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font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold;'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The platinum metals, by A. D. Lumb</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The platinum metals</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: A. D. Lumb</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Release Date: December 22, 2020 [eBook #64068]</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div> -<div style='margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PLATINUM METALS ***</div> - -<div class='tnotes covernote'> - -<p class='c000'><b>Transcriber’s Note:</b></p> - -<p class='c000'>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> - -</div> - -<div class='section ph2'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><span class='color_red'>This ebook (originally published in 1920) was created in honour of Distributed Proofreaders 20th Anniversary.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='section ph2'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><span class='under'><i>IMPERIAL INSTITUTE</i></span></div> - <div>MONOGRAPHS ON MINERAL RESOURCES</div> - <div>WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE</div> - <div>BRITISH EMPIRE</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div>PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE</div> - <div>MINERAL RESOURCES COMMITTEE WITH THE</div> - <div>ASSISTANCE OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL</div> - <div>STAFF OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='titlepage'> - -<div> - <h1 class='c003'>THE PLATINUM METALS</h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='small'>BY</span></div> - <div class='c004'>A. D. LUMB, A.R.S.M., F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. M.M.</div> - <div><span class='small'>LATELY OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT, IMPERIAL INSTITUTE</span></div> - <div class='c004'><span class='small'>WITH A MAP</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i_title.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>LONDON</div> - <div class='c004'>JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.</div> - <div class='c004'>1920</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><span class='sc'>All Rights Reserved</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c004' /> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_v'>v</span> - <h2 class='c005'>IMPERIAL INSTITUTE<br /> <span class='large'>MINERAL SECTION</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>The Imperial Institute is a centre for the exhibition and -investigation of minerals with a view to their commercial -development and for the supply of information respecting the -sources, composition and value of minerals of all kinds.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The Imperial Institute is provided with Research Laboratories -for the investigation, analysis and assay of minerals, -and undertakes reports on the composition and value of minerals, -for the information of Governments and producing companies -and firms, in communication with the principal users in the -United Kingdom and elsewhere in the Empire.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Important minerals from within the Empire are exhibited -in the respective Courts of the Public Exhibition Galleries, -and also in the Mineral Reference Collections of the Institute.</p> - -<p class='c007'>A special staff is engaged in the collection, critical revision -and arrangement of all important information respecting -supplies of minerals especially within the Empire, new methods -of usage and other commercial developments.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Articles on these and related subjects are periodically -published in the <cite>Bulletin of the Imperial Institute</cite>, and monographs -on special subjects are separately published under the -direction of the Committee on Mineral Resources.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_vi'>vi</span> - <h2 class='c005'>IMPERIAL INSTITUTE</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c008'>Advisory Committee on Mineral Resources</h3> - -<p class='c009'>The Right Hon. <span class='sc'>Viscount Harcourt</span>, D.C.L. (<i>Chairman</i>).</p> - -<p class='c010'><a id='rA' /><a href='#fA' class='c011'><sup>[A]</sup></a>Admiral <span class='sc'>Sir Edmond Slade</span>, K.C.V.O., K.C.I.E. (nominated by -the Admiralty), (<i>Vice-Chairman</i>).</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Edmund G. Davis</span>, Esq.</p> - -<p class='c010'><a href='#fA' class='c011'><sup>[A]</sup></a><span class='sc'>Wyndham R. Dunstan</span>, Esq., C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Director -of the Imperial Institute.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>J. F. Ronca</span>, Esq., M.B.E., A.R.C.S., Department of Industries -and Manufactures (nominated by the Board of Trade).</p> - -<p class='c010'><a href='#fA' class='c011'><sup>[A]</sup></a>Professor <span class='sc'>J. W. Gregory</span>, F.G.S., Professor of Geology, University -of Glasgow, formerly Director of Geological Survey, Victoria, -Australia.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Sir <span class='sc'>Robert Hadfield</span>, Bart., F.R.S., Past-President Iron and -Steel Institute.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Captain <span class='sc'>A. L. Elsworthy</span>, Intelligence Department, War Office -(nominated by the War Office).</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>W. W. Moyers</span>, Esq. (Messrs. A. Watson & Co.), Liverpool.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>R. Allen</span>, Esq., M.A., B.Sc., Imperial Institute (<i>Secretary</i>).</p> - -<div class='footnote' id='fA'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#rA'>A</a>. Members of Editorial Sub-Committee</p> -</div> - -<h4 class='c008'>MINERAL SECTION</h4> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div>Principal Members of Staff</div> - <div class='c002'><i>Superintendent</i></div> - <div class='c004'><span class='sc'>R. Allen</span>, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.), M.Inst.M.M.</div> - <div class='c002'><i>Assistant Superintendent</i></div> - <div class='c004'><span class='sc'>S. J. Johnstone</span>, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.I.C.</div> - <div class='c002'><i>Senior Assistants</i></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>G. M. Davies</span>, M.Sc. (Lond.), F.G.S.</div> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>W. O. R. Wynn</span>, A.I.C.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><i>Assistants</i></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-b'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>S. Bann.</span></div> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>F. H. Bell.</span></div> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>H. Bennett</span>, B.Sc. (Lond.).</div> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>A. T. Faircloth.</span></div> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>R. C. Groves</span>, M.Sc. (Birm.).</div> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>E. Halse</span>, A.R.S.M., M.Inst.M.M.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span> - <h2 class='c005'>PREFACE</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>The Mineral Resources Committee of the Imperial Institute -has arranged for the issue of this series of Monographs on -Mineral Resources in amplification and extension of those -which have appeared in the <cite>Bulletin of the Imperial Institute</cite> -during the past fifteen years.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The Monographs are prepared either by members of the -Scientific and Technical Staff of the Imperial Institute, or by -external contributors, to whom have been available the -statistical and other special information relating to mineral -resources collected and arranged at the Imperial Institute.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The object of these Monographs is to give a general account -of the occurrences and commercial utilisation of the more -important minerals, particularly in the British Empire. No -attempt has been made to give details of mining or metallurgical -processes.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-r'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in12'><span class='sc'>Harcourt</span>,</div> - <div class='line'><i>Chairman Mineral Resources Committee</i>.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Imperial Institute, London, S.W.7.</span></div> - <div class='line in12'><i>July 1920.</i></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_ix'>ix</span> - <h2 class='c005'>CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<table class='table0' summary='CONTENTS'> - <tr><td class='c012' colspan='3'>CHAPTER I</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <th class='c013'></th> - <th class='c013'> </th> - <th class='c014'><span class='small'>PAGE</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013' colspan='2'><b>THE PLATINUM METALS: THEIR OCCURRENCES, CHARACTERS AND USES. WORLD’S OUTPUT</b></td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c012' colspan='3'>CHAPTER II</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c012' colspan='3'><b>SOURCES OF SUPPLY OF PLATINUM METALS</b></td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>(<i>a</i>)</td> - <td class='c013'><span class='sc'>British Empire</span>:</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_16'>16</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'> </td> - <td class='c013'><i>Europe</i>: United Kingdom.</td> - <td class='c014'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'> </td> - <td class='c013'><i>Asia</i>: India (Burma).</td> - <td class='c014'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'> </td> - <td class='c013'><i>Africa</i>: Rhodesia; Union of South Africa.</td> - <td class='c014'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'> </td> - <td class='c013'><i>America</i>: Canada; Newfoundland.</td> - <td class='c014'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'> </td> - <td class='c013'><i>Australasia</i>: Australia; New Zealand.</td> - <td class='c014'> </td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c012' colspan='3'>CHAPTER III</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c012' colspan='3'><b>SOURCES OF SUPPLY OF PLATINUM METALS</b></td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>(<i>b</i>)</td> - <td class='c013'><span class='sc'>Foreign Countries</span>:</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_32'>32</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'> </td> - <td class='c013'><i>Europe</i>: France; Finland; Germany; Lapland; Russia; Spain.</td> - <td class='c014'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'> </td> - <td class='c013'><i>Asia</i>: Armenia; Borneo; China; Japan; Sumatra.</td> - <td class='c014'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'> </td> - <td class='c013'><i>Africa</i>: Congo Free State; Madagascar.</td> - <td class='c014'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'> </td> - <td class='c013'><i>America</i>: Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Mexico; United States.</td> - <td class='c014'> </td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>World Map of Platinum Deposits</span></td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_59'>59</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>References to Literature on the Platinum Group</span></td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_60'>60</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='sc'>Note.</span>—<i>Numerals in square brackets in the text refer to the Bibliography at the end.</i></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='section ph1'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div>THE PLATINUM METALS</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span> - <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER I<br /> PLATINUM METALS: THEIR OCCURRENCES, CHARACTERS AND USES</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Introduction</span></h3> - -<p class='c015'>The metals which comprise the Platinum group are the following: -Platinum, Palladium, Iridium, Osmium, Ruthenium -and Rhodium.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Up to the year 1914 Russia produced over 90 per cent. of -the world’s supply of platinum, the Republic of Colombia, -South America, ranking next in importance with about 5 per -cent. Owing, however, to the war and to the chaotic conditions -brought about by the revolution, the output of Russia -has considerably decreased, and although the Colombian production -has been steadily increasing, the increased demand -in connection with munition manufacture caused a somewhat -serious shortage during the latter stages of the war, which was -especially felt in the United States. As a result much exploratory -work has recently been carried on in an endeavour -to discover new deposits of importance; but up to the present, -although several fresh occurrences have been brought to light, -results have on the whole been disappointing.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'><span class='sc'>Occurrences</span></h3> - -<p class='c015'>Platinum usually occurs in nature as native metal alloyed -with one or more of its allied metals in the form of very fine -grains more or less flattened; sometimes in the form of irregular -nuggets; and occasionally, though rarely, in small cubic -crystals. It is sometimes coated with a black layer of iron -<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>oxide, which may be magnetic, in which case it is not easily -recognizable. When unrefined it is referred to as “crude” -platinum.</p> - -<p class='c007'>With the exception of a certain amount of the platinum -metals, obtained from the refining of copper and gold bullion, -particularly from the copper-nickel deposits of Sudbury, -Ontario, about 99 per cent. of the whole supply is derived from -alluvial deposits. Several occurrences of platinum <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">in situ</span></i> are -known, but so far few are of commercial importance: however, -in view of the indications of exhaustion shown by some of the -placer deposits, notably in Russia, the exploration of primary -ores is now receiving more attention and practical results have -already been achieved in Russia and in Spain.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The mother rocks from which the deposits are derived, in -the large majority of known cases, consist of basic and ultra-basic -igneous rocks, including peridotites, pyroxenites and -dunites. The two first are composed of iron magnesian silicates, -pyroxene, augite and hornblende with olivine, chromite, -ilmenite and magnetite: the dunites consist principally of -olivine with some chromite. These rocks are often found to -have undergone more or less alteration to serpentine. In -addition, platinum has been found in quartz veins, notably at -the Boss Mine, Nevada, and in a few known cases it has been -derived from formations in schistose, or altered sedimentary -rocks.</p> - -<p class='c007'>When present in serpentine, platinum is usually disseminated -through the rock in fine particles. It seldom occurs in a lode-formation. In sedimentary rocks it usually occurs in sandstones. -In cases where alluvial deposits have been derived -from the basic igneous rocks, the associated minerals are usually -chromite, magnetite, ilmenite, iridium and osmiridium. In -sedimentary deposits the metal is commonly associated with -quartz, copper, nickel, silver and palladium.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Platinum has been found in certain varieties of the copper -ores tetrahedrite and bournonite. It has occasionally been -located in shales and in coal, although not in recoverable -quantities. In the latter case, in an Australian coal, it is -associated with vanadium<a id='r1' /><a href='#f1' class='c011'><sup>[1]</sup></a> p. 992.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Several cases are known of platinum being present in meteorites, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>two well-authenticated instances having been reported -from Mexico. Platinum has been shown to exist in meteoric -iron from New South Wales.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Crude platinum, as recovered, contains from 70 to 90 per -cent. of the metal, and, as mentioned above, is really an alloy -of platinum with one or more of the allied metals, the chief -impurities consisting principally of iron and copper.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The table on the next page gives the analyses of typical -samples of crude platinum from the Urals, California, British -Columbia, and other places.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Platinum also occurs in combination with arsenic in the -mineral <i>Sperrylite</i> (PtAs<sub>2</sub>), in the form of minute octahedral -crystals. The colour of this mineral is tin white, its lustre is -metallic and brilliant, its hardness varies from 6 to 7, and its -specific gravity is 10·6. The mineral is brittle and breaks -with a conchoidal fracture. It is very rare, and is interesting -as being the only mineral of platinum known -besides the native metal. It occurs associated with sulphide -minerals of magmatic origin in gabbros and diabases, notably -in the nickeliferous pyrites of Sudbury, Canada, and in the -copper ores of the Rambler Mine, Laramie, Wyoming.</p> - -<p class='c007'>It is probable that the palladium, which is also found in -these deposits, is similarly present in the form of an arsenide, -but such a mineral has not yet been definitely proved to exist.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The following is an analysis of a sample of sperrylite: -platinum, 54·47 per cent.; rhodium, 0·76 per cent.; palladium, -trace; arsenic, 42·23 per cent.; antimony, 0·54 per cent.<a id='r2' /><a href='#f2' class='c011'><sup>[2]</sup></a> p. 69.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'><span class='sc'>Properties of the Platinum Metals</span></h3> - -<p class='c015'><i>Platinum.</i>—The colour is white with a greyish tinge. When -pure it is very malleable and ductile. Its coefficient of expansion -is less than that of all other metals. Platinum fuses -at about 1750° C., but the presence of impurities lowers the -melting-point. Its specific gravity is 21·5, and its hardness -is from 4 to 5. Its electric conductivity is low, being 13·4 -at 0° C.<a id='r3' /><a href='#f3' class='c011'><sup>[3]</sup></a> p. 398.</p> - -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr><td class='c012' colspan='10'><span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span></td></tr> - <tr><th class='c012' colspan='10'><i>Composition of Native Platinum and Osmiridium</i></th></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt c017'>Locality.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Pt.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Fe.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Pd.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Rh.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Ir.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Os.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Cu.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Os-Ir.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Remarks.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class='c017'><i>Platinum</i></th> - <th class='blt c017'>Per cent.</th> - <th class='blt c017'>Per cent.</th> - <th class='blt c017'>Per cent.</th> - <th class='blt c017'>Per cent.</th> - <th class='blt c017'>Per cent.</th> - <th class='blt c017'>Per cent.</th> - <th class='blt c017'>Per cent.</th> - <th class='blt c017'>Per cent.</th> - <th class='blt c018'> </th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Urals 1<a id='rB' /><a href='#fB' class='c011'><sup>[B]</sup></a></td> - <td class='blt c020'>76·22</td> - <td class='blt c020'>17·13</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·87</td> - <td class='blt c020'>2·50</td> - <td class='blt c017'>tr.</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·36</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·50</td> - <td class='blt c018'>Magnetic grs.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Urals 2</td> - <td class='blt c020'>73·58</td> - <td class='blt c020'>12·98</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·30</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·15</td> - <td class='blt c020'>2·35</td> - <td class='blt c017'>tr.</td> - <td class='blt c020'>5·20</td> - <td class='blt c020'>2·30</td> - <td class='blt c018'>Magnetic grs.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Urals 3</td> - <td class='blt c020'>81·34</td> - <td class='blt c020'>11·48</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·32</td> - <td class='blt c020'>2·14</td> - <td class='blt c020'>2·42</td> - <td class='blt c017'>tr.</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·13</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·57</td> - <td class='blt c018'>Non-magnetic.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Urals 4</td> - <td class='blt c020'>78·94</td> - <td class='blt c020'>11·04</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·28</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·86</td> - <td class='blt c020'>4·97</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·70</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·96</td> - <td class='blt c018'>Non-magnetic.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Urals 5</td> - <td class='blt c020'>86·50</td> - <td class='blt c020'>8·32</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·10</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·15</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c017'>tr.</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·45</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·40</td> - <td class='blt c018'>Non-magnetic.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Borneo</td> - <td class='blt c020'>82·60</td> - <td class='blt c020'>10·67</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·30</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·66</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·13</td> - <td class='blt c020'>3·80</td> - <td class='blt c018'>Gold, 0·20 per cent.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Brazil</td> - <td class='blt c020'>72·62</td> - <td class='blt c017'>tr.</td> - <td class='blt c020'>21·82</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·88</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'>Sand, 0·42 per cent.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Granite Cr., B.C.</td> - <td class='blt c020'>68·19</td> - <td class='blt c020'>7·87</td> - <td class='blt c020'>8·26</td> - <td class='blt c020'>3·10</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·21</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>3·09</td> - <td class='blt c020'>14·62</td> - <td class='blt c018'>Gangue, 1·69; non-magnetic.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Granite Cr., B.C.</td> - <td class='blt c020'>78·43</td> - <td class='blt c020'>9·78</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·09</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·70</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·04</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>3·89</td> - <td class='blt c020'>3·77</td> - <td class='blt c018'>Gangue, 1·27; magnetic.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Chocó, Col.</td> - <td class='blt c020'>86·20</td> - <td class='blt c020'>7·80</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·50</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·40</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·85</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·60</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·85</td> - <td class='blt c018'>Sand, 0·95.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Chocó, Col.</td> - <td class='blt c020'>84·30</td> - <td class='blt c020'>5·31</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·06</td> - <td class='blt c020'>3·45</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·46</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·03</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·74</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'>Gold, 1·0; sand, 0·61.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>California</td> - <td class='blt c020'>85·50</td> - <td class='blt c020'>6·75</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·60</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·00</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·05</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·40</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·10</td> - <td class='blt c018'>Gold, 0·8; sand, 2·95.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>California</td> - <td class='blt c020'>79·85</td> - <td class='blt c020'>4·45</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·95</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·65</td> - <td class='blt c020'>4·20</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·75</td> - <td class='blt c020'>4·95</td> - <td class='blt c018'>Gold, 0·55; sand, 2·69.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Oregon</td> - <td class='blt c020'>51·45</td> - <td class='blt c020'>4·30</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·15</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·65</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·40</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>2·15</td> - <td class='blt c020'>37·30</td> - <td class='blt c018'>Sand, 3; gold, 0·85.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Fifield, N.S.W.</td> - <td class='blt c020'>75·80</td> - <td class='blt c020'>10·15</td> - <td class='blt c017'>tr.</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·30</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·30</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·41</td> - <td class='blt c020'>9·30</td> - <td class='blt c018'>Gold, nil; sand, 1·12.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>“Australia”</td> - <td class='blt c020'>61·40</td> - <td class='blt c020'>4·55</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·80</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·85</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·10</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·10</td> - <td class='blt c020'>26·00</td> - <td class='blt c018'>Gold, 1·2; sand, 1·4.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Currumbin, Q.</td> - <td class='blt c020'>26·12</td> - <td class='blt c020'>27·17</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>2·51</td> - <td class='blt c020'>40·02</td> - <td class='blt c018'>Sand, 1·33.