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diff --git a/old/st10w10.txt b/old/st10w10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b17abde --- /dev/null +++ b/old/st10w10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1408 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook The Lives Of The Caesars, by Suetonius, V10 +#10 in our series by C. Suetonious Tranquillus + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**EBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These EBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers***** + + +Title: The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 10. + [VESPASIAN] + +Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus + +Release Date: August, 2004 [EBook #6395] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on December 3, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + + + + + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE CAESARS, SUETONIUS, V10 *** + + + +This eBook was produced by Tapio Riikonen +and David Widger <widger@cecomet.net> + + + + + + THE LIVES + OF + THE TWELVE CAESARS + + By + C. Suetonius Tranquillus; + + To which are added, + + HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS. + + + The Translation of + Alexander Thomson, M.D. + + revised and corrected by + T.Forester, Esq., A.M. + + + + +(441) + + + + T. FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS AUGUSTUS. + + +I. The empire, which had been long thrown into a disturbed and unsetted +state, by the rebellion and violent death of its three last rulers, was +at length restored to peace and security by the Flavian family, whose +descent was indeed obscure, and which boasted no ancestral honours; but +the public had no cause to regret its elevation; though it is +acknowledged that Domitian met with the just reward of his avarice and +cruelty. Titus Flavius Petro, a townsman of Reate [721], whether a +centurion or an evocatus [722] of Pompey's party in the civil war, is +uncertain, fled out of the battle of Pharsalia and went home; where, +having at last obtained his pardon and discharge, he became a collector +of the money raised by public sales in the way of auction. His son, +surnamed Sabinus, was never engaged in the military service, though some +say he was a centurion of the first order, and others, that whilst he +held that rank, he was discharged on account of his bad state of health: +this Sabinus, I say, was a publican, and received the tax of the fortieth +penny in Asia. And there were remaining, at the time of the advancement +of the family, several statues, which had been erected to him by the +cities of that province, with this inscription: "To the honest Tax- +farmer." [723] He afterwards turned usurer amongst the Helvetii, and +there died, leaving behind him his wife, Vespasia Pella, and two sons by +her; the elder of whom, Sabinus, came to be prefect of the city, and the +younger, Vespasian, to be emperor. Polla, descended of a good family, at +Nursia [724], had for her father Vespasius Pollio, thrice appointed (442) +military tribune, and at last prefect of the camp; and her brother was a +senator of praetorian dignity. There is to this day, about six miles +from Nursia, on the road to Spoletum, a place on the summit of a hill, +called Vespasiae, where are several monuments of the Vespasii, a +sufficient proof of the splendour and antiquity of the family. I will +not deny that some have pretended to say, that Petro's father was a +native of Gallia Transpadana [725], whose employment was to hire +workpeople who used to emigrate every year from the country of the Umbria +into that of the Sabines, to assist them in their husbandry [726]; but +who settled at last in the town of Reate, and there married. But of this +I have not been able to discover the least proof, upon the strictest +inquiry. + +II. Vespasian was born in the country of the Sabines, beyond Reate, in a +little country-seat called Phalacrine, upon the fifth of the calends of +December [27th November], in the evening, in the consulship of Quintus +Sulpicius Camerinus and Caius Poppaeus Sabinus, five years before the +death of Augustus [727]; and was educated under the care of Tertulla, his +grandmother by the father's side, upon an estate belonging to the family, +at Cosa [728]. After his advancement to the empire, he used frequently +to visit the place where he had spent his infancy; and the villa was +continued in the same condition, that he might see every thing about him +just as he had been used to do. And he had so great a regard for the +memory of his grandmother, that, upon solemn occasions and festival days, +he constantly drank out of a silver cup which she had been accustomed to +use. After assuming the manly habit, he had a long time a distaste for +the senatorian toga, though his brother had obtained it; nor could he be +persuaded by any one but his mother to sue for that badge of honour. She +at length drove him to it, more by taunts and reproaches, than by her +entreaties (443) and authority, calling him now and then, by way of +reproach, his brother's footman. He served as military tribune in +Thrace. When made quaestor, the province of Crete and Cyrene fell to him +by lot. He was candidate for the aedileship, and soon after for the +praetorship, but met with a repulse in the former case; though at last, +with much difficulty, he came in sixth on the poll-books. But the office +of praetor he carried upon his first canvass, standing amongst the +highest at the poll. Being incensed against the senate, and desirous to +gain, by all possible means, the good graces of Caius [729], he obtained +leave to exhibit extraordinary [730] games for the emperor's victory in +Germany, and advised them to increase the punishment of the conspirators +against his life, by exposing their corpses unburied. He likewise gave +him thanks in that august assembly for the honour of being admitted to +his table. + +III. Meanwhile, he married Flavia Domitilla, who had formerly been the +mistress of Statilius Capella, a Roman knight of Sabrata in Africa, who +[Domitilla] enjoyed Latin rights; and was soon after declared fully and +freely a citizen of Rome, on a trial before the court of Recovery, +brought by her father Flavius Liberalis, a native of Ferentum, but no +more than secretary to a quaestor. By her he had the following children: +Titus, Domitian, and Domitilla. He outlived his wife and daughter, and +lost them both before he became emperor. After the death of his wife, he +renewed his union [731] with his former concubine Caenis, the freedwoman +of Antonia, and also her amanuensis, and treated her, even after he was +emperor, almost as if she had been his lawful wife. [732] + +(444) IV. In the reign of Claudius, by the interest of Narcissus, he was +sent to Germany, in command of a legion; whence being removed into +Britain, he engaged the enemy in thirty several battles. He reduced +under subjection to the Romans two very powerful tribes, and above twenty +great towns, with the Isle of Wight, which lies close to the coast of +Britain; partly under the command of Aulus Plautius, the consular +lieutenant, and partly under Claudius himself [733]. For this success he +received the triumphal ornaments, and in a short time after two +priesthoods, besides the consulship, which he held during the two last +months of the year [734]. The interval between that and his +proconsulship he spent in leisure and retirement, for fear of Agrippina, +who still held great sway over her son, and hated all the friends of +Narcissus, who was then dead. Afterwards he got by lot the province of +Africa, which he governed with great reputation, excepting that once, in +an insurrection at Adrumetum, he was pelted with turnips. It is