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+The Project Gutenberg EBook The Lives Of The Caesars, by Suetonius, V11
+#11 in our series by C. Suetonious Tranquillus
+
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+Title: The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 11.
+       [TITUS]
+
+Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+Release Date: August, 2004  [EBook #6396]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on December 3, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
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+
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE CAESARS, SUETONIUS, V11 ***
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by Tapio Riikonen
+and David Widger <widger@cecomet.net>
+
+
+
+
+
+                               THE LIVES
+                                   OF
+                           THE TWELVE CAESARS
+
+                                   By
+                       C. Suetonius Tranquillus;
+
+                          To which are added,
+
+         HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS.
+
+
+                          The Translation of
+                        Alexander Thomson, M.D.
+
+                        revised and corrected by
+                         T.Forester, Esq., A.M.
+
+
+
+
+(465)
+
+
+                   TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS AUGUSTUS.
+
+
+I.  Titus, who had the same cognomen with his father, was the darling and
+delight of mankind; so much did the natural genius, address, or good
+fortune he possessed tend to conciliate the favour of all.  This was,
+indeed, extremely difficult, after he became emperor, as before that
+time, and even during the reign of his father, he lay under public odium
+and censure.  He was born upon the third of the calends of January, [30th
+Dec.] in the year remarkable for the death of Caius [776], near the
+Septizonium [777], in a mean house, and a very small and dark room, which
+still exists, and is shown to the curious.
+
+II.  He was educated in the palace with Britannicus, and instructed in
+the same branches of learning, and under the same masters.  During this
+time, they say, that a physiognomist being introduced by Narcissus, the
+freedman of Claudius, to examine the features of Britannicus [778],
+positively affirmed that he would never become emperor, but that Titus,
+who stood by, would.  They were so familiar, that Titus being next him at
+table, is thought to have tasted of the fatal potion which put an end to
+Britannicus's life, and to have contracted from it a distemper which hung
+about him a long time.  In remembrance of all these circumstances, he
+afterwards erected a golden statue of him in the Palatium, and dedicated
+to him an equestrian statue of ivory; attending it in the Circensian
+procession, in which it is still carried to this day.
+
+(466) III.  While yet a boy, he was remarkable for his noble endowments
+both of body and mind; and as he advanced in years, they became still
+more conspicuous.  He had a fine person, combining an equal mixture of
+majesty and grace; was very strong, though not tall, and somewhat
+corpulent.  Gifted with an excellent memory, and a capacity for all the
+arts of peace and war; he was a perfect master of the use of arms and
+riding; very ready in the Latin and Greek tongues, both in verse and
+prose; and such was the facility he possessed in both, that he would
+harangue and versify extempore.  Nor was he unacquainted with music, but
+could both sing and play upon the harp sweetly and scientifically.  I
+have likewise been informed by many persons, that he was remarkably quick
+in writing short-hand, would in merriment and jest engage with his
+secretaries in the imitation of any hand-writing he saw, and often say,
+"that he was admirably qualified for forgery."
+
+IV.  He filled with distinction the rank of a military tribune both in
+Germany and Britain, in which he conducted himself with the utmost
+activity, and no less modesty and reputation; as appears evident from the
+great number of statues, with honourable inscriptions, erected to him in
+various parts of both those provinces.  After serving in the wars, he
+frequented the courts of law, but with less assiduity than applause.
+About the same time, he married Arricidia, the daughter of Tertullus, who
+was only a knight, but had formerly been prefect of the pretorian guards.
+After her decease, he married Marcia Furnilla, of a very noble family,
+but afterwards divorced her, taking from her the daughter he had by her.
+Upon the expiration of his quaestorship, he was raised to the rank of
+commander of a legion [779], and took the two strong cities of Tarichaea
+and Gamala, in Judaea; and having his horse killed under him in a battle,
+he mounted another, whose rider he had encountered and slain.