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class='c017'><i>Osmiridium</i></th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c018'> </th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Urals</td> - <td class='blt c020'>10·08</td> - <td class='blt c017'>tr.</td> - <td class='blt c017'>tr.</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·51</td> - <td class='blt c020'>55·24</td> - <td class='blt c020'>27·23</td> - <td class='blt c017'>tr.</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'>Ru, 5·85 (<i>Nevyanskite</i>).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Urals</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·14</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·63</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·65</td> - <td class='blt c020'>43·94</td> - <td class='blt c020'>48·85</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·11</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'>Ru, 4·58 (<i>Nevyanskite</i>).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>California</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>2·60</td> - <td class='blt c020'>53·50</td> - <td class='blt c020'>43·40</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'>Ru, 0·50 (<i>Nevyanskite</i>).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>“Australia”</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>3·04</td> - <td class='blt c020'>58·13</td> - <td class='blt c020'>33·46</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·15</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'>Ru, 5·22 (<i>Nevyanskite</i>).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Currumbin, Q.</td> - <td class='blt c020'>3·00</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>62·00</td> - <td class='blt c020'>33·00</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'>Sand, 2·00 (<i>Nevyanskite</i>).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c017' colspan='2'>/\ </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Tasmania</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·37</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·30</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0·21</td> - <td class='blt c017' colspan='2'>33·80</td> - <td class='blt c020'>57·09</td> - <td class='blt c017'>tr.</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'>Ru, 8·19; Au, ·04 (<i>Siserskite</i>).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class='c017'><i>Platiniridium</i></th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c018'> </th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Condado, Brazil</td> - <td class='blt c020'>55·44</td> - <td class='blt c020'>4·14</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1·49</td> - <td class='blt c020'>6·86</td> - <td class='blt c020'>27·79</td> - <td class='blt c017'>tr.</td> - <td class='blt c020'>3·30</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class='c017'><i>Native Iridium</i></th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c020'> </th> - <th class='blt c018'> </th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019'>Urals</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>19·64</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>0·89</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>76·80</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>1·78</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c018'> </td> - </tr> - <tr><td class='c021' colspan='10'>Reference—Pt., platinum; Fe., iron; Pd., palladium; Rh., rhodium; Ir., iridium; Os., osmium; Cu., copper; Os-Ir., osmiridium; Ru., ruthenium.</td></tr> -</table> - -<div class='footnote' id='fB'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#rB'>B</a>. Average percentage of Urals platinum is a little under 80.<a id='r4' /><a href='#f4' class='c011'><sup>[4]</sup></a> p. 558.</p> -</div> - -<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>Platinum is not acted upon by either nitric, sulphuric or -hydrochloric acid, but is soluble in aqua regia (1 part of nitric -to 2 parts of hydrochloric acid), or in other mixtures liberating -chlorine, with the formation of platinum tetrachloride -(PtCl<sub>4</sub>). It is not acted upon by air or moisture, even at high -temperatures. It is corroded by caustic alkalis, sulphides, -sulphates, phosphates and arsenides, if heated in contact -with them. It will not amalgamate with mercury unless -sodium is present, in this respect differing from gold and -silver.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Platinum, in a finely-divided condition, absorbs large -quantities of hydrogen or other gases, which on occlusion -become more active: hence its value as a catalytic agent.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Palladium.</i>—This metal resembles platinum, but is sometimes -fibrous, the colour being between that of platinum and -of silver. It possesses a lower melting-point than platinum—about -1550° C. It is malleable, has a hardness of from 4·5 -to 5, and a specific gravity of 11·5. As already stated, palladium, -when found in copper ores, is probably present in -combination with arsenic. <i>Porpezite</i>, a rare mineral, containing -gold and up to 10 per cent. palladium, has been identified in -gold-bearing veins in Brazil [see p. <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>].</p> - -<p class='c007'>Palladium is produced from the refining of copper matte -and of base gold bullion from Australia and elsewhere.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Iridium</i> is a brilliant white brittle metal, with a specific -gravity of 22·4, and hardness of 6 to 7. Its fusion point is -very high—about 2200° C.—and under ordinary conditions it -is not attacked by any acid. At 1100° C. it begins to oxidize -to a purple oxide. Iridium usually occurs either in crude -platinum, or alloyed with osmium, as iridosmine, or as native -metal. The bulk of iridium is derived from the platinum -placer deposits of the Urals, but the Californian metal is more -valuable, on account of its better quality. It is also obtained -in small amounts from copper bullion.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Osmium</i> is a hard and brittle metal, bluish-grey in colour. -Its specific gravity is 22·5, and it has a very high melting-point, -in this respect being the most refractory of the group.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Iridosmine</i>, or <i>Osmiridium</i>, an alloy of iridium and osmium, -occurs as hexagonal crystals, or flattened grains of lighter -colour than platinum. It may contain from 40 to 77 per cent. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>of iridium, and from 20 to 50 per cent. of osmium. If the -iridium predominates, the alloy is called <i>Nevyanskite</i>, and -<i>Siserskite</i> if the osmium content is high. It is distinguishable -from platinum by the brittleness of the flakes. Siserskite -gives off a pungent odour, if strongly heated, caused by the -volatilization of osmium. Iridosmine has a hardness of 6 to 7, -and a specific gravity of 19 to 21.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Ruthenium</i> is a white metal, with a specific gravity of 12·1. -It is scarcely acted upon by aqua regia. Ruthenium occurs -mainly in small amounts in iridosmine. It is also found in -the copper ores of Sudbury and other places. <i>Laurite</i> is a -very rare sulphide of ruthenium (RuS<sub>2</sub>), containing a small -amount of osmium, which has only been recognized in the -Borneo deposits.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Rhodium</i> is a white metal resembling aluminium, with a -specific gravity of 12·1, and a melting-point of about 2000° C. -It is ductile and malleable at red heat. In addition to its -occurrence in crude platinum, the metal is also contained in -small quantities in the sperrylite found in the copper ores of -Sudbury, Canada<a id='r5' /><a href='#f5' class='c011'><sup>[5]</sup></a> p. 779.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Colloidal Platinum.</i>—This has only recently been detected -in ores, and therefore its occurrence might not be detected -qualitatively. By destroying its colloidal condition, however, -its presence can be discovered in the ordinary ways<a href='#f4' class='c011'><sup>[4]</sup></a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'><span class='sc'>Metallurgical Treatment</span></h3> - -<p class='c015'>Crude platinum can be refined either by dry or by wet methods, -the following being brief outlines of the two processes:</p> - -<p class='c007'>By the wet method, the crude platinum is dissolved in -aqua regia, with excess of hydrochloric acid. Evaporation -is continued until the whole of the nitric acid is expelled. -By addition of a solution of ammonium chloride, the platinum -is then precipitated as ammonium platini-chloride. This -precipitate is heated to redness, when chlorine and ammonium -chloride are given off, and spongy platinum remains. The -last is next granulated, after fusion by the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe -in a small lime furnace. Platinum obtained by this -<span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>method may contain small amounts of iridium, rhodium and -palladium.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the dry method, introduced by Delville and Debray, the -crude platinum is smelted with galena in a small reverberatory -furnace. A portion of the lead is reduced to the metallic -state by the iron in the charge, and forms a fusible alloy with -the platinum. The osmiridium present settles to the bottom -of the furnace, and may thus be removed. Litharge is then -thrown in to form more alloy, and some glass to act as a flux. -The alloy is cupelled, and the residual platinum is then melted -in a lime furnace with the oxy-hydrogen flame. The -platinum thus obtained often contains iridium and rhodium.</p> - -<p class='c007'>A combination of these two methods is also sometimes -employed<a href='#f3' class='c011'><sup>[3]</sup></a> p. 403.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The electrolytic process of gold-refining was introduced to -treat platiniferous gold. In the gold chloride, or Wohlwill -method, iridium and osmiridium are insoluble, and remain -with the anode slime. Platinum and palladium, if nearly -pure, are also insoluble, but when present alloyed with gold -and silver, pass into the solution and remain there. In a -hot bath it is stated that the platinum present should not -exceed 50 gm. per litre. According to T. K. Rose, a cold -bath containing only 20 gm. per litre causes a certain quantity -of platinum to be deposited with the gold<a id='r6' /><a href='#f6' class='c011'><sup>[6]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>H. F. Keller, in “Platinum, the Most Precious of Metals” -(<cite>Journal of the Franklin Institute</cite>, November 1912) deals fully -with the extraction and refining of platinum.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'><span class='sc'>Platinum-Refining Agencies</span></h3> - -<p class='c015'>The following contains a list of the principal firms engaged -in the refining of platinum metals:</p> - -<p class='c006'>In England: Johnson, Matthey & Co., Ltd., Lees & Sanders, -Warstone Smelting Works, Sheffield Smelting Works, Johnson -& Sons. (This is the list of the Ministry of Munitions.)</p> - -<p class='c007'>In France: Legende et Cie., Compagnie Internationale du -Platine, Lyon Allemand, Lecht Lyonnais, Henrique Marrett, -Bonnen, Hesse Fils.</p> - -<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>In Germany: W. C. Heraeus, G. Siebert, F. Eisennad -& Co.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the United States: Baker & Co., American Platinum -Works (N.T.), Irvington Smelting and Refining Works, J. -Bishop & Co., H. A. Wilson & Co., Belais & Cohn, Kastenhuber -& Lehrfeld, Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co., -Wildberg Bros., and others handling scrap.</p> - -<p class='c007'>According to Russian information about 25 per cent. of the -Russian output before the war was refined in Germany. In -Russia there are practically no platinum-refining facilities<a id='r7' /><a href='#f7' class='c011'><sup>[7]</sup></a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'><span class='sc'>The Uses of Platinum and its Allies</span></h3> - -<p class='c015'><i>Platinum.</i>—In the chemical industry platinum is largely -used for catalyzers in the manufacture of sulphuric, acetic -and nitric acids; for stills for the final concentration of sulphuric -acid; and in the electro-chemical industry.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the making of “contact” sulphuric acid a “contact mass” -is charged into the chambers of the plant. This is formed by -soaking asbestos, or anhydrous magnesium sulphate, with -platinic chloride solution, and baking the mass to drive off -the chlorine. The contact mass usually contains from 7 to -8 per cent. platinum, in a very finely-divided state. In the -making of acetic acid from a mixture of air and alcohol -vapour, platinized asbestos is used. For the catalyzer used -in the conversion of ammonia into nitric acid a very fine-meshed -platinum gauze is used; this is strengthened at its -edges with platinum-iridium wire. One ounce of platinum -is required for the production per annum of 25 tons of catalytic -acid, or of 40 tons of nitric acid from ammonia.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the finely-divided state all the other metals of the -platinum group, especially palladium, have also the facility -of absorbing great quantities of certain gases, and can be -used as catalysts.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Owing to its high melting-point, and to the resistance to the -action of acids at high temperatures, platinum is largely used -for chemical ware in the form of crucibles, dishes, etc. Platinum -crucibles are indispensable in the chemical analysis of -rocks.</p> - -<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>In the electrical industry platinum is largely used for contact -points, in telegraph and telephone apparatus, in magneto-contacts, -and in the construction of the thermo-couples of -pyrometers. In the manufacture of jewellery, especially in -the crown-setting of diamonds, platinum has been much used -in the place of gold: alloyed with a little iridium it can be -worked into delicate designs, which are durable. During the -war, however, when platinum was largely wanted in the -making of munitions, its use in jewellery manufacture was -much restricted. Platinum was formerly largely used in dentistry. -In photography potassium platino-chloride is required -for producing platinotype prints. In the form of barium -platino-cyanide it is used in X-ray photography as a coating -for the projecting screen.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Platinum is required in the manufacture of certain parts -of chronometers, theodolites and watches; also for standard -weights and measures, and for various types of self-lighting -lamps<a href='#f4' class='c011'><sup>[4]</sup></a> p. 561.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Palladium</i> has its chief value as a substitute for platinum, -in palladium-gold alloys, which are used extensively in dentistry, -for jewellery and for chemical ware. It is also utilized -in the manufacture of astronomical instruments and watches, -also for plating metal ware<a href='#f1' class='c011'><sup>[1]</sup></a> p. 1002. The use of palladium -as a catalyzer is well known.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Iridium</i>, when pure, is of small value, being difficult to manipulate -on account of its brittleness. It is principally used in -alloy with platinum for hardening purposes. Jewellers’ -platinum usually contains 10 per cent. iridium, and in the -electrical industry an alloy composed of from 15 to 50 per -cent. iridium is usually employed. Alloys with up to 10 per -cent. of iridium are ductile and malleable, but with over that -amount are hard and difficult to work.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The metal is used in the manufacture of fountain-pen -points, for which purpose the grains require careful selecting<a id='r8' /><a href='#f8' class='c011'><sup>[8]</sup></a> p. 106; -also for standard weights and for contact points. -Iridium black, an oxide, is of value as a pigment for chinaware<a href='#f1' class='c011'><sup>[1]</sup></a> p. 1001.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Iridium is suitable for sharp surgical instruments, and gold -needles with soldered iridium ends are employed for stitching -<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>wounds. It is also used in photography. Iridium is of greater -scarcity than platinum, hence its greater value.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Osmium.</i>—There is now little or no market for osmium. -It was formerly in considerable use for the manufacture of -incandescent lamps. Osmic acid is used for staining anatomical -preparations in microscopic work. On account of the -poisonous nature of its vapour the extraction of osmium is -costly and dangerous.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Ruthenium</i> is also of little or no commercial value. Both -these metals possess the disadvantages of being brittle and -easily oxidized.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Rhodium</i> is of small commercial use. It is used principally -in alloy with platinum. An alloy containing 10 per cent. -rhodium is used for some thermo-couples of pyrometers, and -in the making of laboratory utensils.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Platinum Alloys.</i>—Platinum forms alloys with a number of -metals, but only a few are of industrial importance<a href='#f3' class='c011'><sup>[3]</sup></a> p. 400. -Platinum and iridium form a hard and elastic alloy, which -is unaffected by air, and takes a high polish. Alloyed -with 10 per cent. iridium platinum is used for one of -the wires in thermo-couples of pyrometers; and with 10 to -20 per cent. iridium for making standard measures of length -and weight.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Platinum and copper form various alloys. An alloy with -18·75 per cent. copper, called “coopers’ gold,” takes a high -polish and closely resembles 18–carat gold.</p> - -<p class='c007'>An alloy of platinum and silver containing 66 per cent. -silver is used as a standard of electrical resistance. An alloy -containing 20 to 30 per cent. silver is used in dentistry.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Platinum alloys with lead, zinc and other metals at low -temperatures; it is usually recovered from these alloys by -cupellation.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Platinum alloys with steel in all proportions. With 10 per -cent. platinum, rusting is prevented. A very elastic metal -is produced by alloying platinum with from 5 to 10 per cent. -gold.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The melting-point of silver is raised by alloying it with -platinum, but its thermal conductivity is lowered.</p> -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr><td class='c012' colspan='9'><span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span></td></tr> - <tr><th class='c012' colspan='9'>The following table gives the composition of the principal platinum and palladium alloys<a href='#f4' class='c011'><sup>[4]</sup></a> p. 561:</th></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt c019'></th> - <th class='btt bbt c019'> </th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Pt.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Cu.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Ag.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Au.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Ni.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Pd.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Other Constituents.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class='c019'></th> - <th class='c019'> </th> - <th class='blt c017'>Parts.</th> - <th class='blt c017'>Parts.</th> - <th class='blt c017'>Parts.</th> - <th class='blt c017'>Parts.</th> - <th class='blt c017'>Parts.</th> - <th class='blt c017'>Parts.</th> - <th class='blt c017'>Parts.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019' colspan='2'>Jewellery alloys:</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Platinum alloy</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1</td> - <td class='blt c020'>0–1</td> - <td class='blt c020'>2–5</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Platinor</td> - <td class='blt c020'>2</td> - <td class='blt c020'>5</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>1</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'>Brass 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Palladium alloy</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>9</td> - <td class='blt c018'>Rhodium 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Mock gold</td> - <td class='blt c020'>7</td> - <td class='blt c020'>16</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'>Zinc 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Mock gold</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>1</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>6</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'>Brass 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Mock gold</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1</td> - <td class='blt c020'>4</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019' colspan='2'>Coopers’ pen metal:</td> - <td class='blt c020'>4</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1</td> - <td class='blt c020'>3</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Watch alloy</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>13</td> - <td class='blt c020'>11</td> - <td class='blt c020'>18</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>6</td> - <td class='blt c018'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Watch alloy</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>25</td> - <td class='blt c020'>4</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>1</td> - <td class='blt c020'>70</td> - <td class='blt c018'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Watch alloy</td> - <td class='blt c020'>63</td> - <td class='blt c020'>18</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>17</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'>Cadmium 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019' colspan='2'>Platinum bronze</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>90</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'>Tin 9.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Dentists’ alloy</td> - <td class='blt c020'>5</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>3</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>4</td> - <td class='blt c018'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Dentists’ alloy</td> - <td class='blt c020'>7</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>3</td> - <td class='blt c020'>2</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Dentists’ alloy</td> - <td class='blt c020'>6</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>1</td> - <td class='blt c020'>2</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c018'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Dentists’ alloy</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>4</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>1</td> - <td class='blt c018'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019' colspan='2'>Palladium alloy</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>2</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>3</td> - <td class='bbt blt c018'> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<h3 class='c016'><span class='sc'>Alloy Substitutes for Platinum</span></h3> - -<p class='c015'>On account of the scarcity and high price of the platinum -metals, much attention has lately been directed towards the -discovery of suitable substitutes.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the electrical industry an alloy of 3 parts of palladium -and 2 parts of silver is in use, also an alloy of nickel and -chromium. <i>Platinite</i>, an iron-nickel alloy, containing 46 per -cent. nickel and 0·15 per cent. carbon, has the same coefficient -of expansion as glass, and, when coated with copper, is used -to replace the platinum connection wires of incandescent -lamps. Tungsten is sometimes used for certain ignition -devices. For cathodes an alloy of 90 per cent. gold and 10 -per cent. copper can be used to replace platinum; the same -alloy, if electrically coated with platinum, and then carefully -polished and burnished, is suitable for platinum anodes.</p> - -<p class='c007'>For platinum chemical laboratory ware, there are several -substitutes, such as fused quartz; various iron, chromium, and -nickel-chromium alloys; <i>palau</i>, a gold-iridium alloy marketed -in California; <i>rhotanum</i>, a general name for gold-palladium -<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>alloys containing from 60 to 90 per cent. of gold, which are -suitable for most chemical purposes, except for use with hot -concentrated nitric acid, and for electrolytic anodes; <i>amaloy</i>, -which is a complex alloy containing nickel, chromium, tungsten, -etc., highly resistant to corrosion and to cold nitric and sulphuric -acids<a id='r9' /><a href='#f9' class='c011'><sup>[9]</sup></a> p. 600.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the jewellery trade platinum has been replaced by an -alloy of 90 per cent. palladium and 10 per cent. rhodium. For -certain surgical work various <i>stellite</i> alloys, containing cobalt -and chromium, and hardened by the addition of tungsten -and molybdenum, are valuable substitutes for platinum, and -are not affected by antiseptic solutions. In dental work pins -are now made of tungsten coated with palladium<a id='r10' /><a href='#f10' class='c011'><sup>[10]</sup></a> p. 549. -For most technical purposes an alloy of tungsten and nickel -with gold or silver is used in Germany; it may be cast, rolled -or forged, is acid-resisting, and capable of taking a high -polish<a id='r11' /><a href='#f11' class='c011'><sup>[11]</sup></a>. <i>White gold</i>, another substitute for platinum, contains -fine gold, from 75 to 85 per cent.; pure nickel, from -10 to 18 per cent.; and zinc, from 2 to 9 per cent. <i>Illium</i>, a -chromium-nickel-copper alloy reported recently as the discovery -of S. W. Parr, of Illinois, is a substitute for gold or -platinum, costing only 25 cents per ounce. It is stated to -have been a “50 per cent. standard of success.” The alloy -withstands hot or cold, strong or diluted acid, can be both -cast and machined, and is already used largely in the manufacture -of calorimeter bombs<a id='r12' /><a href='#f12' class='c011'><sup>[12]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The results of researches made to discover substitutes for -platinum, and undertaken by the National Dental Association -of America, are described at length by F. A. Fahrenwald, in -a paper read in January 1916 before the American Institute -of Mining Engineers.