certain +that he returned thence nothing richer; for his credit was so low, that +he was obliged to mortgage his whole property to his brother, and was +reduced to the necessity of dealing in mules, for the support of his +rank; for which reason he was commonly called "the Muleteer." He is said +likewise to have been convicted of extorting from a young man of fashion +two hundred thousand sesterces for procuring him the broad-stripe, +contrary to the wishes of his father, and was severely reprimanded for +it. While in attendance upon Nero in Achaia, he frequently withdrew from +the theatre while Nero was singing, and went to sleep if he remained, +which gave so much (445) offence, that he was not only excluded from his +society, but debarred the liberty of saluting him in public. Upon this, +he retired to a small out-of-the-way town, where he lay skulking in +constant fear of his life, until a province, with an army, was offered +him. + +A firm persuasion had long prevailed through all the East [735], that it +was fated for the empire of the world, at that time, to devolve on some +who should go forth from Judaea. This prediction referred to a Roman +emperor, as the event shewed; but the Jews, applying it to themselves, +broke out into rebellion, and having defeated and slain their governor +[736], routed the lieutenant of Syria [737], a man of consular rank, who +was advancing to his assistance, and took an eagle, the standard, of one +of his legions. As the suppression of this revolt appeared to require a +stronger force and an active general, who might be safely trusted in an +affair of so much importance, Vespasian was chosen in preference to all +others, both for his known activity, and on account of the obscurity of +his origin and name, being a person of whom (446) there could be not the +least jealousy. Two legions, therefore, eight squadrons of horse, and +ten cohorts, being added to the former troops in Judaea, and, taking with +him his eldest son as lieutenant, as soon as he arrived in his province, +he turned the eyes of the neighbouring provinces upon him, by reforming +immediately the discipline of the camp, and engaging the enemy once or +twice with such resolution, that, in the attack of a castle [738], he had +his knee hurt by the stroke of a stone, and received several arrows in +his shield. + +V. After the deaths of Nero and Galba, whilst Otho and Vitellius were +contending for the sovereignty, he entertained hopes of obtaining the +empire, with the prospect of which he had long before flattered himself, +from the following omens. Upon an estate belonging to the Flavian +family, in the neighbourhood of Rome, there was an old oak, sacred to +Mars, which, at the three several deliveries of Vespasia, put out each +time a new branch; evident intimations of the future fortune of each +child. The first was but a slender one, which quickly withered away; and +accordingly, the girl that was born did not live long. The second became +vigorous, which portended great good fortune; but the third grew like a +tree. His father, Sabinus, encouraged by these omens, which were +confirmed by the augurs, told his mother, "that her grandson would be +emperor of Rome;" at which she laughed heartily, wondering, she said, +"that her son should be in his dotage whilst she continued still in full +possession of her faculties." + +Afterwards in his aedileship, when Caius Caesar, being enraged at his not +taking care to have the streets kept clean, ordered the soldiers to fill +the bosom of his gown with dirt, some persons at that time construed it +into a sign that the government, being trampled under foot and deserted +in some civil commotion, would fall under his protection, and as it were +into his lap. Once, while he was at dinner, a strange dog, that wandered +about the streets, brought a man's hand [739], and laid it under the +table. And another time, while he was at supper, a plough-ox throwing +the yoke off his neck, broke into the room, and after he had frightened +away all the attendants, (447) on a sudden, as if he was tired, fell down +at his feet, as he lay still upon his couch, and hung down his neck. A +cypress-tree likewise, in a field belonging to the family, was torn up by +the roots, and laid flat upon the ground, when there was no violent wind; +but next day it rose again fresher and stronger than before. + +He dreamt in Achaia that the good fortune of himself and his family would +begin when Nero had a tooth drawn; and it happened that the day after, a +surgeon coming into the hall, showed him a tooth which he had just +extracted from Nero. In Judaea, upon his consulting the oracle of the +divinity at Carmel [740], the answer was so encouraging as to assure him +of success in anything he projected, however great or important it might +be. And when Josephus [741], one of the noble prisoners, was put in +chains, he confidently affirmed that he should be released in a very +short time by the same Vespasian, but he would be emperor first [742]. +Some omens were likewise mentioned in the news from Rome, and among +others, that Nero, towards the close of his days, was commanded in a +dream to carry Jupiter's sacred chariot out of the sanctuary where it +stood, to Vespasian's house, and conduct it thence into the circus. Also +not long afterwards, as Galba was going to the election, in which he was +created consul for the second time, a statue of the Divine Julius [743] +turned towards the east. And in the field of Bedriacum [744], before the +battle began, two eagles engaged in the sight of the army; and one of +them being beaten, a third came from the east, and drove away the +conqueror. + +(448) VI. He made, however, no attempt upon the sovereignty, though his +friends were very ready to support him, and even pressed him to the +enterprise, until he was encouraged to it by the fortuitous aid of +persons unknown to him and at a distance. Two thousand men, drawn out of +three legions in the Moesian army, had been sent to the assistance of +Otho. While they were upon their march, news came that he had been +defeated, and had put an end to his life; notwithstanding which they +continued their march as far as Aquileia, pretending that they gave no +credit to the report. There, tempted by the opportunity which the +disorder of the times afforded them, they ravaged and plundered the +country at discretion; until at length, fearing to be called to an +account on their return, and punished for it, they resolved upon choosing +and creating an emperor. "For they were no ways inferior," they said, +"to the army which made Galba emperor, nor to the pretorian troops which +had set up Otho, nor the army in Germany, to whom Vitellius owed his +elevation." The names of all the consular lieutenants, therefore, being +taken into consideration, and one objecting to one, and another to +another, for various reasons; at last some of the third legion, which a +little before Nero's death had been removed out of Syria into Moesia, +extolled Vespasian in high terms; and all the rest assenting, his name +was immediately inscribed on their standards. The design was +nevertheless quashed for a time, the troops being brought to submit to +Vitellius a little longer. + +However, the fact becoming known, Tiberius Alexander, governor of Egypt, +first obliged the legions under his command to swear obedience to +Vespasian as their emperor, on the calends [the 1st] of July, which was +observed ever after as the day of his accession to the empire; and upon +the fifth of the ides of the same month [the 28th July], the army in +Judaea, where he then was, also swore allegiance to him. What +contributed greatly to forward the affair, was a copy of a letter, +whether real or counterfeit, which was