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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/6398.txt b/6398.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..affad13 --- /dev/null +++ b/6398.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1433 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lives Of Eminent Grammarians And +Rhetoricians, by C. Suetonius Tranquillus + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Lives Of Eminent Grammarians And Rhetoricians + The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 13. + +Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus + +Release Date: December 14, 2004 [EBook #6398] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF EMINENT GRAMMARIANS *** + + + + +Produced by Tapio Riikonen and David Widger + + + + + + THE LIVES + OF + THE TWELVE CAESARS + + By + C. Suetonius Tranquillus; + + To which are added, + + HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS. + + + The Translation of + Alexander Thomson, M.D. + + revised and corrected by + T.Forester, Esq., A.M. + + + + +LIVES OF EMINENT GRAMMARIANS + +(506) + +I. The science of grammar [842] was in ancient times far from being in +vogue at Rome; indeed, it was of little use in a rude state of society, +when the people were engaged in constant wars, and had not much time to +bestow on the cultivation of the liberal arts [843]. At the outset, its +pretensions were very slender, for the earliest men of learning, who were +both poets and orators, may be considered as half-Greek: I speak of +Livius [844] and Ennius [845], who are acknowledged to have taught both +languages as well at Rome as in foreign parts [846]. But they (507) only +translated from the Greek, and if they composed anything of their own in +Latin, it was only from what they had before read. For although there +are those who say that this Ennius published two books, one on "Letters +and Syllables," and the other on "Metres," Lucius Cotta has +satisfactorily proved that they are not the works of the poet Ennius, but +of another writer of the same name, to whom also the treatise on the +"Rules of Augury" is attributed. + +II. Crates of Mallos [847], then, was, in our opinion, the first who +introduced the study of grammar at Rome. He was cotemporary with +Aristarchus [848], and having been sent by king Attalus as envoy to the +senate in the interval between the second and third Punic wars [849], +soon after the death of Ennius [850], he had the misfortune to fall into +an open sewer in the Palatine quarter of the city, and broke his leg. +After which, during the whole period of his embassy and convalescence, he +gave frequent lectures, taking much pains to instruct his hearers, and he +has left us an example well worthy of imitation. It was so far followed, +that poems hitherto little known, the works either of deceased friends or +other approved writers, were brought to light, and being read and +commented on, were explained to others. Thus, Caius Octavius Lampadio +edited the Punic War of Naevius [851], which having been written in one +volume without any break in the manuscript, he divided into seven books. +After that, Quintus Vargonteius undertook the Annals of Ennius, which he +read on certain fixed days to crowded audiences. So Laelius Archelaus, +and Vectius Philocomus, read and commented on the Satires of their friend +Lucilius [852], which Lenaeus Pompeius, a freedman, tells us he studied +under Archelaus; and Valerius Cato, under Philocomus. Two others also +taught and promoted (508) grammar in various branches, namely, Lucius +Aelius Lanuvinus, the son-in-law of Quintus Aelius, and Servius Claudius, +both of whom were Roman knights, and men who rendered great services both +to learning and the republic. + +III. Lucius Aelius had a double cognomen, for he was called Praeconius, +because his father was a herald; Stilo, because he was in the habit of +composing orations for most of the speakers of highest rank; indeed, he +was so strong a partisan of the nobles, that he accompanied Quintus +Metellus Numidicus [853] in his exile. Servius [854] having +clandestinely obtained his father-in-law's book before it was published, +was disowned for the fraud, which he took so much to heart, that, +overwhelmed with shame and distress, he retired from Rome; and being +seized with a fit of the gout, in his impatience, he applied a poisonous +ointment to his feet, which half-killed him, so that his lower limbs +mortified while he was still alive. After this, more attention was paid +to the science of letters, and it grew in public estimation, insomuch, +that men of the highest rank did not hesitate in undertaking to write +something on the subject; and it is related that sometimes there were no +less than twenty celebrated scholars in Rome. So high was the value, and +so great were the rewards, of grammarians, that Lutatius Daphnides, +jocularly called "Pan's herd" [855] by Lenaeus Melissus, was purchased by +Quintus Catullus for two hundred thousand sesterces, and shortly +afterwards made a freedman; and that Lucius Apuleius, who was taken into +the pay of Epicius Calvinus, a wealthy Roman knight, at the annual salary +of ten thousand crowns, had many scholars. Grammar also penetrated into +the provinces, and some of the most eminent amongst the learned taught it +in foreign parts, particularly in Gallia Togata. In the number of these, +we may reckon Octavius (509) Teucer, Siscennius Jacchus, and Oppius Cares +[856], who persisted in teaching to a most advanced period of his life, +at a time when he was not only unable to walk, but his sight failed. + +IV. The appellation of grammarian was borrowed from the Greeks; but at +first, the Latins called such persons literati. Cornelius Nepos, also, +in his book, where he draws a distinction between a literate and a +philologist, says that in common phrase, those are properly called +literati who are skilled in speaking or writing with care or accuracy, +and those more especially deserve the name who translated the poets, and +were called grammarians by the Greeks. It appears that they were named +literators by Messala Corvinus, in one of his letters, when he says, +"that it does not refer to Furius Bibaculus, nor even to Sigida, nor to +Cato, the literator," [857] meaning, doubtless, that Valerius Cato was +both a poet and an eminent grammarian. Some there are who draw a +distinction between a literati and a literator, as the Greeks do between +a grammarian and a grammatist, applying the former term to men of real +erudition, the latter to those whose pretensions to learning are +moderate; and this opinion Orbilius supports by examples. For he says +that in old times, when a company of slaves was offered for sale by any +person, it was not customary, without good reason, to describe either of +them in the catalogue as a literati, but only as a literator, meaning +that he was not a proficient in letters, but had a smattering of +knowledge. + +The early grammarians taught rhetoric also, and we have many of their +treatises which include both sciences; whence it arose, I think, that in +later times, although the two professions had then become distinct, the +old custom was retained, or the grammarians introduced into their +teaching some of the elements required for public speaking, such as the +problem, the periphrasis, the choice of words, description of character, +and the like; in order that they might not transfer (510) their pupils to +the rhetoricians no better than ill-taught boys. But I perceive that +these lessons are now given up in some cases, on account of the want of +application, or the tender years, of the scholar, for I do not believe +that it arises from any dislike in the master. I recollect that when I +was a boy it was the custom of one of these, whose name was Princeps, to +take alternate days for declaiming and disputing; and sometimes he would +lecture in the morning, and declaim in the afternoon, when he had his +pulpit removed. I heard, also, that even within the memories of our own +fathers, some of the pupils of the grammarians passed directly from the +schools to the courts, and at once took a high place in the ranks of the +most distinguished advocates. The professors at that time were, indeed, +men of great eminence, of some of whom I may be able to give an account +in the following chapters. + +V. SAEVIUS [858] NICANOR first acquired fame and reputation by his +teaching: and, besides, he made commentaries, the greater part of which, +however, are said to have been borrowed. He also wrote a satire, in +which he informs us that he was a freedman, and had a double cognomen, in +the following verses; + + Saevius Nicanor Marci libertus negabit, + Saevius Posthumius idem, sed Marcus, docebit. + + What Saevius Nicanor, the freedman of Marcus, will deny, + The same Saevius, called also Posthumius Marcus, will assert. + +It is reported, that in consequence of some infamy attached to his +character, he retired to Sardinia, and there ended his days. + +VI. AURELIUS OPILIUS [859], the freedman of some Epicurean, first taught +philosophy, then rhetoric, and last of all, grammar. (511) Having closed +his school, he followed Rutilius Rufus, when he was banished to Asia, and +there the two friends grew old together. He also wrote several volumes +on a variety of learned topics, nine books of which he distinguished by +the number and names of the nine Muses; as he says, not without reason, +they being the patrons of authors and poets. I observe that its title is +given in several indexes by a single letter, but he uses two in the +heading of a book called Pinax. + +VII. MARCUS ANTONIUS GNIPHO [860], a free-born native of Gaul, was +exposed in his infancy, and afterwards received his freedom from his +foster-father; and, as some say, was educated at Alexandria, where +Dionysius Scytobrachion [861] was his fellow pupil. This, however, I am +not very ready to believe, as the times at which they flourished scarcely +agree. He is said to have been a man of great genius, of singular +memory, well read in Greek as well as Latin, and of a most obliging and +agreeable temper, who never haggled about remuneration, but generally +left it to the liberality of his scholars. He first taught in the house +of Julius Caesar [862], when the latter was yet but a boy, and, +afterwards, in his own private house. He gave instruction in rhetoric +also, teaching the rules of eloquence every day, but declaiming only on +festivals. It is said that some very celebrated men frequented his +school,--and, among others, Marcus Cicero, during the time he held the +praetorship [863]. He wrote a number of works, although he did not live +beyond his fiftieth year; but Atteius, the philologist [864], says, that +he left only two volumes, "De Latino Sermone;" and, that the other works +ascribed to him, were composed by his disciples, and were not his, +although his name is sometimes to be found in them. + +VIII. M. POMPILIUS ANDRONICUS, a native of Syria, while he professed to +be a grammarian, was considered an idle follower of the Epicurean sect, +and little qualified to be a master (512) of a school. Finding, +therefore, that, at Rome, not only Antonius Gnipho, but even other +teachers of less note were preferred to him, he retired to Cumae, where +he lived at his ease; and, though he wrote several books, he was so +needy, and reduced to such straits, as to be compelled to sell that +excellent little work of his, "The Index to the Annals," for sixteen +thousand sesterces. Orbilius has informed us, that he redeemed this work +from the oblivion into which it had fallen, and took care to have it +published with the author's name. + +IX. ORBILIUS PUPILLUS, of Beneventum, being left an orphan, by the death +of his parents, who both fell a sacrifice to the plots of their enemies +on the same day, acted, at first, as apparitor to the magistrates. He +then joined the troops in Macedonia, when he was first decorated with the +plumed helmet [865], and, afterwards, promoted to serve on horseback. +Having completed his military service, he resumed his studies, which he +had pursued with no small diligence from his youth upwards; and, having +been a professor for a long period in his own country, at last, during +the consulship of Cicero, made his way to Rome, where he taught with more +reputation than profit. For in one of his works he says, that "he was +then very old, and lived in a garret." He also published a book with the +title of Perialogos; containing complaints of the injurious treatment to +which professors submitted, without seeking redress at the hands of +parents. His sour temper betrayed itself, not only in his disputes with +the sophists opposed to him, whom he lashed on every occasion, but also +towards his scholars, as Horace tells us, who calls him "a flogger;" +[866] and Domitius Marsus [867], who says of him: + + Si quos Orbilius ferula scuticaque cecidit. + If those Orbilius with rod or ferule thrashed. + +(513) And not even men of rank escaped his sarcasms; for, before he +became noticed, happening to be examined as a witness in a crowded court, +Varro, the advocate on the other side, put the question to him, "What he +did and by what profession he gained his livelihood?" He replied, "That +he lived by removing hunchbacks from the sunshine into the shade," +alluding to Muraena's deformity. He lived till he was near a hundred +years old; but he had long lost his memory, as the verse of Bibaculus +informs us: + + Orbilius ubinam est, literarum oblivio? + Where is Orbilius now, that wreck of learning lost? + +His statue is shown in the Capitol at Beneventum. It stands on the left +hand, and is sculptured in marble [868], representing him in a sitting +posture, wearing the pallium, with two writing-cases in his hand. He +left a son, named also Orbilius, who, like his father, was a professor of +grammar. + +X. ATTEIUS, THE