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diff --git a/old/63659-0.txt b/old/63659-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7e30c46..0000000 --- a/old/63659-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11548 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's The Roswell Report: Case Closed, by James McAndrew - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Roswell Report: Case Closed - -Author: James McAndrew - -Release Date: November 7, 2020 [EBook #63659] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ROSWELL REPORT: CASE CLOSED *** - - - - -Produced by Tim Lindell, Robert Tonsing and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -The Cover - -A solarized image taken from a U.S. Air Force motion picture of -experiments conducted for Project HIGH DIVE. This image, -unsolarized, appears on page 34 (Figure 37). - - - - - The Roswell Report - CASE CLOSED - - Headquarters United States Air Force - - - - - Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data - - McAndrew, James, 1963— - The Roswell report: case closed/James McAndrew - p. cm. - Includes index. - 1. Unidentified flying objects—Sightings and encounters—New - Mexico—Roswell. I. Title - TL789.5.N6M33 1997 - 001.942’09789’43—dc21 97-11361 - CIP - - For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office - Washington, D.C. 20402 - - For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office -Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328 - ISBN 0-16-049018-9 - - - - - Foreword - - -The “Roswell Incident” has assumed a central place in American folklore -since the events of the 1940s in a remote area of New Mexico. Because -the Air Force was a major player in those events, we have played a key -role in executing the General Accounting Office’s tasking to uncover -all records regarding that incident. - -Our objective throughout this inquiry has been simple and consistent: -to find all the facts and bring them to light. If documents were -classified, declassify them; where they were dispersed, bring them into -a single source for public review. - -In July 1994, we completed the first step in that effort and later -published _The Roswell Report: Fact vs. Fiction in the New Mexico -Desert_. This volume represents the necessary follow-on to that first -publication and contains additional material and analysis. I think that -with this publication we have reached our goal of a complete and open -explanation of the events that occurred in the Southwest many years ago. - -Beyond that achievement, this inquiry has shed fascinating light into -the Air Force of that era and revitalized our appreciation for the -dedication and accomplishments of the men and women of that time. As we -celebrate the Air Force’s 50th Anniversary, it is appropriate to once -again reflect on the sacrifices made by so many to make ours the finest -air and space force in history. - - SHEILA E. WIDNALL - Secretary of the Air Force - - - - - Guide For Readers - - -This publication contains the complete report as submitted to the -Secretary of the Air Force. The exceptions are the statements found -in Appendix B. Due to Privacy Act restrictions and by request, the -addresses of the individuals making these statements have been deleted. - -This volume is divided into two sections, eight subsections, eleven -sidebar discussions, and three appendices. Section One examines alleged -events at two locations in rural New Mexico. Section Two examines the -alleged activities at the Roswell Army Airfield Hospital. - -Appendix A is a table listing the launch and landing locations of test -equipment for U.S. Air Force scientific research projects HIGH DIVE and -EXCELSIOR. Appendix B is a collection of signed sworn statements based -on in-person interviews conducted for this report by U.S. Air Force -researchers. The exception is the statement of Lt. Col. William C. -Kaufman, which was not sworn due to equipment failures at the time of -interview. - -Appendix C contains transcripts of interviews of alleged witnesses -presented by UFO theorists. The interviews of Gerald Anderson, Alice -Knight, and Vern Maltais were excerpted in their entirety from unedited -interviews used to prepare the video, _Recollections of Roswell, Part -II_ (1993), and appear courtesy of the Fund for UFO Research. The -interview of Mr. W. Glenn Dennis was provided by the interviewer, Karl -T. Pflock. The transcript of the interview of Mr. James Ragsdale was -provided by Kevin Randle, the coauthor of the _Truth About the UFO -Crash at Roswell_ (Avon Books, 1994), in which direct quotes from this -transcript appear. - -A selected bibliography of technical reports and how to obtain them -are found on page 221. For additional information on this subject, see -Headquarters United States Air Force, _The Roswell Report: Fact vs. -Fiction in the New Mexico Desert_ (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government -Printing Office, 1995). - - - - - The Author - - -Captain James McAndrew serves as an Intelligence Applications Officer -assigned to the Secretary of the Air Force Declassification and -Review Team, The Pentagon, Washington, D.C.. Captain McAndrew was the -coauthor, with Col. Richard L. Weaver, of _The Roswell Report: Fact vs. -Fiction in the New Mexico Desert_ (1995), the first Air Force work on -the alleged “Roswell Incident.” He participated in the declassification -of the _Gulf War Air Power Survey_ (1993) and has served special tours -of duty with the Drug Enforcement Administration and High Intensity -Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) Task Force. He holds a BS degree with -honors, from Metropolitan State College, Denver, Colo. and is a native -of Washington, D.C. - - - - - Contents - - - _Page_ - - =Foreword= iii - - =Guide for Readers= v - - =Introduction= 1 - - - SECTION ONE - =Flying Saucer Crashes - and Alien Bodies= 5 - - 1.1 The “Crash Sites,” Scenarios, and Research Methods 11 - - 1.2 High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops 23 - - 1.3 High Altitude Balloon Operations 37 - - 1.4 Comparison of Witnesses Accounts to U.S. Air Force Activities 55 - - - SECTION TWO - =Reports of Bodies at Roswell - Army Air Field Hospital= 75 - - 2.1 The “Missing” Nurse and the Pediatrician 81 - - 2.2 Aircraft Accidents 93 - - 2.3 High Altitude Research Projects 101 - - 2.4 Comparison of the Hospital Account to the Balloon Mishap 109 - - - =Conclusion= 123 - - - Notes - - Section One 127 - - Section Two 139 - - APPENDIX A - =Anthropomorphic Dummy Launch - and Landing Locations= 155 - - - APPENDIX B - =Witness Statements= - - Charles E. Clouthier 160 - - Charles A. Coltman, Jr., Col., USAF, MC (Ret) 162 - - Dan D. Fulgham, Col., USAF (Ret) 164 - - Bernard D. Gildenberg, GS-14 (Ret) 166 - - Ole Jorgeson, MSgt., USAF (Ret) 169 - - William C. Kaufman, Lt. Col., USAF (Ret) 171 - - Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., Col., USAF (Ret) 174 - - Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt., USAF (Ret) 178 - - Raymond A. Madson, Lt. Col. USAF (Ret) 180 - - Frank B. Nordstrom, M.D. 182 - - - APPENDIX C - =Interviews= - - Gerald Anderson 187 - - Glenn Dennis 197 - - Alice Knight 213 - - Vern Maltais 214 - - James Ragsdale 215 - - - =Selected Bibliography of - Technical Reports= 221 - - - =Index= 225 - - - Tables - - SECTION ONE - 1.1 Comparison of Testimony to Actual Air Force Equipment - and Procedures Used to Launch and Recover - Anthropomorphic Dummies 69 - - SECTION TWO - 2.1 Persons Described and Periods of Service at - Roswell AAF/Walker AFB 91 - - 2.2 Fatal Air Force Aircraft Accidents by Year - in the Vicinity of Walker AFB-1947–1960 93 - - 2.3 Analysis of Air Force Aircraft Accidents - by Year in the Vicinity of Walker AFB-1947–1960 94 - - - Figures - - SECTION ONE - - 1. _The Roswell Report: Fact vs. Fiction In The New Mexico Desert._ - - 2. The International UFO Museum and Research Center, Roswell, N.M. - - 3. Drawing of Project MOGUL Balloon Train. - - 4. Maj. Jesse Marcel With “Flying Disc” Debris. - - 5. ML-307B/AP Radar Target on Ground. - - 6. ML-307B/AP Radar Target in Flight. - - 7. “Harassed Rancher Who Located ‘Saucer’ Sorry He Told About It,” - _Roswell Daily Record_, July 9, 1947. - - 8. Announcement from November 4, 1992 _Socorro_ (N.M.) _Defensor - Chieftain_. - - 9. B.D. “Duke” Gildenberg. - - 10. Charles B. Moore. - - 11. Map of New Mexico Depicting “Crash Sites” and “Debris Field.” - - 12. Missile Recovery Scene. - - 13. Drone Recovery Scene. - - 14. “Sierra Sam” Type Anthropomorphic Dummy. - - 15. National Transportation Highway Safety Administration - Advertisement Featuring “Vince and Larry.” - - 16. “Dummy Joe” with J.J. Higgins and Guy Ball, McCook Field, Ohio, - 1920. - - 17. Rope and Sandbag Parachute Drop Dummy on Ground. - - 18. Rope and Sandbag Parachute Drop Dummy Descending at Wright - Field, Ohio. - - 19. Ted Smith Model Anthropomorphic Dummy in Ejection Seat. - - 20. Anthropomorphic Dummy “Oscar Eightball” at Muroc AAF, Calif. - - 21. “Sierra Sam” Anthropomorphic Dummy in Ejection Seat. - - 22. Alderson Laboratories Anthropomorphic Dummies Hanging in - Laboratory. - - 23. Project HIGH DIVE Dummy Launch. - - 24. Map of New Mexico Depicting Dummy Landing Locations. - - 25. Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr.’s Record Parachute Jump. - - 26. Article In December 1960 National Geographic Featuring Project - EXCELSIOR. - - 27. Magazine Covers Depicting U.S. Air Force Aero-Medical - Experiments. - - 28. M-342 Five-Ton Wrecker. - - 29. Project HIGH DIVE Gondola and “Sierra Sam” Type Anthropomorphic - Dummy. - - 30. 1st Lts. Raymond A. Madson and Eugene M. Schwartz with “Sierra - Sam” Type Anthropomorphic Dummy. - - 31. M-35 Two-Ton Cargo Truck. - - 32. M-37 ¾-Ton Cargo Truck. - - 33. Lt. Col. John P. Stapp Preparing for Rocket Sled Test. - - 34. Cover of September 12, 1955 _Time_ Magazine Depicting - Lt. Col. John P. Stapp. - - 35. Anthropomorphic Dummy with Missing Fingers. - - 36–38. Anthropomorphic Dummy Falling from Balloon Gondola. - - 39. Memo from Project HIGH DIVE Files. - - 40. Hanging Anthropomorphic Dummies and Hospital Gurney. - - 41. Anthropomorphic Dummy in Insulation Bag. - - 42–43. High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Report Covers. - - 44. Inflation of High Altitude Balloon for Project VIKING. - - 45. Lobby Card from _On The Threshold of Space_. - - 46. Promotional Photo From _On The Threshold of Space_. - - 47. Promotional Photo From _On The Threshold of Space_. - - 48. Relative Sizes of High Altitude Balloon, Airliner, and Hot Air - Balloon. - - 49. Target Balloon Launch Near Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 50. DISCOVERER Nosecone Rigged for High Altitude Balloon Flight. - - 51. DISCOVERER Capsule Aboard the _USS Haiti Victory_. - - 52. VIKING Spaceprobe at Martin Marietta Corp., Denver, Colo. - - 53. Balloon Launch Of VOYAGER-MARS Space Probe. - - 54. VIKING Space Probe at Roswell Industrial Airport, Roswell, N.M. - - 55. VIKING Space Probe Awaiting Recovery at White Sands Missile - Range. - - 56. Drawing of Alleged UFO. - - 57. “Vee” Balloon at Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 58. Current Members of the Holloman AFB Balloon Branch. - - 59. B.D. Gildenberg, Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., and Lt. Col. - David G. Simons (MC). - - 60. Ranch Family with Panel from Project STARGAZER. - - 61. Balloon Recovery Personnel and “The Hermit.” - - 62. Mule Borrowed for Balloon Payload Recovery. - - 63. Bulldozer Used for Balloon Payload Recovery. - - 64. M-43 Ambulance. - - 65–66. Unusual Balloon Payloads. - - 67. U.S. Army Communications Payload. - - 68. Scientific Balloon Payload Flown for The Johns Hopkins University. - - 69. Balloon Payload Flown from Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 70. Project HIGH DIVE Anthropomorphic Dummy Launch. - - 71. Vehicles Present at High Altitude Balloon Launch and Recovery - Sites. - - 72. Alderson Laboratories Anthropomorphic Dummies. - - 73. Anthropomorphic Dummies Attached to Rack. - - 74. Anthropomorphic Dummy with “Bandaged” Head. - - 75. Anthropomorphic Dummy with Torn Uniform. - - 76. Promotional Photo From _On The Threshold of Space_. - - 77. L-20 Observation Aircraft. - - 78. C-47 Transport Aircraft. - - 79. Balloon Crew Preparing Balloon for Launch. - - 80. Anthropomorphic Dummy Launch Scene. - - 81. Typical High Altitude Balloon Launch Scene. - - 82. Map of New Mexico. - - SECTION TWO - - 1. The International UFO Museum and Research Center. - - 2. Capt. Eileen M. Fanton. - - 3. “Flying Saucer Swindlers,” _True_ Magazine, August 1956. - - 4. “The Flying Saucers and the Mysterious Little Green Men,” _True_ - Magazine, September 1952. - - 5. Col. Lee F. Ferrell and U.S. Senator Dennis Chavez. - - 6. Lt. Col. Lucille C. Slattery. - - 7. KC-97 Aircraft. - - 8. 4036th USAF Hospital, Walker AFB, N.M., 1956. - - 9. Ballard Funeral Home, Roswell, N.M. - - 10. Maj. David G. Simons (MC), Otto C. Winzen, and Capt. Joseph W. - Kittinger, Jr. - - 11. Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. in MAN HIGH Capsule. - - 12. Lt. Col. David G. Simons. - - 13. Bernard D. “Duke” Gildenberg and 1st Lt. Clifton McClure. - - 14. Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. and the EXCELSIOR High Altitude - Balloon Gondola. - - 15. Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. and William C. White with - STARGAZER Gondola. - - 16. Capt. Grover Schock and Otto C. Winzen. - - 17. Capt. Dan D. Fulgham and Capt. William C. Kaufman. - - 18. Thirty-foot Polyethylene Training Balloon. - - 19. Maj. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. in Vietnam. - - 20. A2C Ole Jorgeson and M-43 Ambulance Converted to a Communications - Vehicle. - - 21. Stenciled Letters Described as “Hieroglyphics.” - - 22. A2C Ole Jorgeson in Rear of M-43 Ambulance. - - 23. Polyethylene Balloon on Ground After High Altitude Flight. - - 24. Hospital Dispensary, Building 317, Walker AFB, N.M., 1954. - - 25. Main Gate at Walker AFB, N.M., 1954. - - 26. Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. and Dr. J. Allen Hynek. - - 27. Clinical Record Cover Sheet of Capt. Dan D. Fulgham. - - 28. Capt. Dan D. Fulgham at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. - - 29. Maj. Dan D. Fulgham, James Lovell, Hilary Ray, and Alan Bean. - - 30. Maj. Dan D. Fulgham at Ubon AB, Thailand. - - 31. Memorial Plaque at Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 32. Nenninger Balloon Launch Facility at Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 33. Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. Following EXCELSIOR I. - - - - - Introduction - - -In July 1994, the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force concluded -an exhaustive search for records in response to a General Accounting -Office (GAO) inquiry of an event popularly known as the “Roswell -Incident.” The focus of the GAO probe, initiated at the request of New -Mexico Congressman Steven Schiff, was to determine if the U.S. Air -Force, or any other U.S. government agency, possessed information on -the alleged crash and recovery of an extraterrestrial vehicle and its -alien occupants near Roswell, N.M. in July 1947. - -Reports of flying saucers and alien bodies allegedly sighted in the -Roswell area in 1947, have been the subject of intense domestic -and international media attention. This attention has resulted in -countless newspaper and magazine articles, books, a television series, -a full-length motion picture, and even a film purported to be a U.S. -government “alien autopsy.” - -The July 1994 Air Force report concluded that the predecessor to the -U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Army Air Forces, did indeed recover material -near Roswell in July 1947. This 1,000-page report methodically explains -that what was recovered by the Army Air Forces was not the remnants of -an extraterrestrial spacecraft and its alien crew, but debris from an -Army Air Forces balloon-borne research project code named MOGUL.[1] -Records located describing research carried out under the MOGUL -project, most of which were never classified (and publicly available) -were collected, provided to GAO, and published in one volume for ease -of access for the general public.[*] - -[*] MOGUL records which ultimately lead to the identification of the -origin of the 1947 claims of “flying saucer” debris, described balloon -research that was never classified. Other MOGUL records, describing -military applications of balloon-borne acoustical sensors, were -declassified, along with millions of pages of other unrelated executive -branch documents by Executive Order 11652, issued on March 6, 1972 by -President Richard M. Nixon. - -Although MOGUL components clearly accounted for the claims of “flying -saucer” debris recovered in 1947, lingering questions remained -concerning anecdotal accounts that included descriptions of “alien” -bodies. The issue of “bodies” was not discussed extensively in the 1994 -report because there were not any bodies connected with events that -occurred in 1947. The extensive Secretary of the Air Force-directed -search of Army Air Forces and U.S. Air Force records from 1947 did not -yield information that even suggested the 1947 “Roswell” events were -anything other than the retrieval of the MOGUL equipment.[2] - - [Illustration: Fig. 1. _The Roswell Report: Fact vs. Fiction - in the New Mexico Desert_ contains, in its entirety, the report - submitted to the Secretary of the Air Force in July 1994. It is - available for sale from the U.S. Government Printing Office, - Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C., 20402-9328. Stock - No. 008-070-00697-9, ISBN 0-16-048023-X.] - -Subsequent to the 1994 report, Air Force researchers discovered -information that provided a rational explanation for the alleged -observations of alien bodies associated with the “Roswell Incident.” -Pursuant to the discovery, research efforts compared documented Air -Force activities to the incredible claims of “flying saucers,” “aliens” -and seemingly unusual Air Force involvement. This in-depth examination -revealed that these accounts, in most instances, were of actual Air -Force activities but were seriously flawed in several major areas, most -notably: the Air Force operations that inspired reports of “bodies” (in -addition to being earthly in origin) did not occur in 1947. It appears -that UFO proponents have failed to establish the accurate dates for -these “alien” observations (in some instances by more than a decade) -and then erroneously linked them to the actual Project MOGUL debris -recovery. - -This report discusses the results of this further research and -identifies the likely sources of the claims of “alien” bodies. -Contrary to allegations that the Air Force has engaged in a cover-up -and possesses dark secrets involving the Roswell claims, some of -the accounts appear to be descriptions of unclassified and widely -publicized Air Force scientific achievements. Other descriptions of -bodies appear to be descriptions of actual incidents in which Air Force -members were killed or injured in the line of duty. - -The conclusions of the additional research are: - - • Air Force activities which occurred over a period of many years - have been consolidated and are now represented to have occurred in - two or three days in July 1947. - - • “Aliens” observed in the New Mexico desert were probably - anthropomorphic test dummies that were carried aloft by U.S. Air - Force high altitude balloons for scientific research. - - • The “unusual” military activities in the New Mexico desert were - high altitude research balloon launch and recovery operations. The - reports of military units that always seemed to arrive shortly - after the crash of a flying saucer to retrieve the saucer and - “crew,” were actually accurate descriptions of Air Force personnel - engaged in anthropomorphic dummy recovery operations. - - • Claims of bodies at the Roswell Army Air Field hospital were most - likely a combination of two separate incidents: - - 1) a 1956 KC-97 aircraft accident in which 11 Air Force members - lost their lives; and, - - 2) a 1959 manned balloon mishap in which two Air Force pilots were - injured. - -This report is based on thoroughly documented research supported by -official records, technical reports, film footage, photographs, and -interviews with individuals who were involved in these events. - - [Illustration: Fig. 2. Roswell, N.M. (pop. 37,000), boasts - competing “museums” focusing on the Roswell Incident, including - this one, The International UFO Museum and Research Center.] - - - - - SECTION ONE - - Flying Saucer Crashes and Alien Bodies - - -The most puzzling and intriguing element of the complex series of -events now known as the Roswell Incident, are the alleged sightings of -alien bodies. The bodies turned what, for many years, was just another -flying saucer story, into what many UFO proponents claim is the best -case for extraterrestrial visitation of Earth. The importance of bodies -and the assumptions made as to their origin is illustrated in a passage -from a popular Roswell book: - - _Crashed saucers are one thing, and could well turn out to be - futuristic American or even foreign aircraft or missiles. But - alien bodies are another matter entirely, and hardly subject to - misinterpretation._[3] - -The 1994 Air Force report determined that project MOGUL was responsible -for the 1947 events. MOGUL was an experimental attempt to acoustically -detect suspected Soviet nuclear weapon explosions and ballistic missile -launches.[4] MOGUL utilized acoustical sensors, radar reflecting -targets and other devices attached to a train of weather balloons over -600 feet long. Claims that the U.S. Army Air Forces recovered a “flying -disc” in 1947, were based primarily on the lack of identification of -the radar targets, an element of weather equipment used on the long -MOGUL balloon train. The oddly constructed radar targets were found by -a New Mexico rancher during the height of the first U.S. flying saucer -wave in 1947.