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+Project Gutenberg's Tiberius Nero Caesar (Tiberius),
+by C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Tiberius Nero Caesar (Tiberius)
+       The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 3.
+
+Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+Release Date: October 22, 2006 [EBook #6388]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TIBERIUS NERO CAESAR ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Tapio Riikonen and David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+                               THE LIVES
+                                   OF
+                           THE TWELVE CAESARS
+
+                                   By
+                       C. Suetonius Tranquillus;
+
+                          To which are added,
+
+         HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS.
+
+
+                          The Translation of
+                        Alexander Thomson, M.D.
+
+                        revised and corrected by
+                         T.Forester, Esq., A.M.
+
+
+
+
+TIBERIUS NERO CAESAR.
+
+(192)
+
+I.  The patrician family of the Claudii (for there was a plebeian family
+of the same name, no way inferior to the other either in power or
+dignity) came originally from Regilli, a town of the Sabines.  They
+removed thence to Rome soon after the building of the city, with a great
+body of their dependants, under Titus Tatius, who reigned jointly with
+Romulus in the kingdom; or, perhaps, what is related upon better
+authority, under Atta Claudius, the head of the family, who was admitted
+by the senate into the patrician order six years after the expulsion of
+the Tarquins.  They likewise received from the state, lands beyond the
+Anio for their followers, and a burying-place for themselves near the
+capitol [284].  After this period, in process of time, the family had the
+honour of twenty-eight consulships, five dictatorships, seven
+censorships, seven triumphs, and two ovations.  Their descendants were
+distinguished by various praenomina and cognomina [285], but rejected by
+common consent the praenomen of (193) Lucius, when, of the two races who
+bore it, one individual had been convicted of robbery, and another of
+murder.  Amongst other cognomina, they assumed that of Nero, which in the
+Sabine language signifies strong and valiant.
+
+II.  It appears from record, that many of the Claudii have performed
+signal services to the state, as well as committed acts of delinquency.
+To mention the most remarkable only, Appius Caecus dissuaded the senate
+from agreeing to an alliance with Pyrrhus, as prejudicial to the republic
+[286].  Claudius Candex first passed the straits of Sicily with a fleet,
+and drove the Carthaginians out of the island [287].  Claudius Nero cut
+off Hasdrubal with a vast army upon his arrival in Italy from Spain,
+before he could form a junction with his brother Hannibal [288].  On the
+other hand, Claudius Appius Regillanus, one of the Decemvirs, made a
+violent attempt to have a free virgin, of whom he was enamoured, adjudged
+a slave; which caused the people to secede a second time from the senate
+[289].  Claudius Drusus erected a statue of himself wearing a crown at
+Appii Forum [290], and endeavoured, by means of his dependants, to make
+himself master of Italy.  Claudius Pulcher, when, off the coast of Sicily
+[291], the pullets used for taking augury would not eat, in contempt of
+the omen threw them overboard, as if they should drink at least, if they
+would not eat; and then engaging the enemy, was routed.  After his
+defeat, when he (194) was ordered by the senate to name a dictator,
+making a sort of jest of the public disaster, he named Glycias, his
+apparitor.
+
+The women of this family, likewise, exhibited characters equally opposed
+to each other.  For both the Claudias belonged to it; she, who, when the
+ship freighted with things sacred to the Idaean Mother of the Gods [292],
+stuck fast in the shallows of the Tiber, got it off, by praying to the
+Goddess with a loud voice, "Follow me, if I am chaste;" and she also,
+who, contrary to the usual practice in the case of women, was brought to
+trial by the people for treason; because, when her litter was stopped by
+a great crowd in the streets, she openly exclaimed, "I wish my brother
+Pulcher was alive now, to lose another fleet, that Rome might be less
+thronged."  Besides, it is well known, that all the Claudii, except
+Publius Claudius, who, to effect the banishment of Cicero, procured
+himself to be adopted by a plebeian [293], and one younger than himself,
+were always of the patrician party, as well as great sticklers for the
+honour and power of that order; and so violent and obstinate in their
+opposition to the plebeians, that not one of them, even in the case of a
+trial for life by the people, would ever condescend to put on mourning,
+according to custom, or make any supplication to them for favour; and
+some of them in their contests, have even proceeded to lay hands on the
+tribunes of the people.  A Vestal Virgin likewise of the family, when her
+brother was resolved to have the honour of a triumph contrary to the will
+of the people, mounted the chariot with him, and attended him into the
+Capitol, that it might not be lawful for any of the tribunes to interfere
+and forbid it. [294]
+
+III.  From this family Tiberius Caesar is descended; indeed both by the
+father and mother's side; by the former from Tiberius Nero, and by the
+latter from Appius Pulcher, who were both sons of Appius Caecus.  He
+likewise belonged to the family of the Livii, by the adoption of his
+mother's grandfather into it; which family, although plebeian, made a
+(195) distinguished figure, having had the honour of eight consulships,
+two censorships, three triumphs, one dictatorship, and the office of
+master of the horse; and was famous for eminent men, particularly,
+Salinator and the Drusi.  Salinator, in his censorship [295], branded all
+the tribes, for their inconstancy in having made him consul a second
+time, as well as censor, although they had condemned him to a heavy fine
+after his first consulship.  Drusus procured for himself and his
+posterity a new surname, by killing in single combat Drausus, the enemy's
+chief.  He is likewise said to have recovered, when pro-praetor in the
+province of Gaul, the gold which was formerly given to the Senones, at
+the siege of the Capitol, and had not, as is reported, been forced from
+them by Camillus.  His great-great-grandson, who, for his extraordinary
+services against the Gracchi, was styled the "Patron of the Senate," left
+a son, who, while plotting in a sedition of the same description, was
+treacherously murdered by the opposite party. [296]
+
+IV.  But the father of Tiberius Caesar, being quaestor to Caius Caesar,
+and commander of his fleet in the war of Alexandria, contributed greatly
+to its success.  He was therefore made one of the high-priests in the
+room of Publius Scipio [297]; and was sent to settle some colonies in
+Gaul, and amongst the rest, those of Narbonne and Arles [298].  After the
+assassination of Caesar, however, when the rest of the senators, for fear
+of public disturbances; were for having the affair buried in oblivion, he
+proposed a resolution for rewarding those who had killed the tyrant.
+Having filled the office of praetor [299], and at the end of the year a
+disturbance breaking out amongst the triumviri, he kept the badges of his
+office beyond the legal time; and following Lucius Antonius the consul,
+brother of the triumvir, to Perusia [300], though the rest submitted, yet
+he himself continued firm to the party, and escaped first to Praeneste,
+and then to Naples; whence, having in vain invited the slaves to liberty,
+he fled over to Sicily.  But resenting (196) his not being immediately
+admitted into the presence of Sextus Pompey, and being also prohibited
+the use of the fasces, he went over into Achaia to Mark Antony; with
+whom, upon a reconciliation soon after brought about amongst the several
+contending parties, he returned to Rome; and, at the request of Augustus,
+gave up to him his wife Livia Drusilla, although she was then big with
+child, and had before borne him a son.  He died not long after; leaving
+behind him two sons, Tiberius and Drusus Nero.
+
+V.  Some have imagined that Tiberius was born at Fundi, but there is only
+this trifling foundation for the conjecture, that his mother's
+grandmother was of Fundi, and that the image of Good Fortune was, by a
+decree of the senate, erected in a public place in that town.  But
+according to the greatest number of writers, and those too of the best
+authority, he was born at Rome, in the Palatine quarter, upon the
+sixteenth of the calends of December [16th Nov.], when Marcus Aemilius
+Lepidus was second time consul, with Lucius Munatius Plancus [301], after
+the battle of Philippi; for so it is registered in the calendar, and the
+public acts.  According to some, however, he was born the preceding year,
+in the consulship of Hirtius and Pansa; and others say, in the year
+following, during the consulship of Servilius Isauricus and Antony.
+
+VI.  His infancy and childhood were spent in the midst of danger and
+trouble; for he accompanied his parents everywhere in their flight, and
+twice at Naples nearly betrayed them by his crying, when they were
+privately hastening to a ship, as the enemy rushed into the town; once,
+when he was snatched from his nurse's breast, and again, from his
+mother's bosom, by some of the company, who on the sudden emergency
+wished to relieve the women of their burden.  Being carried through
+Sicily and Achaia, and entrusted for some time to the care of the
+Lacedaemonians, who were under the protection of the Claudian family,
+upon his departure thence when travelling by night, he ran the hazard of
+his life, by a fire which, suddenly bursting out of a wood on all sides,
+surrounded the whole party so closely, that part of Livia's dress and
+hair was burnt.  The presents which were made him (197) by Pompeia,
+sister to Sextus Pompey, in Sicily, namely, a cloak, with a clasp, and
+bullae of gold, are still in existence, and shewn at Baiae to this day.
+After his return to the city, being adopted by Marcus Gallius, a senator,
+in his will, he took possession of the estate; but soon afterwards
+declined the use of his name, because Gallius had been of the party
+opposed to Augustus.  When only nine years of age, he pronounced a
+funeral oration in praise of his father upon the rostra; and afterwards,
+when he had nearly attained the age of manhood, he attended the chariot
+of Augustus, in his triumph for the victory at Actium, riding on the
+left-hand horse, whilst Marcellus, Octavia's son, rode that on the right.
+He likewise presided at the games celebrated on account of that victory;
+and in the Trojan games intermixed with the Circensian, he commanded a
+troop of the biggest boys.
+
+VII.  After assuming the manly habit, he spent his youth, and the rest of
+his life until he succeeded to the government, in the following manner:
+he gave the people an entertainment of gladiators, in memory of his
+father, and another for his grandfather Drusus, at different times and in
+different places: the first in the forum, the second in the amphitheatre;
+some gladiators who had been honourably discharged, being induced to
+engage again, by a reward of a hundred thousand sesterces.  He likewise
+exhibited public sports, at which he was not present himself.  All these
+he performed with great magnificence, at the expense of his mother and
+father-in-law.  He married Agrippina, the daughter of Marcus Agrippa, and
+grand-daughter of Caecilius Atticus, a Roman knight, the same person to
+whom Cicero has addressed so many epistles.  After having by her his son
+Drusus, he was obliged to part with her [302], though she retained his
+affection, and was again pregnant, to make way for marrying Augustus's
+daughter Julia.  But this he did with extreme reluctance; for, besides
+having the warmest attachment to Agrippina, he was disgusted with the
+conduct of Julia, who had made indecent advances to him during the
+lifetime of her former husband; and that she was a woman of loose
+character, was the general opinion.  At divorcing Agrippina he felt the
+deepest regret; and upon meeting her afterwards, (198) he looked after
+her with eyes so passionately expressive of affection, that care was
+taken she should never again come in his sight.  At first, however, he
+lived quietly and happily with Julia; but a rupture soon ensued, which
+became so violent, that after the loss of their son, the pledge of their
+union, who was born at Aquileia and died in infancy [303], he never would
+sleep with her more.  He lost his brother Drusus in Germany, and brought
+his body to Rome, travelling all the way on foot before it.
+
+VIII.  When he first applied himself to civil affairs, he defended the
+several causes of king Archelaus, the Trallians, and the Thessalians,
+before Augustus, who sat as judge at the trials.  He addressed the senate
+on behalf of the Laodiceans, the Thyatireans, and Chians, who had
+suffered greatly by an earthquake, and implored relief from Rome.  He
+prosecuted Fannius Caepio, who had been engaged in a conspiracy with
+Varro Muraena against Augustus, and procured sentence of condemnation
+against him.  Amidst all this, he had besides to superintend two
+departments of the administration, that of supplying the city with corn,
+which was then very scarce, and that of clearing the houses of correction
+[304] throughout Italy, the masters of which had fallen under the odious
+suspicion of seizing and keeping confined, not only travellers, but those
+whom the fear of being obliged to serve in the army had driven to seek
+refuge in such places.
+
+IX.  He made his first campaign, as a military tribune, in the Cantabrian
+war [305].  Afterwards he led an army into the East [306], where he
+restored the kingdom of Armenia to Tigranes; and seated on a tribunal,
+put a crown upon his head.  He likewise recovered from the Parthians the
+standards which they had taken from Crassus.  He next governed, for
+nearly a year, the province of Gallia Comata, which was then in great
+disorder, on account of the incursions of the barbarians, and the feuds
+of the chiefs.  He afterwards commanded in the several wars against the
+Rhaetians, Vindelicians, Pannonians, and Germans.  In the Rhaetian and
+Vindelician wars, he subdued the nations in the Alps; and in the
+Pannonian wars the Bruci, and (199) the Dalmatians.  In the German war,
+he transplanted into Gaul forty thousand of the enemy who had submitted,
+and assigned them lands near the banks of the Rhine.  For these actions,
+he entered the city with an ovation, but riding in a chariot, and is said
+by some to have been the first that ever was honoured with this
+distinction.  He filled early the principal offices of state; and passed
+through the quaestorship [307], praetorship [308], and consulate [309]
+almost successively.  After some interval, he was chosen consul a second
+time, and held the tribunitian authority during five years.
+
+X.  Surrounded by all this prosperity, in the prime of life and in
+excellent health, he suddenly formed the resolution of withdrawing to a
+greater distance from Rome [310].  It is uncertain whether this was the
+result of disgust for his wife, whom he neither durst accuse nor divorce,
+and the connection with whom became every day more intolerable; or to
+prevent that indifference towards him, which his constant residence in
+the city might produce; or in the hope of supporting and improving by
+absence his authority in the state, if the public should have occasion
+for his service.  Some are of opinion, that as Augustus's sons were now
+grown up to years of maturity, he voluntarily relinquished the possession
+he had long enjoyed of the second place in the government, as Agrippa had
+done before him; who, when M. Marcellus was advanced to public offices,
+retired to Mitylene, that he might not seem to stand in the way of his
+promotion, or in any respect lessen him by his presence.  The same reason
+likewise Tiberius gave afterwards for his retirement; but his pretext at
+this time was, that he was satiated with honours, and desirous of being
+relieved from the fatigue of business; requesting therefore that he might
+have leave to withdraw.  And neither the earnest entreaties of his
+mother, nor the complaint of his father-in-law made even in the senate,
+that he was deserted by him, could prevail upon him to alter his
+resolution.  Upon their persisting in the design of detaining him, he
+refused to take any sustenance for four days together.  At last, having
+obtained permission, leaving his wife and son at Rome, he proceeded (200)
+to Ostia [311], without exchanging a word with those who attended him,
+and having embraced but very few persons at parting.
+
+XI.  From Ostia, journeying along the coast of Campania, he halted awhile
+on receiving intelligence of Augustus's being taken ill, but this giving
+rise to a rumour that he stayed with a view to something extraordinary,
+he sailed with the wind almost full against him, and arrived at Rhodes,
+having been struck with the pleasantness and healthiness of the island at
+the time of his landing therein his return from Armenia.  Here contenting
+himself with a small house, and a villa not much larger, near the town,
+he led entirely a private life, taking his walks sometimes about the
+Gymnasia [312], without any lictor or other attendant, and returning the
+civilities of the Greeks with almost as much complaisance as if he had
+been upon a level with them.  One morning, in settling the course of his
+daily excursion, he happened to say, that he should visit all the sick
+people in the town.  This being not rightly understood by those about
+him, the sick were brought into a public portico, and ranged in order,
+according to their several distempers.  Being extremely embarrassed by
+this unexpected occurrence, he was for some time irresolute how he should
+act; but at last he determined to go round them all, and make an apology
+for the mistake even to the meanest amongst them, and such as were
+entirely unknown to him.  One instance only is mentioned, in which he
+appeared to exercise his tribunitian authority.  Being a constant
+attendant upon the schools and lecture-rooms of the professors of the
+liberal arts, on occasion of a quarrel amongst the wrangling (201)
+sophists, in which he interposed to reconcile them, some person took the
+liberty to abuse him as an intruder, and partial in the affair.  Upon
+this, withdrawing privately home, he suddenly returned attended by his
+officers, and summoning his accuser before his tribunal, by a public
+crier, ordered him to be taken to prison.  Afterwards he received tidings
+that his wife Julia had been condemned for her lewdness and adultery, and
+that a bill of divorce had been sent to her in his name, by the authority
+of Augustus.  Though he secretly rejoiced at this intelligence, he
+thought it incumbent upon him, in point of decency, to interpose in her
+behalf by frequent letters to Augustus, and to allow her to retain the
+presents which he had made her, notwithstanding the little regard she
+merited from him.  When the period of his tribunitian authority expired
+[313], declaring at last that he had no other object in his retirement
+than to avoid all suspicion of rivalship with Caius and Lucius, he
+petitioned that, since he was now secure in that respect, as they were
+come to the age of manhood, and would easily maintain themselves in
+possession of the second place in the state, he might be permitted to
+visit his friends, whom he was very desirous of seeing.  But his request
+was denied; and he was advised to lay aside all concern for his friends,
+whom he had been so eager to greet.
+
+XII.  He therefore continued at Rhodes much against his will, obtaining,
+with difficulty, through his mother, the title of Augustus's lieutenant,
+to cover his disgrace.  He thenceforth lived, however, not only as a
+private person, but as one suspected and under apprehension, retiring
+into the interior of the country, and avoiding the visits of those who
+sailed that way, which were very frequent; for no one passed to take
+command of an army, or the government of a province, without touching at
+Rhodes.  But there were fresh reasons for increased anxiety.  For
+crossing over to Samos, on a visit to his step-son Caius, who had been
+appointed governor of the East, he found him prepossessed against him, by
+the insinuations of Marcus Lollius, his companion and director.  He
+likewise fell under suspicion of sending by some centurions who had been
+promoted by himself, upon their return to the camp after a furlough,
+mysterious messages to several persons there, intended, apparently, to
+(202) tamper with them for a revolt.  This jealousy respecting his
+designs being intimated to him by Augustus, he begged repeatedly that
+some person of any of the three Orders might be placed as a spy upon him
+in every thing he either said or did.
+
+XIII.  He laid aside likewise his usual exercises of riding and arms; and
+quitting the Roman habit, made use of the Pallium and Crepida [314].  In
+this condition he continued almost two years, becoming daily an object of
+increasing contempt and odium; insomuch that the people of Nismes pulled
+down all the images and statues of him in their town; and upon mention
+being made of him at table one of the company said to Caius, "I will sail
+over to Rhodes immediately, if you desire me, and bring you the head of
+the exile;" for that was the appellation now given him.  Thus alarmed not
+only by apprehensions, but real danger, he renewed his solicitations for
+leave to return; and, seconded by the most urgent supplications of his
+mother, he at last obtained his request; to which an accident somewhat
+contributed.  Augustus had resolved to determine nothing in the affair,
+but with the consent of his eldest son.  The latter was at that time out
+of humour with Marcus Lollius, and therefore easily disposed to be
+favourable to his father-in-law.  Caius thus acquiescing, he was
+recalled, but upon condition that he should take no concern whatever in
+the administration of affairs.
+
+XIV.  He returned to Rome after an absence of nearly eight years [315],
+with great and confident hopes of his future elevation, which he had
+entertained from his youth, in consequence of various prodigies and
+predictions.  For Livia, when pregnant with him, being anxious to
+discover, by different modes of divination, whether her offspring would
+be a son, amongst others, took an egg from a hen that was sitting, and
+kept it warm with her own hands, and those of her maids, by turns, until
+a fine cock-chicken, with a large comb, was hatched.  Scribonius, the
+astrologer, predicted great things of him when he was a mere child.  "He
+will come in time," said the prophet, "to be even a king, but without the
+usual badge of royal dignity;" the rule of the Caesars being as yet
+unknown.  When he was (203) making his first expedition, and leading his
+army through Macedonia into Syria, the altars which had been formerly
+consecrated at Philippi by the victorious legions, blazed suddenly with
+spontaneous fires.  Soon after, as he was marching to Illyricum, he
+stopped to consult the oracle of Geryon, near Padua; and having drawn a
+lot by which he was desired to throw golden tali into the fountain of
+Aponus [316], for an answer to his inquiries, he did so, and the highest
+numbers came up.  And those very tali are still to be seen at the bottom
+of the fountain.  A few days before his leaving Rhodes, an eagle, a bird
+never before seen in that island, perched on the top of his house.  And
+the day before he received intelligence of the permission granted him to
+return, as he was changing his dress, his tunic appeared to be all on
+fire.  He then likewise had a remarkable proof of the skill of
+Thrasyllus, the astrologer, whom, for his proficiency in philosophical
+researches, he had taken into his family.  For, upon sight of the ship
+which brought the intelligence, he said, good news was coming whereas
+every thing going wrong before, and quite contrary to his predictions,
+Tiberius had intended that very moment, when they were walking together,
+to throw him into the sea, as an impostor, and one to whom he had too
+hastily entrusted his secrets.
+
+XV.  Upon his return to Rome, having introduced his son Drusus into the
+forum, he immediately removed from Pompey's house, in the Carinae, to the
+gardens of Mecaenas, on the Esquiline [317], and resigned himself
+entirely to his ease, performing only the common offices of civility in
+private life, without any preferment in the government.  But Caius and
+Lucius being both carried off in the space of three years, he was adopted
+by Augustus, along with their brother Agrippa; being obliged in the first
+place to adopt Germanicus, his brother's son.  After his adoption, he
+never more acted as master of a (204) family, nor exercised, in the
+smallest degree, the rights which he had lost by it.  For he neither
+disposed of anything in the way of gift, nor manumitted a slave; nor so
+much as received any estate left him by will, nor any legacy, without
+reckoning it as a part of his peculium or property held under his father.
+From that day forward, nothing was omitted that might contribute to the
+advancement of his grandeur, and much more, when, upon Agrippa being
+discarded and banished, it was evident that the hope of succession rested
+upon him alone.
+
+XVI.  The tribunitian authority was again conferred upon him for five
+years [318], and a commission given him to settle the affairs of Germany.
+The ambassadors of the Parthians, after having had an audience of
+Augustus, were ordered to apply to him likewise in his province.  But on
+receiving intelligence of an insurrection in Illyricum [319], he went
+over to superintend the management of that new war, which proved the most
+serious of all the foreign wars since the Carthaginian.  This he
+conducted during three years, with fifteen legions and an equal number of
+auxiliary forces, under great difficulties, and an extreme scarcity of
+corn.  And though he was several times recalled, he nevertheless
+persisted; fearing lest an enemy so powerful, and so near, should fall
+upon the army in their retreat.  This resolution was attended with good
+success; for he at last reduced to complete subjection all Illyricum,
+lying between Italy and the kingdom of Noricum, Thrace, Macedonia, the
+river Danube, and the Adriatic gulf.
+
+XVII.  The glory he acquired by these successes received an increase from
+the conjuncture in which they happened.  For almost about that very time
+[320] Quintilius Varus was cut off with three legions in Germany; and it
+was generally believed that the victorious Germans would have joined the
+Pannonians, had not the war of Illyricum been previously concluded.  A
+triumph, therefore, besides many other great honours, was decreed him.
+Some proposed that the surname of "Pannonicus," others that of
+"Invincible," and others, of "O Pius," should be conferred on him; but
+Augustus interposed, engaging for him that he would be satisfied with
+that to which he would succeed at his death.  He postponed his triumph,
+because (205) the state was at that time under great affliction for the
+disaster of Varus and his army.  Nevertheless, he entered the city in a
+triumphal robe, crowned with laurel, and mounting a tribunal in the
+Septa, sat with Augustus between the two consuls, whilst the senate gave
+their attendance standing; whence, after he had saluted the people, he
+was attended by them in procession to the several temples.
+
+XVIII.  Next year he went again to Germany, where finding that the defeat
+of Varus was occasioned by the rashness and negligence of the commander,
+he thought proper to be guided in everything by the advice of a council
+of war; whereas, at other times, he used to follow the dictates of his
+own judgment, and considered himself alone as sufficiently qualified for
+the direction of affairs.  He likewise used more cautions than usual.
+Having to pass the Rhine, he restricted the whole convoy within certain
+limits, and stationing himself on the bank of the river, would not suffer
+the waggons to cross the river, until he had searched them at the
+water-side, to see that they carried nothing but what was allowed or
+necessary. Beyond the Rhine, such was his way of living, that he took his
+meals sitting on the bare ground [321], and often passed the night without
+a tent; and his regular orders for the day, as well as those upon sudden
+emergencies, he gave in writing, with this injunction, that in case of any
+doubt as to the meaning of them, they should apply to him for
+satisfaction, even at any hour of the night.
+
+XIX.  He maintained the strictest discipline amongst the troops; reviving
+many old customs relative to punishing and degrading offenders; setting a
+mark of disgrace even upon the commander of a legion, for sending a few
+soldiers with one of his freedmen across the river for the purpose of
+hunting.  Though it was his desire to leave as little as possible in the
+power of fortune or accident, yet he always engaged the enemy with more
+confidence when, in his night-watches, the lamp failed and went out of
+itself; trusting, as he said, in an omen which had never failed him and
+his ancestors (206) in all their commands.  But, in the midst of victory,
+he was very near being assassinated by some Bructerian, who mixing with
+those about him, and being discovered by his trepidation, was put to the
+torture, and confessed his intended crime.
+
+XX.  After two years, he returned from Germany to the city, and
+celebrated the triumph which he had deferred, attended by his
+lieutenants, for whom he had procured the honour of triumphal ornaments
+[322]. Before he turned to ascend the Capitol, he alighted from his
+chariot, and knelt before his father, who sat by, to superintend the
+solemnity.  Bato, the Pannonian chief, he sent to Ravenna, loaded with
+rich presents, in gratitude for his having suffered him and his army to
+retire from a position in which he had so enclosed them, that they were
+entirely at his mercy.  He afterwards gave the people a dinner at a
+thousand tables, besides thirty sesterces to each man.  He likewise
+dedicated the temple of Concord [323], and that of Castor and Pollux,
+which had been erected out of the spoils of the war, in his own and his
+brother's name.
+
+XXI.  A law having been not long after carried by the consuls [324] for
+his being appointed a colleague with Augustus in the administration of
+the provinces, and in taking the census, when that was finished he went
+into Illyricum [325].  But being hastily recalled during his journey, he
+found Augustus alive indeed, but past all hopes of recovery, and was with
+him in private a whole day.  I know, it is generally believed, that upon
+Tiberius's quitting the room, after their private conference, those who
+were in waiting overheard Augustus say, "Ah! unhappy Roman people, to be
+ground by the jaws of such a slow devourer!"  Nor am I ignorant of its
+being reported by some, that Augustus so openly and undisguisedly
+condemned the sourness of his temper, that sometimes, upon his coming in,
+he would break off any jocular conversation in which he was engaged; and
+that he was only prevailed upon by the (207) importunity of his wife to
+adopt him; or actuated by the ambitious view of recommending his own
+memory from a comparison with such a successor.  Yet I must hold to this
+opinion, that a prince so extremely circumspect and prudent as he was,
+did nothing rashly, especially in an affair of so great importance; but
+that, upon weighing the vices and virtues of Tiberius with each other, he
+judged the latter to preponderate; and this the rather since he swore
+publicly, in an assembly of the people, that "he adopted him for the
+public good."  Besides, in several of his letters, he extols him as a
+consummate general, and the only security of the Roman people.  Of such
+declarations I subjoin the following instances: "Farewell, my dear
+Tiberius, and may success attend you, whilst you are warring for me and
+the Muses [326].  Farewell, my most dear, and (as I hope to prosper) most
+gallant man, and accomplished general."  Again.  "The disposition of your
+summer quarters?  In truth, my dear Tiberius, I do not think, that amidst
+so many difficulties, and with an army so little disposed for action, any
+one could have behaved more prudently than you have done.  All those
+likewise who were with you, acknowledge that this verse is applicable to
+you:"
+
+    Unus homo nobis _vigilando_ restituit rem. [327]
+    One man by vigilance restored the state.
+
+"Whenever," he says, "anything happens that requires more than ordinary
+consideration, or I am out of humour upon any occasion, I still, by
+Hercules! long for my dear Tiberius; and those lines of Homer frequently
+occur to my thoughts:"
+
+    Toutou d' espomenoio kai ek pyros aithomenoio
+    Ampho nostaesuimen, epei peri oide noaesai. [328]
+
+    Bold from his prudence, I could ev'n aspire
+    To dare with him the burning rage of fire.
+
+"When I hear and read that you are much impaired by the (208) continued
+fatigues you undergo, may the gods confound me if my whole frame does not
+tremble!  So I beg you to spare yourself, lest, if we should hear of your
+being ill, the news prove fatal both to me and your mother, and the Roman
+people should be in peril for the safety of the empire.  It matters
+nothing whether I be well or no, if you be not well.  I pray heaven
+preserve you for us, and bless you with health both now and ever, if the
+gods have any regard for the Roman people."
+
+XXII.  He did not make the death of Augustus public, until he had taken
+off young Agrippa.  He was slain by a tribune who commanded his guard,
+upon reading a written order for that purpose: respecting which order, it
+was then a doubt, whether Augustus left it in his last moments, to
+prevent any occasion of public disturbance after his decease, or Livia
+issued it, in the name of Augustus; and whether with the knowledge of
+Tiberius or not.  When the tribune came to inform him that he had
+executed his command, he replied, "I commanded you no such thing, and you
+must answer for it to the senate;" avoiding, as it seems, the odium of
+the act for that time.  And the affair was soon buried in silence.
+
+XXIII.  Having summoned the senate to meet by virtue of his tribunitian
+authority, and begun a mournful speech, he drew a deep sigh, as if unable
+to support himself under his affliction; and wishing that not his voice
+only, but his very breath of life, might fail him, gave his speech to his
+son Drusus to read.  Augustus's will was then brought in, and read by a
+freedman; none of the witnesses to it being admitted, but such as were of
+the senatorian order, the rest owning their hand-writing without doors.
+The will began thus: "Since my ill-fortune has deprived me of my two
+sons, Caius and Lucius, let Tiberius Caesar be heir to two-thirds of my
+estate."  These words countenanced the suspicion of those who were of
+opinion, that Tiberius was appointed successor more out of necessity than
+choice, since Augustus could not refrain from prefacing his will in that
+manner.
+
+XXIV.  Though he made no scruple to assume and exercise immediately the
+imperial authority, by giving orders that he (209) should be attended by
+the guards, who were the security and badge of the supreme power; yet he
+affected, by a most impudent piece of acting, to refuse it for a long
+time; one while sharply reprehending his friends who entreated him to
+accept it, as little knowing what a monster the government was; another
+while keeping in suspense the senate, when they implored him and threw
+themselves at his feet, by ambiguous answers, and a crafty kind of
+dissimulation; insomuch that some were out of patience, and one cried
+out, during the confusion, "Either let him accept it, or decline it at
+once;" and a second told him to his face, "Others are slow to perform
+what they promise, but you are slow to promise what you actually
+perform."  At last, as if forced to it, and complaining of the miserable
+and burdensome service imposed upon him, he accepted the government; not,
+however, without giving hopes of his resigning it some time or other.
+The exact words he used were these: "Until the time shall come, when ye
+may think it reasonable to give some rest to my old age."
