is not, nothing can be performed by _Art_. As, for -that which concerns the _British_ Nobility, _Aurelius Ambrosius_, or -_Boadicia_, enough already. - -It rests now, to endeavor the discovering by whom _Stoneheng_ built; in -what time, and, for what use anciently erected. But, it is not expected -(I hope) any absolute resolution should be given by me, in so doubtfull -a matter; for, _as it hath been always lawfull for every man in such -like matters_ (saith _Camden_) _both to think what he will, and relate -what others have thought_: So pardon me, if I take upon me, what others -have done before me, and interpose mine own opinion also, grounded -neverthelesse upon such Authorities, customes, and concurrence of time, -as very probably may satisfie judicious and impartiall Readers. - -[Sidenote: _Pausan. fo. 392._] - -[Sidenote: _Idem fo. 75_:] - -[Sidenote: _In Vitr. lib. 4._] - -Touching the _Founders_ of _Stoneheng_. Among the _Ægyptian -Antiquities_, or those _Eastern_ Nations from whom the _Græcians_ -deduced their learning, I find not any such composure ever used: or -with the _Greeks_ themselves, mention made of any work conformable to -this, in point of _Order_, (as the mod conversant in those Histories -cannot contradict) I read neverthelesse, in _Pausanias_, of a _Temple_ -amongst the _Eleans_ erected without walls: _novam quandam in_ Eleorum -_foro templi formam vidi. I saw_ (saith he) _in the market place of -the_ Eleans, _a Temple of a new form. Modicæ est ædes altitudinis, -sine parietibus, tectum è quercu dolatis fulcientibus tibicinibus. -A low thing, without walls, having the roof supported with props of -oaken timber_ (instead, it seems, of Columnes) _neatly wrought_. He -remembers a _Temple_ also in _Attica_ sacred to _Jove_ without a -roof. The _Thracians_ (as I read likewise) used to build _Temples_ -dedicated to _Sol_, _of a round form, open in the middle_, and also -without a _roof_: by the form, or roundnesse thereof, they signified -the Suns figure; by making them open, and rooflesse, they expressed his -surmounting, and dilating light equally to all things. _Thraces soli -rotunda templa faciebant_ (saith _Daniel Barbaro_) _in medio sub divo, -& aperta erant: hac forma Solis figuram innuebant: quòd autem aperta -essent, & sine tecto, innuebant Solem supra omnia esse, & lumen suum -diffundere_. - -[Sidenote: _Scamoz. lib. 1. fo. 9._] - -[Sidenote: _Camden fo. 64._] - -Howsoever, considering what magnificence the _Romans_ in prosperous -times anciently used in all works, both publick, and private: -their knowledge and experience in all _Arts_ and _Sciences_: their -powerfull means for effecting great works: together with their _Order_ -in building, and manner of workmanship accustomed amongst them: -_Stoneheng_ in my judgement was a work, built by the _Romans_, and -they the sole _Founders_ thereof. For, if look upon this _Antiquity_, -as an admired and magnificent building, who more magnificent then the -_Romans_? _Essi soli frà i populi dell’ vniverso, con ogni termine di -magnificenza edificarono tutti i generi d’edifici. They only amongst -all the Nations of the Universe, erecting all sorts of buildings, with -all kinds of magnificence_, saith _Scamozzo_ in the first Book of his -_Architecture_. If consider the _Art_, and elegant disposition thereof, -all _Arts_ and _Sciences_ (we must know) were in full perfection with -them, and _Architecture_, which amongst the _Greeks_ was youthfull -only, and vigorous; under the _Romans_ their _Empire_ grown to the -full height became manly and perfect, not in _inventions, and elegancy -of forms alone, but also in exquisitenesse of Art, and excellency of -materials. Salito al colmo l’imperio_ Romano, _ella pure divenne virile -e perfetta: non solo nelle inventioni, e nella elleganza delle forme, -mà parimente nell’ esquisitezza dell’ artificio, e nella singolarità -della materia_. As the same Author hath it. If take notice of their -power and ways by which they effected such goodly structures, their -means were not ordinary according to the common custome of other -_People_; and why? because, besides particular _Artisans_ practised in -severall _Arts_, they employed in those their works whole bodies of -their own _Armies_, and whatever Nations subdued by them. _The_ Romans -_were wont to exercise therein_ (saith _Camden_) _their Souldiers, -and the common multitude, upon great policy doing the same, left -being idle they should grow factious, and affect alteration in the -State. The_ Britans _complained_ (saith _Tacitus_ likewise) _corpora -& manus contrivisse, that their bodies and hands were worn out, and -consumed by the_ Romans, _in bringing to effect their great and admired -undertakings_: in that kind employing their slaves and prisoners also, -as holding it, rather then by violent deaths to cut them off; more -profitable for the _Commonwealth_, more exemplary for others, and far -greater punishment for their Prisoners, to enjoyn them continuall -labour. - -[Sidenote: _Choul. fo. 5._] - -If observe _their Order_ in building; the only _Order_ of -_Architecture_, which _Italy_ may truly glory in the invention of, -is the _Tuscane Order_, so called, because first found out by the -_Tuscans_, that in a more then ordinary manner they might reverence -their _Deities_ in _Temples_ composed thereof. (_Janus_ their first -King, according to the common opinion of divers ancient Historians, -being the first of all others, that built _Temples_ to the Gods) -Which _Order_, though first used by the _Tuscans_, certain it is, the -_Romans_ took from them, and brought it in use with other _Arts_, in -severall parts of the world, as their conquests led them on. Now of -this _Tuscan Order_, a plain, grave, and humble manner of _Building_, -very solid and strong _Stoneheng_ principally consists. So that, -observing the _Order_ whereof _Stoneheng_ built, there being no such -Elements known in this _Island_ as distinct _Orders_ of _Architecture_, -untill the _Romans_ introduced them, the very work it self, of so -great _Antiquity_, declares the _Romans Founders_ thereof. Who, that -hath right judgement in _Architecture_, knows not the difference, and -by the manner of their works how to distinguish _Ægyptian_, _Greek_, -and _Roman_ structures of old, also _Italian_, _French_ and _Dutch_ -buildings in these modern times? Is not our Shipping by the mould -thereof, known throughout the world _English_ built? Who did not by the -very _Order_ of the work, assure himself, the body of the Church of S. -_Paul London_, from its Tower to the West end anciently built by the -_Saxons_: as the Quire thereof, from the said Tower to the East end -by the _Normans_, it being _Gothick_ work? yet that there might be a -_Roman Temple_ in old time standing in that place, I will not deny, the -numbers of Oxeheads digged up and anciently sacrificed there, setting -all other reasons aside, so probably manifesting the same. And in all -likelihood, the _Romans_ for so notable a structure as _Stoneheng_, -made choice of the _Tuscane_ rather then any other _Order_, not only -as best agreeing with the rude, plain, simple nature of those they -intended to instruct, and use for which erected; but also, because -presuming to challenge a certain kind of propriety therein, they might -take occasion thereby, to magnifie to those then living the virtue of -their _Auncestors_ for so noble an invention, and make themselves the -more renowned to posterity, for erecting thereof, so well ordred a -building. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 5._] - -Besides, the _Order_ is not only _Roman_, but the _Scheam_ also -(consisting of four equilaterall triangles, inscribed within the -circumference of a Circle) by which this work _Stoneheng_ formed, was -an _Architectonicall Scheam_ used by the _Romans_. Whereof, I shall -have more occasion to speak, when I come to set down, for what use this -_Antiquity_ at first erected. - -Again, the _Portico_ at _Stoneheng_, is made double, as in structures -of great magnificence the ancient _Romans_ used; so at the foot of -the _Capitol_ the _Temple_ to _Jove the Thunderer_, built by _Augustus -Cæsar_; so the _Pantheon_ at _Athens_, royally adorned with one hundred -and twenty vast columnes of rich _Phrygian_ marble, by the _Emperour -Adrian_. But, some may alledge, the _Romans_ made the Pillars of their -double _Portico’s_, of one and the same symmetry, or very little -different, which in this _Antiquity_ otherwise appearing, cannot be a -_Roman_ work. To as much purpose it may be alledged the _Temple_ of -_Diana_ at _Magnesia_, was no _Greek_ work, because the Pillars of -the inner _Portico_ were wholly left out. Yet it’s true, the _Romans_ -usually made them as is objected, and the reason was, because of the -weight the inner Pillars carried: now, in this work, no roof being to -be sustained, nor any manner of weight born up, though the judgement of -the _Architect_, thereby to save labour and expence, ordered the stones -making the _Portico_ within, of a far lesse proportion then those -of the outward circle, it retains neverthelesse the proper _Aspect_ -(principally aim’d at by the ancient _Architects_) in use amongst the -_Romans_, and consequently for ought alledged to the contrary by them -built. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 3. cap. 1._] - -In this _Antiquity_, there is a _Portico_ also (as I may rightly term -it) within the _Cell_, or greater _Hexagon_, reduced likewise into the -same figure. Now, that the _Romans_ used to make _Portico’s_ on the -inside of their buildings, as well sacred as secular, by the ruines -of their _Basilicaes_ or Courts of _Judicature_; by that _Temple_ -without a roof anciently dedicated to _Jove_ in Mount _Quirinalis_, -now the _Horse_ Mount in _Rome_; by the _Temple of Bacchus_ there of -a round form, at this day consecrate to S. _Agnes_ without the gate -_Viminalis_, manifestly appears. But in what ever structures else -the _Romans_ used them, certain it is, within their most stately -_Temples_ which lay uncovered, and had no roofs, they always made such -_Portico’s_; and though in other _Temples_ they sometimes dispos’d -them, yet from _Vitruvius_ it may be gathered, they properly belonged -to the _Aspect Hypæthros_, which was uncovered and rooflesse as this -_Antiquity Stoneheng_, he peremptorily assigning _Portico’s_ to be -made on the inside of no kind of _Temples_, but those; His words are, -_Hypæthros in interiore parte habet columnas, remotas à parietibus ad -circuitionem (ut porticus) peristyliorum. Temples open to the air, -and without roofs, have columnes on the inside, distant from the walls, -as Courts Portico’s about them._ Even, after the same _decorum_ as at -_Stoneheng_. - -Furthermore, if cast an eye upon _their_ artifice and manner of -workmanship, _Stoneheng_ appears built directly agreeable to those -rules, which the _Romans_ observed in great works. For, the _Roman -Architects_, in distinguishing the manner of their _Temples_, always -observed (as _Vitruvius_ in his third book teacheth us) the greater -the Columnes were, the closer they set them together; so in this -_Antiquity_, the stones being great, the spaces betwixt them are -likewise narrow. - -[Sidenote: _Leo Bap. Alber. lib. 3._] - -[Sidenote: _Leo Bap. Alber. lib. 3._] - -The _Architraves_ also, in this work were all of them set without -morter, and fixed upon the upright stones by tenons (as formerly -described) in the very same manner, as in great structures, where -the stones solid, and of more then ordinary greatnesse, the _Romans_ -were wont to doe. _They laid them without any unctuous incorporating -matter, nullo fulta glutino_, saith _Leo Baptista Albertus_. And -divers examples of this kind might be brought, I my self amongst other -_Antiquities_ have seen the ruines of an _Aquaeduct_, built by the -_Romans_ in _Provynce_, running through a deep valley, and raised in -height equall to the adjacent Mountains, upon huge Arches fifty eight -foot wide, the stones whereof, being of extraordinary scantlings, were -laid without any cement or morter, to incorporate them with the rest of -the work. And, where occasion guided their judgements to the observance -of this rule, they united and compared the stones together, by certain -ligatures or holdfasts, (the _Italians_ call them _Perni_, pegs or -tops, for such they resemble, and we, from the verb _tenere_ to hold, -not improperly calling them _tenons_) _quæ inferiores, & unà superiores -in lapides infixæ, cavatæ fuere, ne quid fortè protrusi ordines alteri -ab alteris distrahantur. Which_ (saith _Albertus_) _being formed in the -inferiour stones, were hollowed or mortaised into those above, left -by any chance they should start one from another, and break the order -of the work_. Here the _Florentine Architect_ gives us the self same -manner of banding stones, when the _Romans_ laid them without morter, -as if he had seen this very _Antiquity Stoneheng_. - -[Sidenote: _Camden._] - -[Sidenote: _Speed._] - -Moreover, what ever footsteps of the _Romans_ found in other places -of this Island, it’s not inconsiderately to be past over, that in -_Wiltshire_, the County (as is said before) where our _Stoneheng_ -remains, _Roman Antiquities_ are most perspicuous, not only, by the -apparent testimonies of the coyns of their Emperors in divers places -digged up, but by severall their encamping places yet to be seen, -as _Leckham_, in times of yore a seat of the _Romans_: the place -also where old _Salisbury_ now sheweth it self, within six miles -of _Stoneheng_: and within three miles thereof _Yanesbury_ Castle, -supposed a work of _Vespasians_ when he conquered, and after kept in -subjection the _Belgæ_, ancient inhabitants of that tract. Likewise the -mines nearer yet to _Stoneheng_, of a fortresse our Historians hold -anciently a garrison of the _Romans_, and in many other forts of that -Shire (both by their form and manner of making well known to have been -_Roman_) the tract of their footing is yet left. - -[Sidenote: _Cam. fo. 64._] - -[Sidenote: _Tacitus._] - -[Sidenote: _Beda._] - -But it is objected, If _Stoneheng_ a _Roman_ work, how comes it, no -_Roman_ Author makes mention of it? I answer, their Historians used -not to commit to writing every particular work, or action the _Romans_ -performed: if so, how vast would their volumes have been? _Stoneheng_ -’tis granted, is much admired by us, yet, how far more admirable -works were the _Romans_ Founders of, not mentioned in any of their -ancient stories? That notable bridge invented and built by _Cæsar_, -for passing his Army over the _Rhine_, himself at large describes, -remembring little or nothing neverthelesse concerning divers other as -great works in _Gaul_ and _Batavia_, suppos’d to be performed by him -also. _Dion_, _Herodian_, _Eutropius_ and other their Historians tell -us, the _Romans_ built the so famed wall, commonly by us called the -_Picts wall_, extending crosseover our Island from the _Irish_ Sea to -the _German_ Ocean, above fourscore _Italian_ miles in length, with -many towers and fortresses erected upon it; when works of as great -admiration in _Britain_ they have past in silence: those wonderfull -causeys made throughout the land, by dreining and drying up Fens, -levelling hils, raising valleys, and paving them with stones of such -breadth, that Wains might without danger passe one by another, not any -ancient _Roman_ Author (for ought appears) directly mentioning. Yet, -who doubts them _Roman_ works? _I dare confidently avouch, the Romans -by little and little founded and raised them up_, saith _Camden_. -And why? mark I pray, because, whilst _Agricola_ governed _Britain_, -_Tacitus_ tels us, _severall ways were enjoyned_. If then, because -_Tacitus_ affirms in generall terms only, _severall ways enjoyned_, -_Camden_ confidently concludes them _Roman works_, no _Roman_ History -otherwise remembring them; Why may it not, the same _Tacitus_ telling -us in like manner, _Agicola exhorted the Britans in private, and -helpt them in common, to build Temples, Houses, and Places of publick -resort_, as peremptorily be inferr’d, _Stoneheng_ was a work built -by the _Romans_, though not particularly remembred by them in their -stories? In a word, _Temples_ and places of publick resort, the -_Romans_ built here, and were the first that did so, leaving it to -after ages to find out by their _Manner_ of _building_, _Order_ in -_building_, and _Power_ and _Means_ for _building_, such lofty ruines, -as appears in this _Antiquity_, could be remains of none but _Roman_ -building. - -[Sidenote: _Camden fo. 63._] - -The next thing to be enquired after, is, in what time _Stoneheng_ -built. Happily, about those times, when the _Romans_ having setled the -Country here under their own _Empire_, and, together with bringing over -_Colonies_ reduced the naturall inhabitants of this Island unto the -society of civill life, by training them up in the liberall Sciences. -For, _then also_ (saith _Camden_) _did they furnish the_ Britans, _with -goodly houses, and stately buildings, in such sort, that the reliques -and rubbish of their ruines, cause the beholders now, exceedingly to -admire the same, and the common sort of People plainly say, those_ -Roman _works were made by Giants, of such exceeding great admiration, -and sumptuous magnificence they are_. - -This relation of _Camdens_, reflects chiefly upon the time of -_Agricola_; neverthelesse, that _Stoneheng_ (though fabled Giants work) -was then built, I dare not affirm: the great works of the _Romans_, -brought to perfection in this Island, being not the work of a day. It -hath been the invention of wise _Romans_ of old, affecting civility, -to raise goodly buildings here: but the precise times when, in things -so far from all knowledge, cannot be with any certainty avouched. For -my part, I should choose to assign those times for building thereof, -when the _Romans_ in their chief prosperity most flourished here, and -refer the first erection to the time betwixt _Agricolas_ government -formerly mentioned, and the reign of _Constantine_ the Great: in order -to which, the times rather somwhat after _Agricola_, if not during his -own Lievtenancy, then next preceding _Constantine_. For, long before -_Constantine_ acquired the Soveraignty (which was not till the year -of our Lord three hundred and ten) the magnificent splendor of that -mighty _Empire_ began sensibly to wane, and the ambition of the great -Captains of _Rome_, (some few excepted) tended rather to make parties -for obtaining the _Purple Robe_, then (after the manner of their -ancestors) to eternise their names by great and admirable works, or -patronizing good _Arts_, for want whereof they began likewise to decay -apace; _Serly_ in his third Book speaking of those times, telling us, -that _id temporis Architecti, si cum superioribus conferantur, rudiores -& ineptiores extitisse videntur. In those days although there were many -Architects, yet, compared with such as lived in the preceding Ages, -they were very rude and unskilfull._ Besides, the condition wherein -this Island was, divers years preceding _Constantine_, would not admit -such undertakings. For, by the civil discord of the _Romans_, the -_Britans_ taking occasion to make frequent revolts, in hope to recover -their lost liberty, the _Romans_ were put upon other manner of Councels -then to think of building; namely to reduce the _Britans_ to their -wonted obedience, and keep the Province in some reasonable quiet, by -expelling the _Scots_ and _Picts_ (savage and perfidious _People_ even -from times of old) making daily inroads and incursions thereunto. - -[Sidenote: _Gildas._] - -Now, as for these reasons, it’s not likely _Stoneheng_ could be built -in the times next before _Constantine_, so, by what follows, it will -manifestly appear, it was not erected after his Reign. For, after his -transplanting the seat of the Empire into the East, and the government -of the then known world, under the _Romans_, distinguished by _East_ -and _Western_ Emperours, a deluge of barbarous Nations (like so many -Locusts) swarmed over all. Who, as with their vast multitudes they -oft had formerly attempted it, so, thence forward, till bringing that -mighty Empire unto its finall and fatall period; and thereby utterly -destroying in like manner all _Arts_ and _Sciences_, together with -_Architecture_, (not restored again, even in _Italy_ it self, untill, -as formerly remembred) they never desisted. Moreover, in the times -after _Constantine_, no _Temples_ to Heathen _Deities_ (such as I shall -make appear this _Antiquity Stoneheng_ was) were erected here, they -being times of defacing, rather then erecting idolatrous places. For, -most of the succeeding Emperors becoming _Christians_, the tempestuous -storms of perfection were over, and the thick clouds of superstition -beginning to be dissolved by the bright beams of the Gospel, and true -light of CHRIST, every where _Temples_ were shut up against false -Gods, and set open to the true GOD. According to that of _Gildas_, _No -sooner was the blustering tempest, and storm of persecution blown over, -but the faithfull Christians, who in the time of trouble and danger -had hidden themselves in woods, deserts, and secret caves, being come -abroad in open sight, renovant Ecclesias ad solum usque destructas, -basilicas sanctorum martyrum fundant, construunt, perficiunt &c. -Churches ruinate to the very ground they reedifie, Temples of holy -Martyrs they found, build, and finish &c._ So that, in stead of -idolatrous _Temples_, built in the Ages preceding _Constantine_, during -his reign and after, whilst the _Romans_ continued in any prosperous -state here, by erecting _Christian Churches_, they began generally to -neglect, and suffer fall to decay, rather then new build _Temples_ to -their _Pagan_ Gods. - -[Sidenote: _Tacit. in Vit. Agr._] - -These pressing occurrences therefore, to wit, civill broyls amongst -the _Romans_ themselves, frequent insurrections of the _Britans_, -daily inrodes by the _Picts_ and _Scots_, together with the _downfall_ -of _Paganism_, _decay_ of _Arts_, and fatall _ruine_ of the whole -_Empire_, making the times both long before and after _Constantine_ -incompatible for undertaking such works as this _Antiquity_, it may -safely enough be concluded, if _Stoneheng_ not founded by _Agricola_, -yet created it might be about fifteen hundred and fifty years ago, in -the times somewhat after his government, _the_ Province _being formerly -left by him in good and peaceable state_, the _Britans_ reduced -from _Barbarity_ to order and civill conversation, and the _Romans_ -flourishing in all manner of _Arts_ and _Sciences_. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 4. cap. 8._] - -[Sidenote: _Plin. lib. 16._] - -[Sidenote: _Tom. 1. lib. 33. Tom. 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Rosin. lib. 3._] - -[Sidenote: _Choul fol. 217, 229._] - -Now, concerning the use for which _Stoneheng_ at first erected, I am -clearly of opinion, it was originally a _Temple_, it being built with -all accommodations properly belonging to a sacred structure. For, it -had an intervall or spacious Court lying round about it, wherein the -_Victimes_ for oblation were slain, into which it was unlawfull for -any profane person to enter: it was separated from the circumadjacent -Plain, with a large Trench in stead of a wall, as a boundary about -the _Temple_, most conformable to the main work, wholly exposed to -open view: Without this Trench, the promiscuous common multitude, -with zeal too much, attended the _ceremonies_ of their solemne though -superstitious Sacrifices, and might see the oblations, but not come -within them: It had likewise its peculiar _Cell_, with _Portico’s_ -round about, into which _Cell_, as into their _Sanctum sanctorum_ -(pardon the expression) none but the _Priests_ entred to offer -Sacrifice, and make atonement for the _People_: Within the _Cell_ -an _Ara_ or _Altar_ was placed, having its proper position towards -the _East_, as the _Romans_ used. _Aræ spectent ad Orientem_, saith -_Vitruvius_. And, that there hath been the heads of Bulls, or Oxen, of -Harts, and other such beasts digged up, or in, or near this _Antiquity_ -(as divers now living can testifie) is not to be omitted; for who -can imagine, but these were the heads of such, as anciently there -offered in Sacrifice? together with which also, were heaped up great -quantities of Charcole, happily used about the performance of their -superstitious ceremonies. That the ancient _Romans_ had Charcole in -use amongst them, _Pliny_ affirms. And when I caused the foundations -of the stones to be searched, my self found, and yet have by me to -shew the cover of a _Thuribulum_, or some such like vase (I suppose) -wherein _Choul_ in his discourse of their Religion, reports the ancient -_Romans_ used to carry Incense, wine or holy water, for service in -their Sacrifices, lying about three foot within the ground, near one of -the stones of the greater _Hexagon_. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 4. cap. 7._] - -The _Order_ whereof this _Temple_ consists, according to the rules -of _Art_ observed by the ancient _Romans_ in works of this kinde, is -mingled of _Greek_ and _Tuscane_ work. For, as the plainnesse and -solidnesse of the _Tuscane Order_, appears eminently throughout the -whole _Antiquity_: so the narrownesse of the spaces betwixt the stones, -visibly discovers therein, the delicacy of the _Corinthian Order_. -Which commixture amongst the _Roman Architects_ was very usuall, in -regard _Vitruvius_ (in his fourth Book and seventh Chapter) treating -somwhat largely (his method otherwise considered) of severall sorts of -the like composed _Temples_, mixt of the _Greek_ and _Tuscane_ manners -tels us: that, _Nonnulli de Tuscanicis generibus sumentes columnarum -dispositiones, transferunt in Corinthiorum & Ionicorum operum -ordinationes. Some taking the qualities of the columns of the Tuscane -Order, transfer them into the symmetry of the Corinthian and Ionick -works._ Whereby (to please themselves it seems in their own inventions) -_efficiunt Tuscanicorum & Græcorum operum communem ratiocinationem. -They make of the Tuscane and Greek works one common composure._ As the -same Author likewise remembers. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 3. cap. 1._] - -The _Aspect_ of this _Temple_; by which we understand that first shew -which _Temples_ make to those that draw near unto them, is _Dipteros -Hypæthros_, which is double winged about uncovered. _Dipteros circa -ædem duplices habet columnarum ordines_ (saith _Vitruvius_) _Dipteros -hath double orders of columnes about the Temple. Hypæthros sub divo -est, sine tecto_, (as the same Author) _Hypæthros is open to the air, -without a roof_. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 3. cap. 2._] - -The Manner of this _Temple_ is _Pycnostylos_, or _narrow spaces_. -_Pycnostylos_ is that kinde of _Temples_, which hath the columnes set -thick, and close together _crebris columnis_, as _Vitruvius_ also hath -it. - -But it may be objected, though it appears from very good Authorities, -the Artifice, and workmanship of this _Antiquity_, together with the -_Scheam_ which formed it, were _Roman_: and the _Order_ of which -consisting, invented in _Italy_, and so consequently _Roman_ in -like manner: as also, by the severall peculiar accommodations, the -probable reliques of _Heathenish_ Sacrifices, and determinate rules of -_Architecture_, it was anciently a _Temple_: Neverthelesse it appears -not, the _Romans_ ever used any whatever profane structure like this, -much lesse any manner of _Temples_ of this kinde of invention, _Where -the Temple lies open without walls, surrounded only with pillars_. For, -that the upright stones which make this work _Stoneheng_, are in stead -of them, may well enough be granted. - -[Sidenote: _Phil. in Vitr. lib. 4._] - -To this I answer, the learned in _Antiquities_ very well know, those -things which oblivion hath so long removed out of mind, are hardly to -be discovered. Yet, as to the first part of the objection, that the -_Romans_ never used any whatever profane structure like this, _Varro -de re rustica_ (as I find him cited by _Philander_) tels us, that they -had in use amongst them a round building without any wals, having a -double _Order_ of columns round about, this he cals by the name of -_Tholus, ædificium rotundum, columnatum duplici columnarum ordine. -A round edifice_ (saith he) _environed about with a double order of -columns_. Which double _Order_ of _Columns_ _Pyrrho Ligorio_ a famous -_Neapolitane Architect_, and great discoverer of _Antiquities_, in his -description thereof designes without a roof also. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 4. cap. 7._] - -[Sidenote: _Ædes sacræ Templa dicta fuerunt, quòd essent quasi ædes -Deorum. Rosin. lib. 2. cap. 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Dan. Barbar._] - -But to come to their sacred works, which in regard of this _Antiquity_, -are (it’s true) of most concernment, I find the _Romans_ used (as -_Vitruvius_ witnesseth) such manner of _Temples_. For (in his fourth -Book, and seventh Chapter) he delivers, there were amongst others -two forms of round _Temples_, commonly in use amongst them, the one -called _Monopteros_; the other _Peripteros_. This, had the _Cell_ -enclosed about with a continued wall, and at a proportionate distance -from it, the columns placed which made a _Portico_ round about it, -clean different from _Stoneheng_: the other made open, and in stead -of a wall encompassed with a row of pillars only, having no enclosed -_Cell_ within it at all, as much conducing to our purpose in hand. His -words are these, _Fiunt autem ædes rotundæ, è quibus aliæ sine cella -columnatæ constituuntur. They make also_ (saith he) _round Temples, -of which some are built without a Cell, environed with Pillars only_. -These were without any wals, (as his Commenter hath it) lying open to -the Air. And truly (as I may presume to say) from this very manner the -invention of _Stoneheng_ was principally taken, in ordering whereof, -the _Architect_ disdaining usuall and common forms, of both the -aforesaid forms composed one. For, taking the outward circle from the -_Monopteros_, he made it open also as in that, but in stead of the -continued wall circularly enclosing the _Cell_ of the _Peripteros_, -at _Stoneheng_ he made only an _Hexagon_ about the _Cell_, leaving -the same open in like manner. And, as _Hermogenes_ (whom I shall have -occasion to remember again) to illustrate his work, leaving out the -inner row of Pillars, made a single _Portico_ about the _Temple_ at -_Magnesia_, whereby it came to be a new invention, for which he is -famous to posterity: so the subtile _Architect_, whosoever he was, to -ennoble this his work, adding the said _Hexagon_ here, made a double -_Portico_ round about this _Temple_, and thereby a new invention -likewise, no lesse famous to succeeding Ages. Our _Antiquity Stoneheng_ -had otherwise been of the self same _Aspect_ without a _Cell_, as -_Vitruvius_ hath before delivered. That _Temple Monopteros_, was -environed with a row of pillars; this _Temple Stoneheng_, in stead -of them, supplied with a rank of pillasters (as they may well be -called) continuing round about it. That, lay open to the air without -any walls: so doth this at _Stoneheng_. That, had over the pillars an -_Architrave_, _Freese_, and _Cornice_, the _Order_ being delicate: -this at _Stoneheng_, over the pillasters an _Architrave_ only, as most -conformable to the solidnesse of the _Order_ and plainnesse of the work. - -Thus it fully appears, the ancient _Romans_ used to erect _Temples, -which lay open without walls, surrounded only with pillars_; in -invention like this at _Stoneheng_. But, let us see whether the form -_Monopteros_, had any roof over it. That the _Romans_ had _Temples_ -uncovered, and without roofs, like _Stoneheng_, is in part already, -and shall more manifestly be hereafter proved: and searching curiously -into their _Antiquities_, it will be found the greatest, most splendid, -and most magnificent work of all others, which the _Ancients_ made -for service of their _Deities_, were those kinde of _Temples_ of -the _Aspect Hypæthros_. Whether the _Monopteros_ was one of that -kind, appears not yet, and _Vitruvius_ is very obscure therein; -neverthelesse, that it was built without a roof, I shall illustrate by -these reasons. - -First, _Vitruvius_ tels us not it had a roof; for, in his precepts of -all severall kinds of _Temples_, after he hath delivered the _Aspect_, -_Form_, and _Manner_ of them with much exactnesse, he omits not -throughout his fourth Book to demonstrate aswell the contignation, -as proportion of timbers of the roofs, belonging to all those -_Temples_, which had any, and when vaulted he gives us likewise the -form thereof, if the _Temples_ so covered: but, in the description of -the form _Monopteros_, there is no manner of timber work, nor form of -vault, nor the least word mentioned of any roof at all, in what place -soever throughout his whole work speaking thereof. In which respect, -considering all _Temples_ having roofs, those roofs are described by -_Vitruvius_, and that he describes no roof belonging to this, it must -necessarily follow, the _Temples_ in form _Monopteros_ had no roofs -over them. - -Again, after giving the proportion of the _Architrave_ over the -columnes of the _Monopteros_, he saith, _Zophorus & reliqua quæ insuper -imponuntur, ita uti in tertio volumine de symmetriis scripsit. The -Freese and other ornaments laid upon them, are as in his third Book -of symmetries made mention of._ Now, in his third Book, he only treats -of proportions, and not one word is so much as mentioned by him of any -manner of roofs at all, only in the close of the said Book, he gives -the proportion of frontispices belonging to quadrangular _Temples_: -the same referment in like manner he makes for the ornaments of the -_Peripteros_, and withall proceeds to a full description, in what -manner the roof of its _Cell_ was made, which questionlesse, he would -likewise have done in the other form, if it had been covered. For, he -saith, whatever is to be laid above the _Freese_ of the _Monopteros_, -is, as set down in his third Book: but, in his third Book, there is -not One word mentioned of any roofs; the conclusion then follows the -_Monopteros_ was without a roof. - -[Sidenote: _Bern. Baldo._] - -Lastly, he positively tels us it was _sine Cella, without a Cell_: -now the _Cell_ (and which for distinction sake I have so called in -describing this _Antiquity_, because it was applied to the same use, -to perform their sacred rites in) was indeed properly, the inner, or -chief part of the _Temple, quam nos corpus Templi vulgò dicimus, we -commonly call it the body of the Church_, which enclosed with wals, was -covered with a roof, as _Vitruvius_ declares in the form _Peripteros, -tecti ratio ita habeatur &c. The manner of a roof_ (saith he) _was -thus &c._ But, the _Monopteros_ was without a _Cell_, and consequently -without a roof also, as having no walls to bear it. For, in regard of -the manner of the _Architecture_, the pillars standing in _Island_ -(as we say) the work could not securely bear a roof, if made of any -great capacity: either therefore, they made _Temples_ of this form -very little (in which respect only, _Palladio_ supposeth it might -be vaulted) inconsistent with the _Roman_ greatnesse, or else, like -_Stoneheng_ they were wholly uncovered and rooflesse. Howsoever, it -is manifest, the _Aspect_ was just the same. And if I should say, the -ruines of one after the same form also, remains yet in _Oxfordshire_, -which the common people usually call _Rolle-rich-stones_, take it but -as my conjecture only, as likewise one or two built after the like -manner in _Scotland_, no man unlesse _Hector Boetius_ knowing by what -Kings. - -Moreover, the proportions appearing in this _Antiquity Stoneheng_, are -much conformable to those, assigned by _Vitruvius_ to the parts of the -_Monopteros_: He tels us, _Tribunal habent & ascensum ex suæ diametri -tertia parte: they had the Tribunal_, (by which is understood that -levell upon which the _Temple_ placed) _and the ascent, consisting of -one third part of the Diameter_. So at _Stoneheng_, the work it self is -one _third part of the Diameter_ of the circumvallation: And, acording -to the proportion allowed by him to _the Ascent_, it seems those -_Temples_ were sited more stately then others, (by consequence great -also) and certain it is, whosoever views this _Antiquity_ attentively -with judgement, upon the place where remaining (for the _Folio_ -being too little I could not expresse it in Design) and doth allow a -proportionate depth to the Trench surrounding it; considering also, -together therewith, the levell of the plain lying without, he will then -finde it standing upon such a rising ground, that the _Ascent_ unto it, -was not much lesse magnificent, then what _Vitruvius_ hath declared. - -Furthermore, besides the aforementioned round _Temples, Vitruvius_ in -the same Chapter tels us, that, _generibus aliis constituuntur ædes, -ex iisdem symmetriis ordinatæ, & alio genere dispositiones habentes. -The_ Romans _built them after other manner of inventions, following the -same proportions, and having their disposures after another kinde_. Of -which, if vouchsafed to posterity the descriptions, some of them might -have been found, not only agreeable in _Aspect_, but happily of the -very self same form also, as this _Temple Stoneheng_ doth appear. - -Now considering this discourse may happen into the hands of those, -who cannot by words so easily apprehend things of this _Art_, I have -for their satisfaction brought into _Design_, the plants of both the -aforesaid _Temples_ mentioned by _Vitruvius_, whereby their conformity -with _Stoneheng_, and the invention thereof taken from them, is more -clearly manifested. - - _A_ - -The Plant of the _Monopteros_. - - _B_ - -The _Order_ of _Pillars_ which continued round about it, to which the -outward circle (of Pillasters) in this _Antiquity Stoneheng_, directly -corresponds, as will appear in the second Figure thereof, formerly -described by the Letter _I_. - -The _Design_ follows. - -[Illustration] - - _C_ - -The Plant of the _Peripteros_. - - _D_ - -The _Portico_ continuing about the _Cell_. - - _E_ - -The Circular _Cell_ enclosed with a wall, which in the _Temple -Stoneheng_, to vary the invention, was converted into an _Hexagonall_ -form, and in stead of walling it round about, the _Architect_ as said -before, left it wholly open, as most agreeing with the nature of the -_Deity_ to whom consecrate. - -The Design follows. - -[Illustration] - -By the Plants of which said _Roman Temples_, although it is plainly -manifest, from whence the invention of _Stoneheng_ was taken: yet, that -it may more clearly be understood, I have, unto the _Order_ of pillars -which makes the _Portico_ of the last of those _Temples_, applied the -_Architectonicall Scheam_ by which our _Antiquity_ was formed; whereby -the intersection of the severall triangles fully demonstrates after -what manner the greater _Hexagon_ made open at _Stoneheng_, was raised -from the solid wall environing the _Cell_ of the _Peripteros_. - - _F_ - -The Rank of _Pillars_ which made the _Portico_ of the _Peripteros_. - - _G_ - -The _Architectonicall Scheam_ by which _Stoneheng_ formed. - - _H_ - -The circular wall environing the _Cell_ of the _Peripteros_. - - _I_ - -After what manner the stones of the greater _Hexagon_ at _Stoneheng_, -were raised from the circumference of the said wall. - -The Design follows. - -[Illustration] - -But, before deliver my judgment, unto which of their _Deities_ this -_Temple Stoneheng_ was anciently dedicated by the _Romans_, I shall -give you some customs in force amongst the _Ancients_, relating the -_Decorum_ used by them, in building their particular _Temples_: -whereby, those several opinions seemingly conclusive to whom -_Stoneheng_ sacred, may more evidently appear invalid, and my own -more apparently probable. Those therefore that endevour the searching -out _Antiquities_ of _Architecture_, must amongst others, especially -prescribe to themselves five things to be guided by. _viz._ _The -Situation_, _Aspect_, _Manner_, _Form_, and _Order_ of the work as in -use amongst the _Ancients_. For, inventing the severall ornaments of -_Architecture_, at first for honour and distinction onely of their -_Deities_, they appropriated to each of them particular _situations_, -precise _forms_, peculiar _Orders_, according to the severall -qualities, in regard whereof adored by them. - -The _situation_ of the _Temples_ to _Venus_, _Mars_, _Vulcan_, they -ordained to be chosen without their Cities, as those which moved mens -minds to lasciviousnesse, wars, and devastations. Within their Cities -they placed the _Temples_ of the Patrons of _Chastity_, _Peace_, good -_Arts_: and of such Gods also, to whom the Protection of their Cities -committed. To _Pallas_, _Mercury_, and _Isis_ the chief Presidents of -Artificers, and Merchants, they built _Temples_ near the Market places, -or upon the Market places themselves. To _Apollo_ and _Bacchus_ near -the _Theater_. To _Hercules_ near the Cirque or _Amphitheater_. Unto -_Æsculapius_ and _Salus_, in places most of all others healthfull, and -near to pure streams, and waters; because the infirm people, coming -out of a pestilent and contagious _Aire_, to that which was good and -healthfull, by drinking those waters might the sooner, and with lesse -difficulty be recovered, whereby zeal to those supposed _Deities_ -encreased. - -The _Aspect Hypæthros_, mentioned before, of which _Stoneheng_ appears -built, was proper only to some of their Gods, as shall be remembred in -due time: the other _five_ (needlesse here to name) were indifferently -disposed, sometime to one, and sometime to another _Deity_, as the -magnificence of the _Temples_ to be built required, and, as to be made -with _Portico’s_ or without. - -The _Manner_, which _Vitruvius_ distinguishes into five kinds, -according as the intercolumnes are of five severall proportions, was -only so far forth peculiarly appropriated to their _Deities_, as it was -agreeable to the proper _Order_, otherwise they followed the greatnesse -of the Work. - -But, to each of them appropriating particular forms of _Temples_; -to some of their Gods, they made them of a round form, to others -quadrangular, to others of many angles: some of them having their -_Temples_ covered, with roofs over them; others again built uncovered, -without any manner of roofs at all: As, our _Antiquity Stoneheng_. - -Lastly, the _Order_ of which they built them, was so diligently -observed, according to the peculiar qualities of their _Deities_, that -seldom or never they varied: as in fit place I shall remember. These -aforesaid rules also were so firmly observed by the _Ancients_, that -even at first sight the _Roman Architects_ of old were able to judge, -to what _Deity_, this, or that _Temple_ sacred: and the modern _Italian -Architects_, by the ruines of them at this day, give such notable -testimonies towards the discovery of them, as are very hardly to be -contradicted. Whosoever desires more of this, may read _Vitruvius_, -_Leo Baptista Albertus_, and other Authors writing of _Architecture_. -That then we may arrive to a degree of certainty unto whom our -_Stoneheng_ anciently dedicated; some such _Deitie_ of the _Romans_ is -to be found out, in whose honour they built _Temples_, not only in such -_situations_ as this at _Stoneheng_; but with whole nature or quality -the _Form_ and _Aspect_ thereof may be agreeable also; and the _Order -proper_. For, whosoever goes about to enforce other reasons, do as I -conceive but beat the air, neither can they reduce this _Antiquity_ to -any probable Originall. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 3. cap. 1 & 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Fab. Cal._] - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 4. cap. 7._] - -To which of the _Roman_ Deities _Stoneheng_ consecrated, are, as I -said before, severall opinions. Some presume it sacred to _Diana_, -but upon what ground their conjecture is raised, considering both -the _Aspect_ and _Manner_ of this _Temple_ utterly different from -those the _Ancients_ used to dedicate to Her, I cannot conceive; for, -the _Manner_ of the _Temples_ erected to _Diana_, was _Diastylos_, -i.e. _columnis ampliùs patentibus_, made with large and void spaces: -the _Aspect_ of that at _Ephesus_ was _Dipteros_; that at _Magnesia -Pseudodipteros_: which _Manner Hermogenes_ inventing to save expence -and labour, though he left out the _Order_ of pillars within, and -thereby the _Portico_ came to be more large, yet the _Aspect_ continued -still the same. And, as in the _Aspect_ and _Manner_, so likewise in -the _Order_ and _Form_ it’s different: that, at _Ephesus_ aforesaid -being of the _Ionick Order_, the _Order_ peculiarly appropriated -to _Diana_, and quadrangular: of the same _Form_ also, was that at -_Magnesia_ aforesaid, and so likewise the _Romans_ built them, as by -the now Church of S. _John_ Evangelist at the _Latian_, or _Latine_ -Port, anciently the Temple of _Diana_; and that in Mount _Aventine_ -also, the chief of her _Temples_ in _Rome_, fully appears. The -_situation_ of the Temples dedicated to her, was in groves, whence -_Vitruvius_ cals her grovy _Diana_. - - _Ecce suburbanæ templum nemorale Dianæ_, saith _Ovid_. - _See where_ Diana’s _grovy Temple stands_. - -In which sort _Virgil_, _Pliny_, and other Authors also tell us her -Temples were always sited. The _Architecture_ therefore of the Temples -to _Diana_, and this at _Stoneheng_ being so far different, there is no -probable reason _Stoneheng_ should be suppos’d dedicated to her. - -[Sidenote: _Nat. Com. lib. 3. cap. 18._] - -[Sidenote: _Camden fo. 64._] - -[Sidenote: _Camden fo. 517._] - -[Sidenote: _Ibid. fo. 366._] - -[Sidenote: _Strab. li. 16._] - -[Sidenote: _Rosin. lib. 2. cap. 7._] - -[Sidenote: _Camden fo. 490._] - -Moreover, whether or no this opinion maybe consistent with any of those -qualities, the Ancients endowed this Goddesse with, let us examine -further the Nature of the Deity it self. Is _Stoneheng_ consecrated to -_Diana_ because she presided over ways? what publick roads then, or -common high-ways are to be read of, which anciently led over the Downs -near this _Antiquity_? The most ancient ways we meet with, and which -the _Romans_ first made in this _Island_, as _Camden_ sets them down, -are four, _Watling-street_, _Ikemild-street_, _Ermin-street_, and -the _Fosse_. _Watling-street_ led through _Verolamium_ directly as it -were by a streight line to the West side of _Leicestershire_, and from -thence through the Northerly Counties into _Wales_. _Ikemild-street_ -began in the Countrey of the _Iceni_, tending Eastward. -_Ermin-street_ in the same quarter, running through _Cambridgeshire_, -_Huntingdonshire_, and so on towards _Lincolnshire_ led the right way -into the Northern Countreys on that side: (this street-way, happly, -may be that which among the inhabitants passeth now by the name of -_High Dike_.) The _Fosse_ passing through _Warwickshire_, came down -to _Stow_ on the _Would_, thence to _Cirncester_, from _Cirncester_ -continuing on towards _Bath_ and beyond it to _Somerton_ into the -Western Provinces: the ridge whereof is yet to be seen in divers places -of that tract. All of them lying so far from _Stoneheng_ that none of -them are remembred to come nearer then _Cirncester_ to any part of the -Plains whereon it stands, and therefore in this respect there can be -no cause to imagine this _Antiquity_ should be dedicated to her. Or, -is _Stoneheng_ sacred to _Diana_, because she was the Patronesse of -Gates? for which reason the Ancients built her Temples, either near -to them within their Cities, or not far from them in the pleasant -suburbs. But what Cities, or places having any such Gates, were ever -found anciently so near _Stoneheng_, as might cause the dedication of -so great a work to her? surely none. Or, is _Stoneheng_ hallowed to -_Diana_ because she had the tutelage of Mountains? if so, then where -are those Mountains to be found near this _Antiquity_ on _Salisbury_ -Plains? which Plains, North, South, East and Westward through the -midst of _Wiltshire_ are so open, that they terminate the Horizon. If -any such Mountains there, why do all Historians call them Plains? But -admit Mountains somtimes on _Salisbury_ Plain, what then became of -them? were they removed by Earthquakes, swallowed into the ground by an -_Hiatus_ of the earth, or levell’d by inundations? then let it be made -apparent when such like accidents fell out. Or is _Stoneheng_ dedicated -to _Diana_, because she delighted to bath her self in fountains and -fresh springs? where are those fountains and fresh springs to be found? -haply, in the utmost borders they may be had, none certainly in the -body of the Plains, or any thing near _Stoneheng_: spring veins being -not there to be found, unlesse by sinking wells or pits very deep, -which the inhabitants are enforced to make in severall places for -watering their sheep, and as glad they are there, as the Patriarchs -of old in the deserts of _Canaan_ to come by them. Or is _Stoneheng_ -sacred to _Diana_, because reputed Goddesse of hunting? then, who ever -desirous of a Temple for her, may finde it in _Daphne_, the anciently -famous suburbs of _Antiochia_, where was not onely a Temple dedicated -to her, but an _Asylum_ also, as _Strabo_ witnesseth: such places -only being held proper for her mysteries, where interven’d variety of -pleasures, goodly shadowy groves, delicate walks, and pleasant springs -of most cool and fresh waters. In the midst of these delights the -Ancients sited her Temples, not in wilde Downs, or vast Plains, so wide -and open that hardly see from one side of them to another, affording -neither shelter for travellers against canicular heats, nor succour for -cattell against the boisterous blasts of blustering _Boreas_. Lastly, -is _Stoneheng_ dedicated to _Diana_, because the supposed guardian of -woods? then remains it to be made apparent by them, those Plains in -ancient times bore another countenance then at present. That they were -full of Forrests, woods and groves, with variety of lawns, replenished -and stored with such sorts of game, and wilde beasts in chase whereof -_Diana_ and her companions are said to recreate themselves: from whence -some are of opinion she was called _Diana_, as much to say _Deviana, -quoniam venantes per devia & silvas deviare solent, captantes feras. -Because of huntsmens deviating, or wandring out of the way, through -uncouth paths and woods in pursuit of their game._ That those Plains -afforded as much pleasure and delights as the _Thessalian Tempe_, the -_Syrian Daphne_, or what place else as famous where her _Temples_ -anciently stood: and, in what unknown age they were disafforrested -and laid wast. Which, if ever so, certainly some signs thereof would -remain, or at least be found there, as well as in other parts of the -Island, in times past overgrown with woods. As in _Anglesey_ formerly -mentioned; in _Cheshire_, where, in digging their marlepits are often -found huge trees, demonstrating to posterity the forrests there -anciently growing; in the Isle of _Axholm_ in _Lincolnshire_, where -the inhabitants have hardly any fewell, but what such trees afford so -digged out of the earth; in _Somersetshire_, where I my self have seen -trunks of trees lying under ground, and expressing the places in times -past overgrown with trees, very few or none being in those places now -standing. Besides, some remembrance of the aforesaid forrests and woods -History questionlesse would yeeld; now what occasion soever Historians -take for mentioning this tract, not one word is delivered by them to -that purpose, all unanimously consenting ’twas never other then at -present an open and champion Countrey. A Theater on which _Bellona_ -often displayed her bloody ensigns, and acted severall tragedies in -times of old: A field of _Mars_, where _Romans_, _Saxons_ and after -_Danes_ for obtaining the dominion of this Island decided their -ambitious controversies. Of which actions we have visible testimony -unto this day, witnesse those burrows, and places where they cast -the bodies of their slain, over all quarters of the plain dispersed, -which in long time are so shrowded by nature with ever growing grasse, -that their memory will remain by their sepulchres to all posterity; -that which consumes all works of Art, making them still more fresh -and flourishing: witnesse spoils of war there frequently digged up, -as formerly remembred: severall encamping places of those severall -Nations in all parts of the plain even yet appearing, no place in the -whole Island, respecting the circuit, having more remains of them: Also -that huge Trench, mentioned before by the name of _Wansdike_, running -through the very bowels of them, such manner of trenches appearing no -where in any part of _England_ beside, saving where the like plains -interveen; so at _Newmarket Heath_ the like trench vulgarly called -_Devils Dike_, as if _made by Devils not by men_, is to be seen; -though in ancient times it was the limits of the Kingdome of the East -_Angles_, and it took end, as _Camden_ very well observes, _where the -passages by reason of woods grew cumbersome_: Which, if the like be -granted for _Wansdike_ (as is very probable, it ending also with the -Plains) then without controversie there were no more woods in times -of old on _Salisbury_ Plains then at this day; it running overthwart -them, as in a direct line from East to West. And who knows not, that -other manner of fortifications then running trenches upon direct lines -are to be cast up for defence of woody situations? But why urge more -Authorities, when the Inhabitants of the Countrey tell us, the soil or -ground being hot, dry, and chalky is altogether improper for the growth -of trees. Thus then the situation of the place, so antipathizing in all -respects with the nature and qualities anciently attributed to _Diana_, -and the _Manner_, _Form_, and _Order_ of this _Antiquity_, so contrary -to the custome used by the _Ancients_ in erecting her Temples, no -reason wherefore this _Temple Stoneheng_ should be conceiv’d as erected -for celebration of the superstitious ceremonies anciently ascribed unto -her _Worship_. - -Some, again, would have _Stoneheng_ consecrated to _Pan_; because _Pan_ -a _Greek_ word signifying the _Universe_, under him the whole frame of -_Nature_ was adored. And therefore, the _Ancients_ made his statues -with horns, saith _Servius_, expressing thereby the beams of the _Sun_, -and horns of the _Moon_; those issuing from his forehead, and turning -upwards towards _Heaven_, as _Boccace_ will have it, signified the -Celestiall bodies: feigning also, as the world moves with extraordinary -swiftnesse, he excelled likewise in speed of running. By the purple, -ruddy, and enflamed face, attributed to _Pan_, that pure fire, -above all other _Elements_ holding his place in the confines of the -Celestiall Sphears was demonstrated: by his large long beard descending -down upon his breast, the two superiour Elements _Aire_ and _Fire_ -of a masculine nature, sending down their impressions upon the other -two naturally feminine was shewed: by the spotted skin covering his -breast and shoulders, the eighth sphear wholly embelished with glorious -stars; inveloping in like manner all appertaining to the nature of -sublunary creatures was represented: by the sheep-hook which he held -in one hand, Natures dominion over all things (according to _Boccace_) -was signified: and as _Servius_ saith, because this staffe, or rod was -crooked, the year revolving into it self, was thereby expressed: in -the other hand holding a Pipe, consisting of seven reeds, whereby, the -Celestiall harmony conceived by some to have seven sounds, and seven -different tunes, according to the number of the _Planets_, and their -_Sphears_ which are seven, was so set forth. - -After this manner _Mythologists_ discourse of _Pan_, with various -opinions, according to the subtile niceties of their severall fancies: -and in these respects as having relation to the _Heavens_, this -_Antiquity Stoneheng_ is imagined sacred to _Him_. ’Tis true, if -_Mythologie_, and not demonstrative reasons were to be fixt upon in -matters of _Architecture_, the former conceptions might be some ground -to frame conjectures _Stoneheng_ sacred to _Pan_. But, _Architecture_ -depending upon demonstration, not fancy, the fictions of _Mythologists_ -are no further to be embraced, then as not impertinently conducing to -prove reall truths. Wherefore, the aforesaid ancient rules for building -_Temples_ considered, and comparing the _Order_, _Form_, _Aspect_ -and _Situation_ of the _Temples_ to _Pan_, with the like in this -_Antiquity_, so much contrariety is found betwixt them, as may convince -any reasonable judgement _Stoneheng_ not dedicated to _Him_. - -[Sidenote: _Nat. Com. lib. 5._] - -[Sidenote: _Dion. Hali. lib. 1._] - -[Sidenote: _Rosin. lib. 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Pausan. fo. 496._] - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 1. cap. 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Alexan. Don._] - -[Sidenote: _Pomp. Totti._] - -[Sidenote: _Pausan. fo. 114. & 317._] - -[Sidenote: _Ibid. fo. 516._] - -_Pan pastorum, venatorum, & universæ vitæ rusticanæ præsidem -crediderunt Antiqui_, saith _Natalis Comes_. _Pan_ was the reputed -_God_ amongst the _Ancients, of Shepherds, Huntsmen, and all those that -led an agrestick life_. The same Author also calling him _Piscatorum -Deum_, the _God of Fishermen_ as well as _Shepherds_. _Arcadibus -Deorum antiquissimus & honoratissimus est Pan_, saith _Dionysius_. -_Pan is the most ancient, and most honoured Deity of the Arcadians._ -And in _Arcadia_ itself where he was principally adored, they built -his _Temples_ for the most part in Towns of the same _Form_ and -_Order_ as to _Juno_: In the _Town of Heræa_, _habet Pan templum suum_ -(saith _Pausanias_ in his description of _Arcadia_) _quod olim_ Junoni -_dicatum fuit_, Pan _had his Temple which anciently was dedicated to_ -Juno. Now, the _Order appropriated_ to _Juno_ by the _Romans_, was -the _Ionick_, as is manifest from _Vitruvius_, who tels us, _To Juno, -Diana, and Bacchus_, and to the other _Deities_ of the same quality, -_they built Temples of the Ionick Order_. The _Form_ in like manner -of her sacred structures was quadrangular, as in Mount _Aventine_, in -_foro Olitorio_ (or the herb Market) in Mount _Quirinal_, and elswhere -amongst the _Romans_ the _ruines_ of her _Temples_ do evidently -witnesse: as also, her _Temples_ anciently at _Argos_, and amongst the -_Elians_ in _Greece_, built of the like _Form_, and of the _Dorick -Order_. But this _Antiquity_ is of the severe _Tuscane_ work, and of a -round figure. The _Temples_ to _Pan_ had a _Portico_ onely in _front_, -at _Stoneheng_ it continues round about the _Cell_. The _Temples_ to -_Pan_ were not exposed to the open _Aire_, and built uncovered as -_Stoneheng_ was, but had roofs upon them. For, _Ignis ei perpetuus -ardebat_, therein _they kept perpetuall fire_, as at _Acacesium_ a -_Town_ also of _Arcadians_; all _Temples_ wherein they kept such fires -being covered, as the _Temple_ to _Apollo_ at _Delphos_ amongst the -_Greeks_, and to _Vesta_ at _Rome_ amongst the _Romans_. But, if at -any time they did erect them distant from a _Town_, reserving always -the _Form_ and _Order_, they chose such situations as wholly environed -with trees; for example, the _Temple_ to _Pan_ in Mount _Lycæus_, -was compassed in with a thick wood, _condenso circumseptum luco_, as -_Pausanias_ hath it: so likewise, that _Temple_ sacred to _Him_ in the -_Parthenian_ Forrest, according to the said Author. Now, this _Temple -Stoneheng_ is sited in an open champion Countrey, where scarce a bush -or tree, much lesse thick woods, or forrests to be seen throughout -the whole Plain; nor was there ever any in times of old as History -remembers, and the nature of the soil, as I am informed, is no wise -prosperous for their growing there, as is sufficiently before declared. - -But _Pan_ (say they) being the God of _Shepherds_, why might not -_Stoneheng_ to gratifie them be erected, and consequently by the -_Romans_ dedicated to their God _Pan_? no place in the whole Island -more abounding with sheep, then the circumadjacent Plains; the almost -innumerable flocks whereof, not only most plentifully satisfying the -bordering inhabitants for food; but, from their delicate fleeces, a -great part of the known universe are clad also. I answer, amongst the -_Romans_ (declared at large before to be _Founders_ of _Stoneheng_) -I do not finde any one _Temple_, _Holy House_, _Sanctuary_, _Grove_, -_Altar_, or any such like sacred structure consecrated to _Pan_ in -their own Country; much lesse any _Temple_ dedicated unto Him by them -in _Britain_: and therefore, utterly improbable this _Temple Stoneheng_ -should be erected by the _Romans_ unto _Pan_. - -[Sidenote: _Dion. Hal. lib. 1._] - -[Sidenote: _Rosin. lib. 2. cap. 20._] - -[Sidenote: _Justin. lib. 43._] - -[Sidenote: _Plutarch. in Rom._] - -[Sidenote: _Rosin. lib. 3. cap. 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Plut. in Rom._] - -There was a _Temple_ indeed, built to _Pan Lycæus_ on Mount _Palatine_, -by those _Arcadians_ which accompanied _Evander_ into _Italy_; in -which, though the _Romans_ in succeeding times performed the same -rites, as the _Arcadians_ anciently had instituted; yet, _He_ passed -with the _Romans_ under the name of _Lupercus_, and in honour of -_Him_, as some Authors of opinion, certain festivals or games called -_Lupercalia_, at _Rome_ onely, not in Provinces conquered by them, were -solemnized by the _Romans_; Noblemens sons running in those games, -according to the primitive institution setting forth and beginning -their course at Mount _Palatine_, and so round about the City to the -same place again. I may not omit, neverthelesse, that severall Authors -deliver the _Lupercalia_ were instituted in thankfulnesse to _Lupa_, -or the wolf that gave _Romulus_ suck, and the course of those games -beginning at Mount _Palatine_ (not so much in remembrance it seems of -_Pans_ Temple there, as) from the _Lupercal_ or _the very place they -say where_ Romulus _was cast out_. - -[Sidenote: _Dion. lib. 1._] - -_Dionysius_ of _Halicarnassus_ tels us the _Arcadians_ built the -aforesaid _Temple_ to _Pan_, _idoneo invento loco &c._ when they had -found out a _convenient place_ for it adjoyning to their habitations: -the condition or nature of which place is not unworthy your -observation; for by his description thereof we shall easily perceive -what manner of situation was by the _Arcadian_ Shepherds held proper -for performing the ceremonies of their God _Pan_. His words are, _Erat -tum, ut fertur, spelunca sub tumulo magna, denso querceto contecta, & -sub petris profundi fonticuli, solúmque rupibus contiguum nemorosum, & -frequentibus ac proceris opacum arboribus: ibi ara deo extructa, more -patrio sacra fecerunt. Under the Hill_ (to wit, Mount _Palatine_) _was -anciently, as report goes_ (saith he) _a great cave or den, covered -over by a thick grove, deep wells or riverets running amongst the -stones of the cave, and round about it a wood, by the many and tall -trees growing therein very dark and obscure: there the Altar of the God -was placed, and his Sacrifices after their Country manner performed_. -Now is _Stoneheng_ thus sited, or was there ever any such like place -near this _Antiquity_? of all the places in _England_ that I know, none -comes nearer that cave, then _Ochy-hole_ in _Somersetshire_: And if the -Ancients held such dismall situations only proper for _Pans Temples_, -then without peradventure _Stoneheng_ was never erected in honour of -him, they being no innovators in their superstitions. - -[Sidenote: _Dion. lib. 1._] - -A further observation may be made to our purpose, upon the aforesaid -description, _Erat tum antrum magnum, it was anciently_ (saith -_Dionysius_) _a great cave_. But in his own time, which was under -_Augustus_, the _Romans_ had so choked up the place with building, -that the manner how _Pans Temple_ in old time stood, was hardly to be -discovered: _nunc quidem ædificiis_ (saith he) _fanum circumquaque -sepientibus, difficilis conjectura est qualis olim loci natura fuerit. -At this present, verily, the Temple being every way environed with -buildings, it is hardly to be conjectured in what manner of place it -anciently stood_. This was the cause which enforced him to deliver to -posterity the former description meerly upon report. Certainly then, -the _Romans_ employing the place to profaner uses, _Pans_ Deity was -little esteemed by them; otherwise, they would never have polluted it, -by setting up private houses upon the place consecrated to him. Now the -_Romans_ slighting him after this manner at home, little reason appears -so magnificent a structure as _Stoneheng_, should be erected by them -for adoration of _Pan_ in other Countreys. - -[Sidenote: _Nat. Com. lib. 5._] - -Furthermore, the Sacrifices in times of old offered to _Pan_ were milk -and honey, offered up in simple Shepherds crocks or earthen pitchers: -_quare non ritè sacrificabant, qui tauros illi immolabant, aut qui in -aureis poculis lac aut vinum offerebant &c. Wherefore, they sacrificed -not aright_, saith _Natalis Comes, who immolated Buls or Oxen unto -him, or out of golden cups poured forth milk or wine upon his Altars_; -for goblets of that metall were proper onely for the supernall and -celestiall _Deities_, not to terrestriall, and such as had care of -Heardsmen or Shepherd Swains. To which purpose also, the same Author -out of _Apollonius Smyrnæus_ remembers _Pan_, thus speaking of himself. - - _Sum Deus agrestis, cur his sunt aurea sacris - Pocula? quo vinum funditis Italicum? - Ad petram cur stat taurus cervice ligatus? - Parcite: non hæc est victima grata mihi. - Pan montanus ego sum, ligneus, ipsáque vestis - Pellicea est: mustum è fictilibúsque bibo._ - -In English thus: - - _A rurall God am I, in golden cup - The Falern wine, why then d’yee offer up? - Why at mine Altar, stands the stern Bull bound, - Or Oxe that’s fat, with laurell girland crown’d? - Spare ye such cost: no gratefull victimes these - Are unto me, others lesse costly please. - A Mountaineer, a wood-man clad in skin - Am I: your wine in earthen vessels bring._ - -But the Sacrifices anciently offered at _Stoneheng_ (already remembred) -were _Buls_ or _Oxen_, and severall sorts of beasts, as appears by the -heads of divers kinds of them, not many years since there digged up. - -[Sidenote: _Platin. in Bon._] - -[Sidenote: _Dion. lib. 53._] - -As for that of the _Pantheon_, it is very well known the _Ancients_ so -called it, not in any relation to _Pan_, but because it was sacred to -_Jove_ the _Revenger_, and according to others to _Cibele_, and all -Gods. For which reason, _Boniface_ the fourth obtained licence from -the Emperour _Phocas_, to consecrate it to the _Virgin Mary_, and all -Saints. And who knows not the _Architecture_ thereof wholly different -from this of _Stoneheng_? The _Pantheon_ hath its _Cell_ enclosed -with a continued solid wall, and the _Portico_ only in front, of the -delicate _Corinthian Order_; of which _Order_ the inner part consisted -likewise, being vaulted in most admirable and magnificent manner. From -whence _Dion Cassius_ delivers his opinion, _inde id nominis habere, -quod forma convexa fastigiatum, cœli similitudinem ostenderet, it to -be called the_ Pantheon, _because by the form of that vault wherewith -covered, it represented the concave of Heaven_, or (as others will) -the figure of the world; for the world being mans house, the firmament -is as the vaulted roof thereof. At the crown of the vault it had an -opening, by which only it received light and air. But, this _Antiquity -Stoneheng_ built of a grave and humble _Order_ (as is said before) had -a double _Portico_ continuing round about it, the Cell thereof free and -open, and every way exposed to the air, received light from all parts. - -Wherefore leaving these, _Stoneheng_ was dedicated, as I conceive, to -the God _Cœlus_, by some Authors called _Cœlum_, by others _Uranus_, -from whom the Ancients imagined all things took their beginning. My -reasons are, First, in respect of the _situation_ thereof; for it -stands in a Plain, remote from any _Town_ or _Village_, in a free and -open air, without any groves or woods about it. - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. li. 1. cap. 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Godw. Antiq. l. 1. cap. 20._] - -Secondly, in regard of the _Aspect_; for _Stoneheng_ was never covered, -but built without a roof. Which _Decorum_ the _Romans_ ever observed, -both in the _Situation_ and _Aspect_ of the _Temples_ dedicated to -this their God, and to _Jove_ the _Lightner_, the _Sun_, and the -_Moon_. _Jovi fulguratori, & Cœlo, & Soli, & Lunæ, ædificia sub divo -Hypæthráque constituuntur. To_ Jove _the Lightner, and to Cœlus, and -to the Sun, and to the Moon, they erected buildings in the open air -and uncovered_, saith _Vitruvius_ in the second Chapter of his first -Book. Take with you also his reason. _Horum enim Deorum & species & -effectus in aperto mundo atque lucenti præsentes videmus, because -both the forms and effects of these Deities, we behold present before -our eyes, in a clear and open view._ Another reason I find also why -they built their Temples to _Cœlus_, and those other Deities uncovered -as _Stoneheng_: because they counted it an hainous matter to see those -Gods confined under a roof, whose doing good consisted in being abroad. - -[Sidenote: _Pier. Valer. Hier. lib. 39._] - -[Sidenote: _Leo Bapt. Alb. lib. 7._] - -[Sidenote: _Philand. in 4. lib. Vitr. cap. 7._] - -Thirdly, in regard of the _Form_ of _Stoneheng_, which is _circular_. -This figure was proper to the _Temples_ of _Cœlus_ and _Tellus_, whom -the Ancients called _Vesta_, as _Valerianus_ (in his _Hieroglyphicks_) -affirms. _Non solamente la palla, ma una simplice piegatura di ruota, -appresso gli Egizziani demostrava il Cielo. Not only_ (saith he) _the -circular form, but the meer segment of a circle amongst the Egyptians -was an Hieroglyphick of Cœlus_. And to this purpose also, _Leo Baptista -Albertus_ useth these words. _Ædem Vestæ, quam esse terram putarent, -rotundam ad pilæ similitudinem, faciebant. Unto Vesta, whom they -reputed to be the Earth, they built Temples of a round form globelike_. -Besides, observe what _Philander_ commenting on _Vitruvius_ tels us. -_Templorum quanquam alia fiant quadrata, alia multorum angulorum, Cœli -naturam imitati veteres, imprimis rotundis sunt delectati: Although_ -(saith he) _the Ancients made some Temples square, some of six sides, -others of many angles, they were especially delighted with making of -them round, as representing thereby the Form or Figure of_ Cœlum, -_Heaven_. - -[Sidenote: _An. Pal. li. 1._] - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 1. cap. 2._] - -[Sidenote: _Apollod. lib. 1._] - -Fourthly, in respect of the _Order_ whereof _Stoneheng_ built. The -severity of this _Tuscane_ work, retaining in it a shew (as it -were) of that first face of _Antiquity_ (as _A. Palladio_ terms it) -being most agreeable to the nature of this their God, reputed the -ancientest of all their _Deities_, and Father of _Saturn_. For, it -was the custome of the Ancients (as in part I remembred before) to -appropriate the severall _Orders_ of _Architecture_, according to the -particular qualifications of those they deified. _Minervæ, & Marti, -& Herculi, ædes Doricæ fient: his enim diis propter virtutem, sine -deliciis ædificia constitui decet. To Minerva, and Mars, and Hercules, -Temples of the Dorick Order were made; for, to these Deities in -respect of their valiant actions, it was requisite to build without -delicacy. Veneri, Floræ, Proserpinæ, Fontium Nymphis, Corinthio -genere constitutæ, aptas videbuntur habere proprietates, quòd his -diis propter teneritatem, graciliora & florida, foliísque & volutis -ornata opera facta augere videbuntur justum decorem. To Venus, Flora, -Proserpina, the Fountain Nymphs, the Corinthian Order was thought -most proper: because unto these in regard of their tender natures, -the work seemed to advance a just decorum, when made delicate and -flourishing, and adorned with leaves and volutes. Junoni, Dianæ, Libero -Patri cæterísque diis qui eadem sunt similitudine, si ædes Ionicæ -construerentur, habita erat ratio mediocritatis, quod & ab severo more -Doricorum, & à teneritate Corinthiorum, temperabitur earum institutio -proprietatis. To Juno, Diana, Bacchus, and to the other Deities of -the same quality, building Temples of the Ionick Order, they had -regard unto the mean, that from the severe manner of the Dorick, and -delicacy of the Corinthian, the condition of their indowments might be -duly moderated_, saith _Vitruvius_. To _Jupiter_, _Sol_, and _Luna_, -though they made Temples _sub divo_ open to the air and without roofs -like this _Antiquity_; yet were they not built of severe and humble -but most delicate _Orders_, and accordingly were adorned with costly -ornaments, and beautified with various enrichments in severall sorts -of sculpture, as by the ruines of them in divers parts of _Italy_ -remaining to this day, evidently appears. Respecting therefore, this -_Decorum_ used by the _Ancients_ in building their _Temples_, and that -this work _Stoneheng_ is principally composed of a most grave _Tuscane_ -manner, by just proportions of an agreeable form; it is in mine -opinion, as I said before, most agreeable to the quality and condition -of that ancient _Cœlus_, whom Antiquity reputed the very stem whence -all those Deities in the succeeding Ages proceeded. Cœlus _ex eadem -conjuge (scilicet Tellure) procreavit_ Oceanum, Cœlum, Hyperionem _&c. -& novissimum omnium_ Saturnum _suscepit_. Cœlus, _by the same wife_ -(to wit _Tellus_) _had_ Oceanus, Cœlum, Hyperion _&c. and last of all -begat_ Saturn. To which purpose also _Lactantius, I finde_ Uranius -_by his wife_ Vesta _had_ Saturn _and_ Ops: Saturn _attaining the -government, called his father_ Uranius, Cœlus, _and his mother_ Terra; -_that by this change of names, he might the more magnifie the splendor -of his originall &c._ Further, I conceive it will not be impertinent to -our purpose in hand, to deliver what the _Ancients_ have reported of -_Cœlus_; and wherefore they ascribed divine Honours unto Him. - -[Sidenote: _Boccace lib. 3._] - -According to the _Poets_, _Cœlus_ was not that huge machine adorned -with stars, which _Orpheus_ saith was composed for habitation of -the _Planets_, and other _Deities_, and which we behold moving with -continuall revolution: but a certain man so called, son to _Æther_ -and _Dies_, that, is _della virtù ardente, & della luce famosa, of -transcendent influence and resplendent brightness_, as _Boccace_ hath -it. - -[Sidenote: _Diodor. lib. 4._] - -By Historians, especially _Diodorus Siculus_, it’s thus delivered. -_Scribunt primùm regnasse apud Atlantides_ Cœlum: _Hominésque antea -per agros dispersos, ad cœtum, condendásque urbes exhortatum, à fera -eos agrestíque vita ad mitiorem cultum extitisse &c. They write, -he which first reigned over the_ Atlantides _was_ Cœlus, _and that -he invited men living dispersedly before throughout the fields, to -convene, and dwell in companies together, exhorting them to build -Towns, and reducing them from wild and savage to the conversation of -civill life: Taught them also to sow corn and seeds, and divers other -things belonging to the common use of mankind; Ruled likewise over a -great part of the world from East to West; Was a diligent observer of -the stars, and foretold men divers things to come: The year (before -confus’d) bringing into Order, according to the course of the Sun, -reducing it also into moneths after the Moons course, and appointing -likewise the severall seasons of the year. Whereby many ignorant of the -perpetuall course of the stars, and amazed at his future predictions, -did verily believe he participated of Divine Nature, and therefore -after his death, as well for benefits received from him, as great -knowledge of the stars, they conferred on him immortall honours, -and adored him as a God. And, as appears, called_ Cœlus _in regard -of his skill in the celestiall bodies, as also, for divers other -causes eternall King of all the world_. Thus _Diodorus_. It being an -ordinary custome among the Heathens to deifie, and esteem for Gods, -such excellent personages, as either had well ruled, or governed them, -or done any notable thing among them to their especiall benefit, or -good liking. Such, were they men, or women, remained with the name, -reputation, and reverence of _Gods_ or _Goddesses_ after their deaths. - -[Sidenote: _Plut. Phil. opin. lib. 1._] - -Furthermore, according to the _Philosophers_; _Men_ (they knew not how) -by nature soon wanting, and by instinct as soon seeking some God (in -stead of apprehending better) deified the _best_ to sense. Whereupon, -out of all _Entities_ as most glorious to the eye, they first made -choice of _Heaven_, and _Heavenly_ bodies; considering again, as the -most beneficiall objects, those living creatures, and fruits which -the _Earth_ beneath brought forth, to make compleat generations, they -coupled _Cœlus_ to _Tellus_, adoring _Heaven_ as Father, and _Earth_ as -Mother to these; the pouring down of showers from _Heaven_ seeming in -stead of naturall seeds, and the _Earth_ as a Mother to conceive, and -bring forth the same. - -[Sidenote: _Rosin. lib. 2. cap. 5._] - -Fifthly, the Sacrifices in times of old offered to _Cœlus_ were Bulls -or Oxen, their great God _Jupiter_ himself, as I find in _Rosinus_, -offering such Victimes unto him. _Ante pugnam, que cum Gigantibus in_ -Creta _habita est_, Jovem _sacrificasse dicunt_ Soli, Cœlo, _ac_ Terræ -_bovem. Before the battell struck with the Giants in_ Crete, _they say_ -Jupiter _sacrificed an Oxe to_ Sol, Cœlus, _and_ Terra. Now that there -hath oftentimes been digged out of the ground at _Stoneheng_, the heads -of such beasts, in all probability anciently in that place sacrificed; -I need not again remember, being it is so well known. - -[Sidenote: _Pier. Valer. Hier. lib. 60._] - -Sixthly, all the upright stones in this _Antiquity_ are _Pyramidall_ -like flames, in imitation of those _Ætheriall_ fires, wherewith the -_Heaven_ is adorned. Now, that _Fire_ hath the form of a _Pyramis_ is -evident, _percioche, essendo largo da basso, intorno alla materia & -esca, da che si pasce, finisce in acuta fiammache riguardo al Cielo. -Because, being large at the bottome, in respect of the matter and -fewell, by which it is fed, it finishes in an acute flame tending -upwards towards Heaven._ And, that the Heavens are adorned with fires, -_Natalis Comes_ in his Mythology, out of _Orpheus_, makes apparent. -_Nihil aliud esse Cœlum existimans, nisi hunc æthera qui constat ex -altissimis illis ignibus. Supposing the Heaven to be no other thing, -but this Air which consisteth of those transcendent Fires._ - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. lib. 5._] - -[Sidenote: _Pier. Valer. Hier. lib. 39._] - -Lastly, that _Stoneheng_ was anciently dedicated to _Cœlus_ I collect -from the _Conformation_ of the work. For the _conformation_ of the -_Cell_ and _Porticus_ in the Plant, was designed with four equilaterall -_Triangles_, inscribed in a _Circle_, such as the _Astrologers_ use -in describing the twelve _celestiall_ signs in musicall proportions. -According to that of _Vitruvius_; _In ea conformatione quatuor -scribantur trigona paribus lateribus & intervallis, quæ extremam lineam -circinationis tangant; In the conformation thereof let four triangles -be inscribed of equall sides and intervals, which may touch the extreme -part of the circumference: quibus etiam in duodecim signorum cœlestium -descriptione, Astrologi ex musica convenientia astrorum ratiocinantur; -by which figures also, Astrologers from the musicall harmony of the -stars ground their reasonings, as concerning the description of the -twelve celestiall signs_. Besides the _Cell_ it self in the formation -thereof, is cast into an _Exagon_, one of the three figures, likewise -used by _Astrologers_ in their aforesaid arguments of the _sympathy_ -of the stars. _Figuris tribus_ (saith _Philander_) _utuntur Astrologi, -Trigono, Tetragono & Hexagono. The Astrologers make use of three sorts -of figures; the Triangle, Tetragon, and Hexagon._ Furthermore, the -three entrances leading into the Temple from the Plain, were comparted -by an equilaterall _triangle_; which was the figure whereby the -Ancients expressed what appertained to _Heaven_, and divine mysteries -also. _Aggiungono i Magi_ (saith _Pierius Valerianus_) _che un -triangolo semplice di lati uguali, è indizio di divinità, overo effigie -di cose celesti. The_ Magi _adde that a triangle of equall sides -is a symbole of Divinity, or sign of celestiall matters_. Now this -_Antiquity_ consisting of severall stones, orderly disposed into one -entire work, in imitation, as it were, of those severall stars which -appearing to us in the Heavens in form of a circle, are called the -_celestiall Crown_; and wholly designed by those _Scheams_ wherewith -_Astrologers_ use to describe _celestiall_ bodies, which figures, -usually applied by them to particular accidents onely, being all -joyntly made use of by the _Architect_ for conformation of this sacred -structure, it is not improbable _Stoneheng_ was so composed, because -dedicated to _Cœlum_. Yea further, (if lawfull to compare an idolatrous -place with so divine a work) was not the _Temple_ at _Hierusalem_ -adorned with the figures of _Cherubims_; that thereby the Nations of -the Earth might know it was the habitation of the living God? and, why -not in like manner this _Temple_ composed by _Astrologicall_ figures, -that after Ages might apprehend, it was anciently consecrated to -_Cœlus_ or _Cœlum_ Heaven? - -[Sidenote: _Dan. Barba. in lib. 4._] - -[Sidenote: _Vitr. cap. 7. in Ven. 1584._] - -But in this conjuncture; concerning such kinde of _Temples_ as this -at _Stoneheng_, what saith the learned _Patriarch_ of _Aquileia_? _Io -credo, che quel Tempio senza parete significava alcune cose del Cielo, -gli effetti delle quali sono nelle scoperto. I beleeve that Temple -without walls_ (speaking of the _Monopteros_ aforesaid) _had a relation -to_ Cœlum (_Heaven_) _because the effects thereof are openly displaied -to the full view of all men_. - -_Camden_ tels us he had heard, that in the time of King _Henry_ the -eighth, a table of metall was found, not far from this _Antiquity_, -engraven with divers strange characters, which being not legible, was -neglected and lost: had, indeed, that Table been found within the work -it self it might happily have brought to light somwhat in relation -to _Stoneheng_. And by all likelihood, in time some inscriptions may -therein be found, it being the custome as well of _Greeks_ as _Romans_, -in times of greatest _Antiquity_, to lay inscriptions (usually) under -the first stones set in what works soever; especially, those of any -great magnificence. Wherefore, I advise mine honoured Friend _Laurence -Washington_ Esquire in whose demeasnes this _Antiquity_ stands, to -whom I am much obliged, for his friendly notice of what things have -been there of late years digged up, that he would be solicitous upon -any search made there, to enquire after them, and if any found not to -neglect, or curiously conceal them, but preserve and willingly produce -the same. - -I suppose, I have now proved from Authentick Authors, and the rules of -Art, _Stoneheng_ anciently a _Temple_, dedicated to _Cœlus_, built -by the _Romans_; either in, or not long after those times (by all -likelihood) when the _Roman_ Eagles spreading their commanding wings -over this _Island_, the more to civilize the Natives, introduc’d the -_Art_ of Building amongst them, discovering their ambitious desire, -by stupendious and prodigious works, to eternize the memory of their -high minds to succeeding Ages. For, the magnificence of that stately -_Empire_, is at this day clearly visible in nothing more, then in the -ruines of their _Temples_, _Palaces_, _Arch’s Triumphals_, _Aquæducts_, -_Thermæ_, _Theaters_, _Amphitheaters_, _Cirques_, and other secular, -and sacred structures. - -[Sidenote: _Camd. fo. 8._] - -History affords only _Contemplation_, whereby their great Actions are -made conceivable alone to reasoning: but the ruines of their buildings -_Demonstration_, which obvious to sense, are even yet as so many -eye-witnesses of their admir’d atchievements. - - Roma _quanta fuit, ipsa ruina docet_, - _How great_ Rome _was, her ruines yet declare_. - -Opinions fancied to the contrary, I have rendred improbable, the -Authors of them in respect of this _Antiquity_ being not only modern; -but also, what said by them _Romance_-like hatched out of their own -brains, even as other fables invented by them, touching the _Britains_ -of old. Men possest neverthelesse, with a former conceit of things, -endure not by any means new opinions, having not commonly patience to -search long after the truth thereof. To them, ever the more generally -received, the truer things seem, accounting all of their own time -despicable; insomuch, as some are so far in love with vulgarly receiv’d -reports, that it must be taken for truth, whatsoever related by them, -though nor head, nor tail, nor foot, nor footstep in it oftentimes -of reason or common sense. They that beleeve _Geffrey Monmouths ipse -dixit_, may make themselves merry therewith; in pleasing their own -fancy, they displease not mine. As I have delivered my own judgement -freely, all reason they should enjoy theirs. But such as sail in the -vast Ocean of time, amongst the craggy rocks of _Antiquity_, steering -their course, betwixt anciently approved customs, and convincing -arguments, guided by good Authority, and sound judgement, arrive -much safer, and with better repute, in the secure Haven of undoubted -_Truth_. For mine own part, I had rather erre happily with venerable -_Antiquity_, then so much as trouble my thoughts with modern conceits. -Whether, in this adventure, I have wasted my Barque into the wished -_Port_ of _Truths_ discovery concerning _Stoneheng_, I leave to the -judgement of skilfull _Pilots_. I have endevoured, at least, to give -life to the attempt, trending perhaps, to such a degree, as either -may invite others to undertake the Voyage anew, or prosecute the same -in more ample manner, in which, I wish them their desired successe, -and that with prosperous gales they may make a more full and certain -discovery. - - _FINIS._ - - - - - Errata. - - -Folio 10. line 6. These words, - -[_The_ Romans _overthrew not the Temples, or razed to the Foundations, -any of the sacred structures of the_ Druid’s _and_ Britans _made of -stone, or other materials, which he might as readily have done, if they -had used any such: but positively_,] should have been printed in the -ordinary letter. - - Fo. | Line | Read - | | - 18 | 22 | was - 28 | 4 | _Cappa_ - 38 | 19 | _Mercians_ - 49 | 37 | streit - 50 | 1 | streit - 80 | 23 | the roofe - - - Transcriber’s Notes: - - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - Text enclosed by equals is in blackletter (=blackletter=). - - Blank pages have been removed. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MOST NOTABLE ANTIQUITY OF GREAT -BRITAIN, VULGARLY CALLED STONE-HENG ON SALISBURY PLAIN *** - -***** This file should be named 64069-0.txt or 64069-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - https://www.gutenberg.org/6/4/0/6/64069/ - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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} - - img.w100 { width: 100%; } - .illowp100 { width: 100%;} - .illowp40 { width: 40%; } - .illowp75 { width: 75%; } - - /* === Text drop caps === */ - p.drop-cap { text-indent: -1em; } - p.drop-cap:first-letter { - float: left; - font-size: 265%; - padding-right: 0.4em; - padding-left: 0.38em; - text-indent: 0; - line-height: 0.9em; - margin-top: -0.05em; - } - .x-ebookmaker p.drop-cap { text-indent: 0; } - .x-ebookmaker p.drop-cap:first-letter { - float: none; - margin: 0; - line-height: normal; - padding-left: 0; - padding-right: 0; - font-size: 100%; - } - - sup { font-size: small; } - - /* === Transcriber's notes === */ - .transnote { - background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size: smaller; - padding: 0.5em; - margin-top: 10%; - margin-bottom: 5%; - font-family: sans-serif, serif; - } - - </style> -</head> - -<body> -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold;'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The most notable Antiquity of Great Britain, vulgarly called Stone-Heng on Salisbury Plain, by Inigo Jones</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The most notable Antiquity of Great Britain, vulgarly called Stone-Heng on Salisbury Plain</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Restored by Inigo Jones Esquire, Architect Generall to the late King</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Inigo Jones</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Editor: John Webb</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Engraver: Wencelaus Hollar</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Release Date: December 22, 2020 [eBook #64069]</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: MWS, Robert Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</div> -<div style='margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MOST NOTABLE ANTIQUITY OF GREAT BRITAIN, VULGARLY CALLED STONE-HENG ON SALISBURY PLAIN ***</div> - - <div class="figcenter epub-hide"> - <img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter illowp75" id="ifrontis" style="max-width: 50.6875em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_frontis.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap medium">Ignatii iones mag: brit: architecti generalis, vera effigies,</span></div> - <div class="attl"><i>Anth. van Dycke Eques pinxit,</i></div> - <div class="attr"><i>W. Hollar fecit, aqua forti</i></div> - </div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="titlepage"> - <h1> - <span class="large gespertt2">THE</span><br /> - <span class="large">most notable</span><br /> - <span class="gespertt2 red">ANTIQUITY</span><br /> - <span class="large gespertt2">OF</span><br /> - <span class="xxlarge red"><span class="gespertt2"><i>GREAT BRITAIN</i></span>,</span><br /> - <span class="large">vulgarly called</span><br /> - <span class="xxxlarge gespertt red">STONE-HENG</span><br /> - <span class="large gespertt2">ON</span><br /> - <span class="xxlarge red"><span class="gespertt1"><i>SALISBURY PLAIN</i></span>.</span> - </h1> - - <div><b><span class="gespertt1">RESTORED</span><br /> - <span class="xlarge">By <span class="gespertt1">INIGO JONES</span> Esquire,</span><br /> - Architect Generall to the late<br /> - <span class="xlarge gespertt2">KING</span>.</b></div> - - <hr class="wide" /> - - <div class="red"><span class="gespertt2"><i>LONDON</i></span>,</div> - - <div>Printed by <span class="red"><i>James Flesher</i></span> for <span class="red"><i>Daniel Pakeman</i></span> at - the - sign of the<br /> - <i>Rainbow</i> in <i>Fleetstreet</i>, and <span class="red"><i>Laurence Chapman</i></span> next door<br /> - to the Fountain Tavern in the <i>Strand</i>. 1655.</div> - </div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="titlepage"> - <div class="center xlarge lh2"><span class="gespertt2">TO</span><br /> - The Right Honourable<br /> - <span class="xxxlarge gespertt1"><b>PHILIP</b></span><br /> - Earle of <i>Pembroke</i> and <i>Montgomerie</i>,<br /> - Baron <i>Herbert</i> of <i>Caerdiff</i> and <i>Sherland</i>,<br /> - Lord <i>Parr</i> and <i>Rosse</i> of <i>Kendall</i>, Lo: <i>Fitzhugh<br /> - Marmyon</i> and Saint <i>Quintin</i> &c.<br /> - <i>STONE-HENG</i> restored<br /> - is<br /> - humbly dedicated<br /> - by<br /> - Your Lo<sup>ps</sup> devoted servant<br /> - <i>John Webb</i>. - </div> - </div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak gespertt1 lh2"><span class="medium">TO</span><br /> - <span class="xxlarge">THE FAVOURERS</span><br /> - <span class="medium">OF</span><br /> - <span class="gespertt2"><i>ANTIQUITY</i></span>.</h2> - </div> - - <p class="drop-cap">THis Discourse of <i>Stone-heng</i> is moulded off, and cast into - a rude Form, from some few indigested notes of the late judicious - <i>Architect</i>, the <i>Vitruvius</i> of his age <i>Inigo Jones</i>. - That so venerable an <i>Antiquity</i> might not perish, but the world - made beholding to him for restoring it to light, the desires of - severall his learned <i>Friends</i> have encouraged me to compose this - Treatise. Had he survived to have done it with his own hand, there had - needed no Apology. Such as it is, I make now yours. Accept it in <i>his - name</i>, from</p> - - <div class="right"><i>J. W.</i></div> - - <hr class="page" /> -<div class="mrb"> - - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">1</span> - <h2 class="lh2" id="STONEHENG"><span class="xxxlarge gespertt1">STONEHENG</span><br /> - <span class="xxlarge gespertt2">RESTORED</span>,</h2> - </div> - - <div class="center lh2 mb5"><span class="gespertt2">BY</span><br /> - <span class="xlarge"><span class="gespertt1"><i>INIGO JONES</i></span> Esquire.</span> - </div> - - <p class="drop-cap">BEing naturally inclined in my younger years to study the <i>Arts of - Designe</i>, I passed into forrain parts to converse with the great - Masters thereof in <i>Italy</i>; where I applied my self to search - out the ruines of those ancient <i>Buildings</i>, which in despight - of <i>Time</i> it self, and violence of <i>Barbarians</i> are yet - remaining. Having satisfied my self in these, and returning to my - native <i>Countrey</i>, I applied my minde more particularly to the - study of <i>Architecture</i>. Among the ancient monuments whereof, - found here, I deemed none more worthy the searching after, then this of - <i>Stoneheng</i>; not only in regard of the <i>Founders</i> thereof, - the <i>Time</i> when built, the <i>Work</i> it self, but also for the - rarity of its <i>Invention</i>, being different in <i>Forme</i> from - all I had seen before: likewise, of as beautifull <i>Proportions</i>, - as elegant in <i>Order</i>, and as stately in <i>Aspect</i>, as any.</p> - - <p>King <i>James</i>, in his progresse, the year one thousand six - hundred and twenty, being at <i>Wilton</i>, and discoursing of this - <i>Antiquity</i>, I was sent for by the right Honourable <i>William</i> - then <i>Earl of Pembrook</i>, and received there his Majesties - commands to produce out of mine own practise in <i>Architecture</i>, - and experience in <i>Antiquities</i> abroad, what possibly I could - discover<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">2</span> concerning this of <i>Stoneheng</i>. What mine opinion was - then, and what I have since collected in relation thereunto; I intend - to make the subject of this present Treatise. And certainly, in the - intricate, and obscure study of <i>Antiquity</i> it is far easier (as - <i>Camden</i> very well observes) to refute and contradict a false, - then to set down a true and certain resolution. For mine own part, - in what I shall here deliver, I intend not to struggle against any - opinion commonly, and long since received. Let every man judge as it - pleaseth him. What opinion soever the Reader inclines to, I shall not - make much materiall, my aime being, a desire only to vindicate, as much - as in me lies, the <i>Founders</i> of this venerable <i>Antiquity</i> - from oblivion, and to make the truth, as far forth as possibly I may, - appeare to all men.</p> - - <p>Severall Writers, both Strangers, and our own Countreymen, have treated - of <i>Stoneheng</i>. Before recite whole opinions, I think not amisse - to seek this subject from the most ancient times, endevouring thereby - to give satisfaction whether or no, the <i>Druides</i>, <i>aliàs</i> - <i>Druidæ</i> (in Authors indifferently written, and in old time - the <i>Priests</i> of the <i>Britans</i> and <i>Gauls</i>) or the - ancient <i>Britans</i>, for the <i>Druid’s</i> use, might not be the - <i>Founders</i> of so notable a monument; which if they were, there is - then no cause why bestow farther study or pains, in searching who the - <i>Founders</i> were, but acquiesce in the honour of our own Nations - first erection of it.</p> - - <p>As far neverthelesse, as from History ancient or moderne may be - gathered, there is little likelyhood of any such matter, considering - especially what the <i>Druid’s</i> were; also, what small experience - the <i>Britans</i>, anciently inhabiting this Isle, had, in knowledge - of what ever <i>Arts</i>, much lesse of building, with like elegancy - and proportion, such goodly works as <i>Stoneheng</i>.</p> - - <p>Concerning the <i>Druid’s</i> in the first place, true it is, they - are reported in ancient times, to have been in great esteeme in this - Island, where their discipline, and manner of learning, was supposed - to be first invented, and from hence translated into <i>Gaul</i>. - <i>Disciplina in Britannia reperta</i> (saith <i>Cæsar</i>) - <span class="sni"><i>Cæsar. Commen. lib. 6.</i></span> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span> <i>atque - inde in Galliam translata esse existimatur.</i> They are said in - like manner no have ordered and disposed all divine matters, as well - in relation to their severall kinds of Sacrifices, as to expounding - whatever rites of their idolatrous superstition;<span class="sni"><i>Plin. lib. 16.</i></span> - insomuch, you may call them (if you please) the Bishops and Clergy of that Age.</p> - - <p>Their power moreover, and preheminence was not confined within the - strict limits of sacred matters, but enjoying a more large prerogative, - temporall negotiations, and affairs of State were transacted by them: - the managing of Peace and War was usually remitted to their Authority, - even when Armies were ready to joyn in Battell. <i>Publica iis</i> - (saith <i>Strabo</i><span class="sni"><i>Strab. lib. 4.</i></span>) <i>& privata judicia committuntur, & aliquando - causis bellorum disceptandis jam acie congressuros composuerunt.</i> - Judges they were (saith <i>Cæsar</i><span class="sni"><i>Cæsar. lib. 6.</i></span> also) in almost all civill and - criminall causes: sentence they gave in case of life and death: decide - they did controversies, and debates betwixt party and party: finally, - whatever else was requisite and convenient to keep the people in due - obedience to their <i>Princes</i>, they wholly took the care and charge - of.</p> - - <p>These were the maine affaires wherein the employment of the - <i>Druides</i> consisted, and whereunto they wholly addicted - themselves. Whosoever desires to know more of them, may read - <i>Cæsar</i>, <i>Diodorus Siculus</i>, <i>Strabo</i>, <i>Pliny</i>, - <i>Diogenes Laertius</i>, <i>Ammianus Marcellinus</i>, and such like - ancient Authors. But, whatsoever these, or other Historians have - written of the <i>Druides</i>, certainly, <i>Stoneheng</i> could - not be builded by them, in regard, I find no mention, they were at - any time either studious in <i>Architecture</i>, (which in this - subject is chiefly to be respected) or skilfull in any thing else - conducing thereunto. For, <i>Academies</i> of <i>Designe</i> were - unknown unto them: publique Lectures in the <i>Mathematiques</i> not - read amongst them: nothing of their <i>Painting</i>, not one word - of their <i>Sculpture</i> is to be found, or scarce of any Science - (<i>Philosophy</i> and <i>Astronomy</i> excepted) proper to informe - the judgement of an <i>Architect</i>; who, (as <i>Vitruvius</i> <span class="sni"><i>Vitr. li. 1.</i></span> saith) - should be <i>peritus Graphidos, eruditus Geometria, & Optices non<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span> - ignarus</i> &c. <i>perfect in Designe, expert in Geometry, well seen - in the Opticks, skilfull in Arithmetick, a good Historian, a diligent - hearer of Philosophers, well experienced in Physick, Musick, Law and - Astrologie</i>.</p> - - <p>Of all that have written of the <i>Druid’s</i>, no Author knew them - better then <i>Cæsar</i>, neither hath any more fully described them; - who after a large discourse of their discipline, priviledges, and - <i>Theologie,<span class="sni"><i>Cæsar. li. 6.</i></span> Multa de sideribus</i> (saith he) <i>atque eorum motu, - de mundi ac terrarum magnitudine, de rerum natura, &c. disputant, - & juventuti transdunt. They make much dispute, and instruct their - Scholars in many things concerning the Stars, and their motion, the - greatnesse of Heaven and Earth, of the nature of things &c.</i> As - for other Arts relating to the <i>Mathematiques</i>, or any works - of this kind, he makes no manner of mention, though himself an - <i>Architect</i>, glorying in his own, and much more extolling others - invention in that <i>Art</i>.</p> - - <p>The truth is, those ancient times had no knowledge of publique works, - either Sacred or Secular, for their own use, or honour of their - <i>Deities</i>. Besides, they us’d not any buildings of Stone, or (for - ought is manifest) knew so much, as how to order working therein. - The <i>Druid’s</i> led a solitary contemplative life, contenting - themselves with such habitations, as either meer necessity invented, to - shelter them from contrariety of seasons, without <i>Art</i>, without - <i>Order</i>, without any whatever means tending to perpetuity: or, - such as <i>Nature</i> alone had prepared for them in dens, and caves - of desert and darksome woods; esteeming it, questionlesse, the highest - secret of their mystery, rather to command in caves and cottages, then - live like Kings, in Palaces, and stately houses. They were too wise, - knew too well, ’twas their humility, integrity, retired manner of life, - and pretended sanctity possest the people with an awfully reverend - esteem of them; and which fed, and kept up their reputation throughout - the Countrey, when outward appearances of State and magnificence - would either have brought them into envy, and their superstition - into contempt, or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span> themselves and <i>Religion</i> both to be wholly - extirpated and laid aside.</p> - - <p><i>Pomponius Mela</i><span class="sni"><i>Pomp. Mela lib. 3.</i></span> discoursing of the <i>Druides</i>, <i>Docent - multa</i> (saith he) <i>nobilissimos gentis clam & diu vicenis annis - in specu, aut in abditis saltibus</i>, <i>They teach the Nobility, and - better sort of their nation, many things, even twenty years together, - secretly in caves, or close coverts of obscure woods and forrests</i>. - Such, and no other were their habitations, such their Universities, and - publique Schooles.</p> - - <p>As for their <i>Temples</i> and sacred structures, they consisted - not in variety of formes, costlinesse of materials, or perfection of - humane <i>Arts</i>, but were of <i>Natures</i> own framing in like - manner, being no other then groves of Oke. <i>The</i> Druid’s <i>chose - of purpose</i> (saith <i>Pliny</i>)<span class="sni"><i>Pliny lib. 16.</i></span> <i>such groves for their divine - Service, as stood only upon Okes; nay they solemnized no Sacrifice, - nor performed any sacred Ceremonies without the branches, and leaves - thereof; from whence they may seem well enough to be named</i> Dryadæ - <i>in</i> Greek, <i>which signifies as much as</i> Oke Priests.</p> - - <p>The <i>Romans</i> having forced their passage, and gained victory - over the <i>Druid’s</i> in <i>Anglesey</i>, cut down their woods and - groves, amongst them reckoned holy, and consecrated to their execrable - superstitions. <i>Excisi luci</i> (saith <i>Tacitus</i>)<span class="sni"><i>Tacit. Ann. lib. 14.</i></span> <i>sævis - superstitionibus sacri</i>.</p> - - <p>To this purpose, <i>Humphrey Lloid</i>, in his history of <i>Wales</i>, - The vast woods growing in that Island, were not only by the - <i>Romans</i>, but afterwards, when the <i>Christian</i> Faith took - place in this <i>Nation</i>, by the <i>Christians</i> also fell’d and - rooted out. And why? because of the idolatry (saith he) and absurd - Religion used in them. Again, in his Epistle to <i>Ortelius</i> - concerning the Isle of <i>Anglesey</i>, the same Author affirmes; - Though there is little wood now growing there, yet every day the roots - and bodies of huge trees of a wonderfull length and bignesse are by the - inhabitants found, and digged out of the earth, in divers places in low - grounds, and champion fields.</p> - - <p>Now, if in stead of these roots, and bodies of trees, the ruines of - ancient Structures had been there found, it might<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span> peradventure, with - some probability, have been presumed either that the <i>Druid’s</i> - used <i>Temples</i>, or some other buildings of stone. For, their - ancient seat was in the Isle of <i>Mona</i>, now <i>Anglesey</i>, - whence modern Writers style it <i>Insulam Druidum</i>, the - <i>Island</i> of the <i>Druid’s</i>, and <i>sedem Druidum</i>, the - seat of the <i>Druid’s</i>. And from hence, questionlesse, it came to - passe, the <i>Romans</i>, with such difficulty, under the conduct of - <i>Suetonius Paulinus</i>, brought that Island under their power; nor - was it wholly subdued to their Empire, untill <i>Julius Agricola’s</i> - time. For, whereas in other parts of <i>Britain</i>, the people - contended for Liberty only, there, they fought <i>pro aris & focis</i>, - for Liberty, and Religion both.</p> - - <p>There it was the <i>British</i> armies (saith <i>Tacitus</i>)<span class="sni"><i>Tacit. Ann. lib. 16.</i></span> being - imbattailed, the women ran to and fro amongst them in sable weeds, - their hair about their ears, and fire-brands in their hands, like - infernall furies, the <i>Druid’s</i> round about them also, lifting up - their hands to Heaven, and pouring forth deadly curses; the novelty - of which sight bred such amazement in the <i>Roman Legions</i>, (the - <i>Romans</i> here, it seems, were unacquainted with the <i>Druid’s</i> - till then) that they stood stock still, and close together, not once - moving a foot, as if possessed with a resolution to act nothing at all, - but receive their deaths tamely and without any great resistance.</p> - - <p>Wherefore, besides, that History hath not remembred the ruines of - any ancient buildings digged up in <i>Anglesey</i>; if either, this - <i>Antiquity</i> had been remaining in that <i>Island</i>, or any - Author delivered such Actions of the <i>Druid’s</i>, as aforesaid, - performed about the place, where <i>Stoneheng</i> remains standing, - there might have been some advantage made thereof to the purpose now in - hand. But <i>Anglesey</i> excepted, ancient Writers give them residence - in no part of <i>Britain</i> beside, nor are they remembred by any, to - have been found elswhere, throughout the whole Nation. With respect - whereunto, if the <i>Druid’s</i> had knowledge, either to build the - like magnificent structures, or use, for any such, they would, without - all peradventure, have erected them upon the same place rather where - themselves resided, then elswhere.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span></p> - - <p>Neither are we to wonder, they chose such an out-nook or corner as - <i>Anglesey</i>, to reside in; in regard, there, they lived remote, - and solitary; there, were store of caves, and dens to instruct their - Scholars in, close and retired places for their own habitations, and - plenty of groves to perform their sacred mysteries in. Moreover, they - past their days there, like the Hermits of old time, according to - their own desire, in full contentment, and with free liberty to study, - and contemplate what they pleased. For, <i>Anglesey</i> (we must - know) in those times of yore, was wholly overgrown with desert Woods, - and obscure forrests, from whence the ancient <i>Britans</i> call’d - it <i>Ynis Dowil</i>, the shadowy or dark <i>Island</i>. Which name - it still retains, and is well known thereby to the now inhabitants, - who are, even at this day, likewise enclined, (yea, they usually - accustome themselves) to commit things more to Memory, then Writing; - and, as having received it by tradition from their Ancestors, living - in those ancient times, still endevour to observe that custom of the - <i>Druid’s, who held it unlawfull to commit any thing to writing</i>. - As <i>Cæsar</i><span class="sni"><i>Cæs. Com. lib. 6.</i></span> (in the sixth book of his Commentaries of the Gaulish - war) delivers.</p> - - <p>Concerning the <i>Britans</i> in the next place, The condition of those - ancient inhabitants of this Island in the <i>Druid’s</i> time duly - considered, (<i>viz.</i> in what manner they lived, how unskilfull in - all Sciences, and civill customs, what Deities they had, in what places - they adored them, and what manner of buildings, or sacred or secular, - were used by them) as little reason appears, that this Antiquity was by - them erected.</p> - - <p>As for their manner of living, the <i>Britans</i> were then a savage - and barbarous people, knowing no use at all of garments. <i>Vestis - usum non cognoscunt</i> (saith <i>Herodian</i>.)<span class="sni"><i>Herodian. lib. 3.</i></span> Now, if destitute of - the knowledge, even to clothe themselves, much lesse any knowledge - had they to erect stately structures, or such remarkable works as - <i>Stoneheng</i>. What fashions they used to adorn their bodies with, - the same Author tells us. <i>As a rare and rich habiliment, they wore - about their wasts<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span> and necks ornaments of iron</i> (saith he) <i>and - did pounce and colour their bodies with sundry forms, in rude manner - representing severall creatures</i>. In which regard, they would not be - otherwise clothed, lest constrain’d thereby to hide such their simple - (though with them much esteemed) bravery. - </p> - - <p>Again, in other their civill customs, they were no lesse rude and - ignorant; yea, so barbarous, even in things appertaining to common - sustenance, and whatever husbandry; that (as <i>Strabo</i>)<span class="sni"><i>Strabo li. 4.</i></span> <i>Quidam - eorum ob imperitiam caseos nullos conficiant, cum tamen lacte abundent: - alii hortos colendi, & aliarum partium agriculturæ ignari sunt</i>. - <i>Many of them, though they had great plenty of milk, yet their - want of skill was such, they knew not how to make cheese: others so - simple, they knew not to order their gardens or orchards, or any thing - belonging thereunto.</i></p> - - <p>Their Countrey also then lay uncultivated, no corn sown: <i>Quævis - herba & radix cibus est</i>, <i>Their food was herbs and roots</i> - (saith <i>Dion Cassius</i>.)<span class="sni"><i>Dion li. 62.</i></span> Hence Sir <i>Walter Raleigh</i> cals them - the <i>British Nomades</i>.<span class="sni"><i>Ral. li. 3. c. 5.</i></span> And (by the way) it may not inappositely be - observ’d, milk, roots, and fruit were the chief banquetting dishes; and - skins of beasts (if clothed) the most costly habits of our Forefathers. - Now who can, in reason imagine, that any great knowledge, practice, - or delight of Arts and Sciences, wherein the elegancy of Architecture - consists, should be in use or esteem, amongst a people, wholly devoted - (as I may so say) and given over to such barbarity?</p> - - <p>There were then no publick roads, or common high-ways to passe from one - place to another, no constant habitations, <i>Nec mœnia, nec urbes</i>, - <i>Nor towns nor walls</i> (as <i>Dion</i><span class="sni"><i>Dion li. 76.</i></span> out of <i>Xiphiline</i> - hath it) much lesse <i>Temples</i>, or other buildings made of stone, - composed by Art, with Order, and Proportion.i</p> - - <p>Moreover, who cast their eies upon this Antiquity, and examine the same - with judgement, must be enforced to confesse it erected by people, - grand masters in the Art of building, and liberall sciences, whereof - the ancient <i>Britans</i> utterly ignorant, as a Nation wholly - addicted to wars, ne<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span>ver applying themselves to the study of Arts, or - troubling their thoughts with any excellency therein. <i>Omnis arbor - domus.</i><span class="sni"><i>Dion lib. 62.</i></span> <i>Every tree being in stead of a house to them.</i></p> - - <p>In the wars which <i>Bunduica</i> (whom <i>Tacitus</i> cals - <i>Boadicia</i>) Queen of the <i>Iceni</i>, undertook against the - <i>Romans</i>, wherein seventy thousand of their Citizens, and - allies perished; in disdainfull contempt of the experience in Arts, - wherein the <i>Romans</i> flourished, <i>She</i> accounted it her - chiefest glory (saith <i>Dion Cassius</i>)<span class="sni"><i>Dion lib. 62.</i></span> to command over the - <i>Britans</i>, in regard, a people they were, who had not learned, - or knew, what belonged to the cultivating <i>and manuring of lands; - or the practice of Arts, or to be craftsmen in any thing, save - war</i>. <i>Qui non agros colere, non opifices esse, sed bella gerere - optimè didicerunt.</i> Where you see, their having nor experience nor - practice in any kinde of Sciences, war excepted, was enforc’d, by - <i>Bunduica</i>, as redounding greatly to the <i>Britans</i> honour, - much advantage being made thereof by <i>Her</i>, towards advancing - <i>Her</i> designs, as the Historian plainly tells us.</p> - - <p>But certain it is, however barbarous in other affairs, a most warlike - people they were. Never, untill the forces of the whole world united in - the <i>Roman</i> Empire conspiring to subdue them, liable to conquest: - neither could all that power, till after numbers of years spent in - the attempt, with infinite expence of men and treasure, ever prevail - against them. Now, as their sole skilfulnesse was in war, so they - idoliz’d principally what had relation thereunto, their <i>Dea optima - maxima</i>, being <i>Victoria</i>, whom they worshipped under the name - of <i>Andates</i>. Another Goddesse they had in much esteem, called - <i>Adraste</i>, which some imagine (as the <i>Nemesis</i> amongst the - <i>Greeks</i>) was their Goddesse of Revenge. These, according to their - savage manner of living, they adored in groves, and woods, the only - <i>Temples</i> in use amongst them, to perform their Sacrifices, and - divine mysteries in. (as from severall Authors I have already proved) - Neither find I any particular place mentioned, to which any of these - their <i>Temples</i> (if they may so be called) were assigned; only - <i>Andates</i> (it seems from <i>Dion Cassius</i>) had a grove<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span> sacred - to her in the Countrey of the <i>Iceni</i>, anciently containing - <i>Norfolk</i>, <i>Suffolk</i>, <i>Cambridge</i>, and <i>Huntingdon</i> - Shires, farre enough from <i>Stoneheng</i>.</p> - - <p>Besides, it is not to be past over in silence, how <i>Tacitus</i> - expresseth himself in the before cited fourteenth Book of his Annals, - telling us; <i>The</i> Romans <i>overthrew not the Temples, or - razed to the Foundations, any of the sacred structures of the</i> - Druid’s <i>and</i> Britans <i>made of stone, or other materials, - which he might as readily have done, if they had used any such: but - positively, the</i> Romans <i>cut down the</i> Britans <i>woods and - groves, amongst them reckoned holy, and consecrated to their execrable - superstitions</i>. True it is, other Temples, of greater magnificence - then already spoken of, I find none: Ornaments of Art to enrich - them they were not acquainted with: such orderly composed works as - <i>Stoneheng</i>, they had not any: yea, no kind of sacred structures - of stone were in use amongst them: their idolatrous places being - naturally adorned, only with wild, and overgrown shades, designed and - brought to perfection by Dame Nature her self, she being Architect - generall to all their Deities. Nor did it consist with their vain - Religion to use any other, they making their worship, performing their - Ceremonies, offering their Sacrifices in dark and obscure groves, most - conformable unto their barbarous, and inhumane, humane oblations.</p> - - <p>Neither must it seem strange, they used no other Temples then these, - it not being their custom alone; for the <i>Excelsi</i><span class="sni"><i>Mayer. 1 K. 1. Ch.</i></span> or high places - mentioned in the sacred Story, wherein the Heathen performed idolatrous - rites unto their Idols, were commonly groves, affectedly sited upon - some mountainous place, without any <i>House</i> or <i>Temple</i>. The - <i>Persians</i> of old, (of whom <i>Herodotus</i>)<span class="sni"><i>Herod. li. 1.</i></span> <i>Neque statuas, - neque templa, neque aras extruere consuetudo est</i>, <i>Erected - neither Images, nor Temples, nor Altars</i>: <i>quinimo hoc facientibus - insaniæ tribuere</i>, <i>accounting it great folly and madnesse in - those that did</i>: but ascending to the tops of the highest, and most - lofty hils, on them offered sacrifices to their Gods. From hence, - <i>Xerxes</i>, in his expedition, burnt down the Temples of the - <i>Greeks</i>, because they<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span> shut up their Gods therein, to whom all - things are open and free, and to whom the whole Universe serves for a - Temple. The <i>Abasgians</i> also (inhabiting Mount <i>Caucasus</i>) - did worship, even till <i>Procopius</i> his time, groves and woods; - and in a barbarian simplicity esteemed the very trees themselves - to be Gods. In like manner, the Northern and Southern people of - <i>America</i>, made all their Invocations and Exorcisms in woods. The - ancient <i>Germans</i> likewise consecrated woods and forests. <i>Lucos - ac nemora consecrant</i>, saith <i>Tacitus</i> of them. And the like - places for idolatrous superstition, did divers other barbarous Nations - use, before reduced to order, and civility of life, <i>Tacitus</i> - giving this reason for it: They thought it a matter ill beseeming the - greatnesse of their Deities, to enclose them within Temples made by - Art. His words are, <i>Nec cohibere parietibus Deos arbitrantur</i>, - <i>They thought it not fit to restrain their Deities within compacted - walls</i>: <i>id est, neque templis, neque domibus</i>, viz. <i>neither - within Temples or Houses made with hands</i>, as <i>C. Pichenas</i> - commenting thereon more fully interprets.</p> - - <p>Touching the manner of the buildings of the ancient <i>Britans</i>, - and of what materialls they consisted, I find them so far short of - the magnificence of this Antiquity, that they were nor stately, - nor sumptuous; neither had they any thing of <i>Order</i>, or - <i>Symmetry</i>, much lesse, of gracefulnesse, and <i>Decorum</i> in - them, being only such as <i>Ovid</i><span class="sni"><i>Ovid. Met. lib. 1.</i></span> (relating to the first Age of the - world) makes mention of.</p> - - <div class="center-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="i0">———————<i>domus antra fuerunt,</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>Et densi frutices, & junctæ cortice virgæ</i>.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - - <p class="noindent">Thus Englished by <i>Arthur Golding</i>.</p> - - <div class="center-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="i0">———————<i>their houses were the thicks,</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>And bushy queaches, hollow caves, and hardles made of sticks</i>.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - - <p class="noindent">To like purpose <i>Vitruvius</i>.<span class="sni"><i>Vitru. lib. 2.</i></span> <i>In the first Age of the World</i> - (saith he) <i>men lived in woods, caves, and forests, but after they - had found out the use of fire, and by the benefit thereof were invited - to enter into a cer<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span>tain kind of society</i>, <i>cœperunt alii de - fronde facere tecta, alii speluncas fodere sub montibus, nonnulli - hirundinum nidos, & ædificationes earum imitantes, de luto & virgultis - facere loca, quæ subirent</i>. <i>Some of them began to make themselves - habitations of boughs, some to dig dens in mountains; other some, - imitating the nests of birds, made themselves places of lome and twigs, - and such like materials, to creep into, and shroud themselves in.</i> - Directly after which manner of workmanship, were the houses of the - ancient <i>Britans</i>.</p> - - <p><i>Domos ex calamis aut lignis ut plurimum habent compactas</i>. - <i>Their houses for the most part are of reed and wood</i>, saith<span class="sni"><i>Diodo. li. 6.</i></span> - <i>Diodorus Siculus</i>.</p> - - <p>In the Northern parts they live in tents. <i>Degunt in tentoriis</i>, - (saith <i>Dion</i>, epitomis’d by <i>Xiphiline</i>.)</p> - - <p>Their Cities were without walls, the Country without Towns. <i>Urbium - loco ipsis sunt nemora</i>, (saith <i>Strabo</i>)<span class="sni"><i>Strab. lib. 4.</i></span> <i>woods stand them - in stead of Cities or Towns</i>. <i>Arboribus enim dejectis ubi amplum - circulum sepierunt, ipsi casas ibidem sibi ponunt, & pecori stabula - condunt, ad usum quidem non longi temporis.</i> <i>For when by felling - of trees, they have inclosed, and fenced therewith a large circuit - of wood, therein they raise cabbins and cottages for themselves, and - hovels for their cattell, of no great continuance, but only to supply - their present use and occasion.</i></p> - - <p><i>Opidum Britanni vocant</i> (saith <i>Cæsar</i>)<span class="sni"><i>Cæsar. lib. 5.</i></span> <i>quum silvas - impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandæ - causa, convenire consueverunt</i>, <i>The</i> Britans <i>call a thick - wood, enclosed about with a ditch and rampire, made for a place of - retreat to avoid the invasion and assault of their bordering enemies, a - Town</i>.</p> - - <p>Thus, you see, in what condition the Inhabitants of this Island lived - in those ancient times, having of themselves, neither desire, nor - ability to exercise, nor from others, encouragement to attain whatever - knowledge in the Art of Building. Precepts, and rules therein, the - <i>Druid’s</i> neither could, nor would impart unto them. That they - could not, appears from what is formerly said, and in what skilfull - above others, they communicated nothing, but to those of their own - society, <i>taking speciall order</i> (as <i>Cæsar</i> affirms) - <i>their discipline might not be divulged</i>.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span></p> - - <p>As for Colonies of any Nation practised in Arts, from whom they might - receive or knowledge, or civil conversation, there were none setled - amongst them: neither had they commerce, or traffique, with any - people experienced therein, much lesse acquaintance with any other, - except those of <i>Gaul</i>, welnear as barbarous as themselves. - <i>None of the</i> Gauls <i>in a manner, had any knowledge</i> (saith - <i>Cæsar</i>)<span class="sni"><i>Cæsar. lib. 4.</i></span> <i>of the nature and quality of the people of</i> - Britain, <i>or of the places, ports, or passes of the Countrey</i>. - <i>Neque enim temerè præter mercatores illò adit quisquam, neque iis - ipsis quidquam, præter oram maritimam, atque eas regiones quæ sunt - contra Galliam, notum est.</i> For, <i>not any went thither without - eminent danger, except merchants, and they also could give accompt - of nothing, save only the Sea-coast, and those Countreys which were - opposite to</i> Gaul. <i>Never any Colony of the</i> Greeks, <i>for - ought I know</i> (saith <i>Ortelius</i>)<span class="sni"><i>Ortel. descr. Fr.</i></span> <i>was seated in</i> Britain. - <i>And</i> Cæsar, <i>the first of all the</i> Romans <i>that discovered - it</i>, saith <i>Camden</i>.<span class="sni"><i>Camden fo. 2.</i></span></p> - - <p>If desire neverthelesse, to know in what times the ancient - <i>Britans</i> began to be civilized, when to learn the knowledge - of <i>Arts</i>, to build stately <i>Temples</i>, <i>Palaces</i>, - <i>publick Buildings</i>, to be eloquent in forrain languages, and by - their habits, and attire, attain the qualities of a civil, and well - ordered people, <i>Tacitus</i> shall relate the same.</p> - - <p><i>Sequens hiems saluberrimis conciliis absumpta</i> &c. <i>The - winter ensuing</i> (being the second year of <i>Julius Agricola</i> - his <i>Proprætorship</i>, or Leivtenancy in <i>Britan</i>; <i>Titus - Vespasian</i> Emperour, about one hundred thirty three years after - the first discovery thereof by <i>Cæsar</i>) <i>was spent in most - profitable, and politick Councels</i> (saith <i>Tacitus</i>.)<span class="sni"><i>Tacit. in vit. Agr.</i></span> <i>For, - whereas the</i> Britans <i>were rude, and dispersed, and thereby - prone, upon every occasion, to warre</i>; Agricola, <i>to induce - them by pleasure to quietnesse and rest, exhorted in private, and - helpt them in common to build Temples, Houses, and places of publick - resort, commending those, that were forward therein, and punishing - the refractory. Moreover, the Noblemens sons he took, and instructed - in the liberall Sciences, preferring the wits of</i> Britain, <i>to - the students in</i> Gaul, <i>as being now eagerly ambitious to attain - the eloquence of the</i> Roman <i>tongue, whereas lately they utterly - rejected that language. After that, our attire grew in account, and - the gown much used amongst<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span> them, and so by little and little they - proceeded to provocations of vices, to sumptuous galleries, baths, - and exquisite banquettings.</i> Thus far <i>Tacitus</i>. Now had - there been but the least mention made, by any Author, concerning the - <i>Druid’s</i> instructing, and training up the ancient <i>Britans</i> - in any such matters, as these, (which <i>Tacitus</i> remembers the - <i>Romans</i> to have done) what conclusions might have been rais’d - from them? what presumptive reasons drawn, to prove, <i>Stoneheng</i> a - work of the <i>Druid’s</i>, or at least erected for their use?</p> - - <p>To conclude, if this authority from <i>Tacitus</i> only, (an Author - esteem’d the <i>Polybius</i> of the <i>Latines</i>) be throughly - weighed, it will evidently manifest, (whatever else hath formerly - been delivered) there was no such thing in <i>Britain</i>, before the - <i>Romans</i> arrived here, as that which we now call <i>Stoneheng</i>. - What credit else with posterity could <i>Tacitus</i> expect to gain, in - affirming the <i>Britans</i> were taught and instructed in the liberall - Sciences by the <i>Romans</i>; if those <i>Arts</i> acknowledg’d, to - be practis’d amongst the <i>Britans</i> before? What need to have - told us, the <i>Romans</i> made them skilfull in erecting sumptuous - <i>Palaces</i>, stately <i>Portico’s</i>, and publick places, if the - inhabitants here, accustomed to enjoy such noble buildings, before the - <i>Romans</i> arrivall in this Land? Why, tell succeeding Ages, when - gentle persuasions not prevail, to make the <i>Britans</i> innovate, - and admit of sacred structures to whatever Deities, <i>Agricola</i> - compelled them to found magnificent <i>Temples</i>, and assist therein, - if this Antiquity <i>Stoneheng</i> extant before those times? Why - also, should the <i>Britans</i> look upon the <i>Temple</i> erected - by the <i>Romans</i> at <i>Camalodunum</i>, (supposed <i>Maldon</i> - in <i>Essex</i>) in honour of <i>Claudius</i> sacred memory, as an - <i>Altar of perpetuall dominion</i> over them, if been used to such - structures before? yea, such an eye-sore the <i>Britans</i> accounted - it, as, that <i>Temple</i> was one of the principall causes, which gave - birth to that fatall insurrection under <i>Boadicia</i>. Neither would - <i>Tacitus</i> have magnified the introducing those customs amongst - them, as admirable policy in <i>Agricola</i>, and the true and only - rule to bring them from their rude, and dispersed manner of living<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span> to - civility, if the <i>Britans</i> attain’d such discipline before, or any - knowledge in the excellency of <i>Architecture</i> preceding the time - of the <i>Romans</i> government here. No, for what saith <i>Camden</i>?<span class="sni"><i>Cam. fo. 63.</i></span> - <i>It was the brightnesse of that most glorious Empire, which chased - away all savage Barbarism from the</i> Britans <i>minds, like as from - other Nations, whom it had subdued.</i></p> - - <p>Furthermore, in the time of this <i>Agricola</i>, <i>Britain</i> was - fully discovered, the <i>Romans</i> had circumnavigated it, and knew, - for certain, it was an Island, formerly doubted of till his time; yea, - there was not a Port (as I may so say) a bay, mountain, valley, hill, - plain, wood, or forest, either any custom, rite, ceremony, or what else - belonging to the knowledge of the Countrey, or manners of the People, - but the <i>Romans</i> were then as well acquainted with (especially, in - that part of the Island now call’d <i>England</i>) as, at this day, the - Inhabitants themselves are. Neverthelesse, what mention soever is made - by their Historians, concerning other matters of the <i>Britans</i>, - not one word is to be found of this Antiquity, or any building of this - kind in use amongst them. But, because some curiously learned have - desired somwhat to be spoken for their better satisfaction touching - this particular, I have been too prolixe. In a word therefore, let it - suffice, <i>Stoneheng</i> was no work of the <i>Druid’s</i>, or of the - ancient <i>Britans</i>; the learning of the <i>Druid’s</i> consisting - more in contemplation then practice, and the ancient <i>Britans</i> - accounting it their chiefest glory to be wholly ignorant in whatever - Arts. Neither could it be otherwise, seeing <i>their life so uncivil, - so rude, so full of wars, and consequently void of all literature</i>. - (as <i>Camden</i> relateth)<span class="sni"><i>Cam. fo. 4.