[5] The rancher brought the remnants of the balloons and -radar targets to the local sheriff after he allegedly learned of the -broadcasted reports of flying discs. However, following some initial -confusion at Roswell Army Air Field, the “flying disc” was soon -identified by Army Air Forces officials as a standard radar target.[6] - -From 1947 until the late 1970s, the Roswell Incident was essentially -a non-story. The reports that existed contain only descriptions of -mundane materials that originated from the Project MOGUL balloon -train—“tinfoil, paper, tape, rubber, and sticks.”[7] The first claim -of “bodies” appeared in the late 1970s, with additional claims made -during the 1980s and 1990s. These claims were usually based on -anecdotal accounts of second- and third-hand witnesses collected by UFO -proponents as much as 40 years after the alleged incident. The same -anecdotal accounts that referred to bodies also described massive field -operations conducted by the U.S. military to recover crash debris from -a supposed extraterrestrial spaceship. - - [Illustration: Fig. 3. An illustration of a Project MOGUL balloon - train similar to one found on a ranch 75 miles northwest of - Roswell, N.M. in June 1947, which contains all of the “strange” - materials described as part of a “flying disc.” Initial confusion - at Roswell AAF and delayed identification of this equipment was the - first in a series of unrelated events now known as the “Roswell - Incident.”] - -A technique used by some UFO authors to collect anecdotal corroboration -for their theories was to solicit cooperating witnesses through -newspaper announcements. For example, one such solicitation appeared in -the _Socorro_ (N.M.) _Defensor Chieftain_ on November 4, 1992, on behalf -of Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, the authors of the book _Crash -at Corona_. This request solicited persons to provide information about -the supposed crashes of alien spacecraft in the Socorro area.[8][*] - - [*] Socorro, N.M. is situated at the northwest boundary of White - Sands Missile Range, the largest military test range in the United - States. Since the 1940s, White Sands and the surrounding areas of - New Mexico have been the site of a high volume of military test - and evaluation activity, including the launch and recovery of - anthropomorphic dummies carried aloft by high altitude balloons. - - [Illustration: Fig. 4. (_Right_) Maj. Jesse Marcel, an intelligence - officer from Roswell Army Air Field, with the debris found 75 miles - northwest of Roswell in June 1947. When compared to a standard - radar target used by project MOGUL, it is clear that they are - the same object. (_Courtesy, Special Collections Division, the - University of Texas at Arlington Libraries, Arlington, Tex._)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 5 & 6. (_Below, left and right_) Constructed - of aluminized paper glued and taped to a balsa wood frame, several - ML-307B/AP radar targets were used on the MOGUL balloon train to - make it visible to radar. (_U.S. Air Force photos_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 7. This account from the July 9, 1947 _Roswell - Daily Record_, described the materials “tinfoil, paper, rubber, - tape, and sticks” found on the ranch 75 miles northwest of Roswell, - in June 1947. - - _Harassed Rancher who Located ‘Saucer’ Sorry He Told About It_ - - W. W. Brazel, 48, Lincoln county rancher living 30 miles south east - of Corona, today told his story of finding what the army at first - described as a flying disk, but the publicity which attended his - find caused him to add that if he ever found anything else short of - a bomb he sure wasn’t going to say anything about it. - - Brazel was brought here late yesterday by W. E. Whitmore, of radio - station KGFL, had his picture taken and gave an interview to the - Record and Jason Kellahin, sent here from the Albuquerque bureau - of the Associated Press to cover the story. The picture he posed - for was sent out over AP telephoto wire sending machine specially - set up in the Record office by R. D. Adair, AP wire chief sent here - from Albuquerque for the sole purpose of getting out his picture - and that of sheriff George Wilcox, to whom Brazel originally gave - the information of his find. - - Brazel related that on June 14 he and an 8-year old son, Vernon - were about 7 or 8 miles from the ranch house of the J. B. Foster - ranch, which he operates, when they came upon a large area of - bright wreckage made up on rubber strips, tinfoil, a rather tough - paper and sticks. - - At the time Brazel was in a hurry to get his round made and he did - not pay much attention to it. But he did remark about what he had - seen and on July 4 he, his wife, Vernon and a daughter Betty, age - 14, went back to the spot and gathered up quite a bit of the debris. - - The next day he first heard about the flying disks, and he wondered - if what he had found might be the remnants of one of these. - - Monday he came to town to sell some wool and while here he went to - see sheriff George Wilcox and “whispered kinda confidential like” - that he might have found a flying disk. - - Wilcox got in touch with the Roswell Army Air Field and Maj. Jesse - A. Marcel and a man in plain clothes accompanied him home, where - they picked up the rest of the pieces of the “disk” and went to his - home to try to reconstruct it. - - According to Brazel they simply could not reconstruct it at all. - They tried to make a kite, out of it, but could not do that and - could not find any way to put it back together so that it would fit. - - Then Major Marcel brought it to Roswell and that was the last he - heard of it until the story broke that he had found a flying disk. - - Brazel said that he did not see it fall from the sky and did not - see it before it was torn up, so he did not know the size or shape - it might have been, but he thought it might have been about as - large as a table top. The balloon which held it up, if that was how - it worked, must have been about 12 feet long, he felt, measuring - the distance by the size of the room in which he sat. The rubber - was smoky gray in color and scattered over an area about 200 yards - in diameter. - - When the debris was gathered up the tinfoil, paper, tape, and - sticks made a bundle about three feet long and 7 or 8 inches thick, - while the rubber made a bundle about 18 or 20 inches long and about - 8 inches thick. In all, he estimated, the entire lot would have - weighed maybe five pounds. - - There was no sign of any metal in the area which might have been - used for an engine and no sign of any propellers of any kind, - although at least one paper fin had been glued onto some of the - tinfoil. - - There were no words to be found anywhere on the instrument, - although there were letters on some of the parts. Considerable - scotch tape and some tape with flowers printed upon it had been - used in the construction. - - No strings or wire were to be found but there were some eyelets in - the paper to indicate that some sort of attachment may have been - used. - - Brazel said that he had previously found two weather observation - balloons on the ranch, but that what he found this time did not in - any way resemble either of these. - - “I am sure what I found was not any weather observation balloon.” - he said. “But if I find anything else, besides a bomb they are - going to have a hard time getting me to say anything about it.”] - -In response to the newspaper announcement, two scientists central to -the actual explanation of the “Roswell” events, Professor Charles -B. Moore, a former U.S. Army Air Forces contract engineer, and -Bernard D. Gildenberg, retired Holloman AFB Balloon Branch Physical -Science Administrator and Meteorologist, came forward with pertinent -information.[9] According to Moore and Gildenberg, when they met with -the authors their explanations that some of the Air Force projects they -participated in were most likely responsible for the incident, they -were summarily dismissed. The authors even went so far as to suggest -that these distinguished scientists were participants in a multifaceted -government cover-up to conceal the truth about the Roswell Incident. - - [Illustration: Fig. 8. Announcement from the November 4, 1992 - _Socorro_ (N.M.) _Defensor Chieftain_ soliciting witnesses of flying - saucer crashes in New Mexico. When former Air Force scientists - responded to advise the authors that Air Force projects were most - probably responsible for the UFO accounts, they were summarily - dismissed by the authors who placed the announcement, and then were - accused of participating in a cover-up. - - _Authors seek UFO witnesses_ - - Co-authors of a major book on the 1947 crash of at least one - alien spacecraft in the New Mexico desert will be at the Golden - Manor Motel in Socorro on Monday, Nov. 16 to seek out additional - witnesses to these events. - - Nuclear physicist Stanton T. Friedman and aviation/science writer - Don Berliner, whose “Crash at Corona” is now in its second - printing, want to meet with people having knowledge of the 1947 - crashes. - - Their book, being published in August by Paragon House of New York, - is being prepared for a made-for-TV movie. It is the story of the - discovery, retrieval, shipping and cover-up of what the authors - call the most important scientific discovery of the past thousand - years. - - It is based on dozens of interviews with first- and second-hand - civilian and ex-military witnesses to various parts of what is - referred to as a very complex series of events. - - In order to strengthen their case for government knowledge of what - they call “the truth behind almost 50 years of UFO sightings,” the - authors are seeking out additional, reliable witnesses. It remains - their policy to honor requests to keep the names of witnesses - private. - - For more information, contact Don Berliner, 1202 S. Washington St., - Alexandria. VA., 22314 (703-548-0405); or Stanton T. Friedman, 79 - Pembroke Crescent, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 2V1, Canada (506 - 457-0232). - - Witnesses are invited to call either author collect or to make - arrangements to meet them at any of their stops in New Mexico, - which include the cities of Santa Fe, Albuquerque, Las Cruces, - Alamogordo and Roswell.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 9. (_Left_) B.D. “Duke” Gildenberg served - as the civilian meteorologist, engineer, and physical science - administrator for the Holloman AFB Balloon Branch from - 1951–1981. Gildenberg actively participated in thousands of - high altitude balloon operations, including the flights that - dropped anthropomorphic dummies at off-range locations throughout - New Mexico. Gildenberg, the “father” of Air Force scientific - ballooning, was instrumental in identifying the many actual Air - Force activities now known as the “Roswell Incident.”] - - [Illustration: Fig. 10. (_Right_) Charles B. Moore, Professor - Emeritus of Atmospheric Physics at the New Mexico Institute of - Mining and Technology, was the project engineer for New York - University under contract to the U.S. Army Air Forces to develop - high altitude balloon technology for Project MOGUL. Moore launched - the balloon train on June 4, 1947, that when combined with other - events, are now known as the “Roswell Incident.”] - -Since many of the Roswell accounts and allegations were collected by -irregular methods and are not specifically documented, the series -of events as alleged by UFO theorists has become very complex and -requires clarification. Therefore, the following section will briefly -examine some of the more confusing elements of the Roswell stories, -specifically, the multiple crash sites and complex scenarios, in order -to facilitate an objective analysis of actual events. - - - - - 1.1 - The “Crash Sites,” Scenarios, and Research Methods - - -The “Crash Sites” - -From 1947 until the late 1970s, the Roswell Incident was confined -to one alleged crash site. This site, located on the Foster Ranch -approximately 75 miles northwest of the city of Roswell, was the actual -landing site of a Project MOGUL balloon train in June 1947.[10] The -MOGUL landing site is referred to in popular Roswell literature as the -“debris field.” - -In the 1970s, the 1980s and throughout the 1990s, additional witnesses -came forward with claims and descriptions of two other alleged crash -sites. One of these sites was supposedly north of Roswell, the other -site was alleged to have been approximately 175 miles northwest of -Roswell in an area of New Mexico known as the San Agustin Plains.[11] -What distinguished the two new crash sites from the original debris -field were accounts of alien bodies. - - [Illustration: Fig. 11. Map of New Mexico depicting the “crash - sites” and “debris field.” ] - - -The Scenarios - - [Sidenote: “_It must be emphasized that the claims of bodies only - became part of the Roswell Incident after 1978, when they were - erroneously linked to the July 1947 retrieval of Project MOGUL - components._”] - -UFO enthusiasts have attempted to explain the obvious contradiction -of multiple impact sites involving only one alien craft through the -introduction of complicated scenarios. These scenarios have become -increasingly convoluted since the proponents of each crash site must -make allowances to have “their” flying saucer at the correct time -and place—the actual MOGUL balloon train landing site in early July, -1947—in order to “fit” with the rest of the story. The actual Project -MOGUL landing site, 75 miles northwest of Roswell, lends credibility, -and more importantly establishes a _time frame_, for the other accounts -that include reports of bodies. Flying saucer enthusiasts use the -documented presence of U.S. Army Air Forces personnel at the MOGUL -site in July 1947, who were there to retrieve the MOGUL balloon train, -to provide the nucleus of unrelated and much later accounts that -include reports of “bodies.” It must be emphasized that the claims of -“bodies” only became part of the Roswell Incident after 1978, when they -were erroneously linked to the July 1947 retrieval of Project MOGUL -components. - -In general, “Roswell Incident” scenarios claim that a disabled alien -craft momentarily touched down at the site 75 miles northwest of -Roswell, leaving behind parts of the spaceship (material that has been -subsequently identified as components of a MOGUL balloon train) to -create the original “debris field.” The scenarios further contend that -the damaged craft again became airborne and flew to its final crash -site, at either the location north of Roswell or 175 miles northwest of -Roswell on the San Agustin Plains. - -Regardless of the dispute over the location, an element common to -most scenarios was that, once recovered, the bodies were supposedly -transported to the hospital at Roswell Army Air Field for autopsy. Also -common to these theories is that the bodies were later shipped from -Roswell AAF to another facility, usually Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio (or -a host of other facilities—this is another area of further disagreement -among UFO theorists) for further evaluation and ultimate deep-freeze -storage. - - -Research Methods - -In an attempt to untangle this collection of complicated assertions and -determine if there was any validity to the reports of bodies, Air Force -researchers faced the task of sorting through and examining anecdotal -testimony of hundreds of witnesses. However, a large number of the -accounts were eliminated by applying previously established facts to -the testimonies. The July 1994 report to the Secretary of the Air Force -clearly presented and documented these facts: - - _a._ The U.S. Army Air Forces did not recover an extraterrestrial - vehicle and alien crew. This conclusion was based on extensive - research that included a thorough review of both classified - and unclassified materials at record depositories, archives, - libraries and research facilities throughout the nation. Of the - millions of pages of material reviewed, there was no mention of - any activities that even tangentially suggested such an event. - Additionally, former and retired Air Force members and civilian - contract scientists were located and released from any possible - nondisclosure agreements they may have entered into regarding - past classified activities. This release allowed them to freely - discuss with Air Force researchers, or any other persons, - information related to this issue. These releases were issued at - the express written direction of the Secretary of the Air Force. - Interviews with these persons yielded no information supporting - extraterrestrial claims or any other unusual activities. - - _b._ The reports of bodies were not associated with Project MOGUL. - The MOGUL balloon train did not, was not designed to, nor could it - carry passengers. Neither did it carry hazardous materials that - would have caused injury, death, or mutilation to persons who may - have come in contact with any of its components. - - _c._ Actual events, if any, that inspired reports of bodies did - not occur in 1947. Based on extensive examinations of U.S. Army - Air Forces activities in 1947, no evidence was found to support - allegations that the Army Air Forces was involved in any uncommon - operations other than the retrieval of the MOGUL balloon train - in the Roswell area in July 1947. Examination of research and - development projects, aircraft crashes, errant missiles and - possible nuclear accidents yielded no information to support a 1947 - claim. - -In light of these documented facts, the hundreds of anecdotal accounts -were reduced to a few. Eliminated were accounts that were likely -descriptions of materials known to be part of the Project MOGUL balloon -train and accounts describing transportation of these materials. - -From the remaining testimony, Air Force researchers developed the -following set of working hypotheses to assist in identifying the actual -events, if any, matching those described by the witnesses. - - _a._ Due to the number and great detail provided in some of the - accounts, it was likely that some event(s) actually did occur. - - _b._ Due to the many similarities of the two crash site - descriptions and the considerable distance between them, it was - likely that more than one event with similar characteristics was - the basis for these accounts. - - _c._ Since the account of bodies at the Roswell Army Air Field - hospital did not contain elements similar to reports of the two - crash sites, it was likely that this account was unrelated to - the crash site accounts. (The hospital account will be addressed - separately in Section Two of this report.) - -The remaining testimony was examined with regard both to the facts and -to working hypotheses to determine if there were common threads or -links connecting any of the accounts. If similarities were found, the -next step was to determine if they were related to an actual event. -Finally, if there were actual event(s), were they part of U.S. Air -Force or U.S. Government activities? - - -Common Threads - -Careful examination of the testimony revealed that primary witnesses -of the two “crashed saucer” locations contained descriptions common to -both. These areas of commonality contained both general and detailed -characteristics. However, before continuing, the accounts were -carefully examined to determine if the testimony related by individual -witnesses were of their own experiences and not a recitation of -information given by other persons. While many aspects of the remaining -accounts were judged to be similar, other aspects were found to be -significantly different. The accounts on which the analysis is based -were determined, in all likelihood, to have been independently obtained -or observed by the witnesses. - -=General Similarities.= The testimony presented for both crash sites -generally followed the same sequence of events. The witnesses were -in a rural and isolated area of New Mexico. In the course of their -travels in this area, they came upon a crashed aerial vehicle. The -witnesses then proceeded to the area of the crash to investigate and at -some distance they observed strange looking “beings” that appeared to -be crewmembers of the vehicle. Soon thereafter, a convoy of military -vehicles and soldiers arrived at the site. Military personnel allegedly -instructed the civilians to leave the area and forget what they had -seen. As the witnesses left the area, the military personnel commenced -with a recovery operation of the crashed aerial vehicle and “crew.” - -=Detailed Similarities.= Along with general similarities in the -testimonies, there also existed a substantial amount of similar -detailed descriptions of the “aliens,” and the military vehicles and -procedures allegedly used to recover them. - -The first obvious similarity was the descriptions of the aliens. -Mr. Gerald Anderson, an alleged witness of events at the site 175 -miles northwest of Roswell, recalled, “I thought they were plastic -dolls.”[12] Mr. James Ragsdale, an alleged witness of the site north of -Roswell, stated, “They were using dummies in those damned things.”[13] -Another alleged witness to a “crash” north of Roswell, Frank J. -Kaufman, recalled that there was “talk” that perhaps an “experimental -plane with dummies in it” was the source of the claims.[14] - -Additional similarities were also noted. Mr. Vern Maltais, a secondhand -witness of the site 175 miles northwest of Roswell, described the -hands of the “aliens” as, “They had four fingers.”[15] Anderson -characterized the hands as, “They didn’t have a little finger.”[16] -He also described the heads of the aliens as “completely bald”[17] -while Maltais described them as “hairless.”[18] The uniforms of the -aliens were independently described by Anderson as “one-piece suits -... a shiny silverish-gray color”[19] and by Maltais as “one-piece -and gray in color.”