circulated, and said to have been +written by Otho before his decease to Vespasian, recommending to him in +the most urgent terms to avenge his death, and entreating him to come to +the aid of the commonwealth; as well as a report which was circulated, +that Vitellius, after his success against Otho, proposed to change the +winter quarters of the legions, and remove those in Germany to a less +(449) hazardous station and a warmer climate. Moreover, amongst the +governors of provinces, Licinius Mucianus dropping the grudge arising +from a jealousy of which he had hitherto made no secret, promised to join +him with the Syrian army, and, among the allied kings, Volugesus, king of +the Parthians, offered him a reinforcement of forty thousand archers. + +VII. Having, therefore, entered on a civil war, and sent forward his +generals and forces into Italy, be himself, in the meantime, passed over +to Alexandria, to obtain possession of the key of Egypt [745]. Here +having entered alone, without attendants, the temple of Serapis, to take +the auspices respecting the establishment of his power, and having done +his utmost to propitiate the deity, upon turning round, [his freedman] +Basilides [746] appeared before him, and seemed to offer him the sacred +leaves, chaplets, and cakes, according to the usage of the place, +although no one had admitted him, and he had long laboured under a +muscular debility, which would hardly have allowed him to walk into the +temple; besides which, it was certain that at the very time he was far +away. Immediately after this, arrived letters with intelligence that +Vitellius's troops had been defeated at Cremona, and he himself slain at +Rome. Vespasian, the new emperor, having been raised unexpectedly from a +low estate, wanted something which might clothe him with divine majesty +and authority. This, likewise, was now added. A poor man who was blind, +and another who was lame, came both together before him, when he was +seated on the tribunal, imploring him to heal them [747], and saying that +they were admonished (450) in a dream by the god Serapis to seek his aid, +who assured them that he would restore sight to the one by anointing his +eyes with his spittle, and give strength to the leg of the other, if he +vouchsafed but to touch it with his heel. At first he could scarcely +believe that the thing would any how succeed, and therefore hesitated to +venture on making the experiment. At length, however, by the advice of +his friends, he made the attempt publicly, in the presence of the +assembled multitudes, and it was crowned with success in both cases +[748]. About the same time, at Tegea in Arcadia, by the direction (451) +of some soothsayers, several vessels of ancient workmanship were dug out +of a consecrated place, on which there was an effigy resembling +Vespasian. + +VIII. Returning now to Rome, under these auspices, and with a great +reputation, after enjoying a triumph for victories over the Jews, he +added eight consulships [749] to his former one. He likewise assumed the +censorship, and made it his principal concern, during the whole of his +government, first to restore order in the state, which had been almost +ruined, and was in a tottering condition, and then to improve it. The +soldiers, one part of them emboldened by victory, and the other smarting +with the disgrace of their defeat, had abandoned themselves to every +species of licentiousness and insolence. Nay, the provinces, too, and +free cities, and some kingdoms in alliance with Rome, were all in a +disturbed state. He, therefore, disbanded many of Vitellius's soldiers, +and punished others; and so far was he from granting any extraordinary +favours to the sharers of his success, that it was late before he paid +the gratuities due to them by law. That he might let slip no opportunity +of reforming the discipline of the army, upon a young man's coming much +perfumed to return him thanks (452) for having appointed him to command a +squadron of horse, he turned away his head in disgust, and, giving him +this sharp reprimand, "I had rather you had smelt of garlic," revoked his +commission. When the men belonging to the fleet, who travelled by turns +from Ostia and Puteoli to Rome, petitioned for an addition to their pay, +under the name of shoe-money, thinking that it would answer little +purpose to send them away without a reply, he ordered them for the future +to run barefooted; and so they have done ever since. He deprived of +their liberties, Achaia, Lycia, Rhodes, Byzantium, and Samos; and reduced +them into the form of provinces; Thrace, also, and Cilicia, as well as +Comagene, which until that time had been under the government of kings. +He stationed some legions in Cappadocia on account of the frequent +inroads of the barbarians, and, instead of a Roman knight, appointed as +governor of it a man of consular rank. The ruins of houses which had +been burnt down long before, being a great desight to the city, he gave +leave to any one who would, to take possession of the void ground and +build upon it, if the proprietors should hesitate to perform the work +themselves. He resolved upon rebuilding the Capitol, and was the +foremost to put his hand to clearing the ground of the rubbish, and +removed some of it upon his own shoulder. And he undertook, likewise, to +restore the three thousand tables of brass which had been destroyed in +the fire which consumed the Capitol; searching in all quarters for copies +of those curious and ancient records, in which were contained the decrees +of the senate, almost from the building of the city, as well as the acts +of the people, relative to alliances, treaties, and privileges granted to +any person. + +IX. He likewise erected several new public buildings, namely, the temple +of Peace [750] near the Forum, that of Claudius on the (453) Coelian +mount, which had been begun by Agrippina, but almost entirely demolished +by Nero [751]; and an amphitheatre [752] in the middle of the city, upon +finding that Augustus had projected such a work. He purified the +senatorian and equestrian orders, which had been much reduced by the +havoc made amongst them at several times, and was fallen into disrepute +by neglect. Having expelled the most unworthy, he chose in their room +the most honourable persons in Italy and the provinces. And to let it be +known that those two orders differed not so much in privileges as in +dignity, he declared publicly, when some altercation passed between a +senator and a Roman knight, "that senators ought not to be treated with +scurrilous language, unless they were the aggressors, and then it was +fair and lawful to return it." + +X. The business of the courts had prodigiously accumulated, partly from +old law-suits which, on account of the interruption that had been given +to the course of justice, still remained undecided, and partly from the +accession of new suits arising out of the disorder of the times. He, +therefore, chose commissioners by lot to provide for the restitution of +what had been seized by violence during the war, and others with +extraordinary jurisdiction to decide causes belonging to the centumviri, +and reduce them to as small a number as possible, for the dispatch of +which, otherwise, the lives of the litigants could scarcely allow +sufficient time. + +XI. Lust and luxury, from the licence which had long prevailed, had also +grown to an enormous height. He, therefore, obtained a decree of the +senate, that a woman who formed an union with the slave of another +person, should be considered (454) a bondwoman herself; and that usurers +should not be allowed to take proceedings at law for the recovery of +money lent to young men whilst they lived in their father's family, not +even after their