+
+V.  Soon afterwards, when Galba came to be emperor, he was sent to
+congratulate him, and turned the eyes of all people upon himself,
+wherever he came; it being the general opinion amongst them, that the
+emperor had sent for him with a design to adopt him for his son.  But
+finding all things again in confusion, he turned back upon the road; and
+going to consult (467) the oracle of Venus at Paphos about his voyage, he
+received assurances of obtaining the empire for himself.  These hopes
+were speedily strengthened, and being left to finish the reduction of
+Judaea, in the final assault of Jerusalem, he slew seven of its
+defenders, with the like number of arrows, and took it upon his
+daughter's birth-day [780].  So great was the joy and attachment of the
+soldiers, that, in their congratulations, they unanimously saluted him by
+the title of Emperor [781]; and, upon his quitting the province soon
+afterwards, would needs have detained him, earnestly begging him, and
+that not without threats, "either to stay, or take them all with him."
+This occurrence gave rise to the suspicion of his being engaged in a
+design to rebel against his father, and claim for himself the government
+of the East; and the suspicion increased, when, on his way to Alexandria,
+he wore a diadem at the consecration of the ox Apis at Memphis; and,
+though he did it only in compliance with an ancient religious usage of
+the country, yet there was some who put a bad construction upon it.
+Making, therefore, what haste he could into Italy, he arrived first at
+Rhegium, and sailing thence in a merchant ship to Puteoli, went to Rome
+with all possible expedition.  Presenting himself unexpectedly to his
+father, he said, by way of contradicting the strange reports raised
+concerning him, "I am come, father, I am come."
+
+VI.  From that time he constantly acted as colleague with his father,
+and, indeed, as regent of the empire.  He triumphed [782] (468) with his
+father, bore jointly with him the office of censor [783], and was,
+besides, his colleague not only in the tribunitian authority [784], but
+in seven consulships [785].  Taking upon himself the care and inspection
+of all offices, he dictated letters, wrote proclamations in his father's
+name, and pronounced his speeches in the senate in place of the quaestor.
+He likewise assumed the command of the pretorian guards, although no one
+but a Roman knight had ever before been their prefect.  In this he
+conducted himself with great haughtiness and violence, taking off without
+scruple or delay all those he had most reason to suspect, after he had
+secretly sent his emissaries into the theatres and camp, to demand, as if
+by general consent, that the suspected persons should be delivered up to
+punishment.  Among these, he invited to supper A. Caecina, a man of
+consular rank, whom he ordered to be stabbed at his departure,
+immediately after he had gone out of the room.  To this act, indeed, he
+was provoked by an imminent danger; for he had discovered a writing under
+the hand of Caecina, containing an account of a plot hatched among the
+soldiers.  By these acts, though he provided for his future security, yet
+for the present he so much incurred the hatred of the people, that
+scarcely ever any one came to the empire with a more odious character, or
+more universally disliked.
+
+VII.  Besides his cruelty, he lay under the suspicion of giving (469) way
+to habits of luxury, as he often prolonged his revels till midnight with
+the most riotous of his acquaintance.  Nor was he unsuspected of
+lewdness, on account of the swarms of catamites and eunuchs about him,
+and his well-known attachment to queen Berenice [786], who received from
+him, as it is reported, a promise of marriage.  He was supposed, besides,
+to be of a rapacious disposition; for it is certain, that, in causes
+which came before his father, he used to offer his interest for sale, and
+take bribes.  In short, people publicly expressed an unfavourable opinion
+of him, and said he would prove another Nero.  This prejudice, however,
+turned out in the end to his advantage, and enhanced his praises to the
+highest pitch when he was found to possess no vicious propensities, but,
+on the contrary, the noblest virtues.  His entertainments were agreeable
+rather than extravagant; and he surrounded himself with such excellent
+friends, that the succeeding princes adopted them as most serviceable to
+themselves and the state.  He immediately sent away Berenice from the
+city, much against both their inclinations.  Some of his old eunuchs,
+though such accomplished dancers, that they bore an uncontrollable sway
+upon the stage, he was so far from treating with any extraordinary
+kindness, that he would not so much as witness their performances in the
+crowded theatre.  He violated no private right; (470) and if ever man
+refrained from injustice, he did; nay, he would not accept of the
+allowable and customary offerings.  Yet, in munificence, he was inferior
+to none of the princes before him.  Having dedicated his amphitheatre
+[787], and built some warm baths [788] close by it with great expedition,
+he entertained the people with most magnificent spectacles.  He likewise