[20] The date of this event was also not precisely -known. Maltais recalled that it may have occurred “around 1950”[21] and -another secondhand witness, Alice Knight stated, “I don’t recall the -date.”[22] - -Witnesses of different sites also used the terms “wrecker”[23] and -“six-by-six”[24] when they described the military vehicles present at -the different recovery sites. One witness described seeing a “medium -sized Jeep/truck”[25] and another witness described seeing a “weapons -carrier”[26] (a weapons carrier is a mid-sized Jeep-type truck). - - -The Research Profile - -When the general and specific similarities were combined, a profile -emerged describing the event or activity that might have been observed. -The profile, which contains elements common to at least two, and in -some cases, all of the accounts, established a set of criteria used -to determine what the witnesses may have observed. The profile is as -follows: - - _a._ An activity that, if viewed from a distance, would appear - unusual. - - _b._ An activity of which the exact date is not known. - - _c._ An activity that took place in two rural areas of New Mexico. - - _d._ An activity that involved a type of aerial vehicle with dolls - or dummies that had four fingers, were bald, and wore one-piece - gray suits. - - _e._ An activity that required recovery by numerous military - personnel and an assortment of vehicles that included a wrecker, a - six-by-six, and a weapons carrier. - -Based on this profile, research was begun to identify events or -activities with these characteristics. Due to the location of the -sites, attention was focused on Roswell AAF (renamed Walker AFB in -1948), White Sands Missile Range and Holloman AFB, N.M. The aerial -vehicles assigned or under development at these facilities were -aircraft, missiles, remotely-piloted drones, and high altitude -balloons. The operational characteristics and areas where these -vehicles flew were researched to determine if they played a role in the -events described by the witnesses. - -=Missiles and Drones.= Missiles and drones were determined not to have -been responsible for the accounts.[*] The areas where the alleged -crashes took place were, in all likelihood, too far from the White -Sands Missile Range. Missiles were equipped with a self-destruct -mechanism that was activated if it strayed off-course or out of the -White Sands Missile Range. There was never a program that required -a dummy or doll to be placed inside a missile or a drone. However, -missiles were launched from White Sands carrying monkeys and other -small animals aloft for scientific research.[27] These projects were -well documented, and none of these missiles landed near either of the -two crash sites. - - [*] From September 1961 until March 1965 12 Atlas F - intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) were deployed by the - 579^{th} Strategic Missile Squadron in areas surrounding Walker - AFB, N.M. These missiles were determined not to have been involved - in the Roswell Incident. - -=Aircraft.= Aircraft seemed just as unlikely as missiles to have been -responsible for the extraterrestrial claims as outlined in the profile. -Although additional research revealed the significant role dummies -played in the test and evaluation of aircraft emergency escape systems, -these dummies were used on board aircraft and on the high-speed test -track at Holloman AFB. However, aircraft test flights demanded strict -adherence to established flight profiles over the instrumented portions -of the White Sands Missile Range, many miles from the alleged crash -sites. Dummies used on the high-speed track remained in the immediate -vicinity of the track facilities at Holloman AFB. This geographical -impossibility ruled out dummies that were ejected from aircraft -and those used on the high-speed track as a cause of alleged alien -sightings. (Aircraft accidents will be discussed extensively in Section -Two of this report.) - - [Illustration: Figs. 12 & 13. Missiles (_left_) and drones - (_right_) under development at Holloman AFB, N.M. were determined - not to have been involved in the “Roswell Incident.” (_U.S. Air - Force photos_)] - -=High Altitude Research Balloons.= The only vehicles not yet evaluated -as a possible source of the accounts were high altitude research -balloons. Previous reviews of early research balloon flight records -revealed that trajectories of high altitude balloons were, at times, -unpredictable and did not usually remain over Holloman AFB or White -Sands Missile Range.[28] Many of the scientific payloads required -recovery so the data collected during flight could be returned to the -laboratory for analysis. - -These characteristics seemed to fit at least some of the research -profile. Atmospheric sampling apparatus or weather instruments, the -typical payload of many high altitude balloons, could hardly have been -mistaken for space aliens. A careful examination of the instruments -carried aloft by the high altitude balloons revealed that one unique -project used a device that very likely could be mistaken for an -alien—an anthropomorphic dummy. - -An anthropomorphic dummy is a human substitute equipped with a variety -of instrumentation to measure effects of environments and situations -deemed too hazardous for a human. These abstractly human dummies -were first used in New Mexico in May 1950, and have been used on a -continuous basis since that time.[29] - -In the 1950s, anthropomorphic dummies were not widely exposed outside -of scientific research circles and easily could have been mistaken for -something they were not. Today, anthropomorphic dummies, better known -as crash test dummies, are easily identifiable and are even the “stars” -of their own automotive safety advertising campaign. During the 1950s -when the U.S. Air Force dropped the odd-looking test devices from high -altitude balloons in its program to study high altitude human free-fall -characteristics, public awareness and stardom were decades away. It -seems likely that someone who unexpectedly observed these dummies at a -distance would believe they had seen something unusual. In retrospect, -when interviewed over 40 years later, they could accurately report that -they had seen something _very unusual_. - -With the introduction of anthropomorphic dummies as a possible -explanation for the reports of bodies, another element of the research -profile appeared to be satisfied. Specific information that described -the locations, methods, and procedures used to employ the dummies was -required before any definitive conclusions could be drawn. To gather -this detailed information, research efforts were concentrated on high -altitude balloon operations and the specific projects that utilized -balloon-borne anthropomorphic dummies. - - [Illustration: Fig. 14. (_Left_) Example of an anthropomorphic - dummy carried aloft by U.S. Air Force high altitude balloons. These - dummies landed at numerous locations throughout New Mexico during - the 1950s. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 15. (_Right_) Newspaper advertisement depicting - anthropomorphic dummies “Vince and Larry” “stars” of the successful - advertising campaign by the National Highway Traffic Safety - Administration to encourage use of safety belts. (_Courtesy of - NHTSA_) - - “I’LL JUST BRACE - MYSELF WITH THE - STEERING WHEEL” - - Who are you trying to fool? There’s no way a steering wheel - can stop you from slamming into a dashboard. Only a safety belt can. - Stop making excuses and start buckling your safety belt. - - YOU COULD LEARN A LOT FROM A DUMMY. - BUCKLE YOUR SAFETY BELT. - - A Public Service Message - US Department - of Transportation -] - - - Test Dummies Used by the U.S. Air Force - -Since the beginning of manned flight, designers have sought a -substitute for the human body to test hazardous new equipment. Early -devices used by the predecessors of the U.S. Air Force were simply -constructed parachute drop test dummies with little similarity to the -human form. Following World War II, aircraft emergency escape systems -became increasingly sophisticated and engineers required a dummy with -more humanlike characteristics. - - -Parachute Drop Dummies - -During World War I research and development of the first U.S. military -parachute was underway at McCook Field, Ohio. To test the parachute, -engineers experimented with several types of dummies, settling on -a model constructed of three-inch hemp rope and sandbags with the -approximate proportions of a medium-sized man.[30] The new invention -was soon known by the nickname “Dummy Joe.” Dummy Joe is said to have -made more than five thousand “jumps” between 1918 and 1924.[31] - -By 1924, parachutes were required on military aircraft with their -serviceability tested by dummies dropped from aircraft.[32] For this -routine testing, several types of dummies were used. The most common -type is shown in figures 17 and 18. Parachutes were individually -drop-tested from aircraft until the early stages of World War II, when, -due both to increased reliability and large numbers of parachutes in -service, this routine practice was discontinued. Nonetheless, test -dummies were still used frequently by the Parachute Branch of Air -Materiel Command (AMC) at Wright Field, Ohio, to test new parachute -designs. - - [Illustration: Fig. 16. “‘Dummy Joe,’ the hero of five thousand - jumps” is shown here with engineers J.J. Higgins (_left_) and Guy - Ball at McCook Field, Ohio in 1920. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 17. (_Left_) Early rope and sandbag dummy used - to test parachutes. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 18. (_Right_) Parachute drop dummies in use at - Wright Field, Ohio. The historic Flight Test hangars, Hangars 1 and - 9, can be seen in the background. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - -Anthropomorphic Dummies - -The ejection seat had been developed and used successfully by the -German Luftwaffe during the latter stages of World War II. The utility -of this invention was realized when the U.S. Army Air Forces obtained -an ejection seat in 1944.[33] To properly test the ejection seat, the -Army Air Forces required a dummy that had the same center of gravity -and weight distribution as a human, characteristics that parachute -drop dummies did not possess. In 1944, the USAAF Air Materiel Command -contracted with the Ted Smith Company of Upper Darby, Pa. to design -and manufacture the first dummy intended to accurately represent a -human.[34] The dummy had the same basic shape as a human, but with only -abstract human features, and “skin” made of canvas. - - [Illustration: Figs. 19 & 20. (_Left & Right_) These early - anthropomorphic dummies, manufactured by the Ted Smith Co., of - Upper Darby, Pa., were used by the Army Air Forces beginning in - 1944. They were replaced by a more realistic dummy in 1949. - - (_Right_) “Oscar Eightball,” the name given to this early model - anthropomorphic dummy by Col. John P. Stapp, is shown following a - run of the high-speed track at Muroc AAF (now Edwards AFB), Calif., - in 1947. (_U.S. Air Force photos_)] - -In 1949, the U.S. Air Force Aero Medical Laboratory submitted a -proposal for an improved model of the anthropomorphic dummy.[35] -This request was originated by the renowned Air Force scientist and -physician John P. Stapp, now a retired Colonel, who conducted a series -of landmark experiments at Muroc (now Edwards) AFB, Calif., to measure -the effects of acceleration and deceleration during high-speed aircraft -ejections.[36] Stapp required a dummy that had the same center of -gravity and articulation as a human, but, unlike the Ted Smith dummy, -was more human in appearance. A more accurate external appearance was -required to provide for the proper fit of helmets, oxygen masks, and -other equipment used during the tests. Stapp requested the Anthropology -Branch of the Aero Medical Laboratory at Wright Field to review -anthropological, orthopedic, and engineering literature to prepare -specifications for the new dummy.[37] Plaster casts of the torso, legs, -and arms of an Air Force pilot were also taken to assure accuracy.[38] -The result was a proposed dummy that stood 72 inches tall, weighed -200 pounds, had provisions for mounting instrumentation, and could -withstand up to 100 times the force of gravity or 100Gs. - -In 1949, a contract was awarded to Sierra Engineering Company of Sierra -Madre, Calif., and deliveries began in 1950.[39] This dummy quickly -became known as “Sierra Sam.” - -In 1952, a contract for anthropomorphic dummies was awarded to Alderson -Research Laboratories, Inc., of New York City.[40] Dummies constructed -by both companies possessed the same basic characteristics: a skeleton -of aluminum or steel, latex or plastic skin, a cast aluminum skull, and -an instrument cavity in the torso and head for the mounting of strain -gauges, accelerometers, transducers, and rate gyros.[41] Models used by -the Air Force were primarily parachute drop and ejection seat versions -with center of gravity tolerances within one quarter inch. - -Over the next several years the two companies improved and redesigned -internal structures and instrumentation, but the basic external -appearance of the dummies remained relatively constant from the mid -1950s to the late 1960s. Dummies of these types were most likely the -“aliens” associated with the “Roswell Incident.” - - [Illustration: Figs. 21 & 22. Examples of a “Sierra Sam” (_left_) - and Alderson Laboratories anthropomorphic dummies (_right_) of the - type dropped from balloons at off-range locations throughout New - Mexico during the 1950s. (_U.S. Air Force photos_)] - - - - - 1.2 - High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops - - -From 1953 to 1959, anthropomorphic dummies were used by the U.S. Air -Force Aero Medical Laboratory as part of the high altitude aircraft -escape projects HIGH DIVE and EXCELSIOR.[42] The object of these -studies was to devise a method to return a pilot or astronaut to earth -by parachute, if forced to escape at extreme altitudes.[43] - - [Illustration: Fig. 23. Project HIGH DIVE anthropomorphic dummy - launch, White Sands Proving Ground, N.M., June 11, 1957. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - -Anthropomorphic dummies were transported to altitudes up to 98,000 feet -by high altitude balloons. The dummies were then released for a period -of free-fall while body movements and escape equipment performance were -recorded by a variety of instruments. Forty-three high altitude balloon -flights carrying 67 anthropomorphic dummies were launched and recovered -throughout New Mexico between June 1954 and February 1959.[44] Due -to prevailing wind conditions, operational factors and ruggedness of -the terrain, the majority of dummies impacted outside the confines -of military reservations in eastern New Mexico, near Roswell, and in -areas surrounding the Tularosa Valley in south central New Mexico.[45] -Additionally, 30 dummies were dropped by aircraft over White Sands -Proving Ground, N.M. in 1953. In 1959, 150 dummies were dropped by -aircraft over Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio (possibly accounting for -alleged alien “sightings” at that location).[46] - - [Illustration: Anthropomorphic Dummy Launch and Landing Locations] - -A number of these launch and recovery locations were in the areas where -the “crashed saucer” and “space aliens” were allegedly observed. - -Following the series of dummy tests, a human subject, test pilot Capt. -Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., now a retired Colonel, made three parachute -jumps from high altitude balloons. Since free-fall tests from these -unprecedented altitudes were extremely hazardous, they could not -be accomplished by a human until a rigorous testing program using -anthropomorphic dummies was completed. - - [Illustration: Fig. 25. “Lord, take care of me now,” were Capt. - Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr.’s words as he exited the EXCELSIOR III - balloon gondola at 102,800 feet on August 16, 1960, over White - Sands Proving Ground, N.M. Kittinger’s courageous scientific - achievement remains, to this day, the highest parachute jump ever - accomplished. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - - A Cover-Up? - -Countering claims of a cover-up, Air Force projects that used -anthropomorphic dummies and human subjects were unclassified and -widely publicized in numerous newspaper and magazine stories, books, -and television reports. These included a book written by test pilot -Kittinger, _The Long, Lonely Leap_, another book, _Man High_, by MAN -HIGH Project Scientist, Lt. Col. David G. Simons (MC), a feature -article in _National Geographic_, and cover stories in _Life_, -_Collier’s_, _Popular Mechanics_, and _Time_.[47] A characterization -of Kittinger’s record parachute jump even appeared in the adolescent -magazine, _MAD_.[48] The intense public interest in HIGH DIVE, -EXCELSIOR and other aero medical projects conducted at Holloman AFB -also resulted in a 1956 Twentieth Century Fox full-length motion -picture, _On the Threshold of Space_ (see page 38). - - [Illustration: Fig. 26. This photo of Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, - Jr. taken by a remotely operated camera on the EXCELSIOR III - gondola, was featured in the December 1960 _National Geographic_. - - The Long, Lonely Leap - - _World’s highest jump tests a new type of parachute for - high-altitude flyers and scientists returning from the threshold of - space_ - - By CAPT. JOSEPH W. KITTINGER. JR., USAF - - _Illustrations by National Geographic photographer VOLKMAR WENTZEL_ - - OVERHEAD my onion-shaped balloon spread its 200-foot diameter - against a black daytime sky. More than 18½ miles below lay the - cloud-hidden New Mexico desert to which I shortly would parachute. - - Sitting in my gondola, which gently twisted with the balloon’s slow - turnings, I had begun to sweat lightly, though the temperature read - 36° below zero Fahrenheit. Sunlight burned in on me under the edge - of an aluminized antiglare curtain and through the gondola’s open - door. - - In my earphones crackled the voice of Capt. Marvin Feldstein, one - of our project’s two doctors, from ground control at Holloman Air - Force Base: - - “Three minutes till jump, Joe.” - - I was ready to go, for more reasons than one. For about an hour—as - the balloon rose from 50,000 to 102,800 feet above sea level—I - had been exposed to an environment requiring the protection of a - pressure suit and helmet, and the fear of their failure had always - been present. If either should break, unconsciousness would come in - 10 or 12 seconds, and death within two minutes. - - In our altitude-chamber flights at the laboratory, I always - - “=Lord, take care of me now=,” I pray, then take the big step-off - that begins my return from the edge of space, a 13-minute, - 45-second plunge to an earth wrapped in clouds. The lanyard - attached to my parachute pack is my last link with the gondola. - It starts a timer on a small stabilization chute that will - open 16 seconds later and prevent horizontal spinning. Without - stabilization, man could not survive a jump from these high - altitudes. - - A National Geographic camera mounted above the gondola took this - remarkable photograph at 102,800 feet. - - MS Ektachrome National Geographic Society -] - - [Illustration: Fig. 27. Contemporary magazines that featured - experiments at Holloman AFB, N.M. _Clockwise from top left_, - _Time_, September 12, 1955; _Life_, August 29, 1960; _Popular - Mechanics Magazine_, (_center_) January 1951; _Collier’s_, June 25, - 1954; and _Life_, September 2, 1957.] - - -Dummy Drop Procedures - -For the majority of the tests, dummies were flown to altitudes between -30,000 and 98,000 feet attached to a specially designed rack suspended -below a high altitude balloon.[49] On several flights the dummies -were mounted in the door of an experimental high altitude balloon -gondola.[50] Upon reaching the desired altitude, the dummies were -released and free-fell for several minutes before deployment of the -main parachute. - - [Illustration: Fig. 28. (_Left_) Witnesses at both flying saucer - “crash” sites stated that a “wrecker” was used in the recovery - of the “alien” craft. This was a likely reference to the M-342 - five-ton wrecker, used to launch and recover anthropomorphic - dummies.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 29. (_Right_) Three tests utilized - anthropomorphic dummies mounted in the door of an experimental - Project HIGH DIVE gondola. This launch took place on October 8, - 1957, in front of curious onlookers at the public picnic area of - White Sands National Monument, N.M. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - -The dummies used for the balloon drops were outfitted with standard -equipment of an Air Force aircrew member. This equipment consisted -of a one-piece flightsuit, olive drab, gray (witnesses had described -seeing aliens in gray one-piece suits) or fuchsia in color, boots, -and a parachute pack.[51] The dummies were also fitted with an -instrumentation kit that contained accelerometers, pressure -transducers, an oscillograph, and a camera to record movements of the -dummy during free-fall.[52] - - [Illustration: Fig. 30. A “Sierra Sam” with HIGH DIVE Project - Officers 1st Lts. Eugene M. Schwartz (_left_) and Raymond A. Madson - (_right_). This dummy is outfitted in a “sage green” colored - flightsuit (a shade of gray) with red tape sealing its neck, - wrists, and ankles. (_U.S. Air Force_)] - -Recoveries of the test dummies were accomplished by personnel from -the Holloman AFB Balloon Branch.[53] Typically, eight to twelve -civilian and military recovery personnel arrived at the site of an -anthropomorphic dummy landing as soon as possible following impact. -The recovery crews operated a variety of aircraft and vehicles. -These included a wrecker, a six-by-six, a weapons carrier, and L-20 -observation and C-47 transport aircraft—the exact vehicles and aircraft -described by the witnesses as having been present at the crashed saucer -locations.