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'><span class='sc'>Scrap Platinum</span></h3> - -<p class='c015'>A considerable amount of platinum in the form of old and -worn articles is now collected for return to the refineries, where -it is re-treated, and sold again as new metal. The trade in -scrap platinum has been particularly active in the United -<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>States, official statistics showing that in 1916, 49,400 oz. of -refined platinum were recovered.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'><span class='sc'>World’s Output of Platinum</span></h3> - -<p class='c015'>According to J. L. Howe, the estimated limits of the total -world-production of crude platinum, up to January 1917, were -as follows<a id='r13' /><a href='#f13' class='c011'><sup>[13]</sup></a>:</p> -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='c022'></th> - <th class='c023'><i>In oz.</i></th> - <th class='c024'>(<i>troy</i>)</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class='c022'></th> - <th class='c023'>Minimum.</th> - <th class='c024'>Maximum.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Russia</td> - <td class='c025'>7,115,482</td> - <td class='c026'>10,128,308</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Colombia</td> - <td class='c025'>700,000</td> - <td class='c026'>735,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Borneo</td> - <td class='c025'>175,000</td> - <td class='c026'>200,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>United States</td> - <td class='c025'>10,000</td> - <td class='c026'>12,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Canada</td> - <td class='c025'>9,000</td> - <td class='c026'>10,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Miscellaneous</td> - <td class='c025'>9,000</td> - <td class='c026'>10,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'> </td> - <td class='c025'><hr /></td> - <td class='c026'><hr /></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>Total</td> - <td class='c025'>8,018,482</td> - <td class='c026'>11,095,308</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'> </td> - <td class='c025'><hr class='double' /></td> - <td class='c026'><hr class='double' /></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c007'>On the other hand, James M. Hill<a id='r14' /><a href='#f14' class='c011'><sup>[14]</sup></a> states that possibly -5,000,000 oz. was the total world’s production to June 1917, -which he distributes according to the uses made of it as -follows:</p> -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='c022'></th> - <th class='c024'>Oz.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Chemical and physical apparatus</td> - <td class='c026'>1,000,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Electrical devices</td> - <td class='c026'>250,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Catalyzing</td> - <td class='c026'>500,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Dental uses</td> - <td class='c026'>1,000,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Jewellery</td> - <td class='c026'>1,000,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Minor uses and hoarded (balance)</td> - <td class='c026'>1,250,000</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c007'>It is difficult to obtain exact figures of the annual production -of crude platinum. This is particularly so in the case of -Russia, where there appears to have been a tendency for -private enterprises to keep their published outputs as low as -possible, in order to avoid registration. The discrepancy -between the official and actual figures of production in Russia -is variously estimated at from 20 to 60 per cent.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The table on the next page is compiled from the sources -considered most reliable.</p> - -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr><td class='c012' colspan='10'><span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span></td></tr> - <tr><th class='c012' colspan='10'><i>World’s Production of Crude Platinum</i></th></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><th class='c012' colspan='10'>(In troy oz.)</th></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt c019'></th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1910.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1911.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1912.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1913.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1914.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1915.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1916.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1917.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1918.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Borneo and Sumatra<a id='rC' /><a href='#fC' class='c011'><sup>[C]</sup></a></td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>200</td> - <td class='blt c020'>200</td> - <td class='blt c020'><a id='rD' /><a href='#fD' class='c011'><sup>[D]</sup></a></td> - <td class='blt c020'><a href='#fD' class='c011'><sup>[D]</sup></a></td> - <td class='blt c020'><a href='#fD' class='c011'><sup>[D]</sup></a></td> - <td class='blt c020'><a href='#fD' class='c011'><sup>[D]</sup></a></td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Burma<a id='rE' /><a href='#fE' class='c011'><sup>[E]</sup></a></td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>38</td> - <td class='blt c020'>57</td> - <td class='blt c020'>58</td> - <td class='blt c020'>37</td> - <td class='blt c020'>18</td> - <td class='blt c020'>9</td> - <td class='blt c020'>4</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Canada<a id='rF' /><a href='#fF' class='c011'><sup>[F]</sup></a></td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>18</td> - <td class='blt c020'>23</td> - <td class='blt c020'>15</td> - <td class='blt c020'>57</td> - <td class='blt c020'>39</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Colombia<a id='rG' /><a href='#fG' class='c011'><sup>[G]</sup></a></td> - <td class='blt c020'>10,000</td> - <td class='blt c020'>12,000</td> - <td class='blt c020'>12,000</td> - <td class='blt c020'>15,000</td> - <td class='blt c020'>17,500</td> - <td class='blt c020'>18,000</td> - <td class='blt c020'>25,000</td> - <td class='blt c020'>32,000</td> - <td class='blt c020'>27,030</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Madagascar<a id='rH' /><a href='#fH' class='c011'><sup>[H]</sup></a></td> - <td class='blt c020'>13</td> - <td class='blt c020'>3</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>New South Wales<a id='rI' /><a href='#fI' class='c011'><sup>[I]</sup></a></td> - <td class='blt c020'>332</td> - <td class='blt c020'>470</td> - <td class='blt c020'>610</td> - <td class='blt c020'>442</td> - <td class='blt c020'>244</td> - <td class='blt c020'>56</td> - <td class='blt c020'>82</td> - <td class='blt c020'>259</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Russia<a id='rJ' /><a href='#fJ' class='c011'><sup>[J]</sup></a></td> - <td class='blt c020'>176,334</td> - <td class='blt c020'>187,008</td> - <td class='blt c020'>177,596</td> - <td class='blt c020'>157,735</td> - <td class='blt c020'>157,182</td> - <td class='blt c020'>119,789</td> - <td class='blt c020'>78,682</td> - <td class='blt c020'>50,000<a id='rK' /><a href='#fK' class='c011'><sup>[K]</sup></a></td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>United States<a href='#fC' class='c011'><sup>[C]</sup></a></td> - <td class='blt c020'>390</td> - <td class='blt c020'>628</td> - <td class='blt c020'>721</td> - <td class='blt c020'>483</td> - <td class='blt c020'>570</td> - <td class='blt c020'>742</td> - <td class='blt c020'>750</td> - <td class='blt c020'>605</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019'>Victoria<a id='rL' /><a href='#fL' class='c011'><sup>[L]</sup></a></td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>184</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>127</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c027'><i>Canada.</i>—The recoveries of platinum at the works of the International Nickel Company in New Jersey for the years 1910–1912 -were 258,666 and 497 oz. respectively, chiefly from Canadian matte.</p> - -<p class='c027'><i>Russia.</i>—The <i>actual</i> productions of platinum as quoted in <cite>Mineral Industry</cite> in oz. were: 1910, 300,000; 1911, 280,000; -1912, 300,000; 1913, 275,000; 1914, 240,000; 1915, 124,000; 1916, 90,000; 1917, 50,000.</p> - -<div class='footnote' id='fC'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#rC'>C</a>. <cite>U.S.A. Mineral Resources, 1917, Geol. Surv.</cite></p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='fD'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#rD'>D</a>. Estimates not available.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='fE'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#rE'>E</a>. <cite>Records of Geol. Survey, India.</cite></p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='fF'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#rF'>F</a>. <cite>Mineral Production</cite>, Mines Dept., Canada. Figures are for alluvial production only, and far below <i>actual</i> production -figures, not including Ontario production from nickel matte, for which only incomplete information is available. [See p. <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.]</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='fG'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#rG'>G</a>. <cite>Mining Journal</cite>, November 30, 1918, p. 700, and <cite>Mineral Industry</cite>.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='fH'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#rH'>H</a>. <cite>Mines and Quarries Reports</cite>, Home Office.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='fI'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#rI'>I</a>. <cite>Annual Rept. Dept. of Mines.</cite></p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='fJ'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#rJ'>J</a>. <cite>Mineral Industry.</cite> These are <i>official</i> figures for production; <i>actual</i> production is much greater than these.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='fK'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#rK'>K</a>. Estimated.</p> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='fL'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#rL'>L</a>. <cite>Dept. of Mines Reports</cite> (platinum obtained from copper matte).</p> -</div> - -<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>The market value of platinum has risen considerably since -1880. In that year the price was 12<i>s.</i> 7½<i>d.</i> per oz. troy, in -1890 it was 25<i>s.</i> 3<i>d.</i>, and in 1900, 63<i>s.</i> 1½<i>d.</i> The average prices -in London and New York for the years 1910–1919 were as -shown on the accompanying tables:</p> - -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr><th class='c012' colspan='11'>Average price in pounds per troy oz. of refined metals of the platinum group in London</th></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt c019'></th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1910.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1911.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1912.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1913.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1914.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1915.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1916.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1917.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1918.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1919.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019'>Platinum Metals</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>9·1</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>8·6</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>9·5</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>9·5</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>8·1</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>10·9</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>10–14·5</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>14·5</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>20</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>24</td> - </tr> -</table> -<p class='c027'>1910, 1915, 1916 and 1917—<cite>Metal Market Year Book</cite>. -1911, 1912, 1913 and 1914—<cite>Mining Magazine</cite>.</p> - -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr><th class='c012' colspan='11'>Average price in dollars per troy oz. of refined metals of the platinum group in New York</th></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt c019'></th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1910.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1911.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1912.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1913.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1914.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1915.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1916.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1917.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1918.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1919.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Platinum</td> - <td class='blt c020'>33</td> - <td class='blt c020'>43</td> - <td class='blt c020'>46</td> - <td class='blt c020'>45</td> - <td class='blt c020'>45</td> - <td class='blt c020'>50</td> - <td class='blt c020'>84</td> - <td class='blt c020'>103</td> - <td class='blt c020'>106<a id='rM' /><a href='#fM' class='c011'><sup>[M]</sup></a></td> - <td class='blt c020'>114</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Iridium</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>65</td> - <td class='blt c020'>83</td> - <td class='blt c020'>94</td> - <td class='blt c020'>150</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Iridosmine</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>33</td> - <td class='blt c020'>35</td> - <td class='blt c020'>45</td> - <td class='blt c020'>80</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019'>Palladium</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>44</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>56</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>67</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>110</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - </tr> -</table> -<p class='c027'>1910, 1914, 1915, 1916 and 1917—<cite>U.S. Geol. Surv. Mineral Resources</cite>.</p> - -<p class='c027'>1911, 1912, 1913, 1918 and 1919—<cite>Eng. and Min. Journ.</cite>, vol. 107, No. 2, p. 77.</p> - -<div class='footnote' id='fM'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#rM'>M</a>. The price was fixed on May 14, 1918, at $105.</p> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span> - <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER II<br /> SOURCES OF SUPPLY OF PLATINUM AND ALLIED METALS<br /> <br /> (<i>a</i>) BRITISH EMPIRE</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c006'>The outputs of platinum metals in different parts of the -British Empire are shown in the table on p. <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c008'>EUROPE</h3> -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>United Kingdom</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>There is no known occurrence of platinum in the United -Kingdom, but there has always been much trade done there -in the platinum metals, England having been the second -largest importer of the big consuming nations. The following -were the importations of Russian platinum for five periods -since 1863:</p> -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='c023'><i>Period</i></th> - <th class='c024'><i>Oz.</i></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1863–1880</td> - <td class='c026'>512,005</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1881–1890</td> - <td class='c026'>167,999</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1891–1900</td> - <td class='c026'>437,645</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1901–1910</td> - <td class='c026'>259,111</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1911–1915</td> - <td class='c026'>71,624</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c012' colspan='2'><a id='r15' /><a href='#f15' class='c011'><sup>[15]</sup></a> p. 923</td></tr> -</table> - -<p class='c028'>The above figures do not include receipts of platinum for seven -different years since 1863, for which there are no records.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The table on the next page gives a summary of total imports -of platinum metals for the years 1910–1918, with the countries -of origin.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The platinum market in London was controlled by the -Government from January 1916 to December 1918, Johnson, -Matthey & Co., Ltd., acting as buyers. On December 26, 1916, -platinum was declared contraband.</p> -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr><td class='c012' colspan='11'><span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span></td></tr> - <tr><th class='c012' colspan='11'><i>Imports of Platinum Metals, wrought and unwrought, into United Kingdom</i></th></tr> - <tr><th class='c012' colspan='11'>(<i>in troy oz.</i>)</th></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt c019' colspan='2'> </th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1910.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1911.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1912.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1913.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1914.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1915.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1916.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1917.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1918.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019' colspan='2'><i>From British countries</i></td> - <td class='blt c020'>24</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1,011</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1,100</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>28</td> - <td class='blt c020'>458</td> - <td class='blt c020'>265</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019' colspan='2'><i>From foreign countries</i>:</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Russia</td> - <td class='blt c020'>4,167</td> - <td class='blt c020'>2,579</td> - <td class='blt c020'>461</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1,778</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'>7</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Germany</td> - <td class='blt c020'>5,837</td> - <td class='blt c020'>8,786</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1,669</td> - <td class='blt c020'>50</td> - <td class='blt c020'>3</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>France</td> - <td class='blt c020'>35,149</td> - <td class='blt c020'>30,449</td> - <td class='blt c020'>33,969</td> - <td class='blt c020'>33,149</td> - <td class='blt c020'>12,592</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1,878</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1,666</td> - <td class='blt c020'>632</td> - <td class='blt c020'>596</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>United States</td> - <td class='blt c020'>494</td> - <td class='blt c020'>794</td> - <td class='blt c020'>644</td> - <td class='blt c020'>3,623</td> - <td class='blt c020'>257</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1,265</td> - <td class='blt c020'>191</td> - <td class='blt c020'>2,716</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Colombia</td> - <td class='blt c020'>2,037</td> - <td class='blt c020'>4,909</td> - <td class='blt c020'>4,552</td> - <td class='blt c020'>3,725</td> - <td class='blt c020'>2,296</td> - <td class='blt c020'>139</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019'> </td> - <td class='bbt c019'>Other foreign countries</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>454</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>158</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>315</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>40</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>59</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>79</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>362</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019' colspan='2'>Total: foreign countries</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>48,138</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>47,517</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>41,453</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>42,640</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>15,188</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>3,348</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>1,936</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>3,348</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>958</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019' colspan='2'>Grand total, oz.</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>48,162</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>48,528</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>42,553</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>42,640</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>15,188</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>3,348</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>1,964</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>3,806</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>1,223</td> - </tr> - <tr><td class='c012' colspan='11'><a id='r16' /><a href='#f16' class='c011'><sup>[16]</sup></a></td></tr> -</table> - -<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>About 7 per cent. of the Russian and one-half of the Colombian outputs were sold to England during the war, as well as -most of the Australian and Indian production. Much of this -metal was refined in the United States.</p> - -<p class='c007'>According to J. E. Orchard<a id='r17' /><a href='#f17' class='c011'><sup>[17]</sup></a>, the commercial control -(financial) of the world’s output of platinum of 267,233 oz. -of 1913 was divided as follows: France, 74 per cent.; -Russia, 18 per cent.; United States, 4 per cent.; British -Empire, 2 per cent.; other countries, 2 per cent.; whilst the -political control (territorial) was divided as follows: Russia, 93 -per cent.; Colombia, 6 per cent.; other countries, 1 per cent.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>ASIA</h3> -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>India</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>Traces of platinum and iridium have been noticed in association -with the gold obtained from native workings at Bonai -City. The gold occurs in a deposit of iron oxide, which forms -the cementing material in a hard stratum of quartz pebbles. -The oxide is separated by pounding, and then washed away -to extract the gold. The proportion of platinum to gold is -probably less than 1 to 20.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Platinum occurs, associated with gold, in the gravels of the -Irawaddy River in Burma. A small quantity of platinum is -obtained at Myitkyina by the Burma Gold Dredging Company. -During the years 1911–13, 152 oz. were won by this company. -In 1915 the output was 17·7 oz., and in 1916, 9·25 oz. In -1917, 4 oz. only were produced<a id='r18' /><a href='#f18' class='c011'><sup>[18]</sup></a>. Owing to the cessation -of the golddredging operations at Myitkyina, Burma has -ceased to produce platinum, the quantity recovered during -the year 1918 being only 0·31 oz.<a id='r19' /><a href='#f19' class='c011'><sup>[19]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>It has also been located with iridosmine in the auriferous -gravels of the rivers draining the slopes of the Patkoi Ranges, -both on the Assam and Burma sides<a id='r20' /><a href='#f20' class='c011'><sup>[20]</sup></a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>AFRICA</h3> -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Rhodesia</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>Platinum has recently been located in the Gwelo district, -about 6 miles north-east of Indiva siding, where it occurs -in the great dyke of norite, which is here about 4 miles -<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>wide. A. E. V. Zealley, the late assistant Government geologist, -made this occurrence the subject of a special report<a id='r21' /><a href='#f21' class='c011'><sup>[21]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The country rock is a serpentinized dunite. The deposit -is capped by a ferruginous siliceous gossan from 4 to 5 ft. wide, -which may be traced on the surface for about 100 ft., and is -comparable to a fissure vein. The gossan consists largely -of hæmatite and chalcedony, with occasional veinlets of -copper and nickel minerals. Although the presence of platinum -in the ore could not be detected by panning, the possibility -of its occurrence on geological grounds was considered, and -a sample of concentrate from an unstated amount of ore was -forwarded to the Imperial Institute for analysis. The sample -was found to contain platinum to the amount of 1 dwt. 20 gr. -per ton. A report on the further development of this deposit -is awaited with interest.</p> - -<p class='c007'>A sample of concentrate from an unstated amount of material -from the gem-bearing gravels of Somabula Forest, Gwelo district, -was received at the Imperial Institute from the Director -of the Geological Survey of Southern Rhodesia in November, -1918. On analysis this sample yielded the following per ton: -platinum, 3 oz. 12 dwt.; osmiridium, 7 oz. The concentrate -also contained a large proportion of gold. As shown by the -latest information available, the deposits, although undoubtedly -rich, appear to extend over a limited area. According to an -analysis made at the Imperial Institute, a sample of chromite -from Southern Rhodesia (Selukwe) contained 0·17 per cent. -copper and nickel oxides, and a trace of platinum<a id='r22' /><a href='#f22' class='c011'><sup>[22]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>H. B. Maufe<a id='r23' /><a href='#f23' class='c011'><sup>[23]</sup></a> has stated that as the River Umtebekwe -drains two areas of ultra-basic rock containing chromite, it -might be expected to contain alluvial platinum, as well as gold, -and, as a matter of fact, platinum has actually been discovered -in a reef in the Great Dyke (norite), at the head of the -Umtebekwe valley.