+
+XXV.  The cause of his long demur was fear of the dangers which
+threatened him on all hands; insomuch that he said, "I have got a wolf
+by the ears."  For a slave of Agrippa's, Clemens by name, had drawn
+together a considerable force to revenge his master's death; Lucius
+Scribonius Libo, a senator of the first distinction, was secretly
+fomenting a rebellion; and the troops both in Illyricum and Germany were
+mutinous.  Both armies insisted upon high demands, particularly that
+their pay should be made equal to that of the pretorian guards.  The army
+in Germany absolutely refused to acknowledge a prince who was not their
+own choice; and urged, with all possible importunity, Germanicus [329],
+who commanded them, to take the government on himself, though he
+obstinately refused it.  It was Tiberius's apprehension from this
+quarter, which made him request the senate to assign him some part only
+in the administration, such as they should judge proper, since no man
+could be sufficient for the whole, without one or more to assist him.  He
+pretended likewise to be in a bad state of health, that Germanicus might
+the more patiently wait in hopes of speedily succeeding him, or at least
+of being (210) admitted to be a colleague in the government.  When the
+mutinies in the armies were suppressed, he got Clemens into his hands by
+stratagem.  That he might not begin his reign by an act of severity, he
+did not call Libo to an account before the senate until his second year,
+being content, in the mean time, with taking proper precautions for his
+own security.  For upon Libo's attending a sacrifice amongst the
+high-priests, instead of the usual knife, he ordered one of lead to be
+given him; and when he desired a private conference with him, he would not
+grant his request, but on condition that his son Drusus should be present;
+and as they walked together, he held him fast by the right hand, under the
+pretence of leaning upon him, until the conversation was over.
+
+XXVI.  When he was delivered from his apprehensions, his behaviour at
+first was unassuming, and he did not carry himself much above the level
+of a private person; and of the many and great honours offered him, he
+accepted but few, and such as were very moderate.  His birth-day, which
+happened to fall at the time of the Plebeian Circensian games, he with
+difficulty suffered to be honoured with the addition of only a single
+chariot, drawn by two horses.  He forbad temples, flamens, or priests to
+be appointed for him, as likewise the erection of any statues or effigies
+for him, without his permission; and this he granted only on condition
+that they should not be placed amongst the images of the gods, but only
+amongst the ornaments of houses.  He also interposed to prevent the
+senate from swearing to maintain his acts; and the month of September
+from being called Tiberius, and October being named after Livia.  The
+praenomen likewise of EMPEROR, with the cognomen of FATHER OF HIS
+COUNTRY, and a civic crown in the vestibule of his house, he would not
+accept.  He never used the name of AUGUSTUS, although he inherited it, in
+any of his letters, excepting those addressed to kings and princes.  Nor
+had he more than three consulships; one for a few days, another for three
+months, and a third, during his absence from the city, until the ides
+[fifteenth] of May.
+
+XXVII.  He had such an aversion to flattery, that he would never suffer
+any senator to approach his litter, as he passed the streets in it,
+either to pay him a civility, or upon business.  (211) And when a man of
+consular rank, in begging his pardon for some offence he had given him,
+attempted to fall at his feet, he started from him in such haste, that he
+stumbled and fell.  If any compliment was paid him, either in
+conversation or a set speech, he would not scruple to interrupt and
+reprimand the party, and alter what he had said.  Being once called
+"lord," [330] by some person, he desired that he might no more be
+affronted in that manner.  When another, to excite veneration, called his
+occupations "sacred," and a third had expressed himself thus: "By your
+authority I have waited upon the senate," he obliged them to change their
+phrases; in one of them adopting persuasion, instead of "authority," and
+in the other, laborious, instead of "sacred."
+
+XXVIII.  He remained unmoved at all the aspersions, scandalous reports,
+and lampoons, which were spread against him or his relations; declaring,
+"In a free state, both the tongue and the mind ought to be free."  Upon
+the senate's desiring that some notice might be taken of those offences,
+and the persons charged with them, he replied, "We have not so much time
+upon our hands, that we ought to involve ourselves in more business.  If
+you once make an opening [331] for such proceedings, you will soon have
+nothing else to do.  All private quarrels will be brought before you
+under that pretence."  There is also on record another sentence used by
+him in the senate, which is far from assuming: "If he speaks otherwise of
+me, I shall take care to behave in such a manner, as to be able to give a
+good account both of my words and actions; and if he persists, I shall
+hate him in my turn."
+
+XXIX.  These things were so much the more remarkable in him, because, in
+the respect he paid to individuals, or the whole body of the senate, he
+went beyond all bounds.  Upon his differing with Quintus Haterius in the
+senate-house, "Pardon me, sir," he said, "I beseech you, if I shall, as a
+senator, speak my mind very freely in opposition to you."  Afterwards,
+addressing the senate in general, he said: "Conscript Fathers, I have
+often said it both now and at other times, that a good (212) and useful
+prince, whom you have invested with so great and absolute power, ought to
+be a slave to the senate, to the whole body of the people, and often to
+individuals likewise: nor am I sorry that I have said it.  I have always
+found you good, kind, and indulgent masters, and still find you so."
+
+XXX.  He likewise introduced a certain show of liberty, by preserving to
+the senate and magistrates their former majesty and power.  All affairs,
+whether of great or small importance, public or private, were laid before
+the senate.  Taxes and monopolies, the erecting or repairing edifices,
+levying and disbanding soldiers, the disposal of the legions and
+auxiliary forces in the provinces, the appointment of generals for the
+management of extraordinary wars, and the answers to letters from foreign
+princes, were all submitted to the senate.  He compelled the commander of
+a troop of horse, who was accused of robbery attended with violence, to
+plead his cause before the senate.  He never entered the senate-house but
+unattended; and being once brought thither in a litter, because he was
+indisposed, he dismissed his attendants at the door.
+
+XXXI.  When some decrees were made contrary to his opinion, he did not
+even make any complaint.  And though he thought that no magistrates after
+their nomination should be allowed to absent themselves from the city,
+but reside in it constantly, to receive their honours in person, a
+praetor-elect obtained liberty to depart under the honorary title of a
+legate at large.  Again, when he proposed to the senate, that the
+Trebians might have leave granted them to divert some money which had
+been left them by will for the purpose of building a new theatre, to that
+of making a road, he could not prevail to have the will of the testator
+set aside.  And when, upon a division of the house, he went over to the
+minority, nobody followed him.  All other things of a public nature were
+likewise transacted by the magistrates, and in the usual forms; the
+authority of the consuls remaining so great, that some ambassadors from
+Africa applied to them, and complained, that they could not have their
+business dispatched by Caesar, to whom they had been sent.  And no
+wonder; since it was observed that he used to rise up as the consuls
+approached, and give them the way.
+
+(213) XXXII.  He reprimanded some persons of consular rank in command of
+armies, for not writing to the senate an account of their proceedings,
+and for consulting him about the distribution of military rewards; as if
+they themselves had not a right to bestow them as they judged proper.  He
+commended a praetor, who, on entering office, revived an old custom of
+celebrating the memory of his ancestors, in a speech to the people.  He
+attended the corpses of some persons of distinction to the funeral pile.
+He displayed the same moderation with regard to persons and things of
+inferior consideration.  The magistrates of Rhodes, having dispatched to
+him a letter on public business, which was not subscribed, he sent for
+them, and without giving them so much as one harsh word, desired them to
+subscribe it, and so dismissed them.  Diogenes, the grammarian, who used
+to hold public disquisitions, at Rhodes every sabbath-day, once refused
+him admittance upon his coming to hear him out of course, and sent him a
+message by a servant, postponing his admission until the next seventh
+day.  Diogenes afterwards coming to Rome, and waiting at his door to be
+allowed to pay his respects to him, he sent him word to come again at the
+end of seven years.  To some governors, who advised him to load the
+provinces with taxes, he answered, "It is the part of a good shepherd to
+shear, not flay, his sheep."
+
+XXXIII.  He assumed the sovereignty [332] by slow degrees, and exercised
+it for a long time with great variety of conduct, though generally with a
+due regard to the public good.  At first he only interposed to prevent
+ill management.  Accordingly, he rescinded some decrees of the senate;
+and when the magistrates sat for the administration of justice, he
+frequently offered his service as assessor, either taking his place
+promiscuously amongst them, or seating himself in a corner of the
+tribunal.  If a rumour prevailed, that any person under prosecution was
+likely to be acquitted by his interest, he would suddenly make his
+appearance, and from the floor of the court, (214) or the praetor's
+bench, remind the judges of the laws, and of their oaths, and the nature
+of the charge brought before them, he likewise took upon himself the
+correction of public morals, where they tended to decay, either through
+neglect, or evil custom.
+
+XXXIV.  He reduced the expense of the plays and public spectacles, by
+diminishing the allowances to actors, and curtailing the number of
+gladiators.  He made grievous complaints to the senate, that the price of
+Corinthian vessels was become enormous, and that three mullets had been
+sold for thirty thousand sesterces: upon which he proposed that a new
+sumptuary law should be enacted; that the butchers and other dealers in
+viands should be subject to an assize, fixed by the senate yearly; and
+the aediles commissioned to restrain eating-houses and taverns, so far as
+not even to permit the sale of any kind of pastry.  And to encourage
+frugality in the public by his own example, he would often, at his solemn
+feasts, have at his tables victuals which had been served up the day
+before, and were partly eaten, and half a boar, affirming, "It has all
+the same good bits that the whole had."  He published an edict against
+the practice of people's kissing each other when they met; and would not
+allow new-year's gifts [333] to be presented after the calends [the
+first] of January was passed.  He had been in the habit of returning
+these offerings four-fold, and making them with his own hand; but being
+annoyed by the continual interruption to which he was exposed during the
+whole month, by those who had not the opportunity of attending him on the
+festival, he returned none after that day.
+
+XXXV.  Married women guilty of adultery, though not prosecuted publicly,
+he authorised the nearest relations to punish by agreement among
+themselves, according to ancient custom.  He discharged a Roman knight
+from the obligation of an oath he had taken, never to turn away his wife;
+and allowed him to divorce her, upon her being caught in criminal
+intercourse with her son-in-law.  Women of ill-fame, divesting themselves
+of the rights and dignity of matrons, had now begun a practice of
+professing themselves prostitutes, to avoid (215) the punishment of the
+laws; and the most profligate young men of the senatorian and equestrian
+orders, to secure themselves against a decree of the senate, which
+prohibited their performing on the stage, or in the amphitheatre,
+voluntarily subjected themselves to an infamous sentence, by which they
+were degraded.  All those he banished, that none for the future might
+evade by such artifices the intention and efficacy of the law.  He
+stripped a senator of the broad stripes on his robe, upon information of
+his having removed to his gardens before the calends [the first] of July,
+in order that he might afterwards hire a house cheaper in the city.  He
+likewise dismissed another from the office of quaestor, for repudiating,
+the day after he had been lucky in drawing his lot, a wife whom he had
+married only the day before.
+
+XXXVI.  He suppressed all foreign religions, and the Egyptian [334] and
+Jewish rites, obliging those who practised that kind of superstition, to
+burn their vestments, and all their sacred utensils.  He distributed the
+Jewish youths, under the pretence of military service, among the
+provinces noted for an unhealthy climate; and dismissed from the city all
+the rest of that nation as well as those who were proselytes to that
+religion [335], under pain of slavery for life, unless they complied.  He
+also expelled the astrologers; but upon their suing for pardon, and
+promising to renounce their profession, he revoked his decree.
+
+XXXVII.  But, above all things, he was careful to keep the (216) public
+peace against robbers, burglars, and those who were disaffected to the
+government.  He therefore increased the number of military stations
+throughout Italy; and formed a camp at Rome for the pretorian cohorts,
+which, till then, had been quartered in the city.  He suppressed with
+great severity all tumults of the people on their first breaking out; and
+took every precaution to prevent them.  Some persons having been killed
+in a quarrel which happened in the theatre, he banished the leaders of
+the parties, and the players about whom the disturbance had arisen; nor
+could all the entreaties of the people afterwards prevail upon him to
+recall them [336].  The people of Pollentia having refused to permit the
+removal of the corpse of a centurion of the first rank from the forum,
+until they had extorted from his heirs a sum of money for a public
+exhibition of gladiators, he detached a cohort from the city, and another
+from the kingdom of Cottius [337]; who concealing the cause of their
+march, entered the town by different gates, with their arms suddenly
+displayed, and trumpets sounding; and having seized the greatest part of
+the people, and the magistrates, they were imprisoned for life.  He
+abolished every where the privileges of all places of refuge.  The
+Cyzicenians having committed an outrage upon some Romans, he deprived
+them of the liberty they had obtained for their good services in the
+Mithridatic war.  Disturbances from foreign enemies he quelled by his
+lieutenants, without ever going against them in person; nor would he even
+employ his lieutenants, but with much reluctance, and when it was
+absolutely necessary.  Princes who were ill-affected towards him, he kept
+in subjection, more by menaces and remonstrances, than by force of arms.
+Some whom he induced to come to him by fair words and promises, he never
+would permit to return home; as Maraboduus the German, Thrascypolis the
+(217) Thracian, and Archelaus the Cappadocian, whose kingdom he even
+reduced into the form of a province.
+
+XXXVIII.  He never set foot outside the gates of Rome, for two years
+together, from the time he assumed the supreme power; and after that
+period, went no farther from the city than to some of the neighbouring
+towns; his farthest excursion being to Antium [338], and that but very
+seldom, and for a few days; though he often gave out that he would visit
+the provinces and armies, and made preparations for it almost every year,
+by taking up carriages, and ordering provisions for his retinue in the
+municipia and colonies.  At last he suffered vows to be put up for his
+good journey and safe return, insomuch that he was called jocosely by the
+name of Callipides, who is famous in a Greek proverb, for being in a
+great hurry to go forward, but without ever advancing a cubit.
+
+XXXIX.  But after the loss of his two sons, of whom Germanicus died in
+Syria, and Drusus at Rome, he withdrew into Campania [339]; at which time
+opinion and conversation were almost general, that he never would return,
+and would die soon.  And both nearly turned out to be true.  For indeed
+he never more came to Rome; and a few days after leaving it, when he was
+at a villa of his called the Cave, near Terracina [340], during supper a
+great many huge stones fell from above, which killed several of the
+guests and attendants; but he almost hopelessly escaped.
+
+XL.  After he had gone round Campania, and dedicated the capitol at
+Capua, and a temple to Augustus at Nola [341], which he made the pretext
+of his journey, he retired to Capri; being (218) greatly delighted with
+the island, because it was accessible only by a narrow beach, being on
+all sides surrounded with rugged cliffs, of a stupendous height, and by a
+deep sea.  But immediately, the people of Rome being extremely clamorous
+for his return, on account of a disaster at Fidenae [342], where upwards
+of twenty thousand persons had been killed by the fall of the
+amphitheatre, during a public spectacle of gladiators, he crossed over
+again to the continent, and gave all people free access to him; so much
+the more, because, at his departure from the city, he had caused it to be
+proclaimed that no one should address him, and had declined admitting any
+persons to his presence, on the journey.
+
+XLI.  Returning to the island, he so far abandoned all care of the
+government, that he never filled up the decuriae of the knights, never
+changed any military tribunes or prefects, or governors of provinces, and
+kept Spain and Syria for several years without any consular lieutenants.
+He likewise suffered Armenia to be seized by the Parthians, Moesia by the
+Dacians and Sarmatians, and Gaul to be ravaged by the Germans; to the
+great disgrace, and no less danger, of the empire.
+
+XLII.  But having now the advantage of privacy, and being remote from the
+observation of the people of Rome, he abandoned himself to all the
+vicious propensities which he had long but imperfectly concealed, and of
+which I shall here give a particular account from the beginning.  While a
+young soldier in the camp, he was so remarkable for his excessive
+inclination to wine, that, for Tiberius, they called him Biberius; for
+Claudius, Caldius; and for Nero, Mero.  And after he succeeded to the
+empire, and was invested with the office of reforming the morality of the
+people, he spent a whole night and two days together in feasting and
+drinking with Pomponius Flaccus and Lucius Piso; to one of whom he
+immediately gave the province of Syria, and to the other the prefecture
+of the city; declaring them, in his letters-patent, to be "very pleasant
+companions, and friends fit for all occasions."  He made an appointment
+to sup with Sestius Gallus, a lewd and prodigal old fellow, who had been
+disgraced by Augustus, and reprimanded by himself but a few days before
+in the senate-house; upon condition that he should not recede in the
+least from his usual method of entertainment, and that they should be
+attended at table by naked girls.  He preferred a very obscure candidate
+for the quaestorship, before the most noble competitors, only for taking
+off, in pledging him at table, an amphora of wine at a draught [343].  He
+presented Asellius Sabinus with two hundred thousand sesterces, for
+writing a dialogue, in the way of dispute, betwixt the truffle and the
+fig-pecker, the oyster and the thrush.  He likewise instituted a new
+office to administer to his voluptuousness, to which he appointed Titus
+Caesonius Priscus, a Roman knight.
+
+XLIII.  In his retreat at Capri [344], he also contrived an apartment
+containing couches, and adapted to the secret practice of abominable
+lewdness, where he entertained companies of girls and catamites, and
+assembled from all quarters inventors of unnatural copulations, whom he
+called Spintriae, who defiled one another in his presence, to inflame by
+the exhibition the languid appetite.  He had several chambers set round
+with pictures and statues in the most lascivious attitudes, and furnished
+with the books of Elephantis, that none might want a pattern for the
+execution of any lewd project that was prescribed him.  He likewise
+contrived recesses in woods and groves for the gratification of lust,
+where young persons of both sexes prostituted themselves in caves and
+hollow rocks, in the disguise of little Pans and Nymphs [345].  So that
+he was publicly and commonly called, by an abuse of the name of the
+island, Caprineus. [346]
+
+XLIV.  But he was still more infamous, if possible, for an (220)
+abomination not fit to be mentioned or heard, much less credited. [347]
+------------------When a picture, painted by Parrhasius, in which the
+artist had represented Atalanta in the act of submitting to Meleager's
+lust in a most unnatural way, was bequeathed to him, with this proviso,
+that if the subject was offensive to him, he might receive in lieu of it
+a million of sesterces, he not only chose the picture, but hung it up in
+his bed-chamber.  It is also reported that, during a sacrifice, he was so
+captivated with the form of a youth who held a censer, that, before the
+religious rites were well over, he took him aside and abused him; as also
+a brother of his who had been playing the flute; and soon afterwards
+broke the legs of both of them, for upbraiding one another with their
+shame.
+
+XLV.  How much he was guilty of a most foul intercourse with women even
+of the first quality [348], appeared very plainly by the death of one
+Mallonia, who, being brought to his bed, but resolutely refusing to
+comply with his lust, he gave her up to the common informers.  Even when
+she was upon her trial, he frequently called out to her, and asked her,
+"Do you repent?" until she, quitting the court, went home, and stabbed
+herself; openly upbraiding the vile old lecher for his gross obscenity
+[349]. Hence there was an allusion to him in a farce, which was acted at
+the next public sports, and was received with great applause, and became
+a common topic of ridicule [350]: that the old goat--------
+
+XLVI.  He was so niggardly and covetous, that he never allowed to his
+attendants, in his travels and expeditions, any salary, but their diet
+only.  Once, indeed, he treated them liberally, at the instigation of his
+step-father, when, dividing them into three classes, according to their
+rank, he gave the (221) first six, the second four, and the third two,
+hundred thousand sesterces, which last class he called not friends, but
+Greeks.
+
+XLVII.  During the whole time of his government, he never erected any
+noble edifice; for the only things he did undertake, namely, building the
+temple of Augustus, and restoring Pompey's Theatre, he left at last,
+after many years, unfinished.  Nor did he ever entertain the people with
+public spectacles; and he was seldom present at those which were given by
+others, lest any thing of that kind should be requested of him;
+especially after he was obliged to give freedom to the comedian Actius.
+Having relieved the poverty of a few senators, to avoid further demands,
+he declared that he should for the future assist none, but those who gave
+the senate full satisfaction as to the cause of their necessity.  Upon
+this, most of the needy senators, from modesty and shame, declined
+troubling him.  Amongst these was Hortalus, grandson to the celebrated
+orator Quintus Hortensius, who [marrying], by the persuasion of Augustus,
+had brought up four children upon a very small estate.
+
+XLVIII.  He displayed only two instances of public munificence.  One was
+an offer to lend gratis, for three years, a hundred millions of sesterces
+to those who wanted to borrow; and the other, when, some large houses
+being burnt down upon Mount Caelius, he indemnified the owners.  To the
+former of these he was compelled by the clamours of the people, in a
+great scarcity of money, when he had ratified a decree of the senate
+obliging all money-lenders to advance two-thirds of their capital on
+land, and the debtors to pay off at once the same proportion of their
+debts, and it was found insufficient to remedy the grievance.  The other
+he did to alleviate in some degree the pressure of the times.  But his
+benefaction to the sufferers by fire, he estimated at so high a rate,
+that he ordered the Caelian Hill to be called, in future, the Augustan.
+To the soldiery, after doubling the legacy left them by Augustus, he
+never gave any thing, except a thousand denarii a man to the pretorian
+guards, for not joining the party of Sejanus; and some presents to the
+legions in Syria, because they alone had not paid reverence to the
+effigies of Sejanus among their standards.  He seldom gave discharges to
+the veteran soldiers, calculating (222) on their deaths from advanced
+age, and on what would be saved by thus getting rid of them, in the way
+of rewards or pensions.  Nor did he ever relieve the provinces by any act
+of generosity, excepting Asia, where some cities had been destroyed by an
+earthquake.
+
+XLIX.  In the course of a very short time, he turned his mind to sheer
+robbery.  It is certain that Cneius Lentulus, the augur, a man of vast
+estate, was so terrified and worried by his threats and importunities,
+that he was obliged to make him his heir; and that Lepida, a lady of a
+very noble family, was condemned by him, in order to gratify Quirinus, a
+man of consular rank, extremely rich, and childless, who had divorced her
+twenty years before, and now charged her with an old design to poison
+him.  Several persons, likewise, of the first distinction in Gaul, Spain,
+Syria, and Greece, had their estates confiscated upon such despicably
+trifling and shameless pretences, that against some of them no other
+charge was preferred, than that they held large sums of ready money as
+part of their property.  Old immunities, the rights of mining, and of
+levying tolls, were taken from several cities and private persons.  And
+Vonones, king of the Parthians, who had been driven out of his dominions
+by his own subjects, and fled to Antioch with a vast treasure, claiming
+the protection of the Roman people, his allies, was treacherously robbed
+of all his money, and afterwards murdered.
+
+L.  He first manifested hatred towards his own relations in the case of
+his brother Drusus, betraying him by the production of a letter to
+himself, in which Drusus proposed that Augustus should be forced to
+restore the public liberty.  In course of time, he shewed the same
+disposition with regard to the rest of his family.  So far was he from
+performing any office of kindness or humanity to his wife, when she was
+banished, and, by her father's order, confined to one town, that he
+forbad her to stir out of the house, or converse with any men.  He even
+wronged her of the dowry given her by her father, and of her yearly
+allowance, by a quibble of law, because Augustus had made no provision
+for them on her behalf in his will.  Being harassed by his mother, Livia,
+who claimed an equal share in the government with him, he frequently
+avoided (223) seeing her, and all long and private conferences with her,
+lest it should be thought that he was governed by her counsels, which,
+notwithstanding, he sometimes sought, and was in the habit of adopting.
+He was much offended at the senate, when they proposed to add to his
+other titles that of the Son of Livia, as well as Augustus.  He,
+therefore, would not suffer her to be called "the Mother of her Country,"
+nor to receive any extraordinary public distinction.  Nay, he frequently
+admonished her "not to meddle with weighty affairs, and such as did not
+suit her sex;" especially when he found her present at a fire which broke
+out near the Temple of Vesta [351], and encouraging the people and
+soldiers to use their utmost exertions, as she had been used to do in the
+time of her husband.
+
+LI.  He afterwards proceeded to an open rupture with her, and, as is
+said, upon this occasion.  She having frequently urged him to place among
+the judges a person who had been made free of the city, he refused her
+request, unless she would allow it to be inscribed on the roll, "That the
+appointment had been extorted from him by his mother."  Enraged at this,
+Livia brought forth from her chapel some letters from Augustus to her,
+complaining of the sourness and insolence of Tiberius's temper, and these
+she read.  So much was he offended at these letters having been kept so
+long, and now produced with so much bitterness against him, that some
+considered this incident as one of the causes of his going into
+seclusion, if not the principal reason for his so doing.  In the (224)
+whole years she lived during his retirement, he saw her but once, and
+that for a few hours only.  When she fell sick shortly afterwards, he was
+quite unconcerned about visiting her in her illness; and when she died,
+after promising to attend her funeral, he deferred his coming for several
+days, so that the corpse was in a state of decay and putrefaction before
+the interment; and he then forbad divine honours being paid to her,
+pretending that he acted according to her own directions.  He likewise
+annulled her will, and in a short time ruined all her friends and
+acquaintance; not even sparing those to whom, on her death-bed, she had
+recommended the care of her funeral, but condemning one of them, a man of
+equestrian rank, to the treadmill. [352]
+
+LII.  He entertained no paternal affection either for his own son Drusus,
+or his adopted son Germanicus.  Offended at the vices of the former, who
+was of a loose disposition and led a dissolute life, he was not much
+affected at his death; but, almost immediately after the funeral, resumed
+his attention to business, and prevented the courts from being longer
+closed.  The ambassadors from the people of Ilium coming rather late to
+offer their condolence, he said to them by way of banter, as if the
+affair had already faded from his memory, "And I heartily condole with
+you on the loss of your renowned countryman, Hector."  He so much
+affected to depreciate Germanicus, that he spoke of his achievements as
+utterly insignificant, and railed at his most glorious victories as
+ruinous to the state; complaining of him also to the senate for going to
+Alexandria without his knowledge, upon occasion of a great and sudden
+famine at Rome.  It was believed that he took care to have him dispatched
+by Cneius Piso, his lieutenant in Syria.  This person was afterwards
+tried for the murder, and would, as was supposed, have produced his
+orders, had they not been contained in a private and confidential
+dispatch.  The following words therefore were posted up in many places,
+and frequently shouted in the night: "Give us back our Germanicus."  This
+suspicion was afterwards confirmed by the barbarous treatment of his wife
+and children.
+
+(225) LIII.  His daughter-in-law Agrippina, after the death of her
+husband, complaining upon some occasion with more than ordinary freedom,
+he took her by the hand, and addressed her in a Greek verse to this
+effect: "My dear child, do you think yourself injured, because you are
+not empress?"  Nor did he ever vouchsafe to speak to her again.  Upon her
+refusing once at supper to taste some fruit which he presented to her, he
+declined inviting her to his table, pretending that she in effect charged
+him with a design to poison her; whereas the whole was a contrivance of
+his own.  He was to offer the fruit, and she to be privately cautioned
+against eating what would infallibly cause her death.  At last, having
+her accused of intending to flee for refuge to the statue of Augustus, or
+to the army, he banished her to the island of Pandataria [353].  Upon her
+reviling him for it, he caused a centurion to beat out one of her eyes;
+and when she resolved to starve herself to death, he ordered her mouth to
+be forced open, and meat to be crammed down her throat.  But she
+persisting in her resolution, and dying soon afterwards, he persecuted
+her memory with the basest aspersions, and persuaded the senate to put
+her birth-day amongst the number of unlucky days in the calendar.  He
+likewise took credit for not having caused her to be strangled and her
+body cast upon the Gemonian Steps, and suffered a decree of the senate to
+pass, thanking him for his clemency, and an offering of gold to be made
+to Jupiter Capitolinus on the occasion.
+
+LIV.  He had by Germanicus three grandsons, Nero, Drusus, and Caius; and
+by his son Drusus one, named Tiberius.  Of these, after the loss of his
+sons, he commended Nero and Drusus, the two eldest sons of Germanicus, to
+the senate; and at their being solemnly introduced into the forum,
+distributed money among the people.  But when he found that on entering
+upon the new year they were included in the public vows for his own
+welfare, he told the senate, "that such honours ought not to be conferred
+but upon those who had been proved, and were of more advanced years."  By
+thus betraying his private feelings towards them, he exposed them to all
+sorts of accusations; and after practising many artifices to provoke
+(226) them to rail at and abuse him, that he might be furnished with a
+pretence to destroy them, he charged them with it in a letter to the
+senate; at the same time accusing them, in the bitterest terms, of the
+most scandalous vices.  Upon their being declared enemies by the senate,
+he starved them to death; Nero in the island of Ponza, and Drusus in the
+vaults of the Palatium.  It is thought by some, that Nero was driven to a
+voluntary death by the executioner's shewing him some halters and hooks,
+as if he had been sent to him by order of the senate.  Drusus, it is
+said, was so rabid with hunger, that he attempted to eat the chaff with
+which his mattress was stuffed.  The relics of both were so scattered,
+that it was with difficulty they were collected.
+
+LV.  Besides his old friends and intimate acquaintance, he required the
+assistance of twenty of the most eminent persons in the city, as
+counsellors in the administration of public affairs.  Out of all this
+number, scarcely two or three escaped the fury of his savage disposition.
+All the rest he destroyed upon one pretence or another; and among them
+Aelius Sejanus, whose fall was attended with the ruin of many others.  He
+had advanced this minister to the highest pitch of grandeur, not so much
+from any real regard for him, as that by his base and sinister
+contrivances he might ruin the children of Germanicus, and thereby secure
+the succession to his own grandson by Drusus.
+
+LVI.  He treated with no greater leniency the Greeks in his family, even
+those with whom he was most pleased.  Having asked one Zeno, upon his
+using some far-fetched phrases, "What uncouth dialect is that?" he
+replied, "The Doric."  For this answer he banished him to Cinara [354],
+suspecting that he taunted him with his former residence at Rhodes, where
+the Doric dialect is spoken.  It being his custom to start questions at
+supper, arising out of what he had been reading in the day, and finding
+that Seleucus, the grammarian, used to inquire of his attendants what
+authors he was then studying, and so came prepared for his enquiries--he
+first turned him out of his family, and then drove him to the extremity
+of laying violent hands upon himself.
+
+(227) LVII.  His cruel and sullen temper appeared when he was still a
+boy; which Theodorus of Gadara [355], his master in rhetoric, first
+discovered, and expressed by a very apposite simile, calling him
+sometimes, when he chid him, "Mud mixed with blood."  But his disposition
+shewed itself still more clearly on his attaining the imperial power, and
+even in the beginning of his administration, when he was endeavouring to
+gain the popular favour, by affecting moderation.  Upon a funeral passing
+by, a wag called out to the dead man, "Tell Augustus, that the legacies
+he bequeathed to the people are not yet paid."  The man being brought
+before him, he ordered that he should receive what was due to him, and
+then be led to execution, that he might deliver the message to his father
+himself.  Not long afterwards, when one Pompey, a Roman knight, persisted
+in his opposition to something he proposed in the senate, he threatened
+to put him in prison, and told him, "Of a Pompey I shall make a Pompeian
+of you;" by a bitter kind of pun playing upon the man's name, and the
+ill-fortune of his party.