[54] On one occasion, just southwest of Roswell, a HIGH DIVE -project officer, 1st Lt. Raymond A. Madson, even conducted a search for -dummies on horseback[55] (see statement in Appendix B). - - [Illustration: Fig. 31. An M-35 2½-ton cargo truck, commonly - referred to as a “six-by-six,” were used by the Holloman Balloon - Branch to launch and recover anthropomorphic dummies and suspension - racks at numerous locations throughout New Mexico. (_U.S. Air Force - photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 32. M-37 ¾-ton utility trucks, known as - “weapons carriers,” were used for high altitude balloon recoveries - by the Holloman Balloon Branch during the 1950s. Here, recovery - technicians use an M-37 to retrieve an Aero Medical gondola from a - location on Holloman AFB, N.M. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - -To expedite the recoveries, crews were prepositioned with their -vehicles along a paved highway in the area where impact was -expected.[56] On a typical flight the dummies were separated from -the balloon by radio command and descended by parachute.[57] Prompt -recovery of the dummies and their suspension racks, which usually -did not land in the same location resulting in extensive ground and -air searches, was essential for researchers to evaluate information -collected by the instrumentation and cameras. To assist the recovery -personnel, a variety of methods were used to enhance the visibility -of the dummies: smoke grenades, pigment powder, and brightly colored -parachute canopies.[58] Also, recovery notices promising a $25 reward -were taped to an exposed portion of a dummy.[59] Local newspapers and -radio stations were contacted when equipment was lost.[60] - - - The Bravest Man - - America was introduced to Col. John Paul Stapp on December 10, - 1954, when he became known as both the “the bravest” and “the - fastest” man on earth. Stapp earned these titles following a - rocket sled test that accelerated him to 632 miles per hour. He - reached this speed in just five seconds—faster than a .45 caliber - bullet—and was decelerated to a stop in 1.4 seconds, subjecting - his body to more than 42 times the force of gravity! While this - was America’s introduction to Col. Stapp, the 1954 rocket sled - test that examined aircraft restraint devices and human responses - to accelerative/decelerative forces and windblast, was just one of - many achievements of this legendary Air Force physician. - - [Illustration: Fig. 33. The first “space doctor,” Lt. Col. John - P. Stapp (now a retired Colonel) being strapped into the rocket - sled Sonic Wind Nᵒ 1, on December 10, 1954, at Holloman AFB, N.M. - Courageously, Stapp was his own volunteer subject on 29 rocket sled - tests and earned two awards of the Legion of Merit and the Cheney - Award for valor and self-sacrifice. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - Born in Bahia, Brazil to American missionary parents, Stapp sold - pots and pans door to door during the Depression while he earned - both undergraduate and graduate degrees in zoology and chemistry - at Baylor University. He went on to earn a doctorate in biophysics - from the University of Texas, and a doctorate in medicine from the - University of Minnesota. - - In 1944 Stapp entered the U.S. Army Air Forces and became - a flight surgeon. From 1946 to 1963, due to his unique - qualifications in biophysics and medicine, he conducted a series - of acceleration/deceleration experiments on the high-speed track - at Muroc (now Edwards AFB), Calif.,[61] and later at Holloman - AFB, N.M. Developments from these and other studies resulted in - innovations which have saved many lives. These included improved - safety belt restraint systems and design specifications for - aircraft and automobiles, aircraft ejection and emergency escape - systems, refinement of automobile airbag systems, and development - of the modern anthropomorphic test dummy. - - As commander of the U.S. Air Force Aeromedical Field Laboratory - at Holloman AFB, N.M. and later the Aero Medical Laboratory at - Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Stapp won support for the Air Force - manned high altitude balloons projects—MAN HIGH and EXCELSIOR. As - a testament to his thorough safety preparations, these and other - extremely hazardous projects administered by Stapp, did not result - in a single debilitating injury to a test subject. These projects - helped pave the way for future flights of both high altitude - aircraft such as the X-15, and of spacecraft for the MERCURY, - GEMINI, and APOLLO programs. In fact, Stapp’s expertise was called - upon to assist in the selection of the initial cadre of astronauts, - the “MERCURY Seven.” - - He retired from the Air Force in 1970, but not before amassing a - collection of awards and honors. These included two awards of the - Legion of Merit for rocket sled experiments, the Cheney Award for - 1954, and membership in the National Aviation Hall of Fame. - - In association with the Society of Automotive Engineers, Stapp - continues to participate in annual conferences in which industry - experts assemble to discuss vehicle safety issues. The conferences, - now in their 40th year bear his name: the Stapp Car Crash - Conferences. - - In 1991, in recognition of a lifetime of unselfish dedication - to scientific research, Stapp was awarded the National Medal of - Technology, bestowed upon him at the White House by President - George Bush. - - He is married to the former Lillian Lanese, a former soloist with - the Ballet Theater of New York, and resides in Alamogordo, N.M. At - 87 years old he continues to maintain a dizzying pace of travel and - lectures. - - It is not an exaggeration that virtually every person who has - safely operated, or ridden in, an automobile, aircraft, or - spacecraft, has benefited from the genius of Col. John Paul Stapp, - and owes this brave scientist, physician, and visionary, a great - deal of thanks. - - [Illustration: Fig. 34. September 12, 1955 edition of _Time_ - featuring Col. John P. Stapp and his rocket sled experiments at - Holloman AFB, N.M.] - -Despite these efforts, the dummies were not always recovered -immediately; one was not found for nearly three years and several -were not recovered at all.[62] When they were found, the dummies and -instrumentation were often damaged from impact.[63] Damage to the -dummies included loss of heads, arms, legs and fingers.[64] This -detail, dummies with missing fingers, appears to satisfy another -element of the research profile—aliens with only four fingers. - - [Illustration: Fig. 35. Rough treatment and parachute failures - during balloon drops often caused damage to the hands of the - dummies. This detail, “beings” with “four fingers,” was related by - two witnesses as a distinguishing feature of the Roswell aliens. - (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Figs. 36–38. Actual photographs of an Alderson - Laboratories type anthropomorphic dummy falling away from its - suspension rack at high altitude over New Mexico. Fig. 37 - (_center_) appears on the cover of this publication. (_U.S. Air - Force photos_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 39. Memo taken from Project HIGH DIVE files - explaining the loss of a dummy near Roswell, N.M. in November 1955. - - Loss of MR Equipment - WCUSS-22 WCRDB-4 19 Jan 56 - ATTN: Mr. R.L. Mason Lt. Nielsen/1bc - Ext. 2-4194/B.33 - - 1. On 17 November 1955, an anthropomorphic dummy, B-15 jacket and - a stop watch were lost during a high altitude dummy drop from a - balloon at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico. - - 2. The drop was performed to determine the effectiveness of a - two stage personnel parachute in lowering a man-like dummy from - 85,000 feet. The test was part of a continuing task “High Altitude - Escape Studies”, 7218-71719. The point at which the dummy reached - the ground was not known to the recovery crews at the time and an - extensive search lasting through the first week of December 1955 - failed to discover the lost items. - - 3. Lost are: - - a. 1 ea., dummy, anthropomorphic, Sierra Engineering Co. model 120, - stock no. 3500-NL-30010, - - b. 1 ea., jacket, B-15, spec. 3220, size 36, stock no. - 8415-269-0512, - - c. 1 ea., stop watch, Fisher Scientific Co. P/N 14-646, stock no. - 8TAA 98545. - - 4. Because of the loss of these items as a result of a test, - it is requested that Lt. Henry P. Nielsen be relieved of the - responsibility for these items. - - HARVEY E. SAVELY - Chief, Biophysics Branch - Aero. Medical Laboratory - Directorate of Research - - CONCURRENCE -] - -What may have contributed to a misunderstanding if the dummies were -viewed by persons unfamiliar with their intended use, were the methods -used by Holloman AFB personnel to transport them. The dummies were -sometimes transported to and from off-range locations in wooden -shipping containers, similar to caskets, to prevent damage to fragile -instruments mounted in and on the dummy.[65] Also, canvas military -stretchers and hospital gurneys were used (a procedure recommended by a -dummy manufacturer) to move the dummies in the laboratory or retrieve -dummies in the field after a test.[66] The first 10 dummy drops also -utilized black or silver insulation bags, similar to “body bags” in -which the dummies were placed for flight to guard against equipment -failure at low ambient temperatures of the upper atmosphere.[67] - - [Illustration: Fig. 40. Air Force personnel used stretchers and - gurneys to pick up 200-pound dummies in the field and to move them - in the laboratory. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 41. For the first 10 balloon flights, dummies - were placed in insulation bags to protect temperature-sensitive - equipment. These bags may have been described by at least one - witness as “body bags” used to recover alien victims from the crash - of a flying saucer. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - -On one occasion northwest of Roswell, a local woman unfamiliar with the -test activities arrived at a dummy landing site prior to the arrival of -the recovery personnel.[68] The woman saw what appeared to be a human -embedded head first in a snowbank and became hysterical. The woman -screamed, “He’s dead!, he’s dead!”[69] - -It now appeared that anthropomorphic dummies dropped by high altitude -balloons satisfied the requirements of the research profile. However, -the review of high altitude balloon operations revealed what appeared -to be explanations for some other sightings of odd objects in the -deserts and skies of New Mexico. - - [Illustration: Figs. 42 & 43. These reports detailed the methods - and procedures used for the dummy tests. They may be obtained from - the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, Va. - - WADC TECHNICAL REPORT 57-477 - PART I. - ASTLA DOCUMENT No. AD 130965 - - HIGH ALTITUDE BALLOON DUMMY DROPS - PART I. THE UNSTABILIZED DUMMY DROPS - - _RAYMOND A. MADSON, 1ST LT., USAF_ - - _AERO MEDICAL LABORATORY_ - - OCTOBER 1957 - - WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT CENTER - - WADC TECHNICAL REPORT 57-477 (II) - - HIGH ALTITUDE BALLOON DUMMY DROPS - II: THE STABILIZED DUMMY DROPS - - _RAYMOND A. MADSON, 1ST/LT, USAF_ - - _LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS LABORATORY - AEROSPACE MEDICAL LABORATORY_ - - AUGUST 1961 - - AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION - AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND - UNITED STATES AIR FORCE - WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OHIO - ] - - - - - 1.3 - High Altitude Balloon Operations - - -Research has shown that many high altitude balloons launched -from Holloman AFB, N.M., were recovered in locations, and under -circumstances, that strongly resemble those described by UFO proponents -as the recovery of a “flying saucer” and “alien” crew. When these -descriptions were carefully examined, it was clear that they bore more -than just a resemblance to Air Force activities. It appears that some -were actually distorted references to Air Force personnel and equipment -engaged in scientific study through the use of high altitude balloons. - -Since 1947, U.S. Air Force research organizations at Holloman AFB, -N.M., have launched and recovered approximately 2,500 high altitude -balloons. The Air Force organization that conducted most of these -activities, the Holloman Balloon Branch, launched a wide range of -sophisticated, and from most perspectives, odd looking equipment into -the stratosphere above New Mexico. In fact, the =_very first_= high -altitude data gathering balloon flight launched from Alamogordo Army -Airfield (now Holloman AFB), N.M., on June 4, 1947, was found by the -rancher and was the first of many unrelated events now collectively -known as the “Roswell Incident.” - - [Illustration: Fig. 44. Inflation of a U.S. Air Force 626 ft. long, - 34.6 million cu. ft. research balloon on August 13, 1972. This - balloon was launched from Roswell Industrial Air Center (formerly - Roswell AAF), Roswell, N.M., to test components of the NASA VIKING - space probe. (_photo by Ole Jorgeson_) ] - - - On the Threshold of Space - - In 1956, Twentieth Century Fox released _On the Threshold of - Space_, a full-length motion picture based on Air Force aero - medical projects conducted at Holloman AFB, N.M. Starring Guy - Madison, John Hodiak, and Dean Jagger, this drama chronicled the - high altitude balloon experiments of projects HIGH DIVE/EXCELSIOR - and the high-speed track studies conducted by Col. John P. Stapp. - Filmed on location at Holloman AFB, Air Force personnel, high - altitude balloons, aircraft, vehicles, and other equipment, - including the actual anthropomorphic dummies responsible for - sightings of aliens, were used in the making of this film. - - In an ironic twist, in 1990 the television program _Unsolved - Mysteries_, featured a segment on the Roswell Incident. The - program, hosted by actor Robert Stack, depicted a dramatized - version of the claims of “aliens,” space ships and mysterious - government recovery crews. Interestingly, a review of newspapers - from 1956 announcing the Hollywood premiere of _On the Threshold - of Space_, listed Stack among the persons scheduled to attend this - star-studded event.[70] - - [Illustration: Fig. 45. Lobby card of the 1956 Twentieth Century - Fox release, _On the Threshold of Space_ starring Guy Madison - (_seated_) and Martin Milner (_right_).] - - [Illustration: Fig. 46. Publicity photograph from _On the Threshold - of Space_ with (_from left_) Cameron Mitchell, Guy Madison and - Dean Jagger. Scenes from the movie clearly depict the actual - anthropomorphic dummies described nearly 40 years later as - extraterrestrial “aliens.”] - - [Illustration: Fig. 47. Col. J. P. Stapp’s historic 1954 rocket - sled test was re-created for _On the Threshold of Space_ (_see - figure 33, page 31_).] - - -High Altitude Polyethylene Research Balloons - -In 1946, as a result of research conducted for project MOGUL, -Charles B. Moore, a New York University graduate student working -under contract for the U.S. Army Air Forces, made a significant -technological discovery: the use of polyethylene for high altitude -balloon construction.[71] Polyethylene is a lightweight plastic that -can withstand stresses of a high altitude environment that differed -drastically from, and greatly exceeded, the capabilities of standard -rubber weather balloons used previously. Moore’s discovery was a -breakthrough in technology. For the first time, scientists were able to -make detailed, sustained studies of the upper atmosphere. Polyethylene -balloons, first produced in 1947 for Project MOGUL, are still widely -used today for a host of scientific applications. - -High altitude polyethylene balloons and standard rubber weather -balloons differ greatly in size, construction, and utility. The -difference between these two types of balloons historically has been -the subject of misunderstandings in that the term “weather balloon” is -often used to describe both types of balloons. - -High altitude polyethylene balloons are used to transport scientific -payloads of several pounds to several tons to altitudes of nearly -200,000 feet. Polyethylene balloons do not increase in size and burst -with increases in volume as they rise, as do standard rubber weather -balloons. They are launched with excess capacity to accommodate the -increase in volume. This characteristic of polyethylene balloons makes -them substantially more stable than rubber weather balloons and capable -of sustained constant level flight, a requirement for most scientific -applications. - - [Illustration: Fig. 48. Relative sizes of a modern high altitude - polyethylene research balloon, an airliner, and a hot-air balloon. - Inaccurate characterizations of the giant high altitude research - balloons as “weather balloons” (which are typically 15 feet in - diameter) has historically been the source of confusion. (_courtesy - of Mike Smith, Raven Industries_) - - Raven Industries 40 million cubic foot balloon. 450 ft in diameter - at 130,000 feet - - Hot-air balloon. 50 ft in diameter - - DC-9 airliner 104 ft long] - -The initial polyethylene balloons had diameters of only seven feet and -carried payloads of five pounds or less.[72] As balloon technology -advanced, payload capacities and sizes of balloons increased. Modern -polyethylene balloons, some as long as several football fields when -on the ground, expand at altitude to volumes large enough to contain -many jet airliners. Polyethylene balloons flown by the U.S. Air Force -have reached altitudes of 170,000 feet and lifted payloads of 15,000 -pounds.[73] - -During the late 1940’s and 1950’s, a characteristic associated -with the large, newly invented, polyethylene balloons, was that -they were often misidentified as flying saucers.[74] During this -period, polyethylene balloons launched from Holloman AFB, generated -flying saucer reports on nearly every flight.[75] There were so many -reports that police, broadcast radio, and newspaper accounts of these -sightings were used by Holloman technicians to supplement early balloon -tracking techniques.[76] Balloons launched at Holloman AFB generated -an especially high number of reports due to the excellent visibility -in the New Mexico region. Also, the balloons, flown at altitudes -of approximately 100,000 feet, were illuminated before the earth -during the periods just after sunset and just before sunrise. In this -instance, receiving sunlight before the earth, the plastic balloons -appeared as large bright objects against a dark sky. Also, with the -refractive and translucent qualities of polyethylene, the balloons -appeared to change color, size, and shape. - -The large balloons generated UFO reports based on their radar -tracks.[77] This was due to large metallic payloads that weighed -up to several tons and echoed radar returns not usually associated -with balloons. In later years, balloons were equipped with altitude -and position reporting transponders and strobe lights that greatly -diminished the numbers of both visual and radar UFO sightings. - -One classic misidentification of a Holloman balloon that was mistaken -for a UFO, was launched on October 27, 1953.[78] According to the -following account published in a widely distributed 1958 history of -Air Force balloon operations, _Contributions of Balloon Operations to -Research and Development at the Air Force Missile Development Center -Holloman Air Force Base, N. Mex. 1947–1958_, a suspected Holloman -balloon was tracked both visually and by radar over London, England on -November 3, 1953. - -“English accounts of the incident contained such statements as -‘tremendous speed,’ ‘practically motionless,’ ‘circular or spherical -and white in color,’ ‘emitting or reflecting a fierce light.’ Altitude -was reported as 61,000 feet—and as no research balloon had recently -been sent up from Britain, there was ample room for local saucer -enthusiasts to claim the ‘unidentified flying object’ as proof of their -theories. A much likelier explanation, however, is that this was really -the balloon launched from Holloman on 27 October.”[79] - - -High Altitude Balloon Payloads - -Over the years, payloads transported by high altitude polyethylene -balloons ranged from simple radio transmitters to anthropomorphic -dummies to sophisticated satellite components and NASA interplanetary -space probes. Many of these payloads, some of which weighed many tons, -were not what someone would typically envision as being associated with -a balloon. Examples of payloads flown in New Mexico by Air Force high -altitude balloons can be found on pages 52 and 53 at the end of this -section. - -Research projects of the late 1940’s and 1950’s conducted at Holloman -AFB which began with the Project MOGUL flights in June 1947, covered -a wide spectrum of scientific research. One important experiment -in space biology measured the effects of exposure to cosmic ray -particles on living tissues.[80] Other projects gathered meteorological -data and collected air samples to determine the composition of the -atmosphere.[81] The first high altitude photographic reconnaissance -project, a forerunner to today’s reconnaissance satellites, Project -119L, also used high altitude balloons launched at Holloman AFB.[82] - -As early as May 1948, polyethylene balloons coated or laminated with -aluminum were flown from Holloman AFB and the surrounding area.[83] -Beginning in August 1955, large numbers of these balloons were flown -as targets in the development of radar guided air to air missiles.