+exhibited a naval fight in the old Naumachia, besides a combat of
+gladiators; and in one day brought into the theatre five thousand wild
+beasts of all kinds. [789]
+
+(471) VIII.  He was by nature extremely benevolent; for whereas all the
+emperors after Tiberius, according to the example he had set them, would
+not admit the grants made by former princes to be valid, unless they
+received their own sanction, he confirmed them all by one general edict,
+without waiting for any applications respecting them.  Of all who
+petitioned for any favour, he sent none away without hopes.  And when his
+ministers represented to him that he promised more than he could perform,
+he replied, "No one ought to go away downcast from an audience with his
+prince."  Once at supper, reflecting that he had done nothing for any
+that day, he broke out into that memorable and justly-admired saying, "My
+friends, I have lost a day." [790]  More particularly, he treated the
+people on all occasions with so much courtesy, that, on his presenting
+them with a show of gladiators, he declared, "He should manage it, not
+according to his own fancy, but that of the spectators," and did
+accordingly.  He denied them nothing, and very frankly encouraged them to
+ask what they pleased.  Espousing the cause of the Thracian party among
+the gladiators, he frequently joined in the popular demonstrations in
+their favour, but without compromising his dignity or doing injustice.
+To omit no opportunity of acquiring popularity, he sometimes made use
+himself of the baths he had erected, without excluding the common people.
+There happened in his reign some dreadful accidents; an eruption of Mount
+Vesuvius [791], in Campania, and a fire in Rome, which continued during
+three days and three nights [792]; besides a plague, such as was scarcely
+ever known before.  Amidst these many great disasters, he not only
+manifested the concern (472) which might be expected from a prince.  but
+even the affection of a father, for his people; one while comforting them
+by his proclamations, and another while relieving them to the utmost of
+his power.  He chose by lot, from amongst the men of consular rank,
+commissioners for repairing the losses in Campania.  The estates of those
+who had perished by the eruption of Vesuvius, and who had left no heirs,
+he applied to the repair of the ruined cities.  With regard to the public
+buildings destroyed by fire in the City, he declared that nobody should
+be a loser but himself.  Accordingly, he applied all the ornaments of his
+palaces to the decoration of the temples, and purposes of public utility,
+and appointed several men of the equestrian order to superintend the
+work.  For the relief of the people during the plague, he employed, in
+the way of sacrifice and medicine, all means both human and divine.
+Amongst the calamities of the times, were informers and their agents; a
+tribe of miscreants who had grown up under the licence of former reigns.
+These he frequently ordered to be scourged or beaten with sticks in the
+Forum, and then, after he had obliged them to pass through the
+amphitheatre as a public spectacle, commanded them to be sold for slaves,
+or else banished them to some rocky islands.  And to discourage such
+practices for the future, amongst other things, he prohibited actions to
+be successively brought under different laws for the same cause, or the
+state of affairs of deceased persons to be inquired into after a certain
+number of years.
+
+IX.  Having declared that he accepted the office of Pontifex Maximus for
+the purpose of preserving his hands undefiled, he faithfully adhered to
+his promise.  For after that time he was neither directly nor indirectly
+concerned in the death of any person, though he sometimes was justly
+irritated.  He swore "that he would perish himself, rather than prove the
+destruction of any man."  Two men of patrician rank being convicted of
+aspiring to the empire, he only advised them to desist, saying, "that the
+sovereign power was disposed of by fate," and promised them, that if
+there was any thing else they desired of him, he would grant it.  He also
+immediately sent messengers to the mother of one of them, who was at a
+great distance, and in deep anxiety about her son, to assure her of his
+safety.  Nay, he not only invited them to sup with (473) him, but next
+day, at a show of gladiators, purposely placed them close by him; and
+handed to them the arms of the combatants for his inspection.  It is said
+likewise, that having had their nativities cast, he assured them, "that a
+great calamity was impending on both of them, but from another hand, and
+not from his."  Though his brother was continually plotting against him,
+almost openly stirring up the armies to rebellion, and contriving to get
+away, yet he could not endure to put him to death, or to banish him from
+his presence; nor did he treat him with less respect than before.  But
+from his first accession to the empire, he constantly declared him his
+partner in it, and that he should be his successor; begging of him
+sometimes in private, with tears in his eyes, "to return the affection he
+had for him."