</i></span></p> - - <p>Yet, before I come to speak of this middle Age (if I may so call it) - wherein the <i>Romans</i> prevailed, and to compleat their victories - gave first rise to civility in this Island; as, I began with times of - great Antiquity, so must I now descend to those lesse ancient, and - modern, wherein, as posterity hath suffered an irreparable damage, - through want of writing in those first times, so hath it been almost - at as great a losse, by too much writing in later times; so many<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span> - Authors, so much contrariety, so little certainty is found amongst - them. Who, when they could not search out the truth in deed, laboured - to bring forth narrations invented by themselves, without or reason, or - authority: delivering (saith <i>Camden</i>) their severall opinions, - rather with a certain pleasant variety to give contentment to their - <i>Readers</i>, then with any care or judgement to find out the truth - of things.</p> - - <hr class="tb" /> - - <p>THOSE ancient Historians who (among other actions of the - <i>Britans</i>) treat of this Antiquity, differ much in their severall - reports. And, as it is usuall with <i>Historiographers</i> of other - Nations, where, they cannot give a just and rationall accompt of - unwonted accidents, beyond the common course of things, to fill up - their stories with fabulous, and incredible relations; so, no marvell, - if we hear the like in our own Histories.<span class="sni"><i>Leyland. de assert. Arth. fo. 35.</i></span> <i>Credibile enim est - calamitatem bellicam, quæ ecclesias unà cum bibliochecis exhauserat - infinitis, clara vetustatis monumenta abrasisse. For evident it is, - through the calamities of wars</i> (saith <i>Leyland</i>) <i>which - together with infinite Libraries ruined the Churches themselves, - the certain records of our Antiquities, are utterly lost. Unde - scripturienti de antiquitate</i> Britannica <i>occultissima, pleraque - omnia. Whereby the Writers of the</i> British <i>Stories, are all of - them, for the most part, very obscure and doubtfull.</i>r</p> - - <p>Some others again, especially the most ancient and authentick - <i>British</i> Historians, who liv’d in Ages next succeeding those, - wherein, <i>Stoneheng</i> might probably be first erected, have wholly - passed it over with silence. In like manner venerable <i>Bede</i>, - <i>William Malmesbury</i>, <i>Roger Hoveden</i>, and others, speak - nothing thereof, as happily, willing rather to decline it altogether, - then deliver it upon frivolous conjectures, and in so doing cast a - blemish upon their other labours. Neither is it improbable, that the - most ancient Authors, considering the times wherein they wrote, upon - the first springing up of <i>Christian Religion</i> here, might through - zeal unto the true God, forbear to commemorate unto posterity, places - designed for idolatrous uses; endea<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span>vouring rather, to suppresse the - memory thereof, and make succeeding generations sollicitous therein; - then, in that infancy of Divine worship, to illustrate the magnificence - of the Heathens, for building such notable structures to their false - Gods. Insomuch, I find very little, or no mention at all thereof in - the <i>British</i> Stories, except by <i>Geffrey Monmouth</i>, with - some who follow him, and by such Authors only, as our most judicious - Writers hold in many things, either meerly fabulous, or overladen with - malicious, or accidentary untruths. Such relations neverthelesse, - as they make thereof, I shall endeavour to deliver in their own - words, reduceable into two conjectures, <i>viz.</i> either that - <i>Stoneheng</i> was erected by <i>A. Ambrosius</i> (in ancient times - King of the <i>Britans</i>) in memory of the <i>British</i> Nobility - perfidiously slain at a treaty by <i>Hengist</i> the <i>Saxon</i>: or - else, set up by the <i>Britans</i> themselves in honour of Him their - said King.</p> - - <p><i>Giraldus Cambrensis</i>, curiously diligent in his relations of - the miracles in <i>Ireland</i>, amongst other strange things in those - parts, reckons up this Antiquity <i>Stoneheng</i>.<span class="sni"><i>Gir. Camb. de adm. Hib. Cap. 18.</i></span> <i>Fuit antiquis - temporibus in</i> Hibernia, <i>lapidum congeries admiranda</i>, (saith - he) <i>quæ &</i> Chorea Gigantum <i>dicta fuit, quia Gigantes eam ab - ultimis</i> Africæ <i>partibus in</i> Hiberniam <i>attulerunt &c. - There was in</i> Ireland <i>in ancient times, a pile of stones worthy - admiration, called the</i> Giants Dance, <i>because Giants, from the - remotest parts of</i> Africa, <i>brought them into</i> Ireland, <i>and - in the plains of</i> Kildare, <i>not farre from the Castle of the</i> - Naase, <i>as well by force of Art, as strength, miraculously set them - up. These stones</i> (according to the <i>British</i> story) Aurelius - Ambrosius, <i>King of the</i> Britans, <i>procured</i> Merlin <i>by - supernaturall means to bring from Ireland, into</i> Britain. <i>And, - that he might leave some famous monument of so great a treason to - after ages, in the same order, and art, as they stood formerly, set - them up, where the flower of the</i> British <i>Nation fell by the - cut-throat practice of the</i> Saxons, <i>and where under the pretence - of peace, the ill secured youth of the Kingdom, by murdrous designs - were slain</i>.</p> - - <p><i>Rainulph</i> Monk of <i>Chester</i>, speaking of <i>Aurelius</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Polychr. li. 5.</i></span> - alias <i>Aurelianus Ambrosius</i> (by others called <i>Ambrosius - Aurelianus</i>) saith<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span> (as Sir <i>John Trevisa</i> the Priest in old - English laid it down) <span class="blackletter">His brother Uter Pendragon by help of Merlin - the Prophet brought</span> Choream Gigantum, <span class="blackletter">that is Stonehenges out of - Ireland. Stonehenge is now in the plain of Salisbury: of that bringing - of Stonehenge out of Ireland, speaketh the British story, if it should - lawfully be ytrowed.</span></p> - - <p>It appears, <i>Rainulph</i> of <i>Chester</i>, as easie credit as he - gave to strange stories, had not much confidence in this: and if, - according to <i>Geffrey Monmouth</i>, or <i>Matthew Westminster</i>, I - should set it down, I presume you would be of his mind. But, I affect - not such conceits, they are neither fitting my discourse, nor your - perusall. Neverthelesse, seeing none of them tell us, by what ways, - or Arts, Giants (as they will have it) brought them from the remotest - parts of <i>Africk</i> into <i>Ireland</i> (for it seems they could - not hansomly find a <i>Merlin</i> to help them therein also) I shall - take so much leave, following <i>Geffrey Monmouths</i> steps, as to - give you, at least, some part of the story, and relate (according - to their opinions) how they came from <i>Ireland</i> hither. After - <i>Geffrey Monmouths</i> discourse of <i>Uter Pendragons</i> victory - over the <i>Irish</i>, who with <i>Merlin</i> forsooth and a great - Army, were sent by <i>A. Ambrosius</i> to fetch the Giants dance, - <i>Lapidum structuram adepti</i> (saith he) <i>gavisi sunt & admirati; - circumstantibus itaque cunctis, accessit</i> Merlinus <i>& ait, utimini - viribus vestris juvenes, ut in deponendo lapides istos, sciatis utrum - ingenium virtuti, aut virtus ingenio cedat, &c.</i> i.e. <i>Having - found the structure, from joy they fell into admiration, and standing - all of them at gaze round about it</i>, Merlin <i>draws near, and - thus bespeaks them: Use now your utmost strength young men, that in - taking away these stones, you may discover, whether Art to strength, - or strength gives place to Art. At his command therefore, they bring - severall sorts of engines, and addresse themselves to pulling it down. - Some ropes, some cables, some had made lathers ready, that what they - so much desired, might be effected, but in no wise able to atcheive - their purpose. Deficientibus cunctis, solutus est</i> Merlinus <i>in - risum</i> (saith <i>Geffrey</i>) <i>& suas machinationes confecit. - Denique cum quæque necessaria apposuisset; leviùs quàm credi<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span> potest - lapides deposuit: depositis autem, fecit deferri ad naves, & introponi: - & sic cum gaudio in</i> Britanniam <i>reverti cœperunt. All of them - tired</i>, Merlin <i>breaks out into laughter, and provides his - engines. Lastly, when he had set all things in a readinesse, hardly to - be beleev’d it is, with what facility he took them down: being taken - down, he caused them to be carried to the Ships, and imbarqued; and so - with joy they began their return towards</i> Britain. Leaving it for us - to suppose, with as small labour they were imbarqued, dis-imbarqued, - and brought from their landing place to <i>Salisbury</i> plain: all (it - seems) done by <i>Merlins</i> spels. But of this too much.</p> - - <p>Neverthelesse, as I contemne fables, so doe I imbrace, and take - pleasure in the truth of History: and therefore, that which - concerns the slaughter of the <i>British</i> Nobility by treason of - <i>Hengist</i> commander of the <i>Saxons</i>, as of greater moment, - and truth, I shall more fully relate. And <i>Geffrey Monmouth’s</i> - Authority in this treacherous slaughter of the <i>Britans</i>, - though I respect not so much, as <i>Ninnius</i>, <i>Malmsbury</i>, - <i>Sigebert</i>, and others that affirm the same; yet, because he - was the first, after so many, and so ancient Authors, that father’d - <i>Stoneheng</i> their monument, and <i>A. Ambrosius</i> founder - thereof, and therefore must trace him, and his followers therein. - I will give you the history likewise from him, and thus it was: - <i>Hengist</i>, upon his return with new supplies into <i>Britain</i>, - finding <i>Vortigern</i> beyond expectation restored to the Crown, - and withall greatly alienated in his affections towards him, prepared - for his defence, with force of arms. But, whether he thought himself - too weak; or, that he rather sought to be especially revenged on the - <i>British</i> Nobility, who had wholly unriveted his designs, or both; - he thought it no difficult matter to delude him by a Treaty, whom - formerly he had so easily beguiled with his Neece <i>Rowena</i>. To - which purpose, he makes an overture, to compose the enmities betwixt - them at a Parley; and the King accepting it, appoints <i>Ambresbury</i> - Town their meeting place, <i>Nec mora, statuta die instante convenerunt - omnes intra nominatam urbem</i> (saith <i>Geffrey</i>)<span class="sni"><i>G. Mon. li. 6.</i></span> <i>& de pace - habenda colloquium inceperunt. Ut igitur horam proditioni suæ idoneam - inspexisset</i> Hengistus, <i>vocife<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span>ratus est</i>, <span class="blackletter">Nemet oure - saxas</span>: <i>& ilico</i> Vortigernum <i>accepit, & per pallium - detinuit. Audito ocyùs signo, abstraxerunt</i> (i.e. <i>eduxerunt</i>) - Saxones <i>cultros suos, & astantes principes invaserunt, ipsósque - nihil tale præmeditantes jugulaverunt circiter quadringentos sexaginta - inter Barones & Consules. The prefixed day being come, they all, - without delay, met in the aforesaid Town, and began their Treaty for - Peace; when therefore</i> Hengist <i>saw fit time for execution of his - intended Treason, he cried out, giving the word</i>, <span class="blackletter">Nemet oure - saxas</span> (<span class="blackletter">Nem eowr seaxes</span> (saith Verstegan)<span class="sni"><i>Verstegan Ch. 5.</i></span> that is, <i>Take - your</i> <span class="blackletter">seaxes</span>; a kind of crooked knives, which each of the - <i>Saxons</i> then carried closely in his pocket) <i>and forthwith - seised upon</i> Vortigern, <i>and held him by his robe. The</i> Saxons - <i>quickly hearing it, drew forth their knives, and fell upon the</i> - Britans <i>standing by, of whom, part Noblemen, part officers of State, - expecting no such design, they slew four hundred and sixty. Quorum - corpora beatus</i> Eldadus <i>postmodum sepelivit, atque Christiano - more humavit, haud longè à</i> <span class="blackletter">Kaer-caradane</span>, <i>quæ nunc</i> - Salesberia <i>dicitur, in cœmeterio, quod est juxta cœnobium</i> - Ambrii. <i>Whose corpses holy</i> Eldad, <i>according to custome, after - Christian manner interred, not far from</i> <span class="blackletter">Kaer-caradane</span>, - <i>now called</i> Salisbury, <i>in the Churchyard adjoyning to the - monastery of</i> Ambresbury.</p> - - <p>With this relation of the <i>Saxons</i> treachery, <i>Mathew - Westminster</i><span class="sni"><i>Ma. West. fo. 84.</i></span> (in his <i>Flores historiarum</i>) seems to agree. - And it wholly destroys the opinion commonly received, That the said - Treaty with the <i>Saxons</i>, the massacre of the <i>Britans</i>, - and likewise their interment, were at <i>Stoneheng</i>; and that in - memory, those matters so transacted there, <i>A. Ambrosius</i> in - the same place erected this Antiquity. Wherefore, I much wonder, our - modern historians should cite the aforesaid Authors<span class="sni"><i>Hollinsh. l. 5.<br />Speed lib. 7.<br />Stow fo. 53. 4<sup>to</sup>.</i></span> in confirmation - thereof, especially, when they affirm directly, the treaty was held in - <i>Ambresbury</i> Town, and that the <i>British</i> Nobility fell by - Treason there. <i>Jussit</i> Vortigernus <i>& cives &</i> Saxones Maiis - <i>Kalendis, quæ jam instare incipiebant, juxta</i> Ambrii <i>cœnobium - convenire</i> (saith <i>G. Monmouth</i>)<span class="sni"><i>G. Monm. lib. 5.</i></span> Vortigern <i>commanded both - his own people, and the</i> Saxons, <i>upon the Calends of</i> May - <i>then approaching, to appear near to the Monastery of</i> Ambresbury. - <i>In Pago</i> Ambri <i>convenire, to meet<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span> in the Town it self of</i> - Ambresbury (saith <i>Mathew Westminster</i>) In order to which summons, - (that I may proceed with <i>Geffrey Monmouths</i> story explaining - himself positively concerning the place) <i>statuta die instante - convenerunt omnes intra nominatam urbem, &c. the appointed day being - come, all of them met together within the forenamed Town, and there - treated</i>. The issue whereof was, that upon the word given (as before - related) <i>The</i> Saxons <i>drew their knives, and falling upon - the</i> Britans <i>standing by, slew them</i>. And, lest posterity - should doubt those sacrificed for their Countreys cause neglected in - their funerals, he leaves not there, but gives us the direct place, - and manner of their buriall, affirming plainly they were buried by a - Metropolitane of those times, even in a Church-yard, as Christians - should. <i>In cœmeterio, quod est juxta cœnobium, In the Church-yard, - close by the Monastery.</i> (saith he) There is not one word mentioned - (I pray observe) of <i>Salisbury plain</i>, where this <i>Antiquity - Stoneheng</i> remains, throughout all their Story.</p> - - <p>But, it’s objected, although they were buried at the Monastery, the - monument for their memory might be set up elsewhere, in a place more - proper, and more conspicuous; even, as in the most properly conspicuous - places where great actions happened <i>Trophies</i> were erected by - the <i>Romans</i>, whose customs <i>A. Ambrosius</i> living long - time amongst them, knew very well. I answer, <i>A. Ambrosius</i>, - is suppos’d by <i>Bede</i>, and the best Authors, descended from - the <i>Romans</i>; who, living many years under their subjection, - in forrain parts, had fully inform’d his judgement, no doubt, with - whatever customs, civill or martiall, then in use amongst them. - For, though the <i>Romans</i> in those times, had utterly lost all - knowledge of Arts, questionlesse civill, and martiall customs in - some sort continued with them. Neverthelesse, if <i>A. Ambrosius</i> - did erect any monument for the <i>British</i> Nobility, he rather, - doubtlesse endeavoured to observe the rules of his own Religion, being - a Christian, then the Heathenish customs of his Ancestors. However, in - erecting it, at the place of their interment, he pursued both. As for - the Christians honouring to posterity their famous men after death, - it being<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span> so well known, I need not relate it. And, as concerning the - ancient <i>Romans</i> manner in burying their Emperours, and those that - had triumphed, or otherwise deserved well of the Common-wealth, though - they burned their bodies abroad, the place for sepulture of their - Ashes,<span class="sni"><i>Thomas. Procachio fo. 46.</i></span> was within the City, monuments to their memory being erected, - upon the same place where buried; so was <i>Publicola</i> honoured, so - the <i>Fabritii</i>, the <i>Cæsars</i>, and others. And, after the same - fashion it seems, was the monument for the <i>British</i> Nobility (if - any) set up where they were interred; as in the place of all others - most proper for it, all the considerable circumstances touching their - deaths, happening there in like manner.</p> - - <p>It’s true the <i>Romans</i> set up <i>Trophies</i> for great Victories, - in the most eminent places where those victories were obtained by - them; as the <i>Trophy</i> for <i>Caius Marius</i> his vanquishing - the <i>Cimbrians</i>, in the most notable place where that memorable - field was fought. Also, the <i>Trophy</i> dedicated to the memory of - <i>Augustus Cæsar</i> that by his happy conduct, all the <i>Alpine</i> - Nations, were reduced to <i>Roman</i> obedience, was erected in the - most conspicuous place of the <i>Alps</i>. Now, this martiall custome - considered, the <i>British</i> Nobility being (as the aforesaid - Historians maintain) slaughtered in the Town, and buried at the - Monastery adjoyning. Some one of those high hils, on either side - <i>Ambresbury</i>, had certainly for site been more eminent, and - the monument it self more exposed to the daily view of travellers, - then about two miles from the Town, in a place remote, where this - <i>Antiquity</i> stands. Which, though indeed eminent of it self, and - overlooking the plains adjoyning; yet, at a large distance, especially - on that side towards <i>Ambresbury</i>, and <i>Salisbury</i>-ward, is - so surrounded with hils; as it appears with an Aspect of Religious - horror, rather then as carrying any form of whatever sepulture.</p> - - <p>This, though sufficient to refute the preceding objection (the - former reasons being grounded upon customs only) I shall yet, from - the histories of those times, further answer thereunto; <i>Mathew - Westminster</i> tels us,<span class="sni"><i>Math. West. fo. 92.</i></span> <i>A. Ambrosius</i> having<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span> compleated his - victories over <i>Hengist</i>, and subdued his sons at <i>York</i>; - <i>Deinde porrexisse ad monasterium</i> Ambri, <i>ubi principes - defuncti jacebant, quos</i> Hengistus <i>prodiderat; from thence - came to the Monastery at</i> Ambresbury, <i>where the deceased - Nobles, whom</i> Hengist <i>betrayed, lay buried.</i> And <i>Geffrey - Monmouth</i>,<span class="sni"><i>G. Mon. li. 8.</i></span> prosecuting the same story, affirms also, that <i>A. - Ambrosius</i> being come to the Monastery, <i>ut locum quo defuncti - jacebant circumspexit, pietate motus in lachrymas solutus est, dignum - namque memoria censebat cespitem, qui tot nobiles pro patria defunctos - protegebat. So soon as he cast his eyes upon the place where the - slaughtered Princes lay interred, deplored them; esteeming that very - ground which covered so many Nobles, dying for their Countreys cause, - worthy eternall memory.</i> Upon this consideration, <i>Præcepit</i> - Merlino (saith the same Author) <i>lapides circa sepulturam erigere, - quos ex</i> Hibernia <i>asportaverat</i>. A. Ambrosius <i>commanded</i> - Merlin, <i>that the stones brought out of</i> Ireland (for he still - troubles himself and readers therewith) <i>should be erected about the - place of their buriall</i>. Whereby it clearly appears their Sepulchre - was set up about the same place where they were buried, and not - elsewhere. Also, as fully that their buriall place (as both the said - Historians have told us) was at the Monastery of <i>Ambresbury</i>, - or Churchyard adjoyning to it. All which former circumstances duly - weighed, ’tis not possible <i>Stoneheng</i> should be supposed their - Monument; except <i>Geffrey Monmouth</i>, having made so formall a tale - of their easie transportation from <i>Ireland</i>, would compell us - also to imagine, posterity might as easily be induced to assent, they - were in like manner removed from the Churchyard at <i>Ambresbury</i> - to <i>Salisbury</i> plain, the one being equally as ridiculous as the - other, and no manner of credit to be given to either.</p> - - <p>Wherefore, laying all the aforesaid Authorities together. First, that - <i>Giraldus Cambrensis</i> formerly cited, tells us, (in that part - of his story which carries most likelihood of truth) a Monument was - set up by <i>A. Ambrosius</i>, in memory of the <i>Britans</i>, slain - at a Treaty by the <i>Saxons</i>, upon the very same place <i>where - slain</i>; and in order thereunto the aforesaid <i>Bri<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span>tish</i> - Historians unanimously affirming the place at which that treaty was - held, and where those <i>Britans were slain</i> was the Town it self of - <i>Ambresbury</i>, not where this <i>Antiquity Stoneheng</i> remains: - again, if suspect <i>Cambrensis</i> authority, and allow rather what our - Historiographer of <i>Monmouth</i> saith, That the Monument was erected - by <i>A. Ambrosius</i>, upon that plat of ground, where the slaughtered - <i>Britans lay buryed</i>; he telling us also, their <i>buriall - place</i> was in the Churchyard of the Monastery at <i>Ambresbury</i> - (at the Monastery it self, saith <i>Matthew Westminster</i>) certainly - then their Monument (whatsoever it was) being set up at the place, - where they were both slain and buried, and (according to the aforesaid - Authors) they being nor slain nor buryed at <i>Stoneheng</i>, it must - necessarily follow, this <i>Antiquity</i> was not erected in Honour - of those <i>Britans</i>. Unlesse any man will undertake to prove - (which most certain it is none can) <i>Stoneheng</i> stands now, where - <i>Ambresbury</i> stood of old: or that the Monastery and Churchyard - thereof were not at <i>Ambresbury</i>, but at <i>Stoneheng</i>.</p> - - <p>That the Monastery of three hundred Monks,<span class="sni"><i>Cam. fo.</i> 254.</span> stood there, (to wit - at <i>Ambresbury</i>) <i>Camden</i>, out of the Book called - <i>Eulogium</i>, affirms. And, that the Churchyard was close adjoyning - to it, there’s no question to be made. First, because in all times - since Monasteries erected, it was always in use, to lay out places for - Churchyards belonging to them, near to the Monasteries themselves. - Secondly, because divers Sepulchres, upon severall occasions, broken - up at <i>Ambresbury</i> Monastery, manifest the same. Thirdly, - because <i>Geffrey Monmouth</i> plainly tels us, they were buried in - <i>cœmeterio, quod est juxta cœnobium</i>; <i>in the Churchyard which - is close by the Monastery</i>. Lastly, it is further confirmed by - these his formerly recited words,<span class="sni"><i>G. Monm. lib. 6. & 8.</i></span> <i>A. Ambrosius being come unto the - Monastery, cast his eyes upon the place where the slaughtered Princes - lay interred</i>. Which is not possible he should have done, if the - Churchyard had been at <i>Stoneheng</i>; it being very well known - <i>Stoneheng</i> cannot be discerned, even from the highest hils, upon - those parts especially, that next surround <i>Ambresbury</i>, much<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span> - lesse from the Monastery it self, sited in the bottome of a deep vale - by the river <i>Avons</i> side.</p> - - <p>Among other Sepulchres found at the said Monastery, it’s worthy memory, - that about the beginning of this Century, one of them hewn out of a - firm stone, and placed in the middle of a wall, was opened, having upon - its coverture in rude letters of massie gold,</p> - - <div class="sni">The originall Inscription I could not procure; such relation - thereof neverthelesse as came to my hands, I have, upon credit of those - persons of quality from whom received, inserted it here.</div> - - <div class="center mt2 mb2"><i>R. G. A. C.</i> 600.</div> - - <p class="noindent">The bones within which Sepulchre were all firm, fair yellow coloured - hair about the scull, a supposed peece of the liver, near upon the - bignesse of a walnut, very dry and hard, and together therewith, - were found severall royall habiliments, as jewels, veils, scarfs, - and the like, retaining even till then, their proper colours. All - which were afterwards, very choicely kept, in the collection of the - Right honourable <i>Edward</i>, then Earl of <i>Hertford</i>: and of - the aforesaid gold divers rings were made and worn by his Lordships - principall Officers. Concerning which Tomb (though I list not dispute) - why might it not be the Sepulchre of Queen <i>Guinever</i>, wife - of King <i>Arthur</i>; especially the Letters <i>R G.</i> as much - to say, <i>Regina Guinevera</i>, declaring her title and name; and - the date <i>An. Chr.</i> 600. (if truly copied) agreeing (possibly - well enough) with the time of her death? Besides, <i>Leyland</i> - affirms,<span class="sni"><i>Leyl. de assert. Arth.</i></span> severall Writers make mention, she took <i>upon her a Nuns - veil at</i> Ambresbury, <i>died, and was buried there</i>. To which - he gives so much credit, that (whatever <i>Giraldus Cambrensis</i> - delivers to the contrary) he will by no means allow, either her body - to be afterwards translated from <i>Ambresbury</i>, or, at any time, - buried by her husband King <i>Arthur</i> at <i>Glastonbury</i>. Unto - <i>Leylands</i> reasons for her interment at <i>Ambresbury</i>, - <i>Camden</i> (it seems) inclines also, because wholly silent of - her Sepulchre, discovered any where else: though he at large sets - down all the circumstances of her Husbands body, its being found at - <i>Glastenbury</i>. For, had <i>Camden</i> apprehended any thing - inducing him to beleeve,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span> her body had been together with his there - found, he would never, certainly, have concealed it from posterity.</p> - - <p>Whether the aforesaid Tomb so found, were her monument, yea or no, - enough concerning the slaughter and sepultures of the afore mentioned - <i>Britans</i>; as also, that <i>Stoneheng</i> was not erected in - memory of them. Let us come now to <i>Aurelius Ambrosius</i>, and see - whether <i>Polydore Virgill’s</i> story in relation to <i>Stoneheng</i> - agrees with what other Authors have delivered of <i>Aurelius</i>. - For from <i>Polydore’s</i> authority, our modern Writers raise their - second, and quite contrary opinion:<span class="sni"><i>Speed lib. 7.<br />Stow fo. 53.</i></span> namely, that the <i>Britans</i> - erected this <i>Antiquity</i> for <i>A. Ambrosius</i> his Sepulchre.</p> - - <p><i>Polydore Virgill</i><span class="sni"><i>Polyd. Virg. lib. 3.</i></span> treating of the actions of those times betwixt - the <i>Britans</i> and <i>Saxons</i>; Britanni, <i>Duci suo</i> - Ambrosio <i>de republica bene merito magnificum</i> (saith he) - <i>posuerunt sepulchrum</i> &c. <i>The</i> Britans <i>in memory of - his great atchievements for the Commonwealth, erected a magnificent - Sepulchre to their Chieftain</i> Ambrosius, <i>made of great square - stones in form of a Crown, even in that place, where fighting, he was - slain, that the prowesse of so great a Commander, should neither be - forgotten amongst themselves, who then lived, or left unremembred to - posterity. Which Monument remains even to this day, in the Diocese - of</i> Salisbury, <i>near unto the village called</i> Amisbery.</p> - - <p>This opinion of <i>Polydore</i> is grounded (as I conceive) upon - no great likelihood. For, should the <i>British Nobles</i>, far - inferiour to <i>A. Ambrosius</i>, in honour, and dignity, be - buried in the Churchyard of a Monastery, and a Sepulchre assigned - for <i>Ambrosius</i> himself in the open fields? Should that - <i>Christian</i> King, who had accomplished so many great atchievements - victoriously against the <i>Pagans</i>, enemies to <i>Christ</i>? - Caused Churches to be repaired, which the Barbarism of the - <i>Saxons</i> had destroyed? pulled down and demolished idolatrous - places of the <i>Heathen</i>, and (as is more probable) rather, then - erected by him, whilst living, to others, or by others, to his memory - after dead, the very first that began to deface this Heathenish sacred - structure (for,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span> though a <i>Roman</i>, yet a <i>Christian</i>, and - zeal to true Religion might, no doubt, cause him dispense with ruining - idolatrous <i>Temples</i> though formerly built, and consecrated to - false Gods by his seduced Auncestors) should he, I say, be buried - Pagan-like, in unsanctified, unhallowed ground, and others far lesse - eminent, lesse conspicuous, in more noble, and sacred places? It could - never be. Neither reason of State, nor fervor of piety, in those more - scrupulous times, could ever admit thereof.</p> - - <div class="sni"><i>Leyl. de assert. Art.</i></div> - - <p>Had <i>Polydore</i>, or any other, told us some Pagan-Saxon-Commander - lay there intombed, ’twould have carried a shew of much more credit, - and the ancient custome of that <i>Peoples</i> burying their dead might - have been produced, at least as a probable argument, to confirm the - same. For the Saxons a Pagan Nation, if any of <i>their Princes or - Nobility died, in their houses at home of sicknesse, were buried in - pleasant, and delightfull gardens; if from home, and in the wars, not - far from their camps, in heaps of earth cast up in the fields, which - heaps they called Burrows: and the promiscuous common people in medows - and open fields</i>. Saxones <i>Nobiles gens Christi ignara, in hortis - amœnis, si domi forte ægroti moriebantur: si foris & bello occisi, - in egestis per campos terræ tumulis quos Burgos appellabant, juxta - castra sepulti sunt: vulgus autem promiscuum etiam in pratis & apertis - campis.</i> As <i>Leyland</i>, who laid a good ground-work towards the - discovery of <i>British Antiquities</i>, delivers.</p> - - <p><i>Polydore</i> neverthelesse, had great reason to imagine <i>A. - Ambrosius</i> famed the restorer of his Countrey (and Bulwark of War, - as <i>Camden</i> cals him) worthy an everlasting Monument, <i>Extat - etiam nunc id monimentum in diœcesi</i> Sarisberiensi <i>prope pagum - quam</i> Amisberiam <i>vocant, Which monument is yet extant in the - diœcese of</i> Salisbury (saith he) <i>not far from</i> Ambresbury - <i>Town</i>: and so was the Churchyard of the Monastery too. He also - tels us, <i>Factum fuisse ad formam coronæ, it was made in form of a - Crown</i>. An elegant expression (I confesse) of a no lesse elegant - work, if he meant <i>Stoneheng</i>; yet no argument thereby to prove - <i>A. Ambrosius</i> or buried, or slain there. For, as touching - <i>A. Ambrosius</i> his death, severall Authors, of as good cre<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span>dit - as <i>Polydore</i> (his integrity neverthelesse I question not, - others have been busie enough therein) affirm,<span class="sni"><i>G. Monm.<br />M. Westm.<br />Polychron.<br />Caxton.<br />Leyland.</i></span> that <i>Pascentius - Vortigerns</i> son, with many rewards corrupted a certain <i>Saxon</i> - called <i>Eopas</i> (<i>Clappa</i>, saith <i>Caxton</i>) who, taking - upon him the habit of a Monk, under pretence of Physick (<i>A. - Ambrosius</i> being then sick) gave him poyson, whereof he died at - <i>Winchester</i>. And no wonder he was so poysoned, many examples - of the like kinde being recorded in History. As in later times,<span class="sni"><i>Knolls in vit. Ba.</i></span> the - <i>Turkish</i> Emperour <i>Bajazet</i> the second, under pretence - of Physick poysoned by a Jew: also <i>Conrad</i> third of that name<span class="sni"><i>Ped. Mexia in vit. Con.</i></span> - Emperour of <i>Germany</i>, by an <i>Italian</i>: and, in times of old, - under the same pretence, <i>Pyrrhus</i> that famous Epirot<span class="sni"><i>Plutarch in vit. Pyrr.</i></span> had been - poysoned by his own Physitian, if <i>C. Fabricius</i> the Roman Consul - would have enclined to such ignoble resolutions, as <i>Pascentius</i> - after put in act against <i>A. Ambrosius</i> in our story.</p> - - <p>Amongst other, who relate this disaster of <i>A. Ambrosius</i>, - <i>Matthew Westminster</i><span class="sni"><i>Ma. West. fo. 94.</i></span> tels us, The said pretended Monk, <i>tandem - ad Regis præsentiam perductum, venenum ei porrexisse, &c. being at last - admitted to the Kings presence, administered poyson unto him, which - having drunk, the wicked Traytor advised him to sleep, and in so doing - suddenly should recover health! Nec mora, illabente per poros corporis - & venas veneno, mortem pariter subsecutam esse. But, ere long, the - poyson being dispersed through the pores and veins of his body, death - seizes upon him.</i></p> - - <p>Concerning the buriall of <i>A. Ambrosius</i>, if give credit to - <i>Geffrey Monmouths</i> affirming <i>A. Ambrosius</i> on his death-bed - gave command, and was accordingly buried, in the Sepulchre by him - (whilst living) prepared in the Churchyard adjoyning to the Monastery - at <i>Ambresbury</i>, then was <i>A. Ambrosius</i> nor <i>buried</i> - at <i>Stoneheng</i>, nor consequently this <i>Antiquity</i> erected to - his memory. <i>Geffrey Monmouth</i> tels us; <i>His death being known, - the Bishops, Abbats, and all the Clergy of that province, assembled - together in the City of</i> Winchester.<span class="sni"><i>G. Monm. lib. 8.</i></span> <i>Et quia vivens adhuc - præceperat, ut in cœmeterio prope cœnobium</i> Ambrii, <i>quod ipse - paraverat sepeliretur, tulerunt corpus ejus, eodem atque cum regalibus - exequiis, humaverunt. And with respect to his command,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span> whilest living, - that in the Churchyard adjoyning to the Monastery at</i> Ambresbury, - <i>prepared by him, he would be buried, they took his body and with - royall solemnities enterred him there</i>.</p> - - <p>Furthermore, at <i>Ambresbury</i>, that is, <i>Ambrose</i> his Town, - (<i>Camden</i> tels us)<span class="sni"><i>Cam. fo. 254.</i></span> <i>certain ancient Kings, by report of the</i> - British <i>story, lay interred</i>. Whether <i>A. Ambrosius</i> - was one of them, or no, I argue not; yet the same Author saith, - <i>Ambrose Aurelianus</i> gave name unto the place. And why not, he - being buried there, as well, as upon the translation of the body of - <i>Edmund</i> that most Christian King, the Town of <i>Edmundsbury</i> - in <i>Suffolk</i> was so called?</p> - - <p>It manifestly hence appears, <i>Stoneheng</i> no Sepulchre, either - erected by <i>A. Ambrosius</i>, or by the <i>British</i> Nobility, or - to any of their memories. Some Monument there was, perhaps, anciently - set up in honour of them, at the Monastery of <i>Ambresbury</i>. - Which, the fury of the <i>Saxons</i> when victorious, or violence of - time, which destroyeth all things, utterly consuming, might happily - be the reason, Historians in succeeding Ages, finding so notable an - <i>Antiquity</i> as <i>Stoneheng</i>, not far from thence, and not - apprehending for what use it was first built, suppos’d no other thing - worthy <i>A. Ambrosius</i>, or those <i>Britans</i>, then such an - extraordinary structure. Whereas, the Monuments in those ancient times, - made for great Princes here in <i>Britain</i>, were onely two Pyramids - between which interred, of no extraordinary bignesse erected to their - memory in whate’re Religious places those Princes lay buried. Moreover, - if seriously take notice of the severall sorts of Sepulchres used by - divers Nations, none are found bearing like <i>Aspect</i> with this - work <i>Stoneheng</i>, but of other kinde of <i>Architecture</i>, far - different in <i>Form</i>, <i>Manner</i>, and <i>Composure</i>. Some, - made of one Columne onely; or, if otherwise, only a vase erected on - the place of buriall, as amongst the <i>Athenians</i>: Some, had a - Columne whereon the shields used in War by the deceased, whilst living, - were fixt, as in those medals of silver, which the <i>Roman</i> Senate - dedicated to <i>Vespasian</i>: Some, a Columne with a Statue thereon; - so the famous Columne of <i>Trajan</i> had a <i>Colossus</i> on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span> - top thereof, as by his medals also appears. Again, the <i>Gauls</i> on - the tops of Mountains, erected <i>Pyramid’s</i> or <i>Columnes</i>, - as Monuments to their Princes. The <i>Saxons</i> were buried (as said - before) in huge heaps of earth, to this day visible among us. The - <i>Keep</i> of the now <i>Castell</i> S. <i>Angelo</i> at <i>Rome</i> - was the Sepulchre of the Emperour <i>Adrian</i>. (such mighty moles - were the Monuments of the <i>Romans</i>) The <i>Greeks</i> erected - <i>Altars</i>, and instituted Sacrifices to the memory of their - <i>Chieftains</i>, as the <i>Spartans</i> to <i>Lysander</i>: The - renowned <i>Carian</i> Queen made the <i>Mausoleum</i> for her husband, - a massie bulk of building, 140 foot high: The huge <i>Pyramid’s</i> - in <i>Ægypt</i> causing such wonder in the world, were Sepulchres of - <i>Ægyptian</i> Kings. In a word, amongst all Nations, Sepulchres - whether little or great, were always reall and solid piles; not airous, - with frequent openings, and void spaces of ground within, exposed to - Sun and wind, neither uncovered like this <i>Antiquity</i>; or in any - manner so built, as may enforce the least presumption, that this our - <i>Stoneheng</i> was ever a Sepulchre.</p> - - <p>I have given you a full relation what concerning <i>Stoneheng</i> hath - been delivered by Writers, in respect of us though ancient, yet in - regard of the great antiquity of this <i>Work</i>, indeed but modern, - <i>Geffrey Monmouth</i> living not full five hundred years ago, and - <i>Polydore Virgill</i> long after him, in King <i>Henry</i> the - eighths reign: Who, as they are the principall Authors that write any - thing of <i>Stoneheng</i>; so, upon what authority deliver the same, - they make not appear. Insomuch, <i>Camden</i> gives no more credit to - their relations in this very particular, then unto common sayings, - (so he cals them) as if grounded upon <i>Fame</i> only, or invented - by themselves. And it may the rather be so presumed, because, as they - lived not in ancient times, and consequently could not themselves - bear testimony of any such things; so, neither the <i>Britans</i> nor - <i>Saxons</i> for a long time after their first arrivall here, had any - Records or Writings to convey whatever actions, either of their own, or - others to posterity. <i>Ninnius</i> a <i>British</i> Historian, living - about one thousand years ago, telling us,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span> Britannos <i>doctores nullam - peritiam habuisse, &c. The great Masters and Doctors of</i> Britain - <i>had no skill, nor left memoriall of any thing in writing</i>: - confessing, that himself <i>gathered whatsoever he wrote, out of the - Annals and Chronicles of the holy Fathers. Nec</i> Saxones <i>amusi - quicquam penè de rebus inter ipsos, &</i> Britannos <i>eo tempore - gestis scriptum posteritati reliquerint</i>, &c. <i>Neither did the</i> - Saxons <i>being unlearned</i> (saith <i>Leyland</i>)<span class="sni"><i>Leyland. de assert. Art. fol. 25.</i></span> <i>leave almost - any thing in writing to posterity, of the actions performed in those - times betwixt themselves and</i> Britans: <i>whatsoever, remembred - after Christ taught in this Island, of the first victories of the</i> - Saxons, <i>being both taken up upon trust from the mouth of the common - people, and committed to writing from vulgar reports only. Neither - the</i> Britans, <i>utterly worn out with so many wars, had</i> (as the - same Author hath it) <i>or desire, or opportunity, had they desired it, - to bestow their pains in compiling any whatever history, that might - commend their actions to succeeding Ages.</i></p> - - <p>But, it maybe objected: If <i>Polydore Virgill</i>, and <i>Geffrey - Monmouth</i> could neither be eye-witnesses themselves, nor have - authority from other more ancient Authors for what related by them - concerning <i>Stoneheng</i>: and that from whatever writings ancient - or modern, not any thing of certainty can be found out concerning - the same; from whence then appear, for what use, or by whom - <i>Stoneheng</i> erected? I answer, though not appear from Histories - written either by the <i>Britans</i> or <i>Saxons</i>; yet, as - <i>Gildas</i> professing he wrote his History (for the former reasons) - <i>by relations from beyond Sea</i>: and, as <i>Ninnius</i> his <i>out - of the Annals and Chronicles of the holy Fathers</i> as aforesaid: so, - severall other ways a possibility of truth may be gathered, namely, - from the authority of other Nations; from the concurrence of time for - such undertakings; from the customs of forepassed Ages in like works; - from the manner and form of building proper to severall Countries; from - the use to which such buildings applied, and the like. Upon which, as - occasion serves, intending hereafter more largely to insist, I shall - in the mean while set down the judgement our late Writers give of this - <i>Antiquity</i>.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span></p> - - <p><i>Camden</i>, a diligent searcher after Antiquities of our Nation, - having, in his <i>Chorography</i> of <i>Wiltshire</i>, collected - all the aforesaid opinions, together with his own, gives a summary - description of <i>Stoneheng</i>, in words as follow. <span class="sni"><i>Cam. fo. 251.</i></span> <i>Towards - the North, about six miles from</i> Salisbury, <i>in the plain, is - to be seen a huge and monstrous peece of work, such as</i> Cicero - <i>termeth</i> insanam substructionem. <i>For, within the circuit - of a ditch, there are erected in manner of a Crown, in three ranks - or courses one within another, certain mighty and unwrought stones, - whereof some are twenty eight foot high, & seven foot broad, upon - the heads of which others, like overthwart peeces, do bear and rest - cross-wise, with a small tenon and mortaise, so as the whole frame - seemeth to hang; whereof we call it</i> Stoneheng, <i>like as our old - Historians termed it for the greatness the Giants dance. Our Countrimen - reckon this for one of our wonders, and miracles. And much they - marvell, from whence such huge stones were brought, considering that in - all those quarters bordering thereupon, there is hardly to be found any - common stone at all for building: as also, by what means they were set - up. For mine own part about these points I am not curiously to argue - and dispute, but rather to lament with much grief, that the Authors - of so notable a Monument are thus buried in oblivion. Yet some there - are, that think them to be no naturall stones hewn out of the rock, - but artificially made of pure sand, and by some glewy and unctuous - matter knit and incorporate together, like as those ancient trophies or - monuments of victory which I have seen in</i> Yorkshire. <i>And what - marvell? Read we not I pray you in</i> Pliny, <i>that the sand or dust - of</i> Puteoli, <i>being covered over with water, becometh forthwith a - very stone, that the cisterns in</i> Rome <i>of sand, digged out of the - ground, and the strongest kind of lime wrought together grow so hard, - that they seem stones indeed? and that statues and images of marble - scalings, and small grit grow together so compact and firm, that they - were deemed entire and solid marble? The common saying is, that</i> - Ambrosius Aurelianus, <i>or his brother</i> Uther <i>did rear them up, - by the art of</i> Merlin, <i>&c.