[84] -Various accounts of the “Roswell Incident” often described thin, -metal-like materials that when wadded into a ball, returned to their -original shape. These accounts are consistent with the properties of -polyethylene balloons laminated with aluminum. These balloons were -typically launched from points west of the White Sands Proving Ground, -floated over the range as targets, and descended in the areas northeast -of White Sands Proving Ground where the “strange” materials were -allegedly found. - -In 1958 the first manned stratospheric balloon flights were made from -Holloman AFB (see page 102). In 1960, balloon tests of components of -the first U. S. reconnaissance satellite were also flown at Holloman -AFB. In the 1960’s, 70’s, and 80’s high altitude balloons were used -in support of Air Force, and other U.S. Government and university -sponsored research projects. Instrument testing of atmospheric entry -vehicles for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) -space probes is one prominent example. - - [Illustration: Fig. 49. Holloman Balloon Branch personnel prepare a - polyethylene balloon laminated with aluminum to serve as a target - for radar guided missiles over White Sands Proving Ground, N.M. - (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - -High Altitude Balloons and America’s First Satellite - - An illustration of the important contributions of the Holloman AFB - Balloon Branch, and the necessity for a rapid recovery of a high - altitude balloon payload, were evaluations of components of the - first U.S. satellite-based reconnaissance system, code named CORONA. - - The Soviet Union had already beaten the U.S. into space with - the launch and orbit of SPUTNIK I on October 4, 1957. The next - achievement in the quest for space superiority were the physical - recovery of a payload that had been in orbit.[85] The DISCOVERER - satellite, the sensor used in the CORONA program, was to be - propelled into orbit and then eject a capsule containing an - American flag to enable the U.S. to claim this honor.[86] - - The DISCOVERER program had been plagued by failure with 10 - unsuccessful missions in 1959 and 1960. With the eyes of the nation - watching, and the Soviets testing a similar system, more failures - could not be tolerated. To test the faulty components of the - DISCOVERER, U.S. Air Force high altitude balloons at Holloman AFB - were determined to be the most expedient method of conducting the - evaluations. - - In April 1960, DISCOVERER XI, on the launch pad at Vandenberg - AFB, Calif., was put into a hold pending results of the balloon - tests.[87] The first test at Holloman AFB on April 5th was - unsatisfactory due to a parachute failure.[88] On April 8th, with - pressure mounting, the Balloon Branch launched another balloon - with the DISCOVERER capsule. This test, in which the capsule was - dropped over White Sands Missile Range and recovered immediately, - was a total success.[89] The results were relayed by telephone - from the Balloon Control Center at Holloman AFB to the launch pad - at Vandenberg AFB where the countdown resumed.[90] Despite the - successful balloon drop, DISCOVERER XI and DISCOVERER XII were - failures.[91] Therefore, balloon testing continued throughout the - summer of 1960. - - Finally, on August 11, 1960, DISCOVERER XIII successfully ejected - a capsule and, amid much fanfare, the first recovery of a manmade - object that had orbited the earth was accomplished.[92] This first - successful mission of an American satellite, made possible in part - by Holloman AFB high altitude balloons, enabled the U.S. to beat - the Soviets and claim the honor of the first space recovery by only - nine days.[93] - - [Illustration: Fig. 50. (_Left_). A Holloman Balloon Branch launch - crew prepares a nosecone of the DISCOVERER satellite for a high - altitude balloon flight at Holloman AFB, N.M. in April 1960. (_U.S. - Air Force photo_) ] - - [Illustration: Fig. 51. (_Right_). A U.S. Navy helicopter aboard - the _USS Haiti Victory_ is shown here with the capsule from the - DISCOVERER XIII satellite. It was recovered from the Pacific Ocean - 330 miles northwest of Hawaii on August 11, 1960. (_U.S. Air Force - photo_) ] - -The SURVEYOR (Moon), VOYAGER-MARS (Mars), VIKING (Mars), PIONEER -(Venus), and GALILEO (Jupiter) spacecraft were tested by Air Force high -altitude balloons before they were launched into space. - -=VIKING and VOYAGER-MARS Space Probes.= Examples of unusual payloads, -not likely to be associated with balloons, were qualification trials of -NASA’s VOYAGER-MARS and VIKING space probes. Both of these spacecraft -looked remarkably similar to the classic dome-shaped “flying saucer.” - -In 1966–67 and 1972, eight of the UFO lookalikes were launched by the -Balloon Branch from the former Roswell Army Air Field (now Roswell -Industrial Air Center), N.M.[94] The spacecraft were transported by -Air Force balloons to altitudes above 100,000 feet and released for a -period of self-propelled, supersonic, free-flight prior to landing on -the White Sands Missile Range.[95] While the origins of the “Roswell” -scenarios cannot be specifically traced to these vehicles, their -flying saucer-like appearance, and the fact that they were launched -exclusively from the original “Roswell Incident” location, leaves an -impression that perhaps these odd balloon payloads may have played -some role in the unclear and distorted stories of at least some of the -“Roswell” witnesses. - - [Illustration: Fig. 52. A NASA VIKING space probe is rolled out of - its assembly building at Martin Marietta Corporation in Denver, - Colo. (_NASA_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 53. (_Above Left_) The aeroshell of a NASA - VOYAGER-MARS space probe just prior to launch at Walker AFB, N.M. - (formerly Roswell AAF). (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 54. (_Above Right_) This NASA VIKING flying - saucer-like space probe was test flown by U. S. Air Force high - altitude balloons in 1972 at the former Roswell Army Air Field. - (_NASA_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 55. (_Right_) Following a supersonic test - flight in 1972, a VIKING space probe awaits recovery at White Sands - Missile Range, N.M. (_NASA_)] - -=Tethered Balloons.= The Holloman Balloon Branch, in addition to high -altitude research activities, also conducted low altitude tethered -balloon flights. It appears that descriptions of these balloons may -have become part of the “Roswell Incident.” - -Most standard shaped tethered balloons are readily identified when near -the ground or when the tether is visible. Other experimental tethered -balloons are not so easily identified. During the 1960s, Balloon Branch -personnel flew experimentally shaped tethered balloons from deep -canyons of central New Mexico. To a distant observer, from a vantage -point above the canyon rim, where the tether and ground anchors are -not visible, an experimental tethered balloon might lead some persons -to speculate as to the oddly shaped balloon’s origin and purpose. One -design of a low altitude tethered balloon may have inspired at least -one account of an “alien” craft. In _The Truth About the UFO Crash at -Roswell_, the authors published a drawing of a crashed alien spaceship -allegedly based on a drawing given to them by an anonymous witness.[96] -When this drawing is compared to a photograph of an experimental -tethered balloon flown at Holloman AFB in March 1965, the similarities -are undeniable.[97] The tethered balloon and the NASA space probes are -just two examples of the uncommon technologies that were flown in New -Mexico by the Holloman Balloon Branch. - - [Illustration: Fig. 56. (_Left_) A drawing from a popular UFO - book, _The Truth About the UFO Crash at Roswell_, depicts an alien - spacecraft allegedly drawn by an anonymous witness. (_The Truth - About the UFO Crash at Roswell_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 57. (_Right_) A tethered “Vee” balloon shown - here at Holloman AFB, N.M. in March 1965. This experimental - balloon, is strikingly similar to the “alien” craft. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - -Today, the Air Force maintains a reduced but still highly capable -high altitude balloon program at Holloman AFB. The Space and Missile -Command, Test and Evaluation Unit (SMC/TE, OL-AC) represents the sole -Department of Defense high altitude research balloon capability. The -ability of a U.S. Air Force high altitude balloon to lift a scientific -payload to more than 100,000 feet, above 99 per cent of the earth’s -atmosphere, for days at a time, presents a profoundly useful scientific -tool at a fraction of the cost of a space research platform. Recent -tests that utilized Holloman balloons included atmospheric sampling -and gravity measurement experiments, high altitude astronomic studies, -weapons systems evaluations, and gamma ray detection experiments. While -most tests continue to be launched from the permanent balloon launch -facility at Holloman AFB, U.S. Air Force balloon crews have recently -launched balloons from numerous field locations in the U.S. (including -two sites in Roswell), as well as Alaska, Panama, and Antarctica. - - [Illustration: Fig. 58. Present members of the Holloman Balloon - Branch in front of the Balloon Operations Center, Building 850, at - Holloman AFB, N.M., (_from left_) TSgt. Roger J. Welch, Mr. Joseph - Fumerola, Mr. Alvin W. Hodges, Mr. Joseph Longshore, MSgt. Ray A. - Pitts, Sr., Amn. John Witkop, and Mr. Harvey L. Harris. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - - -Balloon and Payload Recoveries - -UFO theorists support their claims of an extraordinary occurrence in -the New Mexico desert by describing mysterious U.S. military personnel, -operating a variety of vehicles and aircraft that always seem to -arrive shortly after the crash of a “flying saucer.” When carefully -scrutinized, the descriptions of the mystery crews, their equipment, -methods, and the areas where the recoveries allegedly occurred—in -targeted high altitude balloon recovery areas—indicates that Holloman -Balloon Branch activities were most likely responsible for the claims. - -To successfully recover high altitude balloons, balloon recovery -technicians regularly ventured far from Holloman AFB. In most instances -the balloons and their scientific payloads were recovered from -predetermined recovery areas. These regularly targeted areas, located -in Arizona, West Texas, and New Mexico, included the area surrounding -Roswell.[98] From 1947 to the present, the Roswell area has been the -site of hundreds of balloon and payload recoveries (including those -that carried anthropomorphic dummies).[99] - -The regularly targeted areas were the result of the evolution of high -altitude balloon control techniques developed at Holloman AFB. These -techniques were based on meteorological, geographical, and operational -conditions that exist in New Mexico. These factors, combined with ample -amounts of skill and experience of balloon controllers at Holloman AFB, -determined the impact points of Holloman high altitude balloons. - -Many of the procedures used to position Air Force balloons are -described in _General Philosophy and Techniques of Balloon Control_, -and _Meteorological Aspects of Constant-Level Balloon Operations in -the Southwestern United States_, both by Bernard D. Gildenberg (see -statement in Appendix B).[100] Gildenberg served as the Holloman -Balloon Branch Meteorologist, Engineer, and Physical Science -Administrator from 1951 until 1981. During this period, Gildenberg, a -recognized world expert in upper atmospheric wind patterns, pioneered -methods to launch, control, track, and recover high altitude balloons. -Many of these methods are still used today by the U.S. Air Force and by -research organizations throughout the world. - - -Interaction with Civilians - - [Illustration: Fig. 59. Bernard D. “Duke” Gildenberg (_center_) - Balloon Branch Meteorologist, is shown here in May 1957 in front - of the MAN HIGH I gondola. With Gildenberg are MAN HIGH I pilot - Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. (_left_), and MAN HIGH project - scientist/pilot, Lt. Col. David G. Simons (MC). When Gildenberg - attempted to inform UFO theorists that high altitude balloon - projects were likely responsible for some of the UFO claims, his - explanations were rejected, _see also_ pages 8 & 9. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - -In several accounts, unsubstantiated allegations have been made -that military personnel who retrieved equipment from rural areas of -New Mexico intimidated and threatened civilians. Contrary to these -charges, Balloon Branch personnel enjoyed good relations with the -local community and often solicited their assistance in the area of a -balloon or payload landing. In the flat, featureless desert areas of -southeastern New Mexico near Roswell, the parachutes, payloads, the -balloons themselves, and circling chase aircraft often drew crowds of -curious onlookers from the local community. In fact, so many civilians -were often present at balloon or payload landing sites, the scene was -described by longtime civilian Balloon Branch recovery supervisor, -Robert Blankenship, as being like the “circus coming to town.”[101] - -Allegations that civilians were threatened or told to “forget what they -saw” are profoundly inaccurate. Threats, intimidation, or other types -of misconduct by Balloon Branch personnel would have served no purpose -since without the cooperation of local persons, many recoveries would -not have been possible.[102] - - [Illustration: Fig. 60. (_Right_) This ranch family assisted in the - recovery of a Project STARGAZER high altitude balloon payload and - is shown here with a panel from the unmanned gondola. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - -Most balloon recoveries were coordinated in advance with local -law enforcement agencies.[103] If a balloon or payload landed on -private property and the owner could not be located, Balloon Branch -operating instructions dictated that the local sheriff or police -must be contacted.[104] In situations where local persons arrived at -balloon landing sites before the recovery crews, they were simply -asked to “step back” to allow recovery personnel to secure the -balloon equipment.[105] If these persons inquired as to the purpose -of a balloon flight, they were informed by technicians that it was a -U.S. Air Force scientific study and were given a telephone number at -Holloman AFB if they required additional information. At Holloman AFB, -individuals qualified to answer detailed questions responded to these -inquiries. There was never a reason to mislead or threaten individuals -who observed balloon operations. Relations with local citizens were -good, and Balloon Branch personnel and equipment were a common sight to -residents in areas with high incidences of balloon operations. - -In a few instances, situations arose when persons not familiar with the -procedures and equipment used by the Balloon Branch misunderstood their -activities. Such misunderstandings occurred several times during the -1970s and 1980s when recovery crews not only attracted the attention of -local citizens while coordinating balloon recoveries, but also drew the -attention of federal law enforcement agencies.[106] - -Checks with the local sheriff revealed that the trucks and circling -aircraft in the desert near Roswell were part of a balloon recovery -mission, and not a drug smuggling operation. Apparently, balloon -recoveries appeared to be something suspicious even to federal agents. - - [Illustration: Fig. 61. A typical Holloman Balloon Branch recovery - crew is shown here with a man known as “The hermit” who assisted - them in a balloon recovery northwest of Silver City, N.M. in the - 1960s. (_photo collection of Robert Blankenship_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 62. A mule (named Ida) was borrowed from a - local rancher when a balloon payload landed in difficult terrain 20 - miles north of Wickenburg, Ariz. in October 1966. (_U.S. Air Force - photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 63. On occasion, Air Force balloon recovery - crews rented or borrowed equipment from local residents. This - bulldozer was rented for one recovery in the Sacramento mountains - west of Roswell. (_photo collection of Robert Blankenship_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 64. Balloon Branch vehicle at roadside café. - This M-43 ¾-ton field ambulance, converted by the Holloman Balloon - Branch into a communications vehicle, was a common sight in the - areas surrounding Roswell during the 1950s and early 1960s. (_photo - collection of Ole Jorgeson_)] - - [Illustration: Figs. 65 & 66. Examples of unusual payloads flown by - Air Force high altitude balloons at Holloman AFB, N.M. (_U.S. Air - Force photos_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 67. (_Left_) This U.S. Army communications - payload was flown at Holloman AFB, N.M. on September 30, 1976. - (_U.S. Army photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 68. (_Right_) Payload launched by an Air Force - high altitude balloon from Holloman AFB, N. M. on March 20, 1965. - This payload was a scientific experiment for The Johns Hopkins - University Astrophysics Laboratory. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 69. High altitude balloon payload launched from - Holloman AFB on September 14, 1976. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - - - - 1.4 - Comparison of Witnesses Accounts to U.S. Air Force Activities - - -Were they aliens or dummies? This question can be answered by comparing -witness testimony and the Air Force projects of the 1950s, HIGH -DIVE and EXCELSIOR. Both of these projects employed anthropomorphic -dummies flown by high altitude balloons and appeared to satisfy the -requirements of the previously established research profile: - - _a._ An activity that if viewed from a distance would appear - unusual. - - _b._ An activity for which the exact date was not likely to have - been known because many dummies were dropped over a six-year period - (1953–1959). - - _c._ An activity that took place in many areas of rural New Mexico. - - _d._ An activity that involved a type of aerial vehicle with - dummies that had four fingers, were bald and wore one-piece gray - suits. - - _e._ An activity that required recovery by numerous military - personnel and an assortment of vehicles that included a wrecker, a - six-by-six, and a weapons carrier. - -The testimony used in the following comparison, an undocumented mixture -of firsthand and secondhand re-countings, are the actual statements, -not the interpretations of UFO proponents, that are presented to -“prove” the Earth was visited by extraterrestrial beings and the U.S. -Air Force has covered up this fact since 1947. This comparison is -augmented by references to photographs whenever possible to illustrate -the undeniable similarities between the descriptions provided by the -witnesses and the equipment and methods employed by the Air Force -projects. - - [Illustration: Fig. 70. Project HIGH DIVE anthropomorphic dummy - launch. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - - - - “Crash” Site 1 - (Allegedly North of Roswell) - - -This summarized account is the basis for the alleged “flying saucer” -crash site north of Roswell.[*] The exact location is not known since -the witness, Mr. James Ragsdale, in two separate sworn statements, has -described two different sites, many miles apart.[107] This account was -excerpted from an interview with Mr. Ragsdale by author Donald Schmitt. -A transcript of the complete interview is included in Appendix C. - -[*] In _The Truth About the UFO Crash at Roswell_ (Avon Books, 1994, p. -131), the authors provided a corroborating account for this testimony -from a 96-year-old man who was in ill health, whose interview was not -tape recorded, and has since died. According to the book, the man’s -“wife and daughter said that he was easily confused” and “memories of -his life were jumbled and reordered.” - - -The Account -James Ragsdale - -“_They was using dummies in those damned things_”[108] - -Testimony attributed to Ragsdale, who is deceased, states that he and -a friend were camping one evening and saw something fall from the sky. -The next morning, when they went to investigate, they saw a crash site: - -“One part [of the craft] was kind of buried in the ground and one part -of it was sticking our [out] of the ground.” “I’m sure that [there] was -bodies ... either bodies or dummies.” “The federal government could -have been doing something they didn’t want anyone to know what this -was. They was using dummies in those damned things ... they could use -remote control ... but it was either dummies or bodies or something -laying there. They looked like bodies. They were not very long ... -[not] over four or five foot long at the most.” “We didn’t see their -faces or nothing like that ... we had just gotten to the site and the -Army ... and all [was] coming and we got into a damned jeep and took -off.” - -This testimony then describes an assortment of military vehicles used -to recover the “bodies”: “It was two or three six-by-six Army trucks a -wrecker and everything. Leading the pack was a '47 Ford car with guys -in it.... It was six or eight big trucks besides the pickup, weapons -carriers and stuff like that.” Ragsdale also said that before he left -the area he observed the military personnel “gathering stuff up” and -“they cleaned everything all up.” - - -Assessment - -In his testimony, Ragsdale made numerous references to equipment, -vehicles, and procedures consistent with documented anthropomorphic -dummy recoveries for projects HIGH DIVE and EXCELSIOR. The repeated -use of the term “dummy” and the witness’ own admission that “they was -using dummies in those damned things” and “I’m sure that was bodies ... -either bodies or dummies” leaves little doubt that what he described -was an anthropomorphic dummy recovery. - -Based on testimony attributed to this witness, the confusion could -have resulted from the fact that he observed these activities from a -distance. If the witness was even a short distance from the odd looking -anthropomorphic dummies, it would be logical for him to believe, when -interviewed 35 to 40 years after the event, that he “thought they were -dummies or bodies or something.” Also, for some of the high altitude -drops, the dummies did not separate from the suspension rack and -“rode the rack” to the ground without deployment of a parachute.