fathers were dead. + +XII. In other affairs, from the beginning to the end of his government, +he conducted himself with great moderation and clemency. He was so far +from dissembling the obscurity of his extraction, that he frequently made +mention of it himself. When some affected to trace his pedigree to the +founders of Reate, and a companion of Hercules [753], whose monument is +still to be seen on the Salarian road, he laughed at them for it. And he +was so little fond of external and adventitious ornaments, that, on the +day of his triumph [754], being quite tired of the length and tediousness +of the procession, he could not forbear saying, "he was rightly served, +for having in his old age been so silly as to desire a triumph; as if it +was either due to his ancestors, or had ever been expected by himself." +Nor would he for a long time accept of the tribunitian authority, or the +title of Father of his Country. And in regard to the custom of searching +those who came to salute him, he dropped it even in the time of the civil +war. + +XIII. He bore with great mildness the freedom used by his friends, the +satirical allusions of advocates, and the petulance of philosophers. +Licinius Mucianus, who had been guilty of notorious acts of lewdness, +but, presuming upon his great services, treated him very rudely, he +reproved only in private; and when complaining of his conduct to a common +friend of theirs, he concluded with these words, "However, I am a man." +Salvius Liberalis, in pleading the cause of a rich man under prosecution, +presuming to say, "What is it to Caesar, if Hipparchus possesses a +hundred millions of sesterces?" he commended him for it. Demetrius, the +Cynic philosopher [755], (455) who had been sentenced to banishment, +meeting him on the road, and refusing to rise up or salute him, nay, +snarling at him in scurrilous language, he only called him a cur. + +XIV. He was little disposed to keep up the memory of affronts or +quarrels, nor did he harbour any resentment on account of them. He made +a very splendid marriage for the daughter of his enemy Vitellius, and +gave her, besides, a suitable fortune and equipage. Being in a great +consternation after he was forbidden the court in the time of Nero, and +asking those about him, what he should do? or, whither he should go? one +of those whose office it was to introduce people to the emperor, +thrusting him out, bid him go to Morbonia [756]. But when this same +person came afterwards to beg his pardon, he only vented his resentment +in nearly the same words. He was so far from being influenced by +suspicion or fear to seek the destruction of any one, that, when his +friends advised him to beware of Metius Pomposianus, because it was +commonly believed, on his nativity being cast, that he was destined by +fate to the empire, he made him consul, promising for him, that he would +not forget the benefit conferred. + +XV. It will scarcely be found, that so much as one innocent person +suffered in his reign, unless in his absence, and without his knowledge, +or, at least, contrary to his inclination, and when he was imposed upon. +Although Helvidius Priscus [757] was the only man who presumed to salute +him on his return from Syria by his private name of Vespasian, and, when +he came to be praetor, omitted any mark of honour to him, or even any +mention of him in his edicts, yet he was not angry, until Helvidius +proceeded to inveigh against him with the most scurrilous language. +(456) Though he did indeed banish him, and afterwards ordered him to be +put to death, yet he would gladly have saved him notwithstanding, and +accordingly dispatched messengers to fetch back the executioners; and he +would have saved him, had he not been deceived by a false account +brought, that he had already perished. He never rejoiced at the death of +any man; nay he would shed tears, and sigh, at the just punishment of the +guilty. + +XVI. The only thing deservedly blameable in his character was his love +of money. For not satisfied with reviving the imposts which had been +repealed in the time of Galba, he imposed new and onerous taxes, +augmented the tribute of the provinces, and doubled that of some of them. +He likewise openly engaged in a traffic, which is discreditable [758] +even to a private individual, buying great quantities of goods, for the +purpose of retailing them again to advantage. Nay, he made no scruple of +selling the great offices of the state to candidates, and pardons to +persons under prosecution, whether they were innocent or guilty. It is +believed, that he advanced all the most rapacious amongst the procurators +to higher offices, with the view of squeezing them after they had +acquired great wealth. He was commonly said, "to have used them as +sponges," because it was his practice, as we may say, to wet them when +dry, and squeeze them when wet. It is said that he was naturally +extremely covetous, and was upbraided with it by an old herdsman of his, +who, upon the emperor's refusing to enfranchise him gratis, which on his +advancement he humbly petitioned for, cried out, "That the fox changed +his hair, but not his nature." On the other hand, some are of opinion, +that he was urged to his rapacious proceedings by necessity, and the +extreme poverty of the treasury and exchequer, of which he took public +notice in the beginning of his reign; declaring that "no less than four +hundred thousand millions of sesterces were wanting to carry on the +government." This is the more likely to be true, because he applied to +the best purposes what he procured by bad means. + +XVII. His liberality, however, to all ranks of people, was excessive. +He made up to several senators the estate required (457) by law to +qualify them for that dignity; relieving likewise such men of consular +rank as were poor, with a yearly allowance of five hundred thousand +sesterces [759]; and rebuilt, in a better manner than before, several +cities in different parts of the empire, which had been damaged by +earthquakes or fires. + +XVIII. He was a great encourager of learning and the liberal arts. He +first granted to the Latin and Greek professors of rhetoric the yearly +stipend of a hundred thousand sesterces [760] each out of the exchequer. +He also bought the freedom of superior poets and artists [761], and gave +a noble gratuity to the restorer of the Coan of Venus [762], and to +another artist who repaired the Colossus [763]. Some one offering to +convey some immense columns into the Capitol at a small expense by a +mechanical contrivance, he rewarded him very handsomely for his +invention, but would not accept his service, saying, "Suffer me to find +maintenance for the poor people." [764] + +XIX. In the games celebrated when the stage-scenery of (458) the theatre +of Marcellus [765] was repaired, he restored the old musical +entertainments. He gave Apollinaris, the tragedian, four hundred +thousand sesterces, and to Terpinus and Diodorus, the harpers, two +hundred thousand; to some a hundred thousand; and the least he gave to +any of the performers was forty thousand, besides many golden crowns. He +entertained company constantly at his table, and often in great state and +very sumptuously, in order to promote trade. As in the Saturnalia he +made presents to the men which they were to carry away with them, so did +he to the women upon the calends of March [766]; notwithstanding which, +he could not wipe off the disrepute of his former stinginess. The +Alexandrians called him constantly Cybiosactes; a name which had been +given to one of their kings who was sordidly avaricious. Nay, at his +funeral, Favo, the principal mimic, personating him, and imitating, as +actors do, both his manner of speaking and his gestures, asked