+
+X.  Amidst all these favourable circumstances, he was cut off by an
+untimely death, more to the loss of mankind than himself.  At the close
+of the public spectacles, he wept bitterly in the presence of the people,
+and then retired into the Sabine country [793], rather melancholy,
+because a victim had made its escape while he was sacrificing, and loud
+thunder had been heard while the atmosphere was serene.  At the first
+resting-place on the road, he was seized with a fever, and being carried
+forward in a litter, they say that he drew back the curtains, and looked
+up to heaven, complaining heavily, "that his life was taken from him,
+though he had done nothing to deserve it; for there was no action of his
+that he had occasion to repent of, but one."  What that was, he neither
+disclosed himself, nor is it easy for us to conjecture.  Some imagine
+that he alluded to the connection which he had formerly had with his
+brother's wife.  But Domitia solemnly denied it on oath; which she would
+never have done, had there been any truth in the report; nay, she would
+certainly have gloried in it, as she was forward enough to boast of all
+her scandalous intrigues.
+
+XI.  He died in the same villa where his father had died (474) before
+him, upon the Ides of September [the 13th of September]; two years, two
+months, and twenty days after he had succeeded his father; and in the
+one-and-fortieth year of his age [794].  As soon as the news of his death
+was published, all people mourned for him, as for the loss of some near
+relative.  The senate assembled in haste, before they could be summoned
+by proclamation, and locking the doors of their house at first, but
+afterwards opening them, gave him such thanks, and heaped upon him such
+praises, now he was dead, as they never had done whilst he was alive and
+present amongst them.
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIAN, the younger, was the first prince who succeeded
+to the empire by hereditary right; and having constantly acted, after his
+return from Judaea, as colleague with his father in the administration,
+he seemed to be as well qualified by experience as he was by abilities,
+for conducting the affairs of the empire.  But with respect to his
+natural disposition, and moral behaviour, the expectations entertained by
+the public were not equally flattering.  He was immoderately addicted to
+luxury; he had betrayed a strong inclination to cruelty; and he lived in
+the habitual practice of lewdness, no less unnatural than intemperate.
+But, with a degree of virtuous resolution unexampled in history, he had
+no sooner taken into his hands the entire reins of government, than he
+renounced every vicious attachment.  Instead of wallowing in luxury, as
+before, he became a model of temperance; instead of cruelty, he displayed
+the strongest proofs of humanity and benevolence; and in the room of
+lewdness, he exhibited a transition to the most unblemished chastity and
+virtue.  In a word, so sudden and great a change was never known in the
+character of mortal; and he had the peculiar glory to receive the
+appellation of "the darling and delight of mankind."
+
+Under a prince of such a disposition, the government of the empire could
+not but be conducted with the strictest regard to the public welfare.
+The reform, which was begun in the late reign, he prosecuted with the
+most ardent application; and, had he lived for a longer time, it is
+probable that his authority and example would have produced the most
+beneficial effects upon the manners of the Romans.
+
+During the reign of this emperor, in the seventy-ninth year of (475) the
+Christian era, happened the first eruption of Mount Vesuvius, which has
+ever since been celebrated for its volcano.  Before this time, Vesuvius
+is spoken of, by ancient writers, as being covered with orchards and
+vineyards, and of which the middle was dry and barren.  The eruption was
+accompanied by an earthquake, which destroyed several cities of Campania,
+particularly Pompeii and Herculaneum; while the lava, pouring down the
+mountain in torrents, overwhelmed, in various directions, the adjacent
+plains.  The burning ashes were carried not only over the neighbouring
+country, but as far as the shores of Egypt, Libya, and even Syria.