+
+LVIII.  About the same time, when the praetor consulted him, whether it
+was his pleasure that the tribunals should take cognizance of accusations
+of treason, he replied, "The laws ought to be put in execution;" and he
+did put them in execution most severely.  Some person had taken off the
+head of Augustus from one of his statues, and replaced it by another
+[356].  The matter was brought before the senate, and because the case
+was not clear, the witnesses were put to the torture.  The party accused
+being found guilty, and condemned, this kind of proceeding was carried so
+far, that it became capital for a man to beat his slave, or change his
+clothes, near the statue of Augustus; to carry his head stamped upon the
+coin, or cut in the stone of a ring, into a necessary house, or the
+stews; or to reflect upon anything that had been either said or done by
+him.  In fine, a person was condemned to death, for suffering some
+honours to be decreed to him in the colony where he lived, upon the same
+day on which they had formerly been decreed to Augustus.
+
+(228) LIX.  He was besides guilty of many barbarous actions, under the
+pretence of strictness and reformation of manners, but more to gratify
+his own savage disposition.  Some verses were published, which displayed
+the present calamities of his reign, and anticipated the future. [357]
+
+    Asper et immitis, breviter vis omnia dicam?
+      Dispeream si te mater amare potest.
+    Non es eques, quare? non sunt tibi millia centum?
+      Omnia si quaeras, et Rhodos exsilium est.
+    Aurea mutasti Saturni saecula, Caesar:
+      Incolumi nam te, ferrea semper erunt.
+    Fastidit vinum, quia jam sit it iste cruorem:
+      Tam bibit hunc avide, quam bibit ante merum.
+    Adspice felicem sibi, non tibi, Romule, Sullam:
+      Et Marium, si vis, adspice, sed reducem.
+    Nec non Antoni civilia bella moventis
+      Nec semel infectas adspice caeda manus.
+    Et dic, Roma perit: regnabit sanguine multo,
+      Ad regnum quisquis venit ab exsilio.
+
+    Obdurate wretch! too fierce, too fell to move
+    The least kind yearnings of a mother's love!
+    No knight thou art, as having no estate;
+    Long suffered'st thou in Rhodes an exile's fate,
+    No more the happy Golden Age we see;
+    The Iron's come, and sure to last with thee.
+    Instead of wine he thirsted for before,
+    He wallows now in floods of human gore.
+    Reflect, ye Romans, on the dreadful times,
+    Made such by Marius, and by Sylla's crimes.
+    Reflect how Antony's ambitious rage
+    Twice scar'd with horror a distracted age,
+    And say, Alas!  Rome's blood in streams will flow,
+    When banish'd miscreants rule this world below.
+
+At first he would have it understood, that these satirical verses were
+drawn forth by the resentment of those who were impatient under the
+discipline of reformation, rather than that they spoke their real
+sentiments; and he would frequently say, "Let them hate me, so long as
+they do but approve my conduct." [358]  At length, however, his behaviour
+showed that he was sensible they were too well founded.
+
+(229) LX.  A few days after his arrival at Capri, a fisherman coming up
+to him unexpectedly, when he was desirous of privacy, and presenting him
+with a large mullet, he ordered the man's face to be scrubbed with the
+fish; being terrified at the thought of his having been able to creep
+upon him from the back of the island, over such rugged and steep rocks.
+The man, while undergoing the punishment, expressing his joy that he had
+not likewise offered him a large crab which he had also taken, he ordered
+his face to be farther lacerated with its claws.  He put to death one of
+the pretorian guards, for having stolen a peacock out of his orchard.  In
+one of his journeys, his litter being obstructed by some bushes, he
+ordered the officer whose duty it was to ride on and examine the road, a
+centurion of the first cohorts, to be laid on his face upon the ground,
+and scourged almost to death.
+
+LXI.  Soon afterwards, he abandoned himself to every species of cruelty,
+never wanting occasions of one kind or another, to serve as a pretext.
+He first fell upon the friends and acquaintance of his mother, then those
+of his grandsons, and his daughter-in-law, and lastly those of Sejanus;
+after whose death he became cruel in the extreme.  From this it appeared,
+that he had not been so much instigated by Sejanus, as supplied with
+occasions of gratifying his savage temper, when he wanted them.  Though
+in a short memoir which he composed of his own life, he had the
+effrontery to write, "I have punished Sejanus, because I found him bent
+upon the destruction of the children of my son Germanicus," one of these
+he put to death, when he began to suspect Sejanus; and another, after he
+was taken off.  It would be tedious to relate all the numerous instances
+of his cruelty: suffice it to give a few examples, in their different
+kinds.  Not a day passed without the punishment of some person or other,
+not excepting holidays, or those appropriated to the worship of the gods.
+Some were tried even on New-Year's-Day.  Of many who were condemned,
+their wives and children shared the same fate; and for those who were
+sentenced to death, the relations were forbid to put on mourning.
+Considerable rewards were voted for the prosecutors, and sometimes for
+the witnesses also.  The information of any person, without exception,
+was taken; and all offences were capital, even speaking (230) a few
+words, though without any ill intention.  A poet was charged with abusing
+Agamemnon; and a historian [359], for calling Brutus and Cassius "the
+last of the Romans."  The two authors were immediately called to account,
+and their writings suppressed; though they had been well received some
+years before, and read in the hearing of Augustus.  Some, who were thrown
+into prison, were not only denied the solace of study, but debarred from
+all company and conversation.  Many persons, when summoned to trial,
+stabbed themselves at home, to avoid the distress and ignominy of a
+public condemnation, which they were certain would ensue.  Others took
+poison in the senate house.  The wounds were bound up, and all who had
+not expired, were carried, half-dead, and panting for life, to prison.
+Those who were put to death, were thrown down the Gemonian stairs, and
+then dragged into the Tiber.  In one day, twenty were treated in this
+manner; and amongst them women and boys.  Because, according to an
+ancient custom, it was not lawful to strangle virgins, the young girls
+were first deflowered by the executioner, and afterwards strangled.
+Those who were desirous to die, were forced to live.  For he thought
+death so slight a punishment, that upon hearing that Carnulius, one of
+the accused, who was under prosecution, had killed himself, he exclaimed,
+"Carnulius has escaped me."  In calling over his prisoners, when one of
+them requested the favour of a speedy death, he replied, "You are not yet
+restored to favour."  A man of consular rank writes in his annals, that
+at table, where he himself was present with a large company, he was
+suddenly asked aloud by a dwarf who stood by amongst the buffoons, why
+Paconius, who was under a prosecution for treason, lived so long.
+Tiberius immediately reprimanded him for his pertness; but wrote to the
+senate a few days after, to proceed without delay to the punishment of
+Paconius.
+
+LXII.  Exasperated by information he received respecting the death of his
+son Drusus, he carried his cruelty still farther.  He imagined that he
+had died of a disease occasioned (231) by his intemperance; but finding
+that he had been poisoned by the contrivance of his wife Livilla [360]
+and Sejanus, he spared no one from torture and death.  He was so entirely
+occupied with the examination of this affair, for whole days together,
+that, upon being informed that the person in whose house he had lodged at
+Rhodes, and whom he had by a friendly letter invited to Rome, was
+arrived, he ordered him immediately to be put to the torture, as a party
+concerned in the enquiry.  Upon finding his mistake, he commanded him to
+be put to death, that he might not publish the injury done him.  The
+place of execution is still shown at Capri, where he ordered those who
+were condemned to die, after long and exquisite tortures, to be thrown,
+before his eyes, from a precipice into the sea.  There a party of
+soldiers belonging to the fleet waited for them, and broke their bones
+with poles and oars, lest they should have any life left in them.  Among
+various kinds of torture invented by him, one was, to induce people to
+drink a large quantity of wine, and then to tie up their members with
+harp-strings, thus tormenting them at once by the tightness of the
+ligature, and the stoppage of their urine.  Had not death prevented him,
+and Thrasyllus, designedly, as some say, prevailed with him to defer some
+of his cruelties, in hopes of longer life, it is believed that he would
+have destroyed many more: and not have spared even the rest of his
+grandchildren: for he was jealous of Caius, and hated Tiberius as having
+been conceived in adultery.  This conjecture is indeed highly probable;
+for he used often to say, "Happy Priam, who survived all his children!"
+[361]
+
+LXIII.  Amidst these enormities, in how much fear and apprehension, as
+well as odium and detestation, he lived, is evident from many
+indications.  He forbade the soothsayers to be consulted in private, and
+without some witnesses being present.  He attempted to suppress the
+oracles in the neighbourhood of the city; but being terrified by the
+divine authority of the (232) Praenestine Lots [362], he abandoned the
+design.  For though they were sealed up in a box, and carried to home,
+yet they were not to be found in it, until it was returned to the temple.
+More than one person of consular rank, appointed governors of provinces,
+he never ventured to dismiss to their respective destinations, but kept
+them until several years after, when he nominated their successors, while
+they still remained present with him.  In the meantime, they bore the
+title of their office; and he frequently gave them orders, which they
+took care to have executed by their deputies and assistants.
+
+LXIV.  He never removed his daughter-in-law, or grandsons [363], after
+their condemnation, to any place, but in fetters and in a covered litter,
+with a guard to hinder all who met them on the road, and travellers, from
+stopping to gaze at them.
+
+LXV.  After Sejanus had plotted against him, though he saw that his
+birth-day was solemnly kept by the public, and divine honours paid to
+golden images of him in every quarter, yet it was with difficulty at
+last, and more by artifice than his imperial power, that he accomplished
+his death.  In the first place, to remove him from about his person,
+under the pretext of doing him honour, he made him his colleague in his
+fifth consulship; which, although then absent from the city, he took upon
+him for that purpose, long after his preceding consulship.  Then, having
+flattered him with the hope of an alliance by marriage with one of his
+own kindred, and the prospect of the tribunitian authority, he suddenly,
+while Sejanus little expected it, charged him with treason, in an abject
+and pitiful address to the senate; in which, among other things, he
+begged them "to send one of the consuls, to conduct himself, a poor
+solitary old man, with a guard of soldiers, into their presence."  Still
+distrustful, however, and apprehensive of an insurrection, he ordered his
+grandson, Drusus, whom he still kept in confinement at Rome, to be set at
+liberty, and if occasion required, to head the troops.  He had likewise
+ships in readiness to transport him to any of the legions to which he
+might consider it expedient to make his escape.  Meanwhile, he was upon
+the (233) watch, from the summit of a lofty cliff, for the signals which
+he had ordered to be made if any thing occurred, lest the messengers
+should be tardy.  Even when he had quite foiled the conspiracy of
+Sejanus, he was still haunted as much as ever with fears and
+apprehensions, insomuch that he never once stirred out of the Villa Jovis
+for nine months after.
+
+LXVI.  To the extreme anxiety of mind which he now experienced, he had
+the mortification to find superadded the most poignant reproaches from
+all quarters.  Those who were condemned to die, heaped upon him the most
+opprobrious language in his presence, or by hand-bills scattered in the
+senators' seats in the theatre.  These produced different effects:
+sometimes he wished, out of shame, to have all smothered and concealed;
+at other times he would disregard what was said, and publish it himself.
+To this accumulation of scandal and open sarcasm, there is to be
+subjoined a letter from Artabanus, king of the Parthians, in which he
+upbraids him with his parricides, murders, cowardice, and lewdness, and
+advises him to satisfy the furious rage of his own people, which he had
+so justly excited, by putting an end to his life without delay.
+
+LXVII.  At last, being quite weary of himself, he acknowledged his
+extreme misery, in a letter to the senate, which begun thus: "What to
+write to you, Conscript Fathers, or how to write, or what not to write at
+this time, may all the gods and goddesses pour upon my head a more
+terrible vengeance than that under which I feel myself daily sinking, if
+I can tell."  Some are of opinion that he had a foreknowledge of those
+things, from his skill in the science of divination, and perceived long
+before what misery and infamy would at last come upon him; and that for
+this reason, at the beginning of his reign, he had absolutely refused the
+title of the "Father of his Country," and the proposal of the senate to
+swear to his acts; lest he should afterwards, to his greater shame, be
+found unequal to such extraordinary honours.  This, indeed, may be justly
+inferred from the speeches which he made upon both those occasions; as
+when he says, "I shall ever be the same, and shall never change my
+conduct, so long as I retain my senses; but to avoid giving a bad
+precedent to posterity, the senate ought to beware of binding themselves
+to the acts of (234) any person whatever, who might by some accident or
+other be induced to alter them."  And again: "If ye should at any time
+entertain a jealousy of my conduct, and my entire affection for you,
+which heaven prevent by putting a period to my days, rather than I should
+live to see such an alteration in your opinion of me, the title of Father
+will add no honour to me, but be a reproach to you, for your rashness in
+conferring it upon me, or inconstancy in altering your opinion of me."
+
+LXVIII.  In person he was large and robust; of a stature somewhat above
+the common size; broad in the shoulders and chest, and proportionable in
+the rest of his frame.  He used his left hand more readily and with more
+force than his right; and his joints were so strong, that he could bore a
+fresh, sound apple through with his finger, and wound the head of a boy,
+or even a young man, with a fillip.  He was of a fair complexion, and
+wore his hair so long behind, that it covered his neck, which was
+observed to be a mark of distinction affected by the family.  He had a
+handsome face, but it was often full of pimples.  His eyes, which were
+large, had a wonderful faculty of seeing in the night-time, and in the
+dark, for a short time only, and immediately after awaking from sleep;
+but they soon grew dim again.  He walked with his neck stiff and upright:
+generally with a frowning countenance, being for the most part silent:
+when he spoke to those about him, it was very slowly, and usually
+accompanied with a slight gesticulation of his fingers.  All which, being
+repulsive habits and signs of arrogance, were remarked by Augustus, who
+often endeavoured to excuse them to the senate and people, declaring that
+"they were natural defects, which proceeded from no viciousness of mind."
+He enjoyed a good state of health, without interruption, almost during
+the whole period of his rule; though, from the thirtieth year of his age,
+he treated it himself according to his own discretion, without any
+medical assistance.
+
+LXIX.  In regard to the gods, and matters of religion, he discovered much
+indifference; being greatly addicted to astrology, and fully persuaded
+that all things were governed by fate.  Yet he was extremely afraid of
+lightning, and when the sky was in a disturbed state, always wore a
+laurel crown on his head; because it is supposed that the leaf of that
+tree is never touched by the lightning.
+
+(235) LXX.  He applied himself with great diligence to the liberal arts,
+both Greek and Latin.  In his Latin style, he affected to imitate Messala
+Corvinus [364], a venerable man, to whom he had paid much respect in his
+own early years.  But he rendered his style obscure by excessive
+affectation and abstruseness, so that he was thought to speak better
+extempore, than in a premeditated discourse.  He composed likewise a
+lyric ode, under the title of "A Lamentation upon the death of Lucius
+Caesar;" and also some Greek poems, in imitation of Euphorion, Rhianus,
+and Parthenius [365].  These poets he greatly admired, and placed their
+works and statues in the public libraries, amongst the eminent authors of
+antiquity.  On this account, most of the learned men of the time vied
+with each other in publishing observations upon them, which they
+addressed to him.  His principal study, however, was the history of the
+fabulous ages, inquiring even into its trifling details in a ridiculous
+manner; for he used to try the grammarians, a class of men which, as I
+have already observed, he much affected, with such questions as these:
+"Who was Hecuba's mother?  What name did Achilles assume among the
+virgins?  What was it that the Sirens used to sing?"  And the first day
+that he entered the senate-house, after the death of Augustus, as if he
+intended to pay respect at once to his father's memory and to the gods,
+he made an offering of frankincense and wine, but without any music, in
+imitation of Minos, upon the death of his son.
+
+LXXI.  Though he was ready and conversant with the Greek tongue, yet he
+did not use it everywhere; but chiefly he avoided it in the senate-house,
+insomuch that having occasion to employ the word monopolium (monopoly),
+he first begged pardon for being obliged to adopt a foreign word.  And
+when, in a decree of the senate, the word emblaema (emblem) was read, he
+proposed to have it changed, and that a Latin word should be substituted
+in its room; or, if no proper one could be found, to express the thing by
+circumlocution.  A soldier (236) who was examined as a witness upon a
+trial, in Greek [366], he would not allow to reply, except in Latin.
+
+LXXII.  During the whole time of his seclusion at Capri, twice only he
+made an effort to visit Rome.  Once he came in a galley as far as the
+gardens near the Naumachia, but placed guards along the banks of the
+Tiber, to keep off all who should offer to come to meet him.  The second
+time he travelled on the Appian Way [367], as far as the seventh
+mile-stone from the city, but he immediately returned, without entering it,
+having only taken a view of the walls at a distance.  For what reason he
+did not disembark in his first excursion, is uncertain; but in the last,
+he was deterred from entering the city by a prodigy.  He was in the habit
+of diverting himself with a snake, and upon going to feed it with his own
+hand, according to custom, he found it devoured by ants: from which he
+was advised to beware of the fury of the mob.  On this account, returning
+in all haste to Campania, he fell ill at Astura [368]; but recovering a
+little, went on to Circeii [369].  And to obviate any suspicion of his
+being in a bad state of health, he was not only present at the sports in
+the camp, but encountered, with javelins, a wild boar, which was let
+loose in the arena.  Being immediately seized with a pain in the side,
+and catching cold upon his over-heating himself in the exercise, he
+relapsed into a worse condition than he was before.  He held out,
+however, for some time; and sailing as far as Misenum [370], omitted
+nothing (237) in his usual mode of life, not even in his entertainments,
+and other gratifications, partly from an ungovernable appetite, and
+partly to conceal his condition.  For Charicles, a physician, having
+obtained leave of absence, on his rising from table, took his hand to
+kiss it; upon which Tiberius, supposing he did it to feel his pulse,
+desired him to stay and resume his place, and continued the entertainment
+longer than usual.  Nor did he omit his usual custom of taking his
+station in the centre of the apartment, a lictor standing by him, while
+he took leave of each of the party by name.
+
+LXXIII.  Meanwhile, finding, upon looking over the acts of the senate,
+"that some person under prosecution had been discharged, without being
+brought to a hearing," for he had only written cursorily that they had
+been denounced by an informer; he complained in a great rage that he was
+treated with contempt, and resolved at all hazards to return to Capri;
+not daring to attempt any thing until he found himself in a place of
+security.  But being detained by storms, and the increasing violence of
+his disorder, he died shortly afterwards, at a villa formerly belonging
+to Lucullus, in the seventy-eighth year of his age [371], and the
+twenty-third of his reign, upon the seventeenth of the calends of April
+(16th March), in the consulship of Cneius Acerronius Proculus and Caius
+Pontius Niger.  Some think that a slow-consuming poison was given him by
+Caius [372].  Others say that during the interval of the intermittent
+fever with which he happened to be seized, upon asking for food, it was
+denied him.  Others report, that he was stifled by a pillow thrown upon
+him [373], when, on his recovering from a swoon, he called for his ring,
+which had been taken from him in the fit.  Seneca writes, "That finding
+himself dying, he took his signet ring off his finger, and held it a
+while, as if he would deliver it to somebody; but put it again upon his
+finger, and lay for some time, with his left hand clenched, and without
+stirring; when suddenly summoning his attendants, (238) and no one
+answering the call, he rose; but his strength failing him, he fell down
+at a short distance from his bed."
+
+LXXIV.  Upon his last birth-day, he had brought a full-sized statue of
+the Timenian Apollo from Syracuse, a work of exquisite art, intending to
+place it in the library of the new temple [374]; but he dreamt that the
+god appeared to him in the night, and assured him "that his statue could
+not be erected by him."  A few days before he died, the Pharos at Capri
+was thrown down by an earthquake.  And at Misenum, some embers and live
+coals, which were brought in to warm his apartment, went out, and after
+being quite cold, burst out into a flame again towards evening, and
+continued burning very brightly for several hours.
+
+LXXV.  The people were so much elated at his death, that when they first
+heard the news, they ran up and down the city, some crying out, "Away
+with Tiberius to the Tiber;" others exclaiming, "May the earth, the
+common mother of mankind, and the infernal gods, allow him no abode in
+death, but amongst the wicked."  Others threatened his body with the hook
+and the Gemonian stairs, their indignation at his former cruelty being
+increased by a recent atrocity.  It had been provided by an act of the
+senate, that the execution of condemned criminals should always be
+deferred until the tenth day after the sentence.  Now this fell on the
+very day when the news of Tiberius's death arrived, and in consequence of
+which the unhappy men implored a reprieve, for mercy's sake; but, as
+Caius had not yet arrived, and there was no one else to whom application
+could be made on their behalf, their guards, apprehensive of violating
+the law, strangled them, and threw them down the Gemonian stairs.  This
+roused the people to a still greater abhorrence of the tyrant's memory,
+since his cruelty continued in use even after he was dead.  As soon as
+his corpse was begun to be moved from Misenum, many cried out for its
+being carried to Atella [375], and being half burnt there (239) in the
+amphitheatre.  It was, however, brought to Rome, and burnt with the usual
+ceremony.
+
+LXXVI.  He had made about two years before, duplicates of his will, one
+written by his own hand, and the other by that of one of his freedmen;
+and both were witnessed by some persons of very mean rank.  He appointed
+his two grandsons, Caius by Germanicus, and Tiberius by Drusus, joint
+heirs to his estate; and upon the death of one of them, the other was to
+inherit the whole.  He gave likewise many legacies; amongst which were
+bequests to the Vestal Virgins, to all the soldiers, and each one of the
+people of Rome, and to the magistrates of the several quarters of the
+city.
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+At the death of Augustus, there had elapsed so long a period from the
+overthrow of the republic by Julius Caesar, that few were now living who
+had been born under the ancient constitution of the Romans; and the mild
+and prosperous administration of Augustus, during forty-four years, had
+by this time reconciled the minds of the people to a despotic government.
+Tiberius, the adopted son of the former sovereign, was of mature age; and
+though he had hitherto lived, for the most part, abstracted from any
+concern with public affairs, yet, having been brought up in the family of
+Augustus, he was acquainted with his method of government, which, there
+was reason to expect, he would render the model of his own.  Livia, too,
+his mother, and the relict of the late emperor, was still living, a woman
+venerable by years, who had long been familiar with the councils of
+Augustus, and from her high rank, as well as uncommon affability,
+possessed an extensive influence amongst all classes of the people.
+
+Such were the circumstances in favour of Tiberius's succession at the
+demise of Augustus; but there were others of a tendency disadvantageous
+to his views.  His temper was haughty and reserved: Augustus had often
+apologised for the ungraciousness of his manners.  He was disobedient to
+his mother; and though he had not openly discovered any propensity to
+vice, he enjoyed none of those qualities which usually conciliate
+popularity.  To these considerations it is to be added, that Postumus
+Agrippa, the grandson of Augustus by Julia, was living; and if
+consanguinity was to be the rule of succession, his right was
+indisputably preferable to that of an adopted son.  Augustus had sent
+this youth into exile a few years before; but, towards the close (240) of
+his life, had expressed a design of recalling him, with the view, as was
+supposed, of appointing him his successor.  The father of young Agrippa
+had been greatly beloved by the Romans; and the fate of his mother,
+Julia, though she was notorious for her profligacy, had ever been
+regarded by them with peculiar sympathy and tenderness.  Many, therefore,
+attached to the son the partiality entertained for his parents; which was
+increased not only by a strong suspicion, but a general surmise, that his
+elder brothers, Caius and Lucius, had been violently taken off, to make
+way for the succession of Tiberius.  That an obstruction was apprehended
+to Tiberius's succession from this quarter, is put beyond all doubt, when
+we find that the death of Augustus was industriously kept secret, until
+young Agrippa should be removed; who, it is generally agreed, was
+dispatched by an order from Livia and Tiberius conjointly, or at least
+from the former.  Though, by this act, there remained no rival to
+Tiberius, yet the consciousness of his own want of pretensions to the
+Roman throne, seems to have still rendered him distrustful of the
+succession; and that he should have quietly obtained it, without the
+voice of the people, the real inclination of the senate, or the support
+of the army, can be imputed only to the influence of his mother, and his
+own dissimulation.  Ardently solicitous to attain the object, yet
+affecting a total indifference; artfully prompting the senate to give him
+the charge of the government, at the time that he intimated an invincible
+reluctance to accept it; his absolutely declining it in perpetuity, but
+fixing no time for an abdication; his deceitful insinuation of bodily
+infirmities, with hints likewise of approaching old age, that he might
+allay in the senate all apprehensions of any great duration of his power,
+and repress in his adopted son, Germanicus, the emotions of ambition to
+displace him; form altogether a scene of the most insidious policy,
+inconsistency, and dissimulation.
+
+In this period died, in the eighty-sixth year of her age, Livia Drusilla,
+mother of the emperor, and the relict of Augustus, whom she survived
+fifteen years.  She was the daughter of L. Drusus Calidianus and married
+Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she had two sons, Tiberius and Drusus.
+The conduct of this lady seems to justify the remark of Caligula, that
+"she was an Ulysses in a woman's dress."  Octavius first saw her as she
+fled from the danger which threatened her husband, who had espoused the
+cause of Antony; and though she was then pregnant, he resolved to marry
+her; whether with her own inclination or not, is left by Tacitus
+undetermined.  To pave the way for this union, he divorced his wife
+Scribonia, and with the approbation of the Augurs, which he could have no
+difficulty in obtaining, celebrated (241) his nuptials with Livia.  There
+ensued from this marriage no issue, though much desired by both parties;
+but Livia retained, without interruption, an unbounded ascendancy over
+the emperor, whose confidence she abused, while the uxorious husband
+little suspected that he was cherishing in his bosom a viper who was to
+prove the destruction of his house.  She appears to have entertained a
+predominant ambition of giving an heir to the Roman empire; and since it
+could not be done by any fruit of her marriage with Augustus, she
+resolved on accomplishing that end in the person of Tiberius, the eldest
+son by her former husband.  The plan which she devised for this purpose,
+was to exterminate all the male offspring of Augustus by his daughter
+Julia, who was married to Agrippa; a stratagem which, when executed,
+would procure for Tiberius, through the means of adoption, the eventual
+succession to the empire.  The cool yet sanguinary policy, and the
+patient perseverance of resolution, with which she prosecuted her design,
+have seldom been equalled.  While the sons of Julia were yet young, and
+while there was still a possibility that she herself might have issue by
+Augustus, she suspended her project, in the hope, perhaps, that accident
+or disease might operate in its favour; but when the natural term of her
+constitution had put a period to her hopes of progeny, and when the
+grandsons of the emperor were risen to the years of manhood, and had been
+adopted by him, she began to carry into execution what she long had
+meditated.  The first object devoted to destruction was C. Caesar
+Agrippa, the eldest of Augustus's grandsons.  This promising youth was
+sent to Armenia, upon an expedition against the Persians; and Lollius,
+who had been his governor, either accompanied him thither from Rome, or
+met him in the East, where he had obtained some appointment.  From the
+hand of this traitor, perhaps under the pretext of exercising the
+authority of a preceptor, but in reality instigated by Livia, the young
+prince received a fatal blow, of which he died some time after.
+
+The manner of Caius's death seems to have been carefully kept from the
+knowledge of Augustus, who promoted Lollius to the consulship, and made
+him governor of a province; but, by his rapacity in this station, he
+afterwards incurred the emperor's displeasure.  The true character of
+this person had escaped the keen discernment of Horace, as well as the
+sagacity of the emperor; for in two epistles addressed to Lollius, he
+mentions him as great and accomplished in the superlative degree; maxime
+Lolli, liberrime Lolli; so imposing had been the manners and address of
+this deceitful courtier.
+
+Lucius, the second son of Julia, was banished into Campania, (242) for
+using, as it is said, so litious language against his grandfather.  In
+the seventh year of his exile Augustus proposed to recall him; but Livia
+and Tiberius, dreading the consequences of his being restored to the
+emperor's favour, put in practice the expedient of having him immediately
+assassinated.  Postumus Agrippa, the third son, incurred the displeasure
+of his grandfather in the same way as Lucius, and was confined at
+Surrentum, where he remained a prisoner until he was put to death by the
+order either of Livia alone, or in conjunction with Tiberius, as was
+before observed.
+
+Such was the catastrophe, through the means of Livia, of all the
+grandsons of Augustus; and reason justifies the inference, that she who
+scruple not to lay violent hands upon those young men, had formerly
+practised every artifice that could operate towards rendering them
+obnoxious to the emperor.  We may even ascribe to her dark intrigues the
+dissolute conduct of Julia for the woman who could secretly act as
+procuress to her own husband, would feel little restraint upon her mind
+against corrupting his daughter, when such an effect might contribute to
+answer the purpose which she had in view.  But in the ingratitude of
+Tiberius, however undutiful and reprehensible in a son towards a parent,
+she at last experienced a just retribution for the crimes in which she
+had trained him to procure the succession to the empire.  To the disgrace
+of her sex, she introduced amongst the Romans the horrible practice of
+domestic murder, little known before the times when the thirst or
+intoxication of unlimited power had vitiated the social affections; and
+she transmitted to succeeding ages a pernicious example, by which
+immoderate ambition might be gratified, at the expense of every moral
+obligation, as well as of humanity.
+
+One of the first victims in the sanguinary reign of the present emperor,
+was Germanicus, the son of Drusus, Tiberius's own brother, and who had
+been adopted by his uncle himself.  Under any sovereign, of a temper
+different from that of Tiberius, this amiable and meritorious prince
+would have been held in the highest esteem.  At the death of his
+grandfather Augustus, he was employed in a war in Germany, where he
+greatly distinguished himself by his military achievements; and as soon
+as intelligence of that event arrived, the soldiers, by whom he was
+extremely beloved, unanimously saluted him emperor.  Refusing, however,
+to accept this mark of their partiality, he persevered in allegiance to
+the government of his uncle, and prosecuted the war with success.  Upon
+the conclusion of this expedition, he was sent, with the title of emperor
+in the East, to repress the seditions of the Armenians, in which he was
+equally successful.  But the (243) fame which he acquired, served only to
+render him an object of jealousy to Tiberius, by whose order he was
+secretly poisoned at Daphne, near Antioch, in the thirty-fourth year of
+his age.  The news of Germanicus's death was received at Rome with
+universal lamentation; and all ranks of the people entertained an
+opinion, that, had he survived Tiberius, he would have restored the
+freedom of the republic.  The love and gratitude of the Romans decreed
+many honours to his memory.  It was ordered, that his name should be sung
+in a solemn procession of the Salii; that crowns of oak, in allusion to
+his victories, should be placed upon curule chairs in the hall pertaining
+to the priests of Augustus; and that an effigy of him in ivory should be
+drawn upon a chariot, preceding the ceremonies of the Circensian games.