PHILOLOGIST, a freedman, was born at Athens. Of him, +Capito Atteius [869], the well-known jurisconsult, says that he was a +rhetorician among the grammarians, and a grammarian among the +rhetoricians. Asinius Pollio [870], in the book in which he finds fault +with the writings of Sallust for his great affectation of obsolete words, +speaks thus: "In this work his chief assistant was a certain Atteius, a +man of rank, a splendid Latin grammarian, the aider and preceptor of +those who studied the practice of declamation; in short, one who claimed +for himself the cognomen of Philologus." Writing to Lucius Hermas, he +says, "that he had made great proficiency in Greek literature, and some +in Latin; that he had been a hearer of Antonius Gnipho, and his Hermas +[871], and afterwards began to teach others. Moreover, that he had for +pupils many illustrious youths, among whom were the two (514) brothers, +Appius and Pulcher Claudius; and that he even accompanied them to their +province." He appears to have assumed the name of Philologus, because, +like Eratosthenes [872], who first adopted that cognomen, he was in high +repute for his rich and varied stores of learning; which, indeed, is +evident from his commentaries, though but few of them are extant. +Another letter, however, to the same Hermas, shews that they were very +numerous: "Remember," it says, "to recommend generally our Extracts, +which we have collected, as you know, of all kinds, into eight hundred +books." He afterwards formed an intimate acquaintance with Caius +Sallustius, and, on his death, with Asinius Pollio; and when they +undertook to write a history, he supplied the one with short annals of +all Roman affairs, from which he could select at pleasure; and the other, +with rules on the art of composition. I am, therefore, surprised that +Asinius Pollio should have supposed that he was in the habit of +collecting old words and figures of speech for Sallust, when he must have +known that his own advice was, that none but well known, and common and +appropriate expressions should be made use of; and that, above all +things, the obscurity of the style of Sallust, and his bold freedom in +translations, should be avoided. + +XI. VALERIUS CATO was, as some have informed us, the freedman of one +Bursenus, a native of Gaul. He himself tells us, in his little work +called "Indignatio," that he was born free, and being left an orphan, was +exposed to be easily stripped of his patrimony during the licence of +Sylla's administrations. He had a great number of distinguished pupils, +and was highly esteemed as a preceptor suited to those who had a poetical +turn, as appears from these short lines: + + Cato grammaticus, Latina Siren, + Qui solus legit ac facit poetas. + + Cato, the Latin Siren, grammar taught and verse, + To form the poet skilled, and poetry rehearse. + +Besides his Treatise on Grammar, he composed some poems, (515) of which, +his Lydia and Diana are most admired. Ticida mentions his "Lydia." + + Lydia, doctorum maxima cura liber. + "Lydia," a work to men of learning dear. + +Cinna [873] thus notices the "Diana." + + Secula permaneat nostri Diana Catonis. + Immortal be our Cato's song of Dian. + +He lived to extreme old age, but in the lowest state of penury, and +almost in actual want; having retired to a small cottage when he gave up +his Tusculan villa to his creditors; as Bibaculus tells us: + + Si quis forte mei domum Catonis, + Depictas minio assulas, et illos + Custodis vidit hortulos Priapi, + Miratur, quibus ille disciplinis, + Tantam sit sapientiam assecutus, + Quam tres cauliculi et selibra farris; + Racemi duo, tegula sub una, + Ad summam prope nutriant senectam. + +"If, perchance, any one has seen the house of my Cato, with marble slabs +of the richest hues, and his gardens worthy of having Priapus [874] for +their guardian, he may well wonder by what philosophy he has gained so +much wisdom, that a daily allowance of three coleworts, half-a-pound of +meal, and two bunches of grapes, under a narrow roof, should serve for +his subsistence to extreme old age." + +And he says in another place: + + Catonis modo, Galle, Tusculanum + Tota creditor urbe venditahat. + Mirati sumus unicum magistrum, + Summum grammaticum, optimum poetam, + Omnes solvere posse quaestiones, + Unum difficile expedire nomen. + En cor Zenodoti, en jecur Cratetis! + +"We lately saw, my Gallus, Cato's Tusculan villa exposed to public sale +by his creditors; and wondered that such an unrivalled master of (516) +the schools, most eminent grammarian, and accomplished poet, could solve +all propositions and yet found one question too difficult for him to +settle,--how to pay his debts. We find in him the genius of Zenodotus +[875], the wisdom of Crates." [876] + +XII. CORNELIUS EPICADIUS, a freedman of Lucius Cornelius Sylla, the +dictator, was his apparitor in the Augural priesthood, and much beloved +by his son Faustus; so that he was proud to call himself the freedman of +both. He completed the last book of Sylla's Commentaries, which his +patron had left unfinished. [877] + +XIII. LABERIUS HIERA was bought by his master out of a slave-dealer's +cage, and obtained his freedom on account of his devotion to learning. +It is reported that his disinterestedness was such, that he gave +gratuitous instruction to the children of those who were proscribed in +the time of Sylla. + +XIV. CURTIUS NICIA was the intimate friend of Cneius Pompeius and Caius +Memmius; but having carried notes from Memmius to Pompey's wife [878], +when she was debauched by Memmius, Pompey was indignant, and forbad him +his house. He was also on familiar terms with Marcus Cicero, who thus +speaks of him in his epistle to Dolabella [879]: "I have more need of +receiving letters from you, than you have of desiring them from me. For +there is nothing going on at Rome in which I think you would take any +interest, except, perhaps, that you may like to know that I am appointed +umpire between our friends Nicias and Vidius. The one, it appears, +alleges in two short verses that Nicias owes him (517) money; the other, +like an Aristarchus, cavils at them. I, like an old critic, am to decide +whether they are Nicias's or spurious." + +Again, in a letter to Atticus [880], he says: "As to what you write about +Nicias, nothing could give me greater pleasure than to have him with me, +if I was in a position to enjoy his society; but my province is to me a +place of retirement and solitude. Sicca easily reconciled himself to +this state of things, and, therefore, I would prefer having him. +Besides, you are well aware of the feebleness, and the nice and luxurious +habits, of our friend Nicias. Why should I be the means of making him +uncomfortable, when he can afford me no pleasure? At the same time, I +value his goodwill." + +XV. LENAEUS was a freedman of Pompey the Great, and attended him in most +of his expeditions. On the death of his patron and his sons, he +supported himself by teaching in a school which he opened near the temple +of Tellus, in the Carium, in the quarter of the city where the house of +the Pompeys stood [881]. Such was his regard for his patron's memory, +that when Sallust described him as having a brazen face, and a shameless +mind, he lashed the historian in a most bitter satire [882], as "a +bull's-pizzle, a gormandizer, a braggart, and a tippler, a man whose life +and writings were equally monstrous;" besides charging him with being "a +most unskilful plagiarist, who borrowed the language of Cato and other +old writers." It is related, that, in his youth, having escaped from +slavery by the contrivance of some of his friends, he took refuge in his +own country; and, that after he had applied himself to the liberal arts, +he brought the price of his freedom to his former master, who, however, +struck by his talents and learning, gave him manumission gratuitously. + +XVI. QUINTUS CAECILIUS, an Epirot by descent, but born at Tusculum, was +a freedman of Atticus Satrius, a Roman (518) knight, to whom Cicero +addressed his Epistles [883]. He became the tutor of his patron's +daughter [884], who was contracted to Marcus Agrippa, but being suspected +of an illicit intercourse with her, and sent away on that account, he +betook himself to Cornelius Gallus, and lived with him on terms of the +greatest intimacy, which, indeed, was imputed to Gallus as one of his +heaviest offences, by Augustus. Then, after the condemnation and death +of Gallus [885], he opened a school, but had few pupils, and those very +young, nor any belonging to the higher orders, excepting the children of +those he could not refuse to admit. He was the first, it is said, who +held disputations in Latin, and who began to lecture on Virgil and the +other modern poets; which the verse of Domitius Marcus [886] points out. + + Epirota tenellorum nutricula vatum. + + The Epirot who, + With tender care, our unfledged poets nursed. + +XVII. VERRIUS FLACCUS [887], a freedman, distinguished himself by a new +mode of teaching; for it was his practice to exercise the wits of his +scholars, by encouraging emulation among them; not only proposing the +subjects on which they were to write, but offering rewards for those who +were successful in the contest. These consisted of some ancient, +handsome, or rare book. Being, in consequence, selected by Augustus, as +preceptor to his grandsons, he transferred his entire school to the +Palatium, but with the understanding that he should admit no fresh +scholars. The hall in Catiline's house, (519) which had then been added +to the palace, was assigned him for his school, with a yearly allowance +of one hundred thousand sesterces. He died of old age, in the reign of +Tiberius. There is a statue of him at Praeneste, in the semi-circle at +the lower side of the forum, where he had set up calendars arranged by +himself, and inscribed on slabs of marble. + +XVIII. LUCIUS CRASSITIUS, a native of Tarentum, and in rank a freedman, +had the cognomen of Pasides, which he afterwards changed for Pansa. His +first employment was connected with the stage, and his business was to +assist the writers of farces. After that, he took to giving lessons in a +gallery attached to a house, until his commentary on "The Smyrna" [888] +so brought him into notice, that the following lines were written on him: + + Uni Crassitio se credere Smyrna probavit. + Desinite indocti, conjugio hanc petere. + Soli Crassitio se dixit nubere velle: + Intima cui soli nota sua exstiterint. + + Crassitius only counts on Smyrna's love, + Fruitless the wooings of the unlettered prove; + Crassitius she receives with loving arms, + For he alone unveiled her hidden charms. + +However, after having taught many scholars, some of whom were of high +rank, and amongst others, Julius Antonius, the triumvir's son, so that he +might be even compared with Verrius Flaccus; he suddenly closed his +school, and joined the sect of Quintus Septimius, the philosopher. + +XIX. SCRIBONIUS APHRODISIUS, the slave and disciple of Orbilius, who was +afterwards redeemed and presented with his freedom by Scribonia [889], +the daughter of Libo who had been the wife of Augustus, taught in the +time of Verrius; whose books on Orthography he also revised, not without +some severe remarks on his pursuits and conduct. + +XX. C. JULIUS HYGINUS, a freedman of Augustus, was a native of Spain, +(although some say he was born at Alexandria,) (520) and that when that +city was taken, Caesar brought him, then a boy, to Rome. He closely and +carefully imitated Cornelius Alexander [890], a Greek grammarian, who, +for his antiquarian knowledge, was called by many Polyhistor, and by some +History. He had the charge of the Palatine library, but that did not +prevent him from having many scholars; and he was one of the most +intimate friends of the poet Ovid, and of Caius Licinius, the historian, +a man of consular rank [891], who has related that Hyginus died very +poor, and was supported by his liberality as long as he lived. Julius +Modestus [892], who was a freedman of Hyginus, followed the footsteps of +his patron in his studies and learning. + +XXI. CAIUS MELISSUS [893], a native of Spoletum, was free-born, but +having been exposed by his parents in consequence of quarrels between +them, he received a good education from his foster-father, by whose care +and industry he was brought up, and was made a present of to Mecaenas, as +a grammarian. Finding himself valued and treated as a friend, he +preferred to continue in his state of servitude, although he was claimed +by his mother, choosing rather his present condition than that which his +real origin entitled him to. In consequence, his freedom was speedily +given him, and he even became a favourite with Augustus. By his +appointment he was made curator of the library in the portico of Octavia +[894]; and, as he himself informs us, undertook to compose, when he was +a sexagenarian, his books of "Witticisms," which are now called "The Book +of Jests." Of these he accomplished one hundred and fifty, to which he +afterwards added several more. He (521) also composed a new kind of +story about those who wore the toga, and called it "Trabeat." [895] + +XXII. MARCUS POMPONIUS MARCELLUS, a very severe critic of the Latin +tongue, who sometimes pleaded causes, in a certain address on the +plaintiff's behalf, persisted in charging his adversary with making a +solecism, until Cassius Severus appealed to the judges to grant an +adjournment until his client should produce another grammarian, as he was +not prepared to enter into a controversy respecting a solecism, instead +of defending his client's rights. On another occasion, when he had found +fault with some expression in a speech made by Tiberius, Atteius Capito +[896] affirmed, "that if it was not Latin, at least it would be so in +time to come;" "Capito is wrong," cried Marcellus; "it is certainly in +your power, Caesar, to