[109] -If the parachutes of the dummies or parachutes of the rack assembly -did not deploy (a common occurrence during the early dummy drops), -then they free-fell from up to 98,000 feet.[110] As a result of these -malfunctions, the arms and legs of the dummies were often separated -from the body on impact.[111] This may account for the witness’ -description of bodies [not] “over four or five foot” tall. - -Another portion of his testimony suggesting that the witness observed -an Air Force high altitude balloon and dummy recovery was the -statement: “The federal government could have been doing something -because they didn’t want anyone to know what this was ... they was -using dummies in those damned things ... they could use remote -control.” Balloon controllers used remote control to relay commands to -the balloon control package to valve gas and drop ballast.[112] The -dummies themselves were also dropped from the suspension rack by remote -control.[113] - -[Illustration: Fig. 71. Numerous vehicles and various types -of equipment, were often present at high altitude balloon and -anthropomorphic dummy launch and recovery locations. (photo collection -of Ole Jorgeson) ] - -The witness also described a Balloon Branch procedure that required the -area of a balloon or payload landing to be restored to its original -condition. It was evident in the statements “They cleaned everything -all up” and “They began gathering the stuff up.” Thoroughly cleaning -a balloon or dummy landing site and removing any debris deposited -there was a standard procedure to maintain good community relations and -avoid legal claims that could arise over property damages or livestock -losses.[114] Cattle were known to ingest scraps of polyethylene balloon -material that sometimes littered entire fields following a balloon -failure or flight termination.[115] - -The military vehicles described were also consistent with recovery -and communications vehicles used during the 1950s to retrieve -anthropomorphic dummies and suspension racks.[116] The witness stated -he saw a “wrecker,” a “six-by-six,” a “weapons carrier,” a “'47 Ford -car,” and a “pickup.” The “wrecker” was most likely a M-342 5-ton -wrecker that was assigned to the Balloon Branch for launch and recovery -operations.[117] Other vehicles described were also the type used to -launch and recover anthropomorphic dummies. The “six-by-six” is a -likely reference to a M-35 2½-ton cargo truck; “weapons carriers” were -the common name of a Dodge M-37 ¾-ton utility truck. References to -“the pickup” and a “'47 Ford car,” were likely descriptions of other -civilian and military vehicles often present at high altitude balloon -launch and recovery locations. - - - - - “Crash” Site 2 - (Allegedly 175 miles Northwest of Roswell) - - -This purported flying saucer “crash” site is allegedly 175 miles -northwest of Roswell in an area of New Mexico known as the San Agustin -Plains.[118] The contention that a flying saucer crashed at this -location and was recovered by the U.S. military is supported by three -principal testimonies, two secondhand and one firsthand. - - -The Secondhand Accounts - -These accounts were related by Mr. Vern Maltais and Ms. Alice Knight, -who were acquainted with the alleged original eyewitness, Mr. Grady -L. Barnett, who is deceased. Unless otherwise noted, the following -statements appeared on footage used to prepare a video, _Recollections -of Roswell Part II_, by The Fund for UFO Research (see Appendix C). - - -Alice Knight - -“_I don’t recall the date_”[119] - -“I don’t remember whether it was before my husband and I were married -or after, I don’t recall the date. But he [the eyewitness] saw a UFO -fall ... and he got nearly to the site ... but they got nearly up to -the UFO but it was close enough that you could see some creatures. -He said they didn’t look like human beings out there. And along came -government cars and trucks. I guess it was government. You know it was -a long time ago ... and they told him to go on back and forget that -they ever saw anything, and that’s all I recall.” - - -Assessment - -This brief testimony suggests that the witness did not know the date -of this event. It also appears that the “creatures” were seen from a -distance, as evidenced by the statement, “They got nearly up to the -UFO but it was close enough that you could see some creatures.” The -testimony also seems consistent with a description of anthropomorphic -dummies as the witness stated they “didn’t look like human beings.” - - -Vern Maltais - -“_Their heads were hairless ... no eyebrows, no eyelashes, no -hair_”[120] - -This secondhand witness alleged that the eyewitness told him he -observed “beings” from a “flying saucer that had burst open” that were -“about three and a half to four feet tall, very slim ... their heads -were hairless, with no eyebrows, no eyelashes, no hair” with “sort of -a pear-shaped head.” He also related that “the beings were ... not -exactly like human beings ... similar but not exactly.” He described -that the hands of the beings “were not covered” ... and [they] only had -“four fingers.” He also related that the clothing of the beings was -“one-piece and gray in color”.[121] The witness concluded that “As they -[the witnesses] were just starting to look things over really closely, -the military moved in and gave them a briefing to not say anything -about it.” - - [Illustration: Fig. 72. “Their heads were hairless ... no - eyebrows, no eyelashes, no hair,” a likely description of Alderson - Laboratories type anthropomorphic dummy. These Alderson dummies, of - the same type used for Projects HIGH DIVE/EXCELSIOR, were used to - test NASA’s APOLLO spacecraft three-man couch at Holloman AFB, N.M. - in 1965. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - -Assessment - -This description of events also indicates that the eyewitness -apparently did not closely examine the scene and was “just starting -to look things over” when the military arrived. As with the previous -testimony, from a distance the dummies were likely to look, as -described by the witness, “not exactly like humans ... similar but not -exactly.” The description of the flying saucer that had “burst open” -is a likely description of the dummy suspension rack that was open on -the sides (see figures 74, 75, 76). The detailed descriptions of the -“beings” as “about three and a half to four feet tall, very slim in -stature ... their heads were hairless, with no eyebrows, no eyelashes, -no hair,” with “hands that were not covered” and “had only four -fingers,” is a likely description of an Alderson Research Laboratories -model anthropomorphic dummy. The head of the Alderson dummy was “bald” -and the area of the eyebrows protruded but had no “hair” (see figure -72). Also, a distinguishing feature of the Alderson dummy, unlike the -Sierra dummy, was that it had individual fingers not covered by gloves -that were often damaged during the tests resulting in the loss of -fingers (see figures 35, 73, 75). - -Due to the secondhand nature of these accounts, even UFO theorists were -not convinced that this “incident” actually occurred. Corroborating -testimony of a firsthand witness was necessary to verify these claims. -The firsthand testimony is examined next. - - -The Firsthand Account - -This testimony became part of the Roswell Incident in 1990 following an -episode of the television program _Unsolved Mysteries_.[122] Following -a dramatized re-creation on the program, persons with information -concerning this event were encouraged to call a special toll free -telephone number. - -From the outset, some UFO theorists were skeptical of this testimony -due to the amount of detail provided from the witness who was only five -years old in 1947. In fact, UFO organizations sponsored a conference -in February 1992 to evaluate the testimony for authenticity.[123] -The witness was asked to take a polygraph examination, which he -passed.[124] Many UFO enthusiasts remained skeptical of the claims and -denounced this testimony as “no more than a fabrication.”[125] - -Unless otherwise noted, two sources of testimony attributed to the -witness have been used in this examination; interviews used to prepare -the video _Recollections of Roswell Part II_ by the Fund for UFO -Research (see Appendix C) and _Crash at Corona_ by Don Berliner and -Stanton Friedman (passages from this book were used only when exact -quotations of the witness were indicated). - - -Gerald Anderson - -“_I thought they were plastic dolls ... I didn’t think they were -real_”[126] - -Anderson related that as a five-year-old boy on an outing with his -family in west central New Mexico, they stumbled upon the crash of -some type of aerial vehicle.[127] When he first saw the craft he -thought it was a “blimp.”[128] According to Anderson he “didn’t really -get very close,”[129] but thought he saw four bandaged crewmembers -and at first he “thought they were plastic dolls.”[130] He also -described attempts by persons in his party to communicate with one -of the “crewmembers.”[131] Soon after, other civilians arrived (some -wearing pith helmets) followed by military personnel in an assortment -of vehicles and aircraft commanded by a “redheaded captain.”[132] The -military personnel, after “screaming and hollering” at the civilians -“this is a military secret,” started a recovery operation of the alien -craft and crew.[133] Anderson also recalled that the military personnel -threatened some of the civilians with imprisonment or death before -escorting them out of the area.[134] - - -Assessment - -Anderson’s choice of the terms “blimp” to describe the crashed vehicle, -and “dolls” to describe the “crew,” strongly suggests that a balloon -with an anthropomorphic dummy payload was the foundation for this -testimony. He also provided an abundance of supporting details that -accurately described vehicles, aircraft, equipment, and procedures -used by the Holloman AFB Balloon Branch to launch and recover -anthropomorphic dummies. - -An aspect of this testimony that is not accurate is the alleged threats -and intimidation of civilians by military personnel. The use of such -heavy-handedness was not a tactic used by the Air Force. A careful -review of official records and interviews with numerous persons -who actively participated in and were responsible for the conduct -of Air Force members on high altitude balloon recovery operations -revealed that these allegations are untrue.[135] Additionally, the -witness alleges that the military personnel were “screaming and -hollering” “this is a military secret.”[136] This statement might lead -uninitiated persons to believe that the witness observed something -highly classified and that by telling everyone present that it was a -“military secret” would somehow help it to remain so. However, logic -dictates that if something was classified “screaming and hollering” -it was “secret,” would compromise it and not serve to protect its -classification. This application of logic, combined with the fact that -the launch and recovery of anthropomorphic dummies was unclassified, -widely publicized, and often observed by local civilians, indicates -that the witness’ recollections are in error. There was never a reason -to disrespect, “scream,” “holler,” or forbid any person from talking -about the launch or recovery of anthropomorphic dummies. - -=The “Crewmembers.”= The statement “I thought they were plastic -dolls” seems an odd choice of words to describe an extraterrestrial -being and is a likely reference to an anthropomorphic dummy whose -skin was made of plastic.[137] This description is similar to that -of the sole witness of the other crash site, north of Roswell, who -described the “aliens” as “dummies.”[138] Other references provided -by this witness further indicate that anthropomorphic dummies were -the basis for these descriptions. The heads of the “crewmembers” were -described as “completely bald” with “no visible ears ... just a rise -... and then a hole.”[139] This is an accurate description of Alderson -Research Laboratories model dummies that did not have “hair” and had -either plastic “ears” molded to the head or a circular opening where -a “demountable ear” or additional instrumentation was attached (see -figure 22).[140] The statement “they didn’t have a little finger,”[141] -a detail very similar to one provided by another witness, also appears -to be a description of dummies manufactured by Alderson Laboratories -that were often damaged during the balloon tests resulting in the loss -of fingers. - - [Illustration: Fig. 73. “Some kind of container, a metal box,” was - described as laying on the ground near the alleged aliens. This - appears to be a reference to boxes containing electrical components - of the remote controlled systems positioned on the top of the dummy - suspension rack. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 74. “They looked like they had some sort of - bandages on ’em ... over his ... arm ... around his midsection and - partially over his shoulder”—witness description of tape and nylon - webbing used to prevent arms and legs from flailing, and parachute - harness that had chest and shoulder straps. Tape was also used to - secure the removable back plate of the head (_also see figs. 29, - 30, 73, 75_). (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - -The assertion that “they were all wearing one-piece suits ... a shiny -silverish-gray color,” “trimmed in ... maroon-like cording”[142] is -a likely reference to a standard issue, gray, Air Force flightsuit -used to outfit the dummies and red duct-type tape used in the tests -that prevented air from filling the flightsuit (see fig. 30).[143] The -recollection that “crewmembers” had “bandages”[144] on their bodies -were likely references to tape and nylon webbing used to prevent -flailing of a dummy’s arms and legs during tests.[145] A reference to -a bandage “around his [the crewmember’s] midsection and partially over -his shoulder”[146] is a likely reference to the standard B-4 or B-5 -parachute with chest and shoulder straps worn by the dummies.[147] - - [Illustration: Fig. 75. “Its uniform was torn in a couple spots ... - their uniforms were in pretty sad shape”—witnesses description of - secondhand flightsuits that were used repeatedly on tests; tears - and other damage were common. In this photo, 1st Lt. Raymond A. - Madson “rigs” a dummy to its suspension rack for project HIGH DIVE - at Holloman AFB, N.M. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 76. A witness described at least one person - at a “crash” site wearing a pith helmet. In the 1950s, the pith - helmet was part of the Air Force uniform and was often worn on - balloon launches and recoveries. In this publicity photo from _On - the Threshold of Space_, Air Force members at Holloman AFB who were - extras in the film can be seen wearing pith helmets. (_also see - figure 49_)] - -=The “Craft.”= In what appears to be a clear reference to a balloon, -was that when he saw the crashed vehicle he “thought it was a -blimp.”[148] Additional descriptions of cables that “went from one -kind of a package of components to another kind of package” and a -“metal box” were likely references to the balloon control package that -was positioned on top of the dummy suspension rack.[149] A further -reference to a balloon payload is the statement that on a hot New -Mexico day the crashed vehicle was “ice cold, it felt like it just -came out of the freezer.”[150] This accurately describes a physical -condition known as “cold soaking” common to high altitude payloads -that had recently been exposed to sub-zero temperatures of the upper -atmosphere. - - [Illustration: Fig. 77. “An observation aircraft ... a high-winged - aircraft”—a witness’s probable reference to a U.S. Air Force L-20 - aircraft used extensively by Holloman AFB crews to track and - recover anthropomorphic dummies. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 78. Described as present at a flying saucer - “crash” site was a C-47 aircraft. This is a probable reference to - a U.S. Air Force C-47 transport aircraft used to move equipment to - launch sites distant from Holloman AFB. These aircraft were also - used for aerial tracking of high altitude balloon flights including - those that flew anthropomorphic dummies. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - -=Military Aircraft.= The witness also described two aircraft of the -same type used for anthropomorphic dummy recoveries as having been -involved in the activity he witnessed. One aircraft was described as -a “C-47” and another as an “observation aircraft ... a high-winged -aircraft.”[151] These were a C-47 and a L-20 aircraft used extensively -by the Balloon Branch during the mid 1950s for tracking and recovering -anthropomorphic dummy balloon flights.[152] This testimony also -described aircraft that were typically overhead during a recovery and -an established procedure of landing on a rural road or in a field to -reach isolated balloon launch or recovery locations.[153] - -=Military Vehicles.= Numerous military vehicles, several of which -were described by other witnesses as having been at the other crash -site north of Roswell, were also described. Witnesses at the two -different sites described a “wrecker” and a “six-by-six,” both of the -type used for anthropomorphic dummy recoveries.[154] The account also -described two vehicles unique to the Balloon Branch that were used for -the majority of high altitude balloon recoveries during the mid- to -late-1950s. - -The witness described a “jeep-like truck that had a bunch of radios -in it”.... There was a guy sittin’ in there wearin’ earphones and he -was talking on the radio.“[155] This is a likely description of a -Dodge M-37 ¾-ton utility truck, known as a weapons carrier, that had -been specially modified to carry radio equipment for balloon recovery -operations. The Holloman AFB Balloon Branch modified these vehicles -in 1953, ruling out the possibility that the witness observed them in -1947, when such vehicles were not available to organizations performing -balloon operations.[156] The other vehicle described and used by the -Balloon Branch were “military ambulances.”[157] During the mid-1950s, -the Balloon Branch modified three M-43 ¾-ton ambulances for use as -balloon recovery and communications vehicles.[158] These vehicles were -used for anthropomorphic dummy launch and recovery missions to relay -messages to circling recovery aircraft and the balloon operations -center at Holloman AFB.[159] The witness also described “a trailer with -a motor on it, like a generator.”[160] This@ is a likely description -of a 1½-ton cargo trailer with an MB-19 15 Kilowatt diesel generator. -These generators were used primarily on balloon launch sites during the -1950s and 1960s (see fig. 71). - - [Illustration: Fig. 79. “Stretching stuff out on the ground, - dragging stuff out of trucks”—a likely witness reference to high - altitude balloon inflation procedure that required the balloon to - be stretched out on a protective ground cloth prior to inflation. - (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - -=Balloon Branch Procedures.= Descriptions of military personnel -“stretching stuff out on the ground, dragging stuff out of trucks”[161] -is a likely description of a balloon launch procedure that required -the fragile polyethylene balloon and its protective ground cloth to -be removed from a launch vehicle and laid out on the ground prior to -inflation. Another procedure described by the witness was an apparent -reference to a balloon recovery practice of recording the names of -civilians who observed high altitude balloon recoveries.[162] The -witness stated that military personnel “took everybody’s name and -everything,”[163] which was a procedure to ensure payment of a $25 -dollar reward to persons who assisted in the recovery. This procedure -was also necessary to settle future claims of property damage caused by -the balloon, payload, or recovery vehicles.[164] - - [Illustration: Fig. 80. Witnesses described a “tanker,” “military - ambulances,” a “6 × 6,” and a “wrecker”—probable references to - (_from left_) a helium tank trailer, a M-43 ambulance (converted to - a communications vehicle), a M-35 cargo truck (partially obscured), - and a M-342 wrecker. These vehicles were used for off-range launch - and recovery operations of anthropomorphic dummies for Project HIGH - DIVE/EXCELSIOR. Shown here is a May 29, 1957 dummy launch near - Hatch, N.M. (_also see figs. 23, 28, 64, 71, 81_). (_U.S. Air Force - photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 81. Scene typical of a mid- to late 1950s - off-range high altitude balloon launch. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - - Summary - -When the claims offered by UFO theorists to prove that an -extraterrestrial spaceship and crew crashed and were recovered by the -U.S. Air Force are compared to documented Air Force activities, it is -reasonable to conclude, with a high degree of certainty, that the two -“crashes” were actually descriptions of a launch or recovery of a high -altitude balloon and anthropomorphic dummies. This conclusion was based -on the remarkable similarities and independent corroboration between -the witnesses who described _both_ of the “crash sites.” Statements -such as “they was using dummies in those damned things” and a -characterization of the crashed vehicle as, “I thought it was a blimp” -are two of the many similarities. The extensive detailed descriptions -provided by the witnesses, too numerous to be coincidental, were of -the equipment, vehicles, procedures, and personnel of the Air Force -research organizations who conducted the scientific experiments HIGH -DIVE and EXCELSIOR. - -Though it is clear anthropomorphic dummies were responsible for these -accounts, the specific locations of the events described was difficult, -if not impossible, to determine since the witnesses were not specific. -A witness to the “crash site” north of Roswell, Mr. James Ragsdale, -was not certain of the actual location as evidenced by a change in -his sworn testimony that moved the site many miles from its original -location.