+Amongst those to whom this dreadful eruption proved fatal, was Pliny, the
+celebrated naturalist, whose curiosity to examine the phenomenon led him
+so far within the verge of danger, that he could not afterwards escape.
+
+PLINY, surnamed the Elder, was born at Verona, of a noble family.  He
+distinguished himself early by his military achievements in the German
+war, received the dignity of an Augur, at Rome, and was afterwards
+appointed governor of Spain.  In every public character, he acquitted
+himself with great reputation, and enjoyed the esteem of the several
+emperors under whom he lived.  The assiduity with which he applied
+himself to the collection of information, either curious or useful,
+surpasses all example.  From an early hour in the morning, until late at
+night, he was almost constantly employed in discharging the duties of his
+public station, in reading or hearing books read by his amanuensis, and
+in extracting from them whatever seemed worthy of notice.  Even during
+his meals, and while travelling in his carriage upon business, he
+prosecuted with unremitting zeal and diligence his taste for enquiry and
+compilation.  No man ever displayed so strong a persuasion of the value
+of time, or availed himself so industriously of it.  He considered every
+moment as lost which was not employed in literary pursuits.  The books
+which he wrote, in consequence of this indefatigable exertion, were,
+according to the account transmitted by his nephew, Pliny the younger,
+numerous, and on various subjects.  The catalogue of them is as follows:
+a book on Equestrian Archery, which discovered much skill in the art; the
+Life of Q. Pomponius Secundus; twenty books of the Wars of Germany; a
+complete treatise on the Education of an Orator, in six volumes; eight
+books of Doubtful Discourses, written in the latter part of the reign of
+Nero, when every kind of moral discussion was attended with danger; with
+a hundred and sixty volumes of remarks on the writings of the various
+authors which he had perused.  For the last-mentioned production only,
+and before it was brought near to its accomplishment, we are told, that
+he (476) was offered by Largius Licinius four hundred thousand sesterces,
+amounting to upwards of three thousand two hundred pounds sterling; an
+enormous sum for the copyright of a book before the invention of
+printing!  But the only surviving work of this voluminous author is his
+Natural History, in thirty-seven books, compiled from the various writers
+who had treated of that extensive and interesting subject.
+
+If we estimate this great work either by the authenticity of the
+information which it contains, or its utility in promoting the
+advancement of arts and sciences, we should not consider it as an object
+of any extraordinary encomiums; but when we view it as a literary
+monument, which displays the whole knowledge of the ancients, relative to
+Natural History, collected during a period of about seven hundred years,
+from the time of Thales the Milesian, it has a just claim to the
+attention of every speculative enquirer.  It is not surprising, that the
+progress of the human mind, which, in moral science, after the first dawn
+of enquiry, was rapid both amongst the Greeks and Romans, should be slow
+in the improvement of such branches of knowledge as depended entirely on
+observation and facts, which were peculiarly difficult of attainment.
+Natural knowledge can only be brought to perfection by the prosecution of
+enquiries in different climates, and by a communication of discoveries
+amongst those by whom it is cultivated.  But neither could enquiries be
+prosecuted, nor discoveries communicated, with success, while the greater
+part of the world was involved in barbarism, while navigation was slow
+and limited, and the art of printing unknown.  The consideration of these
+circumstances will afford sufficient apology for the imperfect state in
+which natural science existed amongst the ancients.  But we proceed to
+give an abstract of their extent, as they appear in the compilation of
+Pliny.