confer the freedom of the city on whom you please, +but you cannot make words for us." Asinius Gallus [897] tells us that he +was formerly a pugilist, in the following epigram. + + Qui caput ad laevam deicit, glossemata nobis + Praecipit; os nullum, vel potius pugilis. + + Who ducked his head, to shun another's fist, + Though he expound old saws,--yet, well I wist, + With pummelled nose and face, he's but a pugilist. + +XXIII. REMMIUS PALAEMON [898], of Vicentia [899], the offspring of a +bond-woman, acquired the rudiments of learning, first as the companion of +a weaver's, and then of his master's, son, at school. Being afterwards +made free, he taught at Rome, where he stood highest in the rank of the +grammarians; but he was so infamous for every sort of vice, that Tiberius +and his successor Claudius publicly denounced him as an improper person +to have the education of boys and young men entrusted to him. Still, his +powers of narrative and agreeable style of speaking made him very +popular; besides which, he had the gift of making extempore verses. He +also wrote a great many in (522) various and uncommon metres. His +insolence was such, that he called Marcus Varro "a hog;" and bragged that +"letters were born and would perish with him;" and that "his name was not +introduced inadvertently in the Bucolics [900], as Virgil divined that a +Palaemon would some day be the judge of all poets and poems." He also +boasted, that having once fallen into the hands of robbers, they spared +him on account of the celebrity his name had acquired. + +He was so luxurious, that he took the bath many times in a day; nor did +his means suffice for his extravagance, although his school brought him +in forty thousand sesterces yearly, and he received not much less from +his private estate, which he managed with great care. He also kept a +broker's shop for the sale of old clothes; and it is well known that a +vine [901], he planted himself, yielded three hundred and fifty bottles +of wine. But the greatest of all his vices was his unbridled +licentiousness in his commerce with women, which he carried to the utmost +pitch of foul indecency [902]. They tell a droll story of some one who +met him in a crowd, and upon his offering to kiss him, could not escape +the salute, "Master," said he, "do you want to mouth every one you meet +with in a hurry?" + +XXIV. MARCUS VALERIUS PROBUS, of Berytus [903], after long aspiring to +the rank of centurion, being at last tired of waiting, devoted himself to +study. He had met with some old authors at a bookseller's shop in the +provinces, where the memory of ancient times still lingers, and is not +quite forgotten, as it is at Rome. Being anxious carefully to reperuse +these, and afterwards to make acquaintance with other works of the same +kind, he found himself an object of contempt, and was laughed (523) at +for his lectures, instead of their gaining him fame or profit. Still, +however, he persisted in his purpose, and employed himself in correcting, +illustrating, and adding notes to many works which he had collected, his +labours being confined to the province of a grammarian, and nothing more. +He had, properly speaking, no scholars, but some few followers. For he +never taught in such a way as to maintain the character of a master; but +was in the habit of admitting one or two, perhaps at most three or four, +disciples in the afternoon; and while he lay at ease and chatted freely +on ordinary topics, he occasionally read some book to them, but that did +not often happen. He published a few slight treatises on some subtle +questions, besides which, he left a large collection of observations on +the language of the ancients. + + + + + + + +LIVES OF EMINENT RHETORICIANS. + +(524) + +I. Rhetoric, also, as well as Grammar, was not introduced amongst us +till a late period, and with still more difficulty, inasmuch as we find +that, at times, the practice of it was even prohibited. In order to +leave no doubt of this, I will subjoin an ancient decree of the senate, +as well as an edict of the censors:--"In the consulship of Caius Fannius +Strabo, and Marcus Palerius Messala [904]: the praetor Marcus Pomponius +moved the senate, that an act be passed respecting Philosophers and +Rhetoricians. In this matter, they have decreed as follows: 'It shall be +lawful for M. Pomponius, the praetor, to take such measures, and make +such provisions, as the good of the Republic, and the duty of his office, +require, that no Philosophers or Rhetoricians be suffered at Rome.'" + +After some interval, the censor Cnaeus Domitius Aenobarbus and Lucius +Licinius Crassus issued the following edict upon the same subject: "It is +reported to us that certain persons have instituted a new kind of +discipline; that our youth resort to their schools; that they have +assumed the title of Latin Rhetoricians; and that young men waste their +time there for whole days together. Our ancestors have ordained what +instruction it is fitting their children should receive, and what schools +they should attend. These novelties, contrary to the customs and +instructions of our ancestors, we neither approve, nor do they appear to +us good. Wherefore it appears to be our duty that we should notify our +judgment both to those who keep such schools, and those who are in the +practice of frequenting them, that they meet our disapprobation." + +However, by slow degrees, rhetoric manifested itself to be a (525) useful +and honourable study, and many persons devoted themselves to it, both as +a means of defence and of acquiring reputation. Cicero declaimed in +Greek until his praetorship, but afterwards, as he grew older, in Latin +also; and even in the consulship of Hirtius and Pansa [905], whom he +calls "his great and noble disciples." Some historians state that Cneius +Pompey resumed the practice of declaiming even during the civil war, in +order to be better prepared to argue against Caius Curio, a young man of +great talents, to whom the defence of Caesar was entrusted. They say, +likewise, that it was not forgotten by Mark Antony, nor by Augustus, even +during the war of Modena. Nero also declaimed [906] even after he became +emperor, in the first year of his reign, which he had done before in +public but twice. Many speeches of orators were also published. In +consequence, public favour was so much attracted to the study of +rhetoric, that a vast number of professors and learned men devoted +themselves to it; and it flourished to such a degree, that some of them +raised themselves by it to the rank of senators and the highest offices. + +But the same mode of teaching was not adopted by all, nor, indeed, did +individuals always confine themselves to the same system, but each varied +his plan of teaching according to circumstances. For they were +accustomed, in stating their argument with the utmost clearness, to use +figures and apologies, to put cases, as circumstances required, and to +relate facts, sometimes briefly and succinctly, and, at other times, more +at large and with greater feeling. Nor did they omit, on occasion, to +resort to translations from the Greek, and to expatiate in the praise, or +to launch their censures on the faults, of illustrious men. They also +dealt with matters connected with every-day life, pointing out such as +are useful and necessary, and such as are hurtful and needless. They had +occasion often to support the authority of fabulous accounts, and to +detract from that of historical narratives, which sort the Greeks call +"Propositions," "Refutations" and "Corroboration," until by a gradual +process they have exhausted these topics, and arrive at the gist of the +argument. + +Among the ancients, subjects of controversy were drawn either from +history, as indeed some are even now, or from (526) actual facts, of +recent occurrence. It was, therefore, the custom to state them +precisely, with details of the names of places. We certainly so find +them collected and published, and it may be well to give one or two of +them literally, by way of example: + +"A company of young men from the city, having made an excursion to Ostia +in the summer season, and going down to the beach, fell in with some +fishermen who were casting their nets in the sea. Having bargained with +them for the haul, whatever it might turn out to be, for a certain sum, +they paid down the money. They waited a long time while the nets were +being drawn, and when at last they were dragged on shore, there was no +fish in them, but some gold sewn up in a basket. The buyers claim the +haul as theirs, the fishermen assert that it belongs to them." + +Again: "Some dealers having to land from a ship at Brundusium a cargo of +slaves, among which there was a handsome boy of great value, they, in +order to deceive the collectors of the customs, smuggled him ashore in +the dress of a freeborn youth, with the bullum [907] hung about his neck. +The fraud easily escaped detection. They proceed to Rome; the affair +becomes the subject of judicial inquiry; it is alleged that the boy was +entitled to his freedom, because his master had voluntarily treated him +as free." + +Formerly, they called these by a Greek term, syntaxeis, but of late +"controversies;" but they may be either fictitious cases, or those which +come under trial in the courts. Of the eminent professors of this +science, of whom any memorials are extant, it would not be easy to find +many others than those of whom I shall now proceed to give an account. + +II. LUCIUS PLOTIUS GALLUS. Of him Marcus Tullius Cicero thus writes to +Marcus Titinnius [908]: "I remember well that when we were boys, one +Lucius Plotius first began to teach Latin; and as great numbers flocked +to his school, so that all who were most devoted to study were eager to +take lessons from him, it was a great trouble to me that I too was not +allowed to do so. I was prevented, however, by the decided opinion (527) +of men of the greatest learning, who considered that it was best to +cultivate the genius by the study of Greek." This same Gallus, for he +lived to a great age, was pointed at by M. Caelius, in a speech which he +was forced to make in his own cause, as having supplied his accuser, +Atracinus [909], with materials for his charge. Suppressing his name, he +says that such a rhetorician was like barley bread [910] compared to a +wheaten loaf,--windy, chaffy, and coarse. + +III. LUCIUS OCTACILIUS PILITUS is said to have been a slave, and, +according to the old custom, chained to the door like a watch-dog [911]; +until, having been presented with his freedom for his genius and devotion +to learning, he drew up for his patron the act of accusation in a cause +he was prosecuting. After that, becoming a professor of rhetoric, he +gave instructions to Cneius Pompey the Great, and composed an account of +his actions, as well as of those of his father, being the first freedman, +according to the opinion of Cornelius Nepos [912], who ventured to write +history, which before his time had not been done by any one who was not +of the highest ranks in society. + +IV. About this time, EPIDIUS [913] having fallen into disgrace for +bringing a false accusation, opened a school of instruction, in which he +taught, among others, Mark Antony and Augustus. On one occasion Caius +Canutius jeered them for presuming to belong to the party of the consul +Isauricus [914] in his administration of the republic; upon which he +replied, that he would rather be the disciple of Isauricus, than of +Epidius, the false accuser. This Epidius claimed to be descended from +Epidius Nuncio, who, as (528) ancient traditions assert, fell into the +fountain of the river Sarnus [915] when the streams were overflown, and +not being afterwards found, was reckoned among the number of the gods. + +V. SEXTUS CLODIUS, a native of Sicily, a professor both of Greek and +Latin eloquence, had bad eyes and a facetious tongue. It was a saying of +his, that he lost a pair of eyes from his intimacy with Mark Antony, the +triumvir [916]. Of his wife, Fulvia, when there was a swelling in one of +her cheeks, he said that "she tempted the point of his style;" [917] nor +did Antony think any the worse of him for the joke, but quite enjoyed it; +and soon afterwards, when Antony was consul [918], he even made him a +large grant of land, which Cicero charges him with in his Philippics +[919]. "You patronize," he said, "a master of the schools for the sake +of his buffoonery, and make a rhetorician one of your pot-companions; +allowing him to cut his jokes on any one he pleased; a witty man, no +doubt, but it was an easy matter to say smart things of such as you and +your companions. But listen, Conscript Fathers, while I tell you what +reward was given to this rhetorician, and let the wounds of the republic +be laid bare to view. You assigned two thousand acres of the Leontine +territory [920] to Sextus Clodius, the rhetorician, and not content with +that, exonerated the estate from all taxes. Hear this, and learn from +the extravagance of the grant, how little wisdom is displayed in your +acts." + +VI. CAIUS ALBUTIUS SILUS, of Novara [921], while, in the execution (529) +of the office of edile in his native place, he was sitting for the +administration of justice, was dragged by the feet from the tribunal by +some persons against whom he was pronouncing a decree. In great +indignation at this usage, he made straight for the gate of the town, and +proceeded to Rome. There he was admitted to fellowship, and lodged, with +Plancus the orator [922], whose practice it was, before he made a speech +in public, to set up some one to take the contrary side in the argument. +The office was undertaken by Albutius with such success, that he silenced +Plancus, who did not venture to put himself in competition with him. +This bringing him into notice, he collected an audience of his own, and +it was his custom to open the