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The presence of platinum was recently reported at Willoughby’s -Halt, 12 miles south of Gwelo.</p> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Union of South Africa</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'><i>Cape Colony</i><a id='r24' /><a href='#f24' class='c011'><sup>[24]</sup></a>.—Platinum is present in varying quantities -in the copper-nickel deposits at Insizwa, situated in the Cape -<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>Province, close to the boundary between East Griqualand and -Pondoland.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The rock formation consists of a basin-shaped mass of intrusive -norite, averaging from 2,000 to 3,000 ft. in thickness, and -lying in the shales and sandstones of the Beaufort Series of -the Karroo System.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The ore body consists of sulphides of copper and nickel, in -association with pyrrhotite, the minerals occurring disseminated -near the basal margin of the intrusive in olivine picrite. -Gold and silver are also present in small quantities.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The average copper and nickel contents in the ore are each -about 4 per cent., and the platinum content averages from -2 to 3 dwt. per ton, the platinum being unequally distributed -through the ore<a id='r25' /><a href='#f25' class='c011'><sup>[25]</sup></a> p. 14.</p> - -<p class='c007'>It is not certain in what form the platinum occurs. It does -not appear to be present as sperrylite. In the opinion of -W. H. Goodchild it may occur in close association with the -silver<a href='#f25' class='c011'><sup>[25]</sup></a> p. 35.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Mining operations have been intermittently carried on here -during the last fifty years, the last exploratory work coming -to an end in 1911. Operations were, however, resumed early -in 1920.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Transvaal.</i>—Small amounts of platinum and its allied -metals have from time to time been noticed in black sands -from the battery “clean-ups” on the Rand at Klerksdorp -and other gold-mining districts, and platinum to the amount -of 2½ dwt. per ton is reported to have been present in residual -slimes at the Rietfontein mines<a id='r26' /><a href='#f26' class='c011'><sup>[26]</sup></a>. A specimen, consisting -of about 85 per cent. osmiridium and 15 per cent. platinum, -recently received at the Imperial Institute, was stated to -have been taken from a compact shale, immediately underlying -the banket reef in one of the mines of the Klerksdorp district. -In the large majority of the gold mines, however, the platinum -metals, if present, appear to exist in such small quantities as -to escape detection.</p> - -<p class='c007'>A series of samples of chromite from Kromdaal, near Rustenburg, -showed from a mere trace to 1 dwt. of platinum per ton, -and one sample of chromite from the Secocoeniland deposits -showed as much as 1½ dwt. of platinum per ton<a id='r27' /><a href='#f27' class='c011'><sup>[27]</sup></a>.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span> - <h3 class='c016'>NORTH AMERICA</h3> -</div> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Canada</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>The occurrence of platinum in Canada was first observed in -1862, in the course of gold-mining operations on the Rivière-du-Loup -and the Rivière-des-Plantes in the province of Quebec<a id='r28' /><a href='#f28' class='c011'><sup>[28]</sup></a> p. 210.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Since that time platinum has been found in a number of -localities associated with auriferous gravels, but the crude -metal has only been obtained commercially from the Similkameen -district in British Columbia. These deposits first -attracted attention in 1885. All the workings are alluvial, -although the platinum has in several cases been traced to its -parent source.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Alberta.</i>—Platinum and gold in minute grains, closely -intermixed, are found in the North Saskatchewan River, near -Edmonton. In 1918 certain platinum occurrences were -examined by the Munitions Resources Commission, visits -being paid to Fort Saskatchewan and the Peace River district, -in Alberta. These deposits, however, proved to be disappointing. -In the former locality, which was carefully tested by -drilling, the values of the samples obtained averaged less -than 10 cents in gold and platinum per c. yd. of gravel<a id='r29' /><a href='#f29' class='c011'><sup>[29]</sup></a> p. 427.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>British Columbia.</i>—Platinum, associated with gold, which -is the dominant metal, occurs in the Tulameen River and its -tributaries, the principal of which is Slate Creek, others being -Cedar, Eagle, Bear and Granite Creeks. The metal is present -in small rounded grains, or pellets. Chromite is often found -intergrown with the platinum, olivine and pyroxene usually -occurring in association. The heavy minerals remaining with -platinum in the concentrate are titaniferous magnetite, -chromite and native copper. The platinum is sometimes -magnetic, probably due to the covering of the grains by small -particles of magnetite<a id='r30' /><a href='#f30' class='c011'><sup>[30]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The following analysis, according to G. C. Hoffmann, is -representative of an average sample of crude platinum from -the Tulameen River:</p> -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr><td class='c012' colspan='2'><span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span></td></tr> - <tr> - <th class='c022'></th> - <th class='c024'>Per cent.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Platinum</td> - <td class='c026'>72·07</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Palladium</td> - <td class='c026'>0·19</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Rhodium</td> - <td class='c026'>2·57</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Iridium</td> - <td class='c026'>1·14</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Osmiridium</td> - <td class='c026'>10·51</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Copper</td> - <td class='c026'>3·39</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Iron</td> - <td class='c026'>8·59</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Gangue (Chromite)</td> - <td class='c026'>1·69</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c007'>Owing to the presence of osmiridium in considerable proportion, -the ore is classed as “hard metal,” and on that -account fetches a higher price. Many of the richer placers -have become exhausted, and work is now carried on by a few -individuals, principally Chinese, who work during the summer -months only. In some cases high benches, 50 to 100 ft. above -the creek bottom, are being worked. Much of the platinum -and gold is of a coarse texture, with a rough surface, and -the latter is sometimes found embedded in quartz. Nuggets -are sometimes found encrusted with chromite, and are thus -liable to be overlooked. The deposits are therefore not of -great age, and the metals have not been transported long -distances from their sources.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Kemp is of opinion that the platinum is derived from -pyroxenite dykes cutting through peridotites, which outcrop -on Olivine and Grasshopper Mountains.</p> - -<p class='c007'>It is of interest to note that some diamonds and rubies -have been discovered with the platinum in the Tulameen -deposits. They are of good quality, but of small size, and -occur in a matrix of dunite<a href='#f28' class='c011'><sup>[28]</sup></a> p. 210. American capital -dominates the platinum industry in the district. In 1918, -at the request of the Imperial Munitions Board, special investigations -in this area were undertaken by members of the -Geological Survey, and several prospecting bores were put -down to bedrock. Full reports of the work done are not yet -available, but it is understood that the results are considered -to be promising, and to warrant further examination of the -district<a href='#f29' class='c011'><sup>[29]</sup></a> p. 429.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Platinum was in 1918 discovered at Franklin Camp, near -Grand Forks, B.C., in the “Black Lead,” so-called, which is a -mixture of augite, 75·13 per cent.; orthoclase and microcline, -17·06 per cent.; hornblende, 1·47 per cent.; and magnetite, -6·06 per cent., as determined by microscopic measurements on -a typical specimen, with accessory minerals, chalcopyrite, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>bornite and apatite. A sample of chalcopyrite assayed 0·38 oz. -crude platinum per ton. Samples of the “Black Lead” -assayed from 0·02 to 0·17 oz. per ton<a id='r31' /><a href='#f31' class='c011'><sup>[31]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>At Burnt Basin, on the Mother Lode claim, an auriferous -quartz vein carries platinum, in amounts varying from a trace -to 0·25 oz. per ton. The quartz also contains chalcopyrite, -pyrite, galena, sphalerite and molybdenite<a href='#f31' class='c011'><sup>[31]</sup></a>. Native -platinum in small quantities has been found associated with -gold in the following localities: Tranquille River, Fraser -River, Rock Creek, Yale District, North Thompson and Clearwater -Rivers. It has also been reported to occur in a dyke -across the Kootenay River upon the Granite Poorman Mining -Company’s property a few miles from Nelson<a id='r32' /><a href='#f32' class='c011'><sup>[32]</sup></a>. At Siwash -Creek, in the Tulameen district, small flakes of platinum, -associated with chromite, often occur in shear zones in granite. -Dredging for gold and platinum is being carried on, on the -Peace River, North British Columbia.</p> - -<p class='c007'>According to J. B. Hobson the heavy concentrate produced -on the Consolidated Caribo hydraulic mine at Quesnel, contains, -besides gold and silver, platinum, palladium and osmiridium, -one analysis giving a total value of $3,873 per ton. -The gold and silver being non-amalgamable are probably -included in particles of pyrite and galena, whilst the platinum -metals are found as minute grains or are enclosed in particles -of chromite and magnetite. A system of “under-currents” is -being installed to properly dress this concentrate<a id='r33' /><a href='#f33' class='c011'><sup>[33]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In 1917 the recorded output of crude platinum from the -placer gravels of the Tulameen district in British Columbia -was 57 oz., that for 1918 being 39 oz. For the five years preceding -1892, this district produced on an average over 1,500 oz. -per year.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Manitoba.</i>—Samples of gold ore containing platinum have -been obtained in the Star Lake district of south-eastern -Manitoba<a id='r34' /><a href='#f34' class='c011'><sup>[34]</sup></a>. Analyses of the samples from different auriferous -reefs were made by the Department of Mines in 1917, -and yielded platinum varying in amount from a trace to 0·1 oz. -per ton. In addition to gold and platinum, the veins carry -small quantities of galena, zinc blende, pyrite, chalcopyrite -and arsenopyrite in a gangue consisting mainly of quartz.</p> - -<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>Platinum is reported to occur in auriferous quartz veins in -several mines and prospects in Le Pas district; a picked -sample of ore from the mine of the Northern Manitoba and -Development Company, assayed $49 gold and $17 platinum -per ton<a id='r35' /><a href='#f35' class='c011'><sup>[35]</sup></a>. McCafferty’s Prospect, about 5 miles away, -contains platiniferous quartz.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Nova Scotia.</i>—According to E. R. Faribault in <cite>Summary -Report</cite>, 1918, Part F, of the Canadian Department of Mines, -platinum has been found, mostly in traces, in some of the old -gold districts of Halifax county and, lately, in the tungsten -concentrates of the Moose River mines. So far, all occurrences -are in quartz veins in the lower quartzite and slate formation -of the gold-bearing series of the Atlantic coast. The -platiniferous mineral is supposed to be sperrylite, with which -is associated arsenopyrite.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Ontario.</i>—Sudbury is one of the few places where platinum -is profitably extracted from deposits <i>in situ</i>. The metal, -which was first discovered in this region in 1889, is found mostly -in combination with arsenic, as sperrylite associated mainly -with chalcopyrite in the well-known copper and nickel-bearing -deposits of the district.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The origin of the ore bodies has not yet been settled. They -are either marginal deposits in, or off-shoot deposits to, a norite -laceolith, which has intruded sedimentary rocks, the ores -consisting principally of chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and pentlandite. -Metallic platinum, gold, silver and palladium occur in -the ore, the last also, probably, as an arsenide. The highest -platinum content is associated with the highest copper content; -the highest palladium with the highest nickel. According -to Roberts and Longyear<a id='r36' /><a href='#f36' class='c011'><sup>[36]</sup></a> the mean analysis of rocks -of from sixteen drill holes gave an average ore content of: -copper, 1·11 per cent.; nickel, 1·95 per cent.; silver, 0·223 oz.; -gold, 0·022 oz.; and metallic platinum, 0·0068 oz. per ton. The -ore is principally worked for its nickel and copper content, -and yields a large proportion of the world’s supply of nickel. -The ore is first smelted at the mines, and a portion of the low-grade -matte so produced is then shipped to South Wales for -final treatment, the remainder being sent to the recently-constructed -refinery of the International Nickel Co., at Port -<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>Colborne, Ontario, and to the United States. It was stated -in 1903 that this matte contained on the average 1·25 oz. of -the platinum metals per ton of nickel content of the matte, -of which about 80 per cent. was extracted<a id='r37' /><a href='#f37' class='c011'><sup>[37]</sup></a> p. 10. The -Victoria Mine, owned by the Mond Nickel Co., is stated to -carry a high percentage of the precious metals, as is also the -Vermilion Mine, although in the latter case the ore body is -very small. In 1917 the total output of copper-nickel ore -from these deposits amounted to 1,506,828 tons, of which the -Canadian Copper Co. raised 1,139,629 tons, the Mond Nickel -Co. 361,335 tons, and the Alexo Mining Co. 5,864 tons. The -nickel content of the ore of the Canadian Copper Co. was -about 2·5 times that of the copper, whilst the ore mined -by the other two companies contained the two metals in -approximately equal proportions. The matte produced by -the Alexo Mining Co. is smelted by the Mond Nickel Co. -According to the report of the Royal Ontario Nickel Commission, -the matte produced by the Canadian Copper Co. in 1916 -was estimated to contain 4,640 oz. platinum and 8,460 oz. -palladium, corresponding to 0·10 oz. platinum and 0·15 oz. -palladium per ton of matte, the International Nickel Co. -recovering in that year 1,093 oz. platinum and 257 oz. allied -metals. This company is now reported to have improved its -methods of recovery. In 1918 the total matte shipment by -the Canadian Copper Co. is stated to have contained, among -other precious metals, 8,677 oz. platinum and 13,016 oz. -palladium<a id='r38' /><a href='#f38' class='c011'><sup>[38]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>According to information supplied by the Mond Nickel Co., -their nickel residues derived from the refining of the matte -are taken over by Johnson, Matthey & Co., Ltd. During the -years 1915–18 the residues disposed of were estimated to contain -the following amounts of platinum metals:</p> -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr><th class='c012' colspan='5'>(In oz. troy.)</th></tr> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt c019'></th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1915.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1916.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1917.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>1918.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Platinum</td> - <td class='blt c020'>3,078</td> - <td class='blt c020'>3,782</td> - <td class='blt c020'>4,913</td> - <td class='blt c020'>4,465</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Palladium</td> - <td class='blt c020'>5,474</td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019'>Iridium and Rhodium</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>973</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'> </td> - </tr> -</table> -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>Messrs. Johnson, Matthey & Co., Ltd., have kindly supplied -the following figures of platinum-extraction from these residues:</p> -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='c022'></th> - <th class='c024'>Oz. troy.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1916</td> - <td class='c026'>3,722</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1917</td> - <td class='c026'>4,719</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1918</td> - <td class='c026'>4,958</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c007'>The British America Nickel Corporation, who are developing -some large deposits in the same district, are also erecting a refinery -near Hull on the Ottawa River. It is stated that they will -employ the Hybinette process of electrolytic refining, and expect -to obtain a high recovery of the precious metals<a href='#f29' class='c011'><sup>[29]</sup></a> p. 425.</p> - -<p class='c007'>With gradual improvements in the refining process, and -with the refining of the whole of the matte produced, instead -of a portion only, as at present, it seems probable that the -production of platinum metals by the three nickel companies -may in time exceed 10,000 oz. per annum.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The 1919 report of the Ontario Bureau of Mines shows that -in 1918 the International Nickel Co. treated 62,250 tons of -matte for 650 fine oz. of platinum, 787 oz. of palladium, and -473 oz. of metals of the rhodium group. This cannot be used -as a basis of calculation, as the proportions are not constant.</p> - -<p class='c007'>On the Quinn claims, near the Crœsus Mine, Munro Township, -is auriferous quartz containing platinum. Five assays -gave a platinum content of value ranging from $180 to $1,800 -per ton (with platinum at from $40 to $50 per oz.)<a href='#f31' class='c011'><sup>[31]</sup></a>. The -Abro Mine in the Timiskaming district in 1915 shipped between -5,000 and 6,000 tons of ore, containing 0·03 oz. of palladium -and platinum per ton. The ore consists of pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite -and pentlandite, in a gangue of altered peridotite and -serpentine<a href='#f7' class='c011'><sup>[7]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Yukon Territory.</i>—Platinum occurs associated with gold in -small quantities in most of the tributaries of the Yukon River, -notably at the mouth of the Hootalinqua River, and in the -River Lewis<a href='#f37' class='c011'><sup>[37]</sup></a> p. 12.</p> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Newfoundland</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>Chromite derived from the serpentinized area in the region -of Mount Cormack, situated in the central part of the island, -has been found to contain small quantities of platinum<a id='r39' /><a href='#f39' class='c011'><sup>[39]</sup></a>.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span> - <h3 class='c016'>AUSTRALASIA</h3> -</div> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Australia</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>The most important occurrences of platinum in the Commonwealth -are at Fifield and at Platina, in New South Wales.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The outputs of crude platinum in Australia in recent years -were all exported to the United Kingdom as under:</p> -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt c023'>Year.</th> - <th class='btt bbt c024'>Troy oz.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1910</td> - <td class='c026'>332</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1911</td> - <td class='c026'>470</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1912</td> - <td class='c026'>610</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1913</td> - <td class='c026'>442</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1914</td> - <td class='c026'>244</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1915</td> - <td class='c026'>56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1916</td> - <td class='c026'>82</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1917</td> - <td class='c026'>259</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c022'>1918</td> - <td class='bbt c026'>607</td> - </tr> -</table> -<p class='c027'><i>Note.</i>—These figures do not include the osmiridium produced in Tasmania.</p> -<p class='c007'>Recent imports of manufactured platinum were as under:</p> -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt c022'></th> - <th class='btt bbt c024'>Oz.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1910</td> - <td class='c026'>320</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1911</td> - <td class='c026'>504</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1912</td> - <td class='c026'>318</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1913</td> - <td class='c026'>301</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1914–15</td> - <td class='c026'>223</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>1915–16</td> - <td class='c026'>89</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c022'>1917–18</td> - <td class='bbt c026'>18</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c007'>The question of the refining of platinum in Australia has -been under consideration for some time; so far the crude -material has all been sent to England. The outlook for -future production of crude platinum in Australia is not -promising, with the exception of that of Bald Hill district, -Tasmania.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>New South Wales.</i>—Platinum is obtained at Platina, in the -Fifield division, in the east central part of the State, from a -buried gravel channel, in which it occurs in association with -gold and osmiridium. The rocks in the vicinity of the “leads” -consist chiefly of slates, but the source of the platinum is not -known<a href='#f4' class='c011'><sup>[4]</sup></a> p. 557. These deposits were first exploited in 1894, -and from that year to 1918 inclusive, the total output of -platinum from New South Wales was 14,680 oz.<a id='r40' /><a href='#f40' class='c011'><sup>[40]</sup></a>. The -gravels have yielded amounts of 6 dwt. platinum and 2 dwt. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>gold per ton, but according to Government reports the richer -deposits are nearly worked out; mining operations are carried -on with great difficulty, as there is a great scarcity of water -and a deep overburden, varying from 20 to 80 ft. in depth. -It is estimated that there are 200 acres of platinum-country -available, sufficiently rich to pay, were it worked on a large -scale with an abundant supply of water<a id='r41' /><a href='#f41' class='c011'><sup>[41]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>A new occurrence has recently been discovered about 1 -mile distant from the old Platina deep “lead,” the platinum -being associated with small quantities of gold. The “lead” -has so far been proved to extend over an area about 1 mile -in length, and from 60 to 150 ft. in width, the wash varying -in depth from a few feet to up to about 80 ft. The pay gravels, -which rest on shales and sandstones of Silurian and Devonian -age, intruded by dioritic dykes, are stated to be from 1 to 3 ft. -thick. The following analysis is representative of the crude -platinum produced:</p> -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='c022'></th> - <th class='c024'>Per cent.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Platinum</td> - <td class='c026'>75·90</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Iridium</td> - <td class='c026'>1·30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Rhodium</td> - <td class='c026'>1·30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Palladium</td> - <td class='c026'>trace</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Osmiridium</td> - <td class='c026'>9·30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Iron</td> - <td class='c026'>10·15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c022'>Silica</td> - <td class='c026'>1·12</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c012' colspan='2'><a id='r42' /><a href='#f42' class='c011'><sup>[42]</sup></a> p. 14.</td></tr> -</table> - -<p class='c007'>Platinum is frequently found in beach sand deposits on the -coastal border between Queensland and New South Wales, -notably at Ballina, close to the mouth of the Richmond River; -at Evans Head, further south; and at Currumbin, near the -mouth of the Tweed River. In this locality black sands containing -platinum, associated with gold, cassiterite, monazite -and osmiridium, accumulate on the beaches during stormy -weather. At Ballina and Evans Head, the platinum predominates -over the gold, but at Currumbin, further south, the -gold is in the greater quantity<a href='#f4' class='c011'><sup>[4]</sup></a> p. 557. The minerals are -present in a very finely-divided state, and separation of the -valuable metals is a matter of considerable difficulty. The -problem does not appear to have been satisfactorily solved up -to the present time, although promising experiments have -recently been carried out with screening and magnetic treatment. -The deposits are, unfortunately, very low grade.</p> - -<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>The sources of the metals are uncertain. The platinum and -osmiridium appear to have been derived from the western -edge of the Clarence coal measures, which now exist only as -fragmentary outcrops. The gold, tin and monazite may have -their origin in granite and other rocks of the New England -tableland. Chromite is present in some of the Currumbin -sands, which suggests serpentine as the probable source of -platinum<a href='#f4' class='c011'><sup>[4]</sup></a> p. 557. Other associations are zircon, garnet, -tourmaline, ilmenite, magnetite and sapphire.