+
+This work is divided into thirty-seven books; the first of which contains
+the Preface, addressed to the emperor Vespasian, probably the father, to
+whom the author pays high compliments.  The second book treats of the
+world, the elements, and the stars.  In respect to the world, or rather
+the universe, the author's opinion is the same with that of several
+ancient philosophers, that it is a Deity, uncreated, infinite, and
+eternal.  Their notions, however, as might be expected, on a subject so
+incomprehensible, are vague, confused, and imperfect.  In a subsequent
+chapter of the same book, where the nature of the Deity is more
+particularly considered, the author's conceptions of infinite power are
+so inadequate, that, by way of consolation for the limited powers of man,
+he observes that there are many things even beyond the power of the
+Supreme Being; such, for instance, as the annihilation of his own
+existence; to which the author adds, the power (477) of rendering mortals
+eternal, and of raising the dead.  It deserves to be remarked, that,
+though a future state of rewards and punishments was maintained by the
+most eminent among the ancient philosophers, the resurrection of the body
+was a doctrine with which they were wholly unacquainted.
+
+The author next treats of the planets, and the periods of their
+respective revolutions; of the stars, comets, winds, thunder, lightning,
+and other natural phenomena, concerning all which he delivers the
+hypothetical notions maintained by the ancients, and mentions a variety
+of extraordinary incidents which had occurred in different parts of the
+world.  The third book contains a general system of geography, which is
+continued through the fourth, fifth, and sixth books.  The seventh treats
+of conception, and the generation of the human species, with a number of
+miscellaneous observations, unconnected with the general subject.  The
+eighth treats of quadrupeds; the ninth, of aquatic animals; the tenth, of
+birds; the eleventh, of insects and reptiles; the twelfth, of trees; the
+thirteenth, of ointments, and of trees which grow near the sea-coast; the
+fourteenth, of vines; the fifteenth, of fruit-trees; the sixteenth, of
+forest-trees; the seventeenth, of the cultivation of trees; the
+eighteenth, of agriculture; the nineteenth, of the nature of lint, hemp,
+and similar productions; the twentieth, of the medicinal qualities of
+vegetables cultivated in gardens; the twenty-first, of flowers; the
+twenty-second, of the properties of herbs; the twenty-third, of the
+medicines yielded by cultivated trees; the twenty-fourth, of medicines
+derived from forest-trees; the twenty-fifth, of the properties of wild
+herbs, and the origin of their use; the twenty-sixth, of other remedies
+for diseases, and of some new diseases; the twenty-seventh, of different
+kinds of herbs; the twenty-eighth, twenty-ninth, and thirtieth, of
+medicines procured from animals; the thirty-first and thirty-second, of
+medicines obtained from aquatic animals, with some extraordinary facts
+relative to the subject; the thirty-third, of the nature of metals; the
+thirty-fourth, of brass, iron, lead, and tin; the thirty-fifth, of
+pictures, and observations relative to painting; the thirty-sixth, of the
+nature of stones and marbles; the thirty-seventh, of the origin of gems.
+To the contents of each book, the author subjoins a list of the writers
+from whom his observations have been collected.
+
+Of Pliny's talents as a writer, it might be deemed presumptuous to form a
+decided opinion from his Natural History, which is avowedly a compilation
+from various authors, and executed with greater regard to the matter of
+the work, than to the elegance of composition.  Making allowance,
+however, for a degree of credulity, common to the human mind in the early
+stage of physical (478) researches, he is far from being deficient in the
+essential qualifications of a writer of Natural History.  His
+descriptions appear to be accurate, his observations precise, his
+narrative is in general perspicuous, and he often illustrates his subject
+by a vivacity of thought, as well as by a happy turn of expression.  It
+has been equally his endeavour to give novelty to stale disquisitions,
+and authority to new observations.  He has both removed the rust, and
+dispelled the obscurity, which enveloped the doctrines of many ancient
+naturalists; but, with all his care and industry, he has exploded fewer
+errors, and sanctioned a greater number of doubtful opinions, than was
+consistent with the exercise of unprejudiced and severe investigation.
+
+Pliny was fifty-six years of age at the time of his death; the manner of
+which is accurately related by his nephew, the elegant Pliny the Younger,
+in a letter to Tacitus, who entertained a design of writing the life of
+the naturalist.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+
+[776]  Caligula.  Titus was born A.U.C. 794; about A.D. 49.
+
+[777]  The Septizonium was a circular building of seven stories.  The
+remains of that of Septimus Severus, which stood on the side of the
+Palatine Hill, remained till the time of Pope Sixtus V., who removed it,
+and employed thirty-eight of its columns in ornamenting the church of St.