question proposed for debate, sitting; but +as he warmed with the subject, he stood up, and made his peroration in +that posture. His declamations were of different kinds; sometimes +brilliant and polished, at others, that they might not be thought to +savour too much of the schools, he curtailed them of all ornament, and +used only familiar phrases. He also pleaded causes, but rarely, being +employed in such as were of the highest importance, and in every case +undertaking the peroration only. + +In the end, he gave up practising in the forum, partly from shame, partly +from fear. For, in a certain trial before the court of the One Hundred +[923], having lashed the defendant as a man void of natural affection for +his parents, he called upon him by a bold figure of speech, "to swear by +the ashes of his father and mother which lay unburied;" his adversary +taking him up for the suggestion, and the judges frowning upon it, he +lost his cause, and was much blamed. At another time, on a trial for +murder at Milan, before Lucius Piso, the proconsul, having to defend the +culprit, he worked himself up to such a pitch of vehemence, that in a +crowded court, who loudly applauded him, notwithstanding all the efforts +of the lictor to maintain order, he broke out into a lamentation on the +miserable state of Italy [924], then in danger of being again reduced, he +said, into (530) the form of a province, and turning to the statue of +Marcus Brutus, which stood in the Forum, he invoked him as "the founder +and vindicator of the liberties of the people." For this he narrowly +escaped a prosecution. Suffering, at an advanced period of life, from an +ulcerated tumour, he returned to Novara, and calling the people together +in a public assembly, addressed them in a set speech, of considerable +length, explaining the reasons which induced him to put an end to +existence: and this he did by abstaining from food. + +END OF THE LIVES OF GRAMMARIANS AND RHETORICIANS. + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[842] It will be understood that the terms Grammar and Grammarian have +here a more extended sense than that which they convey in modern use. +See the beginning of c. iv. + +[843] Suetonius's account of the rude and unlettered state of society in +the early times of Rome, is consistent with what we might infer, and with +the accounts which have come down to us, of a community composed of the +most daring and adventurous spirits thrown off by the neighbouring +tribes, and whose sole occupations were rapine and war. But Cicero +discovers the germs of mental cultivation among the Romans long before +the period assigned to it by Suetonius, tracing them to the teaching of +Pythagoras, who visited the Greek cities on the coast of Italy in the +reign of Tarquinius Superbus.--Tusc. Quaest. iv. 1. + +[844] Livius, whose cognomen Andronicus, intimates his extraction, was +born of Greek parents. He began to teach at Rome in the consulship of +Claudius Cento, the son of Appius Caecus, and Sempronius Tuditanus, +A.U.C. 514. He must not be confounded with Titus Livius, the historian, +who flourished in the Augustan age. + +[845] Ennius was a native of Calabria. He was born the year after the +consulship mentioned in the preceding note, and lived to see at least his +seventy-sixth year, for Gellius informs us that at that age he wrote the +twelfth book of his Annals. + +[846] Porcius Cato found Ennius in Sardinia, when he conquered that +island during his praetorship. He learnt Greek from Ennius there, and +brought him to Rome on his return. Ennius taught Greek at Rome for a +long course of years, having M. Cato among his pupils. + +[847] Mallos was near Tarsus, in Cilicia. Crates was the son of +Timocrates, a Stoic philosopher, who for his critical skill had the +surname of Homericus. + +[848] Aristarchus flourished at Alexandria, in the reign of Ptolemy +Philometer, whose son he educated. + +[849] A.U.C. 535-602 or 605. + +[850] Cicero [De Clar. Orat. c. xx., De Senect. c. v. 1] places the +death of Ennius A.U.C. 584, for which there are other authorities; but +this differs from the account given in a former note. + +[851] The History of the first Punic War by Naevius is mentioned by +Cicero, De Senect, c. 14. + +[852] Lucilius, the poet, was born about A.U.C. 605. + +[853] Q. Metellus obtained the surname of Numidicus, on his triumph over +Jugurtha, A.U.C. 644. Aelius, who was Varro's tutor, accompanied him to +Rhodes or Smyrna, when he was unjustly banished, A.U.C. 653. + +[854] Servius Claudius (also called Clodius) is commended by Cicero, +Fam. Epist. ix. 16, and his singular death mentioned by Pliny, xxv. 4. + +[855] Daphnis, a shepherd, the son of Mercury, was said to have been +brought up by Pan. The humorous turn given by Lenaeus to Lutatius's +cognomen is not very clear. Daphnides is the plural of Daphnis; +therefore the herd or company, agaema; and Pan was the god of rustics, +and the inventor of the rude music of the reed. + +[856] Oppius Cares is said by Macrobius to have written a book on Forest +Trees. + +[857] Quintilian enumerates Bibaculus among the Roman poets in the same +line with Catullus and Horace, Institut. x. 1. Of Sigida we know +nothing; even the name is supposed to be incorrectly given. Apuleius +mentions a Ticida, who is also noticed by Suetonius hereafter in c. xi., +where likewise he gives an account of Valerius Cato. + +[858] Probably Suevius, of whom Macrobius informs us that he was the +learned author of an Idyll, which had the title of the Mulberry Grove; +observing, that "the peach which Suevius reckons as a species of the +nuts, rather belongs to the tribe of apples." + +[859] Aurelius Opilius is mentioned by Symmachus and Gellius. His +cotemporary and friend, Rutilius Rufus, having been a military tribune +under Scipio in the Numantine war, wrote a history of it. He was consul +A.U.C. 648, and unjustly banished, to the general grief of the people, +A.U.C. 659. + +[860] Quintilian mentions Gnipho, Instit. i. 6. We find that Cicero was +among his pupils. The date of his praetorship, given below, fixes the +time when Gnipho flourished. + +[861] This strange cognomen is supposed to have been derived from a cork +arm, which supplied the place of one Dionysius had lost. He was a poet +of Mitylene. + +[862] See before, JULIUS, c. xlvi. + +[863] A.U.C. 687. + +[864] Suetonius gives his life in c. x. + +[865] A grade of inferior officers in the Roman armies, of which we have +no very exact idea. + +[866] Horace speaks feelingly on the subject: + + Memini quae plagosum mihi parvo + Orbilium tractare. Epist. xi. i. 70. + + I remember well when I was young, + How old Orbilius thwacked me at my tasks. + +[867] Domitius Marsus wrote epigrams. He is mentioned by Ovid and +Martial. + +[868] This is not the only instance mentioned by Suetonius of statues +erected to learned men in the place of their birth or celebrity. +Orbilius, as a schoolmaster, was represented in a sitting posture, and +with the gown of the Greek philosophers. + +[869] Tacitus [Annal. cxi. 75] gives the character of Atteius Capito. +He was consul A.U.C. 758. + +[870] Asinius Pollio; see JULIUS, c. xxx. + +[871] Whether Hermas was the son or scholar of Gnipho, does not appear, + +[872] Eratosthenes, an Athenian philosopher, flourished in Egypt, under +three of the Ptolemies successively. Strabo often mentions him. See +xvii. p. 576. + +[873] Cornelius Helvius Cinna was an epigrammatic poet, of the same age +as Catullus. Ovid mentions him, Tristia, xi. 435. + +[874] Priapus was worshipped as the protector of gardens. + +[875] Zenodotus, the grammarian, was librarian to the first Ptolemy at +Alexandria, and tutor to his sons. + +[876] For Crates, see before, p. 507. + +[877] We find from Plutarch that Sylla was employed two days before his +death, in completing the twenty-second book of his Commentaries; and, +foreseeing his fate, entrusted them to the care of Lucullus, who, with +the assistance of Epicadius, corrected and arranged them. Epicadius also +wrote on Heroic verse, and Cognomina. + +[878] Plutarch, in his Life of Caesar, speaks of the loose conduct of +Mucia, Pompey's wife, during her husband's absence. + +[879] Fam. Epist. 9. + +[880] Cicero ad Att. xii. 36. + +[881] See before, AUGUSTUS, c. v. + +[882] Lenaeus was not singular in his censure of Sallust. Lactantius, +11. 12, gives him an infamous character; and Horace says of him, + + Libertinarum dico; Sallustius in quas + Non minus insanit; quam qui moechatur.--Sat. i. 2. 48. + +[883] The name of the well known Roman knight, to whom Cicero addressed +his Epistles, was Titus Pomponius Atticus. Although Satrius was the name +of a family at Rome, no connection between it and Atticus can be found, +so that the text is supposed to be corrupt. Quintus Caecilius was an +uncle of Atticus, and adopted him. The freedman mentioned in this +chapter probably assumed his name, he having been the property of +Caecilius; as it was the custom for freedmen to adopt the names of their +patrons. + +[884] Suetonius, TIBERIUS, c. viii. Her name was Pomponia. + +[885] See AUGUSTUS, c. lxvi. + +[886] He is mentioned before, c. ix. + +[887] Verrius Flaccus is mentioned by St. Jerome, in conjunction with +Athenodorus of Tarsus, a Stoic philosopher, to have flourished A.M.C. +2024, which is A.U.C. 759; A.D. 9. He is also praised by Gellius, +Macrobius, Pliny, and Priscian. + +[888] Cinna wrote a poem, which he called "Smyrna," and was nine years +in composing, as Catullus informs us, 93. 1. + +[889] See AUGUSTUS, cc. lxii. lxix. + +[890] Cornelius Alexander, who had also the name of Polyhistor, was born +at Miletus, and being taken prisoner, and bought by Cornelius, was +brought to Rome, and becoming his teacher, had his freedom given him, +with the name of his patron. He flourished in the time of Sylla, and +composed a great number of works; amongst which were five books on Rome. +Suetonius has already told us [AUGUSTUS, xxix.] that he had the care of +the Palatine Library. + +[891] No such consul as Caius Licinius appears in the Fasti; and it is +supposed to be a mistake for C. Atinius, who was the colleague of Cn. +Domitius Calvinus, A.U.C. 713, and wrote a book on the Civil War. + +[892] Julius Modestus, in whom the name of the Julian family was still +preserved, is mentioned with approbation by Gellius, Martial, Quintilian, +and others. + +[893] Melissus is mentioned by Ovid, De Pontif. iv 16-30. + +[894] See AUGUSTUS, c. xxix. p. 93, and note. + +[895] The trabea was a white robe, with a purple border, of a different +fashion from the toga. + +[896] See before, c. x. + +[897] See CLAUDIUS, c. x1i. and note. + +[898] Remmius Palaemon appears to have been cotemporary with Pliny and +Quintilian, who speak highly of him. + +[899] Now Vicenza. + +[900] "Audiat haec tantum vel qui venit, ecce, Palaemon."--Eccl. iii. +50. + +[901] All the editions have the word vitem; but we might conjecture, +from the large produce, that it is a mistake for vineam, a vineyard: in +which case the word vasa might be rendered, not bottles, but casks. The +amphora held about nine gallons. Pliny mentions that Remmius bought a +farm near the turning on the Nomentan road, at the tenth mile-stone from +Rome. + +[902] "Usque ad infamiam oris."--See TIBERIUS, p. 220, and the notes. + +[903] Now Beyrout, on the coast of Syria. It was one of the colonies +founded by Julius Caesar when he transported 80,000 Roman citizens to +foreign parts.--JULIUS, xlii. + +[904] This senatus consultum was made A.U.C. 592. + +[905] Hirtius and Pansa were consuls A.U.C. 710. + +[906] See NERO, c. x. + +[907] As to the Bullum, see before, JULIUS, c. lxxxiv. + +[908] This extract given by Suetonius is all we know of any epistle +addressed by Cicero to Marcus Titinnius. + +[909] See Cicero's Oration, pro Caelio, where Atracinus is frequently +mentioned, especially cc. i. and iii. + +[910] "Hordearium rhetorem." + +[911] From the manner in which Suetonius speaks of the old custom of +chaining one of the lowest slaves to the outer gate, to supply the place +of a watch-dog, it would appear to have been disused in his time. + +[912] The work in which Cornelius Nepos made this statement is lost. + +[913] Pliny mentions with approbation C. Epidius, who wrote some +treatises in which trees are represented as speaking; and the period in +which he flourished, agrees with that assigned to the rhetorician here +named by Suetonius. Plin. xvii. 25. + +[914] Isauricus was consul with Julius Caesar II., A.U.C. 705, and again +with L. Antony, A.U.C. 712. + +[915] A river in the ancient Campania, now called the Sarno, which +discharges itself into the bay of Naples. + +[916] Epidius attributes the injury received by his eyes to the corrupt +habits he contracted in the society of M. Antony. + +[917] The direct allusion is to the "style" or probe used by surgeons in +opening tumours. + +[918] Mark Antony was consul with Julius Caesar, A.U.C. 709. See +before, JULIUS, c. lxxix. + +[919] Philipp. xi. 17. + +[920] Leontium, now called Lentini, was a town in Sicily, the foundation +of which is related by Thucydides, vi. p. 412. Polybius describes the +Leontine fields as the most fertile part of Sicily. Polyb. vii. 1. And +see Cicero, contra Verrem, iii. 46, 47. + +[921] Novara, a town of the Milanese. + +[922] St. Jerom in Chron. Euseb. describes Lucius Munatius Plancus as +the disciple of Cicero, and a celebrated orator. He founded Lyons during +the time he governed that part of the Roman provinces in Gaul. + +[923] See AUGUSTUS, c. xxxvi. + +[924] He meant to speak of Cisalpine Gaul, which, though geographically +a part of Italy, did not till a late period enjoy the privileges of the +other territories united to Rome, and was administered by a praetor under +the forms of a dependent province. It was admitted to equal rights by +the triumvirs, after the death of Julius Caesar. Albutius intimated that +those rights were now in danger. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lives Of Eminent Grammarians And +Rhetoricians, by C. 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Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**EBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These EBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers***** + + +Title: The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 13. + [GRAMMARIANS AND RHETORICIANS] + +Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus + +Release Date: August, 2004 [EBook #6398] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on December 3, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + + + + + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE CAESARS, SUETONIUS, V13 *** + + + +This eBook was produced by Tapio Riikonen +and David Widger <widger@cecomet.net> + + + + + + THE LIVES + OF + THE TWELVE CAESARS + + By + C. Suetonius Tranquillus; + + To which are added, + + HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS. + + + The Translation of + Alexander Thomson, M.D. + + revised and corrected by + T.Forester, Esq., A.M. + + + +(506) + + + LIVES OF EMINENT GRAMMARIANS + + +I. The science of grammar [842] was in ancient times far from being in +vogue at Rome; indeed, it was of little use in a rude state of society, +when the people were engaged in constant wars, and had not much time to +bestow on the cultivation of the liberal arts [843]. At the outset, its +pretensions were very slender, for the earliest men of learning, who were +both poets and orators, may be considered as half-Greek: I speak of +Livius [844] and Ennius [845], who are acknowledged to have taught both +languages as well at Rome as in foreign parts [846]. But they (507) only +translated from the Greek, and if they composed anything of their own in +Latin, it was only from what they had before read. For although there +are those who say that this Ennius published two books, one on "Letters +and Syllables," and the other on "Metres," Lucius Cotta has +satisfactorily proved that they are not the works of the poet Ennius, but +of another writer of the same name, to whom also the treatise on the +"Rules of Augury" is attributed. + +II. Crates of Mallos [847], then, was, in our opinion, the first who +introduced the study of grammar at Rome. He was cotemporary with +Aristarchus [848], and having been sent by king Attalus as envoy to the +senate in the interval between the second and third Punic wars [849], +soon after the death of Ennius [850], he had the misfortune to fall into +an open sewer in the Palatine quarter of the city, and broke his leg. +After which, during the whole period of his embassy and convalescence, he +gave frequent lectures, taking much pains to instruct his hearers, and he +has left us an example well worthy of imitation. It was so far followed, +that poems hitherto little known, the works either of deceased friends or +other approved writers, were brought to light, and being read and +commented on, were explained to others. Thus, Caius Octavius Lampadio +edited the Punic War of Naevius [851], which having been written in one +volume without any break in the manuscript, he divided into seven books. +After that, Quintus Vargonteius undertook the Annals of Ennius, which he +read on certain fixed days to crowded audiences. So Laelius Archelaus, +and Vectius Philocomus, read and commented on the Satires of their friend +Lucilius [852], which Lenaeus Pompeius, a freedman, tells us he studied +under Archelaus; and Valerius Cato, under Philocomus. Two others also +taught and promoted (508) grammar in various branches, namely, Lucius +Aelius Lanuvinus, the son-in-law of Quintus Aelius, and Servius Claudius, +both of whom were Roman knights, and men who rendered great services both +to learning and the republic. + +III. Lucius Aelius had a double cognomen, for he was called Praeconius, +because his father was a herald; Stilo, because he was in the habit of +composing orations for most of the speakers of highest rank; indeed, he +was so strong a partisan of the nobles, that he accompanied Quintus +Metellus Numidicus [853] in his exile. Servius [854] having +clandestinely obtained his father-in-law's book before it was published, +was disowned for the fraud, which he took so much to heart, that, +overwhelmed with shame and distress, he retired from Rome; and being +seized with a fit of the gout, in his impatience, he applied a poisonous +ointment to his feet, which half-killed him, so that his lower limbs +mortified while he was still alive. After this, more attention was paid +to the science of letters, and it grew in public estimation, insomuch, +that men of the highest rank did not hesitate in undertaking to write +something on the subject; and it is related that sometimes there were no +less than twenty celebrated scholars in Rome. So high was the value, and +so great were the rewards, of grammarians, that Lutatius Daphnides, +jocularly called "Pan's herd" [855] by Lenaeus Melissus, was purchased by +Quintus Catullus for two hundred thousand sesterces, and shortly +afterwards made a freedman; and that Lucius Apuleius, who was taken into +the pay of Epicius Calvinus, a wealthy Roman knight, at the annual salary +of ten thousand crowns, had many scholars. Grammar also penetrated into +the provinces, and some of the most eminent amongst the learned taught it +in foreign parts, particularly in Gallia Togata. In the number of these, +we may reckon Octavius (509) Teucer, Siscennius Jacchus, and Oppius Cares +[856], who persisted in teaching to a most advanced period of his life, +at a time when he was not only unable to walk, but his sight failed. + +IV. The appellation of grammarian was borrowed from the Greeks; but at +first, the Latins called such persons literati. Cornelius Nepos, also, +in his book, where he draws a distinction between a literate and a +philologist, says that in common phrase, those are properly called +literati who are skilled in speaking or writing with care or accuracy, +and those more especially deserve the name who translated the poets, and +were called grammarians by the Greeks. It appears that they were named +literators by Messala Corvinus, in one of his letters, when he says, +"that it does not refer to Furius Bibaculus, nor even to Sigida, nor to +Cato, the literator," [857] meaning, doubtless, that Valerius Cato was +both a poet and an eminent grammarian. Some there are who draw a +distinction between a literati and a literator, as the Greeks do between +a grammarian and a grammatist, applying the former term to men of real +erudition, the latter to those whose pretensions to learning are +moderate; and this opinion Orbilius supports by examples. For he says +that in old times, when a company of slaves was offered for sale by any +person, it was not customary, without good reason, to describe either of +them in the catalogue as a literati, but only as a literator, meaning +that he was not a proficient in letters, but had a smattering of +knowledge. + +The early grammarians taught rhetoric also, and we have many of their +treatises which include both sciences; whence it arose, I think, that in +later times, although the two professions had then become distinct, the +old custom was retained, or the grammarians introduced into their +teaching some of the elements required for public speaking, such as the +problem, the periphrasis, the choice of words, description of character, +and the like; in order that they might not transfer (510) their pupils to +the rhetoricians no better than ill-taught boys. But I perceive that +these lessons are now given up in some cases, on account of the want of +application, or the tender years, of the scholar, for I do not believe +that it arises from any dislike in the master. I recollect that when I +was a boy it was the custom of one of these, whose name was Princeps, to +take alternate days for declaiming and disputing; and sometimes he would +lecture in the morning, and declaim in the afternoon, when he had his +pulpit removed. I heard, also, that even within the memories of our own +fathers, some of the pupils of the grammarians passed directly from the +schools to the courts, and at once took a high place in the ranks of the +most distinguished advocates. The professors at that time were, indeed, +men of great eminence, of some of whom I may be able to give an account +in the following chapters. + +V. SAEVIUS [858] NICANOR first acquired fame and reputation by his +teaching: and, besides, he made commentaries, the greater part of which, +however, are said to have been borrowed. He also wrote a satire, in +which he informs us that he was a freedman, and had a double cognomen, in +the following verses; + + Saevius Nicanor Marci libertus negabit, + Saevius Posthumius idem, sed Marcus, docebit. + + What Saevius Nicanor, the freedman of Marcus, will deny, + The same Saevius, called also Posthumius Marcus, will assert. + +It is reported, that in consequence of some infamy attached to his +character, he retired to Sardinia, and there ended his days. + +VI. AURELIUS OPILIUS [859], the freedman of some Epicurean, first taught +philosophy, then rhetoric, and last of all, grammar. (511) Having closed +his school, he followed Rutilius Rufus, when he was banished to Asia, and +there the two friends grew old together. He also wrote several volumes +on a variety of learned topics, nine books of which he distinguished by +the number and names of the nine Muses; as he says, not without reason, +they being the patrons of authors and poets. I observe that its title is +given in several indexes by a single letter, but he uses two in the +heading of a book called Pinax. + +VII. MARCUS ANTONIUS GNIPHO [860], a free-born native of Gaul, was +exposed in his infancy, and afterwards received his freedom from his +foster-father; and, as some say, was educated at Alexandria, where +Dionysius Scytobrachion [861] was his fellow pupil. This, however, I am +not very ready to believe, as the times at which they flourished scarcely +agree. He is said to have been a man of great genius, of singular +memory, well read in Greek as well as Latin, and of a most obliging and +agreeable temper, who never haggled about remuneration, but generally +left it to the liberality of his scholars. He first taught in the house +of Julius Caesar [862], when the latter was yet but a boy, and, +afterwards, in his own private house. He gave instruction in rhetoric +also, teaching the rules of eloquence every day, but declaiming only on +festivals. It is said that some very celebrated men frequented his +school,--and, among others, Marcus Cicero, during the time he held the +praetorship [863]. He wrote a number of works, although he did not live +beyond his fiftieth year; but Atteius, the philologist [864], says, that +he left only two volumes, "De Latino Sermone;" and, that the other works +ascribed to him, were composed by his disciples, and were not his, +although his name is sometimes to be found in them. + +VIII. M. POMPILIUS ANDRONICUS, a native of Syria, while he professed to +be a grammarian, was considered an idle follower of the Epicurean sect, +and little qualified to be a master (512) of a school. Finding, +therefore, that, at Rome, not only Antonius Gnipho, but even other +teachers of less note were preferred to him, he retired to Cumae, where +he lived at his ease; and, though he wrote several books, he was so +needy, and reduced to such straits, as to be compelled to sell that +excellent little work of his, "The Index to the Annals," for sixteen +thousand sesterces. Orbilius has informed us, that he redeemed this work +from the oblivion into which it had fallen, and took care to have it +published with the author's name. + +IX. ORBILIUS PUPILLUS, of Beneventum, being left an orphan, by the death +of his parents, who both fell a sacrifice to the plots of their enemies +on the same day, acted, at first, as apparitor to the magistrates. He +then joined the troops in Macedonia, when he was first decorated with the +plumed helmet [865], and, afterwards, promoted to serve on horseback. +Having completed his military service, he resumed his studies, which he +had pursued with no small diligence from his youth upwards; and, having +been a professor for a long period in his own country, at last, during +the consulship of Cicero, made his way to Rome, where he taught with more +reputation than profit. For in one of his works he says, that "he was +then very old, and lived in a garret." He also published a book with the +title of Perialogos; containing complaints of the injurious treatment to +which professors submitted, without seeking redress at the hands of +parents. His sour temper betrayed itself, not only in his disputes with +the sophists opposed to him, whom he lashed on every occasion, but also +towards his scholars, as Horace tells us, who calls him "a flogger;" +[866] and Domitius Marsus [867], who says of him: + + Si quos Orbilius ferula scuticaque cecidit. + If those Orbilius with rod or ferule thrashed. + +(513) And not even men of rank escaped his sarcasms; for, before he +became noticed, happening to be examined as a witness in a crowded court, +Varro, the advocate on the other side, put the question to him, "What he +did and by what profession he gained his livelihood?" He replied, "That +he lived by removing hunchbacks from the sunshine into the shade," +alluding to Muraena's deformity. He lived till he was near a hundred +years old; but he had long lost his memory, as the verse of Bibaculus +informs us: + + Orbilius ubinam est, literarum oblivio? + Where is Orbilius now, that wreck of learning lost? + +His statue is shown in the Capitol at Beneventum. It stands on the left +hand, and is sculptured in marble [868], representing him in a sitting +posture, wearing the pallium, with two writing-cases in his hand. He +left a son, named also