</i> Thus far <i>Camden</i>, it being - needlesse to repeat more from him, having already delivered the story - from the Authors themselves. Yet here neverthelesse, as necessarily - induced thereunto, I shall take leave to observe something more - remarkable to our purpose in hand, upon his words.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span></p> - - <p>In the first place then, <i>Stoneheng</i> is by him called <i>a - huge and monstrous peece of work</i>, terming it from <i>Cicero, - insanam substructionem</i>. To which I say, had <i>Camden</i> as well - attained other abilities of an <i>Architect</i>, as he was skilfull - in <i>Antiquities</i>: or been as conversant in <i>Antiquities</i> - abroad, as learned in those of his own Nation, he would have given a - far different judgement hereof. For, whosoever is acquainted with the - ancient ruines yet remaining in and about <i>Italy</i>, may easily - perceive this no such huge building, either for the circuit of the - work, or bignesse of the stones, they being as manageable to the - <i>Roman Architects</i>, as amongst us to raise a May-pole, or mast - of a Ship. And, if this styled <i>huge</i> and <i>monstrous</i>, what - may be said of <i>Diocletians</i> baths? the great <i>Cirque</i>? - <i>Marcellus</i> his Theater? <i>Vespasians Temple of Peace</i>? and - other prodigious works of the <i>Romans</i>? the very remainders - whereof now lying in the dust, breed amazement and wonder (not without - just reason too) in whosoever beholds them with attentivenesse and - judgement. Nay, whereas he styles it <i>insanam substructionem</i>, - it’s demonstrable, that betwixt this Island of great <i>Britain</i>, - and <i>Rome</i> it self, there’s no one structure to be seen, wherein - more clearly shines those harmoniacall proportions, of which only the - best times could vaunt, then in this of <i>Stoneheng</i>.</p> - - <p>Moreover, <i>Our Countreymen marvell</i> (saith he) <i>from whence - such huge stones were brought, considering that in all those quarters - bordering thereupon, there is hardly to be found any common stone - for building</i>. Upon what trust <i>Camden</i> (his extraordinary - judgement otherwise considered) took this relation, I know not. For - there is not onely common stone thereabouts, for ordinary uses, but - stone of extraordinary proportions likewise, even for greater works (if - occasion were) then <i>Stoneheng</i>: the Quarries of <i>Hasselborough</i> - and <i>Chilmark</i>, both of them not far from the borders of the plain, - having of a long time furnished all the adjacent parts with common - stone for building. And (to come nearer the matter) it is manifest, - that in divers places about the Plain, the same kinde of Stone<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span> - whereof this <i>Antiquity</i> consists may be found, especially about - <i>Aibury</i> in North-<i>Wiltshire</i>, not many miles distant from - it, where not onely are Quarries of the like stone, but also stones of - far greater dimensions then any at <i>Stoneheng</i>, may be had.</p> - - <p><i>They wonder also</i> (saith he) <i>by what means they</i> (that, - is such huge stones) <i>were set up</i>. What may be effected by that - <i>Mechanicall Art</i>, which <i>Dee</i> in his <i>Mathematicall - Preface</i> to <i>Euclyde</i>, cals <i>Menadry</i>, or <i>Art of - ordering Engines for raising weights</i>; those (it seems) of whom - <i>Camden</i> speaks took little notice of, when <i>Archimedes</i> - during the siege of <i>Syracuse</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Plut. in Marcel.</i></span> raised out of the Sea, and turned - in the air at pleasure, the Ships and Gallies of the <i>Romans</i>, - full fraught as they were with Souldiers, Mariners, and their ordinary - lading: and if King <i>Hieron</i> could have assigned him, a fit place - to firm his engines on, he would have undertaken to remove, even the - terrestriall <i>Globe</i> out of the worlds <i>center</i>, so high, - perfection in this <i>Art</i> transported him. What should I say of - the <i>Obelisk</i> in Ages so far past, brought from the Mountains of - <i>Armenia</i>, and erected in <i>Babylon</i> by <i>Semiramis</i>, one - hundred & fifty foot high, and at the base twenty four foot square of - one entire stone? <i>Est in fano</i> Latonæ (saith <i>Herodotus</i><span class="sni"><i>Herod. lib. 2.</i></span> of - his own knowledge) <i>delubrum ex uno factum lapide, cujus parietes - æquali celsitudine ad longitudinem quadragenum cubitorum, cujus - lacunari, pro tecto impositus est alius lapis quatuor cubitorum per - oras crassitudine. In the Temple of</i> Latona (in <i>Ægypt</i>) - <i>is a Chappell formed of one stone, whose walls being of equall - height, are in length forty cubits, covered in like manner with one - sole stone four cubits thick</i>. Those, which made this wonder would - have much more admired, if they could have seen the <i>Obelisk</i> - raised in times of old by King <i>Ramesis</i> at <i>Heliopolis</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Ptol. lib. 4.<br />Plin. lib. 36.</i></span> - in that part of <i>Ægypt</i> anciently called <i>Thebais</i>, in - height one hundred twenty one Geometrical feet (which of our measure - makes one hundred thirty six feet) of one entire stone: and so little - wonder made they of raising it, that the Architect undertook and did - effect it, the Kings own son being at the same time bound to the top - thereof. Amongst the <i>Ro<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span>mans</i>, <i>Augustus Cæsar</i> erected in - the great Cirque at <i>Rome</i>, an <i>Obelisk</i> of one stone, one - hundred and twenty foot, nine inches long: another also, was set up - in <i>Mars</i> field, nine foot higher then it, by the said Emperour. - And it seems also, neither they, nor <i>Camdens</i> self had ever seen - that <i>Obelisk</i>, which even in these our days, in the year one - thousand five hundred eighty six, <i>Sixtus Quintus</i> caused to be - erected in the <i>Piazza</i> of S. <i>Peter</i> at <i>Rome</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Dom. Font. lib. 1.</i></span> one - hundred and eight <i>Roman</i> palms high, and at the base twelve palms - square, (according to our Assise, fourscore and one foot high, and - nine foot square) of one entire stone also: <i>Dominico Fontana</i> - being <i>Architect</i>. But, there are more strange things (as Sir - <i>Walter Raleigh</i> hath it) in the world, then betwixt <i>London</i> - and <i>Stanes</i>. It is want of knowledge in <i>Arts</i> makes such - admirers, and <i>Art</i> it self have so many Enemies. Had I not - been thought worthy (by him who then commanded) to have been sole - <i>Architect</i> thereof, I would have made some mention of the great - stones used in the work, and <i>Portico</i> at the West end of S. - <i>Pauls</i> Church <i>London</i>, but I forbear; though in greatnesse - they were equall to most in this <i>Antiquity</i>, and raised to - a far greater height then any there. What manner of Engines the - <i>Ancients</i> used for raising; and what secure ways they had, for - cariage and transportation of their huge weights, is more proper for - another subject.</p> - - <p><i>Some there are</i> (saith <i>Camden</i>) <i>that think them to be - no naturall stones, hewn out of the rock, but artificially made of - pure sand, and by some glewy and unctuous matter, knit and incorporate - together, like those ancient trophies, or monuments of victory, which - I have seen in</i> Yorkshire. As for these Monuments (for my part) - I have not seen, otherwise I would give my sense upon them, and - happily they may be found as far from being artificiall, as those at - <i>Stoneheng</i>. <i>And what marvell?</i> (saith he) <i>read we not, - I pray you, in</i> Pliny, <i>that the sand or dust of</i> Puteoli, - <i>being covered over with water, becometh forthwith a very stone - &c.</i> He might as well have told us the Rocks in <i>Portland</i> - are artificiall. But it’s true, this sand of <i>Puteoli</i>, was much - used by the <i>Ancients</i>, and it is such a kind of earth, as is - very famous for its admirable ef<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span>fects in building, being tempered - with the cement of <i>Cuma</i>: For, it not onely yeelds strength - to all other buildings, but thereby also, all works made in the Sea - under water, are most firmly consolidated. Yet, doe I not find, - that ever the <i>Ancients</i> made any artificiall stones thereof, - or that <i>Vitruvius</i> hath any thing to that purpose, to him the - credit given to <i>Pliny</i>, and others, concerning the Earth of - <i>Puteoli</i>, being only due; posterity being in the first place - beholding unto him for finding out the nature of that earth, he giving - us not only the effects thereof, but the cause also from whence those - effects proceed. <i>Hoc autem fieri hac ratione videtur, quòd sub his - montibus</i> (i.e. <i>in regionibus</i> Baianis,<span class="sni"><i>Vitr. lib. 2. cap. 6.</i></span> <i>& in agris, quæ - sunt circa</i> Vesuvium <i>montem) & terræ ferventes sunt, & fontes - crebri, qui non essent, si non in imo haberent, aut de sulphure, aut - alumine, aut bitumine ardentes maximos ignes. Which is</i> (saith - he) <i>by reason in those mountains</i> (to wit, <i>in the regions - of</i> Baiæ, <i>and fields about mount</i> Vesuvius) <i>the grounds are - hot, and full of springs, which heat could not be, but that from the - bottome, are nourished mighty great fires, arising from sulphur, alume, - or brimstone there.</i> Indeed, according to <i>Pliny</i>, the sand - upon the side of the hill of <i>Puteoli</i>, being opposed to the Sea, - and continually drenched, and drowned with the water thereof, doth (by - the restringent quality, no doubt, of the salt water) become a stone - so compact, and united together, that scorning all the violence of the - surging billows, it hardeneth every day more and more.</p> - - <p>Neverthelesse, whosoever could find out any kind of earth in this - Island, naturally apt, to make artificiall stones of such greatnesse - as these; and, like them so obdurate also, that hardly any tool enter - them: or, that our Auncestors in times of old, did make use of such - a cement, and in what manner composed by them. The benefit thereof - doubtlesse, would amount so ample to this Nation, that Records could - not but render him deservedly famous to all posterity. In the mean - while, as it is most certain those stones at <i>Stoneheng</i> are - naturall; so, am I as clearly of opinion, the very Quarries from whence - hewn, were about <i>Ai<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span>bury</i> beforementioned: where, no small - quantities of the same kind, are even at this day to be had; vast - scantlings, not only appearing about the Town it self, but throughout - the plain and fields adjoyning, the Quarries lying bare, numbers also - numberlesse of stones, are generally seen. (being no small prejudice - to the bordering inhabitants) As also, not far from the edge of - <i>Wiltshire</i>, in the ascent from <i>Lamborn</i> to <i>Whitehorse - hill</i>, the like stones are daily discovered. To mention, more places - in particular is needlesse, the Quarries at and about <i>Aibury</i> - (without relating to <i>Lamborn</i>, or what ever other) distant but - fifteen miles or thereabouts from <i>Stoneheng</i>, being of themselves - sufficient to clear the doubt. These, having through long time, got - the very same crustation upon them, are in like manner coloured, - grained, bedded, weighty, and of like difficulty in working, as those - at <i>Stoneheng</i>. Some of which, being of a whitish colour, are - intermixt and veined here and there with red: some, of a lightish - blew, glister, as if minerall amongst them: some, for the most part - white, perplexed (as it were) with a ruddy colour: some, dark gray and - russet, differing in kinds as those stones at <i>Aibury</i> do. Some - of them again, of a grayish colour, are speckled or intermixt with - dark green, and white, together with yellow amongst it, resembling - after a sort, that kind of marble which the <i>Italians</i> (from the - valley where the Quarries are found) call <i>Pozzevera</i>; nothing, - notwithstanding, so beautifull, though naturally much harder, and - being weathered by time, as in this work; disdain the touch even of - the best tempered tool. Insomuch, that if nothing else, the more then - ordinary hardnesse of them is such, as will in part convince any - indifferent judgement in the nature and quality of stones; those, in - this <i>Antiquity</i>, are not (as <i>Camden</i> would have them) - artificiall, but naturall.</p> - - <p>Whatsoever, worthy admiration concerning <i>Stoneheng</i>, either in - relation to the greatnesse of the work in generall, the extraordinary - proportion of the stones in particular, the wonder the people make, - from whence brought, by what<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span> Arts or Engines raised, and in such - order placed, <i>Camden</i> delivers; certainly, in his judgement he - was wholly opposite to the opinions of the aforesaid <i>British</i> - Historians. He would never else, with so much regret have complained, - <i>The Authors of so notable a Monument lay buried in oblivion</i>, had - he given any the least credit, this <i>Antiquity</i> had been built, - either by <i>A. Ambrosius</i>, or the <i>British</i> Nobility, or to - eternize either of their names, or actions to succeeding generations. - Let <i>Geffrey Monmouth</i> and his followers, say what they please, - <i>Henry Huntingdon</i> (his Contemporary, if not more Ancient) is - mine Author,<span class="sni"><i>H. Hunting, lib. 1.</i></span> <i>Nec potest aliquis excogitare, qua arte tanti lapides - adeo in altum elevati sunt, vel quare ibi constructi sunt. No man - knows</i> (saith <i>Huntingdon</i>) <i>for what cause</i> Stoneheng - <i>erected, or</i> (which is fully answered already) <i>by what Art - such huge stones were raised to so great a height</i>. Take with you - also <i>Draytons</i> judgement in his <i>Poly-olbion</i> couched - under the fiction of old <i>Wansdikes</i> depraving <i>Stoneheng</i>. - (<i>Wansdike</i> being a huge Ditch in <i>Wiltshire</i> so called, - anciently, as <i>Camden</i> opines,<span class="sni"><i>Cam. fo. 241.</i></span> dividing the two Kingdomes of the - <i>Mertians</i> and <i>West Saxons</i> asunder)</p> - - <div class="center-container"><span class="sni"><i>Poly-olbion Cant. 3.</i></span> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="i0"><i>Whom for a paltry ditch, when</i> Stonendge <i>pleas’d t’upbraid,</i> - </div> - <div class="i0"><i>The old man taking heart, thus to that Trophy said;</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>Dull heap, that thus thy head above the rest doth reare,</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>Precisely yet not know’st who first did place thee there;</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>But Traytor basely turn’d to</i> Merlins <i>skill dost flie,</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>And with his Magicks dost thy Makers truth belie</i>.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - - <p class="noindent">For, as for that ridiculous Fable, of <i>Merlins</i> - transporting the stones out of <i>Ireland</i> by Magick, it’s an idle - conceit. As also, that old wives tale, that for the greatnesse it was - in elder times called the <i>Giants dance</i>. The name of the <i>dance - of Giants</i> by which it is styled in <i>Monmouth</i>, hath nothing - allusive, no not so much as to the <i>tale he tels us</i>, saith a - modern Writer in the life of <i>Nero Cæsar</i>.</p> - - <p>Furthermore, our modern Historians <i>Stow</i> and <i>Speed</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Speed lib. 7.<br />Stow fo. 58. in 4<sup>o</sup>.</i></span> tell - us, in severall parts of the Plain adjoyning, have been by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span> digging - found, peeces of ancient fashioned armour, and the bones of men, - insinuating this as an argument, for upholding the opinions of the - <i>British</i> Writers. To which, if they would have those to be the - bones of the slaughtered <i>Britans</i>, how came those Armours to - be found with them, they coming to the Treaty unarmed, and without - weapons? Howsoever, what is done in the Plains abroad, concerns not - <i>Stoneheng</i>, Neither can any man think it strange, that in a - place, where <i>Fame</i> hath rendred, so many memorable and fierce - battels, fought in times of old, rusty armour, and mens bones should be - digged up. It is usuall throughout the world in all such places, and - (if I mistake not) <i>Sands</i> in his Travels, relates, that even in - the Plains of <i>Pharsalia</i>, such like bones and Armour, have lately - been discovered: and Sir <i>Henry Blunt</i> in that notable relation of - his voyage into the <i>Levant</i>, speaks with much judgement of those - <i>Pharsalian</i> fields. Likewise, the aforesaid Writers,<span class="sni"><i>Cam. fo. 194.</i> <i>Speed lib. 7.</i></span> might well - have remembred, some of themselves deliver, that at <i>Kambulan</i>, - or <i>Cambula</i> in <i>Cornwall</i>, such habiliments of War have - been digged up, in tillage of the ground, witnessing either the fatall - field, sometimes there fought, where <i>Mordred</i> was slain by - <i>Arthur</i>, and <i>Arthur</i> himself received his deaths wound: - or else, the reliques of that battel betwixt the <i>Britans</i> and - <i>Saxons</i>, in the year eight hundred and twenty. ’Tis true, the - relation conduces much towards confirming, that ancient custome of the - <i>Saxons</i>, formerly recited out of <i>Leyland</i>, considering - especially, not far from this <i>Antiquity</i>, lie certain hillocks, - at this day commonly called the <i>seven Burrows</i>, where it may be - presumed, some <i>Princes</i>, or <i>Nobles</i> of the <i>Saxon</i> - Nation lie interred. But, that <i>Stoneheng</i> should therefore be - a place of buriall, the aforesaid relation to maintain the same is - nothing worth.</p> - - <p>They adde moreover, the stones yet remaining are not to be numbred, - according as our Noble <i>Sydney</i> in his Sonnet of the wonders of - <i>England</i>.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span></p> - - <div class="center-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="i0"><i>Near</i> Wilton <i>sweet, huge heaps of stone are found,</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>But so confus’d, that neither any eye</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>Can count them just, nor reason reason try,</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>What force brought them to so unlikely ground</i>.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - - <p>This, though it scarcely merits an answer, yet, to satisfie those - which in this point may be curious, let them but observe the orders - of the Circles, as they now appear, and not passe from one to another - confusedly (noting neverthelesse where they begin) and they’ll find the - just number easie to be taken.</p> - - <p>Now, though whether in order to the Place it self where this - <i>Antiquity</i> stands, or <i>Persons</i>, by whom <i>Stoneheng</i> - pretended to be built, enough laid, to wave the reports upon fancy, - or common Fame, formerly delivered: to the state of <i>Time</i> - neverthelesse, wherein the <i>British</i> Histories would have it - erected, because nothing by me hath yet been spoken, I will therefore - adde, ’tis not probable such a work as <i>Stoneheng</i> could be then - built. For, although our <i>Britans</i>, in ancient time possessed, - together with the <i>Roman</i> civility, all good <i>Arts</i>, it - is evident during the reign of <i>A. Ambrosius</i> (about the first - coming in of the <i>Saxons</i> here, and towards the later end of - the fifth Century, as Historians and Chronologists compute it) in - the last declining of the <i>Roman</i> Empire, the <i>Arts</i> of - <i>Design</i>, of which <i>Architecture</i> chief, were utterly lost - even in <i>Rome</i> it self, much more in <i>Britain</i>, being - then but a Tempest-beaten <i>Province</i>, and utterly abandoned by - the <i>Romans</i>. <i>Britain</i>, therefore, being over-run with - enemies, and the knowledge of <i>Arts</i> then lost amongst them: - none, questionlesse, can reasonably apprehend so notable a work as - <i>Stoneheng</i> could in such times be built.</p> - - <p>That, amongst the <i>Romans</i> and <i>Britans</i> both, <i>A. - Ambrosius</i> governing here, all Sciences were utterly perished, - is evidently manifest. For, the <i>Goths</i> had then invaded - <i>Italy</i>; and that vast Empire drooping with extreme Age, by the - fatall irruption of strange Nations, was not only torn in peeces,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span> - but <i>Barbarisme</i> having trod learning under foot, and the sword - bearing more sway then letters, or learned men, all Sciences were - neglected; and particularly that of <i>Building</i> fell into such - decay, that till of late about the year one thousand five hundred and - ten, it lay swallowed up, and (as I may so say) buried in oblivion. - When one <i>Bramante</i> of the Dutchy of <i>Urbin</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Serl. lib. 3.</i></span> attaining - admirable perfection in <i>Architecture</i>, restored to the world - again, the true rules of building, according to those Orders, by - the ancient <i>Romans</i> in their most flourishing times observed. - Furthermore, not onely liberall Sciences and <i>Architecture</i>, but - <i>Art</i> military also, about the time of <i>A. Ambrosius</i>, was so - far lost amongst the <i>Romans</i>, that they were ignorant, yea, in - the very rudiments of War. Insomuch, (as <i>Procopius</i> in his second - Book of the <i>Gothick</i> Wars relate) <i>Barbarism</i> had bereft - them of the skill, even in what manner to sound a retreat.</p> - - <p>With us here also, the <i>Saxons</i> domineer’d over all, and <i>A. - Ambrosius</i> with the <i>Britans</i> had enough to do, in endeavouring - the recovery of their lost Countrey from a mighty prevailing Enemy, - that in few years afterwards (maugre all the ways which force or policy - could invent) conquered the whole Nation. Among other calamities - attending that miserable Age, <i>Camden</i> (from <i>William</i> of - <i>Malmsbury</i>) directly to the purpose in hand tels us.<span class="sni"><i>W. Malmes. fol. 8.</i><br /><i>Camden fo. 87.</i></span> <i>Cum - Tyranni nullum in agris præter semibarbaros, nullum in urbibus præter - ventri deditos reliquissent</i>: Britannia <i>omni patrocinio juvenilis - vigoris viduata, omni Artium exercitio exinanita, conterminarum - gentium inhiationi diu obnoxia fuit. When the Tyrants</i> (to wit, the - <i>Romans</i>) <i>had left none in the Countrey but half Barbarians, - none in the Cities and Towns, but such as wholly gave themselves to - belly-cheer</i>; Britain, <i>destitute of all protection, by her - vigorous young men, bereaved of</i> all exercise, and practice of good - Arts, <i>became exposed for a long time to the greedy, and gaping jaws - of Nations confining upon her</i>.</p> - - <p>Here you have it from an Author, more ancient then <i>G. Monmouth</i> - a little, though both lived in one age, the times about <i>A. - Ambrosius</i> government, whether before, during his reign, or after, - were so full of miseries, that he complains,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span> none then employed, - or exercised in any whatever works belonging to <i>Art</i>. They - had somthing else (as appears by divers Writers) to think upon, all - their abilities being insufficient to defend their Countrey from - forein servitude, their Cities and Towns from ruine, and destruction, - and their habitations from rage of cruell and insolent enemies, - robbing, spoiling, burning, wasting, all before them: to which,<span class="sni"><i>Gildas.</i></span> - plague, pestilence, and famine being joyned, the inland part of the - <i>Island</i>, even to the Western <i>Ocean</i> was welnear totally - consumed.</p> - - <p>Besides, the Countrey was so oppress’d, what with outward hostile - miseries, what with intestine tumults and troubles: that, had they not - lost the <i>practice of all Arts</i> (as the former Historian saith - they had) so far were they from erecting any work of this kind, that - they were compelled to abandon their Towns, and houses, built in times - foregoing by their Auncestors, and betake themselves to mountains, - caves, and woods for shelter. Now, if the calamities of those times - hung over the <i>Britans</i> heads, in so generall manner, that not one - amongst them had leisure to put pen to paper, (as from <i>Leyland</i> - before remembred) much lesse able were they, without all peradventure, - to undertake so great a work as <i>Stoneheng</i>, wherein, as all - rationall men must grant, numbers of men employed, and many years taken - up, before brought to its absolute perfection.</p> - - <p>But, nothing can better expresse the ignorance of that Age, then - the barbarous manner of inscription upon the Tomb of the <i>British - Hector</i> King <i>Arthur</i>, nephew to <i>A. Ambrosius</i>, found - long since in the Churchyard of the Abbey at <i>Glastenbury</i>, - the letters whereof, being exactly represented to our view by - <i>Camden</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Cam. fo. 228.</i></span> do, as by demonstration, fully discover to us the - Barbarism of those times. As, barbarous in those characters, so were - they ignorant in, and had lost the use of all other <i>Arts</i>. - <i>Nor exercise nor practice of good Arts, was then amongst them</i>, - saith the Historiographer of <i>Malmsbury</i>. And well he might so - deliver himself, not withstand<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span>ing <i>Matthew Westminster</i> tels - us, <i>A. Ambrosius</i> repaired <i>Churches</i>, which the rage of - <i>Saxons</i>, enemies to <i>Christian Religion</i>, spoiled. For, - besides, the vast difference betwixt such works as <i>Stoneheng</i>, - where <i>Art</i> overmasters the common skill of man, and making up - the decaies of ruinated buildings, is apprehensive even to the meanest - capacities: <i>Gildas</i> and <i>Bede</i> (whose Antiquity and learning - the greater it is, the more is their authority acceptable) affirm, - the <i>Britans</i> in those times knew not in what manner to bring - up bare wals of stone. When, the <i>Roman</i> Legion sent to aid the - <i>Britans</i> by <i>Valentinian</i> the third, under the conduct of - <i>Gallio</i> of <i>Ravenna</i>, was remanded hence, for defence of - <i>France</i>; before departing, they exhorted the <i>Britans</i> - to make a wall overthwart the <i>Island</i>, to secure themselves - from the <i>Barbarians</i>, <i>Picts</i>, and <i>Scots</i>: which - wall, <i>Bede</i> tels us, <i>was made not so much with stone, as - turffes, considering they had no workmen to bring up such works of - stone; and so</i>, (saith the venerable Historian) <i>they did set up - one, good for nothing. ’Twas made by the rude, and unskilfull common - multitude, not so much of stone, as turffes</i> (saith <i>Gildas</i> - also) <i>none being found able to give direction for building works - of stone</i>. This was about thirty six years preceding <i>A. - Ambrosius</i> government. In which time, the <i>Romans</i> abandoning - <i>Britain</i>, <i>Vortigern</i> usurped; call’d in the <i>Saxons</i> - to his aid; was deposed by his Nobility; and <i>Vortimer</i> his son - set up. Whom <i>Rowena</i> having made away; <i>Vortigern</i> was - re-enthronis’d. Him <i>A. Ambrosius</i> invades, and having burnt him, - together with <i>Rowena</i> in <i>Wales</i>, assumes the Crown as his; - holding continuall war with the <i>Saxons</i>, untill poysoned by - <i>Pascentius</i> as aforesaid.</p> - - <p>It being thus, that nothing but universall confusion, and destructive - broyls of war, appeared then in all parts; more ancient, and far more - propitious times, must be sought out for designing a structure, so - exquisite in the composure as this: even such a flourishing Age, as - when <i>Architecture</i> in rare perfection, and such <i>People</i> - lookt upon, as by continuall successe, attaining unto the sole power - over <i>Arts</i>, as well as <i>Empires</i>, commanded all. I say, such - <i>Times</i>, and <i>Persons</i>, be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span>cause those things, which accord - not with the course of time, which by a generall consent of Authors - agree not; which by the approved customes of ancient Ages, and votes - of learned men, are not received and allowed, and consequently no ways - probable; I easily admit not of.</p> - - <p>Another fiction there is concerning <i>Stoneheng</i>, not to be past - over; and though the cause upon which it’s grounded, be far more - ancient then the government of <i>Ambrosius</i>, or aforesaid slaughter - of the <i>Britains</i>: neverthelesse, in respect it is a new conceit, - not thirty years being past since hatch’t, I suppose this the most - proper place to discourse thereof, having ended with <i>Geffrey - Monmouth</i>, <i>Polydore Virgill</i>, and their followers.</p> - - <p>The Author thereof is <i>Anonymus</i>, unlesse known in being - Translator of <i>Lucius Florus</i>. His opinion, (in his <i>Nero - Cæsar</i>) <i>Stoneheng</i> the Tomb of <i>Boadicia</i> (formerly - remembred) Queen of the <i>Iceni</i>.<span class="sni"><i>Ner. Cæs. fo. 181.</i></span> His reasons, first, because that - memorable battell betwixt her, and <i>Suetonius Paulinus</i> fought - upon a Plain. Secondly, in respect the <i>Britans</i> buried her - magnificently. For confirming this, he tels us, <i>Had the pretieus - volumes of the</i> Cornelian <i>Annals, and</i> Dio Cassius, <i>and</i> - John Xiphiline <i>been within the spheare of</i> Geffrey Monmouths - <i>studies, not</i> Aurelus Ambrosius, <i>nor those four hundred and - sixty Noblemen of</i> Britain, <i>murthered in</i> Vortigerns <i>reign, - should have carried away with him the fame of this materiall wonder, - but magnanimous</i> Boadicia. It seems, he would not be behinde-hand - with <i>Monmouth</i>; for, as the one finding no story more famous - then of <i>A. Ambrosius</i> and the slaughtered <i>Britans</i>, - fathered <i>Stoneheng</i> upon them: so, to make the inventive - faculty, as apparently predominant in himself; this other, respecting - <i>Boadicia’s</i> heroicall actions, would as willingly make the world - beleeve this <i>Antiquity</i> her Monument.</p> - - <p>His principall argument I delivered before; to wit, the battell - betwixt Her and the <i>Romans</i>, wherein <i>Boadicia</i> utterly - overthrown too, being fought upon a Plain. Was there in old time - (did he think) no Plain in <i>Britain</i> to fight a battell on - but <i>Salisbury</i> Plain? How came <i>Boadicia</i> and her Army<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span> - thither? I find indeed, <i>Boadicia</i> leading one hundred and twenty - thousand fighting men out of the <i>Icenian</i> Countries, and like - a terrible tempest, falling upon <i>Camalodunum</i>, that famous - <i>Roman</i> Colony of old, (where the first fury of the War was felt) - she surprised it and razed it to the ground; <i>Suetonius Paulinus</i> - then in <i>Anglesey</i>: Intercepting <i>Petilius Cerealis</i>, who - advanced with the ninth legion to relieve that Colony, she cut all his - Infantry in peeces: Putting to the sword all those, which imbecillity - of sex, tediousnesse of age, or pleasure of the place detained from - following <i>Suetonius</i> in his march from <i>London</i>: And taking - <i>Verulamium</i>, sackt and burnt it down to ashes. But, how she - marcht from thence to <i>Salisbury</i> Plain is neither apparent nor - probable; not the least inkling being left in the world, what hostile - acts she committed, which way she moved, or what done by her, after the - ruine of <i>Verulam</i>, till utterly overthrown.</p> - - <p>Can it be imagined, she that destroyed so great a Colony, together - with a free-borough of the <i>Romans</i>, slain seventy or eighty - thousand persons in such horrid manner as scarce credible; reserving - not one Prisoner alive, but killing, hanging, crucifying, and burning - whatsoever <i>Romane</i>, or to that party enclined: that was yet - victorious, and her Army encreasing daily; can it be imagined, I say, - she marcht to <i>Salisbury</i> Plain with so huge an Army invisibly? - or stole from <i>Verulam</i> thither by night, lest notice should - be taken of her proceedings? <i>Anonymus</i> self cannot think so - unworthily of his <i>Boadicia</i>, yet certainly after such manner - she went, if ever went thither at all: Otherwise, <i>Boadicia</i> - marching in the height of glory, and bearing down all before her - till rancountred by <i>Suetonius</i>. Those faithfull Historians - <i>Tacitus</i>, and <i>Dion</i>, (both so sedulous in delivering - her Fame to posterity) would never have omitted so notable a march, - through such a large tract of enemies Countrey, as of necessity she - was to make from <i>Verulam</i>, to <i>Salisbury</i> Plain; but would - have prosecuted her War, by recording the spoyls, rapines, burnings, - and devastations made therein; as particularly, as from the first - fomenting the rebellion, till<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span> her advance to <i>Verulam</i>, they - have done. Upon which Town, and the aforementioned places only, the - aforesaid Historians directly tell us the whole burden of the War fell.<span class="sni"><i>Tacit. Ann. lib. 14.</i></span> - <i>Ad Septuaginta millia civium & sociorum iis quæ memoravi locis - occidisse constitit</i>, saith <i>Tacitus</i>. <i>It was manifest, - there were slain in the places, I have remembred, the number of - seventy thousand Citizens and Allies.</i> Bunduica <i>duas urbes</i> - (saith <i>Xiphilines Dion</i><span class="sni"><i>Dion. Cas. lib. 62.</i></span> also) <i>populi</i> Romani <i>expugnavit - atque diripuit, in iísque cædem infinitam, ut supradixi, fecit.</i> - Bunduica <i>took and razed to the ground two Towns of the</i> Romans, - <i>and in them made that infinite slaughter, I have mentioned before, - of fourscore thousand persons</i>. At <i>Verulam</i> then, it fully - appears, the course of her Victories stopt, the inhumane butchery of - the <i>Romans</i>, and their confederates, ended with the massacre - in that Town; which could not possibly have hapned, if with such a - firm resolution to extirpate the <i>Roman</i> name in <i>Britain</i>, - and such a numerous Army to effect it, she had gone on victoriously - unfought with, so far as where this <i>Antiquity</i> stands. And - therefore the Plain of <i>Salisbury</i> could not be the place of - battell, as <i>Anonymus</i> would fain enforce it. Who having so - largely, and with so good advice, discoursed the motions, and actions - of this rebellion, with all the circumstances thereof, from the first - rise, till she destroyed <i>Verulam</i>, should either have found some - warrantable authority for <i>Boadicia’s</i> so great an undertaking - afterwards, else never engaged her so far within the <i>Roman</i> - Province; otherwise, some may imagine, he framed it, only out of - ambition for a meer pretence, rather, then stated it, from a reall - endeavour, to make discovery for what cause <i>Stoneheng</i> at first - erected.</p> - - <p>Furthermore, <i>Suetonius Paulinus</i> was too well skilled in the - discipline of war, to make the seat thereof in a Countrey so absolutely - <i>Roman</i>, as betwixt the <i>British</i> Ocean and the River - <i>Thames</i>. He had it’s true (being return’d from <i>Anglesey</i>) - abandoned <i>London</i>, no colony. But upon what result? finding - his accesse of strength disproportionable to the War in hand, and - therefore<span class="sni"><i>Tacit. Ann. lib. 14.</i></span> <i>determined with the losse of one Town to preserve the rest - whole</i>, (whether <i>London</i> or <i>Camalodunum</i> is not to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span> the - purpose) and, by attending the motions of the enemy, wait all fair - occasions to give <i>Boadicia</i> battell,<span class="sni"><i>Dion. Cass. lib. 62.</i></span> <i>being unwilling to try - his fortune too suddenly, multitude and successe making the</i> Britans - <i>outrageously daring</i>. In the interim neverthelesse, raising what - forces, the exigency of so important affairs would permit.</p> - - <p>Which way <i>Suetonius</i> marched from <i>London</i> is altogether - omitted, yet if lawfull to conjecture, why not? to draw off the - Forces of <i>Catus Decianus</i> Procurator, (not long before fled - into <i>Gaul</i>, for fear of this War) together with the remains - of <i>Petilius Cerealis</i> troops; quartered, as <i>Anonymus</i> - confesseth,<span class="sni"><i>Ner. Cæs. fo. 105.</i></span> in those very camps yet appearing about <i>Gildsbrough</i> - and <i>Daintry</i> in <i>Northamptonshire</i>, then, confining the - <i>Icenian</i> Dominion to the Westward. Which Troops therefore, lay - doubtlesse, in very great danger if not timely relieved; especially in - case <i>Boadicia</i> should conduct her Army that way; as, ere long - afterwards she did so far as <i>Verulam</i>; this course being taken - by her, not improbably, in pursuit of <i>Suetonius</i>. Neither was - it very dangerous for the <i>Roman</i> Generall to lead his Forces - that way, the Enemies main strength lying about <i>Camalodunum</i>. - Howsoever, whether he marched up to them or no, concluded it is, - he made his retreat towards <i>Pœnius Posthumus</i> encamped with - the <i>second Legion</i> in the borders of the <i>Silures</i>, - (now <i>Herefordshire</i>, <i>Radnorshire</i> &c.) for which - <i>Legion</i>, <i>Suetonius</i> sending to have it brought up to - his Rendezvouz, his commands being slighted, that strength failed - him. <i>The way which</i> Suetonius <i>took,<span class="sni"><i>Ner. Cæs. fo. 154.</i></span> after his departure, - was in mine opinion</i> (saith <i>Anonymus</i>) <i>towards</i> - Severn, <i>where</i> Pœnius Posthumus <i>encamped with the second - Legion among the</i> Silures. So also <i>Spencer</i> our famous - <i>English</i> Poet finds it. Whereby it appears, <i>Suetonius</i> - retreat was not Westward to <i>Salisbury</i> Plains, but Northerly - towards that <i>second Legion</i>. In this retreat, I may not omit, - <i>Anonymus</i> conducts him over the <i>Thames</i> at <i>London</i>;<span class="sni"><i>Ner. Cæs. fo. 155.</i></span> - which if granted, and, <i>that he kept the river upon his right hand - still</i>, untill engaging <i>Boadicia</i>, as <i>Anonymus</i> saith - he did: then was <i>Suetonius</i> march <i>far away</i> indeed from - <i>Salisbury</i> Plain. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span> course of that River winding, as we - all know, through <i>Barkshire</i> out of <i>Oxfordshire</i>, where - <i>Tame</i> from the County <i>Buckingham</i>, and <i>Isis</i> from - the edge of <i>Glocester</i> Province, make their conjunction a little - beneath <i>Dorchester</i>. And, if keeping this course <i>still</i> - by the Rivers side, <i>Suetonius</i> marcht alongst the banks of - <i>Cherwell</i> also, then must <i>Anonymus</i>, whether he will or - no, bring him up close to <i>Gildsbrough</i> and <i>Daintry</i>, as - aforesaid;<span class="sni"><i>Ner. Cæs. fo. 166.</i></span> and thereby (for it is admitted <i>Cerealis</i> horse-troops - were at the fight) reconciling all opinions, upon his direct way - towards the <i>second Legion</i>.</p> - - <p>How far on, neverthelesse, toward <i>Pœnius Posthumus</i> Camp - <i>Suetonius</i> advanced is uncertain; but, that the battell might be - fought in some Plain about <i>Verulam</i>, or upon that rode, is not - altogether improbable. (Especially considering part of <i>Suetonius</i> - strength consisted of <i>Londoners</i>, who, as <i>Auxiliaries</i> - followed him in this War, and would not stay behind). For, the - <i>Roman</i> Generall when marshalling his Army for fight, had with - him (saith <i>Tacitus</i>) <i>the aids of the places adjoyning</i>. - What places were these? the last <i>place</i> named by him was - <i>Verulam</i>, the next place before it <i>London</i>; and, if the - Historian intends either of these two, by the <i>places adjoyning</i> - to the field, where the battell fought; then, may <i>Anonymus</i> - prove the desarts in <i>Africa</i>, as soon as the Plains of - <i>Salisbury</i>, to be the place of Battell.</p> - - <p><i>Spencer</i> saith,<span class="sni"><i>Cant. 10.</i></span> the battell was fought near <i>Severn</i>:</p> - - <div class="center-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="i2"><i>Which seeing stout</i> Bunduca <i>up arose,</i></div> - <div class="i2"><i>And taking arms, the</i> Britons <i>to her drew;</i></div> - <div class="i2"><i>With whom she marched straight against her foes,</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>And them vnwares besides the</i> Seuerne <i>did enclose</i>.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - - <p><i>Suetonius</i>, when resolving for fight,<span class="sni"><i>Tacit. Ann. lib. 14.</i></span> <i>deligit locum artis - faucibus, & à tergo silvâ clausum, satis cognito, nihil hostium nisi - in fronte, & apertam planitiem esse sine metu insidiarum. Choosed - a place with a narrow entrance, enclosed behind with a wood, being - well assured, he had no enemies but before him, and the Plain being - open was without fear of Ambush.</i> Thus <i>Tacitus</i> describes - the field, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span> <i>Roman</i> Army consisting of scarce ten thousand - armed men. In what part of <i>Britan</i> soever this Plain lay, it - was, for certain, of no great extent, being hardly able to contain - the vast multitudes of <i>Boadicia’s</i> Army; computed two hundred - and thirty thousand fighting men, by <i>Dion</i>, and therefore could - not possibly be <i>Salisbury</i> Plain. For, the <i>Britans</i> - placing their carts and wagons <i>supra extremum ambitium campi, in - the utmost borders of the field</i>, had so environed their Army - therewith, that upon the rout given, they could hardly flee away, - <i>quia circumjecta vehicula sepserant abitus, by reason the carts</i> - (saith <i>Tacitus</i>) <i>hedged in the passages on every side</i>, - and (to use <i>Anonymus</i> own words)<span class="sni"><i>Ner. Cæs. fo. 179.</i></span> <i>were like a wall against - evasion</i>. Now, if the <i>Britans</i> had so surrounded the utmost - borders of <i>Salisbury</i> Plain, and in such manner barricado’d - up all the passages thereof, their numbers should rather have been - millions then thousands, as every man knowing those Plains must needs - confesse. Besides, <i>Anonymus</i> self tels us,<span class="sni"><i>Ner. Cæs. fo. 178.