aloud of +the procurators, "how much his funeral and the procession would cost?" +And being answered "ten millions of sesterces," he cried out, "give him +but a hundred thousand sesterces, and they might throw his body into the +Tiber, if they would." + +XX. He was broad-set, strong-limbed, and his features gave the idea of a +man in the act of straining himself. In consequence, one of the city +wits, upon the emperor's desiring him "to say something droll respecting +himself," facetiously answered, "I will, when you have done relieving +your bowels." [767] He enjoyed a good state of health, though he used no +other means to preserve it, than repeated friction, as much (459) as he +could bear, on his neck and other parts of his body, in the tennis-court +attached to the baths, besides fasting one day in every month. + +XXI. His method of life was commonly this. After he became emperor, he +used to rise very early, often before daybreak. Having read over his +letters, and the briefs of all the departments of the government offices; +he admitted his friends; and while they were paying him their +compliments, he would put on his own shoes, and dress himself with his +own hands. Then, after the dispatch of such business as was brought +before him, he rode out, and afterwards retired to repose, lying on his +couch with one of his mistresses, of whom he kept several after the death +of Caenis [768]. Coming out of his private apartments, he passed to the +bath, and then entered the supper-room. They say that he was never more +good-humoured and indulgent than at that time: and therefore his +attendants always seized that opportunity, when they had any favour to +ask. + +XXII. At supper, and, indeed, at other times, he was extremely free and +jocose. For he had humour, but of a low kind, and he would sometimes use +indecent language, such as is addressed to young girls about to be +married. Yet there are some things related of him not void of ingenious +pleasantry; amongst which are the following. Being once reminded by +Mestrius Florus, that plaustra was a more proper expression than plostra, +he the next day saluted him by the name of Flaurus [769]. A certain lady +pretending to be desperately enamoured of him, he was prevailed upon to +admit her to his bed; and after he had gratified her desires, he gave her +[770] four hundred (460) thousand sesterces. When his steward desired to +know how he would have the sum entered in his accounts, he replied, "For +Vespasian's being seduced." + +XXIII. He used Greek verses very wittily; speaking of a tall man, who +had enormous parts: + + Makxi bibas, kradon dolichoskion enchos; + Still shaking, as he strode, his vast long spear. + +And of Cerylus, a freedman, who being very rich, had begun to pass +himself off as free-born, to elude the exchequer at his decease, and +assumed the name of Laches, he said: + + ----O Lachaes, Lachaes, + Epan apothanaes, authis ex archaes esae Kaerylos. + + Ah, Laches, Laches! when thou art no more, + Thou'lt Cerylus be called, just as before. + +He chiefly affected wit upon his own shameful means of raising money, in +order to wipe off the odium by some joke, and turn it into ridicule. One +of his ministers, who was much in his favour, requesting of him a +stewardship for some person, under pretence of his being his brother, he +deferred granting him his petition, and in the meantime sent for the +candidate, and having squeezed out of him as much money as he had agreed +to give to his friend at court, he appointed him immediately to the +office. The minister soon after renewing his application, "You must," +said he, "find another brother; for the one you adopted is in truth +mine." + +Suspecting once, during a journey, that his mule-driver had alighted to +shoe his mules, only in order to have an opportunity for allowing a +person they met, who was engaged in a law-suit, to speak to him, he asked +him, "how much he got for shoeing his mules?" and insisted on having a +share of the profit. When his son Titus blamed him for even laying a tax +upon urine, he applied to his nose a piece of the money he received in +the first instalment, and asked him, "if it stunk?" And he replying no, +"And yet," said he, "it is derived from urine." + +Some deputies having come to acquaint him that a large statue, which +would cost a vast sum, was ordered to be erected for him at the public +expense, he told them to pay it down immediately, (461) holding out the +hollow of his hand, and saying, "there was a base ready for the statue." +Not even when he was under the immediate apprehension and peril of death, +could he forbear jesting. For when, among other prodigies, the mausoleum +of the Caesars suddenly flew open, and a blazing star appeared in the +heavens; one of the prodigies, he said, concerned Julia Calvina, who was +of the family of Augustus [771]; and the other, the king of the +Parthians, who wore his hair long. And when his distemper first seized +him, "I suppose," said he, "I shall soon be a god." [772] + +XXIV. In his ninth consulship, being seized, while in Campania, with a +slight indisposition, and immediately returning to the city, he soon +afterwards went thence to Cutiliae [773], and his estates in the country +about Reate, where he used constantly to spend the summer. Here, though +his disorder much increased, and he injured his bowels by too free use of +the cold waters, he nevertheless attended to the dispatch of business, +and even gave audience to ambassadors in bed. At last, being taken ill +of a diarrhoea, to such a degree that he was ready to faint, he cried +out, "An emperor ought to die standing upright." In endeavouring to +rise, he died in the hands of those who were helping him up, upon the +eighth of the calends of July [24th June] [774], being sixty-nine years, +one month, and seven days old. + +XXV. All are agreed that he had such confidence in the calculations on +his own nativity and that of his sons, that, after several conspiracies +against him, he told the senate, that either his sons would succeed him, +or nobody. It is said likewise, that he once saw in a dream a balance in +the middle of the porch of the Palatine house exactly poised; in one +(462) scale of which stood Claudius and Nero, in the other, himself and +his sons. The event corresponded to the symbol; for the reigns of the +two parties were precisely of the same duration. [775] + + * * * * * * + +Neither consanguinity nor adoption, as formerly, but great influence in +the army having now become the road to the imperial throne, no person +could claim a better title to that elevation than Titus Flavius +Vespasian. He had not only served with great reputation in the wars both +in Britain and Judaea, but seemed as yet untainted with any vice which +could pervert his conduct in the civil administration of the empire. It +appears, however, that he was prompted more by the persuasion of friends, +than by his own ambition, to prosecute the attainment of the imperial +dignity. To render this enterprise more successful, recourse was had to +a new and peculiar artifice, which, while well accommodated to the +superstitious credulity of the Romans, impressed them with an idea, that +Vespasian's destiny to the throne was confirmed by supernatural +indications. But, after his elevation, we hear no more of his miraculous +achievements. + +The prosecution of the war in Britain, which had been suspended for some +years, was resumed by Vespasian; and he sent thither Petilius Cerealis, +who by his bravery extended the limits of the Roman province. Under +Julius Frontinus, successor to that general, the invaders continued to +make farther progress in the reduction of the island: but the commander +who finally established the dominion of the