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the Broken Hill district, principally at Little Darling -and Mulga Springs Creek, platinum has been proved to extend -over a considerable area in a copper-nickel gossan, closely -associated with gabbro, decomposed gneisses and schists. In -addition to platinum, the amounts of which vary from a trace -to 16 dwt. per ton, gold, silver, iridium and palladium are -also present<a id='r43' /><a href='#f43' class='c011'><sup>[43]</sup></a>. The deposits bear some resemblance to the -nickel deposits of Sudbury, Ontario, and it is thought that here, -too, the platinum occurs combined with arsenic, as sperrylite.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Queensland.</i>—In addition to the beach deposits between -Southport and Currumbin, described above, platinum has -been found in Coopooroo and Wairamba Creeks on the Russell -Goldfield, near Innisfail; also in the Lucknow and Alma -“reefs” of the Gympie Goldfield, where it is present in quartz -lodes with native gold, and arsenopyrite, the accompanying -rocks consisting of slates, alternating with volcanic tuffs and -conglomerates; the metal also exists in the neighbouring -gold-bearing alluvial deposits of Brickfield Gully.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Another occurrence of alluvial platinum is known at the -head of the Don River in Central Queensland<a href='#f4' class='c011'><sup>[4]</sup></a> p. 556.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Victoria.</i>—Platinum occurs in the Walhalla Copper Mine, -where it is associated in a hornblende-diorite lode-formation -with copper pyrites, gold and silver. The ore is stated to contain -from 2 to 7 dwt. platinum per ton. In the Thompson -River Copper Mine platinum is found in a hornblendic rock -rich in chalcopyrite.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Tasmania.</i>—Iridosmine has been produced from the Bald -Hill district near Waratah, in the north-western part of the -state, since 1900, the metal being obtained from placer deposits -in Nineteen Mile Creek and its tributaries, Linger-and-Die, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>McGinty’s and Barren Creeks, and from Savage River. It -has been located <i>in situ</i> in the rocks of Bald Hill, principally -in serpentine, but also with chalcedony and opaline silica in -lode-formations. In the former case, it is associated with -magnetite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, nickel and gold. The iridosmine -in the placer deposits is sometimes coated with iron oxide, and -is also at times found enclosed in chromite. The following -analysis in percentages, made at the Imperial Institute, is -typical: osmium, 57·09; iridium, 33·80; platinum, 0·37; -ruthenium, 8·19; palladium, 0·21; gold, 0·04; iron, 0·30; -copper, trace.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Other localities in Tasmania at which osmiridium has been -located are Heazlewood River, Whyte River, Castray River, -Huskisson River, Wilson River and Boyes River; also the -Badger gold diggings, west of Savage River, and the Salisbury -goldfield near Beaconsfield.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The following table gives the recent annual output of osmiridium -in Tasmania:</p> -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt c017'>Year.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>oz. (troy).</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Value in £.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c029'>1910</td> - <td class='blt c020'>120  </td> - <td class='blt c020'>530</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c029'>1911</td> - <td class='blt c020'>272·9</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1,188</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c029'>1912</td> - <td class='blt c020'>778·8</td> - <td class='blt c020'>5,742</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c029'>1913</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1,261·6</td> - <td class='blt c020'>12,016</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c029'>1914</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1,018·8</td> - <td class='blt c020'>10,076</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c029'>1915</td> - <td class='blt c020'>247  </td> - <td class='blt c020'>1,581</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c029'>1916</td> - <td class='blt c020'>222·2</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1,899</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c029'>1917</td> - <td class='blt c020'>332·1</td> - <td class='blt c020'>4,898</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c029'>1918</td> - <td class='blt c020'>1,607  </td> - <td class='blt c020'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c029'>1919</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>1,669·7</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>39,614</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c007'><i>South Australia.</i>—In the north-east part of the State traces -of platinum have been recognized by analysis as occurring in -the outcrop of a lode near Boolcoomatta. Further information -on this occurrence is not available.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Papua.</i>—Osmiridium, associated with small amounts of -gold only, is known to occur as alluvial in the neighbourhoods -of various serpentine areas; in the Lakekamu district, in -flaky form; in the Yodda Valley, in appearance similar to -native bismuth; and in other places in shot-like granules<a id='r44' /><a href='#f44' class='c011'><sup>[44]</sup></a>.</p> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>New Zealand</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>Platinum is only obtained commercially in New Zealand -from the Orepuki district of Southland, where it is produced -<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>by the Round Hill Gold Mining Company as a by-product in -the washing of auriferous gravels. According to information -recently supplied by the Mines Department, the annual output -of crude platinum for the last ten years has averaged 30 oz., -but in view of the recent falling-off of the gold production in -this locality, the prospects of any increase in the output of -platinum seem small.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In South Island the presence of platinum has been reported -on the Thames River in quartz lodes, in a region of serpentine -and diorite, and in a pyritic lode near the Taramakau River in -the district of Westland, in close proximity to sheets of altered -magnesian eruptive rocks<a href='#f4' class='c011'><sup>[4]</sup></a> p. 557. The platinum in the -latter case occurs in association with silver, in the proportions -of about 7 parts of the latter to 1 of the former, together -with pyrite and limonite. Samples taken from the lode have -been stated to have an average content of 3 dwt. 8 gr. platinum -per ton<a id='r45' /><a href='#f45' class='c011'><sup>[45]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Other localities in South Island where platinum has been -located are the Taraka and George Rivers, which flow into -Awarua Bay; the east coast of Otago, in beach sands and -river gravels; the Clutha River; and the Nelson gold district.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Concentrates containing up to 2·5 per oz. per ton are reported -to have been obtained from the Parapara sub-division. -Platinum in New Zealand is often associated with gold, and -the deposits are in many cases similar to those of the Urals.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span> - <h2 class='c005'>CHAPTER III<br /> SOURCES OF SUPPLY OF PLATINUM METALS<br /> <br /> (<i>b</i>) FOREIGN COUNTRIES</h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c008'>EUROPE</h3> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>France</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>Platinum metals are not produced in France, but platinum -is known to occur at several places. In the Department of -Charaste and Deux Sevres it occurs associated with pyrite -and limonite; in the Valle du Drae, Hautes Alpes, above -Chatalard, platinum occurs in tetrahedrite in metamorphic -limestone; at St. Arey, near La Mure (Isere), it occurs in -bournonite, in dolomite and altered limestone. Platinum is -found in argentiferous tetrahedrite and malachite near Presles, -in Savoy<a href='#f31' class='c011'><sup>[31]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>As mentioned below, under Russia (p. <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>), France controlled -the production of platinum in Russia before the war through -the Compagnie Internationale du Platine, due to its extensive -ownership of platinum deposits and its contracts with -Russian companies.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The accompanying table gives a summary of recent imports, -with countries of origin, as far as can be obtained.</p> - -<h4 class='c008'><i>Imports</i></h4> - -<p class='c015'>Recent imports in kilograms (42·87 troy oz.) into France -of crude, manufactured and scrap platinum, were as under:</p> -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr><td class='c012' colspan='9'><span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span></td></tr> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt c030'>From Year.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blmd c030'>United Kingdom.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c030'>Russia.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c030'>Germany.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c030'>Serbia.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c030'>Switzerland.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c030'>Austria-Hungary.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c030'>Other countries.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blmd c030'>Total.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c030'>1910</td> - <td class='blmd c031'>480</td> - <td class='blt c031'>5,878</td> - <td class='blt c031'>1,104</td> - <td class='blt c031'>204</td> - <td class='blt c031'>85</td> - <td class='blt c031'> </td> - <td class='blt c031'>44</td> - <td class='blmd c031'>7,795</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c030'>1911</td> - <td class='blmd c031'>575</td> - <td class='blt c031'>6,895</td> - <td class='blt c031'>822</td> - <td class='blt c031'>782</td> - <td class='blt c031'>127</td> - <td class='blt c031'> </td> - <td class='blt c031'>192</td> - <td class='blmd c031'>9,393</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c030'>1912</td> - <td class='blmd c031'> </td> - <td class='blt c031'>5,454</td> - <td class='blt c031'>283</td> - <td class='blt c031'>144</td> - <td class='blt c031'> </td> - <td class='blt c031'>271</td> - <td class='blt c031'>84</td> - <td class='blmd c031'>6,235</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c030'>1913</td> - <td class='blmd c031'>78</td> - <td class='blt c031'>4,500</td> - <td class='blt c031'>220</td> - <td class='blt c031'> </td> - <td class='blt c031'>2</td> - <td class='blt c031'>171</td> - <td class='blt c031'>97</td> - <td class='blmd c031'>5,067</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c030'>1914</td> - <td class='bbt blmd c031'>63</td> - <td class='bbt blt c031'>2,595</td> - <td class='bbt blt c031'>161</td> - <td class='bbt blt c031'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c031'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c031'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c031'>102</td> - <td class='bbt blmd c031'>2,921</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c030'>1915</td> - <td class='blmd c031'> </td> - <td class='blt c031'> </td> - <td class='blt c031 bbt' rowspan='4'>No</td> - <td class='blt c030 bbt' rowspan='4'>details</td> - <td class='blt c032 bbt' rowspan='4'>available</td> - <td class='blt c031'> </td> - <td class='blt c031'> </td> - <td class='blmd c031'>188</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c030'>1916</td> - <td class='blmd c031'> </td> - <td class='blt c031'> </td> - - - - <td class='blt c031'> </td> - <td class='blt c031'> </td> - <td class='blmd c031'>578</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c030'>1917</td> - <td class='blmd c031'> </td> - <td class='blt c031'> </td> - - - - <td class='blt c031'> </td> - <td class='blt c031'> </td> - <td class='blmd c031'>578</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c030'>1918</td> - <td class='bbt blmd c031'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c031'> </td> - - - - <td class='bbt blt c031'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c031'> </td> - <td class='bbt blmd c031'>41</td> - </tr> -</table> -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Germany</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>Platinum has recently been discovered in Westphalia, deposits -having been found in Freudenberg, Siegen, Meschede, -in Siegerland, Sauerland and Westerwald. It occurs in a -series of fragmental deposits, including principally slates and -graywackes, the latter composed of quartz and slate, with an -argillaceous cement; it is also occasionally found in the recemented -fragments which are presumably derived from the -basal granite formation, underlying the platinum series<a id='r46' /><a href='#f46' class='c011'><sup>[46]</sup></a> p. 606. -The beds are believed to be of marine origin, -and are probably of Silurian and Devonian age. The platinum, -which is present in a very finely-disseminated state, is associated -with chromium, nickel, arsenic, antimony, iron, copper, -lead, zinc, silver and gold, some of which appear to have been -introduced by solutions at a stage subsequent to sedimentation. -Krusch investigated these deposits in 1914, and is of opinion, -in view of the similarity of the chemical associations with those -of the Ural and British Columbian formations, that the -original source of the platinum was peridotite, or other form -of basic igneous rock. A number of samples, analysed by -Krusch, yielded values ranging from a trace to 33·5 gm. -(1 oz. troy) platinum per ton<a id='r47' /><a href='#f47' class='c011'><sup>[47]</sup></a>. At the outbreak of war -the capital necessary for exploitation had not been raised, but -in 1918 it was stated that treatment works had been erected -at Wenden<a href='#f2' class='c011'><sup>[2]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>As mentioned above, about 25 per cent. of the Russian -output of platinum before the war was refined in Germany, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>and it is known that German capital was helping to finance -the pre-war platinum operations of that country<a href='#f2' class='c011'><sup>[2]</sup></a>.</p> - -<h4 class='c008'><i>Imports</i></h4> - -<p class='c015'>The following is a summary of imports into Germany of -crude, manufactured and scrap platinum in kilograms (42·87 -troy oz.) for the years 1910–13:</p> -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt c017'>From Year.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>United Kingdom.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>France.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Austria-Hungary.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Russia.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>United States.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Other countries.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c017'>Total.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'>1910</td> - <td class='blt c020'>419</td> - <td class='blt c020'>846</td> - <td class='blt c020'>265</td> - <td class='blt c020'>278</td> - <td class='blt c020'>127</td> - <td class='blt c020'>216</td> - <td class='blt c020'>2,151</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'>1911</td> - <td class='blt c020'>292</td> - <td class='blt c020'>895</td> - <td class='blt c020'>451</td> - <td class='blt c020'>190</td> - <td class='blt c020'>255</td> - <td class='blt c020'>239</td> - <td class='blt c020'>2,322</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'>1912</td> - <td class='blt c020'>458</td> - <td class='blt c020'>642</td> - <td class='blt c020'>554</td> - <td class='blt c020'>272</td> - <td class='blt c020'>48</td> - <td class='blt c020'>307</td> - <td class='blt c020'>2,281</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c017'>1913</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>191</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>683</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>233</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>451</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>236</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>230</td> - <td class='bbt blt c020'>2,024</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Russia</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>Up to the year 1914, Russia produced about 93 per cent. -of the total world’s supply of platinum, the metal being derived -from extensive deposits of alluvial sands in the Ural Mountains. -The platiniferous area extends approximately 80 miles along -the central part of the chain of mountains in the Government -of Perm, and along the eastern slope, the principal centre of -the placers being at Goroblagodat, and on the western side at -Nizhni-Tagilsk.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Platinum was first discovered in the Urals in 1823, and -exploitation commenced in the following year. In 1828 the -Russian Government instituted platinum coinage, which consisted -of 3–rouble, 6–rouble and 12–rouble pieces, the coins -containing about 2 per cent. iridium. A 3–rouble piece -weighed 10·31 gm., and the price paid by the Government -to the producers was 16<i>s.</i> 10<i>d.</i> per oz.; but owing to the subsequent -rise in value of platinum, the coinage was discontinued -in 1845<a id='r48' /><a href='#f48' class='c011'><sup>[48]</sup></a> p. 606.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The platinum industry began to develop in 1869, the price -at that time being under £5 per lb.<a id='r49' /><a href='#f49' class='c011'><sup>[49]</sup></a>, but from that year -onwards the value, although subject to considerable fluctuations, -has steadily increased. It has been estimated that -since the beginning of the industry in Russia, about 6,000,000 -<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>oz. of platinum have been recovered from 30,000,000 to -40,000,000 c. yd. of gravel.</p> - -<p class='c007'>As was explained in Chapter I, the official statistics of the -Russian output of crude platinum are considered to be low. -In the following table, the estimated and official figures of -production are given for the years 1910–17:</p> -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr><th class='c012' colspan='3'><i>In oz. troy</i></th></tr> - <tr> - <th class='c023'>Year.</th> - <th class='c023'>Estimated output.</th> - <th class='c024'>Official output.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1910</td> - <td class='c025'>300,000</td> - <td class='c026'>176,334</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1911</td> - <td class='c025'>280,000</td> - <td class='c026'>187,008</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1912</td> - <td class='c025'>300,000</td> - <td class='c026'>177,596</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1913</td> - <td class='c025'>275,000</td> - <td class='c026'>157,735</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1914</td> - <td class='c025'>240,000</td> - <td class='c026'>157,182</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1915</td> - <td class='c025'>124,000</td> - <td class='c026'>119,789</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1916</td> - <td class='c025'>90,000</td> - <td class='c026'>78,682</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1917</td> - <td class='c025'>50,000</td> - <td class='c026'> </td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c007'>In the official statistics the Ural mining district is divided -into five principal areas. The following table shows the -annual outputs by districts in recent years:</p> -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr><th class='c012' colspan='8'><i>In oz. troy</i></th></tr> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt c017'>District.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1910.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1911.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1912.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1913.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1914.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1915.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1916.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>South Verkhotur</td> - <td class='blt c034'>111,070</td> - <td class='blt c034'>121,314</td> - <td class='blt c034'>118,048</td> - <td class='blt c034'>102,552</td> - <td class='blt c034'>106,528</td> - <td class='blt c034'>80,985</td> - <td class='blt c034'>52,353</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Perm</td> - <td class='blt c034'>46,068</td> - <td class='blt c034'>46,885</td> - <td class='blt c034'>38,709</td> - <td class='blt c034'>36,878</td> - <td class='blt c034'>38,050</td> - <td class='blt c034'>22,996</td> - <td class='blt c034'>14,818</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>North Verkhotur</td> - <td class='blt c034'>11,862</td> - <td class='blt c034'>11,362</td> - <td class='blt c034'>13,166</td> - <td class='blt c034'>11,376</td> - <td class='blt c034'>7,426</td> - <td class='blt c034'>12,288</td> - <td class='blt c034'>9,968</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Tcherdynsk</td> - <td class='blt c034'>6,359</td> - <td class='blt c034'>5,016</td> - <td class='blt c034'>6,162</td> - <td class='blt c034'>6,109</td> - <td class='blt c034'>4,753</td> - <td class='blt c034'>3,518</td> - <td class='blt c034'>1,542</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019'>South Ekaterinburg</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>972</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>1,040</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>1,382</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>816</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>421</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>2</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019'>Total</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>176,331</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>185,617</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>177,467</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>157,731</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>157,178</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>119,789</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>78,681</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c007'>Exports of crude platinum from Russia for the years 1911–15 -were as follows<a href='#f15' class='c011'><sup>[15]</sup></a> p. 923:</p> -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt c017'>To.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1911.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1912.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1913.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1914.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1915.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Great Britain</td> - <td class='blt c034'>1,053</td> - <td class='blt c034'>2,107</td> - <td class='blt c034'>1,580</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'>66,884</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>France</td> - <td class='blt c034'>168,527</td> - <td class='blt c034'>169,580</td> - <td class='blt c034'>140,615</td> - <td class='blt c034'>64,778</td> - <td class='blt c034'>7,900</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'>Germany</td> - <td class='blt c034'>51,612</td> - <td class='blt c034'>50,558</td> - <td class='blt c034'>58,458</td> - <td class='blt c034'>17,906</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019'>United States</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>5,266</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019'>Total</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>221,192</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>222,245</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>200,653</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>82,684</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>80,050</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>The platinum industry in Russia has always been mainly -in the hands of a few large firms of foreign countries. For a -long time Johnson, Matthey & Co., Ltd. controlled the greater -part of the trade. In 1898 the Société Anonyme de l’Industrie -du Platine was established in Paris, and, by purchasing a large -number of mines, and leasing others, was able to secure a large -share in the control of the industry.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The refining of the crude platinum has been, and still is, -almost entirely in foreign hands, all but approximately 2 per -cent. of the entire output being refined abroad. In 1915 it -was reported that the construction of a refinery at Ekaterinburg -was completed, which was to be placed under Government -control. The principal platinum-refining works were formerly -those of Johnson, Matthey & Co., Ltd., of England, but early -in the eighties this firm was, to a certain extent, superseded -by Heraeus & Co., of Hanau, Germany. They, in turn, in -1909, were compelled to give first place to the Société Anonyme -de l’Industrie du Platine, of Paris, which became the chief -centre of the platinum-refining industry, a position which it -held until the outbreak of war. France at that time had a -monopoly of 90 per cent. of the Russian production. This -foreign control had an unfavourable effect on the industry, -and in 1913 the Russian Government passed a law forbidding -the exportation of crude platinum. In July 1915, exportation -was again permitted, subject to a 30 per cent. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ad valorem</span></i> -export tax, and at about the same time an order was issued -forbidding the exportation of raw platinum in quantities -valued above 500 roubles (£53), the price of the metal to be -fixed by the State<a href='#f15' class='c011'><sup>[15]</sup></a> p. 923. In February 1917 the -Government further enacted an order prohibiting the importation -of drawn and spun platinum. It was hoped by -these means to encourage the establishment of domestic -refineries. In 1916 the Government fixed the price at £16 10s. -per oz. In March 1917 it was reported that the miners were -not satisfied, and later sales were reported up to £22 per oz. -of crude metal, 83 per cent. fine<a id='r50' /><a href='#f50' class='c011'><sup>[50]</sup></a> p. 17.