[165] - -However, since Ragsdale reportedly lived or worked in the Roswell, -Artesia, and Carlsbad, N.M. areas during the period when the dummies -were used, it is likely he described one or more of the nine documented -dummy recoveries in areas near there. - -Reports of the other crash site, allegedly 175 miles northwest of -Roswell on the San Agustin Plains, is likely based on descriptions of -more than one launch and recovery of anthropomorphic dummies. Since -one witness, Gerald Anderson, described procedures consistent with the -launch _and_ recovery of high altitude balloons, it is likely that he -witnessed both of these activities, with at least one that included an -anthropomorphic dummy payload. - -The two secondhand witnesses to this “crash,” Vern Maltais and Alice -Knight, could have related descriptions from any of the dummy launch -or landing sites. However, Maltais and Knight repeatedly described the -impact location of the flying saucer as on the San Agustin Plains. -One possible explanation is that the witnesses, in the 30 or more -years since they were told the story by the original eyewitness, Mr. -Barney Barnett, a soil conservation engineer who reportedly traveled -extensively throughout New Mexico, may have confused San Agustin -Plains with San Agustin Pass or San Agustin Peak, an area in the San -Agustin Mountains of New Mexico. These areas are just outside the -boundary of the White Sands Missile Range and the adjacent Jornada -Test Range. Numerous anthropomorphic dummy balloon flights terminated -and were recovered in this area. Furthermore, if the civilians -witnessed dummy landings on either the White Sands Missile Range or the -Jornada Test Range, both test areas and restricted U.S. Government -reservations, then this explains why they may have been told to leave -the landing site. In the popular Roswell scenarios, witnesses were -allegedly instructed by military personnel to leave the area because -they witnessed something of a highly classified nature. This would -be unlikely since the witnesses described projects that utilized -anthropomorphic dummies which were unclassified. It is likely, however, -that if the witnesses ventured onto one of these ranges they were -instructed to leave, not because of classified activities, but for -their own safety. - -These conclusions are supported by official files, technical reports, -extensive photographic documentation, and the recollections of numerous -former and retired Air Force members and civilian employees who -conducted Projects HIGH DIVE and EXCELSIOR. The descriptions examined -here, provided by UFO theorists themselves, were so remarkably—and -redundantly—similar to these Air Force projects that the only -reasonable conclusion can be that the witnesses described these -activities. These many similarities are summarized in Table 1.1. - -The next section will examine the accounts of “aliens” at the hospital -at Roswell Army Air Field. As previously stated, due to the lack of -general or detailed similarities with testimony of the two rural “crash -sites,” the hospital account was determined not to be associated with -these reports. - -[Illustration: Fig. 82.] - - - Table 1.1 - - Comparison of Testimony to Actual Air Force Equipment, Vehicles, and - Procedures Used to Launch and Recover Anthropomorphic Dummies - - Notes: - - “Crash Site” 1—Site North of Roswell - - “Crash Site” 2—Site 175 miles Northwest of Roswell - - Shaded areas indicates corroboration between witnesses. - - Boxed shaded areas indicates corroboration between witnesses at - different “crash” sites. - - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - Air Force - Witness Description Equipment/Procedure “Crash Site” - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - =The “Aliens”= - +--------------------------+ - 1. “They was using dummies in |Reference to | Site 1 - those damned things.”[166] |anthropomorphic dummies | - _Ragsdale_ |(figs. 11, 14, 21–22, 29, | - |30–33, 35, 40, 72–75, 45).| - +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 2. “I thought they were |Reference to | Site 2 - plastic dolls”[167] |anthropomorphic dummies | - _Anderson_ |that had plastic skin. | - +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 3. “an experimental plane with |Reference to | Site 1 - dummies in it”[168] |anthropomorphic dummies. | - _Kaufman_ +--------------------------+ - - - +--------------------------+ - 4. “I’m sure that was bodies |Reference to | Site 1 - ... either bodies or |anthropomorphic dummies. | - dummies.”[169] +--------------------------+ - _Ragsdale_ - - +--------------------------+ - 5. “it was either dummies or |Reference to | Site 1 - bodies or something laying |anthropomorphic dummies. | - there.”[170] +--------------------------+ - _Ragsdale_ - - +--------------------------+ - 6. “his eyes was open, staring |Reference to | Site 2 - blankly”[171] |anthropomorphic dummy. | - _Anderson_ +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 7. “not exactly like human |Reference to | Site 2 - beings ... similar, but not |anthropomorphic dummies. | - exactly.”[172] +--------------------------+ - _Maltais_ - - +--------------------------+ - 8. “didn’t look like human |Reference to | Site 2 - beings”[173] |anthropomorphic dummies. | - _Knight_ +--------------------------+ - - 9. “they didn’t have a little Reference to Alderson Site 2 - finger”[174] Laboratories dummy that - _Anderson_ were reused many times and - were often damaged but - remained in service. - (figs. 35, 73, 75). - - 10. “they had four Corroboration of Site 2 - fingers”[175] description #9. See above. - _Maltais_ - - +--------------------------+ - 11. [the beings were] “three |Likely description of | Site 2 - and a half to four feet |anthropomorphic dummy | - tall”[176] |missing legs after fall | - _Maltais_ |from altitude. | - +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 12. [the beings were] “four |Corroboration of | Site 2 - foot tall, four and a half |description #11. See | - feet tall.”[177] |above. | - _Anderson_ +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 13. “they weren’t over four or |Corroboration of | Site 1 - five foot long at the |description #11. See | - most.”[178] |above. | - _Ragsdale_ +--------------------------+ - - 14. “Their skin coloration ... Probable description of a Site 2 - [was] a bluish tinted milky “Sierra Sam” dummy with - white”[179] pale white “skin” (fig. 21). - _Anderson_ - - 15. “their heads were Anthropomorphic dummies Site 2 - hairless ... no eyebrows, did not have “hair” (figs. - no eyelashes, no hair”[180] 21, 22, 36–38, 40). - _Maltais_ - - 16. “no hair ... completely Corroboration of Site 2 - bald”[181] description #15. See above. - _Anderson_ - - 17. “no visible ears ... just Dummies had ears that were Site 2 - a rise there and then a molded to their heads with - hole”[182] openings for placement of - _Anderson_ instruments (fig. 22). - - 18. “The hands were not Reference to Alderson dummy Site 2 - covered”[183] which did not have gloves on - _Maltais_ hands (figs. 35, 73–75). - - 19. “they were all wearing one Reference to gray flight Site 2 - piece suits ... a shiny suits worn by the dummies - silverish gray color”[184] for some of the tests (figs. - _Anderson_ 14, 29, 30). - - 20. “Their clothing seemed to Corroboration of description Site 2 - be one piece and gray in #19. See above. - color.”[185] - _Maltais_ - - 21. “It’s uniform was torn in Dummy uniforms were often Site 2 - a couple spots ... their secondhand, rips and other - uniforms were in pretty sad defects were common but - shape.”[186] they remained in service - _Anderson_ (fig. 75). - - 22. “Around the collar it [the Reference to red duct tape Site 2 - suit] was trimmed in ... used to prevent air from - maroon-like cording”[187] filling the dummy’s - _Anderson_ flightsuit (figs. 29, 30). - - 23. “They looked like they Reference to tape and nylon Site 2 - had some sort of bandages webbing used to prevent - on ’em ... over his [the arms and legs of dummy - crewmember’s] arm.”[188] from flailing. Tape was also - _Anderson_ used to secure the removable - back plate of head (figs. 29, - 30, 35, 72–75). - - 24. [bandages] “around his Reference to parachute Site 2 - midsection and partially over harness that had chest and - his shoulder”[189] shoulder straps. - _Anderson_ - - =The “Craft”= - - 25. “It [the crewmember] felt Description of a high Site 2 - dead when I touched it, it was altitude balloon payload that - very cold.”[190] was cold soaked at sub zero - _Anderson_ temperatures of the upper - atmosphere. - - 26. “it was a dirigible, a Reference to a partially Site 2 - that had crashed”[191] inflated or deflated high - blimp altitude balloon (figs. 23, - _Anderson_ 70). - - 27. “a flying saucer that had Reference to the dummy Site 2 - burst open”[192] suspension rack that did not - _Maltais_ have sides (figs. 35, 73–75). - - 28. “clusters of thread-like Numerous cables and wires Site 2 - material in the form of a were used in the dummy - cable”[193] instrumentation kits and - _Anderson_ balloon control package. - - 29. “others of those [cables] Both balloon control package Site 2 - went from one kind of package and dummy instrumentation - of components to another kind kits were connected by cables - of package”[194] (fig. 73). - _Anderson_ - - 30. “some kind of container, Reference to balloon control Site 2 - a metal box”[195] package or dummy - _Anderson_ instrumentation kit (fig. 73). - - 31. “it was ice cold, it felt Condition of a balloon Site 2 - like it just came out of a payload after it has been - freezer”[196] “cold soaked” in the upper - _Anderson_ atmosphere at temperatures - far below zero. - - =Vehicles= - - +--------------------------+ - 32. a “jeep-like truck that had |Reference to a modified | Site 2 - a bunch of radios in it and two |M-37 ¾-ton utility | - big antennas.... There was a |truck commonly referred to| - guy sittin’ in there wearin’ |as a weapons carrier, | - earphones and he was talking |unique to the Balloon | - on the radio.”[197] |Branch. One of the primary| - _Anderson_ |vehicles used by recovery | - |crews. Balloons were | - |tracked by direction | - |finding gear and required | - |a radio operator to wear | - |headphones (fig. 32). | - +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 33. “weapons carriers”[198] |Corroboration of | Site 1 - _Ragsdale_ |description #32. See | - |above. | - +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 34. “six by six Army |Reference to M-35 | Site 1 - trucks”[199] |2½-ton cargo truck used | - _Ragsdale_ |to transport dummies and | - |suspension racks for | - |launch and recoveries | - |(fig. 31). | - +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 35. “six by [six] ... military |Corroboration of | Site 2 - truck with canvas ... wagon |description #34. See | - type ... thing over it”[200] |above. | - _Anderson_ +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 36. “wreckers [with] cranes |Reference to M-246 wrecker| Site 2 - on ’em”[201] |used to launch and recover| - _Anderson_ |anthropomorphic dummy | - |payloads (figs. 23, 28, | - |70). | - +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 37. “a wrecker”[202] |Corroboration of | Site 1 - _Ragsdale_ |description #36. See | - |above. | - +--------------------------+ - - 38. “there was military Reference to a converted Site 2 - ambulances”[203] M-43 ambulances used as - _Anderson_ balloon recovery - communications vehicles - (figs. 64, 71, 80). - - 39. “the pick-up”[204] Pick-up trucks were often Site 2 - _Anderson_ used to recover - anthropomorphic dummies - (figs. 71, 79). - - 40. “tankers, like, maybe had Reference to M-49 fuel Site 2 - fuel or water in ’em”[205] trucks used to refuel - _Anderson_ aircraft or helium trailer - used to inflate balloon - (figs. 23, 70, 80, 81). - - +--------------------------+ - 41. “a military car”[206] |A variety of military and | Site 2 - _Anderson_ |civilian cars were often | - |used for balloon | - |recoveries and launches | - |(fig. 71). | - +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 42. “’47 Ford car”[207] |Corroboration of | Site 1 - _Ragsdale_ |description #41. See | - |above. | - +--------------------------+ - - 43. “there was a jeep that was Reference to 1-ton trailer Site 2 - pulling a trailer with a motor and MB-19 15 Kilowatt - on it, like a generator.”[208] diesel generator that were - _Anderson_ used at balloon launch and - recovery locations (fig. - 71). - - =Aircraft= - - 44. “observation aircraft ... Reference to an L-20 Site 2 - high winged aircraft”[209] aircraft, primary “chase” - _Anderson_ aircraft used for balloon - recovery in the mid 1950s - (fig. 77). - - 45. “C-47 sittin’ there” [on C-47 aircraft were often Site 2 - the road][210] used on dummy launch and - _Anderson_ recovery operations (fig. - 78). - - =Procedures= - - 46. “The federal government Reference to balloon borne Site 1 - could have been doing anthropomorphic dummies - something because they didn’t that were dropped by remote - want anyone to know what this control by balloon - was ... they was using dummies controllers at Holloman AFB - in those damned things ... they - could use remote control”[211] - _Ragsdale_ - - 47. “they took everybody’s Procedure used by Balloon Site 2 - name and everything”[212] Branch to ensure payment - _Anderson_ of $25 reward and to settle - claims of property damage. - - 48. “they cleaned everything all Balloon Branch personnel Site 1 - up ... I mean they cleaned were required to remove as - everything”[213] much debris as possible from - _Ragsdale_ balloon and payload landing - areas to avoid complaints - and legal actions. - - +--------------------------+ - 49. “they had the road |Procedure used for | Site 2 - barricaded off”[214] |aircraft operations. | - _Anderson_ +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 50. “they had the road |Corroboration of | Site 1 - sealed off”[215] |description #49. See | - _Ragsdale_ |above. | - +--------------------------+ - - 51. “airplanes sitting there Established procedure to Site 2 - they had landed on the refuel an aircraft, launch - highway”[216] a balloon from an isolated - _Anderson_ location or recover a - small payload near a rural - road. - - 52. “there was airplanes in Reference to balloon Site 2 - the sky” [over the crash “chase” aircraft used to - site].[217] direct ground recovery crews - _Anderson_ to balloon impact site. - - 53. “stretching out cables of Reference to balloon Site 2 - some kind ... they were inflation procedure that - stretching stuff out on the required the balloon and - ground, dragging stuff out of ground cloth to be removed - trucks”[218] from a vehicle and laid on - _Anderson_ the ground (fig. 79). -*/ - - - - - SECTION TWO - - Reports of Bodies at the Roswell AAF Hospital - - -This section examines the remaining portion of the Roswell Incident -claims--the reports of “bodies” at the Roswell AAF hospital. -Examinations of the various “crashed saucer” scenarios revealed -references to the Roswell AAF hospital appeared in virtually all of -them. Most of these were based on the account of one individual, W. -Glenn Dennis. His undocumented and uncorroborated recollections, -reportedly first related in 1989, over 42 years after the alleged -Roswell Incident, are based on activities he allegedly encountered as -a mortician providing contract services to the Roswell AAF hospital. -Dennis’ recollections have, in turn, been interpreted by UFO theorists -as evidence that the U.S. Army Air Forces recovered “alien” bodies and -autopsied them at the Roswell AAF hospital in July 1947. - -Dennis has been described as the “star witness” and his claims as the -most credible of the Roswell Incident.[1] This, even though his most -sensational assertions were not based on his own experiences but on -information allegedly related to him by unidentified mystery witnesses. - - [Illustration: Fig. 1. The International UFO Museum and Research - Center in Roswell, N.M. ] - -The mystery witnesses were allegedly an Army Air Forces nurse and a -pediatrician both assigned to the Roswell AAF hospital in 1947.[2] To -casual observers, this account, which contains references to actual -U.S. Army Air Forces and U.S. Air Force personnel and activities, -appears to have a ring of authenticity. However, when examined closely -by Air Force researchers, the dates of events, the events themselves, -and the people described as having participated in them, were found to -be grossly inaccurate and totally unrelated to activities of July 1947. - - -The Account - -The following is a summary of information provided by W. Glenn Dennis, -who claimed he was a 22-year-old mortician at the Ballard Funeral Home -in Roswell in July 1947, when he alleged these events occurred.[*] - - [*] Excerpts of interviews contained in this summary were taken - from audio or video recordings made by persons referenced in the - appropriate endnote. The sole exception is the interview conducted - by Stanton T. Friedman on August 5, 1989. Quotations from this - interview were taken from a transcript which is reportedly an - accurate representation of the interview. Friedman has not honored - repeated requests for an audio recording. - -On July 7, 1947, Dennis alleged he received a series of phone calls at -the Ballard Funeral Home, where he worked, from the Mortuary Affairs -officer at Roswell Army Air Field. He recalled that the mortuary -officer inquired as to the availability of child sized caskets and -procedures for preserving bodies that had been “laying out in the -elements.”[3] Later that day he received an emergency ambulance call -(the civilian mortuary for which he worked also provided an ambulance -service) to respond to the site of a minor traffic accident in -Roswell.[4] The accident victim was an “airman” stationed at Roswell -AAF, and Dennis transported the airman to the hospital at the base.[5] - -As Dennis walked into the hospital he noticed three military box-type -ambulances, one or more of which contained what appeared to be -“wreckage.”[6] He described the wreckage as being inscribed with odd -markings or symbols and bluish-purplish in color.[7] He recalled that -some of this wreckage was resting against the inside wall of the rear -compartment of the ambulance and two pieces of it “looked kind of like -the bottom of a canoe.”[8] He described other wreckage on the floor of -the ambulance as being “all sharp” and as best he could tell “was like -broken glass.”[9] He also recalled observing Military Policemen (MPs) -standing at the back of two of these ambulances.[10] - -When he went inside the hospital, he encountered a military nurse who -was assigned there and with whom he was previously acquainted.[11] The -nurse, who looked upset, was covering her mouth with a cloth and told -him that “you’re going to get in a lot of trouble” and that he should -“just get out of here.”[12] Dennis also stated that he encountered -a military doctor who was assigned to the hospital, a pediatrician, -with whom he was “pretty good friends” but did not speak with at that -time.[13] - -Having seen the wreckage in the rear of the ambulance and believing -there had been an accident, he asked another officer in the hospital if -there had been a plane crash. The officer, whom Dennis had never seen -before, asked him: “Who in the hell are you?” When he responded he was -“from the funeral home,” the officer summoned two MPs to escort him -from the hospital.[14] - -However, before Dennis and the two MPs had left the hospital, he -heard someone say, “We’re not through with that SOB, bring him back -here.”[15] When Dennis turned around, he observed a redheaded captain -(in one version of these events Dennis is quoted as describing this -person as a “big redheaded colonel”[16]) who said, “You did not see -anything. There was no crash here. You don’t go into town making any -rumors that you saw anything or that there was any crash ... you could -get in a lot of trouble.”[17] - -Angry about being called an SOB, Dennis informed the redheaded officer -that he was a civilian, not under his authority, and that he, the -redheaded officer, “can’t do a damn thing to me.”[18] The redheaded -officer was alleged to have threatened Dennis by responding “Oh yes we -can”.... “Somebody will be picking your bones out of the sand”.... “We -can do anything to you ... that we want to.”[19] A black sergeant, whom -Dennis recalled had accompanied the redheaded officer, allegedly stated -he would “make real good dog food.”[20] Following this exchange, Dennis -claimed he was “picked up ... arm and arm” and escorted back to his -place of business by two MPs.[21] - -The following day, July 8, 1947, Dennis attempted to telephone the -nurse he had seen in the hall at the hospital to find out “what was -going on.”[22] He stated that he was unable to reach the nurse but did -reach another nurse, a “Captain Wilson,” who explained to him that the -nurse he was trying to contact was not on duty, but “Wilson” would give -her a message to call him.[23] The nurse called Dennis later that same -day at the funeral home where he worked and agreed to meet with him at -the officers’ club at Roswell AAF that afternoon.[24] - -When the two met, the nurse appeared disturbed and ill.[25] Dennis -asked her to explain what was going on when they met in the hospital -the day before. The nurse explained that, in the course of her normal -duties, she entered an examining room to get some supplies and -encountered two doctors whom she did not recognize that “supposedly -were doing a preliminary autopsy” on “three,” “very mangled,” “black,” -“little bodies.”[26] The doctors requested the nurse remain in the -room because they needed her assistance.[27] She allegedly explained -that there was a terrible odor in the room that made both her and the -doctors ill.