+Triumphal arches were erected, one at Rome, another on the banks of the
+Rhine, and a third upon Mount Amanus in Syria, with inscriptions of his
+achievements, and that he died for his services to the republic. [376]
+
+His obsequies were celebrated, not with the display of images and funeral
+pomp, but with the recital of his praises and the virtues which rendered
+him illustrious.  From a resemblance in his personal accomplishments, his
+age, the manner of his death, and the vicinity of Daphne to Babylon, many
+compared his fate to that of Alexander the Great.  He was celebrated for
+humanity and benevolence, as well as military talents, and amidst the
+toils of war, found leisure to cultivate the arts of literary genius.  He
+composed two comedies in Greek, some epigrams, and a translation of
+Aratus into Latin verse.  He married Agrippina, the daughter of M.
+Agrippa, by whom he had nine children.  This lady, who had accompanied
+her husband into the east, carried his ashes to Italy, and accused his
+murderer, Piso; who, unable to bear up against the public odium incurred
+by that transaction, laid violent hands upon himself.  Agrippina was now
+nearly in the same predicament with regard to Tiberius, that Ovid had
+formerly been in respect of Augustus.  He was sensible, that when she
+accused Piso, she was not ignorant of the person by whom the perpetrator
+of the murder had been instigated; and her presence, therefore, seeming
+continually to reproach him with his guilt, he resolved to rid himself of
+a person become so obnoxious to his sight, and banished her to the island
+of Pandataria, where she died some time afterwards of famine.
+
+But it was not sufficient to gratify this sanguinary tyrant, that he had,
+without any cause, cut off both Germanicus and his wife Agrippina: the
+distinguished merits and popularity of that prince were yet to be
+revenged upon his children; and accordingly he (244) set himself to
+invent a pretext for their destruction.  After endeavouring in vain, by
+various artifices, to provoke the resentment of Nero and Drusus against
+him, he had recourse to false accusation, and not only charged them with
+seditious designs, to which their tender years were ill adapted, but with
+vices of a nature the most scandalous.  By a sentence of the senate,
+which manifested the extreme servility of that assembly, he procured them
+both to be declared open enemies to their country.  Nero he banished to
+the island of Pontia, where, like his unfortunate mother, he miserably
+perished by famine; and Drusus was doomed to the same fate, in the lower
+part of the Palatium, after suffering for nine days the violence of
+hunger, and having, as is related, devoured part of his bed.  The
+remaining son, Caius, on account of his vicious disposition, he resolved
+to appoint his successor on the throne, that, after his own death, a
+comparison might be made in favour of his memory, when the Romans should
+be governed by a sovereign yet more vicious and more tyrannical, if
+possible, than himself.
+
+Sejanus, the minister in the present reign, imitated with success, for
+some time, the hypocrisy of his master; and, had his ambitious temper,
+impatient of attaining its object, allowed him to wear the mask for a
+longer period, he might have gained the imperial diadem; in the pursuit
+of which he was overtaken by that fate which he merited still more by his
+cruelties than his perfidy to Tiberius.  This man was a native of
+Volsinium in Tuscany, and the son of a Roman knight.  He had first
+insinuated himself into the favour of Caius Caesar, the grandson of
+Augustus, after whose death he courted the friendship of Tiberius, and
+obtained in a short time his entire confidence, which he improved to the
+best advantage.  The object which he next pursued, was to gain the
+attachment of the senate, and the officers of the army; besides whom,
+with a new kind of policy, he endeavoured to secure in his interest every
+lady of distinguished connections, by giving secretly to each of them a
+promise of marriage, as soon as he should arrive at the sovereignty.  The
+chief obstacles in his way were the sons and grandsons of Tiberius; and
+these he soon sacrificed to his ambition, under various pretences.
+Drusus, the eldest of this progeny, having in a fit of passion struck the
+favourite, was destined by him to destruction.  For this purpose, he had
+the presumption to seduce Livia, the wife of Drusus, to whom she had
+borne several children; and she consented to marry her adulterer upon the
+death of her husband, who was soon after poisoned, through the means of
+an eunuch named Lygdus, by order of her and Sejanus.
+
+Drusus was the son of Tiberius by Vipsania, one of Agrippa's (245)
+daughters.  He displayed great intrepidity during the war in the
+provinces of Illyricum and Pannonia, but appears to have been dissolute
+in his morals.  Horace is said to have written the Ode in praise of
+Drusus at the desire of Augustus; and while the poet celebrates the
+military courage of the prince, he insinuates indirectly a salutary
+admonition to the cultivation of the civil virtues:
+
+        Doctrina sed vim promovet insitam,
+        Rectique cultus pectora roborant:
+          Utcunque defecere mores,
+            Dedecorant bene nata culpae.--Ode iv. 4.
+
+    Yet sage instructions to refine the soul
+      And raise the genius, wondrous aid impart,
+    Conveying inward, as they purely roll,
+      Strength to the mind and vigour to the heart:
+    When morals fail, the stains of vice disgrace
+    The fairest honours of the noblest race.--Francis.
+
+Upon the death of Drusus, Sejanus openly avowed a desire of marrying the
+widowed princess; but Tiberius opposing this measure, and at the same
+time recommending Germanicus to the senate as his successor in the
+empire, the mind of Sejanus was more than ever inflamed by the united,
+and now furious, passions of love and ambition.  He therefore urged his
+demand with increased importunity; but the emperor still refusing his
+consent, and things being not yet ripe for an immediate revolt, Sejanus
+thought nothing so favourable for the prosecution of his designs as the
+absence of Tiberius from the capital.  With this view, under the pretence
+of relieving his master from the cares of government, he persuaded him to
+retire to a distance from Rome.  The emperor, indolent and luxurious,
+approved of the proposal, and retired into Campania, leaving to his
+ambitious minister the whole direction of the empire.  Had Sejanus now
+been governed by common prudence and moderation, he might have attained
+to the accomplishment of all his wishes; but a natural impetuosity of
+temper, and the intoxication of power, precipitated him into measures
+which soon effected his destruction.  As if entirely emancipated from the
+control of a master, he publicly declared himself sovereign of the Roman
+empire, and that Tiberius, who had by this time retired to Capri, was
+only the dependent prince of that tributary island.  He even went so far
+in degrading the emperor, as to have him introduced in a ridiculous light
+upon the stage.  Advice of Sejanus's proceedings was soon carried to the
+emperor at Capri; his indignation was immediately excited; and with a
+confidence founded upon an authority exercised for several years, he sent
+orders for accusing Sejanus (246) before the senate.  This mandate no
+sooner arrived, than the audacious minister was deserted by his
+adherents; he was in a short time after seized without resistance, and
+strangled in prison the same day.
+
+Human nature recoils with horror at the cruelties of this execrable
+tyrant, who, having first imbrued his hands in the blood of his own
+relations, proceeded to exercise them upon the public with indiscriminate
+fury.  Neither age nor sex afforded any exemption from his insatiable
+thirst for blood.  Innocent children were condemned to death, and
+butchered in the presence of their parents; virgins, without any imputed
+guilt, were sacrificed to a similar destiny; but there being an ancient
+custom of not strangling females in that situation, they were first
+deflowered by the executioner, and afterwards strangled, as if an
+atrocious addition to cruelty could sanction the exercise of it.  Fathers
+were constrained by violence to witness the death of their own children;
+and even the tears of a mother, at the execution of her child, were
+punished as a capital offence.  Some extraordinary calamities, occasioned
+by accident, added to the horrors of the reign.  A great number of houses
+on Mount Caelius were destroyed by fire; and by the fall of a temporary
+building at Fidenae, erected for the purpose of exhibiting public shows,
+about twenty thousand persons were either greatly hurt, or crushed to
+death in the rains.
+
+By another fire which afterwards broke out, a part of the Circus was
+destroyed, with the numerous buildings on Mount Aventine.  The only act
+of munificence displayed by Tiberius during his reign, was upon the
+occasion of those fires, when, to qualify the severity of his government,
+he indemnified the most considerable sufferers for the loss they had
+sustained.
+
+Through the whole of his life, Tiberius seems to have conducted himself
+with a uniform repugnance to nature.  Affable on a few occasions, but in
+general averse to society, he indulged, from his earliest years, a
+moroseness of disposition, which counterfeited the appearance of austere
+virtue; and in the decline of life, when it is common to reform from
+juvenile indiscretions, he launched forth into excesses, of a kind the
+most unnatural and most detestable.  Considering the vicious passions
+which had ever brooded in his heart, it may seem surprising that he
+restrained himself within the bounds of decency during so many years
+after his accession; but though utterly destitute of reverence or
+affection for his mother, he still felt, during her life, a filial awe
+upon his mind: and after her death, he was actuated by a slavish fear of
+Sejanus, until at last political necessity absolved him likewise from
+this restraint.  These checks being both removed, (247) he rioted without
+any control, either from sentiment or authority.
+
+Pliny relates, that the art of making glass malleable was actually
+discovered under the reign of Tiberius, and that the shop and tools of
+the artist were destroyed, lest, by the establishment of this invention,
+gold and silver should lose their value.  Dion adds, that the author of
+the discovery was put to death.
+
+The gloom which darkened the Roman capital during this melancholy period,
+shed a baleful influence on the progress of science throughout the
+empire, and literature languished during the present reign, in the same
+proportion as it had flourished in the preceding.  It is doubtful whether
+such a change might not have happened in some degree, even had the
+government of Tiberius been equally mild with that of his predecessor.
+The prodigious fame of the writers of the Augustan age, by repressing
+emulation, tended to a general diminution of the efforts of genius for
+some time; while the banishment of Ovid, it is probable, and the capital
+punishment of a subsequent poet, for censuring the character of
+Agamemnon, operated towards the farther discouragement of poetical
+exertions.  There now existed no circumstance to counterbalance these
+disadvantages.  Genius no longer found a patron either in the emperor or
+his minister; and the gates of the palace were shut against all who
+cultivated the elegant pursuits of the Muses.  Panders, catamites,
+assassins, wretches stained with every crime, were the constant
+attendants, as the only fit companions, of the tyrant who now occupied
+the throne.  We are informed, however, that even this emperor had a taste
+for the liberal arts, and that he composed a lyric poem upon the death of
+Lucius Caesar, with some Greek poems in imitation of Euphorion, Rhianus,
+and Parthenius.  But none of these has been transmitted to posterity: and
+if we should form an opinion of them upon the principle of Catullus, that
+to be a good poet one ought to be a good man, there is little reason to
+regret that they have perished.
+
+We meet with no poetical production in this reign; and of prose writers
+the number is inconsiderable, as will appear from the following account
+of them.----
+
+VELLEIUS PATERCULUS was born of an equestrian family in Campania, and
+served as a military tribune under Tiberius, in his expeditions in Gaul
+and Germany.  He composed an Epitome of the History of Greece and Rome,
+with that of other nations of remote antiquity: but of this work there
+only remain fragments of the history of Greece and Rome, from the
+conquest of Perseus to the seventeenth year of the reign of Tiberius.  It
+is written in two books, addressed to Marcus Vinicius, who had (248) the
+office of consul.  Rapid in the narrative, and concise as well as elegant
+in style, this production exhibits a pleasing epitome of ancient
+transactions, enlivened occasionally with anecdotes, and an expressive
+description of characters.  In treating of the family of Augustus,
+Paterculus is justly liable to the imputation of partiality, which he
+incurs still more in the latter period of his history, by the praise
+which is lavished on Tiberius and his minister Sejanus.  He intimates a
+design of giving a more full account of the civil war which followed the
+death of Julius Caesar; but this, if he ever accomplished it, has not
+been transmitted to posterity.  Candid, but decided in his judgment of
+motives and actions, if we except his invectives against Pompey, he shows
+little propensity to censure; but in awarding praise, he is not equally
+parsimonious, and, on some occasions, risks the imputation of hyperbole.
+The grace, however, and the apparent sincerity with which it is bestowed,
+reconcile us to the compliment.  This author concludes his history with a
+prayer for the prosperity of the Roman empire.----
+
+VALERIUS MAXIMUS was descended of a Patrician family; but we learn
+nothing more concerning him, than that for some time he followed a
+military life under Sextus Pompey.  He afterwards betook himself to
+writing, and has left an account, in nine books, of the memorable
+apophthegms and actions of eminent persons; first of the Romans, and
+afterwards of foreign nations.  The subjects are of various kinds,
+political, moral, and natural, ranged into distinct classes.  His
+transitions from one subject to another are often performed with
+gracefulness; and where he offers any remarks, they generally show the
+author to be a man of judgment and observation.  Valerius Maximus is
+chargeable with no affectation of style, but is sometimes deficient in
+that purity of language which might be expected in the age of Tiberius,
+to whom the work is addressed.  What inducement the author had to this
+dedication, we know not; but as it is evident from a passage in the ninth
+book, that the compliment was paid after the death of Sejanus, and
+consequently in the most shameful period of Tiberius's reign, we cannot
+entertain any high opinion of the independent spirit of Valerius Maximus,
+who could submit to flatter a tyrant, in the zenith of infamy and
+detestation.  But we cannot ascribe the cause to any delicate artifice,
+of conveying to Tiberius, indirectly, an admonition to reform his
+conduct.  Such an expedient would have only provoked the severest
+resentment from his jealousy.----
+
+PHAEDRUS was a native of Thrace, and was brought to Rome as a slave.  He
+had the good fortune to come into the service of Augustus, where,
+improving his talents by reading, he obtained (249) the favour of the
+emperor, and was made one of his freedmen.  In the reign of Tiberius, he
+translated into Iambic verse the Fables of Aesop.  They are divided into
+five books, and are not less conspicuous for precision and simplicity of
+thought, than for purity and elegance of style; conveying moral
+sentiments with unaffected ease and impressive energy.  Phaedrus
+underwent, for some time, a persecution from Sejanus, who, conscious of
+his own delinquency, suspected that he was obliquely satirised in the
+commendations bestowed on virtue by the poet.  The work of Phaedrus is
+one of the latest which have been brought to light since the revival of
+learning.  It remained in obscurity until two hundred years ago, when it
+was discovered in a library at Rheims.----
+
+HYGINUS is said to have been a native of Alexandria, or, according to
+others, a Spaniard.  He was, like Phaedrus, a freedman of Augustus; but,
+though industrious, he seems not to have improved himself so much as his
+companion, in the art of composition.  He wrote, however, a mythological
+history, under the title of Fables, a work called Poeticon Astronomicon,
+with a treatise on agriculture, commentaries on Virgil, the lives of
+eminent men, and some other productions now lost.  His remaining works
+are much mutilated, and, if genuine, afford an unfavourable specimen of
+his elegance and correctness as a writer.
+
+CELSUS was a physician in the time of Tiberius, and has written eight
+books, De Medicina, in which he has collected and digested into order all
+that is valuable on the subject, in the Greek and Roman authors.  The
+professors of Medicine were at that time divided into three sects, viz.,
+the Dogmatists, Empirics, and Methodists; the first of whom deviated less
+than the others from the plan of Hippocrates; but they were in general
+irreconcilable to each other, in respect both of their opinions and
+practice.  Celsus, with great judgment, has occasionally adopted
+particular doctrines from each of them; and whatever he admits into his
+system, he not only establishes by the most rational observations, but
+confirms by its practical utility.  In justness of remark, in force of
+argument, in precision and perspicuity, as well as in elegance of
+expression, he deservedly occupies the most distinguished rank amongst
+the medical writers of antiquity.  It appears that Celsus likewise wrote
+on agriculture, rhetoric, and military affairs; but of those several
+treatises no fragments now remain.
+
+To the writers of this reign we must add APICIUS COELIUS, who has left a
+book De Re Coquinaria [of Cookery].  There were three Romans of the name
+of Apicius, all remarkable for their (250) gluttony.  The first lived in
+the time of the Republic, the last in that of Trajan, and the
+intermediate Apicius under the emperors Augustus and Tiberius.  This man,
+as Seneca informs us, wasted on luxurious living, sexcenties sestertium,
+a sum equal to 484,375 pounds sterling.  Upon examining the state of his
+affairs, he found that there remained no more of his estate than centies
+sestertium, 80,729l. 3s. 4d., which seeming to him too small to live
+upon, he ended his days by poison.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+
+[284]  Intramural interments were prohibited at Rome by the laws of the
+Twelve Tables, notwithstanding the practice of reducing to ashes the
+bodies of the dead.  It was only by special privilege that individuals
+who had deserved well of the state, and certain distinguished families
+were permitted to have tombs within the city.
+
+[285]  Among the Romans, all the descendants from one common stock were
+called Gentiles, being of the same race or kindred, however remote.  The
+Gens, as they termed this general relation or clanship, was subdivided
+into families, in Familias vel Stirpes; and those of the same family were
+called Agnati.  Relations by the father's side were also called Agnati,
+to distinguish them from Cognati, relations only by the mother's side.
+An Agnatus might also be called Cognatus, but not the contrary.
+
+To mark the different gentes and familiae, and to distinguish the
+individuals of the same family, the Romans had commonly three names, the
+Praenomen, Nomen, and Cognomen.  The praenomen was put first, and marked
+the individual.  It was usually written with one letter; as A. for Aulus;
+C. Caius; D. Decimus: sometimes with two letters; as Ap. for Appius; Cn.
+Cneius; and sometimes with three; as Mam. for Mamercus.
+
+The Nomen was put after the Praenomen, and marked the gens.  It commonly
+ended in ius; as Julius, Tullius, Cornelius.  The Cognomen was put last,
+and marked the familia; as Cicero, Caesar, etc.
+
+Some gentes appear to have had no surname, as the Marian; and gens and
+familia seem sometimes to be put one for the other; as the Fabia gens, or
+Fabia familia.
+
+Sometimes there was a fourth name, properly called the Agnomen, but
+sometimes likewise Cognomen, which was added on account of some
+illustrious action or remarkable event.  Thus Scipio was named Publius
+Cornelius Scipio Africanus, from the conquest of Carthage.  In the same
+manner, his brother was called Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus.  Thus
+also, Quintus Fabius Maximus received the Agnomen of Cunctator, from his
+checking the victorious career of Hannibal by avoiding a battle.
+
+[286]  A.U.C. 474.
+
+[287]  A.U.C. 490.
+
+[288]  A.U.C. 547.
+
+[289]  A.U.C. 304.
+
+[290]  An ancient Latin town on the Via Appia, the present road to
+Naples, mentioned by St. Paul, Acts xxviii. 15, and Horace, Sat. i. 5, 3,
+in giving an account of their travels.
+
+[291]  A.U.C. 505.
+
+[292]  Cybele; first worshipped in Phrygia, about Mount Ida, from whence
+a sacred stone, the symbol of her divinity, probably an aerolite, was
+transported to Rome, in consequence of the panic occasioned by Hannibal's
+invasion, A.U.C. 508.
+
+[293]  A.U.C. 695.
+
+[294]  A.U.C. 611.
+
+[295]  A.U.C. 550.
+
+[296]  A.U.C. 663.
+
+[297]  A.U.C. 707.
+
+[298]  These, and other towns in the south of France, became, and long
+continued, the chief seats of Roman civilization among the Gauls; which
+is marked by the magnificent remains of ancient art still to be seen.
+Arles, in particular, is a place of great interest.
+
+[299]  A.U.C. 710.
+
+[300]  A.U.C. 713.
+
+[301]  A.U.C. 712.  Before Christ about 39.
+
+[302]  A.U.C. 744.
+
+[303]  A.U.C. 735.
+
+[304]  See before, in the reign of AUGUSTUS, c. xxxii.
+
+[305]  A.U.C. 728.
+
+[306]  A.U.C. 734.
+
+[307]  A.U.C. 737.
+
+[308]  A.U.C. 741.
+
+[309]  A.U.C. 747.
+
+[310]  A.U.C. 748.
+
+[311]  Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, about thirteen miles from the
+city, was founded by Ancus Martius.  Being the port of a city like Rome,
+it could not fail to become opulent; and it was a place of much resort,
+ornamented with fine edifices, and the environs "never failing of pasture
+in the summer time, and in the winter covered with roses and other
+flowers."  The port having been filled up with the depositions of the
+Tiber, it became deserted, and is now abandoned to misery and malaria.
+The bishopric of Ostia being the oldest in the Roman church, its bishop
+has always retained some peculiar privileges.
+
+[312]  The Gymnasia were places of exercise, and received their name from
+the Greek word signifying naked, because the contending parties wore
+nothing but drawers.
+
+[313]  A.U.C. 752.
+
+[314]  The cloak and slippers, as distinguished from the Roman toga and
+shoes.
+
+[315]  A.U.C. 755.
+
+[316]  This fountain, in the Euganian hills, near Padua, famous for its
+mineral waters, is celebrated by Claudian in one of his elegies.
+
+[317]  The street called Carinae, at Rome, has been mentioned before;
+AUGUSTUS, c. v.; and also Mecaenas' house on the Esquiline, ib. c. lxxii.
+The gardens were formed on ground without the walls, and before used as a
+cemetery for malefactors, and the lower classes.  Horace says--
+
+    Nunc licet Esquiliis habitare salubribus, atque
+    Aggere in aprico spatiari.--Sat. 1. i. viii. 13.
+
+[318]  A.U.C. 757.
+
+[319]  A.U.C. 760.
+
+[320]  A.U.C. 762.
+
+[321]  Reviving the simple habits of the times of the republic; "nec
+fortuitum cernere cespitem," as Horace describes it.--Ode 15.
+
+[322]  A.U.C. 765.
+
+[323]  The portico of the temple of Concord is still standing on the side
+of the Forum nearest the Capitol.  It consists of six Ionic columns, each
+of one piece, and of a light-coloured granite, with bases and capitals of
+white marble, and two columns at the angles.  The temple of Castor and
+Pollux has been mentioned before: JUL. c. x.
+
+[324]  A.U.C. 766.
+
+[325]  A.U.C. 767.
+
+[326]  Augustus interlards this epistle, and that subsequently quoted,
+with Greek sentences and phrases, of which this is one.  It is so
+obscure, that commentators suppose that it is a mis-reading, but are not
+agreed on its drift.
+
+[327]  A verse in which the word in italics is substituted for cunctando,
+quoted from Ennius, who applied it to Fabius Maximus.
+
+[328]  Iliad, B. x.  Diomede is speaking of Ulysses, where he asks that
+he may accompany him as a spy into the Trojan camp.
+
+[329]  Tiberius had adopted Germanicus.  See before, c. xv.  See also
+CALIGULA, c. i.
+
+[330]  In this he imitated Augustus.  See c. liii. of his life.
+
+[331]  Si hanc fenestram aperueritis, if you open that window, equivalent
+to our phrase, "if you open the door."
+
+[332]  Princeps, principatus, are the terms generally used by Suetonius
+to describe the supreme authority vested in the Caesars, as before at the
+beginning of chap. xxiv., distinguished from any terms which conveyed of
+kingly power, the forms of the republic, as we have lately seen, still
+subsisting.
+
+[333]  Strenas; the French etrennes.
+
+[334]  "Tiberius pulled down the temple of Isis, caused her image to be
+thrown into the Tiber, and crucified her priests."--Joseph. Ant. Jud.
+xviii. 4.
+
+[335]  Similia sectantes.  We are strongly inclined to think that the
+words might be rendered "similar sects," conveying an allusion to the
+small and obscure body of Christians, who were at this period generally
+confounded with the Jews, and supposed only to differ from them in some
+peculiarities of their institutions, which Roman historians and
+magistrates did not trouble themselves to distinguish.  How little even
+the well-informed Suetonius knew of the real facts, we shall find in the
+only direct notice of the Christians contained in his works (CLAUDIUS c.
+xxv., NERO, c. xvi.); but that little confirms our conjecture.  All the
+commentators, however, give the passage the turn retained in the text.
+Josephus informs us of the particular occurrence which led to the
+expulsion of the Jews from Rome by Tiberius.--Ant. xviii. 5.
+
+[336]  Varro tells us that the Roman people "were more actively employed
+(manus movere) in the theatre and circus, than in the corn-fields and
+vineyards."--De Re Rustic. ii.  And Juvenal, in his satires, frequently
+alludes to their passion for public spectacles, particularly in the well-
+known lines--
+
+    --------Atque duas tantum res serrius optat,
+    Panem et Circenses.                    Sat. x. 80.
+
+[337]  The Cottian Alps derived their name from this king.  They include
+that part of the chain which divides Dauphiny from Piedmont, and are
+crossed by the pass of the Mont Cenis.
+
+[338]  Antium, mentioned before, (AUG. c. lviii.) once a flourishing city
+of the Volscians, standing on the sea-coast, about thirty-eight miles
+from Rome, was a favourite resort of the emperors and persons of wealth.
+The Apollo Belvidere was found among the ruins of its temples and other
+edifices.
+
+[339]  A.U.C. 779.
+
+[340]  Terracina, standing at the southern extremity of the Pontine
+Marshes, on the shore of the Mediterranean.  It is surrounded by high
+calcareous cliffs, in which there are caverns, affording, as Strabo
+informs us, cool retreats, attached to the Roman villas built round.
+
+[341]  Augustus died at Nola, a city in Campania.  See c. lviii. of his
+life.
+
+[342]  Fidenae stood in a bend of the Tiber, near its junction with the
+Anio.  There are few traces of it remaining.
+
+[343]  That any man could drink an amphora of wine at a draught, is
+beyond all credibility; for the amphora was nearly equal to nine gallons,
+English measure.  The probability is, that the man had emptied a large
+vessel, which was shaped like an amphora.
+
+[344]  Capri, the luxurious retreat and scene of the debaucheries of the
+Roman emperors, is an island off the southern point of the bay of Naples,
+about twelve miles in circumference.
+
+[345]  Pan, the god of the shepherds, and inventor of the flute, was said
+to be the son of Mercury and Penelope.  He was worshipped chiefly in
+Arcadia, and represented with the horns and feet of a goat.  The Nymphs,
+as well as the Graces, were represented naked.
+
+[346]  The name of the island having a double meaning, and signifying
+also a goat.
+
+[347] "Quasi pueros primae teneritudinis, quos 'pisciculos' vocabat,
+institueret, ut natanti sibi inter femina versarentur, ac luderent:
+lingua morsuque sensim appetentes; atque etiam quasi infantes firmiores,
+necdum tamen lacte depulsos, inguini ceu papillae admoveret: pronior sane
+ad id genus libidinis, et natura et aetate."
+
+[348]  "Foeminarum capitibus solitus illudere."
+
+[349]  "Obscoenitate oris hirsuto atque olido."
+
+[350]  "Hircum vetulum capreis naturam ligurire"
+
+[351]  The Temple of Vesta, like that dedicated to the same goddess at
+Tivoli, is round.  There was probably one on the same site, and in the
+same circular form, erected by Numa Pompilius; the present edifice is far
+too elegant for that age, but there is no record of its erection, but it
+is known to have been repaired by Vespasian or Domitian after being
+injured by Nero's fire.  Its situation, near the Tiber, exposed it to
+floods, from which we find it suffered, from Horace's lines--
+
+    "Vidimus flavum Tiberim, retortis
+     Littore Etrusco violenter undis,
+     Ire dejectum monumenta Regis,
+         Templaque Vestae."--Ode, lib. i. 2. 15.
+
+This beautiful temple is still in good preservation.  It is surrounded by
+twenty columns of white marble, and the wall of the cell, or interior
+(which is very small, its diameter being only the length of one of the
+columns), is also built of blocks of the same material, so nicely joined,
+that it seems to be formed of one solid mass.
+
+[352]  Antlia; a machine for drawing up water in a series of connected
+buckets, which was worked by the feet, nisu pedum.
+
+[353]  The elder Livia was banished to this island by Augustus.  See
+c. lxv. of his life.
+
+[354]  An island in the Archipelago.
+
+[355]  This Theodore is noticed by Quintilian, Instit. iii. 1.  Gadara
+was in Syria.
+
+[356]  It mattered not that the head substituted was Tiberius's own.
+
+[357]  The verses were probably anonymous.
+
+[358]  Oderint dum probent: Caligula used a similar expression; Oderint
+dum metuant.
+
+[359]  A.U.C. 778.  Tacit. Annal. iv.  The historian's name was A.
+Cremutius Cordo.  Dio has preserved the passage, xlvii. p. 619.  Brutus
+had already called Cassius "The last of the Romans," in his lamentation
+over his dead body.
+
+[360]  She was the sister of Germanicus, and Tacitus calls her Livia; but
+Suetonius is in the habit of giving a fondling or diminutive term to the
+names of women, as Claudilla, for Claudia, Plautilla, etc.
+
+[361]  Priam is said to have had no less than fifty sons and daughters;
+some of the latter, however, survived him, as Hecuba, Helena, Polyxena,
+and others.
+
+[362]  There were oracles at Antium and Tibur.  The "Praenestine Lots"
+are described by Cicero, De Divin. xi. 41.
+
+[363]  Agrippina, and Nero and Drusus.
+
+[364]  He is mentioned before in the Life of AUGUSTUS, c. xc.; and also
+by Horace, Cicero, and Tacitus.
+
+[365]  Obscure Greek poets, whose writings were either full of fabulous
+stories, or of an amatory kind.
+
+[366]  It is suggested that the text should be amended, so that the
+sentence should read--"A Greek soldier;" for of what use could it have
+been to examine a man in Greek, and not allow him to give his replies in
+the same language?
+
+[367]  So called from Appius Claudius, the Censor, one of Tiberius's
+ancestors, who constructed it.  It took a direction southward of Rome,
+through Campania to Brundusium, starting from what is the present Porta
+di San Sebastiano, from which the road to Naples takes its departure.
+
+[368]  A small town on the coast of Latium, not far from Antium, and the
+present Nettuno.  It was here that Cicero was slain by the satellites of
+Antony.
+
+[369]  A town on a promontory of the same dreary coast, between Antium
+and Terracina, built on a promontory surrounded by the sea and the marsh,
+still called Circello.
+
+[370]  Misenum, a promontory to which Aeneas is said to have given its
+name from one of his followers.  (Aen. ii. 234.)  It is now called Capo
+di Miseno, and shelters the harbour of Mola di Gaieta, belonging to
+Naples.  This was one of the stations of the Roman fleet.
+
+[371]  Tacitus agrees with Suetonius as to the age of Tiberius at the
+time of his death.  Dio states it more precisely, as being seventy-seven
+years, four months, and nine days.
+
+[372]  Caius Caligula, who became his successor.
+
+[373]  Tacitus and Dio add that he was smothered under a heap of heavy
+clothes.
+
+[374]  In the temple of the Palatine Apollo.  See AUGUSTUS, c. xxix.
+
+[375]  Atella, a town between Capua and Naples, now called San Arpino,
+where there was an amphitheatre.  The people seemed to have raised the
+shout in derision, referring, perhaps, to the Atellan fables, mentioned
+in c. xiv.; and in their fury they proposed that his body should only be
+grilled, as those of malefactors were, instead of being reduced to ashes.
+
+[376]  Tacit. Annal. lib. ii.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Tiberius Nero Caesar (Tiberius),
+by C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook The Lives Of The Caesars, by Suetonius, V3
+#3 in our series by C. Suetonious Tranquillus
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
+copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing
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+Title: The Lives Of The Twelve Caesars, Volume 3.