</p> - -<p class='c007'>According to N. Vissotzki<a id='r51' /><a href='#f51' class='c011'><sup>[51]</sup></a>, the platiniferous belt -of the Urals, geologically speaking, consists of four parallel -bands striking, roughly, north and south; the westernmost -<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>of these, made up of crystalline schists, forms the watershed -between Europe and Asia. The next band to the east comprises -olivine- and mica-gabbros, diallage-peridotites, diorites -and altered syenites—all of which have been erupted from a -great depth. The third band is made up of Lower Devonian -sedimentary rocks, shattered and buried in places by diabasic -eruptive rocks. The eastern portion of this band is formed of -eruptive rocks of deep-seated origin which may be gneissose -granites. The fourth, or most easterly band, is composed -of ancient rocks, which have been eroded by the advancing -sea of Lower Tertiary age.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The area emerged from the waves as early as the Carboniferous -period; consequently the accumulation of -platinum, and in some localities of gold, in the surface-deposits, -were not swept away. They were concentrated later on in the -alluvia—perhaps at the time of the most intense glaciation, -probably in the Pleistocene.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Throughout the Urals, the primary source of the platinum -is associated with the eruptive basic rocks, among which the -platiniferous and auriferous dunite forms three great masses. -The principal outcrops of platiniferous dunite and platinum-bearing -alluvia are connected with the second of the four -parallel bands mentioned above. Towards the south, the -band becomes discontinuous, and finally dies out altogether. -Here a few outcrops of platiniferous olivine-rock contain a -small percentage of platinum, with osmiridium and other -members of the group associated with it.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The two principal platinum-producing districts are in the -central Urals, and are: (1) The Shuvaloff Estates, Isov -district, on the River Iss, near Goroblagodat. (2) The Demidoff -Estates, Nizhni-Tagilsk district, on the Martian River in the -South Verkhotur district. Prior to 1879 the latter field -furnished the larger part of the platinum, but since then the -former has been the most productive, and now supplies about -80 per cent. of the total output. The whole of the platinum -is derived from gravel deposits, which are usually auriferous, -and associated with dunite.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>The Isov district.</i>—Platinum is concentrated in the channels -of the Rivers Iss, Veeya and Tura. In the north of this region -<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>it is obtained from the Sosnovki, Kytlymi, and Mala Kosva -Rivers; further north again, platinum occurs with gold in the -Vagran River, and in the system comprising the Rivers Lobva, -Niasma, Lialia, Aktai, Emerlo and Talits, the gold here being -predominant. Other sources of supply of platinum and gold -in this district are on the Ivdevl River. In the south of the -area, platinum deposits are worked on the tributaries of the -Tagil, Salda, Imiaun and Tura Rivers<a href='#f15' class='c011'><sup>[15]</sup></a> p. 921.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>The Nizhni-Tagilsk district.</i>—The richest placers occur in -the valleys of the Visim, Martian, Sisim, Chaush and Cherna -Rivers. Further south, platinum is found with gold in the -gravels of the Nevian, Verkhne-Iset, Bilenibaev, Alapaev, -Sysert, Kyshtym and Mias areas, and also in the Tanalyk, -Sakmar and Urtazym Rivers.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Other localities of smaller importance are the Nikolae -Pavdinsk and Rastes districts in the northern Urals, and the -Systersk mining district.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The placers are derived from country rock, made up of -serpentine gabbro, diallage and olivenite, the principal associated -minerals being quartz, zircon, ilmenite, chromite, -magnetite, spinel, native gold and palladium. Gold is present -in the concentrate in very variable quantities, and sometimes -contains silver, but the latter generally occurs in combination -with palladium. The crude platinum usually includes some -iridium, rhodium, ruthenium and iron.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The basic igneous rocks, from which the platinum is derived, -are exposed in the form of discontinuous elliptical outcrops -near the summits of the Urals, particularly on the western -side of the mountains. These outcrops attain larger dimensions -in the northern and central Urals than further south. -The process of concentration of platinum in the gravels has -clearly extended over a very long period of time, and it is -probable that the richer gravels have been reconcentrated, -perhaps several times<a id='r52' /><a href='#f52' class='c011'><sup>[52]</sup></a> p. 299. Platinum nuggets are -rarely found, but three of large size were discovered in the -Nizhni-Tagilsk district, their weights respectively being -25½ lb., 21 lb., and 11½ lb.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Duparc, in a brief description of the geology of the deposits, -states that they are essentially of magmatic origin. The -<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>structure of the rock is in the nature of concentric bandings; -the felspathic rocks at the outer edge gradually grade into the -intermediate stage of pyroxenes, until the central dunite is -reached, composed of olivine and chromite. The richness of -the gravels is in proportion to the size of the dunite deposits, -and to the extent of erosion of these rocks. According to -Duparc, platinum ore derived from a pyroxenite source usually -contains high percentages of platinum and palladium, but -low percentages of osmium and iron. The same writer estimated -in 1916 that the reserves were sufficient for about -twelve years, provided that the same methods of working and -rate of extraction were employed during that period<a id='r53' /><a href='#f53' class='c011'><sup>[53]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The amount of the platinum in the wash is very variable. -The average yield was formerly over ½ oz. per c. yd., but -latterly, owing to the gradual exhaustion of the richer deposits, -the average returns have not exceeded from 2 to 3 dwt. -per c. yd. The crude metal assays about 83 per cent. -platinum, from 5 to 7 per cent. osmium and iridium, with -small amounts of ruthenium, palladium, and gold, and about -10 per cent. impurities, mostly iron and copper<a id='r54' /><a href='#f54' class='c011'><sup>[54]</sup></a>. The -thickness of the pay gravels varies from 3 to 6 ft., and about -4 ft. may be taken as the average width, the overburden -running from a few to over 60 ft. The extent of the productive -area is about 170 sq. miles, and from 15,000 to -20,000 miners were employed before the war<a href='#f4' class='c011'><sup>[4]</sup></a> p. 558. It -has been noticed that the platinum deposits are characterized -by their uniformity, of course not being so sinuous in direction -as gold deposits.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In former times mining was entirely carried on by primitive -methods with hand labour, but the utilization of dredges -has steadily increased, since their introduction in 1900. In -1909, 13 per cent. of the total production was obtained by -dredging, and in 1914 this percentage rose to one-third of the -total output. The season during which dredges may be -employed extends on the average from the middle of April -to the middle of October. In the South Verkhotur and Perm -areas dredges have been used in the large enterprises; but -at the small mines the working is very primitive, and carried -on largely with the help of <i>starateli</i>, or tributers. In 1914 a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>modern 7½ c. ft. dredge was installed on the Nikolaie-Pavdinsk -Estate.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In mines where dredging is not in use, the gravels are mined -by open cuts, or, if the overburden is thick, shafts are employed. -The former method is much preferred, both on account of its -relative cheapness, and also because it is possible to obtain -a better clean-up of the bedrock.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The usual types of stationary plant in use include the <i>botchka</i>, -or conical revolving screen; the <i>tchaska</i>, or puddling machine, -with a bottom of perforated iron plates; and the <i>boronka</i>, or -conical screen, on which the stones and clay are turned over -by a double rake<a id='r55' /><a href='#f55' class='c011'><sup>[55]</sup></a>. The gold is removed by amalgamation -with mercury in wood, iron or porcelain bowls. Special -methods are in use in certain parts of Russia for working the -deposits during the winter. The workings are allowed to -freeze, and the frozen ground is mined after being partially -thawed by means of wood fires. The method is simple, but -care must be taken to ensure that the thawing does not proceed -too far, otherwise the ground collapses, and the workings become -flooded. The method is suitable for depths to 30 ft., -and in localities where the snowfall is comparatively slight.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Latest reports from Russia indicate that no dredges are -now working there, the platinum being produced by hand -methods only.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Some interesting experiments were recently carried out by -V. N. Chorzhevski in the Nizhni-Tagilsk district, with a view -to testing the commercial possibility of mining platinum <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">in -situ</span></i>. The metal here occurs, in association with chrome iron -ore, in dunite rock, which in this region extends over an area -of 11½ sq. miles. The platinum appears to be present in -quantities directly proportional to the amount of chromite in -the rock. The dunite is first ground under runners; the -chromite slack is separated from it; and after this has undergone -a second grinding, the metal is separated by washing<a id='r56' /><a href='#f56' class='c011'><sup>[56]</sup></a>. -An experimental test, carried out in March 1917, is stated to -have produced over 200 oz. platinum from 9,720 lb. chromite -slack. Another experiment with 3,600 lb. of grey slack, “or -fines,” consisting chiefly of undecomposed dunite obtained from -the dredges, is reported to have yielded ⅓ oz. of platinum.</p> - -<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span><i>Lapland.</i>—Platinum occurs associated with chromite and -diamonds, in alluvial deposits on the Ivalo River. It is believed -to be derived from serpentine rock, of which the neighbouring -country is largely composed<a href='#f4' class='c011'><sup>[4]</sup></a> p. 556.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Finland.</i>—Platinum has been found in the south in a lode-formation -containing quartz, siderite, calcite and dolomite. -Gold and carbonate of copper are also present in small quantities.<a href='#f4' class='c011'><sup>[4]</sup></a> p. 557.</p> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Platinum Currency</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>In a dispatch to the Great Powers on February 26, 1920, -the Soviet Government promised to withdraw the decree -annulling Russia’s foreign debt, to pay arrears of interest, and -giving as a guarantee to an Anglo-American syndicate certain -important platinum and silver-mining concessions, in return -for which the abandonment of intervention in Russia’s internal -affairs was demanded. To be used in payment of foreign -purchases, the Government was about to issue “platinum” -credit notes of 50, 100, 500, and 5,000 roubles, the issue to be -limited to 65,000,000 roubles, and backed by platinum reserves -of 37,500,000 roubles. The Government would be ready to -convert the platinum reserves into coin if required<a id='r57' /><a href='#f57' class='c011'><sup>[57]</sup></a>.</p> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Spain</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>Promising deposits of platinum have recently been reported -at Ronda, in the province of Malaga. Domingo de Orueta, a -Government geologist, having noticed the similarity of the -geology of this district to that of the platiniferous deposits -of the Urals, proceeded, a few years ago, to explore the area -systematically, and was soon rewarded, in the discovery of the -metal. The deposits, which are alluvial, extend along the -Verde and Guadaiza rivers, and are derived from serpentine and -peridotite rocks, the latter composed principally of rhombic -pyroxene, with some spinel and some dunite. Chromite occurs -in association with the platinum. The pay gravels contain -about 8 gr. platinum per ton, and are stated to have an average -thickness of 5 ft., the depth of overburden in the Guadaiza -area, where apparently the richer gravels are found, being -about 33 ft., as compared with 49 ft. in the Verde locality<a href='#f10' class='c011'><sup>[10]</sup></a> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>p. 547. The Spanish Government have taken over the -exploitation of these deposits, and no public prospecting, -without Government permission, is allowed.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Platinum is known to exist in a number of other localities -in Spain, especially in the northern districts; but so far as is -known, it occurs in very small quantities of no commercial -importance. The metal has been recognized in the following -rivers: Minho, Luna, Sil, Orbigo, Gallego, Cinca Darro and -Lower Jenil, where it occurs in the concentrate sands, accompanied -by magnetite, ilmenite, zircon and, frequently, gold<a id='r58' /><a href='#f58' class='c011'><sup>[58]</sup></a>.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>ASIA</h3> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Armenia</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>Platinum, in association with gold, is reported to occur -in the district of Batum and Sasun, on the Charokh River<a href='#f46' class='c011'><sup>[46]</sup></a> p. 610.</p> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Borneo</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>Platinum was discovered in south-eastern Borneo in 1831, -in the gravels of Gunung Lawack, but for a long time the -natives were ignorant of its value. In recent years it has been -obtained on a small scale as a by-product in the process of -gold-washing, carried on in the province of Tanah-Laut, in -the south-eastern extremity of the island<a id='r59' /><a href='#f59' class='c011'><sup>[59]</sup></a>. The deposits -occur in streams, which rise in the Bobaris Mountains, where -the country rocks are composed of schists and gneisses, intruded -by serpentine gabbro and diorite dykes<a href='#f52' class='c011'><sup>[52]</sup></a> p. 298. -Platinum has, however, not yet been located <i>in situ</i>. In -addition to gold, the platinum is associated with osmiridium -in the gravels, the two former being frequently found intimately -intergrown. The platinum content of the native -metal has been found by a number of analyses to vary from -about 57 to 83 per cent., and that of osmiridium from 0·18 -to 10·07 per cent.<a id='r60' /><a href='#f60' class='c011'><sup>[60]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The rare mineral <i>laurite</i>, a sulphide of ruthenium and -osmium, was discovered in these deposits.</p> - -<p class='c007'>According to L. Hundeshagen<a id='r61' /><a href='#f61' class='c011'><sup>[61]</sup></a>, the platinum occurring -in the diamond placers of western and south-eastern Borneo -<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>is in the form of thin scales, ranging from 0·1 to 1·0 mm. in -length. These platinum scales contain from 3·8 to 4·5 per -cent. of copper, evidently as an alloy.</p> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>China</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>In the Uryanchai district of Mongolia, situated on the -Russian border, deposits of auriferous gravels have been -worked on a fairly extensive scale for some time past. It -was announced a few years ago that platinum and iridium -had been found in appreciable quantities, associated with the -gold, some large platinum nuggets being obtained from this -region in 1911. Although no attempt at commercial development -has yet been made, the prospects of profitable extraction -appear to be hopeful. Extensive outcrops of olivine rocks -have been noticed in the vicinity, and the nature of the occurrence -is stated to bear some resemblance to that of the platiniferous -fields of the southern Urals<a href='#f8' class='c011'><sup>[8]</sup></a> p. 107.</p> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Japan</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>Platinum occurs in the Yubari-garva, Pechau and other -rivers in the province of Hokkaido. It is also found in Nishi-Mikawa, -province of Sado. In the former locality gold and -iridosmine are associated with the platinum, and in the latter -gold and iron sands are present<a id='r62' /><a href='#f62' class='c011'><sup>[62]</sup></a>. In no case has the metal -been traced to its parent source. In the Hokkaido deposits -the average quantity of platinum present is only 2 or 3 per -cent. of the iridosmine content. It is possible that further -exploration in these areas will reveal occurrences of greater -importance<a href='#f9' class='c011'><sup>[9]</sup></a> p. 597.</p> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Sumatra</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>Platinum is obtained at Sipongi, where it occurs with -wollastonite and grossularite in limestones and schists, near -intrusions of granodiorite and augite diorite. Gold is also -present.</p> - -<p class='c007'>L. Hundeshagen<a href='#f61' class='c011'><sup>[61]</sup></a> is of opinion that the present ore deposit -was originally a layer, or a big lens, of limestone embedded -<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>in the old schists, which has, by apophyses of granite, been -altered into garnet and wollastonite, being at the same time, -or very soon afterwards, mineralized by hot solutions carrying -copper, gold, platinum, etc. A sample of slightly decomposed -wollastonite with no copper, or only minute traces of that -metal, proved to be richest in platinum, the assay showing -6 gm. of platinum per 1,000 kg., while samples with 2 to 10 -per cent. of bornite and malachite contained only traces of -platinum; and none could be detected in auriferous garnet, -poor in wollastonite. About 10 to 25 metres from the outcrop -the concentrated river sand shows small particles of whitish -crystalline gold and rounded grains of white platinum, the -latter varying from 0·1 to 0·3 mm. in size.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>AFRICA</h3> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Congo Free State</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>In the Katanga district, platinum and palladium have been -reported to occur in certain alluvial gravels, accompanied by -gold and silver. One sample from this locality is stated to -have yielded the following amounts per metric ton: 3·4 -gr. platinum, 12·3 gr. gold, 8·3 gr. silver. It has also been -located <i>in situ</i> in sandstones containing gold.</p> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Madagascar</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>Platinum is produced on a small scale as a by-product in -alluvial gold mining on the Vatana River, near the village of -Ambia, in the Vatomandry district. Traces of the metal have -also been found in auriferous gravels in the regions of Fenerive, -Marolambo, and Vandrozo, over an area extending along the -eastern side of the island for a length of about 450 miles. -The platinum is apparently derived from the decomposition of -pegmatite. It is rarely found pure, being usually coated with -iron oxide, and strongly magnetic, a property which is utilized -in the process of separation from the gold<a id='r63' /><a href='#f63' class='c011'><sup>[63]</sup></a>.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span> - <h3 class='c016'>NORTH AMERICA</h3> -</div> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Mexico</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>Platinum has been shown to exist in the states of Guerrero -and Hidalgo in deposits of ferrous clays, which are of undoubted -sedimentary origin, and are apparently laterites. The metal -exists in a very finely disseminated state, invisible to the -naked eye<a id='r64' /><a href='#f64' class='c011'><sup>[64]</sup></a>.</p> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>United States</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>At the beginning of the war there was a considerable shortage -of platinum in the country, caused partly by the falling-off of -the imports, and in part owing to the increased demand in -connexion with munition manufacture.</p> - -<p class='c007'>California is the principal producer of crude platinum, and -in 1917 this State supplied 460 oz. out of the total output of -605 oz.; with the exception of a few ounces from the State -of Washington, Alaska and Oregon provided the balance.</p> - -<p class='c007'>A considerable quantity of foreign crude and manufactured -platinum is imported annually, as shown in the following -tables:</p> - -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr><th class='c012' colspan='9'><i>Imports of Manufactured Platinum into the United States</i></th></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><th class='c012' colspan='9'>(In troy oz.)</th></tr> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt c019'></th> - <th class='btt bbt c019'> </th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1912.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1913.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1914.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1915.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1916.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1917.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1918.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019' colspan='2'><i>From British countries</i>:</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Canada</td> - <td class='blt c034'>777</td> - <td class='blt c034'>582</td> - <td class='blt c034'>55</td> - <td class='blt c034'>139</td> - <td class='blt c034'>511</td> - <td class='blt c034'>332</td> - <td class='blt c034'>253</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>United Kingdom</td> - <td class='blt c034'>19,169</td> - <td class='blt c034'>16,595</td> - <td class='blt c034'>6,476</td> - <td class='blt c034'>7,692</td> - <td class='blt c034'>9,513</td> - <td class='blt c034'>3,195</td> - <td class='blt c034'>357</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019'> </td> - <td class='bbt c019'>Other British countries</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>4</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>5</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019' colspan='2'>Total, British countries</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>19,950</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>17,177</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>6,531</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>7,831</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>9,569</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>3,527</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>635</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019' colspan='2'><i>From foreign countries</i>:</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>France</td> - <td class='blt c034'>25,723</td> - <td class='blt c034'>24,519</td> - <td class='blt c034'>16,570</td> - <td class='blt c034'>3,480</td> - <td class='blt c034'>3,395</td> - <td class='blt c034'>2,507</td> - <td class='blt c034'>814</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Germany</td> - <td class='blt c034'>22,673</td> - <td class='blt c034'>29,075</td> - <td class='blt c034'>30,015</td> - <td class='blt c034'>2,350</td> - <td class='blt c034'>10</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Netherlands</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'>159</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Norway</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'>258</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'>120</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Russia (European)</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'>815</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Colombia</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'>480</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'>207</td> - <td class='blt c034'>1,665</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019'> </td> - <td class='bbt c019'>Other foreign countries</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>63</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>512</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>57</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019' colspan='2'>Total, foreign countries</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>48,396</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>53,594</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>47,658</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>6,373</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>4,076</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>2,891</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>2,482</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c017' colspan='2'>Grand total, oz.</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>68,346</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>70,771</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>54,189</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>14,204</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>13,645</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>6,418</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>3,117</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr><td class='c012' colspan='10'><span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span></td></tr> - <tr><th class='c012' colspan='10'><i>Imports of Crude Platinum into United States</i></th></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><th class='c012' colspan='10'>(In troy oz.)