</i></span> <i>after the</i> - Britans <i>in the head of their battel began to shrink and turn, that - alone was a blow to all behind, who being many score of thousands, - remain’d untoucht, during the fight, because they could never come up - to handy-strokes, for</i> want of room <i>in the narrowings of the - field</i>. He told us even now there was scope enough. <i>Whereabout - in these parts of</i> Britain, (saith he)<span class="sni"><i>Ner. Cæs. fo. 161.</i></span> <i>that very place was, - unlesse it were upon</i> Salisbury <i>Plain, where there is a black - heath, and</i> scope enough, <i>is not for me to imagine</i>. Now, - on the contrary, when coming to the issue, he tels us the Plain was - narrow, and they <i>wanted room</i>. Did the <i>Britans</i> want - room in the field, and were on <i>Salisbury</i> Plain? Surely, in - the heat of his describing the Battel <i>Anonymus</i> forgot his - own invention; the fury of the <i>Romans</i>, in beating down the - <i>British</i> squadrons, therewith dasht the main force of his conceit - to peeces. Suspicious and jealous men had need of good memories. Upon - the aforesaid situation he might rather have observed, the great - experience of the <i>Romane Generall</i> in martiall affairs, then - from thence suggested, the <i>Britans</i> in point of honour erected - <i>Stoneheng</i> to the memory of <i>Boadicia</i>, <i>Suetonius</i> - not onely choosing to make good a straight enclosed behinde with a - wood, for secu<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span>ring his own small Troops, but such a straight also, - where the Plain, or field before it, was not of sufficient extent - for <i>Boadicia</i> to marshall her great Army in. Furthermore, - <i>Anonymus</i> determining (it seems) to parcell out his ground - proportionable to the numbers, undertakes to give posterity an exact - survey of this Plain, telling us, it <i>was a Plain of five or six - miles over</i>: This makes it more apparent ’twas not <i>Salisbury</i> - Plain, which far and wide so expatiates it self through the middle - of <i>Wiltshire</i>, that it is not onely <i>five or six miles</i>, - but (as I may say) five times six miles over. This famous battell - then, being struck upon a Plain hardly capable of <i>Boadicia’s</i> - Army, was not fought upon <i>Salisbury</i> Plain; but, on some other, - which <i>Suetonius Paulinus</i> found best for his own advantage, and - therefore <i>Stoneheng</i> (as <i>Anonymus</i> would fain have it) - could not be the Sepulchre of <i>Boadicia</i>.</p> - - <span class="sni"><i>Dion. Cass. lib. 62.</i></span> - - <p>Concerning <i>Boadicia’s</i> magnificent obsequies; a mighty Prince may - be buried with great solemnity, yet no materiall Monument dedicated - to his memory. Examples of this kinde are so frequent, there needs no - mention of them. <i>Humaverunt magnificè</i>, (they are <i>Dions</i> - words) the <i>Britans</i> laid her into the earth magnificently, with - as much pomp, happily, and honour, attending her to the grave, as their - barbarous customs for their glorious Chieftain would admit; but, that - they raised any Monument, or erected whatsoever kinde of Sepulchre - for her, much lesse so notable a structure as <i>Stoneheng</i>, he no - where tels us. Which had the <i>Britans</i> done, the Historian could - not avoid, taking more knowledge thereof, then of her bare enterment, - and would undoubtedly have recorded it. Again, grant <i>Salisbury</i> - Plain the place of Battell, yet, <i>Dion</i> saith not, they buried - her magnificently where the battell fought, only, <i>Humaverunt - magnificè</i>: adding withall, those, that escaped the field, prepared - to re-enforce themselves for a new triall, in the mean while a disease - seizing on <i>Bunduica</i>, she died. Now then, after so terrible - an overthrow, wherein ’tis reported she lost fourscore thousand - <i>Britans</i>; <i>Boadicia</i>, in all likelihood, endevoured to - recover the <i>Icenian</i> Countreys, her principall strength; having<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span> - in her speech before the Battell insinuated the fenny parts thereof, as - a refuge if the worst should happen. In what Countreys else could they - recruit? where falling sick she died, (whether by violent or naturall - death is not materiall) and as ever observed among all Nations, was, no - doubt, buried in her own territories, among the graves of her renowned - Ancestors.</p> - - <p>That the <i>Britans</i>, untill <i>Julius Agricolas</i> time,<span class="sni"><i>Ner. Cæs. fo. 117.</i></span> had - learned nothing (as <i>Anonymus</i> takes speciall notice) but <i>to - fight, and were no handicraftsmen</i>, whereby they might be capable - of erecting such works as <i>Stoneheng</i>, being already fully - proved from <i>Tacitus</i>, I will adde, the ringleaders or heads of - commotions against Empires and Commonwealths were anciently, (in many - Countreys at this day) not only themselves punishable by the Laws - with death, but their whole families and kindred though guiltlesse, - suffered in like manner; their very houses also, being razed to the - ground, lest any knowledge of such pernicious undertakings should - remain visible to posterity: and a capitall crime it was, in whomsoever - that restor’d them. How comes it then, <i>Boadicia</i> the principall - promoter,<span class="sni"><i>Sueton. in Ner.</i></span> and Head of an insurrection so fatall, as accounted by - <i>Suetonius Tranquillus</i>, among the infortunate losses of the - <i>Roman</i> Empire,<span class="sni"><i>Dion. Cas. lib. 62.</i></span> and the more ignominious by a womans conduct, - should be permitted by the conquering <i>Romans</i>, a monument to - eternize her fame to succeeding Ages? <i>Boadicia</i>, that ript up the - bellies of the <i>Roman</i> Legionaries, and cutting out their bowels - impal’d their bodies upon burning stakes; that hanged up the most noble - and honourable <i>Roman Dames</i> naked, and slicing off their paps, - sowed them to their mouths, as in act of eating them; that in scalding - water boiled the <i>Roman</i> infants, and young children to death; - their Parents, Husbands, and Commanders unable to relieve them, but - enforced to give way, and happy in so saving themselves from the cruell - inhumanities of the <i>Conqueresse</i>. <i>We fought for to live</i>, - saith <i>Tacitus</i>. Yet, when ere long afterwards, victoriously - recovering <i>Britain</i> to <i>Cæsar</i>, by so memorable a battell as - compared to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span> their victories of old, should the <i>Romans</i> suffer - the enthralled <i>Britans</i> to erect a Trophy to her memory, whose - purpose was absolutely to root out all that was <i>Roman</i> here? - what greater infamy to the <i>Roman</i> name, except the permission - of it? They, who rased and broke in peeces whatever titles and - inscriptions, bearing the names of their <i>Cæsars</i>; pulled down and - demolished the royall <i>Ensigns</i>, <i>Trophies</i>, <i>Statues</i>, - <i>Temples</i>, or whatever else sacred, to their own Emperors, - when actively administring to the prejudice of the <i>Romane</i> - State; would they permit any publick monuments be erected to the - memory of a conquered Prince, of an Enemy so barbarously cruell as - <i>Boadicia</i>? That she lives in History, they could not prevent; so - live their worst of Emperors. Moreover, publick Monuments were in all - ages set up in honour of the Vanquishers, not vanquished; respecting - which, <i>Anonymus</i> should also, either have made <i>Boadicia</i> - Victresse, or never supposed <i>Stoneheng</i> her Sepulchre.</p> - - <p>The time assigned by <i>Anonymus</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Ner. Cæs. fo. 182.</i></span> for erecting these <i>orderly - irregular, and formlesse uniform heaps of massive marble</i>, (as - he cals them) <i>to the everlasting remembrance of Boadicia</i>, is - much above fifteen hundred years since: <i>Petronius Turpilianus</i> - succeeding <i>Suetonius Paulinus</i> in the Leivtenancy of - <i>Britain</i>; who by his idle and lazy life, making the world beleeve - there was peace here: <i>Anonymus</i> will have it a proper time, for - permitting <i>such an office to the Britans</i>, in <i>Boadicia’s</i> - honour. Times of peace, ’tis confest, when <i>Arts</i> flourish under - nobly minded Governours, are chiefly proper for erecting magnificent - buildings. The Government under <i>Petronius</i> was guilty of none of - these. As for the State of <i>Britain</i> in generall, <i>Tacitus</i> - in the life of <i>Agricola</i> tels us, <i>Petronius</i> had composed - the former troubles; but in what sort, the fourteenth book of his - <i>Annals</i> declares; <i>non irritato hoste, neque lacessitus, - neither the Enemy, incensed him; nor he, provoked the Enemy</i>: - otherwise <i>Petronius</i> durst not do. And, if peace setled, why - doth the Historian call them Enemies? Concerning his own person in - particular, <i>Petronius</i> gave himself over to an unprofitable - life, disguising it under the honourable name<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span> of peace. <i>Honestum - pacis nomen segni otio imposuit</i>, saith <i>Tacitus</i>. And, - the <i>Britans</i> (as said before) were not then civilized, nor - friends to such Arts as either nourish or are nourished by peace, - therefore such a work of wonder as this <i>Antiquity</i> famed, not - to be expected from them. For, as through the malignities of the - Age, wherein <i>Aurelius Ambrosius</i> lived, the <i>Britans</i> had - utterly lost the practice of all those <i>Sciences</i>, in times - foregoing, learned by their Auncestors from the <i>Romans</i>: so, - through the neglect of civil policy in the preceding <i>Roman</i> - Governours, in this Leivtenancy of <i>Petronius</i>, the <i>Britans</i> - had not attained the knowledge of any those <i>Arts</i>, not many - years afterwards, taught their posterity by the <i>Romans</i>. Whole - imperiall Eagles took not wing in <i>Britain</i> with such lofty - speed, as over other Countreys; <i>The</i> Britans <i>being a fierce - Nation, slowly giving ear to any peace</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Tacit. Ann. lib. 14.</i></span> the <i>Romans</i> had - work enough in subduing them. <i>Julius Cæsar</i> rather shewed - the Island to his successors, then left them possession of it: - <i>Augustus</i> and <i>Tiberius</i> held it policy to neglect it: - <i>Caligula</i> intending to invade <i>Britain</i>, was diverted by - his Wars in <i>Germany</i>: <i>Claudius</i> first prosecuting the - conquest with effect, established the colony at <i>Camalodunum</i>, - and his Leivtenants <i>Aulus Plautius</i>, <i>Flavius Vespasianus</i>, - <i>Ostorius Scapula</i>, and <i>Didius Gallus</i> by little and little, - after much contest, and various successe, subdued certain Countries; - and reducing the nearest part of the Island to the form of a Province, - built also, or rather cast up some few fortifications further within - the land: <i>Nero’s</i> Generals had much to do in keeping, what their - predecessors gained; <i>Suetonius Paulinus</i> (under him) struck - that fortunate battell with <i>Boadicia</i>, else the <i>Romans</i> - beaten out of all. So that, in the time of <i>Petronius</i>, the - <i>Romans</i> having obtained no such assured dominion over the - <i>Britans</i>, as might make them, themselves confident to undertake - great and stately buildings here, for their own either publick, or - private accommodations; (the ruine of <i>Camalodunum</i> being too - fresh in memory) occasion was not offered, nor the time yet come, to - let the <i>Britans</i> know by what <i>Arts</i> all civill Nations - of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span> the world, did erect their excessive, rather then not magnificent - structures, for eternizing their names to succeeding generations. - And therefore, the Leivtenancy of <i>Petronius Turpilianus</i>, not - proper for building this <i>stony marvell</i>, as <i>Anonymus</i> - suspects. For, beside what’s delivered, whensoever <i>Stoneheng</i> - built, the preparation only of materials for the work, and bringing - them to the place, what <i>Engines</i> or <i>Arts</i> soever used, - necessarily, spent more time, then <i>Petronius</i> consumed in the - whole continuance of his government here. What tumults succeeded him, - let others declare.</p> - - <p>Furthermore, <i>if those</i> times of <i>Petronius</i> would not, - <i>yet</i> (saith <i>Anonymus</i>) <i>other ensuing seasons might - permit such an office to the</i> Britans, <i>her name for ever glorious - among them</i>. The hainousnesse of her Rebellion, horridnesse of - her cruelties, and inveterate hatred <i>Boadicia</i> bore to the - <i>Romans</i>, whereby <i>her name for ever infamous among them</i>, - clearly manifest all other <i>ensuing seasons</i>, equally improper for - those ancient inhabitants of this Island, to erect <i>Stoneheng</i>. - If the <i>Britans</i>, once attaining the <i>Romane</i> manner - of <i>Architecture</i>, in any succeeding times had expelled the - <i>Romans</i>, and been triumphant; some probable reason, at least, - <i>Anonymus</i> might have alledged, towards advancing his opinion. - But <i>Boadicia</i> and her <i>Complices</i> overthrown, the - <i>Roman</i> Power in this Island encreasing dayly, and the liberty - of the <i>Britans</i> as fast declining, no following <i>season</i> - could be opportunely favourable, for undertaking such a work by - them; the erecting whereof, yea the sole endeavouring to commemorate - by such publick means, so mortall an enemy to the <i>Romans</i> - as <i>Boadicia</i>: nothing but the dearest lives of the bold - attempters, could, certainly, expiate. The <i>Temple</i> upon Mount - <i>Cœlius</i> at <i>Rome</i>, begun to <i>Claudius</i><span class="sni"><i>Suet. in Vespas.</i></span> sacred memory by - <i>Agrippina</i>, was destroyed to the very foundations by <i>Nero</i>. - If then, insulting <i>Agrippina</i> might not erect a memorable - structure, to the glory of her deceased <i>Cæsar</i>; whom the - <i>Senate</i> and <i>People</i> of <i>Rome</i>, in all solemne manner - deified: What oppressed <i>Britan</i>, durst undertake the raising a - publick Monument to the honour of vanquished <i>Boadicia</i>, whom the - State (in all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span> reason) for ever declared enemy to the <i>Roman</i> - Empire? And though, after a long succession of years, the <i>Romans</i> - abandoned this Island, yet, when departed, the <i>Britans</i> were left - in such deplorable condition, (at large declared before) that, albeit - <i>her name</i> never so glorious among them, they had much more to - do, in saving their own miserable lives from plague, famine, and the - sword, then any opportunity, or ability to erect whatever Monument - to the glory of <i>Boadicia</i>. But, of this enough; the invalidity - of <i>Anonymus</i> opinion especially respected. The discovering the - originall foundation of an <i>Antiquity</i> so famous, being not to - be enforced by jealous suspicions, raised upon bare and groundlesse - conjectures.</p> - - <hr class="tb" /> - - <p><span class="gespertt1">THIS</span> <i>Antiquity</i> (call’d by <i>Henry Huntingdon, The second</i>: - by <i>Poly-olbion</i><br /> - <span class="ml10">——<i>First wonder of the land</i>)</span> - </p> - - <p class="noindent">because the <i>Architraves</i> are set upon the heads - of the upright stones, and hang (as it were) in the air, is - generally known by the name of <i>Stone-heng</i>. It is sited upon - the Plain in the County of <i>Wiltshire</i> in <i>England</i>, - not far from <i>Ambresbury</i> (the foundations of whose ancient - buildings, frequently digged up, render it to have been in times - past a <i>Town</i> of no small fame) six miles at least from new - <i>Salisbury</i> northwards.</p> - - <p>The whole work, in generall, being of a circular form, is one - hundred and ten foot diameter, double winged about without a roof, - anciently environed with a deep Trench, still appearing about thirty - foot broad. So that, betwixt it, and the work it self, a large and - void space of ground being left, it had, from the Plain, three open - entrances, the most conspicuous thereof lying North-east. At each - of which, was raised, on the outside of the Trench aforesaid, two - huge stones gate-wise, parallel whereunto, on the inside two others - of lesse proportion. The inner part of the work, consisting of an - <i>Exagonall</i> figure, was raised, by due symmetry, upon the bases - of four equilaterall triangles, (which formed the whole structure) - this inner part likewise was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span> double, having, within it also, another - <i>Exagon</i> raised, and all that part within the Trench sited upon a - commanding ground, eminent, and higher by much, then any of the Plain - lying without, and, in the midst thereof, upon a foundation of hard - chalk, the work it self was placed. Insomuch, from what part soever - they came unto it, they rose by an easie ascending hill.</p> - - <p>Which, that it may be the more clearly demonstrated, (being by me, - with no little pains, and charge measured, and the foundations thereof - diligently searched) I have reduced into <i>Design</i>, not onely as - the ruine thereof now appears, but as (in my judgement) it was in its - pristine perfection. And that the groundplot, with the uprights, and - profyle of the whole work may the more distinctly be understood, I have - purposely countersigned each <i>Design</i> of them with <i>Numbers</i>, - and the particular parts thereof with <i>Letters</i>.</p> - - <div class="center">Nu. 1</div> - - <p>Signifies the Plant of the whole work in generall, with the Trench - round about it, drawn by a small scale, that it may be seen all at one view.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>A</i></div> - - <p>The Trench.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>B</i></div> - - <p>The Intervall betwixt the Trench and Work.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>C</i></div> - - <p>The Work it self; in the inmost part whereof, there is a stone - appearing not much above the surface of the earth, (and lying towards - the East) four foot broad, and sixteen foot in length. Which, whether - it might be an <i>Altar</i> or no, I leave to the judgement of others, - because so overwhelmed with the ruines of the Work, that I could make - no search after it, but even with much difficulty, took the aforesaid - proportion thereof. Yet for my part, I can apprehend no valid reason - to the contrary, except that the whole constructure<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span> being circular in - form, the Altar should rather have been placed upon the center of the - Circle, then enclining to the circumference. Neverthelesse it cannot - be denied, but being so sited, the <i>Cell</i> (as I may call it) was - thereby left more free, for the due performance of those severall - superstitious rites, which their Idolatry led them to. Besides, - though the <i>Altare</i> amongst the <i>Ancients</i> was exalted - and raised somwhat high above the earth; yet, their <i>Ara</i> was - made quadrangular, not very high, and as some will have it close to - the ground, being consecrated as well to the supernall as infernall - Deities:<span class="sni"><i>Rosin. lib. 2.</i></span> and therefore in respect of the form, it may hold well enough - it was anciently an Altar.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>D</i></div> - - <p>The supposed Altar.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>E</i></div> - - <p>The great stones which made the entrances from the outside of the - Trench, seven foot broad, three foot thick, and twenty foot high.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>F</i></div> - - <p>The parallel stones, on the inside of the Trench, four foot broad, and - three foot thick; but they lie so broken, and ruined by time, that - their proportion in height cannot be distinguisht, much lesse exactly - measured.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>G</i></div> - - <p>The scale of fifty foot.</p> - - <p>The <i>Design</i> follows.</p> - - <div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i059" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_059.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span></p> - - <div class="center">Nu. 2</div> - - <p>The Groundplot of the work, as when first built, in a greater form, - with the foure equilaterall triangles making the <i>Scheame</i>, by - which the whole work was composed.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>H</i></div> - - <p>The six principall entrances, three whereof directly opposite to those - of the Trench.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>I</i></div> - - <p>The stones which made the outward Circle, seven foot in breadth; - three foot and an half thick, and fifteen foot and an half high: - each stone having two tenons mortaised into the <i>Architrave</i>, - continuing upon them, throughout the whole circumference. For, these - <i>Architraves</i>, being joynted directly in the middle of each of the - perpendicular stones that their weight might have an equall bearing, - and upon each side of the joynt a tenon wrought, (as remains yet to be - seen) it may positively be concluded thereby, the <i>Architrave</i> - continued round about this outward circle.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>K</i></div> - - <p>The smaller stones of the inner circle, one foot and an half in bredth, - one foot thick, and six foot high. These had no <i>Architraves</i> upon - them, but were raised perpendicular, of a pyramidall form. That, there - was no <i>Architrave</i> upon these, may be hence concluded, the stones - being too small to carry such a weight, the spaces being also too wide, - to admit of an <i>Architrave</i> upon them without danger of breaking, - and being but six foot high, there could not, possibly, be a convenient - head-height remaining for a passage underneath, especially, considering - fully the greatnesse of the whole work.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span></p> - - <div class="center"><i>L</i></div> - - <p>The stones of the greater <i>Hexagon</i>, seven foot and an half in - breadth, three foot nine inches thick, and twenty foot high, each stone - having one tenon in the middle.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>M</i></div> - - <p>The stones of the <i>Hexagon</i> within, two foot six inches in - breadth, one foot and an half thick, and eight foot high, in form - pyramidall, like those of the inner circle.</p> - - <p>The Scale which hath this mark, <i>X</i>, is of thirty foot, by which - likewise all the ensuing <i>Designs</i> are drawn.</p> - - <p>The <i>Design</i> follows.</p> - - <div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i061" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_061.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span></p> - - <div class="center">Nu. 3</div> - - <p>The upright of the work, as when entire, in which the perpendicular - stones of the outward circle, are countersigned with the Letter - <i>I</i>, as in the groundplot.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>N</i></div> - - <p>The <i>Architrave</i> lying round about upon them, being mortaised into - them, and joynted in the middle of each of the perpendicular stones. - This <i>Architrave</i> is three foot and an half broad, and two foot - and an half high.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>O</i></div> - - <p>The <i>Architrave</i> lying on the top of the great stones of the - <i>Hexagon</i>, and mortaised also into them, sixteen foot long, - three foot nine inches broad, and three foot four inches high. This - <i>Architrave</i> continuing onely from stone to stone, left betwixt - every two and two, a void space free to the Air uncovered. For, if - they had been continued throughout the whole <i>Hexagon</i>, then - necessarily there must have been two tenons upon each of the said - stones, as those of the outward circle had, but being disposed as - aforesaid, that one, which was in the middle, and yet remains apparent, - was sufficient for the thing intended.</p> - - <div class="center">Nu. 4</div> - - <p>The Profyle, or cut, through the middle of the work, as entire, - countersigned with the Letters of the Groundplot.</p> - - <p>The <i>Designs</i> follow.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i062" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_062.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i063" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_063.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span></p> - - <div class="center">Nu. 5</div> - - <p>The whole work in <i>Prospective</i>, as when entire, whereby the - generall composure of the particular parts of the uprights, are - together all seen: and, by which also, the stately Aspect, and - magnificent greatnesse thereof, are fully, and more apparently - conspicuous.</p> - - <div class="center">Nu. 6</div> - - <p>The Groundplot of the work, as it now stands, countersigned with the - same Letters by which the Plant marked <i>Nu. 2</i> is described. The - stones of the greater <i>Hexagon</i>, and outward circle, after so - long contest with the violence of time, and injury of weather, are for - the most part standing at this day; which, though not all at their - full height, as when first set up, yet the Footsteps neverthelesse, of - so many of them as exprest in the <i>Design</i>, are still remaining - in their proper places. Those of the inner circle, and lesser - <i>Hexagon</i>, not only exposed to the fury of all devouring Age, but - to the rage of men likewise, have been more subject to ruine. For, - being of no extraordinary proportions, they might easily be beaten - down, or digged up, and at pleasure, made use of for other occasions. - Which, I am the rather enduced to beleeve, because, since my first - measuring the work, not one fragment of some then standing, are now to - be found.</p> - - <div class="center">Nu. 7</div> - - <p>The Ruine yet remaining drawn in <i>Prospective</i>.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>P</i></div> - - <p>The manner of the tenons, of a round form, mortaised into the - <i>Architrave</i> of the outward Circle.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span></p> - - <div class="center"><i>Q</i></div> - - <p>The tenons of like form in the middle of the stones of the greater - <i>Hexagon</i>.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>R</i></div> - - <p>The English foot (by which the work it self was measured) divided into - twelve inches, and each inch subdivided into four parts.</p> - - <p>The <i>Designs</i> follow.</p> - - <div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i064" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_064.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i065a" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_065a.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i065b" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_065b.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span></p> - - <p>Hitherto, upon what occasion <i>Stoneheng</i> built (you may easily - perceive) is very doubtfull, the true History of those times, when - first erected, and by which the memory of things especially made over - to succeeding Ages, being either not written, or if written, utterly - lost. Likewise, as for what use set up, not yet known; so, by whom also - founded, is equally uncertain.</p> - - <p>You cannot but remember, in what manner the ancient Inhabitants of - this Island lived, before reduced to civility by the <i>Romans</i> - I have formerly delivered: also, how they were first instructed - by them, in severall <i>Arts</i> and <i>Sciences</i>, whereof the - <i>Britans</i> wholly ignorant, before the <i>Romans</i> arrivall - here, and teaching them. I have given you in like manner, a full - description of this <i>Antiquity</i>, whereby doubtlesse it appears to - you, as in truth it is, a work built with much <i>Art</i>, <i>Order</i> - and <i>Proportion</i>. That the ancient <i>Britans</i>, before the - discovery of this Island by the <i>Romans</i>, could not be the - <i>Founders</i> thereof, by the former reasons, I suppose, is clearly - manifested. For, where <i>Art</i> is not, nothing can be performed by - <i>Art</i>. As, for that which concerns the <i>British</i> Nobility, - <i>Aurelius Ambrosius</i>, or <i>Boadicia</i>, enough already.</p> - - <p>It rests now, to endeavor the discovering by whom <i>Stoneheng</i> - built; in what time, and, for what use anciently erected. But, it is - not expected (I hope) any absolute resolution should be given by me, in - so doubtfull a matter; for, <i>as it hath been always lawfull for every - man in such like matters</i> (saith <i>Camden</i>) <i>both to think - what he will, and relate what others have thought</i>: So pardon me, if - I take upon me, what others have done before me, and interpose mine own - opinion also, grounded neverthelesse upon such Authorities, customes, - and concurrence of time, as very probably may satisfie judicious and - impartiall Readers.</p> - - <p>Touching the <i>Founders</i> of <i>Stoneheng</i>. Among the <i>Ægyptian - Antiquities</i>, or those <i>Eastern</i> Nations from whom the - <i>Græcians</i> deduced their learning, I find not any such composure - ever used: or with the <i>Greeks</i> themselves, mention made of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span> - any work conformable to this, in point of <i>Order</i>, (as the mod - conversant in those Histories cannot contradict) I read neverthelesse, - in <i>Pausanias</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Pausan. fo. 392.</i></span> of a <i>Temple</i> amongst the <i>Eleans</i> - erected without walls: <i>novam quandam in</i> Eleorum <i>foro templi - formam vidi. I saw</i> (saith he) <i>in the market place of the</i> - Eleans, <i>a Temple of a new form. Modicæ est ædes altitudinis, sine - parietibus, tectum è quercu dolatis fulcientibus tibicinibus. A low - thing, without walls, having the roof supported with props of oaken - timber</i> (instead, it seems, of Columnes) <i>neatly wrought</i>. He - remembers a <i>Temple</i> also in <i>Attica</i><span class="sni"><i>Idem fo. 75</i>:</span> sacred to <i>Jove</i> - without a roof. The <i>Thracians</i> (as I read likewise) used to - build <i>Temples</i> dedicated to <i>Sol</i>, <i>of a round form, - open in the middle</i>, and also without a <i>roof</i>: by the form, - or roundnesse thereof, they signified the Suns figure; by making them - open, and rooflesse, they expressed his surmounting, and dilating light - equally to all things. <i>Thraces soli rotunda templa faciebant</i> - (saith <i>Daniel Barbaro</i>)<span class="sni"><i>In Vitr. lib. 4.</i></span> <i>in medio sub divo, & aperta erant: hac - forma Solis figuram innuebant: quòd autem aperta essent, & sine tecto, - innuebant Solem supra omnia esse, & lumen suum diffundere</i>.</p> - - <p>Howsoever, considering what magnificence the <i>Romans</i> in - prosperous times anciently used in all works, both publick, and - private: their knowledge and experience in all <i>Arts</i> and - <i>Sciences</i>: their powerfull means for effecting great works: - together with their <i>Order</i> in building, and manner of workmanship - accustomed amongst them: <i>Stoneheng</i> in my judgement was a work, - built by the <i>Romans</i>, and they the sole <i>Founders</i> thereof. - For, if look upon this <i>Antiquity</i>, as an admired and magnificent - building, who more magnificent then the <i>Romans</i>?<span class="sni"><i>Scamoz. lib. 1. fo. 9.</i></span> <i>Essi - soli frà i populi dell’ vniverso, con ogni termine di magnificenza - edificarono tutti i generi d’edifici. They only amongst all the - Nations of the Universe, erecting all sorts of buildings, with all - kinds of magnificence</i>, saith <i>Scamozzo</i> in the first Book - of his <i>Architecture</i>. If consider the <i>Art</i>, and elegant - disposition thereof, all <i>Arts</i> and <i>Sciences</i> (we must - know) were in full perfection with them, and <i>Architecture</i>, - which amongst the <i>Greeks</i> was youthfull only, and vigo<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span>rous; - under the <i>Romans</i> their <i>Empire</i> grown to the full height - became manly and perfect, not in <i>inventions, and elegancy of forms - alone, but also in exquisitenesse of Art, and excellency of materials. - Salito al colmo l’imperio</i> Romano, <i>ella pure divenne virile e - perfetta: non solo nelle inventioni, e nella elleganza delle forme, - mà parimente nell’ esquisitezza dell’ artificio, e nella singolarità - della materia</i>. As the same Author hath it. If take notice of their - power and ways by which they effected such goodly structures, their - means were not ordinary according to the common custome of other - <i>People</i>; and why? because, besides particular <i>Artisans</i> - practised in severall <i>Arts</i>, they employed in those their works - whole bodies of their own <i>Armies</i>, and whatever Nations subdued - by them. <i>The</i> Romans <i>were wont to exercise therein</i> (saith - <i>Camden</i>)<span class="sni"><i>Camden fo. 64.</i></span> <i>their Souldiers, and the common multitude, upon great - policy doing the same, left being idle they should grow factious, and - affect alteration in the State. The</i> Britans <i>complained</i> - (saith <i>Tacitus</i> likewise) <i>corpora & manus contrivisse, that - their bodies and hands were worn out, and consumed by the</i> Romans, - <i>in bringing to effect their great and admired undertakings</i>: in - that kind employing their slaves and prisoners also, as holding it, - rather then by violent deaths to cut them off; more profitable for - the <i>Commonwealth</i>, more exemplary for others, and far greater - punishment for their Prisoners, to enjoyn them continuall labour.</p> - - <p>If observe <i>their Order</i> in building; the only <i>Order</i> - of <i>Architecture</i>, which <i>Italy</i> may truly glory in the - invention of, is the <i>Tuscane Order</i>, so called, because first - found out by the <i>Tuscans</i>, that in a more then ordinary manner - they might reverence their <i>Deities</i> in <i>Temples</i> composed - thereof.<span class="sni"><i>Choul. fo. 5.</i></span> (<i>Janus</i> their first King, according to the common - opinion of divers ancient Historians, being the first of all others, - that built <i>Temples</i> to the Gods) Which <i>Order</i>, though first - used by the <i>Tuscans</i>, certain it is, the <i>Romans</i> took from - them, and brought it in use with other <i>Arts</i>, in severall parts - of the world, as their conquests led them on. Now of this <i>Tuscan - Order</i>, a plain, grave, and humble manner of <i>Building</i>, very - solid and strong <i>Stoneheng</i> principally consists. So that, - ob<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span>serving the <i>Order</i> whereof <i>Stoneheng</i> built, there being - no such Elements known in this <i>Island</i> as distinct <i>Orders</i> - of <i>Architecture</i>, untill the <i>Romans</i> introduced them, - the very work it self, of so great <i>Antiquity</i>, declares the - <i>Romans Founders</i> thereof. Who, that hath right judgement in - <i>Architecture</i>, knows not the difference, and by the manner of - their works how to distinguish <i>Ægyptian</i>, <i>Greek</i>, and - <i>Roman</i> structures of old, also <i>Italian</i>, <i>French</i> and - <i>Dutch</i> buildings in these modern times? Is not our Shipping by - the mould thereof, known throughout the world <i>English</i> built? - Who did not by the very <i>Order</i> of the work, assure himself, the - body of the Church of S. <i>Paul London</i>, from its Tower to the - West end anciently built by the <i>Saxons</i>: as the Quire thereof, - from the said Tower to the East end by the <i>Normans</i>, it being - <i>Gothick</i> work? yet that there might be a <i>Roman Temple</i> - in old time standing in that place, I will not deny, the numbers of - Oxeheads digged up and anciently sacrificed there, setting all other - reasons aside, so probably manifesting the same. And in all likelihood, - the <i>Romans</i> for so notable a structure as <i>Stoneheng</i>, made - choice of the <i>Tuscane</i> rather then any other <i>Order</i>, not - only as best agreeing with the rude, plain, simple nature of those they - intended to instruct, and use for which erected; but also, because - presuming to challenge a certain kind of propriety therein, they might - take occasion thereby, to magnifie to those then living the virtue of - their <i>Auncestors</i> for so noble an invention, and make themselves - the more renowned to posterity, for erecting thereof, so well ordred a - building.</p> - - <p>Besides, the <i>Order</i> is not only <i>Roman</i>, but the - <i>Scheam</i> also (consisting of four equilaterall triangles, - inscribed within the circumference of a Circle) by which this work - <i>Stoneheng</i> formed, was an <i>Architectonicall Scheam</i><span class="sni"><i>Vitr. lib. 5.</i></span> used by - the <i>Romans</i>. Whereof, I shall have more occasion to speak, when I - come to set down, for what use this <i>Antiquity</i> at first erected.</p> - - <p>Again, the <i>Portico</i> at <i>Stoneheng</i>, is made double, as in - structures of great magnificence the ancient <i>Romans</i> used; so - at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span> the foot of the <i>Capitol</i> the <i>Temple</i> to <i>Jove the - Thunderer</i>, built by <i>Augustus Cæsar</i>; so the <i>Pantheon</i> - at <i>Athens</i>, royally adorned with one hundred and twenty vast - columnes of rich <i>Phrygian</i> marble, by the <i>Emperour Adrian</i>. - But, some may alledge, the <i>Romans</i> made the Pillars of their - double <i>Portico’s</i>, of one and the same symmetry, or very little - different, which in this <i>Antiquity</i> otherwise appearing, cannot - be a <i>Roman</i> work. To as much purpose it may be alledged the - <i>Temple</i> of <i>Diana</i> at <i>Magnesia</i>, was no <i>Greek</i> - work, because the Pillars of the inner <i>Portico</i> were wholly - left out. Yet it’s true, the <i>Romans</i> usually made them as is - objected, and the reason was, because of the weight the inner Pillars - carried: now, in this work, no roof being to be sustained, nor any - manner of weight born up, though the judgement of the <i>Architect</i>, - thereby to save labour and expence, ordered the stones making the - <i>Portico</i> within, of a far lesse proportion then those of the - outward circle, it retains neverthelesse the proper <i>Aspect</i> - (principally aim’d at by the ancient <i>Architects</i>) in use amongst - the <i>Romans</i>, and consequently for ought alledged to the contrary - by them built.</p> - - <p>In this <i>Antiquity</i>, there is a <i>Portico</i> also (as I may - rightly term it) within the <i>Cell</i>, or greater <i>Hexagon</i>, - reduced likewise into the same figure. Now, that the <i>Romans</i> - used to make <i>Portico’s</i> on the inside of their buildings, as - well sacred as secular, by the ruines of their <i>Basilicaes</i> or - Courts of <i>Judicature</i>; by that <i>Temple</i> without a roof - anciently dedicated to <i>Jove</i> in Mount <i>Quirinalis</i>, now the - <i>Horse</i> Mount in <i>Rome</i>; by the <i>Temple of Bacchus</i> - there of a round form, at this day consecrate to S. <i>Agnes</i> - without the gate <i>Viminalis</i>, manifestly appears. But in what - ever structures else the <i>Romans</i> used them, certain it is, - within their most stately <i>Temples</i> which lay uncovered, and had - no roofs, they always made such <i>Portico’s</i>; and though in other - <i>Temples</i> they sometimes dispos’d them, yet from <i>Vitruvius</i> - it may be gathered, they properly belonged to the <i>Aspect - Hypæthros</i>, which was uncovered and rooflesse as this <i>Antiquity - Stoneheng</i>, he peremptorily assigning <i>Portico’s</i> to be made - on the inside of no kind of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span> - <i>Temples</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Vitr. lib. 3. cap. 1.</i></span> but those; His words are, - <i>Hypæthros in interiore parte habet columnas, remotas à parietibus ad - circuitionem (ut porticus) peristyliorum. Temples open to - the air, and without roofs, have columnes on the inside, distant from - the walls, as Courts Portico’s about them.</i> Even, after the same - <i>decorum</i> as at <i>Stoneheng</i>.</p> - - <p>Furthermore, if cast an eye upon <i>their</i> artifice and manner of - workmanship, <i>Stoneheng</i> appears built directly agreeable to - those rules, which the <i>Romans</i> observed in great works. For, - the <i>Roman Architects</i>, in distinguishing the manner of their - <i>Temples</i>, always observed (as <i>Vitruvius</i> in his third book - teacheth us) the greater the Columnes were, the closer they set them - together; so in this <i>Antiquity</i>, the stones being great, the - spaces betwixt them are likewise narrow.</p> - - <p>The <i>Architraves</i> also, in this work were all of them set without - morter, and fixed upon the upright stones by tenons (as formerly - described) in the very same manner, as in great structures, where the - stones solid, and of more then ordinary greatnesse, the <i>Romans</i> - were wont to doe.<span class="sni"><i>Leo Bap. Alber. lib. 3.</i></span> <i>They laid them without any unctuous incorporating - matter, nullo fulta glutino</i>, saith <i>Leo Baptista Albertus</i>. - And divers examples of this kind might be brought, I my self amongst - other <i>Antiquities</i> have seen the ruines of an <i>Aquaeduct</i>, - built by the <i>Romans</i> in <i>Provynce</i>, running through a - deep valley, and raised in height equall to the adjacent Mountains, - upon huge Arches fifty eight foot wide, the stones whereof, being of - extraordinary scantlings, were laid without any cement or morter, to - incorporate them with the rest of the work. And, where occasion guided - their judgements to the observance of this rule, they united and - compared the stones together, by certain ligatures or holdfasts, (the - <i>Italians</i> call them <i>Perni</i>, pegs or tops, for such they - resemble, and we, from the verb <i>tenere</i> to hold, not improperly - calling them <i>tenons</i>) <i>quæ inferiores, & unà superiores in - lapides infixæ, cavatæ fuere, ne quid fortè protrusi ordines alteri - ab alteris distrahantur. Which</i> (saith <i>Albertus</i>)<span class="sni"><i>Leo Bap. Alber. lib. 3.</i></span> <i>being - formed in the inferiour stones, were hollowed or mortaised into those - above, left by any chance they should start one from another, and break - the order of the work</i>. Here the <i>Florentine Architect</i> gives<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span> - us the self same manner of banding stones, when the <i>Romans</i> - laid them without morter, as if he had seen this very <i>Antiquity - Stoneheng</i>.</p> - - <p>Moreover, what ever footsteps of the <i>Romans</i> found in other - places of this Island, it’s not inconsiderately to be past over, - that in <i>Wiltshire</i>, the County (as is said before) where - our <i>Stoneheng</i> remains, <i>Roman Antiquities</i> are most - perspicuous, not only, by the apparent testimonies of the coyns of - their Emperors in divers places digged up, but by severall their - encamping places yet to be seen, as <i>Leckham</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Camden.