Romans in Britain, was Julius +Agricola, not less distinguished for his military achievements, than for +his prudent regard to the civil administration of the country. He began +his operations with the conquest of North Wales, whence passing over into +the island of Anglesey, which had revolted since the time of Suetonius +Paulinus, he again reduced it to subjection. Then proceeding northwards +with his victorious army, he defeated the Britons in every engagement, +took possession of all the territories in the southern parts of the +island, and driving before him all who refused to submit to the Roman +arms, penetrated even into the forests and mountains of Caledonia. He +defeated the natives under Galgacus, their leader, in a decisive battle; +and fixing a line of garrisons between the friths of Clyde and Forth, he +secured the Roman province from the incursions of the people who occupied +the parts of the island (463) beyond that boundary. Wherever he +established the Roman power, he introduced laws and civilization amongst +the inhabitants, and employed every means of conciliating their +affection, as well as of securing their obedience. + +The war in Judaea, which had been commenced under the former reign, was +continued in that of Vespasian; but he left the siege of Jerusalem to be +conducted by his son Titus, who displayed great valour and military +talents in the prosecution of the enterprise. After an obstinate defence +by the Jews, that city, so much celebrated in the sacred writings, was +finally demolished, and the glorious temple itself, the admiration of the +world, reduced to ashes; contrary, however, to the will of Titus, who +exerted his utmost efforts to extinguish the flames. + +The manners of the Romans had now attained to an enormous pitch of +depravity, through the unbounded licentiousness of the tines; and, to the +honour of Vespasian, he discovered great zeal in his endeavours to effect +a national reformation. Vigilant, active, and persevering, he was +indefatigable in the management of public affairs, and rose in the winter +before day-break, to give audience to his officers of state. But if we +give credit to the whimsical imposition of a tax upon urine, we cannot +entertain any high opinion, either of his talents as a financier, or of +the resources of the Roman empire. By his encouragement of science, he +displayed a liberality, of which there occurs no example under all the +preceding emperors, since the time of Augustus. Pliny the elder was now +in the height of reputation, as well as in great favour with Vespasian; +and it was probably owing not a little to the advice of that minister, +that the emperor showed himself so much the patron of literary men. A +writer mentioned frequently by Pliny, and who lived in this reign, was +Licinius Mucianus, a Roman knight: he treated of the history and +geography of the eastern countries. Juvenal, who had begun his Satires +several years before, continued to inveigh against the flagrant vices of +the times; but the only author whose writings we have to notice in the +present reign, is a poet of a different class. + +C. VALERIUS FLACCUS wrote a poem in eight books, on the Expedition of the +Argonauts; a subject which, next to the wars of Thebes and Troy, was in +ancient times the most celebrated. Of the life of this author, +biographers have transmitted no particulars; but we may place his birth +in the reign of Tiberius, before all the writers who flourished in the +Augustan age were extinct. He enjoyed the rays of the setting sun which +had illumined that glorious period, and he discovers the efforts of an +ambition to recall its meridian splendour. As the poem was left (464) +incomplete by the death of the author, we can only judge imperfectly of +the conduct and general consistency of the fable: but the most difficult +part having been executed, without any room for the censure of candid +criticism, we may presume that the sequel would have been finished with +an equal claim to indulgence, if not to applause. The traditional +anecdotes relative to the Argonautic expedition are introduced with +propriety, and embellished with the graces of poetical fiction. In +describing scenes of tenderness, this author is happily pathetic, and in +the heat of combat, proportionably animated. His similes present the +imagination with beautiful imagery, and not only illustrate, but give +additional force to the subject. We find in Flaccus a few expressions +not countenanced by the authority of the most celebrated Latin writers. +His language, however, in general, is pure; but his words are perhaps not +always the best that might have been chosen. The versification is +elevated, though not uniformly harmonious; and there pervades the whole +poem an epic dignity, which renders it superior to the production +ascribed to Orpheus, or to that of Apollonius, on the same subject. + +FOOTNOTES: + + +[721] Reate, the original seat of the Flavian family, was a city of the +Sabines. Its present name is Rieti. + +[722] It does not very clearly appear what rank in the Roman armies +was held by the evocati. They are mentioned on three occasions by +Suetonius, without affording us much assistance. Caesar, like our +author, joins them with the centurions. See, in particular, De Bell. +Civil. I. xvii. 4. + +[723] The inscription was in Greek, kalos telothaesanti. + +[724] In the ancient Umbria, afterwards the duchy of Spoleto; its modern +name being Norcia. + +[725] Gaul beyond, north of the Po, now Lombardy. + +[726] We find the annual migration of labourers in husbandry a very +common practice in ancient as well as in modern times. At present, +several thousand industrious labourers cross over every summer from the +duchies of Parma and Modena, bordering on the district mentioned by +Suetonius, to the island of Corsica; returning to the continent when the +harvest is got in. + +[727] A.U.C. 762, A.D. 10. + +[728] Cosa was a place in the Volscian territory; of which Anagni was +probably the chief town. It lies about forty miles to the north-east of +Rome. + +[729] Caligula. + +[730] These games were extraordinary, as being out of the usual course +of those given by praetors. + +[731] "Revocavit in contubernium." From the difference of our habits, +there is no word in the English language which exactly conveys the +meaning of contubernium; a word which, in a military sense, the Romans +applied to the intimate fellowship between comrades in war who messed +together, and lived in close fellowship in the same tent. Thence they +transferred it to a union with one woman who was in a higher position +than a concubine, but, for some reason, could not acquire the legal +rights of a wife, as in the case of slaves of either sex. A man of rank, +also, could not marry a slave or a freedwoman, however much he might be +attached to her. + +[732] Nearly the same phrases are applied by Suetonius to Drusilla, see +CALIGULA, c. xxiv., and to Marcella, the concubine of Commodus, by +Herodian, I. xvi. 9., where he says that she had all the honours of an +empress, except that the incense was not offered to her. These +connections resembled the left-hand marriages of the German princes. + +[733] This expedition to Britain has been mentioned before, CLAUDIUS, +c. xvii. and note; and see ib. xxiv. + +Valerius Flaccus, i. 8, and Silius Italicus, iii. 598, celebrate the +triumphs of Vespasian in Britain. In representing him, however, as +carrying his arms among the Caledonian tribes, their flattery transferred +to the emperor the glory of the victories gained by his lieutenant, +Agricola. Vespasian's own conquests, while he served in Britain, were +principally in the territories of the Brigantes, lying north of the +Humber, and including the present counties