Orbilius, who, like his father, was a professor of +grammar. + +X. ATTEIUS, THE PHILOLOGIST, a freedman, was born at Athens. Of him, +Capito Atteius [869], the well-known jurisconsult, says that he was a +rhetorician among the grammarians, and a grammarian among the +rhetoricians. Asinius Pollio [870], in the book in which he finds fault +with the writings of Sallust for his great affectation of obsolete words, +speaks thus: "In this work his chief assistant was a certain Atteius, a +man of rank, a splendid Latin grammarian, the aider and preceptor of +those who studied the practice of declamation; in short, one who claimed +for himself the cognomen of Philologus." Writing to Lucius Hermas, he +says, "that he had made great proficiency in Greek literature, and some +in Latin; that he had been a hearer of Antonius Gnipho, and his Hermas +[871], and afterwards began to teach others. Moreover, that he had for +pupils many illustrious youths, among whom were the two (514) brothers, +Appius and Pulcher Claudius; and that he even accompanied them to their +province." He appears to have assumed the name of Philologus, because, +like Eratosthenes [872], who first adopted that cognomen, he was in high +repute for his rich and varied stores of learning; which, indeed, is +evident from his commentaries, though but few of them are extant. +Another letter, however, to the same Hermas, shews that they were very +numerous: "Remember," it says, "to recommend generally our Extracts, +which we have collected, as you know, of all kinds, into eight hundred +books." He afterwards formed an intimate acquaintance with Caius +Sallustius, and, on his death, with Asinius Pollio; and when they +undertook to write a history, he supplied the one with short annals of +all Roman affairs, from which he could select at pleasure; and the other, +with rules on the art of composition. I am, therefore, surprised that +Asinius Pollio should have supposed that he was in the habit of +collecting old words and figures of speech for Sallust, when he must have +known that his own advice was, that none but well known, and common and +appropriate expressions should be made use of; and that, above all +things, the obscurity of the style of Sallust, and his bold freedom in +translations, should be avoided. + +XI. VALERIUS CATO was, as some have informed us, the freedman of one +Bursenus, a native of Gaul. He himself tells us, in his little work +called "Indignatio," that he was born free, and being left an orphan, was +exposed to be easily stripped of his patrimony during the licence of +Sylla's administrations. He had a great number of distinguished pupils, +and was highly esteemed as a preceptor suited to those who had a poetical +turn, as appears from these short lines: + + Cato grammaticus, Latina Siren, + Qui solus legit ac facit poetas. + + Cato, the Latin Siren, grammar taught and verse, + To form the poet skilled, and poetry rehearse. + +Besides his Treatise on Grammar, he composed some poems, (515) of which, +his Lydia and Diana are most admired. Ticida mentions his "Lydia." + + Lydia, doctorum maxima cura liber. + "Lydia," a work to men of learning dear. + +Cinna [873] thus notices the "Diana." + + Secula permaneat nostri Diana Catonis. + Immortal be our Cato's song of Dian. + +He lived to extreme old age, but in the lowest state of penury, and +almost in actual want; having retired to a small cottage when he gave up +his Tusculan villa to his creditors; as Bibaculus tells us: + + Si quis forte mei domum Catonis, + Depictas minio assulas, et illos + Custodis vidit hortulos Priapi, + Miratur, quibus ille disciplinis, + Tantam sit sapientiam assecutus, + Quam tres cauliculi et selibra farris; + Racemi duo, tegula sub una, + Ad summam prope nutriant senectam. + +"If, perchance, any one has seen the house of my Cato, with marble slabs +of the richest hues, and his gardens worthy of having Priapus [874] for +their guardian, he may well wonder by what philosophy he has gained so +much wisdom, that a daily allowance of three coleworts, half-a-pound of +meal, and two bunches of grapes, under a narrow roof, should serve for +his subsistence to extreme old age." + +And he says in another place: + + Catonis modo, Galle, Tusculanum + Tota creditor urbe venditahat. + Mirati sumus unicum magistrum, + Summum grammaticum, optimum poetam, + Omnes solvere posse quaestiones, + Unum difficile expedire nomen. + En cor Zenodoti, en jecur Cratetis! + +"We lately saw, my Gallus, Cato's Tusculan villa exposed to public sale +by his creditors; and wondered that such an unrivalled master of (516) +the schools, most eminent grammarian, and accomplished poet, could solve +all propositions and yet found one question too difficult for him to +settle,--how to pay his debts. We find in him the genius of Zenodotus +[875], the wisdom of Crates." [876] + +XII. CORNELIUS EPICADIUS, a freedman of Lucius Cornelius Sylla, the +dictator, was his apparitor in the Augural priesthood, and much beloved +by his son Faustus; so that he was proud to call himself the freedman of +both. He completed the last book of Sylla's Commentaries, which his +patron had left unfinished. [877] + +XIII. LABERIUS HIERA was bought by his master out of a slave-dealer's +cage, and obtained his freedom on account of his devotion to learning. +It is reported that his disinterestedness was such, that he gave +gratuitous instruction to the children of those who were proscribed in +the time of Sylla. + +XIV. CURTIUS NICIA was the intimate friend of Cneius Pompeius and Caius +Memmius; but having carried notes from Memmius to Pompey's wife [878], +when she was debauched by Memmius, Pompey was indignant, and forbad him +his house. He was also on familiar terms with Marcus Cicero, who thus +speaks of him in his epistle to Dolabella [879]: "I have more need of +receiving letters from you, than you have of desiring them from me. For +there is nothing going on at Rome in which I think you would take any +interest, except, perhaps, that you may like to know that I am appointed +umpire between our friends Nicias and Vidius. The one, it appears, +alleges in two short verses that Nicias owes him (517) money; the other, +like an Aristarchus, cavils at them. I, like an old critic, am to decide +whether they are Nicias's or spurious." + +Again, in a letter to Atticus [880], he says: "As to what you write about +Nicias, nothing could give me greater pleasure than to have him with me, +if I was in a position to enjoy his society; but my province is to me a +place of retirement and solitude. Sicca easily reconciled himself to +this state of things, and, therefore, I would prefer having him. +Besides, you are well aware of the feebleness, and the nice and luxurious +habits, of our friend Nicias. Why should I be the means of making him +uncomfortable, when he can afford me no pleasure? At the same time, I +value his goodwill." + +XV. LENAEUS was a freedman of Pompey the Great, and attended him in most +of his expeditions. On the death of his patron and his sons, he +supported himself by teaching in a school which he opened near the temple +of Tellus, in the Carium, in the quarter of the city where the house of +the Pompeys stood [881]. Such was his regard for his patron's memory, +that when Sallust described him as having a brazen face, and a shameless +mind, he lashed the historian in a most bitter satire [882], as "a +bull's-pizzle, a gormandizer, a braggart, and a tippler, a man whose life +and writings were equally monstrous;" besides charging him with being "a +most unskilful plagiarist, who borrowed the language of Cato and other +old writers." It is related, that, in his youth, having escaped from +slavery by the contrivance of some of his friends, he took refuge in his +own country; and, that after he had applied himself to the liberal arts, +he brought the price of his freedom to his former master, who, however, +struck by his talents and learning, gave him manumission gratuitously. + +XVI. QUINTUS CAECILIUS, an Epirot by descent, but born at Tusculum, was +a freedman of Atticus Satrius, a Roman (518) knight, to whom Cicero +addressed his Epistles [883]. He became the tutor of his patron's +daughter [884], who was contracted to Marcus Agrippa, but being suspected +of an illicit intercourse with her, and sent away on that account, he +betook himself to Cornelius Gallus, and lived with him on terms of the +greatest intimacy, which, indeed, was imputed to Gallus as one of his +heaviest offences, by Augustus. Then, after the condemnation and death +of Gallus [885], he opened a school, but had few pupils, and those very +young, nor any belonging to the higher orders, excepting the children of +those he could not refuse to admit. He was the first, it is said, who +held disputations in Latin, and who began to lecture on Virgil and the +other modern poets; which the verse of Domitius Marcus [886] points out. + + Epirota tenellorum nutricula vatum. + + The Epirot who, + With tender care, our unfledged poets nursed. + +XVII. VERRIUS FLACCUS [887], a freedman, distinguished himself by a new +mode of teaching; for it was his practice to exercise the wits of his +scholars, by encouraging emulation among them; not only proposing the +subjects on which they were to write, but offering rewards for those who +were successful in the contest. These consisted of some ancient, +handsome, or rare book. Being, in consequence, selected by Augustus, as +preceptor to his grandsons, he transferred his entire school to the +Palatium, but with the understanding that he should admit no fresh +scholars. The hall in Catiline's house, (519) which had then been added +to the palace, was assigned him for his school, with a yearly allowance +of one hundred thousand sesterces. He died of old age, in the reign of +Tiberius. There is a statue of him at Praeneste, in the semi-circle at +the lower side of the forum, where he had set up calendars arranged by +himself, and inscribed on slabs of marble. + +XVIII. LUCIUS CRASSITIUS, a native of Tarentum, and in rank a freedman, +had the cognomen of Pasides, which he afterwards changed for Pansa. His +first employment was connected with the stage, and his business was to +assist the writers of farces. After that, he took to giving lessons in a +gallery attached to a house, until his commentary on "The Smyrna" [888] +so brought him into notice, that the following lines were written on him: + + Uni Crassitio se credere Smyrna probavit. + Desinite indocti, conjugio hanc petere. + Soli Crassitio se dixit nubere velle: + Intima cui soli nota sua exstiterint. + + Crassitius only counts on Smyrna's love, + Fruitless the wooings of the unlettered prove; + Crassitius she receives with loving arms, + For he alone unveiled her hidden charms. + +However, after having taught many scholars, some of whom were of high +rank, and amongst others, Julius Antonius, the triumvir's son, so that he +might be even compared with Verrius Flaccus; he suddenly closed his +school, and joined the sect of Quintus Septimius, the philosopher. + +XIX. SCRIBONIUS APHRODISIUS, the slave and disciple of Orbilius, who was +afterwards redeemed and presented with his freedom by Scribonia [889], +the daughter of Libo who had been the wife of Augustus, taught in the +time of Verrius; whose books on Orthography he also revised, not without +some severe remarks on his pursuits and conduct. + +XX. C. JULIUS HYGINUS, a freedman of Augustus, was a native of Spain, +(although some say he was born at Alexandria,) (520) and that when that +city was taken, Caesar brought him, then a boy, to Rome. He closely and +carefully imitated Cornelius Alexander [890], a Greek grammarian, who, +for his antiquarian knowledge, was called by many Polyhistor, and by some +History. He had the charge of the Palatine library, but that did not +prevent him from having many scholars; and he was one of the most +intimate friends of the poet Ovid, and of Caius Licinius, the historian, +a man of consular rank [891], who has related that Hyginus died very +poor, and was supported by his liberality as long as he lived. Julius +Modestus [892], who was a freedman of Hyginus, followed the footsteps of +his patron in his studies and learning. + +XXI. CAIUS MELISSUS [893], a native of Spoletum, was free-born, but +having been exposed by his parents in consequence of quarrels between +them, he received a good education from his foster-father, by whose care +and industry he was brought up, and was made a present of to Mecaenas, as +a grammarian. Finding himself valued and treated as a friend, he +preferred to continue in his state of servitude, although he was claimed +by his mother, choosing rather his present condition than that which his +real origin entitled him to. In consequence, his freedom was speedily +given him, and he even became a favourite with Augustus. By his +appointment he was made curator of the library in the portico of Octavia +[894]; and, as he himself informs us, undertook to compose, when he was +a sexagenarian, his books of "Witticisms," which are now called "The Book +of Jests." Of these he accomplished one hundred and fifty, to which he +afterwards added several more. He (521) also composed a new kind of +story about those who wore the toga, and called it "Trabeat." [895] + +XXII. MARCUS POMPONIUS MARCELLUS, a very severe critic of the Latin +tongue, who sometimes pleaded causes, in a certain address on the +plaintiff's behalf, persisted in charging his adversary with making a +solecism, until Cassius Severus appealed to the judges to grant an +adjournment until his client should produce another grammarian, as he was +not prepared to enter into a controversy respecting a solecism, instead +of defending his client's rights. On another occasion, when he had found +fault with some expression in a speech made by Tiberius, Atteius Capito +[896] affirmed, "that if it was not Latin, at least it would be so in +time to come;" "Capito