</th></tr> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt c019'></th> - <th class='btt bbt c019'> </th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1911<a id='rN' /><a href='#fN' class='c011'><sup>[N]</sup></a>.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1912.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1913.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1914.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1915.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1916.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1917.</th> - <th class='btt bbt blt c033'>1918.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019' colspan='2'><i>From British countries</i>:</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Canada</td> - <td class='blt c034'>554</td> - <td class='blt c034'>45</td> - <td class='blt c034'>314</td> - <td class='blt c034'>535</td> - <td class='blt c034'>139</td> - <td class='blt c034'>91</td> - <td class='blt c034'>25</td> - <td class='blt c034'>76</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>United Kingdom</td> - <td class='blt c034'>28,153</td> - <td class='blt c034'>19,951</td> - <td class='blt c034'>8,368</td> - <td class='blt c034'>7,084</td> - <td class='blt c034'>6,805</td> - <td class='blt c034'>36,703</td> - <td class='blt c034'>1,561</td> - <td class='blt c034'>1,073</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019'> </td> - <td class='bbt c019'>Other British possessions</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>7</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>5</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'><hr /></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019' colspan='2'>Total, British countries</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>28,707</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>20,003</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>8,682</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>7,619</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>6,949</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>36,794</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>1,586</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>1,149</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019' colspan='2'><i>From foreign countries</i>:</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>France</td> - <td class='blt c034'>44,964</td> - <td class='blt c034'>10,178</td> - <td class='blt c034'>7,284</td> - <td class='blt c034'>4,921</td> - <td class='blt c034'>3,507</td> - <td class='blt c034'>13,014</td> - <td class='blt c034'>52</td> - <td class='blt c034'>166</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Germany</td> - <td class='blt c034'>37,041</td> - <td class='blt c034'>15,335</td> - <td class='blt c034'>23,345</td> - <td class='blt c034'>15,105</td> - <td class='blt c034'>2,366</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'><hr /></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Norway</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'>200</td> - <td class='blt c034'>442</td> - <td class='blt c034'>285</td> - <td class='blt c034'>302</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'><hr /></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Panama</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'>160</td> - <td class='blt c034'>105</td> - <td class='blt c034'>92</td> - <td class='blt c034'>12</td> - <td class='blt c034'>372</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Brazil</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'>118</td> - <td class='blt c034'>103</td> - <td class='blt c034'>27</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Chile</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'>9</td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'> </td> - <td class='blt c034'>766</td> - <td class='blt c034'>3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c019'> </td> - <td class='c019'>Colombia</td> - <td class='blt c034'>5,503</td> - <td class='blt c034'>6,627</td> - <td class='blt c034'>10,461</td> - <td class='blt c034'>12,387</td> - <td class='blt c034'>13,121</td> - <td class='blt c034'>25,588</td> - <td class='blt c034'>21,071</td> - <td class='blt c034'>25,365</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019'> </td> - <td class='bbt c019'>Other foreign countries</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>17</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>13</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'> </td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>1</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>103</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>99</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>21,663</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019' colspan='2'>Total, foreign countries</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>87,525</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>32,162</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>41,290</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>33,015</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>19,385</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>39,217</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>22,103</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>47,596</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c019' colspan='2'>Grand total, oz.</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>116,232</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>52,165</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>49,972</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>40,634</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>26,334</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>76,011</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>23,689</td> - <td class='bbt blt c034'>48,745</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='footnote' id='fN'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#rN'>N</a>. Including manufactured platinum.</p> -</div> - -<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>In 1917, 38,831 oz. of refined platinum metals, of which -7,384 oz. is believed to have been of domestic origin, were -recovered from alloy with other metals, and 72,186 oz. were -obtained from the refining of scrap metal, and sweepings. -The shortage was also to some extent relieved by the receipt -from Russia early in 1918 of a special consignment of 20,922 -oz. of crude platinum, which had been collected in 1917 by the -Russian-English Bank, and which was taken out of Russia by -F. W. Draper and delivered to the United States Government. -It yielded 17,640 oz. platinum, 64·75 oz. palladium, 182·11 oz. -iridium and 48·56 oz. of rhodium, a total of 85·725 per cent. -of platinum metals, slightly above the usual 83 per cent.<a id='r65' /><a href='#f65' class='c011'><sup>[65]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Alaska.</i>—The first production of platinum in Alaska was in -1916, in which year about 12 oz. were shipped to the United -States. In 1917 the output rose to 81 oz., of which 66 oz. -were obtained from the Seward Peninsula and 15 oz. from the -Copper River country.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In 1918 an increased output of 135 oz. was partly obtained -from alluvial deposits and partly as a by-product in the -treatment of copper ore of the Salt Chuck mine, Ketchikan<a id='r66' /><a href='#f66' class='c011'><sup>[66]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>This mine is a palladium-copper mine containing mainly -bornite with a little chalcopyrite, and the alteration products -covellite and chalcocite, the metals present being, besides -copper and palladium, gold, silver and platinum. The ratio -of palladium to platinum averages 50 to 1. The concentrates -produced, representing about 3½ per cent. of the weight of -the ore, contain: copper, 40 per cent.; gold, 1·2 oz.; silver, -5·3 oz.; and platinum metals, 3·15 oz. per ton<a id='r67' /><a href='#f67' class='c011'><sup>[67]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the Seward Peninsula the larger portion is derived from -placer deposits in Dyme Creek, Koyuk district, where the -gravels are primarily worked for gold, 1 oz. platinum being -obtained for every $5,000 worth of gold. In 1918, 56 oz. -were recovered. Bear Creek and Sweepstake Creek have -also supplied small quantities of platinum, and a little is -derived from placers on Boob Creek, in the Tolstoi district -<a href='#f50' class='c011'><sup>[50]</sup></a> p. 19.</p> - -<p class='c007'>A possible source of platinum appears to lie in the neighbourhood -of the Red Mountain, on the Kenai Peninsula. The -mountain is composed of fine-grained dunite, in which abundant -<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>chromite occurs. Up to 1917 no placer mining had been -attempted in this locality<a id='r68' /><a href='#f68' class='c011'><sup>[68]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the Goodro Mine, at the head of Kasaan Bay, Prince of -Wales Island, were found in 1918 both platinum and palladium, -the latter in greater amount, and carried in bornite and chalcopyrite; -some chalcocite and covellite are present also in the -ore. The copper minerals are disseminated through pyroxenite, -and the country rock consists of limestones, slates and other -sedimentaries. The platinum content is small, but regular, -whilst the amount of palladium present is proportional to the -amount of copper, there being about 1 oz. of palladium to -every 8 to 12 per cent. (units) of copper<a id='r69' /><a href='#f69' class='c011'><sup>[69]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>A Bill has been introduced into Congress providing for the -incorporation of the United States Platinum Corporation, with -capital stock of $30,000,000, the object of which is to secure -a concession from the Government of land areas in Alaska -containing platinum sands, and to pay for such privilege, as a -royalty or subsidy, one-eighth of the net profits obtained -from the working of the concession<a id='r70' /><a href='#f70' class='c011'><sup>[70]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>California and Oregon.</i>—Platinum has been proved to exist -over a wide area in placer deposits associated with gold, but -the proportion of the platinum metals to the gold is usually -small. Platinum is obtained from sands in streams rising in -the belt of serpentine rocks in central California, and from the -serpentine areas in the Siskiyou and Trinity counties in the -north-west of the State, which continue north-east into Curry, -Josephine and Jackson counties in south-western Oregon<a href='#f52' class='c011'><sup>[52]</sup></a> p. 300. -The sources of the platinum obtained along the -foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada were old stream channels on -the western slopes of the mountains, which are now buried -beneath lava several hundred feet deep. These “deep -leads” are also mined by drifting for their gold and platinum -contents, and in a few cases a fair amount of the metals is -extracted from them. Some platinum is obtained by hydraulic -mining, but this is carried on with difficulty, owing to the -prevailing scarcity of water<a href='#f50' class='c011'><sup>[50]</sup></a> p. 18.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Platinum occurs in black sands found on the Pacific coast -in the counties of Coos, Curry and Josephine, Oregon and Del -Norte, California. Formerly these beach deposits were rich -<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>in platinum, but at the present small quantities only are -obtainable after stormy weather. This area has recently been -examined by the United States Bureau of Mines, but the -results were disappointing.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In California most of the output of platinum is produced by -dredging for gold in the Butte, Calaveras and Stanislaus -counties<a href='#f50' class='c011'><sup>[50]</sup></a> p. 19. In Trinity county mining is in progress -on the Trinity River, about 4 miles below Junction City, -by the Valdos Dredging Co. The output from this source -for sixteen months in 1916–17 was stated to be 1,950 gm. -Platinum, with gold and osmiridium, is also obtained on -the Yuba River, about 12 miles east of Marysville in Yuba -county, by the Yuba Consolidated Goldfields<a href='#f10' class='c011'><sup>[10]</sup></a> p. 540. -Some alluvial platinum has been recovered at the Bean Hill -Gold Mine, situated 12 miles south-east of Placerville, and this -locality is at present under investigation<a id='r71' /><a href='#f71' class='c011'><sup>[71]</sup></a>. Californian -metal contains from 25 to 45 per cent. iridium. Its origin is -believed to be the serpentine- and olivine-bearing rocks of the -Sierra Nevada and other ranges.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In Oregon, in addition to the platinum obtained from the -beach deposits near Bullards and Marshfield<a href='#f50' class='c011'><sup>[50]</sup></a> p. 20, it -occurs in placer deposits, rich in chromite, in south-west -Oregon, the principal output being derived from the Waldo -district.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Platinum also exists in small quantities in streams in the -neighbourhood of the Blue Mountains, eastern Oregon, where -the Powder River Gold Dredging Co., in Sumpter district, -produces on a small scale. Other platiniferous localities in -eastern Oregon are the Granite and Canyon districts, and -Spanish Gulch in Wheeler county<a href='#f10' class='c011'><sup>[10]</sup></a> p. 541.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Colorado.</i>—Platinum is known to exist in the black sands -from Clear Creek. Its presence has also been reported in the -gold gravels of the Iron Hill placer at Como, where it occurs -mechanically combined with magnetite. Another occurrence -recently discovered is in a vein worked by the Rollcall Mining -Co., near Villa Grove. An assay of material from this vein, -taken at a depth of 1,500 ft., showed the following values: -gold, 3·2 oz.; platinum, 5·09 oz.; silver, 3·05 oz.; and copper, 3·5 -per cent.<a href='#f9' class='c011'><sup>[9]</sup></a> p. 592.</p> - -<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span><i>Nevada.</i>—In 1909 the occurrence of platinum in Clark -county was noticed by the United States Geological Survey to -be in association with copper, nickel and cobalt ores from the -Key West and Great Eastern Mines, near Bunkerville. The -ore bodies are contained in pegmatites and basic intrusions, -which carry pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, the platinum content -in the ore averaging about 0·2 oz. per ton<a id='r72' /><a href='#f72' class='c011'><sup>[72]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In 1914 platinum, with palladium, was discovered at the -Boss Gold Mine, situated 10 miles west of Goodsprings, in -Clark county. The mine was originally worked for copper, -and later for its copper and gold contents. The country -rock consists of limestone of middle Carboniferous age, intruded -by sills of quartz monzonite porphyry, the ore bodies -occurring in a fault zone in the limestone. The copper ores -comprise mainly chrysocolla and malachite, and contain traces -only of platinum. The gold ore occurs in a fine-grained -siliceous matrix, containing a bismuth-bearing variety of -<i>plumbo-jarosite</i> (a hydrous sulphate of iron and lead). The -rare metals are present in the free state, being apparently -alloys of gold, platinum and palladium<a id='r73' /><a href='#f73' class='c011'><sup>[73]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In 1919 the Boss Mine shipped $22,365 worth of platinum-bearing -ore<a id='r74' /><a href='#f74' class='c011'><sup>[74]</sup></a>. A plant of 300 tons monthly capacity has -recently been erected at Los Angeles, California, for the -treatment of its complex ores, which average 7 per cent. of -copper, 4 per cent. bismuth, and 1·0 oz. of platinum and -palladium, 0·75 oz. of gold, and 3 oz. of silver per ton. The -pulp from ore pulverized to 80 mesh is agitated with sulphuric -acid (2 per cent.). The acid solution contains the copper -and about 20 per cent. of the platinum. The copper is precipitated -as cement copper, together with the platinum, by -means of scrap-iron. The remainder of the platinum, together -with the gold and silver, is first leached with, and then precipitated -from, a neutral solution of calcium chloride. The -inventors of the process claim that approximately 92 per cent. -of the copper, 96 per cent. of the platinum metals, gold and -silver, and over 90 per cent. of the bismuth are recovered by -this process<a id='r75' /><a href='#f75' class='c011'><sup>[75]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Metals of the platinum group have recently been shown to -exist in small quantities in the ore of the Oro Amigo Mine, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>situated between 1 and 2 miles north-east of the Boss -Mine. This ore differs from that of the Boss Mine, in that -bismuth and plumbo-jarosite are absent. According to H. K. -Riddell, the platinum metals content averages from a trace -to 0·1 oz. per ton of ore.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>North Carolina.</i>—At Mason Mountain, in Mason county, -platinum occurs associated with rhodonite, garnet, biotite and -iron sulphides in metamorphic deposits.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>New York.</i>—It was reported a few years ago that platinum -existed in large quantities in alluvial sands of the Adirondack -region. J. M. Clarke, the New York State Geologist, examined -the occurrence in 1917, and found that platinum was present -in traces only, the deposits being of no economic importance -<a href='#f10' class='c011'><sup>[10]</sup></a> p. 541.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Pennsylvania.</i>—At Lancaster county platinum is associated -with pyrite, chalcopyrite and galena in mica-schist, and also -at Boyertown in black Triassic shale.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Washington.</i>—The production of platinum on a small scale -has been reported from beach deposits at the mouth of the -south fork of the Lewis River near Yacolt, and also on beaches -southward from the Straits of Juan de Fuca<a href='#f10' class='c011'><sup>[10]</sup></a> p. 542. The -metal has also been located at various places in the Cascade -Mountains in the central part of the State.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Wyoming.</i>—Palladium and platinum, in the proportion of -3 to 1, are obtained at the Rambler Mine, in Albany county, -the metals occurring as sperrylite in copper ore, contained in -the kaolinized portion of a dunite dyke, intrusive into granite -gneiss. The ore consists of covellite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite -and tetrahedrite, with nickel and gold<a id='r76' /><a href='#f76' class='c011'><sup>[76]</sup></a>. It is stated that -the platinum and palladium contents vary directly with the -percentage of copper present, a typical assay giving the following -values: copper, 5 per cent.; gold, 0·02 oz.; silver, 1 oz.; -palladium, 0·4 oz.; and platinum, 0·6 oz. per ton<a id='r77' /><a href='#f77' class='c011'><sup>[77]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'><i>Utah.</i>—Platinum and gold in very fine particles occur in the -Green River, east of Vernal; also in the Colorado River, near -Hite, below the mouth of the Green River. Attempts to mine -these deposits have so far proved unsuccessful, due largely to -the inaccessibility of the region, as well as the finely-divided -condition of the platinum<a href='#f42' class='c011'><sup>[42]</sup></a> p. 11.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span> - <h3 class='c016'>SOUTH AMERICA</h3> -</div> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Brazil</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>José Vieira do Couto, in 1801, first pointed out that platinum -occurs in the sands of the Lages River, near Conceiçao, Minas -Geraes. According to E. Hussak<a id='r78' /><a href='#f78' class='c011'><sup>[78]</sup></a>, platinum in that -region occurs only in the alluvium of rivers having their rise -on the eastern slope of the Serra do Espinhaço. The platinum -is accompanied by black pebbles of quartz-tourmaline rocks, -magnetite, hematite, rutile, octahedrite, xenotime, monazite, -senaite, pseudomorphs of rutile after octahedrite (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">captivos</span></i>), -zircon and gold, which is sometimes of a copper-red colour -(palladium-gold). Palladic gold was formerly called <i><span lang="pt" xml:lang="pt">ouro -branco</span></i> (white gold), by the miners.</p> - -<p class='c007'>At Condado, further north on the eastern slope of the same -Serra, platinum also occurs with very similar associations. -The platinum from both localities occurs in bunchy, mammillated -and globular forms, concave within, with thin walls, -having a radiated fibrous structure under the microscope. It -is frequently in thin foliated crusts, having the characteristic -structure of hematite. It was accurately described by -Wollaston in 1805 and 1809. Hussak thinks the primary -formation was an olivine rock, or gabbro, while the platinum -is secondary, having been most probably re-deposited from -solutions resulting from the decomposition of platiniferous -pyrites or of sperrylite (PtAs<sub>2</sub>), minerals derived, possibly, -from the neighbouring schistose quartzite, or from the overlying -conglomeratic quartzite.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The platinum of Condado, although comparable, as regards -density, to the Russian platinum, is very rich in palladium, is -non-magnetic and contains practically no iron. An analysis -by G. Florence gave the following percentages: insoluble -residue, 0·92; platinum, 73·99; iridium, 0·08; palladium, 21·77; -iron, 0·10 (= 96·86), undetermined (rhodium and osmium), 3·14.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the Rio Abaeté, Minas Geraes, platinum—very different -in appearance and chemical composition from that of the -Serra do Espinhaço—occurs in placer deposits, associated with -gold, diamonds and the following minerals: rolled pieces of a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>hydro-phosphate of barium and aluminium (<i>gorceixite</i> = -“marumbé” of miners), garnet, almandite, pyrope, ashy-blue -oxide of titanium (<i>bagageira</i>—regarded as a good indicator for -diamonds), magnetite, chromite and calcium-titanate (<i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">perovskite</span></i>). -Pyroxene-olivine rock, a typical picrite-porphyry, rich -in perovskite, and granular magnetite rocks, rich in titanium, -have been observed by Oliveira in the vicinity. Hence it is -highly probable that the platinum, as in the Urals, came from -olivine rocks. The platinum occurs in thin laminæ, strongly -rolled, and, rarely, in cubical crystals with the edges visibly -rounded. It is strongly magnetic and contains no palladium. -Minute crystals of osmiridium may occur with those of platinum, -and in the platinum particles are found regular inclusions of -osmiridium, as at Nizhne Turinsk, in the Urals, the platinum -of which locality it resembles in chemical composition, magnetic -properties and crystalline structure. The following analysis -shows the percentage and composition of a general sample: -insoluble residue, 7·57; iron, 9·62; palladium, trace; copper, -trace; platinum metals, 82·81.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The auriferous alluvial of the Cuyabá and Coxim rivers in -the southern part of the State of Matto-Grosso, also contain -some platinum. According to Luiz Caetano Ferraz<a id='r79' /><a href='#f79' class='c011'><sup>[79]</sup></a>, -platinum occurs in the River Coxipó-Mirim, where golddredging -is carried on, combined with palladium, iron, osmium -and iridium in small spherical grains, flattened on one side, of -a brilliant white colour and strongly magnetic. It is found in -alluvial deposits, associated with various kinds of quartz and -oxides of iron, marcasite, arsenopyrite, rutile, anatase, almandine, -garnet, black tourmaline, monazite, staurolite, white -topaz, sphene, cassiterite, wolfram, graphite, galena and native -silver.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the State of Bahia, platinum has been found in Ituassú, -Feira de S. Anna and Serra do Assuruá, and it is said to -occur at Sâo Bartholomeu, and in the Serras do Pitango and -Macahubes<a id='r80' /><a href='#f80' class='c011'><sup>[80]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Platinum also occurs in Brazil as rare disseminations in the -gold-bearing <i><span lang="pt" xml:lang="pt">jacutinga</span></i>, intercalated in the itabirites (e.g. at -Gongo Socco Mine, long since abandoned). The jacutinga -occurs as narrow bands and nuclei in the itabirites, containing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>a high percentage of gold, with much talc, clay and pulverulent -pyrolusite. As accessory minerals zircon, rutile, cassiterite -and tourmaline occur. Hussak thinks that the gold-bearing -jacutinga has been derived from altered pegmatite veins.</p> - -<p class='c007'>From analyses made by Johnson (1833–41) on the Gongo -Socco bullion, it would appear that the percentages of silver -and platinum decreased while those of copper and palladium -increased with depth (Henwood). The percentages of palladium -varied from 3·89 to 4·80, and that of platinum from -0·04 to 0·12.</p> - -<p class='c007'>At Candonga, gold occurs in an eruptive rock rich in -magnetite enclosed in itabirite, and is probably of contact-metamorphic -origin. The gold occurs in grains of high standard, -and with it are found fine indented scales of palladic gold, of a -bright copper-red colour.</p> - -<p class='c007'>At Itabira do Matto Dentro gold occurs in jacutinga, lying -between a micaceous iron schist, rich in quartz, and an enormous -solid bed of itabirite. The palladium-gold may be copper-red, -dark-brown or silver-white in colour. Native platinum also -occurs with the gold.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Grains of platinum have also been found in the most -northerly of the auriferous lenticular masses, which occur near -the Bruscus River, near Pernambuco, in Cambrian crystalline -schists. The matrix is a coarse white quartz containing small -quantities of the arsenides and sulphides of iron, and the -sulphides of copper, lead and zinc.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Platinum, although widely distributed in Brazil, occurs in -such small quantities that so far there has been no production; -but in the near future richer and more extensive deposits may -be discovered, or it may be found practicable to win the metal -from those already known, as an important by-product.