of York and Durham. + +[734] A.U.C. 804. + +[735] Tacitus, Hist. V. xiii. 3., mentions this ancient prediction, and +its currency through the East, in nearly the same terms as Suetonius. +The coming power is in both instances described in the plural number, +profecti; "those shall come forth;" and Tacitus applies it to Titus as +well as Vespasian. The prophecy is commonly supposed to have reference +to a passage in Micah, v. 2, "Out of thee [Bethlehem-Ephrata] shall He +come forth, to be ruler in Israel." Earlier prophetic intimations of a +similar character, and pointing to a more extended dominion, have been +traced in the sacred records of the Jews; and there is reason to believe +that these books were at this time not unknown in the heathen world, +particularly at Alexandria, and through the Septuagint version. These +predictions, in their literal sense, point to the establishment of a +universal monarchy, which should take its rise in Judaea. The Jews +looked for their accomplishment in the person of one of their own nation, +the expected Messiah, to which character there were many pretenders in +those times. The first disciples of Christ, during the whole period of +his ministry, supposed that they were to be fulfilled in him. The Romans +thought that the conditions were answered by Vespasian, and Titus having +been called from Judaea to the seat of empire. The expectations +entertained by the Jews, and naturally participated in and appropriated +by the first converts to Christianity, having proved groundless, the +prophecies were subsequently interpreted in a spiritual sense. + +[736] Gessius Florus was at that time governor of Judaea, with the title +and rank of prepositus, it not being a proconsular province, as the +native princes still held some parts of it, under the protection and with +the alliance of the Romans. Gessius succeeded Florus Albinus, the +successor of Felix. + +[737] Cestius Gallus was consular lieutenant in Syria. + +[738] See note to c. vii. + +[739] A right hand was the sign of sovereign power, and, as every one +knows, borne upon a staff among the standards of the armies. + +[740] Tacitus says, "Carmel is the name both of a god and a mountain; +but there is neither image nor temple of the god; such are the ancient +traditions; we find there only an altar and religious awe."--Hist. xi. +78, 4. It also appears, from his account, that Vespasian offered +sacrifice on Mount Carmel, where Basilides, mentioned hereafter, c. vii., +predicted his success from an inspection of the entrails. + +[741] Josephus, the celebrated Jewish historian, who was engaged in +these wars, having been taken prisoner, was confined in the dungeon at +Jotapata, the castle referred to in the preceding chapter, before which +Vespasian was wounded.--De Bell. cxi. 14. + +[742] The prediction of Josephus was founded on the Jewish prophecies +mentioned in the note to c. iv., which he, like others, applied to +Vespasian. + +[743] Julius Caesar is always called by our author after his apotheosis, +Divus Julius. + +[744] The battle at Bedriacum secured the Empire for Vitellius. See +OTHO, c. ix; VITELLIUS, c. x. + +[745] Alexandria may well be called the key, claustra, of Egypt, which +was the granary of Rome. It was of the first importance that Vespasian +should secure it at this juncture. + +[746] Tacitus describes Basilides as a man of rank among the Egyptians, +and he appears also to have been a priest, as we find him officiating at +Mount Carmel, c. v. This is so incompatible with his being a Roman +freedman, that commentators concur in supposing that the word "libertus." +although found in all the copies now extant, has crept into the text by +some inadvertence of an early transcriber. Basilides appears, like Philo +Judaeus, who lived about the same period, to have been half-Greek, half- +Jew, and to have belonged to the celebrated Platonic school of +Alexandria. + +[747] Tacitus informs us that Vespasian himself believed Basilides to +have been at this time not only in an infirm state of health, but at the +distance of several days' journey from Alexandria. But (for his greater +satisfaction) he strictly examined the priests whether Basilides had +entered the temple on that day: he made inquiries of all he met, whether +he had been seen in the city; nay, further, he dispatched messengers on +horseback, who ascertained that at the time specified, Basilides was more +than eighty miles from Alexandria. Then Vespasian comprehended that the +appearance of Basilides, and the answer to his prayers given through him, +were by divine interposition. Tacit. Hist. iv. 82. 2. + +[748] The account given by Tacitus of the miracles of Vespasian is +fuller than that of Suetonius, but does not materially vary in the +details, except that, in his version of the story, he describes the +impotent man to be lame in the hand, instead of the leg or the knee, and +adds an important circumstance in the case of the blind man, that he was +"notus tabe occulorum," notorious for the disease in his eyes. He also +winds up the narrative with the following statement: "They who were +present, relate both these cures, even at this time, when there is +nothing to be gained by lying." Both the historians lived within a few +years of the occurrence, but their works were not published until +advanced periods of their lives. The closing remark of Tacitus seems to +indicate that, at least, he did not entirely discredit the account; and +as for Suetonius, his pages are as full of prodigies of all descriptions, +related apparently in all good faith, as a monkish chronicle of the +Middle Ages. + +The story has the more interest, as it is one of the examples of +successful imposture, selected by Hume in his Essay on Miracles; with the +reply to which by Paley, in his Evidences of Christianity, most readers +are familiar. The commentators on Suetonius agree with Paley in +considering the whole affair as a juggle between the priests, the +patients, and, probably, the emperor. But what will, perhaps, strike the +reader as most remarkable, is the singular coincidence of the story with +the accounts given of several of the miracles of Christ; whence it has +been supposed, that the scene was planned in imitation of them. It did +not fall within the scope of Dr. Paley's argument to advert to this; and +our own brief illustration must be strictly confined within the limits of +historical disquisition. Adhering to this principle, we may point out +that if the idea of plagiarism be accepted, it receives some confirmation +from the incident related by our author in a preceding paragraph, +forming, it may be considered, another scene of the same drama, where we +find Basilides appearing to Vespasian in the temple of Serapis, under +circumstances which cannot fail to remind us of Christ's suddenly +standing in the midst of his disciples, "when the doors were shut." This +incident, also, has very much the appearance of a parody on the +evangelical history. But if the striking similarity of the two +narratives be thus accounted for, it is remarkable that while the priests +of Alexandria, or, perhaps, Vespasian himself from his residence in +Judaea, were in possession of such exact details of two of Christ's +miracles--if not of a third striking incident in his history--we should +find not the most distant allusion in the works of such cotemporary +writers as Tacitus and Suetonius, to any one of the still more stupendous +occurrences which had recently taken place in a part of the world with +which the Romans had now very intimate relations. The character of these +authors induces us to hesitate in adopting the notion, that either +contempt or disbelief would have led them to pass over such events, as +altogether unworthy of notice; and