is wrong," cried Marcellus; "it is certainly in +your power, Caesar, to confer the freedom of the city on whom you please, +but you cannot make words for us." Asinius Gallus [897] tells us that he +was formerly a pugilist, in the following epigram. + + Qui caput ad laevam deicit, glossemata nobis + Praecipit; os nullum, vel potius pugilis. + + Who ducked his head, to shun another's fist, + Though he expound old saws,--yet, well I wist, + With pummelled nose and face, he's but a pugilist. + +XXIII. REMMIUS PALAEMON [898], of Vicentia [899], the offspring of a +bond-woman, acquired the rudiments of learning, first as the companion of +a weaver's, and then of his master's, son, at school. Being afterwards +made free, he taught at Rome, where he stood highest in the rank of the +grammarians; but he was so infamous for every sort of vice, that Tiberius +and his successor Claudius publicly denounced him as an improper person +to have the education of boys and young men entrusted to him. Still, his +powers of narrative and agreeable style of speaking made him very +popular; besides which, he had the gift of making extempore verses. He +also wrote a great many in (522) various and uncommon metres. His +insolence was such, that he called Marcus Varro "a hog;" and bragged that +"letters were born and would perish with him;" and that "his name was not +introduced inadvertently in the Bucolics [900], as Virgil divined that a +Palaemon would some day be the judge of all poets and poems." He also +boasted, that having once fallen into the hands of robbers, they spared +him on account of the celebrity his name had acquired. + +He was so luxurious, that he took the bath many times in a day; nor did +his means suffice for his extravagance, although his school brought him +in forty thousand sesterces yearly, and he received not much less from +his private estate, which he managed with great care. He also kept a +broker's shop for the sale of old clothes; and it is well known that a +vine [901], he planted himself, yielded three hundred and fifty bottles +of wine. But the greatest of all his vices was his unbridled +licentiousness in his commerce with women, which he carried to the utmost +pitch of foul indecency [902]. They tell a droll story of some one who +met him in a crowd, and upon his offering to kiss him, could not escape +the salute, "Master," said he, "do you want to mouth every one you meet +with in a hurry?" + +XXIV. MARCUS VALERIUS PROBUS, of Berytus [903], after long aspiring to +the rank of centurion, being at last tired of waiting, devoted himself to +study. He had met with some old authors at a bookseller's shop in the +provinces, where the memory of ancient times still lingers, and is not +quite forgotten, as it is at Rome. Being anxious carefully to reperuse +these, and afterwards to make acquaintance with other works of the same +kind, he found himself an object of contempt, and was laughed (523) at +for his lectures, instead of their gaining him fame or profit. Still, +however, he persisted in his purpose, and employed himself in correcting, +illustrating, and adding notes to many works which he had collected, his +labours being confined to the province of a grammarian, and nothing more. +He had, properly speaking, no scholars, but some few followers. For he +never taught in such a way as to maintain the character of a master; but +was in the habit of admitting one or two, perhaps at most three or four, +disciples in the afternoon; and while he lay at ease and chatted freely +on ordinary topics, he occasionally read some book to them, but that did +not often happen. He published a few slight treatises on some subtle +questions, besides which, he left a large collection of observations on +the language of the ancients. + + + + +(524) + +LIVES OF EMINENT RHETORICIANS. + + +I. Rhetoric, also, as well as Grammar, was not introduced amongst us +till a late period, and with still more difficulty, inasmuch as we find +that, at times, the practice of it was even prohibited. In order to +leave no doubt of this, I will subjoin an ancient decree of the senate, +as well as an edict of the censors:--"In the consulship of Caius Fannius +Strabo, and Marcus Palerius Messala [904]: the praetor Marcus Pomponius +moved the senate, that an act be passed respecting Philosophers and +Rhetoricians. In this matter, they have decreed as follows: 'It shall be +lawful for M. Pomponius, the praetor, to take such measures, and make +such provisions, as the good of the Republic, and the duty of his office, +require, that no Philosophers or Rhetoricians be suffered at Rome.'" + +After some interval, the censor Cnaeus Domitius Aenobarbus and Lucius +Licinius Crassus issued the following edict upon the same subject: "It is +reported to us that certain persons have instituted a new kind of +discipline; that our youth resort to their schools; that they have +assumed the title of Latin Rhetoricians; and that young men waste their +time there for whole days together. Our ancestors have ordained what +instruction it is fitting their children should receive, and what schools +they should attend. These novelties, contrary to the customs and +instructions of our ancestors, we neither approve, nor do they appear to +us good. Wherefore it appears to be our duty that we should notify our +judgment both to those who keep such schools, and those who are in the +practice of frequenting them, that they meet our disapprobation." + +However, by slow degrees, rhetoric manifested itself to be a (525) useful +and honourable study, and many persons devoted themselves to it, both as +a means of defence and of acquiring reputation. Cicero declaimed in +Greek until his praetorship, but afterwards, as he grew older, in Latin +also; and even in the consulship of Hirtius and Pansa [905], whom he +calls "his great and noble disciples." Some historians state that Cneius +Pompey resumed the practice of declaiming even during the civil war, in +order to be better prepared to argue against Caius Curio, a young man of +great talents, to whom the defence of Caesar was entrusted. They say, +likewise, that it was not forgotten by Mark Antony, nor by Augustus, even +during the war of Modena. Nero also declaimed [906] even after he became +emperor, in the first year of his reign, which he had done before in +public but twice. Many speeches of orators were also published. In +consequence, public favour was so much attracted to the study of +rhetoric, that a vast number of professors and learned men devoted +themselves to it; and it flourished to such a degree, that some of them +raised themselves by it to the rank of senators and the highest offices. + +But the same mode of teaching was not adopted by all, nor, indeed, did +individuals always confine themselves to the same system, but each varied +his plan of teaching according to circumstances. For they were +accustomed, in stating their argument with the utmost clearness, to use +figures and apologies, to put cases, as circumstances required, and to +relate facts, sometimes briefly and succinctly, and, at other times, more +at large and with greater feeling. Nor did they omit, on occasion, to +resort to translations from the Greek, and to expatiate in the praise, or +to launch their censures on the faults, of illustrious men. They also +dealt with matters connected with every-day life, pointing out such as +are useful and necessary, and such as are hurtful and needless. They had +occasion often to support the authority of fabulous accounts, and to +detract from that of historical narratives, which sort the Greeks call +"Propositions," "Refutations" and "Corroboration," until by a gradual +process they have exhausted these topics, and arrive at the gist of the +argument. + +Among the ancients, subjects of controversy were drawn either from +history, as indeed some are even now, or from (526) actual facts, of +recent occurrence. It was, therefore, the custom to state them +precisely, with details of the names of places. We certainly so find +them collected and published, and it may be well to give one or two of +them literally, by way of example: + +"A company of young men from the city, having made an excursion to Ostia +in the summer season, and going down to the beach, fell in with some +fishermen who were casting their nets in the sea. Having bargained with +them for the haul, whatever it might turn out to be, for a certain sum, +they paid down the money. They waited a long time while the nets were +being drawn, and when at last they were dragged on shore, there was no +fish in them, but some gold sewn up in a basket. The buyers claim the +haul as theirs, the fishermen assert that it belongs to them." + +Again: "Some dealers having to land from a ship at Brundusium a cargo of +slaves, among which there was a handsome boy of great value, they, in +order to deceive the collectors of the customs, smuggled him ashore in +the dress of a freeborn youth, with the bullum [907] hung about his neck. +The fraud easily escaped detection. They proceed to Rome; the affair +becomes the subject of judicial inquiry; it is alleged that the boy was +entitled to his freedom, because his master had voluntarily treated him +as free." + +Formerly, they called these by a Greek term, syntaxeis, but of late +"controversies;" but they may be either fictitious cases, or those which +come under trial in the courts. Of the eminent professors of this +science, of whom any memorials are extant, it would not be easy to find +many others than those of whom I shall now proceed to give an account. + +II. LUCIUS PLOTIUS GALLUS. Of him Marcus Tullius Cicero thus writes to +Marcus Titinnius [908]: "I remember well that when we were boys, one +Lucius Plotius first began to teach Latin; and as great numbers flocked +to his school, so that all who were most devoted to study were eager to +take lessons from him, it was a great trouble to me that I too was not +allowed to do so. I was prevented, however, by the decided opinion (527) +of men of the greatest learning, who considered that it was best to +cultivate the genius by the study of Greek." This same Gallus, for he +lived to a great age, was pointed at by M. Caelius, in a speech which he +was forced to make in his own cause, as having supplied his accuser, +Atracinus [909], with materials for his charge. Suppressing his name, he +says that such a rhetorician was like barley bread [910] compared to a +wheaten loaf,--windy, chaffy, and coarse. + +III. LUCIUS OCTACILIUS PILITUS is said to have been a slave, and, +according to the old custom, chained to the door like a watch-dog [911]; +until, having been presented with his freedom for his genius and devotion +to learning, he drew up for his patron the act of accusation in a cause +he was prosecuting. After that, becoming a professor of rhetoric, he +gave instructions to Cneius Pompey the Great, and composed an account of +his actions, as well as of those of his father, being the first freedman, +according to the opinion of Cornelius Nepos [912], who ventured to write +history, which before his time had not been done by any one who was not +of the highest ranks in society. + +IV. About this time, EPIDIUS [913] having fallen into disgrace for +bringing a false accusation, opened a school of instruction, in which he +taught, among others, Mark Antony and Augustus. On one occasion Caius +Canutius jeered them for presuming to belong to the party of the consul +Isauricus [914] in his administration of the republic; upon which he +replied, that he would rather be the disciple of Isauricus, than of +Epidius, the false accuser. This Epidius claimed to be descended from +Epidius Nuncio, who, as (528) ancient traditions assert, fell into the +fountain of the river Sarnus [915] when the streams were overflown, and +not being afterwards found, was reckoned among the number of the gods. + +V. SEXTUS CLODIUS, a native of Sicily, a professor both of Greek and +Latin eloquence, had bad eyes and a facetious tongue. It was a saying of +his, that he lost a pair of eyes from his intimacy with Mark Antony, the +triumvir [916]. Of his wife, Fulvia, when there was a swelling in one of +her cheeks, he said that "she tempted the point of his style;" [917] nor +did Antony think any the worse of him for the joke, but quite enjoyed it; +and soon afterwards, when Antony was consul [918], he even made him a +large grant of land, which Cicero charges him with in his Philippics +[919]. "You patronize," he said, "a master of the schools for the sake +of his buffoonery, and make a rhetorician one of your pot-companions; +allowing him to cut his jokes on any one he pleased; a witty man, no +doubt, but it was an easy matter to say smart things of such as you and +your companions. But listen, Conscript Fathers, while I tell you what +reward was given to this rhetorician, and let the wounds of the republic +be laid bare to view. You assigned two thousand acres of the Leontine +territory [920] to Sextus Clodius, the rhetorician, and not content with +that, exonerated the estate from all taxes. Hear this, and learn from +the extravagance of the grant, how little wisdom is displayed in your +acts." + +VI. CAIUS ALBUTIUS SILUS, of Novara [921], while, in the execution (529) +of the office of edile in his native place, he was sitting for the +administration of justice, was dragged by the feet from the tribunal by +some persons against whom he was pronouncing a decree. In great +indignation at this usage, he made straight for the gate of the town, and +proceeded to Rome. There he was admitted to fellowship, and lodged, with +Plancus the orator [922], whose practice it was, before he made a speech +in public, to set up some one to take the contrary side in the argument. +The office was undertaken by Albutius with such success, that he silenced +Plancus, who did not venture to put himself in competition with him. +This bringing him into notice, he