+       [TIBERIUS]
+
+Author: C. Suetonius Tranquillus
+
+Release Date: August, 2004  [EBook #6388]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on December 3, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
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+
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE CAESARS, SUETONIUS, V3 ***
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by Tapio Riikonen
+and David Widger <widger@cecomet.net>
+
+
+
+
+
+                               THE LIVES
+                                   OF
+                           THE TWELVE CAESARS
+
+                                   By
+                       C. Suetonius Tranquillus;
+
+                          To which are added,
+
+         HIS LIVES OF THE GRAMMARIANS, RHETORICIANS, AND POETS.
+
+
+                          The Translation of
+                        Alexander Thomson, M.D.
+
+                        revised and corrected by
+                         T.Forester, Esq., A.M.
+
+
+
+
+
+(192)
+
+
+                         TIBERIUS NERO CAESAR.
+
+
+I.  The patrician family of the Claudii (for there was a plebeian family
+of the same name, no way inferior to the other either in power or
+dignity) came originally from Regilli, a town of the Sabines.  They
+removed thence to Rome soon after the building of the city, with a great
+body of their dependants, under Titus Tatius, who reigned jointly with
+Romulus in the kingdom; or, perhaps, what is related upon better
+authority, under Atta Claudius, the head of the family, who was admitted
+by the senate into the patrician order six years after the expulsion of
+the Tarquins.  They likewise received from the state, lands beyond the
+Anio for their followers, and a burying-place for themselves near the
+capitol [284].  After this period, in process of time, the family had the
+honour of twenty-eight consulships, five dictatorships, seven
+censorships, seven triumphs, and two ovations.  Their descendants were
+distinguished by various praenomina and cognomina [285], but rejected by
+common consent the praenomen of (193) Lucius, when, of the two races who
+bore it, one individual had been convicted of robbery, and another of
+murder.  Amongst other cognomina, they assumed that of Nero, which in the
+Sabine language signifies strong and valiant.
+
+II.  It appears from record, that many of the Claudii have performed
+signal services to the state, as well as committed acts of delinquency.
+To mention the most remarkable only, Appius Caecus dissuaded the senate
+from agreeing to an alliance with Pyrrhus, as prejudicial to the republic
+[286].  Claudius Candex first passed the straits of Sicily with a fleet,
+and drove the Carthaginians out of the island [287].  Claudius Nero cut
+off Hasdrubal with a vast army upon his arrival in Italy from Spain,
+before he could form a junction with his brother Hannibal [288].  On the
+other hand, Claudius Appius Regillanus, one of the Decemvirs, made a
+violent attempt to have a free virgin, of whom he was enamoured, adjudged
+a slave; which caused the people to secede a second time from the senate
+[289].  Claudius Drusus erected a statue of himself wearing a crown at
+Appii Forum [290], and endeavoured, by means of his dependants, to make
+himself master of Italy.  Claudius Pulcher, when, off the coast of Sicily
+[291], the pullets used for taking augury would not eat, in contempt of
+the omen threw them overboard, as if they should drink at least, if they
+would not eat; and then engaging the enemy, was routed.  After his
+defeat, when he (194) was ordered by the senate to name a dictator,
+making a sort of jest of the public disaster, he named Glycias, his
+apparitor.
+
+The women of this family, likewise, exhibited characters equally opposed
+to each other.  For both the Claudias belonged to it; she, who, when the
+ship freighted with things sacred to the Idaean Mother of the Gods [292],
+stuck fast in the shallows of the Tiber, got it off, by praying to the
+Goddess with a loud voice, "Follow me, if I am chaste;" and she also,
+who, contrary to the usual practice in the case of women, was brought to
+trial by the people for treason; because, when her litter was stopped by
+a great crowd in the streets, she openly exclaimed, "I wish my brother
+Pulcher was alive now, to lose another fleet, that Rome might be less
+thronged."  Besides, it is well known, that all the Claudii, except
+Publius Claudius, who, to effect the banishment of Cicero, procured
+himself to be adopted by a plebeian [293], and one younger than himself,
+were always of the patrician party, as well as great sticklers for the
+honour and power of that order; and so violent and obstinate in their
+opposition to the plebeians, that not one of them, even in the case of a
+trial for life by the people, would ever condescend to put on mourning,
+according to custom, or make any supplication to them for favour; and
+some of them in their contests, have even proceeded to lay hands on the
+tribunes of the people.  A Vestal Virgin likewise of the family, when her
+brother was resolved to have the honour of a triumph contrary to the will
+of the people, mounted the chariot with him, and attended him into the
+Capitol, that it might not be lawful for any of the tribunes to interfere
+and forbid it. [294]
+
+III.  From this family Tiberius Caesar is descended; indeed both by the
+father and mother's side; by the former from Tiberius Nero, and by the
+latter from Appius Pulcher, who were both sons of Appius Caecus.  He
+likewise belonged to the family of the Livii, by the adoption of his
+mother's grandfather into it; which family, although plebeian, made a
+(195) distinguished figure, having had the honour of eight consulships,
+two censorships, three triumphs, one dictatorship, and the office of
+master of the horse; and was famous for eminent men, particularly,
+Salinator and the Drusi.  Salinator, in his censorship [295], branded all
+the tribes, for their inconstancy in having made him consul a second
+time, as well as censor, although they had condemned him to a heavy fine
+after his first consulship.  Drusus procured for himself and his
+posterity a new surname, by killing in single combat Drausus, the enemy's
+chief.  He is likewise said to have recovered, when pro-praetor in the
+province of Gaul, the gold which was formerly given to the Senones, at
+the siege of the Capitol, and had not, as is reported, been forced from
+them by Camillus.  His great-great-grandson, who, for his extraordinary
+services against the Gracchi, was styled the "Patron of the Senate," left
+a son, who, while plotting in a sedition of the same description, was
+treacherously murdered by the opposite party. [296]
+
+IV.  But the father of Tiberius Caesar, being quaestor to Caius Caesar,
+and commander of his fleet in the war of Alexandria, contributed greatly
+to its success.  He was therefore made one of the high-priests in the
+room of Publius Scipio [297]; and was sent to settle some colonies in
+Gaul, and amongst the rest, those of Narbonne and Arles [298].  After the
+assassination of Caesar, however, when the rest of the senators, for fear
+of public disturbances; were for having the affair buried in oblivion, he
+proposed a resolution for rewarding those who had killed the tyrant.
+Having filled the office of praetor [299], and at the end of the year a
+disturbance breaking out amongst the triumviri, he kept the badges of his
+office beyond the legal time; and following Lucius Antonius the consul,
+brother of the triumvir, to Perusia [300], though the rest submitted, yet
+he himself continued firm to the party, and escaped first to Praeneste,
+and then to Naples; whence, having in vain invited the slaves to liberty,
+he fled over to Sicily.  But resenting (196) his not being immediately
+admitted into the presence of Sextus Pompey, and being also prohibited
+the use of the fasces, he went over into Achaia to Mark Antony; with
+whom, upon a reconciliation soon after brought about amongst the several
+contending parties, he returned to Rome; and, at the request of Augustus,
+gave up to him his wife Livia Drusilla, although she was then big with
+child, and had before borne him a son.  He died not long after; leaving
+behind him two sons, Tiberius and Drusus Nero.
+
+V.  Some have imagined that Tiberius was born at Fundi, but there is only
+this trifling foundation for the conjecture, that his mother's
+grandmother was of Fundi, and that the image of Good Fortune was, by a
+decree of the senate, erected in a public place in that town.  But
+according to the greatest number of writers, and those too of the best
+authority, he was born at Rome, in the Palatine quarter, upon the
+sixteenth of the calends of December [16th Nov.], when Marcus Aemilius
+Lepidus was second time consul, with Lucius Munatius Plancus [301], after
+the battle of Philippi; for so it is registered in the calendar, and the
+public acts.  According to some, however, he was born the preceding year,
+in the consulship of Hirtius and Pansa; and others say, in the year
+following, during the consulship of Servilius Isauricus and Antony.
+
+VI.  His infancy and childhood were spent in the midst of danger and
+trouble; for he accompanied his parents everywhere in their flight, and
+twice at Naples nearly betrayed them by his crying, when they were
+privately hastening to a ship, as the enemy rushed into the town; once,
+when he was snatched from his nurse's breast, and again, from his
+mother's bosom, by some of the company, who on the sudden emergency
+wished to relieve the women of their burden.  Being carried through
+Sicily and Achaia, and entrusted for some time to the care of the
+Lacedaemonians, who were under the protection of the Claudian family,
+upon his departure thence when travelling by night, he ran the hazard of
+his life, by a fire which, suddenly bursting out of a wood on all sides,
+surrounded the whole party so closely, that part of Livia's dress and
+hair was burnt.  The presents which were made him (197) by Pompeia,
+sister to Sextus Pompey, in Sicily, namely, a cloak, with a clasp, and
+bullae of gold, are still in existence, and shewn at Baiae to this day.
+After his return to the city, being adopted by Marcus Gallius, a senator,
+in his will, he took possession of the estate; but soon afterwards
+declined the use of his name, because Gallius had been of the party
+opposed to Augustus.  When only nine years of age, he pronounced a
+funeral oration in praise of his father upon the rostra; and afterwards,
+when he had nearly attained the age of manhood, he attended the chariot
+of Augustus, in his triumph for the victory at Actium, riding on the
+left-hand horse, whilst Marcellus, Octavia's son, rode that on the right.
+He likewise presided at the games celebrated on account of that victory;
+and in the Trojan games intermixed with the Circensian, he commanded a
+troop of the biggest boys.
+
+VII.  After assuming the manly habit, he spent his youth, and the rest of
+his life until he succeeded to the government, in the following manner:
+he gave the people an entertainment of gladiators, in memory of his
+father, and another for his grandfather Drusus, at different times and in
+different places: the first in the forum, the second in the amphitheatre;
+some gladiators who had been honourably discharged, being induced to
+engage again, by a reward of a hundred thousand sesterces.  He likewise
+exhibited public sports, at which he was not present himself.  All these
+he performed with great magnificence, at the expense of his mother and
+father-in-law.  He married Agrippina, the daughter of Marcus Agrippa, and
+grand-daughter of Caecilius Atticus, a Roman knight, the same person to
+whom Cicero has addressed so many epistles.  After having by her his son
+Drusus, he was obliged to part with her [302], though she retained his
+affection, and was again pregnant, to make way for marrying Augustus's
+daughter Julia.  But this he did with extreme reluctance; for, besides
+having the warmest attachment to Agrippina, he was disgusted with the
+conduct of Julia, who had made indecent advances to him during the
+lifetime of her former husband; and that she was a woman of loose
+character, was the general opinion.  At divorcing Agrippina he felt the
+deepest regret; and upon meeting her afterwards, (198) he looked after
+her with eyes so passionately expressive of affection, that care was
+taken she should never again come in his sight.  At first, however, he
+lived quietly and happily with Julia; but a rupture soon ensued, which
+became so violent, that after the loss of their son, the pledge of their
+union, who was born at Aquileia and died in infancy [303], he never would
+sleep with her more.  He lost his brother Drusus in Germany, and brought
+his body to Rome, travelling all the way on foot before it.
+
+VIII.  When he first applied himself to civil affairs, he defended the
+several causes of king Archelaus, the Trallians, and the Thessalians,
+before Augustus, who sat as judge at the trials.  He addressed the senate
+on behalf of the Laodiceans, the Thyatireans, and Chians, who had
+suffered greatly by an earthquake, and implored relief from Rome.  He
+prosecuted Fannius Caepio, who had been engaged in a conspiracy with
+Varro Muraena against Augustus, and procured sentence of condemnation
+against him.  Amidst all this, he had besides to superintend two
+departments of the administration, that of supplying the city with corn,
+which was then very scarce, and that of clearing the houses of correction
+[304] throughout Italy, the masters of which had fallen under the odious
+suspicion of seizing and keeping confined, not only travellers, but those
+whom the fear of being obliged to serve in the army had driven to seek
+refuge in such places.
+
+IX.  He made his first campaign, as a military tribune, in the Cantabrian
+war [305].  Afterwards he led an army into the East [306], where he
+restored the kingdom of Armenia to Tigranes; and seated on a tribunal,
+put a crown upon his head.  He likewise recovered from the Parthians the
+standards which they had taken from Crassus.  He next governed, for
+nearly a year, the province of Gallia Comata, which was then in great
+disorder, on account of the incursions of the barbarians, and the feuds
+of the chiefs.  He afterwards commanded in the several wars against the
+Rhaetians, Vindelicians, Pannonians, and Germans.  In the Rhaetian and
+Vindelician wars, he subdued the nations in the Alps; and in the
+Pannonian wars the Bruci, and (199) the Dalmatians.  In the German war,
+he transplanted into Gaul forty thousand of the enemy who had submitted,
+and assigned them lands near the banks of the Rhine.  For these actions,
+he entered the city with an ovation, but riding in a chariot, and is said
+by some to have been the first that ever was honoured with this
+distinction.  He filled early the principal offices of state; and passed
+through the quaestorship [307], praetorship [308], and consulate [309]
+almost successively.  After some interval, he was chosen consul a second
+time, and held the tribunitian authority during five years.
+
+X.  Surrounded by all this prosperity, in the prime of life and in
+excellent health, he suddenly formed the resolution of withdrawing to a
+greater distance from Rome [310].  It is uncertain whether this was the
+result of disgust for his wife, whom he neither durst accuse nor divorce,
+and the connection with whom became every day more intolerable; or to
+prevent that indifference towards him, which his constant residence in
+the city might produce; or in the hope of supporting and improving by
+absence his authority in the state, if the public should have occasion
+for his service.  Some are of opinion, that as Augustus's sons were now
+grown up to years of maturity, he voluntarily relinquished the possession
+he had long enjoyed of the second place in the government, as Agrippa had
+done before him; who, when M. Marcellus was advanced to public offices,
+retired to Mitylene, that he might not seem to stand in the way of his
+promotion, or in any respect lessen him by his presence.  The same reason
+likewise Tiberius gave afterwards for his retirement; but his pretext at
+this time was, that he was satiated with honours, and desirous of being
+relieved from the fatigue of business; requesting therefore that he might
+have leave to withdraw.  And neither the earnest entreaties of his
+mother, nor the complaint of his father-in-law made even in the senate,
+that he was deserted by him, could prevail upon him to alter his
+resolution.  Upon their persisting in the design of detaining him, he
+refused to take any sustenance for four days together.  At last, having
+obtained permission, leaving his wife and son at Rome, he proceeded (200)
+to Ostia [311], without exchanging a word with those who attended him,
+and having embraced but very few persons at parting.
+
+XI.  From Ostia, journeying along the coast of Campania, he halted awhile
+on receiving intelligence of Augustus's being taken ill, but this giving
+rise to a rumour that he stayed with a view to something extraordinary,
+he sailed with the wind almost full against him, and arrived at Rhodes,
+having been struck with the pleasantness and healthiness of the island at
+the time of his landing therein his return from Armenia.  Here contenting
+himself with a small house, and a villa not much larger, near the town,
+he led entirely a private life, taking his walks sometimes about the
+Gymnasia [312], without any lictor or other attendant, and returning the
+civilities of the Greeks with almost as much complaisance as if he had
+been upon a level with them.  One morning, in settling the course of his
+daily excursion, he happened to say, that he should visit all the sick
+people in the town.  This being not rightly understood by those about
+him, the sick were brought into a public portico, and ranged in order,
+according to their several distempers.  Being extremely embarrassed by
+this unexpected occurrence, he was for some time irresolute how he should
+act; but at last he determined to go round them all, and make an apology
+for the mistake even to the meanest amongst them, and such as were
+entirely unknown to him.  One instance only is mentioned, in which he
+appeared to exercise his tribunitian authority.  Being a constant
+attendant upon the schools and lecture-rooms of the professors of the
+liberal arts, on occasion of a quarrel amongst the wrangling (201)
+sophists, in which he interposed to reconcile them, some person took the
+liberty to abuse him as an intruder, and partial in the affair.  Upon
+this, withdrawing privately home, he suddenly returned attended by his
+officers, and summoning his accuser before his tribunal, by a public
+crier, ordered him to be taken to prison.  Afterwards he received tidings
+that his wife Julia had been condemned for her lewdness and adultery, and
+that a bill of divorce had been sent to her in his name, by the authority
+of Augustus.  Though he secretly rejoiced at this intelligence, he
+thought it incumbent upon him, in point of decency, to interpose in her
+behalf by frequent letters to Augustus, and to allow her to retain the
+presents which he had made her, notwithstanding the little regard she
+merited from him.  When the period of his tribunitian authority expired
+[313], declaring at last that he had no other object in his retirement
+than to avoid all suspicion of rivalship with Caius and Lucius, he
+petitioned that, since he was now secure in that respect, as they were
+come to the age of manhood, and would easily maintain themselves in
+possession of the second place in the state, he might be permitted to
+visit his friends, whom he was very desirous of seeing.  But his request
+was denied; and he was advised to lay aside all concern for his friends,
+whom he had been so eager to greet.
+
+XII.  He therefore continued at Rhodes much against his will, obtaining,
+with difficulty, through his mother, the title of Augustus's lieutenant,
+to cover his disgrace.  He thenceforth lived, however, not only as a
+private person, but as one suspected and under apprehension, retiring
+into the interior of the country, and avoiding the visits of those who
+sailed that way, which were very frequent; for no one passed to take
+command of an army, or the government of a province, without touching at
+Rhodes.  But there were fresh reasons for increased anxiety.  For
+crossing over to Samos, on a visit to his step-son Caius, who had been
+appointed governor of the East, he found him prepossessed against him, by
+the insinuations of Marcus Lollius, his companion and director.  He
+likewise fell under suspicion of sending by some centurions who had been
+promoted by himself, upon their return to the camp after a furlough,
+mysterious messages to several persons there, intended, apparently, to
+(202) tamper with them for a revolt.  This jealousy respecting his
+designs being intimated to him by Augustus, he begged repeatedly that
+some person of any of the three Orders might be placed as a spy upon him
+in every thing he either said or did.
+
+XIII.  He laid aside likewise his usual exercises of riding and arms; and
+quitting the Roman habit, made use of the Pallium and Crepida [314].  In
+this condition he continued almost two years, becoming daily an object of
+increasing contempt and odium; insomuch that the people of Nismes pulled
+down all the images and statues of him in their town; and upon mention
+being made of him at table one of the company said to Caius, "I will sail
+over to Rhodes immediately, if you desire me, and bring you the head of
+the exile;" for that was the appellation now given him.  Thus alarmed not
+only by apprehensions, but real danger, he renewed his solicitations for
+leave to return; and, seconded by the most urgent supplications of his
+mother, he at last obtained his request; to which an accident somewhat
+contributed.  Augustus had resolved to determine nothing in the affair,
+but with the consent of his eldest son.  The latter was at that time out
+of humour with Marcus Lollius, and therefore easily disposed to be
+favourable to his father-in-law.  Caius thus acquiescing, he was
+recalled, but upon condition that he should take no concern whatever in
+the administration of affairs.
+
+XIV.  He returned to Rome after an absence of nearly eight years [315],
+with great and confident hopes of his future elevation, which he had
+entertained from his youth, in consequence of various prodigies and
+predictions.  For Livia, when pregnant with him, being anxious to
+discover, by different modes of divination, whether her offspring would
+be a son, amongst others, took an egg from a hen that was sitting, and
+kept it warm with her own hands, and those of her maids, by turns, until
+a fine cock-chicken, with a large comb, was hatched.  Scribonius, the
+astrologer, predicted great things of him when he was a mere child.  "He
+will come in time," said the prophet, "to be even a king, but without the
+usual badge of royal dignity;" the rule of the Caesars being as yet
+unknown.  When he was (203) making his first expedition, and leading his
+army through Macedonia into Syria, the altars which had been formerly
+consecrated at Philippi by the victorious legions, blazed suddenly with
+spontaneous fires.  Soon after, as he was marching to Illyricum, he
+stopped to consult the oracle of Geryon, near Padua; and having drawn a
+lot by which he was desired to throw golden tali into the fountain of
+Aponus [316], for an answer to his inquiries, he did so, and the highest
+numbers came up.  And those very tali are still to be seen at the bottom
+of the fountain.  A few days before his leaving Rhodes, an eagle, a bird
+never before seen in that island, perched on the top of his house.  And
+the day before he received intelligence of the permission granted him to
+return, as he was changing his dress, his tunic appeared to be all on
+fire.  He then likewise had a remarkable proof of the skill of
+Thrasyllus, the astrologer, whom, for his proficiency in philosophical
+researches, he had taken into his family.  For, upon sight of the ship
+which brought the intelligence, he said, good news was coming whereas
+every thing going wrong before, and quite contrary to his predictions,
+Tiberius had intended that very moment, when they were walking together,
+to throw him into the sea, as an impostor, and one to whom he had too
+hastily entrusted his secrets.
+
+XV.  Upon his return to Rome, having introduced his son Drusus into the
+forum, he immediately removed from Pompey's house, in the Carinae, to the
+gardens of Mecaenas, on the Esquiline [317], and resigned himself
+entirely to his ease, performing only the common offices of civility in
+private life, without any preferment in the government.  But Caius and
+Lucius being both carried off in the space of three years, he was adopted
+by Augustus, along with their brother Agrippa; being obliged in the first
+place to adopt Germanicus, his brother's son.  After his adoption, he
+never more acted as master of a (204) family, nor exercised, in the
+smallest degree, the rights which he had lost by it.  For he neither
+disposed of anything in the way of gift, nor manumitted a slave; nor so
+much as received any estate left him by will, nor any legacy, without
+reckoning it as a part of his peculium or property held under his father.
+From that day forward, nothing was omitted that might contribute to the
+advancement of his grandeur, and much more, when, upon Agrippa being
+discarded and banished, it was evident that the hope of succession rested
+upon him alone.
+
+XVI.  The tribunitian authority was again conferred upon him for five
+years [318], and a commission given him to settle the affairs of Germany.
+The ambassadors of the Parthians, after having had an audience of
+Augustus, were ordered to apply to him likewise in his province.  But on
+receiving intelligence of an insurrection in Illyricum [319], he went
+over to superintend the management of that new war, which proved the most
+serious of all the foreign wars since the Carthaginian.  This he
+conducted during three years, with fifteen legions and an equal number of
+auxiliary forces, under great difficulties, and an extreme scarcity of
+corn.  And though he was several times recalled, he nevertheless
+persisted; fearing lest an enemy so powerful, and so near, should fall
+upon the army in their retreat.  This resolution was attended with good
+success; for he at last reduced to complete subjection all Illyricum,
+lying between Italy and the kingdom of Noricum, Thrace, Macedonia, the
+river Danube, and the Adriatic gulf.
+
+XVII.  The glory he acquired by these successes received an increase from
+the conjuncture in which they happened.  For almost about that very time
+[320] Quintilius Varus was cut off with three legions in Germany; and it
+was generally believed that the victorious Germans would have joined the
+Pannonians, had not the war of Illyricum been previously concluded.  A
+triumph, therefore, besides many other great honours, was decreed him.
+Some proposed that the surname of "Pannonicus," others that of
+"Invincible," and others, of "O Pius," should be conferred on him; but
+Augustus interposed, engaging for him that he would be satisfied with
+that to which he would succeed at his death.  He postponed his triumph,
+because (205) the state was at that time under great affliction for the
+disaster of Varus and his army.  Nevertheless, he entered the city in a
+triumphal robe, crowned with laurel, and mounting a tribunal in the
+Septa, sat with Augustus between the two consuls, whilst the senate gave
+their attendance standing; whence, after he had saluted the people, he
+was attended by them in procession to the several temples.
+
+XVIII.  Next year he went again to Germany, where finding that the defeat
+of Varus was occasioned by the rashness and negligence of the commander,
+he thought proper to be guided in everything by the advice of a council
+of war; whereas, at other times, he used to follow the dictates of his
+own judgment, and considered himself alone as sufficiently qualified for
+the direction of affairs.  He likewise used more cautions than usual.
+Having to pass the Rhine, he restricted the whole convoy within certain
+limits, and stationing himself on the bank of the river, would not suffer
+the waggons to cross the river, until he had searched them at the water-
+side, to see that they carried nothing but what was allowed or necessary.
+Beyond the Rhine, such was his way of living, that he took his meals
+sitting on the bare ground [321], and often passed the night without a
+tent; and his regular orders for the day, as well as those upon sudden
+emergencies, he gave in writing, with this injunction, that in case of
+any doubt as to the meaning of them, they should apply to him for
+satisfaction, even at any hour of the night.
+
+XIX.  He maintained the strictest discipline amongst the troops; reviving
+many old customs relative to punishing and degrading offenders; setting a
+mark of disgrace even upon the commander of a legion, for sending a few
+soldiers with one of his freedmen across the river for the purpose of
+hunting.  Though it was his desire to leave as little as possible in the
+power of fortune or accident, yet he always engaged the enemy with more
+confidence when, in his night-watches, the lamp failed and went out of
+itself; trusting, as he said, in an omen which had never failed him and
+his ancestors (206) in all their commands.  But, in the midst of victory,
+he was very near being assassinated by some Bructerian, who mixing with
+those about him, and being discovered by his trepidation, was put to the
+torture, and confessed his intended crime.
+
+XX.  After two years, he returned from Germany to the city, and
+celebrated the triumph which he had deferred, attended by his
+lieutenants, for whom he had procured the honour of triumphal ornaments
+[322]. Before he turned to ascend the Capitol, he alighted from his
+chariot, and knelt before his father, who sat by, to superintend the
+solemnity.  Bato, the Pannonian chief, he sent to Ravenna, loaded with
+rich presents, in gratitude for his having suffered him and his army to
+retire from a position in which he had so enclosed them, that they were
+entirely at his mercy.  He afterwards gave the people a dinner at a
+thousand tables, besides thirty sesterces to each man.  He likewise
+dedicated the temple of Concord [323], and that of Castor and Pollux,
+which had been erected out of the spoils of the war, in his own and his
+brother's name.
+
+XXI.  A law having been not long after carried by the consuls [324] for
+his being appointed a colleague with Augustus in the administration of
+the provinces, and in taking the census, when that was finished he went
+into Illyricum [325].  But being hastily recalled during his journey, he
+found Augustus alive indeed, but past all hopes of recovery, and was with
+him in private a whole day.  I know, it is generally believed, that upon
+Tiberius's quitting the room, after their private conference, those who
+were in waiting overheard Augustus say, "Ah! unhappy Roman people, to be
+ground by the jaws of such a slow devourer!"  Nor am I ignorant of its
+being reported by some, that Augustus so openly and undisguisedly
+condemned the sourness of his temper, that sometimes, upon his coming in,
+he would break off any jocular conversation in which he was engaged; and
+that he was only prevailed upon by the (207) importunity of his wife to
+adopt him; or actuated by the ambitious view of recommending his own
+memory from a comparison with such a successor.  Yet I must hold to this
+opinion, that a prince so extremely circumspect and prudent as he was,
+did nothing rashly, especially in an affair of so great importance; but
+that, upon weighing the vices and virtues of Tiberius with each other, he
+judged the latter to preponderate; and this the rather since he swore
+publicly, in an assembly of the people, that "he adopted him for the
+public good."  Besides, in several of his letters, he extols him as a
+consummate general, and the only security of the Roman people.  Of such
+declarations I subjoin the following instances: "Farewell, my dear
+Tiberius, and may success attend you, whilst you are warring for me and
+the Muses [326].  Farewell, my most dear, and (as I hope to prosper) most
+gallant man, and accomplished general."  Again.  "The disposition of your
+summer quarters?  In truth, my dear Tiberius, I do not think, that amidst
+so many difficulties, and with an army so little disposed for action, any
+one could have behaved more prudently than you have done.  All those
+likewise who were with you, acknowledge that this verse is applicable to
+you:"
+
+    Unus homo nobis _vigilando_ restituit rem. [327]
+    One man by vigilance restored the state.
+
+"Whenever," he says, "anything happens that requires more than ordinary
+consideration, or I am out of humour upon any occasion, I still, by
+Hercules! long for my dear Tiberius; and those lines of Homer frequently
+occur to my thoughts:"
+
+    Toutou d' espomenoio kai ek pyros aithomenoio
+    Ampho nostaesuimen, epei peri oide noaesai. [328]
+
+    Bold from his prudence, I could ev'n aspire
+    To dare with him the burning rage of fire.
+
+"When I hear and read that you are much impaired by the (208) continued
+fatigues you undergo, may the gods confound me if my whole frame does not
+tremble!  So I beg you to spare yourself, lest, if we should hear of your
+being ill, the news prove fatal both to me and your mother, and the Roman
+people should be in peril for the safety of the empire.  It matters
+nothing whether I be well or no, if you be not well.  I pray heaven
+preserve you for us, and bless you with health both now and ever, if the
+gods have any regard for the Roman people."
+
+XXII.  He did not make the death of Augustus public, until he had taken
+off young Agrippa.  He was slain by a tribune who commanded his guard,
+upon reading a written order for that purpose: respecting which order, it
+was then a doubt, whether Augustus left it in his last moments, to
+prevent any occasion of public disturbance after his decease, or Livia
+issued it, in the name of Augustus; and whether with the knowledge of
+Tiberius or not.  When the tribune came to inform him that he had
+executed his command, he replied, "I commanded you no such thing, and you
+must answer for it to the senate;" avoiding, as it seems, the odium of
+the act for that time.  And the affair was soon buried in silence.
+
+XXIII.  Having summoned the senate to meet by virtue of his tribunitian
+authority, and begun a mournful speech, he drew a deep sigh, as if unable
+to support himself under his affliction; and wishing that not his voice
+only, but his very breath of life, might fail him, gave his speech to his
+son Drusus to read.  Augustus's will was then brought in, and read by a
+freedman; none of the witnesses to it being admitted, but such as were of
+the senatorian order, the rest owning their hand-writing without doors.
+The will began thus: "Since my ill-fortune has deprived me of my two
+sons, Caius and Lucius, let Tiberius Caesar be heir to two-thirds of my
+estate."  These words countenanced the suspicion of those who were of
+opinion, that Tiberius was appointed successor more out of necessity than
+choice, since Augustus could not refrain from prefacing his will in that
+manner.
+
+XXIV.  Though he made no scruple to assume and exercise immediately the
+imperial authority, by giving orders that he (209) should be attended by
+the guards, who were the security and badge of the supreme power; yet he
+affected, by a most impudent piece of acting, to refuse it for a long
+time; one while sharply reprehending his friends who entreated him to
+accept it, as little knowing what a monster the government was; another
+while keeping in suspense the senate, when they implored him and threw
+themselves at his feet, by ambiguous answers, and a crafty kind of
+dissimulation; insomuch that some were out of patience, and one cried
+out, during the confusion, "Either let him accept it, or decline it at
+once;" and a second told him to his face, "Others are slow to perform
+what they promise, but you are slow to promise what you actually
+perform."  At last, as if forced to it, and complaining of the miserable
+and burdensome service imposed upon him, he accepted the government; not,
+however, without giving hopes of his resigning it some time or other.