the only other inference from their +silence is, that they had never heard of them. But as this can scarcely +be reconciled with the plagiarism attributed to Vespasian or the Egyptian +priests, it is safer to conclude that the coincidence, however singular, +was merely fortuitous. It may be added that Spartianus, who wrote the +lives of Adrian and succeeding emperors, gives an account of a similar +miracle performed by that prince in healing a blind man. + +[749] A.U.C. 823-833, excepting 826 and 831. + +[750] The temple of Peace, erected A.D. 71, on the conclusion of the +wars with the Germans and the Jews, was the largest temple in Rome. +Vespasian and Titus deposited in it the sacred vessels and other spoils +which were carried in their triumph after the conquest of Jerusalem. +They were consumed, and the temple much damaged, if not destroyed, by +fire, towards the end of the reign of Commodus, in the year 191. It +stood in the Forum, where some ruins on a prodigious scale, still +remaining, were traditionally considered to be those of the Temple of +Peace, until Piranesi contended that they are part of Nero's Golden +House. Others suppose that they are the remains of a Basilica. A +beautiful fluted Corinthian column, forty-seven feet high, which was +removed from this spot, and now stands before the church of S. Maria +Maggiore, gives a great idea of the splendour of the original structure. + +[751] This temple, converted into a Christian church by pope Simplicius, +who flourished, A.D. 464-483, preserves much of its ancient character. +It is now, called San Stefano in Rotondo, from its circular form; the +thirty-four pillars, with arches springing from one to the other and +intended to support the cupola, still remaining to prove its former +magnificence. + +[752] This amphitheatre is the famous Colosseum begun by Trajan, and +finished by Titus. It is needless to go into details respecting a +building the gigantic ruins of which are so well known. + +[753] Hercules is said, after conquering Geryon in Spain, to have come +into this part of Italy. One of his companions, the supposed founder of +Reate, may have had the name of Flavus. + +[754] Vespasian and his son Titus had a joint triumph for the conquest +of Judaea, which is described at length by Josephus, De Bell. Jud. vii. +16. The coins of Vespasian exhibiting the captive Judaea (Judaea capta), +are probably familiar to the reader. See Harphrey's Coin Collector's +Manual, p. 328. + +[755] Demetrius, who was born at Corinth, seems to have been a close +imitator of Diogenes, the founder of the sect. Having come to Rome to +study under Apollonius, he was banished to the islands, with other +philosophers, by Vespasian. + +[756] There being no such place as Morbonia, and the supposed name being +derived from morbus, disease, some critics have supposed that Anticyra, +the asylum of the incurables, (see CALIGULA, c. xxix.) is meant; but the +probability is, that the expression used by the imperial chamberlain was +only a courtly version of a phrase not very commonly adopted in the +present day. + +[757] Helvidius Priscus, a person of some celebrity as a philosopher and +public man, is mentioned by Tacitus, Xiphilinus, and Arrian. + +[758] Cicero speaks in strong terms of the sordidness of retail trade-- +Off. i. 24. + +[759] The sesterce being worth about two-pence half-penny of English +money, the salary of a Roman senator was, in round numbers, five thousand +pounds a year; and that of a professor, as stated in the succeeding +chapter, one thousand pounds. From this scale, similar calculations may +easily be made of the sums occurring in Suetonius's statements from time +to time. There appears to be some mistake in the sum stated in c. xvi. +just before, as the amount seems fabulous, whether it represented the +floating debt, or the annual revenue, of the empire. + +[760] See AUGUSTUS, c. xliii. The proscenium of the ancient theatres +was a solid erection of an architectural design, not shifted and varied +as our stage-scenes. + +[761] Many eminent writers among the Romans were originally slaves, such +as Terence and Phaedrus; and, still more, artists, physicians and +artificers. Their talents procuring their manumission, they became the +freedmen of their former masters. Vespasian, it appears from Suetonius, +purchased the freedom of some persons of ability belonging to these +classes. + +[762] The Coan Venus was the chef-d'oeuvre of Apelles, a native of the +island of Cos, in the Archipelago, who flourished in the time of +Alexander the Great. If it was the original painting which was now +restored, it must have been well preserved. + +[763] Probably the colossal statue of Nero (see his Life, c. xxxi.), +afterwards placed in Vespasian's amphitheatre, which derived its name +from it. + +[764] The usual argument in all times against the introduction of +machinery. + +[765] See AUGUSTUS, c. xxix. + +[766] At the men's Saturnalia, a feast held in December attended with +much revelling, the masters waited upon their slaves; and at the women's +Saturnalia, held on the first of March, the women served their female +attendants, by whom also they sent presents to their friends. + +[767] Notwithstanding the splendour, and even, in many respects, the +refinement of the imperial court, the language as well as the habits of +the highest classes in Rome seem to have been but too commonly of the +grossest description, and every scholar knows that many of their writers +are not very delicate in their allusions. Apropos of the ludicrous +account given in the text, Martial, on one occasion, uses still plainer +language. + + Utere lactucis, et mollibus utere malvis: + Nam faciem durum Phoebe, cacantis habes.--iii. 89. + +[768] See c. iii. and note. + +[769] Probably the emperor had not entirely worn off, or might even +affect the rustic dialect of his Sabine countrymen; for among the +peasantry the au was still pronounced o, as in plostrum for plaustrum, a +waggon; and in orum for aurum, gold, etc. The emperor's retort was very +happy, Flaurus being derived from a Greek word, which signifies +worthless, while the consular critic's proper name, Florus, was connected +with much more agreeable associations. + +[770] Some of the German critics think that the passage bears the sense +of the gratuity having beer given by the lady, and that so parsimonious a +prince as Vespasian was not likely to have paid such a sum as is here +stated for a lady's proffered favours. + +[771] The Flavian family had their own tomb. See DOMITIAN, c. v. The +prodigy, therefore, did not concern Vespasian. As to the tomb of the +Julian family, see AUGUSTUS, c. ci. + +[772] Alluding to the apotheosis of the emperors. + +[773] Cutiliae was a small lake, about three-quarters of a mile from +Reate, now called Lago di Contigliano. It was very deep, and being fed +from springs in the neighbouring hills, the water was exceedingly clear +and cold, so that it was frequented by invalids, who required +invigorating. Vespasian's paternal estates lay in the neighbourhood of +Reate. See chap i. + +[774] A.U.C. 832. + +[775] Each dynasty lasted twenty-eight years. Claudius and Nero both +reigning fourteen; and, of the Flavius family, Vespasian reigned ten, +Titus three, and Domitian fifteen. + + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE CAESARS, SUETONIUS, V10 *** + +************* This file should be named st10w10.txt or st10w10.zip ************ + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, st10w11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, st10w10a.txt + +This eBook was produced by Tapio Riikonen +and David Widger <widger@cecomet.net> + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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