collected an audience of his own, and +it was his custom to open the question proposed for debate, sitting; but +as he warmed with the subject, he stood up, and made his peroration in +that posture. His declamations were of different kinds; sometimes +brilliant and polished, at others, that they might not be thought to +savour too much of the schools, he curtailed them of all ornament, and +used only familiar phrases. He also pleaded causes, but rarely, being +employed in such as were of the highest importance, and in every case +undertaking the peroration only. + +In the end, he gave up practising in the forum, partly from shame, partly +from fear. For, in a certain trial before the court of the One Hundred +[923], having lashed the defendant as a man void of natural affection for +his parents, he called upon him by a bold figure of speech, "to swear by +the ashes of his father and mother which lay unburied;" his adversary +taking him up for the suggestion, and the judges frowning upon it, he +lost his cause, and was much blamed. At another time, on a trial for +murder at Milan, before Lucius Piso, the proconsul, having to defend the +culprit, he worked himself up to such a pitch of vehemence, that in a +crowded court, who loudly applauded him, notwithstanding all the efforts +of the lictor to maintain order, he broke out into a lamentation on the +miserable state of Italy [924], then in danger of being again reduced, he +said, into (530) the form of a province, and turning to the statue of +Marcus Brutus, which stood in the Forum, he invoked him as "the founder +and vindicator of the liberties of the people." For this he narrowly +escaped a prosecution. Suffering, at an advanced period of life, from an +ulcerated tumour, he returned to Novara, and calling the people together +in a public assembly, addressed them in a set speech, of considerable +length, explaining the reasons which induced him to put an end to +existence: and this he did by abstaining from food. + + +FOOTNOTES: + + +[842] It will be understood that the terms Grammar and Grammarian have +here a more extended sense than that which they convey in modern use. +See the beginning of c. iv. + +[843] Suetonius's account of the rude and unlettered state of society in +the early times of Rome, is consistent with what we might infer, and with +the accounts which have come down to us, of a community composed of the +most daring and adventurous spirits thrown off by the neighbouring +tribes, and whose sole occupations were rapine and war. But Cicero +discovers the germs of mental cultivation among the Romans long before +the period assigned to it by Suetonius, tracing them to the teaching of +Pythagoras, who visited the Greek cities on the coast of Italy in the +reign of Tarquinius Superbus.--Tusc. Quaest. iv. 1. + +[844] Livius, whose cognomen Andronicus, intimates his extraction, was +born of Greek parents. He began to teach at Rome in the consulship of +Claudius Cento, the son of Appius Caecus, and Sempronius Tuditanus, +A.U.C. 514. He must not be confounded with Titus Livius, the historian, +who flourished in the Augustan age. + +[845] Ennius was a native of Calabria. He was born the year after the +consulship mentioned in the preceding note, and lived to see at least his +seventy-sixth year, for Gellius informs us that at that age he wrote the +twelfth book of his Annals. + +[846] Porcius Cato found Ennius in Sardinia, when he conquered that +island during his praetorship. He learnt Greek from Ennius there, and +brought him to Rome on his return. Ennius taught Greek at Rome for a +long course of years, having M. Cato among his pupils. + +[847] Mallos was near Tarsus, in Cilicia. Crates was the son of +Timocrates, a Stoic philosopher, who for his critical skill had the +surname of Homericus. + +[848] Aristarchus flourished at Alexandria, in the reign of Ptolemy +Philometer, whose son he educated. + +[849] A.U.C. 535-602 or 605. + +[850] Cicero [De Clar. Orat. c. xx., De Senect. c. v. 1] places the +death of Ennius A.U.C. 584, for which there are other authorities; but +this differs from the account given in a former note. + +[851] The History of the first Punic War by Naevius is mentioned by +Cicero, De Senect, c. 14. + +[852] Lucilius, the poet, was born about A.U.C. 605. + +[853] Q. Metellus obtained the surname of Numidicus, on his triumph over +Jugurtha, A.U.C. 644. Aelius, who was Varro's tutor, accompanied him to +Rhodes or Smyrna, when he was unjustly banished, A.U.C. 653. + +[854] Servius Claudius (also called Clodius) is commended by Cicero, +Fam. Epist. ix. 16, and his singular death mentioned by Pliny, xxv. 4. + +[855] Daphnis, a shepherd, the son of Mercury, was said to have been +brought up by Pan. The humorous turn given by Lenaeus to Lutatius's +cognomen is not very clear. Daphnides is the plural of Daphnis; +therefore the herd or company, agaema; and Pan was the god of rustics, +and the inventor of the rude music of the reed. + +[856] Oppius Cares is said by Macrobius to have written a book on Forest +Trees. + +[857] Quintilian enumerates Bibaculus among the Roman poets in the same +line with Catullus and Horace, Institut. x. 1. Of Sigida we know +nothing; even the name is supposed to be incorrectly given. Apuleius +mentions a Ticida, who is also noticed by Suetonius hereafter in c. xi., +where likewise he gives an account of Valerius Cato. + +[858] Probably Suevius, of whom Macrobius informs us that he was the +learned author of an Idyll, which had the title of the Mulberry Grove; +observing, that "the peach which Suevius reckons as a species of the +nuts, rather belongs to the tribe of apples." + +[859] Aurelius Opilius is mentioned by Symmachus and Gellius. His +cotemporary and friend, Rutilius Rufus, having been a military tribune +under Scipio in the Numantine war, wrote a history of it. He was consul +A.U.C. 648, and unjustly banished, to the general grief of the people, +A.U.C. 659. + +[860] Quintilian mentions Gnipho, Instit. i. 6. We find that Cicero was +among his pupils. The date of his praetorship, given below, fixes the +time when Gnipho flourished. + +[861] This strange cognomen is supposed to have been derived from a cork +arm, which supplied the place of one Dionysius had lost. He was a poet +of Mitylene. + +[862] See before, JULIUS, c. xlvi. + +[863] A.U.C. 687. + +[864] Suetonius gives his life in c. x. + +[865] A grade of inferior officers in the Roman armies, of which we have +no very exact idea. + +[866] Horace speaks feelingly on the subject: + + Memini quae plagosum mihi parvo + Orbilium tractare. Epist. xi. i. 70. + + I remember well when I was young, + How old Orbilius thwacked me at my tasks. + +[867] Domitius Marsus wrote epigrams. He is mentioned by Ovid and +Martial. + +[868] This is not the only instance mentioned by Suetonius of statues +erected to learned men in the place of their birth or celebrity. +Orbilius, as a schoolmaster, was represented in a sitting posture, and +with the gown of the Greek philosophers. + +[869] Tacitus [Annal. cxi. 75] gives the character of Atteius Capito. +He was consul A.U.C. 758. + +[870] Asinius Pollio; see JULIUS, c. xxx. + +[871] Whether Hermas was the son or scholar of Gnipho, does not appear, + +[872] Eratosthenes, an Athenian philosopher, flourished in Egypt, under +three of the Ptolemies successively. Strabo often mentions him. See +xvii. p. 576. + +[873] Cornelius Helvius Cinna was an epigrammatic poet, of the same age +as Catullus. Ovid mentions him, Tristia, xi. 435. + +[874] Priapus was worshipped as the protector of gardens. + +[875] Zenodotus, the grammarian, was librarian to the first Ptolemy at +Alexandria, and tutor to his sons. + +[876] For Crates, see before, p. 507. + +[877] We find from Plutarch that Sylla was employed two days before his +death, in completing the twenty-second book of his Commentaries; and, +foreseeing his fate, entrusted them to the care of Lucullus, who, with +the assistance of Epicadius, corrected and arranged them. Epicadius also +wrote on Heroic verse, and Cognomina. + +[878] Plutarch, in his Life of Caesar, speaks of the loose conduct of +Mucia, Pompey's wife, during her husband's absence. + +[879] Fam. Epist. 9. + +[880] Cicero ad Att. xii. 36. + +[881] See before, AUGUSTUS, c. v. + +[882] Lenaeus was not singular in his censure of Sallust. Lactantius, +11. 12, gives him an infamous character; and Horace says of him, + + Libertinarum dico; Sallustius in quas + Non minus insanit; quam qui moechatur.--Sat. i. 2. 48. + +[883] The name of the well known Roman knight, to whom Cicero addressed +his Epistles, was Titus Pomponius Atticus. Although Satrius was the name +of a family at Rome, no connection between it and Atticus can be found, +so that the text is supposed to be corrupt. Quintus Caecilius was an +uncle of Atticus, and adopted him. The freedman mentioned in this +chapter probably assumed his name, he having been the property of +Caecilius; as it was the custom for freedmen to adopt the names of their +patrons. + +[884] Suetonius, TIBERIUS, c. viii. Her name was Pomponia. + +[885] See AUGUSTUS, c. lxvi. + +[886] He is mentioned before, c. ix. + +[887] Verrius Flaccus is mentioned by St. Jerome, in conjunction with +Athenodorus of Tarsus, a Stoic philosopher, to have flourished A.M.C. +2024, which is A.U.C. 759; A.D. 9. He is also praised by Gellius, +Macrobius, Pliny, and Priscian. + +[888] Cinna wrote a poem, which he called "Smyrna," and was nine years +in composing, as Catullus informs us, 93. 1. + +[889] See AUGUSTUS, cc. lxii. lxix. + +[890] Cornelius Alexander, who had also the name of Polyhistor, was born +at Miletus, and being taken prisoner, and bought by Cornelius, was +brought to Rome, and becoming his teacher, had his freedom given him, +with the name of his patron. He flourished in the time of Sylla, and +composed a great number of works; amongst which were five books on Rome. +Suetonius has already told us [AUGUSTUS, xxix.] that he had the care of +the Palatine Library. + +[891] No such consul as Caius Licinius appears in the Fasti; and it is +supposed to be a mistake for C. Atinius, who was the colleague of Cn. +Domitius Calvinus, A.U.C. 713, and wrote a book on the Civil War. + +[892] Julius Modestus, in whom the name of the Julian family was still +preserved, is mentioned with approbation by Gellius, Martial, Quintilian, +and others. + +[893] Melissus is mentioned by Ovid, De Pontif. iv 16-30. + +[894] See AUGUSTUS, c. xxix. p. 93, and note. + +[895] The trabea was a white robe, with a purple border, of a different +fashion from the toga. + +[896] See before, c. x. + +[897] See CLAUDIUS, c. x1i. and note. + +[898] Remmius Palaemon appears to have been cotemporary with Pliny and +Quintilian, who speak highly of him. + +[899] Now Vicenza. + +[900] "Audiat haec tantum vel qui venit, ecce, Palaemon."--Eccl. iii. +50. + +[901] All the editions have the word vitem; but we might conjecture, +from the large produce, that it is a mistake for vineam, a vineyard: in +which case the word vasa might be rendered, not bottles, but casks. The +amphora held about nine gallons. Pliny mentions that Remmius bought a +farm near the turning on the Nomentan road, at the tenth mile-stone from +Rome. + +[902] "Usque ad infamiam oris."--See TIBERIUS, p. 220, and the notes. + +[903] Now Beyrout, on the coast of Syria. It was one of the colonies +founded by Julius Caesar when he transported 80,000 Roman citizens to +foreign parts.--JULIUS, xlii. + +[904] This senatus consultum was made A.U.C. 592. + +[905] Hirtius and Pansa were consuls A.U.C. 710. + +[906] See NERO, c. x. + +[907] As to the Bullum, see before, JULIUS, c. lxxxiv. + +[908] This extract given by Suetonius is all we know of any epistle +addressed by Cicero to Marcus Titinnius. + +[909] See Cicero's Oration, pro Caelio, where Atracinus is frequently +mentioned, especially cc. i. and iii. + +[910] "Hordearium rhetorem." + +[911] From the manner in which Suetonius speaks of the old custom of +chaining one of the lowest slaves to the outer gate, to supply the place +of a watch-dog, it would appear to have been disused in his time. + +[912] The work in which Cornelius Nepos made this statement is lost. + +[913] Pliny mentions with approbation C. Epidius, who wrote some +treatises in which trees are represented as speaking; and the period in +which he flourished, agrees with that assigned to the rhetorician here +named by Suetonius. Plin. xvii. 25. + +[914] Isauricus was consul with Julius Caesar II., A.U.C. 705, and again +with L. Antony, A.U.C. 712. + +[915] A river in the ancient Campania, now called the Sarno, which +discharges itself into the bay of Naples. + +[916] Epidius attributes the injury received by his eyes to the corrupt +habits he contracted in the society of M. Antony. + +[917] The direct allusion is to the "style" or probe used by surgeons in +opening tumours. + +[918] Mark Antony was consul with Julius Caesar, A.U.C. 709. See +before, JULIUS, c. lxxix. + +[919] Philipp. xi. 17. + +[920] Leontium, now called Lentini, was a town in Sicily, the foundation +of which is related by Thucydides, vi. p. 412. Polybius describes the +Leontine fields as the most fertile part of Sicily. Polyb. vii. 1. And +see Cicero, contra Verrem, iii. 46, 47. + +[921] Novara, a town of the Milanese. + +[922] St. Jerom in Chron. Euseb. describes Lucius Munatius Plancus as +the disciple of Cicero, and a celebrated orator. He founded Lyons during +the time he governed that part of the Roman provinces in Gaul. + +[923] See AUGUSTUS, c. xxxvi. + +[924] He meant to speak of Cisalpine Gaul, which, though geographically +a part of Italy, did not till a late period enjoy the privileges of the +other territories united to Rome, and was administered by a praetor under +the forms of a dependent province. It was admitted to equal rights by +the triumvirs, after the death of Julius Caesar. 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