+Peter.  It does not appear whether the Septizonium here mentioned as
+existing in the time of Titus, stood on the same spot.
+
+[778]  Britannicus, the son of Claudius and Messalina.
+
+[779]  A.U.C. 820.
+
+[780]  Jerusalem was taken, sacked, and burnt, by Titus, after a two
+years' siege, on the 8th September, A.U.C. 821, A.D. 69; it being the
+Sabbath.  It was in the second year of the reign of Vespasian, when the
+emperor was sixty years old, and Titus himself, as he informs us, thirty.
+For particulars of the siege, see Josephus, De Bell. Jud. vi. and vii.;
+Hegesippus, Excid. Hierosol. v.; Dio, lxvi.; Tacitus, Hist. v.; Orosius,
+vii. 9.
+
+[781]  For the sense in which Titus was saluted with the title of Emperor
+by the troops, see JULIUS CAESAR, c. lxxvi.
+
+[782]  The joint triumph of Vespasian and Titus, which was celebrated
+A.U.C. 824, is fully described by Josephus, De Bell. Jud. vii. 24.  It is
+commemorated by the triumphal monument called the Arch of Titus, erected
+by the senate and people of Rome after his death, and still standing at
+the foot of the Palatine Hill, on the road leading from the Colosseum to
+the Forum, and is one of the most beautiful as well as the most
+interesting models of Roman art.  It consists of four stories of the
+three orders of architecture, the Corinthian being repeated in the two
+highest.  Some of the bas-reliefs, still in good preservation, represent
+the table of the shew-bread, the seven-branched golden candlestick, the
+vessel of incense, and the silver trumpets, which were taken by Titus
+from the Temple at Jerusalem, and, with the book of the law, the veil of
+the temple, and other spoils, were carried in the triumph.  The fate of
+these sacred relics is rather interesting.  Josephus says, that the veil
+and books of the law were deposited in the Palatium, and the rest of the
+spoils in the Temple of Peace.  When that was burnt, in the reign of
+Commodus, these treasures were saved, and they were afterwards carried
+off by Genseric to Africa.  Belisarius recovered them, and brought them
+to Constantinople, A.D. 520.  Procopius informs us, that a Jew, who saw
+them, told an acquaintance of the emperor that it would not be advisable
+to carry them to the palace at Constantinople, as they could not remain
+anywhere else but where Solomon had placed them.  This, he said, was the
+reason why Genseric had taken the Palace at Rome, and the Roman army had
+in turn taken that of the Vandal kings.  Upon this, the emperor was so
+alarmed, that he sent the whole of them to the Christian churches at
+Jerusalem.
+
+[783]  A.U.C. 825.
+
+[784]  A.U.C. 824.
+
+[785]  A.U.C. 823, 825, 827-830, 832.
+
+[786]  Berenice, whose name is written by our author and others Beronice,
+was daughter of Agrippa the Great, who was by Aristobulus, grandson of
+Herod the Great.  Having been contracted to Mark, son of Alexander
+Lysimachus, he died before their union, and Agrippa married her to Herod,
+Mark's brother, for whom he had obtained from the emperor Claudius the
+kingdom of Chalcis.  Herod also dying, Berenice, then a widow, lived with
+her brother, Agrippa, and was suspected of an incestuous intercourse with
+him.  It was at this time that, on their way to the imperial court at
+Rome, they paid a visit to Festus, at Caesarea, and were present when St.
+Paul answered his accusers so eloquently before the tribunal of the
+governor.  Her fascinations were so great, that, to shield herself from
+the charge of incest, she prevailed on Polemon, king of Cilicia, to
+submit to be circumcised, become a Jew, and marry her.  That union also
+proving unfortunate, she appears to have returned to Jerusalem, and
+having attracted Vespasian by magnificent gifts, and the young Titus by
+her extraordinary beauty, she followed them to Rome, after the
+termination of the Jewish war, and had apartments in the palace, where
+she lived with Titus, "to all appearance, as his wife," as Xiphilinus
+informs us; and there seems no doubt that be would have married her, but
+for the strong prejudices of the Romans against foreign alliances.