+The exact words he used were these: "Until the time shall come, when ye
+may think it reasonable to give some rest to my old age."
+
+XXV.  The cause of his long demur was fear of the dangers which
+threatened him on all hands; insomuch that he said, "I have got a wolf
+by the ears."  For a slave of Agrippa's, Clemens by name, had drawn
+together a considerable force to revenge his master's death; Lucius
+Scribonius Libo, a senator of the first distinction, was secretly
+fomenting a rebellion; and the troops both in Illyricum and Germany were
+mutinous.  Both armies insisted upon high demands, particularly that
+their pay should be made equal to that of the pretorian guards.  The army
+in Germany absolutely refused to acknowledge a prince who was not their
+own choice; and urged, with all possible importunity, Germanicus [329],
+who commanded them, to take the government on himself, though he
+obstinately refused it.  It was Tiberius's apprehension from this
+quarter, which made him request the senate to assign him some part only
+in the administration, such as they should judge proper, since no man
+could be sufficient for the whole, without one or more to assist him.  He
+pretended likewise to be in a bad state of health, that Germanicus might
+the more patiently wait in hopes of speedily succeeding him, or at least
+of being (210) admitted to be a colleague in the government.  When the
+mutinies in the armies were suppressed, he got Clemens into his hands by
+stratagem.  That he might not begin his reign by an act of severity, he
+did not call Libo to an account before the senate until his second year,
+being content, in the mean time, with taking proper precautions for his
+own security.  For upon Libo's attending a sacrifice amongst the high-
+priests, instead of the usual knife, he ordered one of lead to be given
+him; and when he desired a private conference with him, he would not
+grant his request, but on condition that his son Drusus should be
+present; and as they walked together, he held him fast by the right hand,
+under the pretence of leaning upon him, until the conversation was over.
+
+XXVI.  When he was delivered from his apprehensions, his behaviour at
+first was unassuming, and he did not carry himself much above the level
+of a private person; and of the many and great honours offered him, he
+accepted but few, and such as were very moderate.  His birth-day, which
+happened to fall at the time of the Plebeian Circensian games, he with
+difficulty suffered to be honoured with the addition of only a single
+chariot, drawn by two horses.  He forbad temples, flamens, or priests to
+be appointed for him, as likewise the erection of any statues or effigies
+for him, without his permission; and this he granted only on condition
+that they should not be placed amongst the images of the gods, but only
+amongst the ornaments of houses.  He also interposed to prevent the
+senate from swearing to maintain his acts; and the month of September
+from being called Tiberius, and October being named after Livia.  The
+praenomen likewise of EMPEROR, with the cognomen of FATHER OF HIS
+COUNTRY, and a civic crown in the vestibule of his house, he would not
+accept.  He never used the name of AUGUSTUS, although he inherited it, in
+any of his letters, excepting those addressed to kings and princes.  Nor
+had he more than three consulships; one for a few days, another for three
+months, and a third, during his absence from the city, until the ides
+[fifteenth] of May.
+
+XXVII.  He had such an aversion to flattery, that he would never suffer
+any senator to approach his litter, as he passed the streets in it,
+either to pay him a civility, or upon business.  (211) And when a man of
+consular rank, in begging his pardon for some offence he had given him,
+attempted to fall at his feet, he started from him in such haste, that he
+stumbled and fell.  If any compliment was paid him, either in
+conversation or a set speech, he would not scruple to interrupt and
+reprimand the party, and alter what he had said.  Being once called
+"lord," [330] by some person, he desired that he might no more be
+affronted in that manner.  When another, to excite veneration, called his
+occupations "sacred," and a third had expressed himself thus: "By your
+authority I have waited upon the senate," he obliged them to change their
+phrases; in one of them adopting persuasion, instead of "authority," and
+in the other, laborious, instead of "sacred."
+
+XXVIII.  He remained unmoved at all the aspersions, scandalous reports,
+and lampoons, which were spread against him or his relations; declaring,
+"In a free state, both the tongue and the mind ought to be free."  Upon
+the senate's desiring that some notice might be taken of those offences,
+and the persons charged with them, he replied, "We have not so much time
+upon our hands, that we ought to involve ourselves in more business.  If
+you once make an opening [331] for such proceedings, you will soon have
+nothing else to do.  All private quarrels will be brought before you
+under that pretence."  There is also on record another sentence used by
+him in the senate, which is far from assuming: "If he speaks otherwise of
+me, I shall take care to behave in such a manner, as to be able to give a
+good account both of my words and actions; and if he persists, I shall
+hate him in my turn."
+
+XXIX.  These things were so much the more remarkable in him, because, in
+the respect he paid to individuals, or the whole body of the senate, he
+went beyond all bounds.  Upon his differing with Quintus Haterius in the
+senate-house, "Pardon me, sir," he said, "I beseech you, if I shall, as a
+senator, speak my mind very freely in opposition to you."  Afterwards,
+addressing the senate in general, he said: "Conscript Fathers, I have
+often said it both now and at other times, that a good (212) and useful
+prince, whom you have invested with so great and absolute power, ought to
+be a slave to the senate, to the whole body of the people, and often to
+individuals likewise: nor am I sorry that I have said it.  I have always
+found you good, kind, and indulgent masters, and still find you so."
+
+XXX.  He likewise introduced a certain show of liberty, by preserving to
+the senate and magistrates their former majesty and power.  All affairs,
+whether of great or small importance, public or private, were laid before
+the senate.  Taxes and monopolies, the erecting or repairing edifices,
+levying and disbanding soldiers, the disposal of the legions and
+auxiliary forces in the provinces, the appointment of generals for the
+management of extraordinary wars, and the answers to letters from foreign
+princes, were all submitted to the senate.  He compelled the commander of
+a troop of horse, who was accused of robbery attended with violence, to
+plead his cause before the senate.  He never entered the senate-house but
+unattended; and being once brought thither in a litter, because he was
+indisposed, he dismissed his attendants at the door.
+
+XXXI.  When some decrees were made contrary to his opinion, he did not
+even make any complaint.  And though he thought that no magistrates after
+their nomination should be allowed to absent themselves from the city,
+but reside in it constantly, to receive their honours in person, a
+praetor-elect obtained liberty to depart under the honorary title of a
+legate at large.  Again, when he proposed to the senate, that the
+Trebians might have leave granted them to divert some money which had
+been left them by will for the purpose of building a new theatre, to that
+of making a road, he could not prevail to have the will of the testator
+set aside.  And when, upon a division of the house, he went over to the
+minority, nobody followed him.  All other things of a public nature were
+likewise transacted by the magistrates, and in the usual forms; the
+authority of the consuls remaining so great, that some ambassadors from
+Africa applied to them, and complained, that they could not have their
+business dispatched by Caesar, to whom they had been sent.  And no
+wonder; since it was observed that he used to rise up as the consuls
+approached, and give them the way.
+
+(213) XXXII.  He reprimanded some persons of consular rank in command of
+armies, for not writing to the senate an account of their proceedings,
+and for consulting him about the distribution of military rewards; as if
+they themselves had not a right to bestow them as they judged proper.  He
+commended a praetor, who, on entering office, revived an old custom of
+celebrating the memory of his ancestors, in a speech to the people.  He
+attended the corpses of some persons of distinction to the funeral pile.
+He displayed the same moderation with regard to persons and things of
+inferior consideration.  The magistrates of Rhodes, having dispatched to
+him a letter on public business, which was not subscribed, he sent for
+them, and without giving them so much as one harsh word, desired them to
+subscribe it, and so dismissed them.  Diogenes, the grammarian, who used
+to hold public disquisitions, at Rhodes every sabbath-day, once refused
+him admittance upon his coming to hear him out of course, and sent him a
+message by a servant, postponing his admission until the next seventh
+day.  Diogenes afterwards coming to Rome, and waiting at his door to be
+allowed to pay his respects to him, he sent him word to come again at the
+end of seven years.  To some governors, who advised him to load the
+provinces with taxes, he answered, "It is the part of a good shepherd to
+shear, not flay, his sheep."
+
+XXXIII.  He assumed the sovereignty [332] by slow degrees, and exercised
+it for a long time with great variety of conduct, though generally with a
+due regard to the public good.  At first he only interposed to prevent
+ill management.  Accordingly, he rescinded some decrees of the senate;
+and when the magistrates sat for the administration of justice, he
+frequently offered his service as assessor, either taking his place
+promiscuously amongst them, or seating himself in a corner of the
+tribunal.  If a rumour prevailed, that any person under prosecution was
+likely to be acquitted by his interest, he would suddenly make his
+appearance, and from the floor of the court, (214) or the praetor's
+bench, remind the judges of the laws, and of their oaths, and the nature
+of the charge brought before them, he likewise took upon himself the
+correction of public morals, where they tended to decay, either through
+neglect, or evil custom.
+
+XXXIV.  He reduced the expense of the plays and public spectacles, by
+diminishing the allowances to actors, and curtailing the number of
+gladiators.  He made grievous complaints to the senate, that the price of
+Corinthian vessels was become enormous, and that three mullets had been
+sold for thirty thousand sesterces: upon which he proposed that a new
+sumptuary law should be enacted; that the butchers and other dealers in
+viands should be subject to an assize, fixed by the senate yearly; and
+the aediles commissioned to restrain eating-houses and taverns, so far as
+not even to permit the sale of any kind of pastry.  And to encourage
+frugality in the public by his own example, he would often, at his solemn
+feasts, have at his tables victuals which had been served up the day
+before, and were partly eaten, and half a boar, affirming, "It has all
+the same good bits that the whole had."  He published an edict against
+the practice of people's kissing each other when they met; and would not
+allow new-year's gifts [333] to be presented after the calends [the
+first] of January was passed.  He had been in the habit of returning
+these offerings four-fold, and making them with his own hand; but being
+annoyed by the continual interruption to which he was exposed during the
+whole month, by those who had not the opportunity of attending him on the
+festival, he returned none after that day.
+
+XXXV.  Married women guilty of adultery, though not prosecuted publicly,
+he authorised the nearest relations to punish by agreement among
+themselves, according to ancient custom.  He discharged a Roman knight
+from the obligation of an oath he had taken, never to turn away his wife;
+and allowed him to divorce her, upon her being caught in criminal
+intercourse with her son-in-law.  Women of ill-fame, divesting themselves
+of the rights and dignity of matrons, had now begun a practice of
+professing themselves prostitutes, to avoid (215) the punishment of the
+laws; and the most profligate young men of the senatorian and equestrian
+orders, to secure themselves against a decree of the senate, which
+prohibited their performing on the stage, or in the amphitheatre,
+voluntarily subjected themselves to an infamous sentence, by which they
+were degraded.  All those he banished, that none for the future might
+evade by such artifices the intention and efficacy of the law.  He
+stripped a senator of the broad stripes on his robe, upon information of
+his having removed to his gardens before the calends [the first] of July,
+in order that he might afterwards hire a house cheaper in the city.  He
+likewise dismissed another from the office of quaestor, for repudiating,
+the day after he had been lucky in drawing his lot, a wife whom he had
+married only the day before.
+
+XXXVI.  He suppressed all foreign religions, and the Egyptian [334] and
+Jewish rites, obliging those who practised that kind of superstition, to
+burn their vestments, and all their sacred utensils.  He distributed the
+Jewish youths, under the pretence of military service, among the
+provinces noted for an unhealthy climate; and dismissed from the city all
+the rest of that nation as well as those who were proselytes to that
+religion [335], under pain of slavery for life, unless they complied.  He
+also expelled the astrologers; but upon their suing for pardon, and
+promising to renounce their profession, he revoked his decree.
+
+XXXVII.  But, above all things, he was careful to keep the (216) public
+peace against robbers, burglars, and those who were disaffected to the
+government.  He therefore increased the number of military stations
+throughout Italy; and formed a camp at Rome for the pretorian cohorts,
+which, till then, had been quartered in the city.  He suppressed with
+great severity all tumults of the people on their first breaking out; and
+took every precaution to prevent them.  Some persons having been killed
+in a quarrel which happened in the theatre, he banished the leaders of
+the parties, and the players about whom the disturbance had arisen; nor
+could all the entreaties of the people afterwards prevail upon him to
+recall them [336].  The people of Pollentia having refused to permit the
+removal of the corpse of a centurion of the first rank from the forum,
+until they had extorted from his heirs a sum of money for a public
+exhibition of gladiators, he detached a cohort from the city, and another
+from the kingdom of Cottius [337]; who concealing the cause of their
+march, entered the town by different gates, with their arms suddenly
+displayed, and trumpets sounding; and having seized the greatest part of
+the people, and the magistrates, they were imprisoned for life.  He
+abolished every where the privileges of all places of refuge.  The
+Cyzicenians having committed an outrage upon some Romans, he deprived
+them of the liberty they had obtained for their good services in the
+Mithridatic war.  Disturbances from foreign enemies he quelled by his
+lieutenants, without ever going against them in person; nor would he even
+employ his lieutenants, but with much reluctance, and when it was
+absolutely necessary.  Princes who were ill-affected towards him, he kept
+in subjection, more by menaces and remonstrances, than by force of arms.
+Some whom he induced to come to him by fair words and promises, he never
+would permit to return home; as Maraboduus the German, Thrascypolis the
+(217) Thracian, and Archelaus the Cappadocian, whose kingdom he even
+reduced into the form of a province.
+
+XXXVIII.  He never set foot outside the gates of Rome, for two years
+together, from the time he assumed the supreme power; and after that
+period, went no farther from the city than to some of the neighbouring
+towns; his farthest excursion being to Antium [338], and that but very
+seldom, and for a few days; though he often gave out that he would visit
+the provinces and armies, and made preparations for it almost every year,
+by taking up carriages, and ordering provisions for his retinue in the
+municipia and colonies.  At last he suffered vows to be put up for his
+good journey and safe return, insomuch that he was called jocosely by the
+name of Callipides, who is famous in a Greek proverb, for being in a
+great hurry to go forward, but without ever advancing a cubit.
+
+XXXIX.  But after the loss of his two sons, of whom Germanicus died in
+Syria, and Drusus at Rome, he withdrew into Campania [339]; at which time
+opinion and conversation were almost general, that he never would return,
+and would die soon.  And both nearly turned out to be true.  For indeed
+he never more came to Rome; and a few days after leaving it, when he was
+at a villa of his called the Cave, near Terracina [340], during supper a
+great many huge stones fell from above, which killed several of the
+guests and attendants; but he almost hopelessly escaped.
+
+XL.  After he had gone round Campania, and dedicated the capitol at
+Capua, and a temple to Augustus at Nola [341], which he made the pretext
+of his journey, he retired to Capri; being (218) greatly delighted with
+the island, because it was accessible only by a narrow beach, being on
+all sides surrounded with rugged cliffs, of a stupendous height, and by a
+deep sea.  But immediately, the people of Rome being extremely clamorous
+for his return, on account of a disaster at Fidenae [342], where upwards
+of twenty thousand persons had been killed by the fall of the
+amphitheatre, during a public spectacle of gladiators, he crossed over
+again to the continent, and gave all people free access to him; so much
+the more, because, at his departure from the city, he had caused it to be
+proclaimed that no one should address him, and had declined admitting any
+persons to his presence, on the journey.
+
+XLI.  Returning to the island, he so far abandoned all care of the
+government, that he never filled up the decuriae of the knights, never
+changed any military tribunes or prefects, or governors of provinces, and
+kept Spain and Syria for several years without any consular lieutenants.
+He likewise suffered Armenia to be seized by the Parthians, Moesia by the
+Dacians and Sarmatians, and Gaul to be ravaged by the Germans; to the
+great disgrace, and no less danger, of the empire.
+
+XLII.  But having now the advantage of privacy, and being remote from the
+observation of the people of Rome, he abandoned himself to all the
+vicious propensities which he had long but imperfectly concealed, and of
+which I shall here give a particular account from the beginning.  While a
+young soldier in the camp, he was so remarkable for his excessive
+inclination to wine, that, for Tiberius, they called him Biberius; for
+Claudius, Caldius; and for Nero, Mero.  And after he succeeded to the
+empire, and was invested with the office of reforming the morality of the
+people, he spent a whole night and two days together in feasting and
+drinking with Pomponius Flaccus and Lucius Piso; to one of whom he
+immediately gave the province of Syria, and to the other the prefecture
+of the city; declaring them, in his letters-patent, to be "very pleasant
+companions, and friends fit for all occasions."  He made an appointment
+to sup with Sestius Gallus, a lewd and prodigal old fellow, who had been
+disgraced by Augustus, and reprimanded by himself but a few days before
+in the senate-house; upon condition that he should not recede in the
+least from his usual method of entertainment, and that they should be
+attended at table by naked girls.  He preferred a very obscure candidate
+for the quaestorship, before the most noble competitors, only for taking
+off, in pledging him at table, an amphora of wine at a draught [343].  He
+presented Asellius Sabinus with two hundred thousand sesterces, for
+writing a dialogue, in the way of dispute, betwixt the truffle and the
+fig-pecker, the oyster and the thrush.  He likewise instituted a new
+office to administer to his voluptuousness, to which he appointed Titus
+Caesonius Priscus, a Roman knight.
+
+XLIII.  In his retreat at Capri [344], he also contrived an apartment
+containing couches, and adapted to the secret practice of abominable
+lewdness, where he entertained companies of girls and catamites, and
+assembled from all quarters inventors of unnatural copulations, whom he
+called Spintriae, who defiled one another in his presence, to inflame by
+the exhibition the languid appetite.  He had several chambers set round
+with pictures and statues in the most lascivious attitudes, and furnished
+with the books of Elephantis, that none might want a pattern for the
+execution of any lewd project that was prescribed him.  He likewise
+contrived recesses in woods and groves for the gratification of lust,
+where young persons of both sexes prostituted themselves in caves and
+hollow rocks, in the disguise of little Pans and Nymphs [345].  So that
+he was publicly and commonly called, by an abuse of the name of the
+island, Caprineus. [346]
+
+XLIV.  But he was still more infamous, if possible, for an (220)
+abomination not fit to be mentioned or heard, much less credited. [347]
+------------------When a picture, painted by Parrhasius, in which the
+artist had represented Atalanta in the act of submitting to Meleager's
+lust in a most unnatural way, was bequeathed to him, with this proviso,
+that if the subject was offensive to him, he might receive in lieu of it
+a million of sesterces, he not only chose the picture, but hung it up in
+his bed-chamber.  It is also reported that, during a sacrifice, he was so
+captivated with the form of a youth who held a censer, that, before the
+religious rites were well over, he took him aside and abused him; as also
+a brother of his who had been playing the flute; and soon afterwards
+broke the legs of both of them, for upbraiding one another with their
+shame.
+
+XLV.  How much he was guilty of a most foul intercourse with women even
+of the first quality [348], appeared very plainly by the death of one
+Mallonia, who, being brought to his bed, but resolutely refusing to
+comply with his lust, he gave her up to the common informers.  Even when
+she was upon her trial, he frequently called out to her, and asked her,
+"Do you repent?" until she, quitting the court, went home, and stabbed
+herself; openly upbraiding the vile old lecher for his gross obscenity
+[349]. Hence there was an allusion to him in a farce, which was acted at
+the next public sports, and was received with great applause, and became
+a common topic of ridicule [350]: that the old goat--------
+
+XLVI.  He was so niggardly and covetous, that he never allowed to his
+attendants, in his travels and expeditions, any salary, but their diet
+only.  Once, indeed, he treated them liberally, at the instigation of his
+step-father, when, dividing them into three classes, according to their
+rank, he gave the (221) first six, the second four, and the third two,
+hundred thousand sesterces, which last class he called not friends, but
+Greeks.
+
+XLVII.  During the whole time of his government, he never erected any
+noble edifice; for the only things he did undertake, namely, building the
+temple of Augustus, and restoring Pompey's Theatre, he left at last,
+after many years, unfinished.  Nor did he ever entertain the people with
+public spectacles; and he was seldom present at those which were given by
+others, lest any thing of that kind should be requested of him;
+especially after he was obliged to give freedom to the comedian Actius.
+Having relieved the poverty of a few senators, to avoid further demands,
+he declared that he should for the future assist none, but those who gave
+the senate full satisfaction as to the cause of their necessity.  Upon
+this, most of the needy senators, from modesty and shame, declined
+troubling him.  Amongst these was Hortalus, grandson to the celebrated
+orator Quintus Hortensius, who [marrying], by the persuasion of Augustus,
+had brought up four children upon a very small estate.
+
+XLVIII.  He displayed only two instances of public munificence.  One was
+an offer to lend gratis, for three years, a hundred millions of sesterces
+to those who wanted to borrow; and the other, when, some large houses
+being burnt down upon Mount Caelius, he indemnified the owners.  To the
+former of these he was compelled by the clamours of the people, in a
+great scarcity of money, when he had ratified a decree of the senate
+obliging all money-lenders to advance two-thirds of their capital on
+land, and the debtors to pay off at once the same proportion of their
+debts, and it was found insufficient to remedy the grievance.  The other
+he did to alleviate in some degree the pressure of the times.  But his
+benefaction to the sufferers by fire, he estimated at so high a rate,
+that he ordered the Caelian Hill to be called, in future, the Augustan.
+To the soldiery, after doubling the legacy left them by Augustus, he
+never gave any thing, except a thousand denarii a man to the pretorian
+guards, for not joining the party of Sejanus; and some presents to the
+legions in Syria, because they alone had not paid reverence to the
+effigies of Sejanus among their standards.  He seldom gave discharges to
+the veteran soldiers, calculating (222) on their deaths from advanced
+age, and on what would be saved by thus getting rid of them, in the way
+of rewards or pensions.  Nor did he ever relieve the provinces by any act
+of generosity, excepting Asia, where some cities had been destroyed by an
+earthquake.
+
+XLIX.  In the course of a very short time, he turned his mind to sheer
+robbery.  It is certain that Cneius Lentulus, the augur, a man of vast
+estate, was so terrified and worried by his threats and importunities,
+that he was obliged to make him his heir; and that Lepida, a lady of a
+very noble family, was condemned by him, in order to gratify Quirinus, a
+man of consular rank, extremely rich, and childless, who had divorced her
+twenty years before, and now charged her with an old design to poison
+him.  Several persons, likewise, of the first distinction in Gaul, Spain,
+Syria, and Greece, had their estates confiscated upon such despicably
+trifling and shameless pretences, that against some of them no other
+charge was preferred, than that they held large sums of ready money as
+part of their property.  Old immunities, the rights of mining, and of
+levying tolls, were taken from several cities and private persons.  And
+Vonones, king of the Parthians, who had been driven out of his dominions
+by his own subjects, and fled to Antioch with a vast treasure, claiming
+the protection of the Roman people, his allies, was treacherously robbed
+of all his money, and afterwards murdered.
+
+L.  He first manifested hatred towards his own relations in the case of
+his brother Drusus, betraying him by the production of a letter to
+himself, in which Drusus proposed that Augustus should be forced to
+restore the public liberty.  In course of time, he shewed the same
+disposition with regard to the rest of his family.  So far was he from
+performing any office of kindness or humanity to his wife, when she was
+banished, and, by her father's order, confined to one town, that he
+forbad her to stir out of the house, or converse with any men.  He even
+wronged her of the dowry given her by her father, and of her yearly
+allowance, by a quibble of law, because Augustus had made no provision
+for them on her behalf in his will.  Being harassed by his mother, Livia,
+who claimed an equal share in the government with him, he frequently
+avoided (223) seeing her, and all long and private conferences with her,
+lest it should be thought that he was governed by her counsels, which,
+notwithstanding, he sometimes sought, and was in the habit of adopting.
+He was much offended at the senate, when they proposed to add to his
+other titles that of the Son of Livia, as well as Augustus.  He,
+therefore, would not suffer her to be called "the Mother of her Country,"
+nor to receive any extraordinary public distinction.  Nay, he frequently
+admonished her "not to meddle with weighty affairs, and such as did not
+suit her sex;" especially when he found her present at a fire which broke
+out near the Temple of Vesta [351], and encouraging the people and
+soldiers to use their utmost exertions, as she had been used to do in the
+time of her husband.
+
+LI.  He afterwards proceeded to an open rupture with her, and, as is
+said, upon this occasion.  She having frequently urged him to place among
+the judges a person who had been made free of the city, he refused her
+request, unless she would allow it to be inscribed on the roll, "That the
+appointment had been extorted from him by his mother."  Enraged at this,
+Livia brought forth from her chapel some letters from Augustus to her,
+complaining of the sourness and insolence of Tiberius's temper, and these
+she read.  So much was he offended at these letters having been kept so
+long, and now produced with so much bitterness against him, that some
+considered this incident as one of the causes of his going into
+seclusion, if not the principal reason for his so doing.  In the (224)
+whole years she lived during his retirement, he saw her but once, and
+that for a few hours only.  When she fell sick shortly afterwards, he was
+quite unconcerned about visiting her in her illness; and when she died,
+after promising to attend her funeral, he deferred his coming for several
+days, so that the corpse was in a state of decay and putrefaction before
+the interment; and he then forbad divine honours being paid to her,
+pretending that he acted according to her own directions.  He likewise
+annulled her will, and in a short time ruined all her friends and
+acquaintance; not even sparing those to whom, on her death-bed, she had
+recommended the care of her funeral, but condemning one of them, a man of
+equestrian rank, to the treadmill. [352]
+
+LII.  He entertained no paternal affection either for his own son Drusus,
+or his adopted son Germanicus.  Offended at the vices of the former, who
+was of a loose disposition and led a dissolute life, he was not much
+affected at his death; but, almost immediately after the funeral, resumed
+his attention to business, and prevented the courts from being longer
+closed.  The ambassadors from the people of Ilium coming rather late to
+offer their condolence, he said to them by way of banter, as if the
+affair had already faded from his memory, "And I heartily condole with
+you on the loss of your renowned countryman, Hector."  He so much
+affected to depreciate Germanicus, that he spoke of his achievements as
+utterly insignificant, and railed at his most glorious victories as
+ruinous to the state; complaining of him also to the senate for going to
+Alexandria without his knowledge, upon occasion of a great and sudden
+famine at Rome.  It was believed that he took care to have him dispatched
+by Cneius Piso, his lieutenant in Syria.  This person was afterwards
+tried for the murder, and would, as was supposed, have produced his
+orders, had they not been contained in a private and confidential
+dispatch.  The following words therefore were posted up in many places,
+and frequently shouted in the night: "Give us back our Germanicus."  This
+suspicion was afterwards confirmed by the barbarous treatment of his wife
+and children.
+
+(225) LIII.  His daughter-in-law Agrippina, after the death of her
+husband, complaining upon some occasion with more than ordinary freedom,
+he took her by the hand, and addressed her in a Greek verse to this
+effect: "My dear child, do you think yourself injured, because you are
+not empress?"  Nor did he ever vouchsafe to speak to her again.  Upon her
+refusing once at supper to taste some fruit which he presented to her, he
+declined inviting her to his table, pretending that she in effect charged
+him with a design to poison her; whereas the whole was a contrivance of
+his own.  He was to offer the fruit, and she to be privately cautioned
+against eating what would infallibly cause her death.  At last, having
+her accused of intending to flee for refuge to the statue of Augustus, or
+to the army, he banished her to the island of Pandataria [353].  Upon her
+reviling him for it, he caused a centurion to beat out one of her eyes;
+and when she resolved to starve herself to death, he ordered her mouth to
+be forced open, and meat to be crammed down her throat.  But she
+persisting in her resolution, and dying soon afterwards, he persecuted
+her memory with the basest aspersions, and persuaded the senate to put
+her birth-day amongst the number of unlucky days in the calendar.  He
+likewise took credit for not having caused her to be strangled and her
+body cast upon the Gemonian Steps, and suffered a decree of the senate to
+pass, thanking him for his clemency, and an offering of gold to be made
+to Jupiter Capitolinus on the occasion.
+
+LIV.  He had by Germanicus three grandsons, Nero, Drusus, and Caius; and
+by his son Drusus one, named Tiberius.  Of these, after the loss of his
+sons, he commended Nero and Drusus, the two eldest sons of Germanicus, to
+the senate; and at their being solemnly introduced into the forum,
+distributed money among the people.  But when he found that on entering
+upon the new year they were included in the public vows for his own
+welfare, he told the senate, "that such honours ought not to be conferred
+but upon those who had been proved, and were of more advanced years."  By
+thus betraying his private feelings towards them, he exposed them to all
+sorts of accusations; and after practising many artifices to provoke
+(226) them to rail at and abuse him, that he might be furnished with a
+pretence to destroy them, he charged them with it in a letter to the
+senate; at the same time accusing them, in the bitterest terms, of the
+most scandalous vices.  Upon their being declared enemies by the senate,
+he starved them to death; Nero in the island of Ponza, and Drusus in the
+vaults of the Palatium.  It is thought by some, that Nero was driven to a
+voluntary death by the executioner's shewing him some halters and hooks,
+as if he had been sent to him by order of the senate.  Drusus, it is
+said, was so rabid with hunger, that he attempted to eat the chaff with
+which his mattress was stuffed.  The relics of both were so scattered,
+that it was with difficulty they were collected.
+
+LV.  Besides his old friends and intimate acquaintance, he required the
+assistance of twenty of the most eminent persons in the city, as
+counsellors in the administration of public affairs.  Out of all this
+number, scarcely two or three escaped the fury of his savage disposition.
+All the rest he destroyed upon one pretence or another; and among them
+Aelius Sejanus, whose fall was attended with the ruin of many others.  He
+had advanced this minister to the highest pitch of grandeur, not so much
+from any real regard for him, as that by his base and sinister
+contrivances he might ruin the children of Germanicus, and thereby secure
+the succession to his own grandson by Drusus.
+
+LVI.  He treated with no greater leniency the Greeks in his family, even
+those with whom he was most pleased.  Having asked one Zeno, upon his
+using some far-fetched phrases, "What uncouth dialect is that?" he
+replied, "The Doric."  For this answer he banished him to Cinara [354],
+suspecting that he taunted him with his former residence at Rhodes, where
+the Doric dialect is spoken.  It being his custom to start questions at
+supper, arising out of what he had been reading in the day, and finding
+that Seleucus, the grammarian, used to inquire of his attendants what
+authors he was then studying, and so came prepared for his enquiries--he
+first turned him out of his family, and then drove him to the extremity
+of laying violent hands upon himself.
+
+(227) LVII.  His cruel and sullen temper appeared when he was still a
+boy; which Theodorus of Gadara [355], his master in rhetoric, first
+discovered, and expressed by a very apposite simile, calling him
+sometimes, when he chid him, "Mud mixed with blood."  But his disposition
+shewed itself still more clearly on his attaining the imperial power, and
+even in the beginning of his administration, when he was endeavouring to
+gain the popular favour, by affecting moderation.  Upon a funeral passing
+by, a wag called out to the dead man, "Tell Augustus, that the legacies
+he bequeathed to the people are not yet paid."  The man being brought
+before him, he ordered that he should receive what was due to him, and
+then be led to execution, that he might deliver the message to his father
+himself.  Not long afterwards, when one Pompey, a Roman knight, persisted
+in his opposition to something he proposed in the senate, he threatened
+to put him in prison, and told him, "Of a Pompey I shall make a Pompeian
+of you;" by a bitter kind of pun playing upon the man's name, and the
+ill-fortune of his party.