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Palladium-gold, or <i>porpezite</i>, is a natural alloy of palladium -and gold, and may contain up to 10 per cent. of the former -metal. It is found in Brazil, in gold-washings, and also in -the gold-bearing jacutinga reefs at Gongo Socco, Candonga -and Itabira do Matto Dentro. In 1870 Henwood showed -that the palladic gold from Gongo Socco contained, to a -moderate depth from surface, from 0·04 to 0·12 per cent. of -platinum. (Palladium-gold has also been reported from gold-washings -<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>in the Caucasus, near Batoum.) Ruer concludes, -from an examination of the freezing-point curves of artificial -alloys of gold and palladium, that these alloys form a continuous -series of mixed crystals, and that there is no indication -of chemical combinations<a id='r81' /><a href='#f81' class='c011'><sup>[81]</sup></a>.</p> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Colombia</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>This republic is the second largest producer of platinum -in the world, and in pre-war years supplied about 5 per cent. -of the world’s total output. Owing to the decline of the -Russian supply, and the increased demand for the metal, the -industry has in recent years received a considerable stimulus, -and in 1916 Colombia’s production rose to approximately one-third -of the Russian output.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Platinum was first introduced into Europe from Colombia -in 1735, although the metal was known in America for some -time previously<a href='#f48' class='c011'><sup>[48]</sup></a> p. 608. In 1810 the value of platinum -stood at $5 to $6 (U.S.) per oz., and in 1823 the price had further -dropped to from $3 to $4 per oz. As a result, platinum was -rejected as waste in the operation of refining gold by the -“dry-blowing” system. Later, when platinum became valuable, -much of this dumped metal was recovered, notably in -Quibdo, the capital of the Chocó district, where much gold-refining -was carried on.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The following table gives the outputs of crude platinum -from Colombia, in recent years, principally produced in the -Chocó district:</p> -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='c023'>Year.</th> - <th class='c024'>Oz. (troy).</th> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1911</td> - <td class='c035'>12,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1912</td> - <td class='c035'>12,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1913</td> - <td class='c035'>15,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1914</td> - <td class='c035'>17,500</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1915</td> - <td class='c035'>18,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1916</td> - <td class='c035'>25,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1917</td> - <td class='c035'>32,000</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1918</td> - <td class='c035'>35,000 (estimated)</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c007'>The larger portion of the production is shipped to the -United States, the exports to that country for the years 1910–18 -being as follows:</p> -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='c023'>Year.</th> - <th class='c024'>Oz. (troy).</th> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1910</td> - <td class='c026'>1,600</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1911</td> - <td class='c026'>5,503</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1912</td> - <td class='c026'>6,627</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1913</td> - <td class='c026'>10,461</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1914</td> - <td class='c026'>12,387</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1915</td> - <td class='c026'>13,121</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1916</td> - <td class='c026'>25,588</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1917</td> - <td class='c026'>21,278</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c023'>1918</td> - <td class='c026'>27,030</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>The crude platinum is estimated at 84 to 85 per cent. fine. -The price in 1917 fluctuated from £16 to £20 10<i>s.</i> per oz., the -average for the year being nearer the latter amount.</p> - -<p class='c007'>During 1918 the United States Government fixed the price -at $105 per oz., which stimulated production.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The deposits are alluvial, and consist of re-concentrates of -older gravels. The principal source of supply is at the head -of the San Juan River, which enters the Pacific Ocean north -of Buenaventura, the richest deposits occurring in the Condoto, -Opagado and Tamanal Rivers, tributaries of the San Juan<a id='r82' /><a href='#f82' class='c011'><sup>[82]</sup></a>. -Platinum is also obtained in the Upper Atrato River, -which flows northward to the Caribbean Sea. It is nearly -always found associated with gold. In the gravels of the -San Juan River the two metals are present in about equal -proportions, and in those of the Atrato the ratio is approximately -85 of gold to 15 of platinum.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The area including the watersheds of the San Juan and -Upper Atrato Rivers is known as the Chocó district. T. -Ospina, Director of the Colombian School of Mines<a id='r83' /><a href='#f83' class='c011'><sup>[83]</sup></a>, estimates -that in the area are 5,000 sq. miles of gold and -platinum deposits, the Mira River forming the southern -boundary of the area. In 1916 he estimated that there were -in it 68,000,000 c. yd. of actually profitable gravel, with -a reserve of 336,000,000 yd. of possibly profitable ground. -Platinum has also been recovered in much smaller amounts -on the Micay River in the Barbacoas district, near the frontier -of Ecuador. The stream beds in which platinum occurs are -those in which Tertiary conglomerates have become eroded; -the river gravels about the areas underlain by that formation -are barren. The conglomerates are composed of rounded -boulders of basic rocks, such as diabase, melaphyre, peridotite -and dunite<a href='#f48' class='c011'><sup>[48]</sup></a> p. 620.</p> - -<p class='c007'>At Novita Vieja, in the centre of the Chocó district, a bed -of conglomerate 6 to 12 ft. thick has been laid bare, over an -area 2½ miles long and ½ mile wide, through the sluicing away -of the overlying sands. It contains 0·5 oz. of gold, and -0·5 oz. of platinum, per ton<a id='r84' /><a href='#f84' class='c011'><sup>[84]</sup></a>. According to Castillo, the -parent rock is a typical gabbro, pyroxene predominating over -the felspar<a id='r85' /><a href='#f85' class='c011'><sup>[85]</sup></a> p. 826.</p> - -<p class='c007'><span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>Platinum has been found in the Chocó district in serpentine -rock. Granite also occurs in the same district, traversed -by quartz lodes containing palladium, iridium, osmium and -rhodium.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Colombian crude platinum contains from 80 to 85 per cent. -platinum, the remaining 15 to 20 per cent. consisting chiefly -of iridium and osmium. The sands in which it occurs are -described as brown in colour, and carrying, besides platinum -and gold, the heavy minerals chromite, magnetite and ilmenite -<a href='#f85' class='c011'><sup>[85]</sup></a> p. 384.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the past, mining operations have been very irregularly -carried on, by primitive methods of working, but dredges are -now being employed in increasing numbers. In 1915 a dredge -was operated on the Condoto River, in the province of Chocó, -by the Anglo-Colombian Development Company, and showed -good results. Native methods of working are very simple. -The alluvial gravels derived from dried-up beds of ancient -rivers are hand-washed with the use of the <i><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">batea</span></i> or dish. -Where the metal occurs in the bed of a river it is obtained by -diving girls, who work down to the platiniferous gravels, -removing the gravel in small dishes, the men being employed -in washing the gravels on the river banks<a id='r86' /><a href='#f86' class='c011'><sup>[86]</sup></a>. About 90 per -cent. of the total output is recovered by these primitive -methods.</p> - -<p class='c007'>A large portion of the industry is in the hands of two companies, -one of which is the South American Gold and Platinum -Company, of New York, a Lewisohn company, which has -absorbed the interests of the above-mentioned Anglo-Colombian -Development Company, Ltd., the Gold Fields American -Development Company, Ltd., and Johnson, Matthey & Co., -Ltd., of London. The second company—the British Platinum -and Gold Corporation, Ltd.—has recently amalgamated with -the Paris (Transvaal) Gold Mines, Ltd., taking in the latter’s -interests on the Opogodo and other places.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The question of transporting platinum concentrate to the -coast is not a matter of much difficulty, as the Atrato River -is navigable as far as Quibdo, and the San Juan can be ascended -by vessels of moderate draught for over 140 miles inland.</p> - -<p class='c007'>An estimate of average working costs appears to be 6<i>d.</i> per -<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>c. yd. for dredging, and 3<i>d.</i> for hydraulicking<a id='r87' /><a href='#f87' class='c011'><sup>[87]</sup></a>. In 1917 -new platiniferous deposits were discovered in the Caceres -district, between the Cauca and Nechi Rivers, in the department -of Antioquia. The mineralized area extends along the -Caceri River, a distance of 14¼ miles, the width at the north -end being 1¼ miles, and 300 ft. at the southern extremity -<a href='#f10' class='c011'><sup>[10]</sup></a> p. 545.</p> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>Ecuador</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>Platinum occurs, in association with the gold obtained from -steam gravels, in the area covered by the Rivers Bogota, -Cachabi, Uimbi, Santiago and Cayapas, but it has not so far -been found in sufficient quantities to be of economic importance.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Dredging has been employed in mining these deposits, but -does not appear to have been a success, and operations are now -largely confined to native washings<a id='r88' /><a href='#f88' class='c011'><sup>[88]</sup></a>.</p> - -<h4 class='c008'><span class='sc'>French Guiana</span></h4> - -<p class='c015'>Platiniferous gold-bearing sands are found in the Aporuague -River, the metal, according to an analysis by A. Danmer, -having the following composition in percentages: platinum, -41·96; gold, 18·18; silver, 18·39; copper, 20·56<a id='r89' /><a href='#f89' class='c011'><sup>[89]</sup></a>.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span> - <h2 class='c005'>WORLD MAP OF PLATINUM DEPOSITS</h2> -</div> -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_059.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p><span class='sc'>Map showing the platinum-bearing districts referred to in the Text.</span><br /><br />(British Empire and Protectorates shaded.)</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span> - <h2 class='c005'>REFERENCES TO LITERATURE ON THE PLATINUM METALS</h2> -</div> - -<hr class='c036' /> -<div class='footnote' id='f1'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. Lindgren, W.: “Platinum and Allied Metals,” <cite>U.S. Geol. -Surv., Min. Res. of U.S.</cite>, 1911.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f2'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. Thomas and MacAlister: <cite>The Geology of Ore Deposits</cite>, -London, 1909.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f3'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. Gowland, W.: <cite>Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals</cite>, London, 1918.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f4'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. Dunstan, B.: <cite>Queensland Govt. Min. Journ.</cite>, 1917, <b>18</b>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f5'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. Lindgren, W.: “Platinum and Allied Metals,” <cite>U.S. Geol. -Surv., Min. Res. of U.S.</cite>, 1910.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f6'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. Rose, T. K.: “Electrolytic Refining of Gold,” <cite>Trans. Inst. -Min. and Met.</cite>, 1914–15, <b>24</b>, p. 45.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f7'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. Hill, Jas. M.: “The Platinum Situation,” <cite>Eng. Min. Journ.</cite>, -July 26, 1919.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f8'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. Hautpick, E. de: <cite>Mining Journ.</cite>, Feb. 1, 1913.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f9'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r9'>9</a>. <cite>Mineral Industry</cite>, 1916, <b>25</b>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f10'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r10'>10</a>. <cite>Mineral Industry</cite>, 1917, <b>26</b>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f11'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r11'>11</a>. <cite>Review of Foreign Press, Technical Supplement</cite>, War Office, -May 27, 1919, p. 395.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f12'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r12'>12</a>. <cite>Mining Journ.</cite>, Dec. 27, 1919.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f13'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r13'>13</a>. <cite>Chem. and Met. Eng.</cite>, Oct. 15, 1918, p. 607.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f14'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r14'>14</a>. Hill, Jas. M.: “Platinum Deposits of the World,” <cite>Eng. Min. -Journ.</cite>, June 30, 1917.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f15'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r15'>15</a>. Merz, A. R.: <cite>Journ. Ind. and Eng. Chem.</cite>, Nov. 1918, <b>10</b>, -No. 11.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f16'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r16'>16</a>. <cite>Annual Statements of Trade of the United Kingdom.</cite></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f17'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r17'>17</a>. Spurr, J. E.: “Who Owns the Earth?” <cite>Eng. Min. Journ.</cite>, -Feb. 7, 1920.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f18'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r18'>18</a>. <cite>Records Geol. Surv. of India</cite>, 1916, <b>47</b>, pt. 3, p. 163.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f19'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r19'>19</a>. <cite>Records Geol. Surv. of India</cite>, 1919, <b>50</b>, pt. 3, p. 156.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f20'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r20'>20</a>. <cite>Records Geol. Surv. of India</cite>, 1915, <b>46</b>, p. 284.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f21'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r21'>21</a>. Zealley, A. E. V.: <cite>South Rhod. Geol. Surv., Short Rept.</cite> No. 3, -March 20, 1918.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f22'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r22'>22</a>. <cite>Bull. Imp. Inst.</cite>, 1907, <b>5</b>, p. 137.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f23'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r23'>23</a>. “Geology of the Selukwe Mineral Belt,” <cite>Geol. Surv. Bull. -South Rhod.</cite>, 1919, No. 3, p. 65.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f24'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r24'>24</a>. <span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>Versfield, W.: Rept. on Metal Resources of Union of S. -Africa, 1918.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f25'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r25'>25</a>. Goodchild, W. H.: <cite>Trans. Inst. Min. and Met.</cite>, 1916–17, <b>26</b>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f26'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r26'>26</a>. Bettel, W.: <cite>S. African Mines</cite>, Nov. 10, 1916.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f27'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r27'>27</a>. Hall, A., and Humphrey, W. A.: “The Chromite Deposits of -the Bushveld Plutonic Complex,” <cite>Trans. Geol. Soc. S. -Africa</cite>, 1908, <b>11</b>, pp. 75–6.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f28'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r28'>28</a>. <cite>Mining Journ.</cite>, Feb. 29, 1913.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f29'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r29'>29</a>. Mackenzie, G. C.: <cite>Can. Min. Inst. Bull.</cite>, April 1919.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f30'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r30'>30</a>. Camsell, C.: <cite>Mining Journ.</cite>, May 1914, p. 523.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f31'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r31'>31</a>. Uglow, W. L.: “Geology of Platinum Deposits,” <cite>Eng. Min. -Journ.</cite>, Aug. 30, 1919; Sept. 6, 1919.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f32'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r32'>32</a>. <cite>Chem. Trade Journ.</cite>, 1911, <b>49</b>, p. 271.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f33'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r33'>33</a>. <cite>Min. Sci. Press</cite>, April 10, 1920, p. 536.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f34'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r34'>34</a>. <cite>Board of Trade Journ.</cite>, 1917, <b>99</b>, p. 156.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f35'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r35'>35</a>. <cite>Can. Min. Journ.</cite>, 1916, <b>37</b>, p. 548.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f36'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r36'>36</a>. <cite>Can. Min. Inst. Bull.</cite>, 1918, No. 63, p. 99.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f37'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r37'>37</a>. <cite>Geol. Surv. of Canada, Min. Res. of Canada</cite>, 1903, No. 818.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f38'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r38'>38</a>. <cite>Board of Trade Journ.</cite>, April 17, 1919, p. 504.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f39'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r39'>39</a>. Howley, G. P.: <cite>Mining World</cite>, 1907, <b>26</b>, p. 783.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f40'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r40'>40</a>. <cite>N.S.W. Dept. of Mines, Ann. Rept. for 1918</cite>, p. 52.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f41'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r41'>41</a>. <cite>N.S.W. Dept. of Mines, Ann. Rept. for 1915</cite>, p. 59.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f42'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r42'>42</a>. Hill, Jas. M.: “Platinum and Allied Metals in 1916,” <cite>U.S. -Geol. Surv.</cite>, July 12, 1917.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f43'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r43'>43</a>. <cite>Rec. of Geol. Surv. 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Wada, Tsumashire: <cite>Minerals of Japan</cite>, 1904, p. 89 (trans. -by Takudgi Okawa).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f63'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r63'>63</a>. <cite>Bull. Econ. de Madagascar</cite>, 1912, No. 2, p. 86.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f64'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r64'>64</a>. Hautpick, E. de: <cite>Min. Journ.</cite>, July 27, 1912, <b>98</b>, p. 747.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f65'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r65'>65</a>. <cite>Mineral Industry</cite>, 1918, <b>27</b>, p. 571.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f66'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r66'>66</a>. <cite>Eng. and Min. Journ.</cite>, Jan. 11, 1919, p. 107.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f67'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r67'>67</a>. Mertie, J. B., Jr.: “The Salt Chuck Palladium-Copper Mine,” -<cite>Eng. and Min. Journ.</cite>, July 3, 1920.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f68'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r68'>68</a>. Martin, Johnson and Grant: <cite>U.S. Geol. Surv., 1917</cite>, <cite>Bull.</cite> -No. 587, p. 238.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f69'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r69'>69</a>. Campbell, Donald G.: “Palladium in Alaskan Lode Deposits,” -<cite>Min. and Sci. Press</cite>, Oct. 11, 1919.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f70'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r70'>70</a>. <cite>Board of Trade Journ.</cite>, Dec. 11, 1919, <b>103</b>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f71'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r71'>71</a>. <cite>Min. and Sci. Press</cite>, Mar. 15, 1919, p. 367.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f72'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r72'>72</a>. Hall, F. A.: <cite>Eng. and Min. Journ.</cite>, Oct. 10, 1914, p. 642.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f73'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r73'>73</a>. Knopf, A.: <cite>Min. and Sci. Press</cite>, June 5, 1915, p. 878.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f74'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r74'>74</a>. <cite>Chem. and Met. Eng.</cite>, March 24, 1920.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f75'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r75'>75</a>. <cite>Min. and Sci. Press</cite>, March 9, 1920.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f76'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r76'>76</a>. <cite>Eng. and Min. Journ.</cite>, May 25, 1905, p. 985.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f77'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r77'>77</a>. Taft, H. H.: <cite>Eng. and Min. Journ.</cite>, 1918, <b>106</b>, No. 21, p. 900.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f78'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r78'>78</a>. <span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>Hussak, Euginio: “O Palladio e a Platina no Brasil,” <cite><span lang="pt" xml:lang="pt">Annas -da Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto</span></cite>, 1916, No. 8, 85–188.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f79'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r79'>79</a>. Ferraz, Luiz Caetano: <cite><span lang="pt" xml:lang="pt">Annas da Escola de Minas de Ouro -Preto</span></cite>, 1909, No. 11.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f80'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r80'>80</a>. Carneiro, A. J. de Sousa: <cite><span lang="pt" xml:lang="pt">Riquezas Mineraes do Estado da -Bahia</span></cite>, 1908.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f81'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r81'>81</a>. Maclaren, J. M.: <cite>Gold: Its Geological Occurrence and Geographical -Distribution</cite>, London, 1908, p. 25.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f82'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r82'>82</a>. <cite>Journ. of the Royal Society of Arts</cite>, 1908, <b>56</b>, p. 884.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f83'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r83'>83</a>. Ospina, T.: Paper read before second Pan-American Congr., -Jan. 3, 1916.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f84'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r84'>84</a>. White, R. W.: <cite>Eng. and Min. Journ.</cite>, 1897, <b>63</b>, p. 189.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f85'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r85'>85</a>. Castillo, J. C.: <cite>Min. and Sci. Press</cite>, 1909, <b>98</b>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f86'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r86'>86</a>. “Platinum-seeking in Colombia,” <cite>The Times</cite>, Nov. 26, 1912.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f87'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r87'>87</a>. <cite>Mining Journ.</cite>, Nov. 30, 1918, p. 700.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f88'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r88'>88</a>. <span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>Millar and Singewald: <cite>Mineral Deposits of South America</cite>, -New York, 1919, p. 405.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f89'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r89'>89</a>. Kunz, George F.: “Platinum and Palladium in Brazil,” -<cite>Pan-American Bull.</cite>, April 1919, p. 408.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f90'> -<p class='c007'><a href='#r90'>90</a>. <cite>U.S. Comm. Repts.</cite>, 1919, No. 21, p. 387.</p> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span><span class='small'>PRINTED BY</span></div> - <div><span class='small'>HAZELL, WATSON AND VINEY, LD.,</span></div> - <div><span class='small'>LONDON AND AYLESBURY,</span></div> - <div><span class='small'>ENGLAND.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c004' /> -</div> -<div class='tnotes'> - -<div class='section ph2'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - - <ol class='ol_1 c002'> - <li>Footnote <a id='r90' /><a href='#f90' style='text-decoration: none; - '><sup>[90]</sup></a> (was 64) was unanchored. - - </li> - <li>P. <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, added missing title “WORLD MAP OF PLATINUM DEPOSITS.” - - </li> - <li>Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - - </li> - <li>Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. - - </li> - <li>Footnotes were re-indexed using numbers and collected together at the end of the last - chapter. - </li> - </ol> - -</div> - -<div style='display:block;margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PLATINUM METALS ***</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0;'>This file should be named 64068-h.htm or 64068-h.zip</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0;'>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in https://www.gutenberg.org/6/4/0/6/64068/</div> -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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