</i></span> in times of yore a - seat of the <i>Romans</i>: the place also where old <i>Salisbury</i> - now sheweth it self, within six miles of <i>Stoneheng</i>: and within - three miles thereof <i>Yanesbury</i> Castle, supposed a work of - <i>Vespasians</i> when he conquered, and after kept in subjection the - <i>Belgæ</i>, ancient inhabitants of that tract. Likewise the mines - nearer yet to <i>Stoneheng</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Speed.</i></span> of a fortresse our Historians hold - anciently a garrison of the <i>Romans</i>, and in many other forts of - that Shire (both by their form and manner of making well known to have - been <i>Roman</i>) the tract of their footing is yet left.</p> - - <p>But it is objected, If <i>Stoneheng</i> a <i>Roman</i> work, how - comes it, no <i>Roman</i> Author makes mention of it? I answer, their - Historians used not to commit to writing every particular work, or - action the <i>Romans</i> performed: if so, how vast would their - volumes have been? <i>Stoneheng</i> ’tis granted, is much admired - by us, yet, how far more admirable works were the <i>Romans</i> - Founders of, not mentioned in any of their ancient stories? That - notable bridge invented and built by <i>Cæsar</i>, for passing his - Army over the <i>Rhine</i>, himself at large describes, remembring - little or nothing neverthelesse concerning divers other as great works - in <i>Gaul</i> and <i>Batavia</i>, suppos’d to be performed by him - also. <i>Dion</i>, <i>Herodian</i>, <i>Eutropius</i> and other their - Historians tell us, the <i>Romans</i> built the so famed wall, commonly - by us called the <i>Picts wall</i>, extending crosseover our Island - from the <i>Irish</i> Sea to the <i>German</i> Ocean, above fourscore - <i>Italian</i> miles in length, with many towers and fortresses erected - upon it; when works of as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span> great admiration in <i>Britain</i> they - have past in silence: those wonderfull causeys made throughout the - land, by dreining and drying up Fens, levelling hils, raising valleys, - and paving them with stones of such breadth, that Wains might without - danger passe one by another, not any ancient <i>Roman</i> Author (for - ought appears) directly mentioning. Yet, who doubts them <i>Roman</i> - works?<span class="sni"><i>Cam. fo. 64.</i></span> <i>I dare confidently avouch, the Romans by little and little - founded and raised them up</i>, saith <i>Camden</i>. And why? mark - I pray, because, whilst <i>Agricola</i> governed <i>Britain</i>, - <i>Tacitus</i> tels us, <i>severall ways were enjoyned</i>. If then, - because <i>Tacitus</i> affirms in generall terms only, <i>severall - ways enjoyned</i>, <i>Camden</i> confidently concludes them <i>Roman - works</i>, no <i>Roman</i> History otherwise remembring them; Why may - it not, the same <i>Tacitus</i> telling us in like manner, <i>Agicola - exhorted the Britans in private, and helpt them in common, to build - Temples, Houses, and Places of publick resort</i>, as peremptorily - be inferr’d, <i>Stoneheng</i> was a work built by the <i>Romans</i>, - though not particularly remembred by them in their stories? In a word, - <i>Temples</i> and places of publick resort,<span class="sni"><i>Tacitus.<br />Beda.</i></span> the <i>Romans</i> built - here, and were the first that did so, leaving it to after ages to - find out by their <i>Manner</i> of <i>building</i>, <i>Order</i> in - <i>building</i>, and <i>Power</i> and <i>Means</i> for <i>building</i>, - such lofty ruines, as appears in this <i>Antiquity</i>, could be - remains of none but <i>Roman</i> building.</p> - - <p>The next thing to be enquired after, is, in what time <i>Stoneheng</i> - built. Happily, about those times, when the <i>Romans</i> having - setled the Country here under their own <i>Empire</i>, and, together - with bringing over <i>Colonies</i> reduced the naturall inhabitants - of this Island unto the society of civill life, by training them up - in the liberall Sciences. For, <i>then also</i> (saith <i>Camden</i>)<span class="sni"><i>Camden fo. 63.</i></span> - <i>did they furnish the</i> Britans, <i>with goodly houses, and stately - buildings, in such sort, that the reliques and rubbish of their ruines, - cause the beholders now, exceedingly to admire the same, and the common - sort of People plainly say, those</i> Roman <i>works were made by - Giants, of such exceeding great admiration, and sumptuous magnificence - they are</i>.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span></p> - - <p>This relation of <i>Camdens</i>, reflects chiefly upon the time of - <i>Agricola</i>; neverthelesse, that <i>Stoneheng</i> (though fabled - Giants work) was then built, I dare not affirm: the great works of - the <i>Romans</i>, brought to perfection in this Island, being not - the work of a day. It hath been the invention of wise <i>Romans</i> - of old, affecting civility, to raise goodly buildings here: but the - precise times when, in things so far from all knowledge, cannot be - with any certainty avouched. For my part, I should choose to assign - those times for building thereof, when the <i>Romans</i> in their - chief prosperity most flourished here, and refer the first erection - to the time betwixt <i>Agricolas</i> government formerly mentioned, - and the reign of <i>Constantine</i> the Great: in order to which, the - times rather somwhat after <i>Agricola</i>, if not during his own - Lievtenancy, then next preceding <i>Constantine</i>. For, long before - <i>Constantine</i> acquired the Soveraignty (which was not till the - year of our Lord three hundred and ten) the magnificent splendor of - that mighty <i>Empire</i> began sensibly to wane, and the ambition of - the great Captains of <i>Rome</i>, (some few excepted) tended rather - to make parties for obtaining the <i>Purple Robe</i>, then (after - the manner of their ancestors) to eternise their names by great and - admirable works, or patronizing good <i>Arts</i>, for want whereof they - began likewise to decay apace; <i>Serly</i> in his third Book speaking - of those times, telling us, that <i>id temporis Architecti, si cum - superioribus conferantur, rudiores & ineptiores extitisse videntur. In - those days although there were many Architects, yet, compared with such - as lived in the preceding Ages, they were very rude and unskilfull.</i> - Besides, the condition wherein this Island was, divers years preceding - <i>Constantine</i>, would not admit such undertakings. For, by the - civil discord of the <i>Romans</i>, the <i>Britans</i> taking occasion - to make frequent revolts, in hope to recover their lost liberty, the - <i>Romans</i> were put upon other manner of Councels then to think - of building; namely to reduce the <i>Britans</i> to their wonted - obedience, and keep the Province in some reasonable quiet, by expelling - the <i>Scots</i> and <i>Picts</i> (savage and perfidious <i>People</i> - even from times<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span> of old) - making daily inroads and incursions thereunto.</p> - - <p>Now, as for these reasons, it’s not likely <i>Stoneheng</i> could - be built in the times next before <i>Constantine</i>, so, by what - follows, it will manifestly appear, it was not erected after his Reign. - For, after his transplanting the seat of the Empire into the East, - and the government of the then known world, under the <i>Romans</i>, - distinguished by <i>East</i> and <i>Western</i> Emperours, a deluge of - barbarous Nations (like so many Locusts) swarmed over all. Who, as with - their vast multitudes they oft had formerly attempted it, so, thence - forward, till bringing that mighty Empire unto its finall and fatall - period; and thereby utterly destroying in like manner all <i>Arts</i> - and <i>Sciences</i>, together with <i>Architecture</i>, (not restored - again, even in <i>Italy</i> it self, untill, as formerly remembred) - they never desisted. Moreover, in the times after <i>Constantine</i>, - no <i>Temples</i> to Heathen <i>Deities</i> (such as I shall make - appear this <i>Antiquity Stoneheng</i> was) were erected here, they - being times of defacing, rather then erecting idolatrous places. - For, most of the succeeding Emperors becoming <i>Christians</i>, the - tempestuous storms of perfection were over, and the thick clouds of - superstition beginning to be dissolved by the bright beams of the - Gospel, and true light of CHRIST, every where <i>Temples</i> were - shut up against false Gods, and set open to the true GOD. According - to that of <i>Gildas</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Gildas.</i></span> <i>No sooner was the blustering tempest, - and storm of persecution blown over, but the faithfull Christians, - who in the time of trouble and danger had hidden themselves in woods, - deserts, and secret caves, being come abroad in open sight, renovant - Ecclesias ad solum usque destructas, basilicas sanctorum martyrum - fundant, construunt, perficiunt &c. Churches ruinate to the very - ground they reedifie, Temples of holy Martyrs they found, build, and - finish &c.</i> So that, in stead of idolatrous <i>Temples</i>, built - in the Ages preceding <i>Constantine</i>, during his reign and after, - whilst the <i>Romans</i> continued in any prosperous state here, by - erecting <i>Christian Churches</i>, they began generally to neglect, - and suffer fall to decay, rather then new build <i>Temples</i> to their - <i>Pagan</i> Gods.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span></p> - - <p>These pressing occurrences therefore, to wit, civill broyls amongst the - <i>Romans</i> themselves, frequent insurrections of the <i>Britans</i>, - daily inrodes by the <i>Picts</i> and <i>Scots</i>, together with the - <i>downfall</i> of <i>Paganism</i>, <i>decay</i> of <i>Arts</i>, and - fatall <i>ruine</i> of the whole <i>Empire</i>, making the times both - long before and after <i>Constantine</i> incompatible for undertaking - such works as this <i>Antiquity</i>, it may safely enough be concluded, - if <i>Stoneheng</i> not founded by <i>Agricola</i>, yet created it - might be about fifteen hundred and fifty years ago, in the times - somewhat after his government,<span class="sni"><i>Tacit. in Vit. Agr.</i></span> <i>the</i> Province <i>being formerly - left by him in good and peaceable state</i>, the <i>Britans</i> - reduced from <i>Barbarity</i> to order and civill conversation, - and the <i>Romans</i> flourishing in all manner of <i>Arts</i> and - <i>Sciences</i>.</p> - - <p>Now, concerning the use for which <i>Stoneheng</i> at first erected, - I am clearly of opinion, it was originally a <i>Temple</i>, it - being built with all accommodations properly belonging to a sacred - structure. For, it had an intervall or spacious Court lying round - about it, wherein the <i>Victimes</i> for oblation were slain, into - which it was unlawfull for any profane person to enter: it was - separated from the circumadjacent Plain, with a large Trench in stead - of a wall, as a boundary about the <i>Temple</i>, most conformable - to the main work, wholly exposed to open view: Without this Trench, - the promiscuous common multitude, with zeal too much, attended the - <i>ceremonies</i> of their solemne though superstitious Sacrifices, - and might see the oblations, but not come within them: It had likewise - its peculiar <i>Cell</i>, with <i>Portico’s</i> round about, into - which <i>Cell</i>, as into their <i>Sanctum sanctorum</i> (pardon the - expression) none but the <i>Priests</i> entred to offer Sacrifice, - and make atonement for the <i>People</i>: Within the <i>Cell</i> an - <i>Ara</i> or <i>Altar</i> was placed, having its proper position - towards the <i>East</i>, as the <i>Romans</i> used. <i>Aræ spectent ad - Orientem</i>, saith <i>Vitruvius</i>.<span class="sni"><i>Vitr. lib. 4. cap. 8.</i></span> And, that there hath been the - heads of Bulls, or Oxen, of Harts, and other such beasts digged up, or - in, or near this <i>Antiquity</i> (as divers now living can testifie) - is not to be omitted; for who can imagine, but these were the heads of - such, as anciently there offered in Sacrifice? toge<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span>ther with which - also, were heaped up great quantities of Charcole, happily used about - the performance of their superstitious ceremonies. That the ancient - <i>Romans</i> had Charcole in use amongst them, <i>Pliny</i> affirms.<span class="sni"><i>Plin. lib.16.<br />Tom. 1. lib. 33.<br />Tom. 2.</i></span> - And when I caused the foundations of the stones to be searched, my self - found, and yet have by me to shew the cover of a <i>Thuribulum</i>, or - some such like vase (I suppose) wherein <i>Choul</i> in his discourse - of their Religion, reports<span class="sni"><i>Rosin. lib. 3.<br />Choul fol. 217, 229.</i></span> the ancient <i>Romans</i> used to carry - Incense, wine or holy water, for service in their Sacrifices, lying - about three foot within the ground, near one of the stones of the - greater <i>Hexagon</i>.</p> - - <p>The <i>Order</i> whereof this <i>Temple</i> consists, according to the - rules of <i>Art</i> observed by the ancient <i>Romans</i> in works of - this kinde, is mingled of <i>Greek</i> and <i>Tuscane</i> work. For, - as the plainnesse and solidnesse of the <i>Tuscane Order</i>, appears - eminently throughout the whole <i>Antiquity</i>: so the narrownesse - of the spaces betwixt the stones, visibly discovers therein, the - delicacy of the <i>Corinthian Order</i>. Which commixture amongst the - <i>Roman Architects</i> was very usuall, in regard <i>Vitruvius</i> - (in his fourth Book and seventh Chapter) treating somwhat largely - (his method otherwise considered) of severall sorts of the like - composed <i>Temples</i>, mixt of the <i>Greek</i> and <i>Tuscane</i> - manners tels us:<span class="sni"><i>Vitr. lib. 4. cap. 7.</i></span> that, <i>Nonnulli de Tuscanicis generibus sumentes - columnarum dispositiones, transferunt in Corinthiorum & Ionicorum - operum ordinationes. Some taking the qualities of the columns of the - Tuscane Order, transfer them into the symmetry of the Corinthian and - Ionick works.</i> Whereby (to please themselves it seems in their - own inventions) <i>efficiunt Tuscanicorum & Græcorum operum communem - ratiocinationem. They make of the Tuscane and Greek works one common - composure.</i> As the same Author likewise remembers.</p> - - <p>The <i>Aspect</i> of this <i>Temple</i>; by which we understand that - first shew which <i>Temples</i> make to those that draw near unto them, - is <i>Dipteros Hypæthros</i>, which is double winged about uncovered. - <i>Dipteros circa ædem duplices habet columnarum ordines</i> (saith - <i>Vitruvius</i>)<span class="sni"><i>Vitr. lib. 3. cap. 1.</i></span> <i>Dipteros hath double orders of columnes about the - Temple. Hypæthros sub divo est, sine tecto</i>, (as the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span> same Author) - <i>Hypæthros is open to the air, without a roof</i>.</p> - - <p>The Manner of this <i>Temple</i> is <i>Pycnostylos</i>, or <i>narrow - spaces</i>. <i>Pycnostylos</i> is that kinde of <i>Temples</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Vitr. lib. 3. cap. 2.</i></span> - which hath the columnes set thick, and close together <i>crebris - columnis</i>, as <i>Vitruvius</i> also hath it.</p> - - <p>But it may be objected, though it appears from very good Authorities, - the Artifice, and workmanship of this <i>Antiquity</i>, together - with the <i>Scheam</i> which formed it, were <i>Roman</i>: and the - <i>Order</i> of which consisting, invented in <i>Italy</i>, and so - consequently <i>Roman</i> in like manner: as also, by the severall - peculiar accommodations, the probable reliques of <i>Heathenish</i> - Sacrifices, and determinate rules of <i>Architecture</i>, it was - anciently a <i>Temple</i>: Neverthelesse it appears not, the - <i>Romans</i> ever used any whatever profane structure like this, much - lesse any manner of <i>Temples</i> of this kinde of invention, <i>Where - the Temple lies open without walls, surrounded only with pillars</i>. - For, that the upright stones which make this work <i>Stoneheng</i>, are - in stead of them, may well enough be granted.</p> - - <p>To this I answer, the learned in <i>Antiquities</i> very well know, - those things which oblivion hath so long removed out of mind, are - hardly to be discovered. Yet, as to the first part of the objection, - that the <i>Romans</i> never used any whatever profane structure - like this, <i>Varro de re rustica</i> (as I find him cited by - <i>Philander</i>) tels us,<span class="sni"><i>Phil. in Vitr. lib. 4.</i></span> that they had in use amongst them a round - building without any wals, having a double <i>Order</i> of columns - round about, this he cals by the name of <i>Tholus, ædificium - rotundum, columnatum duplici columnarum ordine. A round edifice</i> - (saith he) <i>environed about with a double order of columns</i>. - Which double <i>Order</i> of <i>Columns</i> <i>Pyrrho Ligorio</i> - a famous <i>Neapolitane Architect</i>, and great discoverer of - <i>Antiquities</i>, in his description thereof designes without a roof also.</p> - - <p>But to come to their sacred works, which in regard of this - <i>Antiquity</i>, are (it’s true) of most concernment, I find the - <i>Romans</i> used (as <i>Vitruvius</i> witnesseth)<span class="sni"><i>Vitr. lib. 4. cap. 7.</i></span> such manner of - <i>Temples</i>. For (in his fourth Book, and seventh Chapter) he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span> - delivers, there were amongst others two forms of round <i>Temples</i>, - commonly in use amongst them, the one called <i>Monopteros</i>; the - other <i>Peripteros</i>. This, had the <i>Cell</i> enclosed about - with a continued wall, and at a proportionate distance from it, the - columns placed which made a <i>Portico</i> round about it, clean - different from <i>Stoneheng</i>: the other made open, and in stead - of a wall encompassed with a row of pillars only, having no enclosed - <i>Cell</i> within it at all, as much conducing to our purpose in - hand. His words are these,<span class="sni"><i>Ædes sacræ Templa dicta fuerunt, quòd essent quasi ædes - Deorum.<br />Rosin. lib. 2. cap. 2.</i></span> <i>Fiunt autem ædes rotundæ, è quibus aliæ - sine cella columnatæ constituuntur. They make also</i> (saith he) - <i>round Temples, of which some are built without a Cell, environed - with Pillars only</i>. These were without any wals, (as his Commenter - hath it) lying open to the Air. And truly (as I may presume to say)<span class="sni"><i>Dan. Barbar.</i></span> - from this very manner the invention of <i>Stoneheng</i> was principally - taken, in ordering whereof, the <i>Architect</i> disdaining usuall and - common forms, of both the aforesaid forms composed one. For, taking - the outward circle from the <i>Monopteros</i>, he made it open also - as in that, but in stead of the continued wall circularly enclosing - the <i>Cell</i> of the <i>Peripteros</i>, at <i>Stoneheng</i> he made - only an <i>Hexagon</i> about the <i>Cell</i>, leaving the same open - in like manner. And, as <i>Hermogenes</i> (whom I shall have occasion - to remember again) to illustrate his work, leaving out the inner row - of Pillars, made a single <i>Portico</i> about the <i>Temple</i> at - <i>Magnesia</i>, whereby it came to be a new invention, for which he - is famous to posterity: so the subtile <i>Architect</i>, whosoever he - was, to ennoble this his work, adding the said <i>Hexagon</i> here, - made a double <i>Portico</i> round about this <i>Temple</i>, and - thereby a new invention likewise, no lesse famous to succeeding Ages. - Our <i>Antiquity Stoneheng</i> had otherwise been of the self same - <i>Aspect</i> without a <i>Cell</i>, as <i>Vitruvius</i> hath before - delivered. That <i>Temple Monopteros</i>, was environed with a row of - pillars; this <i>Temple Stoneheng</i>, in stead of them, supplied with - a rank of pillasters (as they may well be called) continuing round - about it. That, lay open to the air without any walls: so doth this - at <i>Stoneheng</i>. That, had over the pillars an <i>Architrave</i>, - <i>Freese</i>, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span> <i>Cornice</i>, the <i>Order</i> being delicate: - this at <i>Stoneheng</i>, over the pillasters an <i>Architrave</i> - only, as most conformable to the solidnesse of the <i>Order</i> and - plainnesse of the work.</p> - - <p>Thus it fully appears, the ancient <i>Romans</i> used to erect - <i>Temples, which lay open without walls, surrounded only with - pillars</i>; in invention like this at <i>Stoneheng</i>. But, let - us see whether the form <i>Monopteros</i>, had any roof over it. - That the <i>Romans</i> had <i>Temples</i> uncovered, and without - roofs, like <i>Stoneheng</i>, is in part already, and shall more - manifestly be hereafter proved: and searching curiously into their - <i>Antiquities</i>, it will be found the greatest, most splendid, and - most magnificent work of all others, which the <i>Ancients</i> made for - service of their <i>Deities</i>, were those kinde of <i>Temples</i> - of the <i>Aspect Hypæthros</i>. Whether the <i>Monopteros</i> was one - of that kind, appears not yet, and <i>Vitruvius</i> is very obscure - therein; neverthelesse, that it was built without a roof, I shall - illustrate by these reasons.</p> - - <p>First, <i>Vitruvius</i> tels us not it had a roof; for, in his precepts - of all severall kinds of <i>Temples</i>, after he hath delivered - the <i>Aspect</i>, <i>Form</i>, and <i>Manner</i> of them with much - exactnesse, he omits not throughout his fourth Book to demonstrate - aswell the contignation, as proportion of timbers of the roofs, - belonging to all those <i>Temples</i>, which had any, and when vaulted - he gives us likewise the form thereof, if the <i>Temples</i> so - covered: but, in the description of the form <i>Monopteros</i>, there - is no manner of timber work, nor form of vault, nor the least word - mentioned of any roof at all, in what place soever throughout his whole - work speaking thereof. In which respect, considering all <i>Temples</i> - having roofs, those roofs are described by <i>Vitruvius</i>, and that - he describes no roof belonging to this, it must necessarily follow, the - <i>Temples</i> in form <i>Monopteros</i> had no roofs over them.</p> - - <p>Again, after giving the proportion of the <i>Architrave</i> over the - columnes of the <i>Monopteros</i>, he saith, <i>Zophorus & reliqua - quæ insuper imponuntur, ita uti in tertio volumine de symmetriis - scripsit. The Freese and other ornaments laid upon them, are as in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span> - his third Book of symmetries made mention of.</i> Now, in his third - Book, he only treats of proportions, and not one word is so much as - mentioned by him of any manner of roofs at all, only in the close of - the said Book, he gives the proportion of frontispices belonging to - quadrangular <i>Temples</i>: the same referment in like manner he makes - for the ornaments of the <i>Peripteros</i>, and withall proceeds to a - full description, in what manner the roof of its <i>Cell</i> was made, - which questionlesse, he would likewise have done in the other form, if - it had been covered. For, he saith, whatever is to be laid above the - <i>Freese</i> of the <i>Monopteros</i>, is, as set down in his third - Book: but, in his third Book, there is not One word mentioned of any - roofs; the conclusion then follows the <i>Monopteros</i> was without a - roof.</p> - - <p>Lastly, he positively tels us it was <i>sine Cella, without a Cell</i>: - now the <i>Cell</i> (and which for distinction sake I have so called in - describing this <i>Antiquity</i>, because it was applied to the same - use, to perform their sacred rites in) was indeed properly, the inner,<span class="sni"><i>Bern. Baldo.</i></span> - or chief part of the <i>Temple, quam nos corpus Templi vulgò dicimus, - we commonly call it the body of the Church</i>, which enclosed with - wals, was covered with a roof, as <i>Vitruvius</i> declares in the form - <i>Peripteros, tecti ratio ita habeatur &c. The manner of a roof</i> - (saith he) <i>was thus &c.</i> But, the <i>Monopteros</i> was without a - <i>Cell</i>, and consequently without a roof also, as having no walls - to bear it. For, in regard of the manner of the <i>Architecture</i>, - the pillars standing in <i>Island</i> (as we say) the work could not - securely bear a roof, if made of any great capacity: either therefore, - they made <i>Temples</i> of this form very little (in which respect - only, <i>Palladio</i> supposeth it might be vaulted) inconsistent - with the <i>Roman</i> greatnesse, or else, like <i>Stoneheng</i> they - were wholly uncovered and rooflesse. Howsoever, it is manifest, the - <i>Aspect</i> was just the same. And if I should say, the ruines of one - after the same form also, remains yet in <i>Oxfordshire</i>, which the - common people usually call <i>Rolle-rich-stones</i>, take it but as my - conjecture only, as likewise one or two built after the like manner in - <i>Scotland</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span> no man unlesse <i>Hector Boetius</i> knowing by what - Kings.</p> - - <p>Moreover, the proportions appearing in this <i>Antiquity Stoneheng</i>, - are much conformable to those, assigned by <i>Vitruvius</i> to the - parts of the <i>Monopteros</i>: He tels us, <i>Tribunal habent & - ascensum ex suæ diametri tertia parte: they had the Tribunal</i>, (by - which is understood that levell upon which the <i>Temple</i> placed) - <i>and the ascent, consisting of one third part of the Diameter</i>. - So at <i>Stoneheng</i>, the work it self is one <i>third part of the - Diameter</i> of the circumvallation: And, acording to the proportion - allowed by him to <i>the Ascent</i>, it seems those <i>Temples</i> - were sited more stately then others, (by consequence great also) and - certain it is, whosoever views this <i>Antiquity</i> attentively - with judgement, upon the place where remaining (for the <i>Folio</i> - being too little I could not expresse it in Design) and doth allow a - proportionate depth to the Trench surrounding it; considering also, - together therewith, the levell of the plain lying without, he will then - finde it standing upon such a rising ground, that the <i>Ascent</i> - unto it, was not much lesse magnificent, then what <i>Vitruvius</i> - hath declared.</p> - - <p>Furthermore, besides the aforementioned round <i>Temples, Vitruvius</i> - in the same Chapter tels us, that, <i>generibus aliis constituuntur - ædes, ex iisdem symmetriis ordinatæ, & alio genere dispositiones - habentes. The</i> Romans <i>built them after other manner of - inventions, following the same proportions, and having their disposures - after another kinde</i>. Of which, if vouchsafed to posterity the - descriptions, some of them might have been found, not only agreeable - in <i>Aspect</i>, but happily of the very self same form also, as this - <i>Temple Stoneheng</i> doth appear.</p> - - <p>Now considering this discourse may happen into the hands of those, who - cannot by words so easily apprehend things of this <i>Art</i>, I have - for their satisfaction brought into <i>Design</i>, the plants of both - the aforesaid <i>Temples</i> mentioned by <i>Vitruvius</i>, whereby - their conformity with <i>Stoneheng</i>, and the invention thereof taken - from them, is more clearly manifested.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span></p> - - <div class="center"><i>A</i></div> - - <p>The Plant of the <i>Monopteros</i>.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>B</i></div> - - <p>The <i>Order</i> of <i>Pillars</i> which continued round about it, - to which the outward circle (of Pillasters) in this <i>Antiquity - Stoneheng</i>, directly corresponds, as will appear in the second - Figure thereof, formerly described by the Letter <i>I</i>.</p> - - <p>The <i>Design</i> follows.</p> - - <div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i083" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_083.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span></p> - - <div class="center"><i>C</i></div> - - <p>The Plant of the <i>Peripteros</i>.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>D</i></div> - - <p>The <i>Portico</i> continuing about the <i>Cell</i>.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>E</i></div> - - <p>The Circular <i>Cell</i> enclosed with a wall, which in the <i>Temple - Stoneheng</i>, to vary the invention, was converted into an - <i>Hexagonall</i> form, and in stead of walling it round about, the - <i>Architect</i> as said before, left it wholly open, as most agreeing - with the nature of the <i>Deity</i> to whom consecrate. - </p> - - <p>The Design follows.</p> - - <div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i085" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_085.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span></p> - - <p>By the Plants of which said <i>Roman Temples</i>, although it is - plainly manifest, from whence the invention of <i>Stoneheng</i> was - taken: yet, that it may more clearly be understood, I have, unto the - <i>Order</i> of pillars which makes the <i>Portico</i> of the last of - those <i>Temples</i>, applied the <i>Architectonicall Scheam</i> by - which our <i>Antiquity</i> was formed; whereby the intersection of the - severall triangles fully demonstrates after what manner the greater - <i>Hexagon</i> made open at <i>Stoneheng</i>, was raised from the solid - wall environing the <i>Cell</i> of the <i>Peripteros</i>. - </p> - - <div class="center"><i>F</i></div> - - <p>The Rank of <i>Pillars</i> which made the <i>Portico</i> of the - <i>Peripteros</i>. - </p> - - <div class="center"><i>G</i></div> - - <p>The <i>Architectonicall Scheam</i> by which <i>Stoneheng</i> formed.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>H</i></div> - - <p>The circular wall environing the <i>Cell</i> of the <i>Peripteros</i>.</p> - - <div class="center"><i>I</i></div> - - <p>After what manner the stones of the greater <i>Hexagon</i> at - <i>Stoneheng</i>, were raised from the circumference of the said wall. - </p> - - <p>The Design follows.</p> - - <div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i087" style="max-width: 75em;"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_087.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span></p> - - <p>But, before deliver my judgment, unto which of their - <i>Deities</i> this <i>Temple Stoneheng</i> was anciently dedicated - by the <i>Romans</i>, I shall give you some customs in force amongst - the <i>Ancients</i>, relating the <i>Decorum</i> used by them, in - building their particular <i>Temples</i>: whereby, those several - opinions seemingly conclusive to whom <i>Stoneheng</i> sacred, may - more evidently appear invalid, and my own more apparently probable. - Those therefore that endevour the searching out <i>Antiquities</i> - of <i>Architecture</i>, must amongst others, especially prescribe - to themselves five things to be guided by. <i>viz.</i> <i>The - Situation</i>, <i>Aspect</i>, <i>Manner</i>, <i>Form</i>, and - <i>Order</i> of the work as in use amongst the <i>Ancients</i>. For, - inventing the severall ornaments of <i>Architecture</i>, at first for - honour and distinction onely of their <i>Deities</i>, they appropriated - to each of them particular <i>situations</i>, precise <i>forms</i>, - peculiar <i>Orders</i>, according to the severall qualities, in regard - whereof adored by them.</p> - - <p>The <i>situation</i> of the <i>Temples</i> to <i>Venus</i>, - <i>Mars</i>, <i>Vulcan</i>, they ordained to be chosen without their - Cities, as those which moved mens minds to lasciviousnesse, wars, and - devastations. Within their Cities they placed the <i>Temples</i> of - the Patrons of <i>Chastity</i>, <i>Peace</i>, good <i>Arts</i>: and of - such Gods also, to whom the Protection of their Cities committed. To - <i>Pallas</i>, <i>Mercury</i>, and <i>Isis</i> the chief Presidents of - Artificers, and Merchants, they built <i>Temples</i> near the Market - places, or upon the Market places themselves. To <i>Apollo</i> and - <i>Bacchus</i> near the <i>Theater</i>. To <i>Hercules</i> near the - Cirque or <i>Amphitheater</i>. Unto <i>Æsculapius</i> and <i>Salus</i>, - in places most of all others healthfull, and near to pure streams, - and waters; because the infirm people, coming out of a pestilent and - contagious <i>Aire</i>, to that which was good and healthfull, by - drinking those waters might the sooner, and with lesse difficulty be - recovered, whereby zeal to those supposed <i>Deities</i> encreased.</p> - - <p>The <i>Aspect Hypæthros</i>, mentioned before, of which - <i>Stoneheng</i> appears built, was proper only to some of their - Gods, as shall be remembred in due time: the other <i>five</i> - (needlesse here to name) were indifferently disposed, sometime<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span> to - one, and sometime to another <i>Deity</i>, as the magnificence of - the <i>Temples</i> to be built required, and, as to be made with - <i>Portico’s</i> or without.</p> - - <p>The <i>Manner</i>, which <i>Vitruvius</i> distinguishes into five - kinds, according as the intercolumnes are of five severall proportions, - was only so far forth peculiarly appropriated to their <i>Deities</i>, - as it was agreeable to the proper <i>Order</i>, otherwise they followed - the greatnesse of the Work.</p> - - <p>But, to each of them appropriating particular forms of <i>Temples</i>; - to some of their Gods, they made them of a round form, to others - quadrangular, to others of many angles: some of them having their - <i>Temples</i> covered, with roofs over them; others again built - uncovered, without any manner of roofs at all: As, our <i>Antiquity - Stoneheng</i>.</p> - - <p>Lastly, the <i>Order</i> of which they built them, was so diligently - observed, according to the peculiar qualities of their <i>Deities</i>, - that seldom or never they varied: as in fit place I shall remember. - These aforesaid rules also were so firmly observed by the - <i>Ancients</i>, that even at first sight the <i>Roman Architects</i> - of old were able to judge, to what <i>Deity</i>, this, or that - <i>Temple</i> sacred: and the modern <i>Italian Architects</i>, by the - ruines of them at this day, give such notable testimonies towards the - discovery of them, as are very hardly to be contradicted. Whosoever - desires more of this, may read <i>Vitruvius</i>, <i>Leo Baptista - Albertus</i>, and other Authors writing of <i>Architecture</i>. - That then we may arrive to a degree of certainty unto whom our - <i>Stoneheng</i> anciently dedicated; some such <i>Deitie</i> of - the <i>Romans</i> is to be found out, in whose honour they built - <i>Temples</i>, not only in such <i>situations</i> as this at - <i>Stoneheng</i>; but with whole nature or quality the <i>Form</i> - and <i>Aspect</i> thereof may be agreeable also; and the <i>Order - proper</i>. For, whosoever goes about to enforce other reasons, - do as I conceive but beat the air, neither can they reduce this - <i>Antiquity</i> to any probable Originall.</p> - - <p>To which of the <i>Roman</i> Deities <i>Stoneheng</i> consecrated, - are, as I said before, severall opinions. Some presume it sacred - to <i>Diana</i>, but upon what ground their conjecture is raised,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span> - considering both the <i>Aspect</i> and <i>Manner</i> of this - <i>Temple</i> utterly different from those the <i>Ancients</i> used - to dedicate to Her, I cannot conceive;<span class="sni"><i>Vitr. lib. 3. cap. 1 & 2.</i></span> for, the <i>Manner</i> of the - <i>Temples</i> erected to <i>Diana</i>, was <i>Diastylos</i>, i.e. - <i>columnis ampliùs patentibus</i>, made with large and void spaces: - the <i>Aspect</i> of that at <i>Ephesus</i> was <i>Dipteros</i>; that - at <i>Magnesia Pseudodipteros</i>: which <i>Manner Hermogenes</i> - inventing to save expence and labour, though he left out the - <i>Order</i> of pillars within, and thereby the <i>Portico</i> came to - be more large, yet the <i>Aspect</i> continued still the same. And, as - in the <i>Aspect</i> and <i>Manner</i>, so likewise in the <i>Order</i> - and <i>Form</i> it’s different: that, at <i>Ephesus</i> aforesaid being - of the <i>Ionick Order</i>, the <i>Order</i> peculiarly appropriated - to <i>Diana</i>, and quadrangular: of the same <i>Form</i> also, was - that at <i>Magnesia</i> aforesaid, and so likewise the <i>Romans</i> - built them, as by the now Church of S. <i>John</i> Evangelist at - the <i>Latian</i>, or <i>Latine</i> Port, anciently the Temple of - <i>Diana</i>; and that in Mount <i>Aventine</i> also,<span class="sni"><i>Fab. Cal.</i></span> the chief of her - <i>Temples</i> in <i>Rome</i>, fully appears. The <i>situation</i> of - the Temples dedicated to her, was in groves, whence <i>Vitruvius</i> - cals<span class="sni"><i>Vitr. lib. 4. cap. 7.</i></span> her grovy <i>Diana</i>.</p> - - <div class="center-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="i0"><i>Ecce suburbanæ templum nemorale Dianæ</i>, saith <i>Ovid</i>.</div> - <div class="i0"><i>See where</i> Diana’s <i>grovy Temple stands</i>.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - - <p class="noindent">In which sort <i>Virgil</i>, <i>Pliny</i>, and - other Authors also tell us her Temples were always sited. The - <i>Architecture</i> therefore of the Temples to <i>Diana</i>, and this - at <i>Stoneheng</i> being so far different, there is no probable reason - <i>Stoneheng</i> should be suppos’d dedicated to her.</p> - - <p>Moreover, whether or no this opinion maybe consistent with any of - those qualities, the Ancients endowed this Goddesse with, let us - examine further the Nature of the Deity it self. Is <i>Stoneheng</i><span class="sni"><i>Nat. Com. lib. 3. cap. 18.</i></span> - consecrated to <i>Diana</i> because she presided over ways? what - publick roads then, or common high-ways are to be read of, which - anciently led over the Downs near this <i>Antiquity</i>? The most - ancient ways we meet with, and which the <i>Romans</i> first made - in this <i>Island</i>, as <i>Camden</i><span class="sni"><i>Camden fo. 64.</i></span> sets them down, are four, - <i>Watling-street</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span> <i>Ikemild-street</i>, <i>Ermin-street</i>, and - the <i>Fosse</i>. <i>Watling-street</i> led through <i>Verolamium</i> - directly as it were by a streight line to the West side of - <i>Leicestershire</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Camden fo. 517.</i></span> and from thence through the Northerly Counties - into <i>Wales</i>. <i>Ikemild-street</i> began in the Countrey of - the <i>Iceni</i>, tending Eastward. <i>Ermin-street</i> in the same - quarter, running through <i>Cambridgeshire</i>, <i>Huntingdonshire</i>, - and so on towards <i>Lincolnshire</i> led the right way into the - Northern Countreys on that side: (this street-way, happly, may be - that which among the inhabitants passeth now by the name of <i>High - Dike</i>.) The <i>Fosse</i> passing through <i>Warwickshire</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Ibid. fo. 366.</i></span> came - down to <i>Stow</i> on the <i>Would</i>, thence to <i>Cirncester</i>, - from <i>Cirncester</i> continuing on towards <i>Bath</i> and beyond it - to <i>Somerton</i> into the Western Provinces: the ridge whereof is yet - to be seen in divers places of that tract. All of them lying so far - from <i>Stoneheng</i> that none of them are remembred to come nearer - then <i>Cirncester</i> to any part of the Plains whereon it stands, - and therefore in this respect there can be no cause to imagine this - <i>Antiquity</i> should be dedicated to her. Or, is <i>Stoneheng</i> - sacred to <i>Diana</i>, because she was the Patronesse of Gates? for - which reason the Ancients built her Temples, either near to them within - their Cities, or not far from them in the pleasant suburbs. But what - Cities, or places having any such Gates, were ever found anciently so - near <i>Stoneheng</i>, as might cause the dedication of so great a work - to her? surely none. Or, is <i>Stoneheng</i> hallowed to <i>Diana</i> - because she had the tutelage of Mountains? if so, then where are those - Mountains to be found near this <i>Antiquity</i> on <i>Salisbury</i> - Plains? which Plains, North, South, East and Westward through the midst - of <i>Wiltshire</i> are so open, that they terminate the Horizon. If - any such Mountains there, why do all Historians call them Plains? But - admit Mountains somtimes on <i>Salisbury</i> Plain, what then became of - them? were they removed by Earthquakes, swallowed into the ground by an - <i>Hiatus</i> of the earth, or levell’d by inundations? then let it be - made apparent when such like accidents fell out. Or is <i>Stoneheng</i> - dedicated to <i>Diana</i>, because she delighted to bath her self - in fountains and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">93</span> fresh springs? where are those fountains and - fresh springs to be found? haply, in the utmost borders they may be - had, none certainly in the body of the Plains, or any thing near - <i>Stoneheng</i>: spring veins being not there to be found, unlesse by - sinking wells or pits very deep, which the inhabitants are enforced - to make in severall places for watering their sheep, and as glad they - are there, as the Patriarchs of old in the deserts of <i>Canaan</i> to - come by them. Or is <i>Stoneheng</i> sacred to <i>Diana</i>, because - reputed Goddesse of hunting? then, who ever desirous of a Temple for - her, may finde it in <i>Daphne</i>, the anciently famous suburbs of - <i>Antiochia</i>, where was not onely a Temple dedicated to her,<span class="sni"><i>Strab. li. 16.</i></span> but - an <i>Asylum</i> also, as <i>Strabo</i> witnesseth: such places only - being held proper for her mysteries, where interven’d variety of - pleasures, goodly shadowy groves, delicate walks, and pleasant springs - of most cool and fresh waters. In the midst of these delights the - Ancients sited her Temples, not in wilde Downs, or vast Plains, so wide - and open that hardly see from one side of them to another, affording - neither shelter for travellers against canicular heats, nor succour - for cattell against the boisterous blasts of blustering <i>Boreas</i>. - Lastly, is <i>Stoneheng</i> dedicated to <i>Diana</i>, because the - supposed guardian of woods? then remains it to be made apparent by - them, those Plains in ancient times bore another countenance then - at present. That they were full of Forrests, woods and groves, with - variety of lawns, replenished and stored with such sorts of game, and - wilde beasts in chase whereof <i>Diana</i> and her companions are said - to recreate themselves: from whence some are of opinion she was called - <i>Diana</i>, as much to say<span class="sni"><i>Rosin. lib. 2. cap. 7.</i></span> - <i>Deviana, quoniam venantes per devia & - silvas deviare solent, captantes feras. Because of huntsmens deviating, - or wandring out of the way, through uncouth paths and woods in pursuit - of their game.