+
+LVIII.  About the same time, when the praetor consulted him, whether it
+was his pleasure that the tribunals should take cognizance of accusations
+of treason, he replied, "The laws ought to be put in execution;" and he
+did put them in execution most severely.  Some person had taken off the
+head of Augustus from one of his statues, and replaced it by another
+[356].  The matter was brought before the senate, and because the case
+was not clear, the witnesses were put to the torture.  The party accused
+being found guilty, and condemned, this kind of proceeding was carried so
+far, that it became capital for a man to beat his slave, or change his
+clothes, near the statue of Augustus; to carry his head stamped upon the
+coin, or cut in the stone of a ring, into a necessary house, or the
+stews; or to reflect upon anything that had been either said or done by
+him.  In fine, a person was condemned to death, for suffering some
+honours to be decreed to him in the colony where he lived, upon the same
+day on which they had formerly been decreed to Augustus.
+
+(228) LIX.  He was besides guilty of many barbarous actions, under the
+pretence of strictness and reformation of manners, but more to gratify
+his own savage disposition.  Some verses were published, which displayed
+the present calamities of his reign, and anticipated the future. [357]
+
+    Asper et immitis, breviter vis omnia dicam?
+      Dispeream si te mater amare potest.
+    Non es eques, quare? non sunt tibi millia centum?
+      Omnia si quaeras, et Rhodos exsilium est.
+    Aurea mutasti Saturni saecula, Caesar:
+      Incolumi nam te, ferrea semper erunt.
+    Fastidit vinum, quia jam sit it iste cruorem:
+      Tam bibit hunc avide, quam bibit ante merum.
+    Adspice felicem sibi, non tibi, Romule, Sullam:
+      Et Marium, si vis, adspice, sed reducem.
+    Nec non Antoni civilia bella moventis
+      Nec semel infectas adspice caeda manus.
+    Et dic, Roma perit: regnabit sanguine multo,
+      Ad regnum quisquis venit ab exsilio.
+
+    Obdurate wretch! too fierce, too fell to move
+    The least kind yearnings of a mother's love!
+    No knight thou art, as having no estate;
+    Long suffered'st thou in Rhodes an exile's fate,
+    No more the happy Golden Age we see;
+    The Iron's come, and sure to last with thee.
+    Instead of wine he thirsted for before,
+    He wallows now in floods of human gore.
+    Reflect, ye Romans, on the dreadful times,
+    Made such by Marius, and by Sylla's crimes.
+    Reflect how Antony's ambitious rage
+    Twice scar'd with horror a distracted age,
+    And say, Alas!  Rome's blood in streams will flow,
+    When banish'd miscreants rule this world below.
+
+At first he would have it understood, that these satirical verses were
+drawn forth by the resentment of those who were impatient under the
+discipline of reformation, rather than that they spoke their real
+sentiments; and he would frequently say, "Let them hate me, so long as
+they do but approve my conduct." [358]  At length, however, his behaviour
+showed that he was sensible they were too well founded.
+
+(229) LX.  A few days after his arrival at Capri, a fisherman coming up
+to him unexpectedly, when he was desirous of privacy, and presenting him
+with a large mullet, he ordered the man's face to be scrubbed with the
+fish; being terrified at the thought of his having been able to creep
+upon him from the back of the island, over such rugged and steep rocks.
+The man, while undergoing the punishment, expressing his joy that he had
+not likewise offered him a large crab which he had also taken, he ordered
+his face to be farther lacerated with its claws.  He put to death one of
+the pretorian guards, for having stolen a peacock out of his orchard.  In
+one of his journeys, his litter being obstructed by some bushes, he
+ordered the officer whose duty it was to ride on and examine the road, a
+centurion of the first cohorts, to be laid on his face upon the ground,
+and scourged almost to death.
+
+LXI.  Soon afterwards, he abandoned himself to every species of cruelty,
+never wanting occasions of one kind or another, to serve as a pretext.
+He first fell upon the friends and acquaintance of his mother, then those
+of his grandsons, and his daughter-in-law, and lastly those of Sejanus;
+after whose death he became cruel in the extreme.  From this it appeared,
+that he had not been so much instigated by Sejanus, as supplied with
+occasions of gratifying his savage temper, when he wanted them.  Though
+in a short memoir which he composed of his own life, he had the
+effrontery to write, "I have punished Sejanus, because I found him bent
+upon the destruction of the children of my son Germanicus," one of these
+he put to death, when he began to suspect Sejanus; and another, after he
+was taken off.  It would be tedious to relate all the numerous instances
+of his cruelty: suffice it to give a few examples, in their different
+kinds.  Not a day passed without the punishment of some person or other,
+not excepting holidays, or those appropriated to the worship of the gods.
+Some were tried even on New-Year's-Day.  Of many who were condemned,
+their wives and children shared the same fate; and for those who were
+sentenced to death, the relations were forbid to put on mourning.
+Considerable rewards were voted for the prosecutors, and sometimes for
+the witnesses also.  The information of any person, without exception,
+was taken; and all offences were capital, even speaking (230) a few
+words, though without any ill intention.  A poet was charged with abusing
+Agamemnon; and a historian [359], for calling Brutus and Cassius "the
+last of the Romans."  The two authors were immediately called to account,
+and their writings suppressed; though they had been well received some
+years before, and read in the hearing of Augustus.  Some, who were thrown
+into prison, were not only denied the solace of study, but debarred from
+all company and conversation.  Many persons, when summoned to trial,
+stabbed themselves at home, to avoid the distress and ignominy of a
+public condemnation, which they were certain would ensue.  Others took
+poison in the senate house.  The wounds were bound up, and all who had
+not expired, were carried, half-dead, and panting for life, to prison.
+Those who were put to death, were thrown down the Gemonian stairs, and
+then dragged into the Tiber.  In one day, twenty were treated in this
+manner; and amongst them women and boys.  Because, according to an
+ancient custom, it was not lawful to strangle virgins, the young girls
+were first deflowered by the executioner, and afterwards strangled.
+Those who were desirous to die, were forced to live.  For he thought
+death so slight a punishment, that upon hearing that Carnulius, one of
+the accused, who was under prosecution, had killed himself, he exclaimed,
+"Carnulius has escaped me."  In calling over his prisoners, when one of
+them requested the favour of a speedy death, he replied, "You are not yet
+restored to favour."  A man of consular rank writes in his annals, that
+at table, where he himself was present with a large company, he was
+suddenly asked aloud by a dwarf who stood by amongst the buffoons, why
+Paconius, who was under a prosecution for treason, lived so long.
+Tiberius immediately reprimanded him for his pertness; but wrote to the
+senate a few days after, to proceed without delay to the punishment of
+Paconius.
+
+LXII.  Exasperated by information he received respecting the death of his
+son Drusus, he carried his cruelty still farther.  He imagined that he
+had died of a disease occasioned (231) by his intemperance; but finding
+that he had been poisoned by the contrivance of his wife Livilla [360]
+and Sejanus, he spared no one from torture and death.  He was so entirely
+occupied with the examination of this affair, for whole days together,
+that, upon being informed that the person in whose house he had lodged at
+Rhodes, and whom he had by a friendly letter invited to Rome, was
+arrived, he ordered him immediately to be put to the torture, as a party
+concerned in the enquiry.  Upon finding his mistake, he commanded him to
+be put to death, that he might not publish the injury done him.  The
+place of execution is still shown at Capri, where he ordered those who
+were condemned to die, after long and exquisite tortures, to be thrown,
+before his eyes, from a precipice into the sea.  There a party of
+soldiers belonging to the fleet waited for them, and broke their bones
+with poles and oars, lest they should have any life left in them.  Among
+various kinds of torture invented by him, one was, to induce people to
+drink a large quantity of wine, and then to tie up their members with
+harp-strings, thus tormenting them at once by the tightness of the
+ligature, and the stoppage of their urine.  Had not death prevented him,
+and Thrasyllus, designedly, as some say, prevailed with him to defer some
+of his cruelties, in hopes of longer life, it is believed that he would
+have destroyed many more: and not have spared even the rest of his
+grandchildren: for he was jealous of Caius, and hated Tiberius as having
+been conceived in adultery.  This conjecture is indeed highly probable;
+for he used often to say, "Happy Priam, who survived all his children!"
+[361]
+
+LXIII.  Amidst these enormities, in how much fear and apprehension, as
+well as odium and detestation, he lived, is evident from many
+indications.  He forbade the soothsayers to be consulted in private, and
+without some witnesses being present.  He attempted to suppress the
+oracles in the neighbourhood of the city; but being terrified by the
+divine authority of the (232) Praenestine Lots [362], he abandoned the
+design.  For though they were sealed up in a box, and carried to home,
+yet they were not to be found in it, until it was returned to the temple.
+More than one person of consular rank, appointed governors of provinces,
+he never ventured to dismiss to their respective destinations, but kept
+them until several years after, when he nominated their successors, while
+they still remained present with him.  In the meantime, they bore the
+title of their office; and he frequently gave them orders, which they
+took care to have executed by their deputies and assistants.
+
+LXIV.  He never removed his daughter-in-law, or grandsons [363], after
+their condemnation, to any place, but in fetters and in a covered litter,
+with a guard to hinder all who met them on the road, and travellers, from
+stopping to gaze at them.
+
+LXV.  After Sejanus had plotted against him, though he saw that his
+birth-day was solemnly kept by the public, and divine honours paid to
+golden images of him in every quarter, yet it was with difficulty at
+last, and more by artifice than his imperial power, that he accomplished
+his death.  In the first place, to remove him from about his person,
+under the pretext of doing him honour, he made him his colleague in his
+fifth consulship; which, although then absent from the city, he took upon
+him for that purpose, long after his preceding consulship.  Then, having
+flattered him with the hope of an alliance by marriage with one of his
+own kindred, and the prospect of the tribunitian authority, he suddenly,
+while Sejanus little expected it, charged him with treason, in an abject
+and pitiful address to the senate; in which, among other things, he
+begged them "to send one of the consuls, to conduct himself, a poor
+solitary old man, with a guard of soldiers, into their presence."  Still
+distrustful, however, and apprehensive of an insurrection, he ordered his
+grandson, Drusus, whom he still kept in confinement at Rome, to be set at
+liberty, and if occasion required, to head the troops.  He had likewise
+ships in readiness to transport him to any of the legions to which he
+might consider it expedient to make his escape.  Meanwhile, he was upon
+the (233) watch, from the summit of a lofty cliff, for the signals which
+he had ordered to be made if any thing occurred, lest the messengers
+should be tardy.  Even when he had quite foiled the conspiracy of
+Sejanus, he was still haunted as much as ever with fears and
+apprehensions, insomuch that he never once stirred out of the Villa Jovis
+for nine months after.
+
+LXVI.  To the extreme anxiety of mind which he now experienced, he had
+the mortification to find superadded the most poignant reproaches from
+all quarters.  Those who were condemned to die, heaped upon him the most
+opprobrious language in his presence, or by hand-bills scattered in the
+senators' seats in the theatre.  These produced different effects:
+sometimes he wished, out of shame, to have all smothered and concealed;
+at other times he would disregard what was said, and publish it himself.
+To this accumulation of scandal and open sarcasm, there is to be
+subjoined a letter from Artabanus, king of the Parthians, in which he
+upbraids him with his parricides, murders, cowardice, and lewdness, and
+advises him to satisfy the furious rage of his own people, which he had
+so justly excited, by putting an end to his life without delay.
+
+LXVII.  At last, being quite weary of himself, he acknowledged his
+extreme misery, in a letter to the senate, which begun thus: "What to
+write to you, Conscript Fathers, or how to write, or what not to write at
+this time, may all the gods and goddesses pour upon my head a more
+terrible vengeance than that under which I feel myself daily sinking, if
+I can tell."  Some are of opinion that he had a foreknowledge of those
+things, from his skill in the science of divination, and perceived long
+before what misery and infamy would at last come upon him; and that for
+this reason, at the beginning of his reign, he had absolutely refused the
+title of the "Father of his Country," and the proposal of the senate to
+swear to his acts; lest he should afterwards, to his greater shame, be
+found unequal to such extraordinary honours.  This, indeed, may be justly
+inferred from the speeches which he made upon both those occasions; as
+when he says, "I shall ever be the same, and shall never change my
+conduct, so long as I retain my senses; but to avoid giving a bad
+precedent to posterity, the senate ought to beware of binding themselves
+to the acts of (234) any person whatever, who might by some accident or
+other be induced to alter them."  And again: "If ye should at any time
+entertain a jealousy of my conduct, and my entire affection for you,
+which heaven prevent by putting a period to my days, rather than I should
+live to see such an alteration in your opinion of me, the title of Father
+will add no honour to me, but be a reproach to you, for your rashness in
+conferring it upon me, or inconstancy in altering your opinion of me."
+
+LXVIII.  In person he was large and robust; of a stature somewhat above
+the common size; broad in the shoulders and chest, and proportionable in
+the rest of his frame.  He used his left hand more readily and with more
+force than his right; and his joints were so strong, that he could bore a
+fresh, sound apple through with his finger, and wound the head of a boy,
+or even a young man, with a fillip.  He was of a fair complexion, and
+wore his hair so long behind, that it covered his neck, which was
+observed to be a mark of distinction affected by the family.  He had a
+handsome face, but it was often full of pimples.  His eyes, which were
+large, had a wonderful faculty of seeing in the night-time, and in the
+dark, for a short time only, and immediately after awaking from sleep;
+but they soon grew dim again.  He walked with his neck stiff and upright:
+generally with a frowning countenance, being for the most part silent:
+when he spoke to those about him, it was very slowly, and usually
+accompanied with a slight gesticulation of his fingers.  All which, being
+repulsive habits and signs of arrogance, were remarked by Augustus, who
+often endeavoured to excuse them to the senate and people, declaring that
+"they were natural defects, which proceeded from no viciousness of mind."
+He enjoyed a good state of health, without interruption, almost during
+the whole period of his rule; though, from the thirtieth year of his age,
+he treated it himself according to his own discretion, without any
+medical assistance.
+
+LXIX.  In regard to the gods, and matters of religion, he discovered much
+indifference; being greatly addicted to astrology, and fully persuaded
+that all things were governed by fate.  Yet he was extremely afraid of
+lightning, and when the sky was in a disturbed state, always wore a
+laurel crown on his head; because it is supposed that the leaf of that
+tree is never touched by the lightning.
+
+(235) LXX.  He applied himself with great diligence to the liberal arts,
+both Greek and Latin.  In his Latin style, he affected to imitate Messala
+Corvinus [364], a venerable man, to whom he had paid much respect in his
+own early years.  But he rendered his style obscure by excessive
+affectation and abstruseness, so that he was thought to speak better
+extempore, than in a premeditated discourse.  He composed likewise a
+lyric ode, under the title of "A Lamentation upon the death of Lucius
+Caesar;" and also some Greek poems, in imitation of Euphorion, Rhianus,
+and Parthenius [365].  These poets he greatly admired, and placed their
+works and statues in the public libraries, amongst the eminent authors of
+antiquity.  On this account, most of the learned men of the time vied
+with each other in publishing observations upon them, which they
+addressed to him.  His principal study, however, was the history of the
+fabulous ages, inquiring even into its trifling details in a ridiculous
+manner; for he used to try the grammarians, a class of men which, as I
+have already observed, he much affected, with such questions as these:
+"Who was Hecuba's mother?  What name did Achilles assume among the
+virgins?  What was it that the Sirens used to sing?"  And the first day
+that he entered the senate-house, after the death of Augustus, as if he
+intended to pay respect at once to his father's memory and to the gods,
+he made an offering of frankincense and wine, but without any music, in
+imitation of Minos, upon the death of his son.
+
+LXXI.  Though he was ready and conversant with the Greek tongue, yet he
+did not use it everywhere; but chiefly he avoided it in the senate-house,
+insomuch that having occasion to employ the word monopolium (monopoly),
+he first begged pardon for being obliged to adopt a foreign word.  And
+when, in a decree of the senate, the word emblaema (emblem) was read, he
+proposed to have it changed, and that a Latin word should be substituted
+in its room; or, if no proper one could be found, to express the thing by
+circumlocution.  A soldier (236) who was examined as a witness upon a
+trial, in Greek [366], he would not allow to reply, except in Latin.
+
+LXXII.  During the whole time of his seclusion at Capri, twice only he
+made an effort to visit Rome.  Once he came in a galley as far as the
+gardens near the Naumachia, but placed guards along the banks of the
+Tiber, to keep off all who should offer to come to meet him.  The second
+time he travelled on the Appian Way [367], as far as the seventh mile-
+stone from the city, but he immediately returned, without entering it,
+having only taken a view of the walls at a distance.  For what reason he
+did not disembark in his first excursion, is uncertain; but in the last,
+he was deterred from entering the city by a prodigy.  He was in the habit
+of diverting himself with a snake, and upon going to feed it with his own
+hand, according to custom, he found it devoured by ants: from which he
+was advised to beware of the fury of the mob.  On this account, returning
+in all haste to Campania, he fell ill at Astura [368]; but recovering a
+little, went on to Circeii [369].  And to obviate any suspicion of his
+being in a bad state of health, he was not only present at the sports in
+the camp, but encountered, with javelins, a wild boar, which was let
+loose in the arena.  Being immediately seized with a pain in the side,
+and catching cold upon his over-heating himself in the exercise, he
+relapsed into a worse condition than he was before.  He held out,
+however, for some time; and sailing as far as Misenum [370], omitted
+nothing (237) in his usual mode of life, not even in his entertainments,
+and other gratifications, partly from an ungovernable appetite, and
+partly to conceal his condition.  For Charicles, a physician, having
+obtained leave of absence, on his rising from table, took his hand to
+kiss it; upon which Tiberius, supposing he did it to feel his pulse,
+desired him to stay and resume his place, and continued the entertainment
+longer than usual.  Nor did he omit his usual custom of taking his
+station in the centre of the apartment, a lictor standing by him, while
+he took leave of each of the party by name.
+
+LXXIII.  Meanwhile, finding, upon looking over the acts of the senate,
+"that some person under prosecution had been discharged, without being
+brought to a hearing," for he had only written cursorily that they had
+been denounced by an informer; he complained in a great rage that he was
+treated with contempt, and resolved at all hazards to return to Capri;
+not daring to attempt any thing until he found himself in a place of
+security.  But being detained by storms, and the increasing violence of
+his disorder, he died shortly afterwards, at a villa formerly belonging
+to Lucullus, in the seventy-eighth year of his age [371], and the twenty-
+third of his reign, upon the seventeenth of the calends of April [16th
+March], in the consulship of Cneius Acerronius Proculus and Caius Pontius
+Niger.  Some think that a slow-consuming poison was given him by Caius
+[372].  Others say that during the interval of the intermittent fever
+with which he happened to be seized, upon asking for food, it was denied
+him.  Others report, that he was stifled by a pillow thrown upon him
+[373], when, on his recovering from a swoon, he called for his ring,
+which had been taken from him in the fit.  Seneca writes, "That finding
+himself dying, he took his signet ring off his finger, and held it a
+while, as if he would deliver it to somebody; but put it again upon his
+finger, and lay for some time, with his left hand clenched, and without
+stirring; when suddenly summoning his attendants, (238) and no one
+answering the call, he rose; but his strength failing him, he fell down
+at a short distance from his bed."
+
+LXXIV.  Upon his last birth-day, he had brought a full-sized statue of
+the Timenian Apollo from Syracuse, a work of exquisite art, intending to
+place it in the library of the new temple [374]; but he dreamt that the
+god appeared to him in the night, and assured him "that his statue could
+not be erected by him."  A few days before he died, the Pharos at Capri
+was thrown down by an earthquake.  And at Misenum, some embers and live
+coals, which were brought in to warm his apartment, went out, and after
+being quite cold, burst out into a flame again towards evening, and
+continued burning very brightly for several hours.
+
+LXXV.  The people were so much elated at his death, that when they first
+heard the news, they ran up and down the city, some crying out, "Away
+with Tiberius to the Tiber;" others exclaiming, "May the earth, the
+common mother of mankind, and the infernal gods, allow him no abode in
+death, but amongst the wicked."  Others threatened his body with the hook
+and the Gemonian stairs, their indignation at his former cruelty being
+increased by a recent atrocity.  It had been provided by an act of the
+senate, that the execution of condemned criminals should always be
+deferred until the tenth day after the sentence.  Now this fell on the
+very day when the news of Tiberius's death arrived, and in consequence of
+which the unhappy men implored a reprieve, for mercy's sake; but, as
+Caius had not yet arrived, and there was no one else to whom application
+could be made on their behalf, their guards, apprehensive of violating
+the law, strangled them, and threw them down the Gemonian stairs.  This
+roused the people to a still greater abhorrence of the tyrant's memory,
+since his cruelty continued in use even after he was dead.  As soon as
+his corpse was begun to be moved from Misenum, many cried out for its
+being carried to Atella [375], and being half burnt there (239) in the
+amphitheatre.  It was, however, brought to Rome, and burnt with the usual
+ceremony.
+
+LXXVI.  He had made about two years before, duplicates of his will, one
+written by his own hand, and the other by that of one of his freedmen;
+and both were witnessed by some persons of very mean rank.  He appointed
+his two grandsons, Caius by Germanicus, and Tiberius by Drusus, joint
+heirs to his estate; and upon the death of one of them, the other was to
+inherit the whole.  He gave likewise many legacies; amongst which were
+bequests to the Vestal Virgins, to all the soldiers, and each one of the
+people of Rome, and to the magistrates of the several quarters of the
+city.
+
+     *     *     *     *     *     *
+
+At the death of Augustus, there had elapsed so long a period from the
+overthrow of the republic by Julius Caesar, that few were now living who
+had been born under the ancient constitution of the Romans; and the mild
+and prosperous administration of Augustus, during forty-four years, had
+by this time reconciled the minds of the people to a despotic government.
+Tiberius, the adopted son of the former sovereign, was of mature age; and
+though he had hitherto lived, for the most part, abstracted from any
+concern with public affairs, yet, having been brought up in the family of
+Augustus, he was acquainted with his method of government, which, there
+was reason to expect, he would render the model of his own.  Livia, too,
+his mother, and the relict of the late emperor, was still living, a woman
+venerable by years, who had long been familiar with the councils of
+Augustus, and from her high rank, as well as uncommon affability,
+possessed an extensive influence amongst all classes of the people.
+
+Such were the circumstances in favour of Tiberius's succession at the
+demise of Augustus; but there were others of a tendency disadvantageous
+to his views.  His temper was haughty and reserved: Augustus had often
+apologised for the ungraciousness of his manners.  He was disobedient to
+his mother; and though he had not openly discovered any propensity to
+vice, he enjoyed none of those qualities which usually conciliate
+popularity.  To these considerations it is to be added, that Postumus
+Agrippa, the grandson of Augustus by Julia, was living; and if
+consanguinity was to be the rule of succession, his right was
+indisputably preferable to that of an adopted son.  Augustus had sent
+this youth into exile a few years before; but, towards the close (240) of
+his life, had expressed a design of recalling him, with the view, as was
+supposed, of appointing him his successor.  The father of young Agrippa
+had been greatly beloved by the Romans; and the fate of his mother,
+Julia, though she was notorious for her profligacy, had ever been
+regarded by them with peculiar sympathy and tenderness.  Many, therefore,
+attached to the son the partiality entertained for his parents; which was
+increased not only by a strong suspicion, but a general surmise, that his
+elder brothers, Caius and Lucius, had been violently taken off, to make
+way for the succession of Tiberius.  That an obstruction was apprehended
+to Tiberius's succession from this quarter, is put beyond all doubt, when
+we find that the death of Augustus was industriously kept secret, until
+young Agrippa should be removed; who, it is generally agreed, was
+dispatched by an order from Livia and Tiberius conjointly, or at least
+from the former.  Though, by this act, there remained no rival to
+Tiberius, yet the consciousness of his own want of pretensions to the
+Roman throne, seems to have still rendered him distrustful of the
+succession; and that he should have quietly obtained it, without the
+voice of the people, the real inclination of the senate, or the support
+of the army, can be imputed only to the influence of his mother, and his
+own dissimulation.  Ardently solicitous to attain the object, yet
+affecting a total indifference; artfully prompting the senate to give him
+the charge of the government, at the time that he intimated an invincible
+reluctance to accept it; his absolutely declining it in perpetuity, but
+fixing no time for an abdication; his deceitful insinuation of bodily
+infirmities, with hints likewise of approaching old age, that he might
+allay in the senate all apprehensions of any great duration of his power,
+and repress in his adopted son, Germanicus, the emotions of ambition to
+displace him; form altogether a scene of the most insidious policy,
+inconsistency, and dissimulation.
+
+In this period died, in the eighty-sixth year of her age, Livia Drusilla,
+mother of the emperor, and the relict of Augustus, whom she survived
+fifteen years.  She was the daughter of L. Drusus Calidianus and married
+Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she had two sons, Tiberius and Drusus.
+The conduct of this lady seems to justify the remark of Caligula, that
+"she was an Ulysses in a woman's dress."  Octavius first saw her as she
+fled from the danger which threatened her husband, who had espoused the
+cause of Antony; and though she was then pregnant, he resolved to marry
+her; whether with her own inclination or not, is left by Tacitus
+undetermined.  To pave the way for this union, he divorced his wife
+Scribonia, and with the approbation of the Augurs, which he could have no
+difficulty in obtaining, celebrated (241) his nuptials with Livia.  There
+ensued from this marriage no issue, though much desired by both parties;
+but Livia retained, without interruption, an unbounded ascendancy over
+the emperor, whose confidence she abused, while the uxorious husband
+little suspected that he was cherishing in his bosom a viper who was to
+prove the destruction of his house.  She appears to have entertained a
+predominant ambition of giving an heir to the Roman empire; and since it
+could not be done by any fruit of her marriage with Augustus, she
+resolved on accomplishing that end in the person of Tiberius, the eldest
+son by her former husband.  The plan which she devised for this purpose,
+was to exterminate all the male offspring of Augustus by his daughter
+Julia, who was married to Agrippa; a stratagem which, when executed,
+would procure for Tiberius, through the means of adoption, the eventual
+succession to the empire.  The cool yet sanguinary policy, and the
+patient perseverance of resolution, with which she prosecuted her design,
+have seldom been equalled.  While the sons of Julia were yet young, and
+while there was still a possibility that she herself might have issue by
+Augustus, she suspended her project, in the hope, perhaps, that accident
+or disease might operate in its favour; but when the natural term of her
+constitution had put a period to her hopes of progeny, and when the
+grandsons of the emperor were risen to the years of manhood, and had been
+adopted by him, she began to carry into execution what she long had
+meditated.  The first object devoted to destruction was C. Caesar
+Agrippa, the eldest of Augustus's grandsons.  This promising youth was
+sent to Armenia, upon an expedition against the Persians; and Lollius,
+who had been his governor, either accompanied him thither from Rome, or
+met him in the East, where he had obtained some appointment.  From the
+hand of this traitor, perhaps under the pretext of exercising the
+authority of a preceptor, but in reality instigated by Livia, the young
+prince received a fatal blow, of which he died some time after.
+
+The manner of Caius's death seems to have been carefully kept from the
+knowledge of Augustus, who promoted Lollius to the consulship, and made
+him governor of a province; but, by his rapacity in this station, he
+afterwards incurred the emperor's displeasure.  The true character of
+this person had escaped the keen discernment of Horace, as well as the
+sagacity of the emperor; for in two epistles addressed to Lollius, he
+mentions him as great and accomplished in the superlative degree; maxime
+Lolli, liberrime Lolli; so imposing had been the manners and address of
+this deceitful courtier.
+
+Lucius, the second son of Julia, was banished into Campania, (242) for
+using, as it is said, so litious language against his grandfather.  In
+the seventh year of his exile Augustus proposed to recall him; but Livia
+and Tiberius, dreading the consequences of his being restored to the
+emperor's favour, put in practice the expedient of having him immediately
+assassinated.  Postumus Agrippa, the third son, incurred the displeasure
+of his grandfather in the same way as Lucius, and was confined at
+Surrentum, where he remained a prisoner until he was put to death by the
+order either of Livia alone, or in conjunction with Tiberius, as was
+before observed.
+
+Such was the catastrophe, through the means of Livia, of all the
+grandsons of Augustus; and reason justifies the inference, that she who
+scruple not to lay violent hands upon those young men, had formerly
+practised every artifice that could operate towards rendering them
+obnoxious to the emperor.  We may even ascribe to her dark intrigues the
+dissolute conduct of Julia for the woman who could secretly act as
+procuress to her own husband, would feel little restraint upon her mind
+against corrupting his daughter, when such an effect might contribute to
+answer the purpose which she had in view.  But in the ingratitude of
+Tiberius, however undutiful and reprehensible in a son towards a parent,
+she at last experienced a just retribution for the crimes in which she
+had trained him to procure the succession to the empire.  To the disgrace
+of her sex, she introduced amongst the Romans the horrible practice of
+domestic murder, little known before the times when the thirst or
+intoxication of unlimited power had vitiated the social affections; and
+she transmitted to succeeding ages a pernicious example, by which
+immoderate ambition might be gratified, at the expense of every moral
+obligation, as well as of humanity.
+
+One of the first victims in the sanguinary reign of the present emperor,
+was Germanicus, the son of Drusus, Tiberius's own brother, and who had
+been adopted by his uncle himself.  Under any sovereign, of a temper
+different from that of Tiberius, this amiable and meritorious prince
+would have been held in the highest esteem.  At the death of his
+grandfather Augustus, he was employed in a war in Germany, where he
+greatly distinguished himself by his military achievements; and as soon
+as intelligence of that event arrived, the soldiers, by whom he was
+extremely beloved, unanimously saluted him emperor.  Refusing, however,
+to accept this mark of their partiality, he persevered in allegiance to
+the government of his uncle, and prosecuted the war with success.  Upon
+the conclusion of this expedition, he was sent, with the title of emperor
+in the East, to repress the seditions of the Armenians, in which he was
+equally successful.  But the (243) fame which he acquired, served only to
+render him an object of jealousy to Tiberius, by whose order he was
+secretly poisoned at Daphne, near Antioch, in the thirty-fourth year of
+his age.  The news of Germanicus's death was received at Rome with
+universal lamentation; and all ranks of the people entertained an
+opinion, that, had he survived Tiberius, he would have restored the
+freedom of the republic.  The love and gratitude of the Romans decreed
+many honours to his memory.  It was ordered, that his name should be sung
+in a solemn procession of the Salii; that crowns of oak, in allusion to
+his victories, should be placed upon curule chairs in the hall pertaining
+to the priests of Augustus; and that an effigy of him in ivory should be
+drawn upon a chariot, preceding the ceremonies of the Circensian games.