+Suetonius tells us with what pain they separated.
+
+[787]  The Colosseum: it had been four years in building.  See VESPAS.
+c. ix.
+
+[788]  The Baths of Titus stood on the Esquiline Hill, on part of the
+ground which had been the gardens of Mecaenas.  Considerable remains of
+them are still found among the vineyards; vaulted chambers of vast
+dimensions, some of which were decorated with arabesque paintings, still
+in good preservation.  Titus appears to have erected a palace for himself
+adjoining; for the Laocoon, which is mentioned by Pliny as standing in
+this palace, was found in the neighbouring ruins.
+
+[789]  If the statements were not well attested, we might be incredulous
+as to the number of wild beasts collected for the spectacles to which the
+people of Rome were so passionately devoted.  The earliest account we
+have of such an exhibition, was A.U.C. 502, when one hundred and forty-
+two elephants, taken in Sicily, were produced.  Pliny, who gives this
+information, states that lions first appeared in any number, A.U.C. 652;
+but these were probably not turned loose.  In 661, Sylla, when he was
+praetor, brought forward one hundred.  In 696, besides lions, elephants,
+and bears, one hundred and fifty panthers were shown for the first time.
+At the dedication of Pompey's Theatre, there was the greatest exhibition
+of beasts ever then known; including seventeen elephants, six hundred
+lions, which were killed in the course of five days, four hundred and ten
+panthers, etc.  A rhinoceros also appeared for the first time.  This was
+A.U.C. 701.  The art of taming these beasts was carried to such
+perfection, that Mark Antony actually yoked them to his carriage.  Julius
+Caesar, in his third dictatorship, A.U.C. 708, showed a vast number of
+wild beasts, among which were four hundred lions and a cameleopard.  A
+tiger was exhibited for the first time at the dedication of the Theatre
+of Marcellus, A.U.C. 743.  It was kept in a cage.  Claudius afterwards
+exhibited four together.  The exhibition of Titus, at the dedication of
+the Colosseum, here mentioned by Suetonius, seems to have been the
+largest ever made; Xiphilinus even adds to the number, and says, that
+including wild-boars, cranes, and other animals, no less than nine
+thousand were killed.  In the reigns of succeeding emperors, a new
+feature was given to these spectacles, the Circus being converted into a
+temporary forest, by planting large trees, in which wild animals were
+turned loose, and the people were allowed to enter the wood and take what
+they pleased.  In this instance, the game consisted principally of beasts
+of chase; and, on one occasion, one thousand stags, as many of the ibex,
+wild sheep (mouflions from Sardinia?), and other grazing animals, besides
+one thousand wild boars, and as many ostriches, were turned loose by the
+emperor Gordian.
+
+[790]  "Diem perdidi."  This memorable speech is recorded by several
+other historians, and praised by Eusebius in his Chronicles.
+
+[791]  A.U.C. 832, A.D. 79.  It is hardly necessary to refer to the well-
+known Epistles of Pliny the younger, vi. 16 and 20, giving an account of
+the first eruption of Vesuvius, in which Pliny, the historian, perished.
+And see hereafter, p. 475.
+
+[792]  The great fire at Rome happened in the second year of the reign of
+Titus.  It consumed a large portion of the city, and among the public
+buildings destroyed were the temples of Serapis and Isis, that of
+Neptune, the baths of Agrippa, the Septa, the theatres of Balbus and
+Pompey, the buildings and library of Augustus on the Palatine, and the
+temple of Jupiter in the Capitol.
+
+[793]  See VESPASIAN, cc. i. and xxiv.  The love of this emperor and his
+son Titus for the rural retirement of their paternal acres in the Sabine
+country, forms a striking contrast to the vicious attachment of such
+tyrants as Tiberius and Caligula for the luxurious scenes of Baiae, or
+the libidinous orgies of Capri.
+
+[794]  A.U.C. 834, A.D. 82.
+
+
+
+
+
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