</i> That those Plains afforded as much pleasure and - delights as the <i>Thessalian Tempe</i>, the <i>Syrian Daphne</i>, or - what place else as famous where her <i>Temples</i> anciently stood: - and, in what unknown age they were disafforrested and laid wast. Which, - if ever so, certainly some signs thereof would re<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span>main, or at least - be found there, as well as in other parts of the Island, in times - past overgrown with woods. As in <i>Anglesey</i> formerly mentioned; - in <i>Cheshire</i>, where, in digging their marlepits are often found - huge trees, demonstrating to posterity the forrests there anciently - growing; in the Isle of <i>Axholm</i> in <i>Lincolnshire</i>, where - the inhabitants have hardly any fewell, but what such trees afford so - digged out of the earth; in <i>Somersetshire</i>, where I my self have - seen trunks of trees lying under ground, and expressing the places in - times past overgrown with trees, very few or none being in those places - now standing. Besides, some remembrance of the aforesaid forrests and - woods History questionlesse would yeeld; now what occasion soever - Historians take for mentioning this tract, not one word is delivered - by them to that purpose, all unanimously consenting ’twas never other - then at present an open and champion Countrey. A Theater on which - <i>Bellona</i> often displayed her bloody ensigns, and acted severall - tragedies in times of old: A field of <i>Mars</i>, where <i>Romans</i>, - <i>Saxons</i> and after <i>Danes</i> for obtaining the dominion of - this Island decided their ambitious controversies. Of which actions - we have visible testimony unto this day, witnesse those burrows, and - places where they cast the bodies of their slain, over all quarters - of the plain dispersed, which in long time are so shrowded by nature - with ever growing grasse, that their memory will remain by their - sepulchres to all posterity; that which consumes all works of Art, - making them still more fresh and flourishing: witnesse spoils of war - there frequently digged up, as formerly remembred: severall encamping - places of those severall Nations in all parts of the plain even yet - appearing, no place in the whole Island, respecting the circuit, having - more remains of them: Also that huge Trench, mentioned before by the - name of <i>Wansdike</i>, running through the very bowels of them, such - manner of trenches appearing no where in any part of <i>England</i> - beside, saving where the like plains interveen; so at <i>Newmarket - Heath</i> the like trench vulgarly called <i>Devils Dike</i>, as if - <i>made by Devils not by men</i>, is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">95</span> to be seen; though in ancient - times it was the limits of the Kingdome of the East <i>Angles</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Camden fo. 490.</i></span> - and it took end, as <i>Camden</i> very well observes, <i>where the - passages by reason of woods grew cumbersome</i>: Which, if the like - be granted for <i>Wansdike</i> (as is very probable, it ending also - with the Plains) then without controversie there were no more woods in - times of old on <i>Salisbury</i> Plains then at this day; it running - overthwart them, as in a direct line from East to West. And who knows - not, that other manner of fortifications then running trenches upon - direct lines are to be cast up for defence of woody situations? But why - urge more Authorities, when the Inhabitants of the Countrey tell us, - the soil or ground being hot, dry, and chalky is altogether improper - for the growth of trees. Thus then the situation of the place, so - antipathizing in all respects with the nature and qualities anciently - attributed to <i>Diana</i>, and the <i>Manner</i>, <i>Form</i>, and - <i>Order</i> of this <i>Antiquity</i>, so contrary to the custome used - by the <i>Ancients</i> in erecting her Temples, no reason wherefore - this <i>Temple Stoneheng</i> should be conceiv’d as erected for - celebration of the superstitious ceremonies anciently ascribed unto her - <i>Worship</i>.</p> - - <p>Some, again, would have <i>Stoneheng</i> consecrated to <i>Pan</i>; - because <i>Pan</i> a <i>Greek</i> word signifying the <i>Universe</i>, - under him the whole frame of <i>Nature</i> was adored. And therefore, - the <i>Ancients</i> made his statues with horns, saith <i>Servius</i>, - expressing thereby the beams of the <i>Sun</i>, and horns of the - <i>Moon</i>; those issuing from his forehead, and turning upwards - towards <i>Heaven</i>, as <i>Boccace</i> will have it, signified the - Celestiall bodies: feigning also, as the world moves with extraordinary - swiftnesse, he excelled likewise in speed of running. By the purple, - ruddy, and enflamed face, attributed to <i>Pan</i>, that pure fire, - above all other <i>Elements</i> holding his place in the confines - of the Celestiall Sphears was demonstrated: by his large long beard - descending down upon his breast, the two superiour Elements <i>Aire</i> - and <i>Fire</i> of a masculine nature, sending down their impressions - upon the other two naturally feminine was shewed: by the spotted skin - cove<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span>ring his breast and shoulders, the eighth sphear wholly embelished - with glorious stars; inveloping in like manner all appertaining to the - nature of sublunary creatures was represented: by the sheep-hook which - he held in one hand, Natures dominion over all things (according to - <i>Boccace</i>) was signified: and as <i>Servius</i> saith, because - this staffe, or rod was crooked, the year revolving into it self, was - thereby expressed: in the other hand holding a Pipe, consisting of - seven reeds, whereby, the Celestiall harmony conceived by some to have - seven sounds, and seven different tunes, according to the number of the - <i>Planets</i>, and their <i>Sphears</i> which are seven, was so set - forth.</p> - - <p>After this manner <i>Mythologists</i> discourse of <i>Pan</i>, - with various opinions, according to the subtile niceties of their - severall fancies: and in these respects as having relation to the - <i>Heavens</i>, this <i>Antiquity Stoneheng</i> is imagined sacred to - <i>Him</i>. ’Tis true, if <i>Mythologie</i>, and not demonstrative - reasons were to be fixt upon in matters of <i>Architecture</i>, - the former conceptions might be some ground to frame conjectures - <i>Stoneheng</i> sacred to <i>Pan</i>. But, <i>Architecture</i> - depending upon demonstration, not fancy, the fictions of - <i>Mythologists</i> are no further to be embraced, then as not - impertinently conducing to prove reall truths. Wherefore, the aforesaid - ancient rules for building <i>Temples</i> considered, and comparing the - <i>Order</i>, <i>Form</i>, <i>Aspect</i> and <i>Situation</i> of the - <i>Temples</i> to <i>Pan</i>, with the like in this <i>Antiquity</i>, - so much contrariety is found betwixt them, as may convince any - reasonable judgement <i>Stoneheng</i> not dedicated to <i>Him</i>.</p> - - <p><i>Pan pastorum, venatorum, & universæ vitæ rusticanæ præsidem - crediderunt Antiqui</i>, saith<span class="sni"><i>Nat. Com. lib. 5.</i></span> <i>Natalis Comes</i>. <i>Pan</i> was the - reputed <i>God</i> amongst the <i>Ancients, of Shepherds, Huntsmen, and - all those that led an agrestick life</i>. The same Author also calling - him <i>Piscatorum Deum</i>, the <i>God of Fishermen</i> as well as - <i>Shepherds</i>. <i>Arcadibus Deorum antiquissimus & honoratissimus - est Pan</i>, saith <i>Dionysius</i>.<span class="sni"><i>Dion. Hali. lib. 1.<br />Rosin. lib. 2.</i></span> <i>Pan is the most ancient, and - most honoured Deity of the Arcadians.</i> And in <i>Arcadia</i> itself - where he was principally adored, they built his <i>Temples</i> for the - most part in Towns<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span> of the same <i>Form</i> and <i>Order</i> as to - <i>Juno</i>: In the <i>Town of Heræa</i>, <i>habet Pan templum suum</i> - (saith <i>Pausanias</i><span class="sni"><i>Pausan. fo. 496.</i></span> in his description of <i>Arcadia</i>) <i>quod - olim</i> Junoni <i>dicatum fuit</i>, Pan <i>had his Temple which - anciently was dedicated to</i> Juno. Now, the <i>Order appropriated</i> - to <i>Juno</i> by the <i>Romans</i>, was the <i>Ionick</i>, as is - manifest from <i>Vitruvius</i>, who tels us, <i>To Juno, Diana, and - Bacchus</i>, and to the other <i>Deities</i><span class="sni"><i>Vitr. lib. 1. cap. 2.</i></span> of the same quality, - <i>they built Temples of the Ionick Order</i>. The <i>Form</i> in - like manner of her sacred structures was quadrangular, as in Mount - <i>Aventine</i>, in <i>foro Olitorio</i> (or the herb Market) in - Mount <i>Quirinal</i>, and elswhere amongst the <i>Romans</i> the<span class="sni"><i>Alexan.<br />Don.<br />Pomp. Totti.</i></span> - <i>ruines</i> of her <i>Temples</i> do evidently witnesse: as also, - her <i>Temples</i> anciently at <i>Argos</i>, and amongst the - <i>Elians</i> in <i>Greece</i>, built of the like <i>Form</i>, and - of the <i>Dorick Order</i>. But this <i>Antiquity</i><span class="sni"><i>Pausan. fo. 114. & 317.</i></span> is of the - severe <i>Tuscane</i> work, and of a round figure. The <i>Temples</i> - to <i>Pan</i> had a <i>Portico</i> onely in <i>front</i>, at - <i>Stoneheng</i> it continues round about the <i>Cell</i>. The - <i>Temples</i> to <i>Pan</i> were not exposed to the open <i>Aire</i>, - and built uncovered as <i>Stoneheng</i> was, but had roofs upon - them. For, <i>Ignis ei perpetuus ardebat</i>, therein <i>they kept - perpetuall fire</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Ibid. fo. 516.</i></span> as at <i>Acacesium</i> a <i>Town</i> also of - <i>Arcadians</i>; all <i>Temples</i> wherein they kept such fires - being covered, as the <i>Temple</i> to <i>Apollo</i> at <i>Delphos</i> - amongst the <i>Greeks</i>, and to <i>Vesta</i> at <i>Rome</i> amongst - the <i>Romans</i>. But, if at any time they did erect them distant - from a <i>Town</i>, reserving always the <i>Form</i> and <i>Order</i>, - they chose such situations as wholly environed with trees; for - example, the <i>Temple</i> to <i>Pan</i> in Mount <i>Lycæus</i>, was - compassed in with a thick wood, <i>condenso circumseptum luco</i>, as - <i>Pausanias</i> hath it: so likewise, that <i>Temple</i> sacred to - <i>Him</i> in the <i>Parthenian</i> Forrest, according to the said - Author. Now, this <i>Temple Stoneheng</i> is sited in an open champion - Countrey, where scarce a bush or tree, much lesse thick woods, or - forrests to be seen throughout the whole Plain; nor was there ever any - in times of old as History remembers, and the nature of the soil, as - I am informed, is no wise prosperous for their growing there, as is - sufficiently before declared.</p> - - <p>But <i>Pan</i> (say they) being the God of <i>Shepherds</i>, why might - not <i>Stoneheng</i> to gratifie them be erected, and consequently<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span> - by the <i>Romans</i> dedicated to their God <i>Pan</i>? no place in - the whole Island more abounding with sheep, then the circumadjacent - Plains; the almost innumerable flocks whereof, not only most - plentifully satisfying the bordering inhabitants for food; but, from - their delicate fleeces, a great part of the known universe are clad - also. I answer, amongst the <i>Romans</i> (declared at large before - to be <i>Founders</i> of <i>Stoneheng</i>) I do not finde any one - <i>Temple</i>, <i>Holy House</i>, <i>Sanctuary</i>, <i>Grove</i>, - <i>Altar</i>, or any such like sacred structure consecrated to - <i>Pan</i> in their own Country; much lesse any <i>Temple</i> dedicated - unto Him by them in <i>Britain</i>: and therefore, utterly improbable - this <i>Temple Stoneheng</i> should be erected by the <i>Romans</i> - unto <i>Pan</i>.</p> - - <p>There was a <i>Temple</i> indeed,<span class="sni"><i>Dion. Hal. lib. 1.<br />Rosin. lib. 2. cap. 20.</i></span> built to <i>Pan Lycæus</i> on - Mount <i>Palatine</i>, by those <i>Arcadians</i> which accompanied - <i>Evander</i> into <i>Italy</i>; in which, though the <i>Romans</i> - in succeeding times performed the same rites, as the <i>Arcadians</i> - anciently had instituted; yet, <i>He</i> passed with the <i>Romans</i> - under the name of <i>Lupercus</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Justin. lib. 43.</i></span> and in honour of <i>Him</i>, - as some Authors of opinion, certain festivals or games called - <i>Lupercalia</i>, at <i>Rome</i> onely, not in Provinces conquered - by them, were solemnized by the <i>Romans</i>; Noblemens sons running - in those games,<span class="sni"><i>Plutarch. in Rom.<br />Rosin. lib. 3. cap. 2.</i></span> according to the primitive institution setting forth - and beginning their course at Mount <i>Palatine</i>, and so round - about the City to the same place again. I may not omit, neverthelesse, - that severall Authors deliver the <i>Lupercalia</i> were instituted - in thankfulnesse to <i>Lupa</i>, or the wolf that gave <i>Romulus</i> - suck, and the course of those games beginning at Mount <i>Palatine</i> - (not so much in remembrance it seems of <i>Pans</i> Temple there, - as) from the <i>Lupercal</i> or <i>the very place they say where</i><span class="sni"><i>Plut. in Rom.</i></span> - Romulus <i>was cast out</i>.</p> - - <p><i>Dionysius</i> of <i>Halicarnassus</i> tels us<span class="sni"><i>Dion. lib. 1.</i></span> the <i>Arcadians</i> - built the aforesaid <i>Temple</i> to <i>Pan</i>, <i>idoneo invento - loco &c.</i> when they had found out a <i>convenient place</i> for - it adjoyning to their habitations: the condition or nature of which - place is not unworthy your observation; for by his description - thereof<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span> we shall easily perceive what manner of situation was by the - <i>Arcadian</i> Shepherds held proper for performing the ceremonies of - their God <i>Pan</i>. His words are, <i>Erat tum, ut fertur, spelunca - sub tumulo magna, denso querceto contecta, & sub petris profundi - fonticuli, solúmque rupibus contiguum nemorosum, & frequentibus ac - proceris opacum arboribus: ibi ara deo extructa, more patrio sacra - fecerunt. Under the Hill</i> (to wit, Mount <i>Palatine</i>) <i>was - anciently, as report goes</i> (saith he) <i>a great cave or den, - covered over by a thick grove, deep wells or riverets running amongst - the stones of the cave, and round about it a wood, by the many and - tall trees growing therein very dark and obscure: there the Altar of - the God was placed, and his Sacrifices after their Country manner - performed</i>. Now is <i>Stoneheng</i> thus sited, or was there ever - any such like place near this <i>Antiquity</i>? of all the places - in <i>England</i> that I know, none comes nearer that cave, then - <i>Ochy-hole</i> in <i>Somersetshire</i>: And if the Ancients held such - dismall situations only proper for <i>Pans Temples</i>, then without - peradventure <i>Stoneheng</i> was never erected in honour of him, they - being no innovators in their superstitions.</p> - - <p>A further observation may be made to our purpose, upon the aforesaid - description, <i>Erat tum antrum magnum, it was anciently</i> (saith - <i>Dionysius</i>)<span class="sni"><i>Dion. lib. 1.</i></span> <i>a great cave</i>. But in his own time, which was - under <i>Augustus</i>, the <i>Romans</i> had so choked up the place - with building, that the manner how <i>Pans Temple</i> in old time - stood, was hardly to be discovered: <i>nunc quidem ædificiis</i> (saith - he) <i>fanum circumquaque sepientibus, difficilis conjectura est qualis - olim loci natura fuerit. At this present, verily, the Temple being - every way environed with buildings, it is hardly to be conjectured - in what manner of place it anciently stood</i>. This was the cause - which enforced him to deliver to posterity the former description - meerly upon report. Certainly then, the <i>Romans</i> employing the - place to profaner uses, <i>Pans</i> Deity was little esteemed by them; - otherwise, they would never have polluted it, by setting up private - houses upon the place consecrated to him. Now the <i>Romans</i> - slighting him after this manner at home, little reason appears so - magnificent a structure as <i>Stoneheng</i>, should be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span> erected by them - for adoration of <i>Pan</i> in other Countreys.</p> - - <p>Furthermore, the Sacrifices in times of old offered to <i>Pan</i> - were milk and honey, offered up in simple Shepherds crocks or earthen - pitchers: <i>quare non ritè sacrificabant, qui tauros illi immolabant, - aut qui in aureis poculis lac aut vinum offerebant &c.<span class="sni"><i>Nat. Com. lib. 5.</i></span> Wherefore, they - sacrificed not aright</i>, saith <i>Natalis Comes, who immolated Buls - or Oxen unto him, or out of golden cups poured forth milk or wine upon - his Altars</i>; for goblets of that metall were proper onely for the - supernall and celestiall <i>Deities</i>, not to terrestriall, and such - as had care of Heardsmen or Shepherd Swains. To which purpose also, the - same Author out of <i>Apollonius Smyrnæus</i> remembers <i>Pan</i>, - thus speaking of himself.</p> - - <div class="center-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="i0"><i>Sum Deus agrestis, cur his sunt aurea sacris</i></div> - <div class="i2"><i>Pocula? quo vinum funditis Italicum?</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>Ad petram cur stat taurus cervice ligatus?</i></div> - <div class="i2"><i>Parcite: non hæc est victima grata mihi.</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>Pan montanus ego sum, ligneus, ipsáque vestis</i></div> - <div class="i2"><i>Pellicea est: mustum è fictilibúsque bibo.</i></div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - - <p class="noindent">In English thus:</p> - - <div class="center-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="i0"><i>A rurall God am I, in golden cup</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>The Falern wine, why then d’yee offer up?</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>Why at mine Altar, stands the stern Bull bound,</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>Or Oxe that’s fat, with laurell girland crown’d?</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>Spare ye such cost: no gratefull victimes these</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>Are unto me, others lesse costly please.</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>A Mountaineer, a wood-man clad in skin</i></div> - <div class="i0"><i>Am I: your wine in earthen vessels bring.</i></div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - - <p class="noindent">But the Sacrifices anciently offered at <i>Stoneheng</i> - (already remembred) were <i>Buls</i> or <i>Oxen</i>, and severall sorts - of beasts, as appears by the heads of divers kinds of them, not many - years since there digged up.</p> - - <p>As for that of the <i>Pantheon</i>, it is very well known the - <i>Ancients</i> so called it, not in any relation to <i>Pan</i>, - but because it was sacred to <i>Jove</i> the <i>Revenger</i>, and - according to others to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span> <i>Cibele</i>, and all Gods. For which - reason, <i>Boniface</i> the fourth obtained licence from the - Emperour <i>Phocas</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Platin. in Bon.</i></span> to consecrate it to the <i>Virgin Mary</i>, - and all Saints. And who knows not the <i>Architecture</i> thereof - wholly different from this of <i>Stoneheng</i>? The <i>Pantheon</i> - hath its <i>Cell</i> enclosed with a continued solid wall, and - the <i>Portico</i> only in front, of the delicate <i>Corinthian - Order</i>; of which <i>Order</i> the inner part consisted likewise, - being vaulted in most admirable and magnificent manner. From whence<span class="sni"><i>Dion. lib. 53.</i></span> - <i>Dion Cassius</i> delivers his opinion, <i>inde id nominis habere, - quod forma convexa fastigiatum, cœli similitudinem ostenderet, it - to be called the</i> Pantheon, <i>because by the form of that vault - wherewith covered, it represented the concave of Heaven</i>, or (as - others will) the figure of the world; for the world being mans house, - the firmament is as the vaulted roof thereof. At the crown of the vault - it had an opening, by which only it received light and air. But, this - <i>Antiquity Stoneheng</i> built of a grave and humble <i>Order</i> - (as is said before) had a double <i>Portico</i> continuing round about - it, the Cell thereof free and open, and every way exposed to the air, - received light from all parts.</p> - - <p>Wherefore leaving these, <i>Stoneheng</i> was dedicated, as I conceive, - to the God <i>Cœlus</i>, by some Authors called <i>Cœlum</i>, by others - <i>Uranus</i>, from whom the Ancients imagined all things took their - beginning. My reasons are, First, in respect of the <i>situation</i> - thereof; for it stands in a Plain, remote from any <i>Town</i> or - <i>Village</i>, in a free and open air, without any groves or woods - about it.</p> - - <p>Secondly, in regard of the <i>Aspect</i>; for <i>Stoneheng</i> - was never covered, but built without a roof. Which <i>Decorum</i> - the <i>Romans</i> ever observed, both in the <i>Situation</i> and - <i>Aspect</i> of the <i>Temples</i> dedicated to this their God, and to - <i>Jove</i> the <i>Lightner</i>, the <i>Sun</i>, and the <i>Moon</i>.<span class="sni"><i>Vitr. li. 1. cap. 2.</i></span> - <i>Jovi fulguratori, & Cœlo, & Soli, & Lunæ, ædificia sub divo - Hypæthráque constituuntur. To</i> Jove <i>the Lightner, and to Cœlus, - and to the Sun, and to the Moon, they erected buildings in the open - air and uncovered</i>, saith <i>Vitruvius</i> in the second Chapter of - his first Book. Take with you also his reason. <i>Horum enim Deorum - & species & effectus in aperto mundo atque lucenti<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span> præsentes - videmus, because both the forms and effects of these Deities, we behold - present before our eyes, in a clear and open view.</i> Another reason - I find also why they built their Temples to <i>Cœlus</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Godw. Antiq. l. 1. cap. 20.</i></span> and those - other Deities uncovered as <i>Stoneheng</i>: because they counted it - an hainous matter to see those Gods confined under a roof, whose doing - good consisted in being abroad.</p> - - <p>Thirdly, in regard of the <i>Form</i> of <i>Stoneheng</i>, which is - <i>circular</i>.<span class="sni"><i>Pier. Valer.<br /> Hier. lib. 39.</i></span> This figure was proper to the <i>Temples</i> of - <i>Cœlus</i> and <i>Tellus</i>, whom the Ancients called <i>Vesta</i>, - as <i>Valerianus</i> (in his <i>Hieroglyphicks</i>) affirms. <i>Non - solamente la palla, ma una simplice piegatura di ruota, appresso - gli Egizziani demostrava il Cielo. Not only</i> (saith he) <i>the - circular form, but the meer segment of a circle amongst the Egyptians - was an Hieroglyphick of Cœlus</i>. And to this purpose also, <i>Leo - Baptista Albertus</i> useth these words.<span class="sni"><i>Leo Bapt.<br />Alb. lib. 7.</i></span> <i>Ædem Vestæ, quam esse - terram putarent, rotundam ad pilæ similitudinem, faciebant. Unto Vesta, - whom they reputed to be the Earth, they built Temples of a round form - globelike</i>. Besides, observe what <i>Philander</i> commenting on - <i>Vitruvius</i> tels us.<span class="sni"><i>Philand. in 4. lib. Vitr. cap. 7.</i></span> <i>Templorum quanquam alia fiant quadrata, - alia multorum angulorum, Cœli naturam imitati veteres, imprimis - rotundis sunt delectati: Although</i> (saith he) <i>the Ancients made - some Temples square, some of six sides, others of many angles, they - were especially delighted with making of them round, as representing - thereby the Form or Figure of</i> Cœlum, <i>Heaven</i>.</p> - - <p>Fourthly, in respect of the <i>Order</i> whereof <i>Stoneheng</i> - built. The severity of this <i>Tuscane</i> work, retaining in it a - shew (as it were) of that first face of <i>Antiquity</i> (as <i>A. - Palladio</i> terms it)<span class="sni"><i>An. Pal. li. 1.</i></span> being most agreeable to the nature of this - their God, reputed the ancientest of all their <i>Deities</i>, and - Father of <i>Saturn</i>. For, it was the custome of the Ancients (as - in part I remembred before) to appropriate the severall <i>Orders</i> - of <i>Architecture</i>, according to the particular qualifications - of those they deified.<span class="sni"><i>Vitr. lib. 1. cap. 2.</i></span> <i>Minervæ, & Marti, & Herculi, ædes Doricæ - fient: his enim diis propter virtutem, sine deliciis ædificia constitui - decet. To Minerva, and Mars, and Hercules, Temples of the Dorick - Order were made; for, to these Deities in respect of their valiant - actions, it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span> was requisite to build without delicacy. Veneri, Floræ, - Proserpinæ, Fontium Nymphis, Corinthio genere constitutæ, aptas - videbuntur habere proprietates, quòd his diis propter teneritatem, - graciliora & florida, foliísque & volutis ornata opera facta augere - videbuntur justum decorem. To Venus, Flora, Proserpina, the Fountain - Nymphs, the Corinthian Order was thought most proper: because unto - these in regard of their tender natures, the work seemed to advance - a just decorum, when made delicate and flourishing, and adorned with - leaves and volutes. Junoni, Dianæ, Libero Patri cæterísque diis qui - eadem sunt similitudine, si ædes Ionicæ construerentur, habita erat - ratio mediocritatis, quod & ab severo more Doricorum, & à teneritate - Corinthiorum, temperabitur earum institutio proprietatis. To Juno, - Diana, Bacchus, and to the other Deities of the same quality, building - Temples of the Ionick Order, they had regard unto the mean, that from - the severe manner of the Dorick, and delicacy of the Corinthian, the - condition of their indowments might be duly moderated</i>, saith - <i>Vitruvius</i>. To <i>Jupiter</i>, <i>Sol</i>, and <i>Luna</i>, - though they made Temples <i>sub divo</i> open to the air and without - roofs like this <i>Antiquity</i>; yet were they not built of severe - and humble but most delicate <i>Orders</i>, and accordingly were - adorned with costly ornaments, and beautified with various enrichments - in severall sorts of sculpture, as by the ruines of them in divers - parts of <i>Italy</i> remaining to this day, evidently appears. - Respecting therefore, this <i>Decorum</i> used by the <i>Ancients</i> - in building their <i>Temples</i>, and that this work <i>Stoneheng</i> - is principally composed of a most grave <i>Tuscane</i> manner, by just - proportions of an agreeable form; it is in mine opinion, as I said - before, most agreeable to the quality and condition of that ancient - <i>Cœlus</i>, whom Antiquity reputed the very stem whence all those - Deities in the succeeding Ages proceeded. Cœlus <i>ex eadem conjuge - (scilicet Tellure) procreavit</i> Oceanum, Cœlum, Hyperionem <i>&c. & - <span class="sni"><i>Apollod. lib. 1.</i></span> - novissimum omnium</i> Saturnum <i>suscepit</i>. Cœlus, <i>by the same - wife</i> (to wit <i>Tellus</i>) <i>had</i> Oceanus, Cœlum, Hyperion - <i>&c. and last of all begat</i> Saturn. To which purpose also - <i>Lactantius, I finde</i> Uranius <i>by his wife</i> Vesta <i>had</i> - Saturn <i>and</i> Ops: Saturn <i>attaining the government, called his - father</i> Uranius, Cœlus, <i>and his mother</i> Terra; <i>that by - this change of names,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span> he might the more magnifie the splendor of his - originall &c.</i> Further, I conceive it will not be impertinent to our - purpose in hand, to deliver what the <i>Ancients</i> have reported of - <i>Cœlus</i>; and wherefore they ascribed divine Honours unto Him.</p> - - <p>According to the <i>Poets</i>, <i>Cœlus</i> was not that huge machine - adorned with stars, which <i>Orpheus</i> saith was composed for - habitation of the <i>Planets</i>, and other <i>Deities</i>, and which - we behold moving with continuall revolution: but a certain man so - called, son to <i>Æther</i> and <i>Dies</i>, that, is <i>della virtù - ardente, & della luce famosa, of transcendent influence and resplendent - brightness</i>, as <i>Boccace</i> hath it.<span class="sni"><i>Boccace lib. 3.</i></span></p> - - <p>By Historians, especially <i>Diodorus Siculus</i>,<span class="sni"><i>Diodor. lib. 4.</i></span> it’s thus delivered. - <i>Scribunt primùm regnasse apud Atlantides</i> Cœlum: <i>Hominésque - antea per agros dispersos, ad cœtum, condendásque urbes exhortatum, à - fera eos agrestíque vita ad mitiorem cultum extitisse &c. They write, - he which first reigned over the</i> Atlantides <i>was</i> Cœlus, <i>and - that he invited men living dispersedly before throughout the fields, - to convene, and dwell in companies together, exhorting them to build - Towns, and reducing them from wild and savage to the conversation of - civill life: Taught them also to sow corn and seeds, and divers other - things belonging to the common use of mankind; Ruled likewise over a - great part of the world from East to West; Was a diligent observer of - the stars, and foretold men divers things to come: The year (before - confus’d) bringing into Order, according to the course of the Sun, - reducing it also into moneths after the Moons course, and appointing - likewise the severall seasons of the year. Whereby many ignorant of the - perpetuall course of the stars, and amazed at his future predictions, - did verily believe he participated of Divine Nature, and therefore - after his death, as well for benefits received from him, as great - knowledge of the stars, they conferred on him immortall honours, and - adored him as a God. And, as appears, called</i> Cœlus <i>in regard of - his skill in the celestiall bodies, as also, for divers other causes - eternall King of all the world</i>. Thus <i>Diodorus</i>. It being an - ordinary custome among the Heathens to deifie, and esteem for Gods, - such excellent personages, as either had well ruled, or governed them, - or done any notable thing among<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span> them to their especiall benefit, or - good liking. Such, were they men, or women, remained with the name, - reputation, and reverence of <i>Gods</i> or <i>Goddesses</i> after - their deaths.</p> - - <p>Furthermore, according to the <i>Philosophers</i>; <i>Men</i> (they - knew not how) by nature soon wanting, and by instinct as soon seeking - some God (in stead of apprehending better) deified the <i>best</i> - to sense. Whereupon, out of all <i>Entities</i> as most glorious to - the eye, they first made choice of <i>Heaven</i>, and <i>Heavenly</i> - bodies; considering again, as the most beneficiall objects,<span class="sni"><i>Plut. Phil. opin. lib. 1.</i></span> those - living creatures, and fruits which the <i>Earth</i> beneath brought - forth, to make compleat generations, they coupled <i>Cœlus</i> to - <i>Tellus</i>, adoring <i>Heaven</i> as Father, and <i>Earth</i> - as Mother to these; the pouring down of showers from <i>Heaven</i> - seeming in stead of naturall seeds, and the <i>Earth</i> as a Mother to - conceive, and bring forth the same.</p> - - <p>Fifthly, the Sacrifices in times of old offered to <i>Cœlus</i> - were Bulls or Oxen, their great God <i>Jupiter</i> himself, as I - find in <i>Rosinus</i>, offering such Victimes unto him.<span class="sni"><i>Rosin. lib. 2. cap. 5.</i></span> <i>Ante - pugnam, que cum Gigantibus in</i> Creta <i>habita est</i>, Jovem - <i>sacrificasse dicunt</i> Soli, Cœlo, <i>ac</i> Terræ <i>bovem. - Before the battell struck with the Giants in</i> Crete, <i>they - say</i> Jupiter <i>sacrificed an Oxe to</i> Sol, Cœlus, <i>and</i> - Terra. Now that there hath oftentimes been digged out of the ground - at <i>Stoneheng</i>, the heads of such beasts, in all probability - anciently in that place sacrificed; I need not again remember, being it - is so well known.</p> - - <p>Sixthly, all the upright stones in this <i>Antiquity</i> are - <i>Pyramidall</i> like flames, in imitation of those <i>Ætheriall</i> - fires, wherewith the <i>Heaven</i> is adorned.<span class="sni"><i>Pier. Valer. Hier. lib. 60.</i></span> Now, that <i>Fire</i> - hath the form of a <i>Pyramis</i> is evident, <i>percioche, essendo - largo da basso, intorno alla materia & esca, da che si pasce, finisce - in acuta fiammache riguardo al Cielo. Because, being large at the - bottome, in respect of the matter and fewell, by which it is fed, it - finishes in an acute flame tending upwards towards Heaven.</i> And, - that the Heavens are adorned with fires, <i>Natalis Comes</i> in his - Mythology, out of <i>Orpheus</i>, makes apparent. <i>Nihil aliud esse - Cœlum existimans, nisi<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span> hunc æthera qui constat ex altissimis illis - ignibus. Supposing the Heaven to be no other thing, but this Air which - consisteth of those transcendent Fires.</i></p> - - <p>Lastly, that <i>Stoneheng</i> was anciently dedicated to <i>Cœlus</i> - I collect from the <i>Conformation</i> of the work. For the - <i>conformation</i> of the <i>Cell</i> and <i>Porticus</i> in - the Plant, was designed with four equilaterall <i>Triangles</i>, - inscribed in a <i>Circle</i>, such as the <i>Astrologers</i> use in - describing the twelve <i>celestiall</i> signs in musicall proportions. - According to that of <i>Vitruvius</i>;<span class="sni"><i>Vitr. lib. 5.</i></span> <i>In ea conformatione quatuor - scribantur trigona paribus lateribus & intervallis, quæ extremam lineam - circinationis tangant; In the conformation thereof let four triangles - be inscribed of equall sides and intervals, which may touch the extreme - part of the circumference: quibus etiam in duodecim signorum cœlestium - descriptione, Astrologi ex musica convenientia astrorum ratiocinantur; - by which figures also, Astrologers from the musicall harmony of the - stars ground their reasonings, as concerning the description of the - twelve celestiall signs</i>. Besides the <i>Cell</i> it self in the - formation thereof, is cast into an <i>Exagon</i>, one of the three - figures, likewise used by <i>Astrologers</i> in their aforesaid - arguments of the <i>sympathy</i> of the stars. <i>Figuris tribus</i> - (saith <i>Philander</i>) <i>utuntur Astrologi, Trigono, Tetragono - & Hexagono. The Astrologers make use of three sorts of figures; - the Triangle, Tetragon, and Hexagon.</i> Furthermore, the three - entrances leading into the Temple from the Plain, were comparted by an - equilaterall <i>triangle</i>; which was the figure whereby the Ancients - expressed what appertained to <i>Heaven</i>, and divine mysteries - also.<span class="sni"><i>Pier. Valer.<br />Hier. lib. 39.</i></span> <i>Aggiungono i Magi</i> (saith <i>Pierius Valerianus</i>) - <i>che un triangolo semplice di lati uguali, è indizio di divinità, - overo effigie di cose celesti. The</i> Magi <i>adde that a triangle - of equall sides is a symbole of Divinity, or sign of celestiall - matters</i>. Now this <i>Antiquity</i> consisting of severall stones, - orderly disposed into one entire work, in imitation, as it were, of - those severall stars which appearing to us in the Heavens in form of - a circle, are called the <i>celestiall Crown</i>; and wholly designed - by those <i>Scheams</i> wherewith <i>Astrologers</i> use to describe - <i>celestiall</i> bodies, which figures, usually applied by them to - particular accidents onely, being all joyntly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span> made use of by the - <i>Architect</i> for conformation of this sacred structure, it is not - improbable <i>Stoneheng</i> was so composed, because dedicated to - <i>Cœlum</i>. Yea further, (if lawfull to compare an idolatrous place - with so divine a work) was not the <i>Temple</i> at <i>Hierusalem</i> - adorned with the figures of <i>Cherubims</i>; that thereby the - Nations of the Earth might know it was the habitation of the living - God? and, why not in like manner this <i>Temple</i> composed by - <i>Astrologicall</i> figures, that after Ages might apprehend, it was - anciently consecrated to <i>Cœlus</i> or <i>Cœlum</i> Heaven?</p> - - <p>But in this conjuncture; concerning such kinde of <i>Temples</i> as - this at <i>Stoneheng</i>, what saith the learned <i>Patriarch</i> - of <i>Aquileia</i>?<span class="sni"><i>Dan. Barba. in lib. 4.<br />Vitr. cap. 7. in Ven. 1584.</i></span> <i>Io credo, che quel Tempio senza parete - significava alcune cose del Cielo, gli effetti delle quali sono - nelle scoperto. I beleeve that Temple without walls</i> (speaking - of the <i>Monopteros</i> aforesaid) <i>had a relation to</i> Cœlum - (<i>Heaven</i>) <i>because the effects thereof are openly displaied to - the full view of all men</i>.</p> - - <p><i>Camden</i> tels us he had heard, that in the time of King - <i>Henry</i> the eighth, a table of metall was found, not far from this - <i>Antiquity</i>, engraven with divers strange characters, which being - not legible, was neglected and lost: had, indeed, that Table been found - within the work it self it might happily have brought to light somwhat - in relation to <i>Stoneheng</i>. And by all likelihood, in time some - inscriptions may therein be found, it being the custome as well of - <i>Greeks</i> as <i>Romans</i>, in times of greatest <i>Antiquity</i>, - to lay inscriptions (usually) under the first stones set in what works - soever; especially, those of any great magnificence. Wherefore, I - advise mine honoured Friend <i>Laurence Washington</i> Esquire in whose - demeasnes this <i>Antiquity</i> stands, to whom I am much obliged, for - his friendly notice of what things have been there of late years digged - up, that he would be solicitous upon any search made there, to enquire - after them, and if any found not to neglect, or curiously conceal them, - but preserve and willingly produce the same.</p> - - <p>I suppose, I have now proved from Authentick Authors, and the rules - of Art, <i>Stoneheng</i> anciently a <i>Temple</i>, dedicated<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span> to - <i>Cœlus</i>, built by the <i>Romans</i>; either in, or not long - after those times (by all likelihood) when the <i>Roman</i> Eagles - spreading their commanding wings over this <i>Island</i>, the more - to civilize the Natives, introduc’d the <i>Art</i> of Building - amongst them, discovering their ambitious desire, by stupendious - and prodigious works, to eternize the memory of their high minds to - succeeding Ages. For, the magnificence of that stately <i>Empire</i>, - is at this day clearly visible in nothing more, then in the ruines - of their <i>Temples</i>, <i>Palaces</i>, <i>Arch’s Triumphals</i>, - <i>Aquæducts</i>, <i>Thermæ</i>, <i>Theaters</i>, <i>Amphitheaters</i>, - <i>Cirques</i>, and other secular, and sacred structures.</p> - - <p>History affords only <i>Contemplation</i>, whereby their great Actions - are made conceivable alone to reasoning: but the ruines of their - buildings <i>Demonstration</i>, which obvious to sense, are even yet as - so many eye-witnesses of their admir’d atchievements.</p> - - <div class="center-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="i0">Roma <i>quanta fuit, ipsa ruina docet</i>,</div> - <div class="i0"><i>How great</i> Rome <i>was, her ruines yet declare</i>.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - - <p class="noindent">Opinions fancied to the contrary, I have rendred - improbable, the Authors of them in respect of this <i>Antiquity</i> - being not only modern; but also, what said by them <i>Romance</i>-like - hatched out of their own brains,<span class="sni"><i>Camd. fo. 8.</i></span> even as other fables invented by - them, touching the <i>Britains</i> of old. Men possest neverthelesse, - with a former conceit of things, endure not by any means new opinions, - having not commonly patience to search long after the truth thereof. - To them, ever the more generally received, the truer things seem, - accounting all of their own time despicable; insomuch, as some are so - far in love with vulgarly receiv’d reports, that it must be taken for - truth, whatsoever related by them, though nor head, nor tail, nor foot, - nor footstep in it oftentimes of reason or common sense. They that - beleeve <i>Geffrey Monmouths ipse dixit</i>, may make themselves merry - therewith; in pleasing their own fancy, they displease not mine. As I - have delivered my own judgement freely, all reason they<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span> should enjoy - theirs. But such as sail in the vast Ocean of time, amongst the craggy - rocks of <i>Antiquity</i>, steering their course, betwixt anciently - approved customs, and convincing arguments, guided by good Authority, - and sound judgement, arrive much safer, and with better repute, in - the secure Haven of undoubted <i>Truth</i>. For mine own part, I had - rather erre happily with venerable <i>Antiquity</i>, then so much as - trouble my thoughts with modern conceits. Whether, in this adventure, - I have wasted my Barque into the wished <i>Port</i> of <i>Truths</i> - discovery concerning <i>Stoneheng</i>, I leave to the judgement of - skilfull <i>Pilots</i>. I have endevoured, at least, to give life to - the attempt, trending perhaps, to such a degree, as either may invite - others to undertake the Voyage anew, or prosecute the same in more - ample manner, in which, I wish them their desired successe, and that - with prosperous gales they may make a more full and certain discovery.</p> - - <div class="center xlarge gespertt2 mt10"><i>FINIS.</i></div> - -</div> - - <hr class="page" /> - - <div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak" id="Errata">Errata.</h2> - </div> - - <p>Folio 10. line 6. These words,<br /> - [<i>The</i> Romans <i>overthrew not the Temples, or razed to the - Foundations, any of the sacred structures of the</i> Druid’s <i>and</i> - Britans <i>made of stone, or other materials, which he might as readily - have done, if they had used any such: but positively</i>,] should have - been printed in the ordinary letter.</p> - - <table class="mt5" summary="Errata"> - <thead> - <tr> - <td class="br">Fo.</td> - <td class="br">Line</td> - <td>Read</td> - </tr> - </thead> - <tbody> - <tr> - <td class="br">18</td> - <td class="tdr br"><div>22</div></td> - <td>was</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="br">28</td> - <td class="tdr br"><div>4</div></td> - <td><i>Cappa</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="br">38</td> - <td class="tdr br"><div>19</div></td> - <td><i>Mercians</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="br">49</td> - <td class="tdr br"><div>37</div></td> - <td>streit</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="br">50</td> - <td class="tdr br"><div>1</div></td> - <td>streit</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="br">80</td> - <td class="tdr br"><div>23</div></td> - <td>the roofe</td> - </tr> - </tbody> - </table> - - <div class="transnote"> - <div class="large center mb2"><b>Transcriber’s Notes:</b></div> - <ul class="spaced"> - <li>Blank pages have been removed.</li> - <li>Special font used: “Old English Text MT”.</li> - </ul> - </div> - -<div style='display:block;margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MOST NOTABLE ANTIQUITY OF GREAT BRITAIN, VULGARLY CALLED STONE-HENG ON SALISBURY PLAIN ***</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0;'>This file should be named 64069-h.htm or 64069-h.zip</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0;'>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in https://www.gutenberg.org/6/4/0/6/64069/</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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