+Triumphal arches were erected, one at Rome, another on the banks of the
+Rhine, and a third upon Mount Amanus in Syria, with inscriptions of his
+achievements, and that he died for his services to the republic. [376]
+
+His obsequies were celebrated, not with the display of images and funeral
+pomp, but with the recital of his praises and the virtues which rendered
+him illustrious.  From a resemblance in his personal accomplishments, his
+age, the manner of his death, and the vicinity of Daphne to Babylon, many
+compared his fate to that of Alexander the Great.  He was celebrated for
+humanity and benevolence, as well as military talents, and amidst the
+toils of war, found leisure to cultivate the arts of literary genius.  He
+composed two comedies in Greek, some epigrams, and a translation of
+Aratus into Latin verse.  He married Agrippina, the daughter of M.
+Agrippa, by whom he had nine children.  This lady, who had accompanied
+her husband into the east, carried his ashes to Italy, and accused his
+murderer, Piso; who, unable to bear up against the public odium incurred
+by that transaction, laid violent hands upon himself.  Agrippina was now
+nearly in the same predicament with regard to Tiberius, that Ovid had
+formerly been m respect of Augustus.  He was sensible, that when she
+accused Piso, she was not ignorant of the person by whom the perpetrator
+of the murder had been instigated; and her presence, therefore, seeming
+continually to reproach him with his guilt, he resolved to rid himself of
+a person become so obnoxious to his sight, and banished her to the island
+of Pandataria, where she died some time afterwards of famine.
+
+But it was not sufficient to gratify this sanguinary tyrant, that he had,
+without any cause, cut off both Germanicus and his wife Agrippina: the
+distinguished merits and popularity of that prince were yet to be
+revenged upon his children; and accordingly he (244) set himself to
+invent a pretext for their destruction.  After endeavouring in vain, by
+various artifices, to provoke the resentment of Nero and Drusus against
+him, he had recourse to false accusation, and not only charged them with
+seditious designs, to which their tender years were ill adapted, but with
+vices of a nature the most scandalous.  By a sentence of the senate,
+which manifested the extreme servility of that assembly, he procured them
+both to be declared open enemies to their country.  Nero he banished to
+the island of Pontia, where, like his unfortunate mother, he miserably
+perished by famine; and Drusus was doomed to the same fate, in the lower
+part of the Palatium, after suffering for nine days the violence of
+hunger, and having, as is related, devoured part of his bed.  The
+remaining son, Caius, on account of his vicious disposition, he resolved
+to appoint his successor on the throne, that, after his own death, a
+comparison might be made in favour of his memory, when the Romans should
+be governed by a sovereign yet more vicious and more tyrannical, if
+possible, than himself.
+
+Sejanus, the minister in the present reign, imitated with success, for
+some time, the hypocrisy of his master; and, had his ambitious temper,
+impatient of attaining its object, allowed him to wear the mask for a
+longer period, he might have gained the imperial diadem; in the pursuit
+of which he was overtaken by that fate which he merited still more by his
+cruelties than his perfidy to Tiberius.  This man was a native of
+Volsinium in Tuscany, and the son of a Roman knight.  He had first
+insinuated himself into the favour of Caius Caesar, the grandson of
+Augustus, after whose death he courted the friendship of Tiberius, and
+obtained in a short time his entire confidence, which he improved to the
+best advantage.  The object which he next pursued, was to gain the
+attachment of the senate, and the officers of the army; besides whom,
+with a new kind of policy, he endeavoured to secure in his interest every
+lady of distinguished connections, by giving secretly to each of them a
+promise of marriage, as soon as be should arrive at the sovereignty.  The
+chief obstacles in his way were the sons and grandsons of Tiberius; and
+these he soon sacrificed to his ambition, under various pretences.
+Drusus, the eldest of this progeny, having in a fit of passion struck the
+favourite, was destined by him to destruction.  For this purpose, he had
+the presumption to seduce Livia, the wife of Drusus, to whom she had
+borne several children; and she consented to marry her adulterer upon the
+death of her husband, who was soon after poisoned, through the means of
+an eunuch named Lygdus, by order of her and Sejanus.
+
+Drusus was the son of Tiberius by Vipsania, one of Agrippa's (245)
+daughters.  He displayed great intrepidity during the war in the
+provinces of Illyricum and Pannonia, but appears to have been dissolute
+in his morals.  Horace is said to have written the Ode in praise of
+Drusus at the desire of Augustus; and while the poet celebrates the
+military courage of the prince, he insinuates indirectly a salutary
+admonition to the cultivation of the civil virtues:
+
+        Doctrina sed vim promovet insitam,
+        Rectique cultus pectora roborant:
+          Utcunque defecere mores,
+            Dedecorant bene nata culpae.--Ode iv. 4.
+
+    Yet sage instructions to refine the soul
+      And raise the genius, wondrous aid impart,
+    Conveying inward, as they purely roll,
+      Strength to the mind and vigour to the heart:
+    When morals fail, the stains of vice disgrace
+    The fairest honours of the noblest race.--Francis.
+
+Upon the death of Drusus, Sejanus openly avowed a desire of marrying the
+widowed princess; but Tiberius opposing this measure, and at the same
+time recommending Germanicus to the senate as his successor in the
+empire, the mind of Sejanus was more than ever inflamed by the united,
+and now furious, passions of love and ambition.  He therefore urged his
+demand with increased importunity; but the emperor still refusing his
+consent, and things being not yet ripe for an immediate revolt, Sejanus
+thought nothing so favourable for the prosecution of his designs as the
+absence of Tiberius from the capital.  With this view, under the pretence
+of relieving his master from the cares of government, he persuaded him to
+retire to a distance from Rome.  The emperor, indolent and luxurious,
+approved of the proposal, and retired into Campania, leaving to his
+ambitious minister the whole direction of the empire.  Had Sejanus now
+been governed by common prudence and moderation, he might have attained
+to the accomplishment of all his wishes; but a natural impetuosity of
+temper, and the intoxication of power, precipitated him into measures
+which soon effected his destruction.  As if entirely emancipated from the
+control of a master, he publicly declared himself sovereign of the Roman
+empire, and that Tiberius, who had by this time retired to Capri, was
+only the dependent prince of that tributary island.  He even went so far
+in degrading the emperor, as to have him introduced in a ridiculous light
+upon the stage.  Advice of Sejanus's proceedings was soon carried to the
+emperor at Capri; his indignation was immediately excited; and with a
+confidence founded upon an authority exercised for several years, he sent
+orders for accusing Sejanus (246) before the senate.  This mandate no
+sooner arrived, than the audacious minister was deserted by his
+adherents; he was in a short time after seized without resistance, and
+strangled in prison the same day.
+
+Human nature recoils with horror at the cruelties of this execrable
+tyrant, who, having first imbrued his hands in the blood of his own
+relations, proceeded to exercise them upon the public with indiscriminate
+fury.  Neither age nor sex afforded any exemption from his insatiable
+thirst for blood.  Innocent children were condemned to death, and
+butchered in the presence of their parents; virgins, without any imputed
+guilt, were sacrificed to a similar destiny; but there being an ancient
+custom of not strangling females in that situation, they were first
+deflowered by the executioner, and afterwards strangled, as if an
+atrocious addition to cruelty could sanction the exercise of it.  Fathers
+were constrained by violence to witness the death of their own children;
+and even the tears of a mother, at the execution of her child, were
+punished as a capital offence.  Some extraordinary calamities, occasioned
+by accident, added to the horrors of the reign.  A great number of houses
+on Mount Caelius were destroyed by fire; and by the fall of a temporary
+building at Fidenae, erected for the purpose of exhibiting public shows,
+about twenty thousand persons were either greatly hurt, or crushed to
+death in the rains.
+
+By another fire which afterwards broke out, a part of the Circus was
+destroyed, with the numerous buildings on Mount Aventine.  The only act
+of munificence displayed by Tiberius during his reign, was upon the
+occasion of those fires, when, to qualify the severity of his government,
+he indemnified the most considerable sufferers for the loss they had
+sustained.
+
+Through the whole of his life, Tiberius seems to have conducted himself
+with a uniform repugnance to nature.  Affable on a few occasions, but in
+general averse to society, he indulged, from his earliest years, a
+moroseness of disposition, which counterfeited the appearance of austere
+virtue; and in the decline of life, when it is common to reform from
+juvenile indiscretions, he launched forth into excesses, of a kind the
+most unnatural and most detestable.  Considering the vicious passions
+which had ever brooded in his heart, it may seem surprising that he
+restrained himself within the bounds of decency during so many years
+after his accession; but though utterly destitute of reverence or
+affection for his mother, he still felt, during her life, a filial awe
+upon his mind: and after her death, he was actuated by a slavish fear of
+Sejanus, until at last political necessity absolved him likewise from
+this restraint.  These checks being both removed, (247) he rioted without
+any control, either from sentiment or authority.
+
+Pliny relates, that the art of making glass malleable was actually
+discovered under the reign of Tiberius, and that the shop and tools of
+the artist were destroyed, lest, by the establishment of this invention,
+gold and silver should lose their value.  Dion adds, that the author of
+the discovery was put to death.
+
+The gloom which darkened the Roman capital during this melancholy period,
+shed a baleful influence on the progress of science throughout the
+empire, and literature languished during the present reign, in the same
+proportion as it had flourished in the preceding.  It is doubtful whether
+such a change might not have happened in some degree, even had the
+government of Tiberius been equally mild with that of his predecessor.
+The prodigious fame of the writers of the Augustan age, by repressing
+emulation, tended to a general diminution of the efforts of genius for
+some time; while the banishment of Ovid, it is probable, and the capital
+punishment of a subsequent poet, for censuring the character of
+Agamemnon, operated towards the farther discouragement of poetical
+exertions.  There now existed no circumstance to counterbalance these
+disadvantages.  Genius no longer found a patron either in the emperor or
+his minister; and the gates of the palace were shut against all who
+cultivated the elegant pursuits of the Muses.  Panders, catamites,
+assassins, wretches stained with every crime, were the constant
+attendants, as the only fit companions, of the tyrant who now occupied
+the throne.  We are informed, however, that even this emperor had a taste
+for the liberal arts, and that he composed a lyric poem upon the death of
+Lucius Caesar, with some Greek poems in imitation of Euphorion, Rhianus,
+and Parthenius.  But none of these has been transmitted to posterity: and
+if we should form an opinion of them upon the principle of Catullus, that
+to be a good poet one ought to be a good man, there is little reason to
+regret that they have perished.
+
+We meet with no poetical production in this reign; and of prose writers
+the number is inconsiderable, as will appear from the following account
+of them.----
+
+VELLEIUS PATERCULUS was born of an equestrian family in Campania, and
+served as a military tribune under Tiberius, in his expeditions in Gaul
+and Germany.  He composed an Epitome of the History of Greece and Rome,
+with that of other nations of remote antiquity: but of this work there
+only remain fragments of the history of Greece and Rome, from the
+conquest of Perseus to the seventeenth year of the reign of Tiberius.  It
+is written in two books, addressed to Marcus Vinicius, who had (248) the
+office of consul.  Rapid in the narrative, and concise as well as elegant
+in style, this production exhibits a pleasing epitome of ancient
+transactions, enlivened occasionally with anecdotes, and an expressive
+description of characters.  In treating of the family of Augustus,
+Paterculus is justly liable to the imputation of partiality, which he
+incurs still more in the latter period of his history, by the praise
+which is lavished on Tiberius and his minister Sejanus.  He intimates a
+design of giving a more full account of the civil war which followed the
+death of Julius Caesar; but this, if he ever accomplished it, has not
+been transmitted to posterity.  Candid, but decided in his judgment of
+motives and actions, if we except his invectives against Pompey, he shows
+little propensity to censure; but in awarding praise, he is not equally
+parsimonious, and, on some occasions, risks the imputation of hyperbole.
+The grace, however, and the apparent sincerity with which it is bestowed,
+reconcile us to the compliment.  This author concludes his history with a
+prayer for the prosperity of the Roman empire.----
+
+VALERIUS MAXIMUS was descended of a Patrician family; but we learn
+nothing more concerning him, than that for some time he followed a
+military life under Sextus Pompey.  He afterwards betook himself to
+writing, and has left an account, in nine books, of the memorable
+apophthegms and actions of eminent persons; first of the Romans, and
+afterwards of foreign nations.  The subjects are of various kinds,
+political, moral, and natural, ranged into distinct classes.  His
+transitions from one subject to another are often performed with
+gracefulness; and where he offers any remarks, they generally show the
+author to be a man of judgment and observation.  Valerius Maximus is
+chargeable with no affectation of style, but is sometimes deficient in
+that purity of language which might be expected in the age of Tiberius,
+to whom the work is addressed.  What inducement the author had to this
+dedication, we know not; but as it is evident from a passage in the ninth
+book, that the compliment was paid after the death of Sejanus, and
+consequently in the most shameful period of Tiberius's reign, we cannot
+entertain any high opinion of the independent spirit of Valerius Maximus,
+who could submit to flatter a tyrant, in the zenith of infamy and
+detestation.  But we cannot ascribe the cause to any delicate artifice,
+of conveying to Tiberius, indirectly, an admonition to reform his
+conduct.  Such an expedient would have only provoked the severest
+resentment from his jealousy.----
+
+PHAEDRUS was a native of Thrace, and was brought to Rome as a slave.  He
+had the good fortune to come into the service of Augustus, where,
+improving his talents by reading, he obtained (249) the favour of the
+emperor, and was made one of his freedmen.  In the reign of Tiberius, he
+translated into Iambic verse the Fables of Aesop.  They are divided into
+five books, and are not less conspicuous for precision and simplicity of
+thought, than for purity and elegance of style; conveying moral
+sentiments with unaffected ease and impressive energy.  Phaedrus
+underwent, for some time, a persecution from Sejanus, who, conscious of
+his own delinquency, suspected that he was obliquely satirised in the
+commendations bestowed on virtue by the poet.  The work of Phaedrus is
+one of the latest which have been brought to light since the revival of
+learning.  It remained in obscurity until two hundred years ago, when it
+was discovered in a library at Rheims.----
+
+HYGINUS is said to have been a native of Alexandria, or, according to
+others, a Spaniard.  He was, like Phaedrus, a freedman of Augustus; but,
+though industrious, he seems not to have improved himself so much as his
+companion, in the art of composition.  He wrote, however, a mythological
+history, under the title of Fables, a work called Poeticon Astronomicon,
+with a treatise on agriculture, commentaries on Virgil, the lives of
+eminent men, and some other productions now lost.  His remaining works
+are much mutilated, and, if genuine, afford an unfavourable specimen of
+his elegance and correctness as a writer.
+
+CELSUS was a physician in the time of Tiberius, and has written eight
+books, De Medicina, in which he has collected and digested into order all
+that is valuable on the subject, in the Greek and Roman authors.  The
+professors of Medicine were at that time divided into three sects, viz.,
+the Dogmatists, Empirics, and Methodists; the first of whom deviated less
+than the others from the plan of Hippocrates; but they were in general
+irreconcilable to each other, in respect both of their opinions and
+practice.  Celsus, with great judgment, has occasionally adopted
+particular doctrines from each of them; and whatever he admits into his
+system, he not only establishes by the most rational observations, but
+confirms by its practical utility.  In justness of remark, in force of
+argument, in precision and perspicuity, as well as in elegance of
+expression, he deservedly occupies the most distinguished rank amongst
+the medical writers of antiquity.  It appears that Celsus likewise wrote
+on agriculture, rhetoric, and military affairs; but of those several
+treatises no fragments now remain.
+
+To the writers of this reign we must add APICIUS COELIUS, who has left a
+book De Re Coquinaria [of Cookery].  There were three Romans of the name
+of Apicius, all remarkable for their (250) gluttony.  The first lived in
+the time of the Republic, the last in that of Trajan, and the
+intermediate Apicius under the emperors Augustus and Tiberius.  This man,
+as Seneca informs us, wasted on luxurious living, sexcenties sestertium,
+a sum equal to 484,375 pounds sterling.  Upon examining the state of his
+affairs, he found that there remained no more of his estate than centies
+sestertium, 80,729l. 3s. 4d., which seeming to him too small to live
+upon, he ended his days by poison.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+
+[284]  Intramural interments were prohibited at Rome by the laws of the
+Twelve Tables, notwithstanding the practice of reducing to ashes the
+bodies of the dead.  It was only by special privilege that individuals
+who had deserved well of the state, and certain distinguished families
+were permitted to have tombs within the city.
+
+[285]  Among the Romans, all the descendants from one common stock were
+called Gentiles, being of the same race or kindred, however remote.  The
+Gens, as they termed this general relation or clanship, was subdivided
+into families, in Familias vel Stirpes; and those of the same family were
+called Agnati.  Relations by the father's side were also called Agnati,
+to distinguish them from Cognati, relations only by the mother's side.
+An Agnatus might also be called Cognatus, but not the contrary.
+
+To mark the different gentes and familiae, and to distinguish the
+individuals of the same family, the Romans had commonly three names, the
+Praenomen, Nomen, and Cognomen.  The praenomen was put first, and marked
+the individual.  It was usually written with one letter; as A. for Aulus;
+C. Caius; D. Decimus: sometimes with two letters; as Ap. for Appius; Cn.
+Cneius; and sometimes with three; as Mam. for Mamercus.
+
+The Nomen was put after the Praenomen, and marked the gens.  It commonly
+ended in ius; as Julius, Tullius, Cornelius.  The Cognomen was put last,
+and marked the familia; as Cicero, Caesar, etc.
+
+Some gentes appear to have had no surname, as the Marian; and gens and
+familia seem sometimes to be put one for the other; as the Fabia gens, or
+Fabia familia.
+
+Sometimes there was a fourth name, properly called the Agnomen, but
+sometimes likewise Cognomen, which was added on account of some
+illustrious action or remarkable event.  Thus Scipio was named Publius
+Cornelius Scipio Africanus, from the conquest of Carthage.  In the same
+manner, his brother was called Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus.  Thus
+also, Quintus Fabius Maximus received the Agnomen of Cunctator, from his
+checking the victorious career of Hannibal by avoiding a battle.
+
+[286]  A.U.C. 474.
+
+[287]  A.U.C. 490.
+
+[288]  A.U.C. 547.
+
+[289]  A.U.C. 304.
+
+[290]  An ancient Latin town on the Via Appia, the present road to
+Naples, mentioned by St. Paul, Acts xxviii. 15, and Horace, Sat. i. 5, 3,
+in giving an account of their travels.
+
+[291]  A.U.C. 505.
+
+[292]  Cybele; first worshipped in Phrygia, about Mount Ida, from whence
+a sacred stone, the symbol of her divinity, probably an aerolite, was
+transported to Rome, in consequence of the panic occasioned by Hannibal's
+invasion, A.U.C. 508.
+
+[293]  A.U.C. 695.
+
+[294]  A.U.C. 611.
+
+[295]  A.U.C. 550.
+
+[296]  A.U.C. 663.
+
+[297]  A.U.C. 707.
+
+[298]  These, and other towns in the south of France, became, and long
+continued, the chief seats of Roman civilization among the Gauls; which
+is marked by the magnificent remains of ancient art still to be seen.
+Arles, in particular, is a place of great interest.
+
+[299]  A.U.C. 710.
+
+[300]  A.U.C. 713.
+
+[301]  A.U.C. 712.  Before Christ about 39.
+
+[302]  A.U.C. 744.
+
+[303]  A.U.C. 735.
+
+[304]  See before, in the reign of AUGUSTUS, c. xxxii.
+
+[305]  A.U.C. 728.
+
+[306]  A.U.C. 734.
+
+[307]  A.U.C. 737.
+
+[308]  A.U.C. 741.
+
+[309]  A.U.C. 747.
+
+[310]  A.U.C. 748.
+
+[311]  Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, about thirteen miles from the
+city, was founded by Ancus Martius.  Being the port of a city like Rome,
+it could not fail to become opulent; and it was a place of much resort,
+ornamented with fine edifices, and the environs "never failing of pasture
+in the summer time, and in the winter covered with roses and other
+flowers."  The port having been filled up with the depositions of the
+Tiber, it became deserted, and is now abandoned to misery and malaria.
+The bishopric of Ostia being the oldest in the Roman church, its bishop
+has always retained some peculiar privileges.
+
+[312]  The Gymnasia were places of exercise, and received their name from
+the Greek word signifying naked, because the contending parties wore
+nothing but drawers.
+
+[313]  A.U.C. 752.
+
+[314]  The cloak and slippers, as distinguished from the Roman toga and
+shoes.
+
+[315]  A.U.C. 755.
+
+[316]  This fountain, in the Euganian hills, near Padua, famous for its
+mineral waters, is celebrated by Claudian in one of his elegies.
+
+[317]  The street called Carinae, at Rome, has been mentioned before;
+AUGUSTUS, c. v.; and also Mecaenas' house on the Esquiline, ib. c. lxxii.
+The gardens were formed on ground without the walls, and before used as a
+cemetery for malefactors, and the lower classes.  Horace says--
+
+    Nunc licet Esquiliis habitare salubribus, atque
+    Aggere in aprico spatiari.--Sat. 1. i. viii. 13.
+
+[318]  A.U.C. 757.
+
+[319]  A.U.C. 760.
+
+[320]  A.U.C. 762.
+
+[321]  Reviving the simple habits of the times of the republic; "nec
+fortuitum cernere cespitem," as Horace describes it.--Ode 15.
+
+[322]  A.U.C. 765.
+
+[323]  The portico of the temple of Concord is still standing on the side
+of the Forum nearest the Capitol.  It consists of six Ionic columns, each
+of one piece, and of a light-coloured granite, with bases and capitals of
+white marble, and two columns at the angles.  The temple of Castor and
+Pollux has been mentioned before: JUL. c. x.
+
+[324]  A.U.C. 766.
+
+[325]  A.U.C. 767.
+
+[326]  Augustus interlards this epistle, and that subsequently quoted,
+with Greek sentences and phrases, of which this is one.  It is so
+obscure, that commentators suppose that it is a mis-reading, but are not
+agreed on its drift.
+
+[327]  A verse in which the word in italics is substituted for cunctando,
+quoted from Ennius, who applied it to Fabius Maximus.
+
+[328]  Iliad, B. x.  Diomede is speaking of Ulysses, where he asks that
+he may accompany him as a spy into the Trojan camp.
+
+[329]  Tiberius had adopted Germanicus.  See before, c. xv.  See also
+CALIGULA, c. i.
+
+[330]  In this he imitated Augustus.  See c. liii. of his life.
+
+[331]  Si hanc fenestram aperueritis, if you open that window, equivalent
+to our phrase, "if you open the door."
+
+[332]  Princeps, principatus, are the terms generally used by Suetonius
+to describe the supreme authority vested in the Caesars, as before at the
+beginning of chap. xxiv., distinguished from any terms which conveyed of
+kingly power, the forms of the republic, as we have lately seen, still
+subsisting.
+
+[333]  Strenas; the French etrennes.
+
+[334]  "Tiberius pulled down the temple of Isis, caused her image to be
+thrown into the Tiber, and crucified her priests."--Joseph. Ant. Jud.
+xviii. 4.
+
+[335]  Similia sectantes.  We are strongly inclined to think that the
+words might be rendered "similar sects," conveying an allusion to the
+small and obscure body of Christians, who were at this period generally
+confounded with the Jews, and supposed only to differ from them in some
+peculiarities of their institutions, which Roman historians and
+magistrates did not trouble themselves to distinguish.  How little even
+the well-informed Suetonius knew of the real facts, we shall find in the
+only direct notice of the Christians contained in his works (CLAUDIUS c.
+xxv., NERO, c. xvi.); but that little confirms our conjecture.  All the
+commentators, however, give the passage the turn retained in the text.
+Josephus informs us of the particular occurrence which led to the
+expulsion of the Jews from Rome by Tiberius.--Ant. xviii. 5.
+
+[336]  Varro tells us that the Roman people "were more actively employed
+(manus movere) in the theatre and circus, than in the corn-fields and
+vineyards."--De Re Rustic. ii.  And Juvenal, in his satires, frequently
+alludes to their passion for public spectacles, particularly in the well-
+known lines--
+
+    --------Atque duas tantum res serrius optat,
+    Panem et Circenses.                    Sat. x. 80.
+
+[337]  The Cottian Alps derived their name from this king.  They include
+that part of the chain which divides Dauphiny from Piedmont, and are
+crossed by the pass of the Mont Cenis.
+
+[338]  Antium, mentioned before, (AUG. c. lviii.) once a flourishing city
+of the Volscians, standing on the sea-coast, about thirty-eight miles
+from Rome, was a favourite resort of the emperors and persons of wealth.
+The Apollo Belvidere was found among the ruins of its temples and other
+edifices.
+
+[339]  A.U.C. 779.
+
+[340]  Terracina, standing at the southern extremity of the Pontine
+Marshes, on the shore of the Mediterranean.  It is surrounded by high
+calcareous cliffs, in which there are caverns, affording, as Strabo
+informs us, cool retreats, attached to the Roman villas built round.
+
+[341]  Augustus died at Nola, a city in Campania.  See c. lviii. of his
+life.
+
+[342]  Fidenae stood in a bend of the Tiber, near its junction with the
+Anio.  There are few traces of it remaining.
+
+[343]  That any man could drink an amphora of wine at a draught, is
+beyond all credibility; for the amphora was nearly equal to nine gallons,
+English measure.  The probability is, that the man had emptied a large
+vessel, which was shaped like an amphora.
+
+[344]  Capri, the luxurious retreat and scene of the debaucheries of the
+Roman emperors, is an island off the southern point of the bay of Naples,
+about twelve miles in circumference.
+
+[345]  Pan, the god of the shepherds, and inventor of the flute, was said
+to be the son of Mercury and Penelope.  He was worshipped chiefly in
+Arcadia, and represented with the horns and feet of a goat.  The Nymphs,
+as well as the Graces, were represented naked.
+
+[346]  The name of the island having a double meaning, and signifying
+also a goat.
+
+[347] "Quasi pueros primae teneritudinis, quos 'pisciculos' vocabat,
+institueret, ut natanti sibi inter femina versarentur, ac luderent:
+lingua morsuque sensim appetentes; atque etiam quasi infantes firmiores,
+necdum tamen lacte depulsos, inguini ceu papillae admoveret: pronior sane
+ad id genus libidinis, et natura et aetate."
+
+[348]  "Foeminarum capitibus solitus illudere."
+
+[349]  "Obscoenitate oris hirsuto atque olido."
+
+[350]  "Hircum vetulum capreis naturam ligurire"
+
+[351]  The Temple of Vesta, like that dedicated to the same goddess at
+Tivoli, is round.  There was probably one on the same site, and in the
+same circular form, erected by Numa Pompilius; the present edifice is far
+too elegant for that age, but there is no record of its erection, but it
+is known to have been repaired by Vespasian or Domitian after being
+injured by Nero's fire.  Its situation, near the Tiber, exposed it to
+floods, from which we find it suffered, from Horace's lines--
+
+    "Vidimus flavum Tiberim, retortis
+     Littore Etrusco violenter undis,
+     Ire dejectum monumenta Regis,
+         Templaque Vestae."--Ode, lib. i. 2. 15.
+
+This beautiful temple is still in good preservation.  It is surrounded by
+twenty columns of white marble, and the wall of the cell, or interior
+(which is very small, its diameter being only the length of one of the
+columns), is also built of blocks of the same material, so nicely joined,
+that it seems to be formed of one solid mass.
+
+[352]  Antlia; a machine for drawing up water in a series of connected
+buckets, which was worked by the feet, nisu pedum.
+
+[353]  The elder Livia was banished to this island by Augustus.  See
+c. lxv. of his life.
+
+[354]  An island in the Archipelago.
+
+[355]  This Theodore is noticed by Quintilian, Instit. iii. 1.  Gadara
+was in Syria.
+
+[356]  It mattered not that the head substituted was Tiberius's own.
+
+[357]  The verses were probably anonymous.
+
+[358]  Oderint dum probent: Caligula used a similar expression; Oderint
+dum metuant.
+
+[359]  A.U.C. 778.  Tacit. Annal. iv.  The historian's name was A.
+Cremutius Cordo.  Dio has preserved the passage, xlvii. p. 619.  Brutus
+had already called Cassius "The last of the Romans," in his lamentation
+over his dead body.
+
+[360]  She was the sister of Germanicus, and Tacitus calls her Livia; but
+Suetonius is in the habit of giving a fondling or diminutive term to the
+names of women, as Claudilla, for Claudia, Plautilla, etc.
+
+[361]  Priam is said to have had no less than fifty sons and daughters;
+some of the latter, however, survived him, as Hecuba, Helena, Polyxena,
+and others.
+
+[362]  There were oracles at Antium and Tibur.  The "Praenestine Lots"
+are described by Cicero, De Divin. xi. 41.
+
+[363]  Agrippina, and Nero and Drusus.
+
+[364]  He is mentioned before in the Life of AUGUSTUS, c. xc.; and also
+by Horace, Cicero, and Tacitus.
+
+[365]  Obscure Greek poets, whose writings were either full of fabulous
+stories, or of an amatory kind.
+
+[366]  It is suggested that the text should be amended, so that the
+sentence should read--"A Greek soldier;" for of what use could it have
+been to examine a man in Greek, and not allow him to give his replies in
+the same language?
+
+[367]  So called from Appius Claudius, the Censor, one of Tiberius's
+ancestors, who constructed it.  It took a direction southward of Rome,
+through Campania to Brundusium, starting from what is the present Porta
+di San Sebastiano, from which the road to Naples takes its departure.
+
+[368]  A small town on the coast of Latium, not far from Antium, and the
+present Nettuno.  It was here that Cicero was slain by the satellites of
+Antony.
+
+[369]  A town on a promontory of the same dreary coast, between Antium
+and Terracina, built on a promontory surrounded by the sea and the marsh,
+still called Circello.
+
+[370]  Misenum, a promontory to which Aeneas is said to have given its
+name from one of his followers.  (Aen. ii. 234.)  It is now called Capo
+di Miseno, and shelters the harbour of Mola di Gaieta, belonging to
+Naples.  This was one of the stations of the Roman fleet.
+
+[371]  Tacitus agrees with Suetonius as to the age of Tiberius at the
+time of his death.  Dio states it more precisely, as being seventy-seven
+years, four months, and nine days.
+
+[372]  Caius Caligula, who became his successor.
+
+[373]  Tacitus and Dio add that he was smothered under a heap of heavy
+clothes.
+
+[374]  In the temple of the Palatine Apollo.  See AUGUSTUS, c. xxix.
+
+[375]  Atella, a town between Capua and Naples, now called San Arpino,
+where there was an amphitheatre.  The people seemed to have raised the
+shout in derision, referring, perhaps, to the Atellan fables, mentioned
+in c. xiv.; and in their fury they proposed that his body should only be
+grilled, as those of malefactors were, instead of being reduced to ashes.
+
+[376]  Tacit. Annal. lib. ii.
+
+
+
+
+
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