[28] Due to this terrible odor and inadequate ventilation, -the nurse allegedly told Dennis that the autopsies were moved to -another facility on the base and then “everything” was taken to “Wright -Field” (now Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio).[29] - -The nurse described the little bodies in detail and even provided a -diagram.[30] She described “little bodies” three to four feet in length -that had large, “flexible,” heads, and concave eyes and noses.[31] - -After this meeting Dennis claimed he never saw the nurse again, and he -was told she had been shipped out the same afternoon (July 8, 1947) -or the next day (July 9, 1947).[32] However, some time later Dennis -received a letter from the nurse that indicated she was in London, -England.[33] Dennis stated that he tried to respond to the nurse, but -his letter was returned stamped “return to sender” and “deceased.”[34] -After receiving this letter, he inquired at the base about the nurse -and was told by “Captain Wilson” that she didn’t know where the nurse -was, but there was a rumor that she and several other nurses had been -killed in a plane crash while on a training mission.[35] - -Some years later, Dennis stated that he visited the unidentified -military pediatrician he had seen at the hospital.[36] The pediatrician -had since left the military and set up practice in Farmington, N.M.[37] -Dennis said he and the pediatrician discussed the incident of years -past but was stopped short when the pediatrician told him that he was -consulted regarding this incident, but that “it was completely out of -[his] field of medicine,” then ended the discussion.[38] - -Based on this account, UFO theorists have presented the following -assertions: - - =a.= Dennis, the “missing” nurse, and the unidentified pediatrician - inadvertently stumbled onto the highly classified autopsies of - alien bodies at Roswell AAF hospital in July 1947. - - =b.= The two mysterious doctors at the hospital were sent - to Roswell AAF from a higher headquarters to conduct the - autopsies after which the bodies were transported to what is now - Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. - - =c.= The bluish-purplish wreckage that looked like the bottom of - a canoe in the rear of the ambulance, were “escape pods” from a - flying saucer flown by the aliens that crashed in the Roswell area. - - =d.= Dennis was forcibly removed from the hospital and threatened - with death by the redheaded officer because he had witnessed some - of these activities. - - =e.= The nurse was kidnapped, possibly murdered, and all records - that she ever existed were systematically destroyed by government - agents, also because she witnessed these activities. - -As in other accounts examined in this report, the episodes described -here became part of the Roswell Incident only because the witness -claimed they occurred at a very specific time, July 7–9, 1947. These -dates coincide with an actual event: the retrieval of experimental -Project MOGUL research equipment that was erroneously reported as -a flying disc (see Section One).[39] If the events described here -occurred at any other time—years, months, weeks, or even days before or -after July 7–9, 1947—they might be considered unusual to an uninformed -person, but certainly not part of the Roswell Incident. - -Air Force research revealed that the witness made serious errors -in his recollections of events. When his account was compared with -official records of the actual events he is believed to have described, -extensive inaccuracies were indicated including a likely error in the -date by as much as 12 years. - - - - - 2.1 - - The “Missing” Nurse and the Pediatrician - - -To illustrate the errors in this account and to identify actual events, -the following section will examine the accounts of the missing nurse -and the unidentified pediatrician. Both of these persons were allegedly -present at the Roswell AAF hospital when the events described by the -witness occurred. - - -The “Missing” Nurse - -Dennis recalled that the nurse was quickly and suspiciously shipped out -either the same day or the day after he met with her in the Roswell -AAF Officers’ Club. If this allegation was true, it certainly seemed -unusual—and verifiable. Therefore, the morning reports, the certified -daily personnel accounting records required to be kept by all Army Air -Forces units at that time, were obtained and reviewed. These reports -did not indicate that a nurse or any other person was reassigned on -the days alleged, July 8 or July 9, 1947.[40] The morning reports of -the 427th Army Air Forces Base Unit (AAFBU) Squadron “M,” the unit -that all the medical personnel at Roswell AAF were assigned in July -1947, did not indicate a sudden or overseas transfer of a nurse or -any other person. Records indicated that one nurse was reassigned on -July 23, 1947, over two weeks after the purported events described by -Dennis.[41] That nurse was transferred by normal personnel rotation -procedures to Ft. Worth AAF (now Carswell AFB), Texas, where she -remained on active duty until March 1949.[42] In fact, the Squadron “M” -morning reports revealed the strength of the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) at -Roswell AAF for July 1947 was only five nurses. Of these five nurses -none were transferred overseas or killed in a plane crash—the “rumored” -fate of the missing nurse.[43] - -This review of the hospital morning reports also indicated that the -name of the missing nurse provided by the witness was inaccurate. The -witness stated in several interviews that he believed the nurse’s name -was Naomi Maria Selff.[44] A comprehensive search of morning reports -and rosters from the Roswell AAF Station Hospital indicated that no -person by this name, or a similar name, had ever served there. This -finding was supported by a search of personnel records at the National -Personnel Records Center (NPRC) in St. Louis, Mo., a part of the -National Archives and Record Administration. NPRC is the depository for -all U.S. military personnel records. The search at NPRC also did not -find a record that a person named Naomi Maria Selff had ever served in -any branch of the U.S. Armed Forces. - -These findings were consistent with previous efforts of several -pro-UFO researchers who have also attempted to locate this nurse or -members of her family. They, likewise, were also unable to confirm -her existence.[45] While some UFO theorists continue to allege that -this absence of records regarding a nurse by this name is part of a -conspiracy to withhold information, the most likely reason for the lack -of records is that this name is inaccurate.[*] - - [*] Interestingly, an article published in the Fall 1995 edition - of _Omni_ magazine, a publication that in the past has published - sensational “Roswell” claims, also independently accounted for all - five of the nurses and expressed a decidedly skeptical opinion of - the account of the “missing nurse.” - -Even though the name of the nurse is incorrect, it appears that a nurse -assigned to the Roswell AAF Station Hospital in 1947 may have been the -basis for the claims. Eileen Mae Fanton was the only nurse of the five -assigned to Roswell AAF in July 1947, whose personal circumstances and -physical attributes not only resembled those of the missing nurse, but -appeared to be nearly an exact match. - - -The “Missing Nurse?” - - [Illustration: Fig. 2. Eileen M. Fanton (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - 1st Lt. Eileen M. Fanton was assigned to the Roswell Army Air - Field Station Hospital from December 26, 1946 until September 4, - 1947.[46] Fanton, who is deceased, was retired from the U.S. Air - Force at the rank of Captain on April 30, 1955, for a physical - disability.[47] - - In this account, the missing nurse is described as single, “real - cute, like a small Audrey Hepburn, with short black hair, dark - eyes and olive skin.”[48] Lieutenant Fanton was single in 1947, - 5′1″ tall, weighed 100 pounds, had black hair, dark eyes, and was - of Italian descent.[49] Dennis also stated that the nurse was of - the Catholic faith, and had been “strictly raised” according to - Catholic beliefs.[50] Fanton’s personnel record listed her as Roman - Catholic, a graduate of St. Catherine’s Academy in Springfield, - Ky. and as having received her nursing certification from St. Mary - Elizabeth’s Hospital in Louisville, Ky.[51] - - The witness also recalled that the “missing nurse” was a - lieutenant, was a general nurse at the hospital, and had sent him - correspondence at a later date which stated she was in London, - England with a New York, N.Y. APO number (military overseas mailing - address) as the return address.[52] Records revealed that Fanton - was a First Lieutenant (promoted from Second Lieutenant to First - Lieutenant in June 1947), and she was classified as a “nurse, - general duty.”[53] Records also indicated that of the five nurses - assigned to the Roswell AAF Station Hospital in July 1947, she - was the only one that later served a tour of duty in England. - Furthermore, she was assigned to the 7510th USAF Hospital, APO - 240, New York, N.Y., where she served from June 1952 until April - 1955.[54] The 7510th USAF Hospital was located approximately 45 - miles north of London at Wimpole Park, Cambridge, England. - - An additional similarity between Fanton and the “missing nurse” - is that her personnel record indicated that she quickly departed - Roswell AAF and it is probable that the hospital staff would not - have provided information concerning her departure. Fanton’s - unannounced departure from Roswell AAF, on September 4, 1947 was - to be admitted to Brooke General Hospital, Ft. Sam Houston, Texas, - for a medical condition.[55] This condition was first diagnosed - in January 1946 and ultimately led to her medical retirement - in 1955.[56] Therefore, if someone other than a family member - contacted the Station Hospital at Roswell AAF and inquired about - Fanton, as Dennis stated he did, the staff was simply protecting - her privacy as a patient. The staff was not participating in a - sinister “cover-up” of information as alleged by UFO theorists. - - -The Pediatrician - -In at least two interviews, the witness stated that a pediatrician -stationed at the hospital was involved in the events he described.[57] -When asked by an interviewer how he knew the pediatrician was -involved, Dennis was quoted as replying, “I know he was involved -because I saw him there.”[58] Dennis is also quoted as saying that -he and the pediatrician were “pretty good friends,” and after the -pediatrician left the military he [the pediatrician] set up a practice -in Farmington, N.M. “I used to go fishing all the time up north and -I visited him several times up there and he was involved,” Dennis -said. “I don’t remember his name, I think he is still practicing in -Farmington.”[59] - -A review of personnel files and interviews with former members of the -Roswell AAF/Walker AFB hospital staff, revealed that only one physician -ever relocated to Farmington, N.M. following his military service. The -former Capt. Frank B. Nordstrom served at Walker AFB from June 1951 -until June 1953.[60] Records also revealed that Nordstrom was indeed a -pediatrician and while at Walker AFB, served as the Chief of Pediatric -Services.[61] When Nordstrom, a resident of the small town of Aztec, -N.M., was interviewed for this report, he stated that he did not recall -ever meeting Dennis and could not recall any events that supported any -of his claims (see signed sworn statement in Appendix B).[62] - -Farmington (population 8,000 in 1954) is located in the primarily -rural Four Corners region of New Mexico approximately 300 miles -northwest of Roswell. According to Nordstrom, Farmington did not have a -pediatrician before his arrival in 1954. From 1954 until approximately -1970, Nordstrom believes he was the only pediatrician in the area. His -recollections were confirmed by a local Farmington pharmacist, Charles -E. Clouthier.[63] Clouthier also served at the Walker AFB hospital, -from 1955 to 1957, and following his military service returned to -Farmington, his hometown, where he had lived since 1934. Clouthier has -been employed by and co-owned a business, Farmington Drug, since 1957. -He is familiar with most, if not all, of the doctors who practice -in Farmington and the Four Corners region of New Mexico. Clouthier’s -confirmation that Nordstrom was the first pediatrician to practice -in the Farmington area, was based on both his frequent professional -contacts with local physicians and his experiences as a longtime -Farmington resident.[64] - -Although Nordstrom believed that he was the pediatrician described, he -was at a loss to explain how Dennis gained information concerning his -military and civilian employment history. In a signed sworn statement, -Nordstrom stated that he did not recall ever meeting Dennis and had -certainly never been visited by Dennis as he has claimed. One possible -source of the information is that from approximately 1958 until -approximately 1961 Dennis operated a drugstore in Aztec, N.M., a small -town near Farmington where Nordstrom resides (interestingly Aztec is -the location of the original “crashed flying saucer” story, see below). -However, Nordstrom also did not recall any contact with Dennis in his -capacity as a drugstore operator. - - - Behind the Roswell Incident? - - [Illustration: Fig. 3. Story by J.P. Cahn, that appeared in the - August 1956, _True_ magazine.] - - The “Roswell Incident” story is hardly original. In 1948, a work - of fiction reportedly appeared in the _Aztec_ (N.M.) _Independent - Review_ describing the crash of a flying saucer with “little - men” near Aztec, N.M. In 1950, Frank Scully, a columnist for - the theatrical publication _Variety_, published a book, _Behind - the Flying Saucers_, which proclaimed the story to be true.[65] - Based on the Aztec story, _Behind the Flying Saucers_ bears many - similarities to the Roswell Incident, most notably, descriptions - of covert “flying saucer” and “little men” recoveries interspersed - with doses of unsubstantiated accusations directed at the U.S. Air - Force.[66] - - In his book, Scully claimed he had information from two scientists, - Silas M. Newton and a mysterious “Dr. Gee,” who he claimed - investigated the crash for the government.[67] In reality, - Newton and Gee were con-men who convinced Scully of the story’s - authenticity.[68] - - Intrigued by the sensational claims made in _Behind the Flying - Saucers_, a reporter for the _San Francisco Chronicle_, J. P. Cahn, - decided to look into the matter. What resulted from Cahn’s research - were articles in the September 1952 and August 1956 edition of - _True_ magazine which determined that the story was as “phony as a - headwaiters bow and smile.”[69] - - Cahn, with the assistance of a magician, devised a plan to “sting” - the two con-men.[70] To execute the sting, he used sleight of - hand switching an “indestructible” metal disk, claimed to be - from a flying saucer, with a slug of his own manufacture. After - the switch, Cahn submitted the disk to a laboratory for analysis - revealing that they were of earthly origin, in particular, a grade - of aluminum used to manufacture pots and pans![71] - - Even with the exposure of this obvious fraud, the Aztec story is - still revered by UFO theorists. Elements of this story occasionally - reemerge and are thought to be the catalyst for other crashed - flying saucer stories, including the Roswell Incident. - - [Illustration: Fig. 4. September 1952 _True_ magazine story that - exposed the Aztec, N.M. hoax.] - - -Descriptions of Other Air Force Members - -Since official records proved that none of the nurses at Roswell AAF -in July 1947 were missing, and the nurse and pediatrician described -in this account had been identified, major discrepancies between -Dennis’ recollections and official records were apparent. In an effort -to provide for the fullest possible accounting of these claims, even -though key aspects had already been proven false, Air Force researchers -sought additional information to determine if there was validity to -_any_ portion of the account. Since the witness has never provided -documentation to support his claims, the only source of additional -information was the numerous interviews he had previously provided to -private researchers and the media. His many statements, which have -appeared in newspapers, videos, magazines, movies, books, lectures, -journals and television programs, were reviewed for information that -might further explain his testimony. - -Examination of this large body of publicly available information -immediately provided clues that the witness may have recalled -incidents from a period other than July 1947. The first clue was that -he repeatedly, in all of the interviews, referred to the injured -military person he allegedly transported to the Roswell AAF hospital -as an airman. The rank of airman was not in existence in 1947. It -was implemented on April 1, 1952.[72] Prior to that date an airman -in the Air Force was referred to by the U.S. Army equivalent, a -private. Another possible indication that he recalled events from a -different time was the description of an alleged “black sergeant” that -accompanied the redheaded officer at the hospital. The pairing of a -white officer with a black NCO seemed unlikely since in 1947 the U.S. -Army Air Forces was racially segregated, as were all branches of the -armed forces. The U.S. Air Force did not begin racial integration until -the May 11, 1949 issuance of Air Force Letter 35-3 that formally ended -segregation.[73] Though it was not impossible in 1947 for a black NCO -to accompany and seem to be working with a white officer, it would be -unlikely. These two discrepancies did not provide a firm time frame of -actual events, if any occurred at all. - -To approximate a time frame for actual events, the specific details -of the information provided were examined. This examination was to -determine if any military members were identified by name or by a -combination of any other distinguishing characteristics such as rank, -position, age, or physical attributes. If the testimony identified -a military member as having been present for an event, then their -personnel record could be used to affix an approximate date. Affixing -a date of an event by referencing personnel records was possible since -each military member’s personnel file contains a physical description -and chronological listing of duty stations, units of assignment, and -work assignments for his/her entire military career. - -This detailed examination revealed several likely references to -specific individuals, which through their personnel files, were -documented as having been assigned to the hospital at Roswell AAF or -Walker AFB (Roswell AAF was renamed Walker AFB in January 1948). - -=The “Big Redheaded Colonel.”= An indication that Dennis might have -mistaken the date of actual events was that he was quoted in at least -one book as having said that the officer who threatened him in the -hospital was a big redheaded colonel.[74] Research revealed that only -one tall colonel with red hair was known to have been assigned to the -Walker AFB hospital. Colonel Lee F. Ferrell was the hospital commander -from October 1954 until June 1960.[75] Ferrell was 6′1″ tall and had -red hair.[76] - - [Illustration: Fig. 5. Col. Lee F. Ferrell (_left_), was commander - of the Walker AFB hospital from 1954–1960. In this photo Ferrell - escorts U.S. Senator Dennis Chavez (N.M.) on a tour of the new - Walker AFB hospital in June 1960, which was named in honor of the - senator. (_U.S. Air Force photo_) ] - -“=Captain ‘Slatts’ Wilson.=” In at least two interviews Dennis -repeatedly made reference to a nurse named “Captain Wilson.”[77] He -recalled that “Captain Wilson”, who he believed was the head nurse, was -another nurse stationed at the Roswell AAF hospital in July 1947.[78] -Dennis claims he spoke to “Captain Wilson” several times in reference -to the alleged missing nurse.[79] - -He claims that on the day after he met with the missing nurse at the -Roswell AAF Officers’ Club, he attempted to contact her by telephone -at the hospital but was told that she wasn’t on duty.[80] Instead, he -spoke with “Captain Wilson.” “I called the station I knew she [the -missing nurse] always worked at,” Dennis said, “She was a general -nurse.... I was informed that she wasn’t working that day. [Dennis -then telephoned] An old girl by the name of Wilson, Captain Wilson, -and I asked her ‘what happened’? She said, ‘Glenn, I don’t know what -happened, she’s not on duty.’ She said she’d try to get word to her -[the missing nurse] that you [Dennis] want to talk to her.”[81] Later -in the same interview Dennis further described Wilson. “We called -her ‘Slatts’ Wilson who was a big tall nurse about six foot two or -three—big tall skinny gal—and we called her ‘Slatts’—everybody called -her ‘Slatts.’ She’s the one who told me she heard there was a plane -crash and the nurses went down on a training mission.”[82] - -The testimony appeared to clearly identify by name, rank, position, -physical attributes and by a distinctive nickname, “Slatts,” another -nurse present at the hospital in July 1947. But a review of the morning -reports of the Roswell AAF hospital for July 1947 did not contain the -name of a nurse, or anyone else, named Wilson.[83] The only female -captain assigned to the Roswell AAF Hospital in July 1947 was the -Chief Nurse Capt. Joyce Goddard.[84] Goddard, who was 5′6″ tall, was -transferred from Roswell AAF to Korea on August 21, 1947.[85] - -Therefore, according to Dennis’ recollection of events, this review of -the morning reports indicated that there were two missing nurses, not -one—“Lieutenant Naomi Selff” and “Captain ‘Slatts’ Wilson.” Further -scrutiny of personnel records of individuals assigned to the Roswell -AAF/Walker AFB hospital indicated that Dennis’ recollections of events -were apparently inaccurate. - -Examination of the August 1947 morning reports did not list a nurse -named Wilson, but they _did_ list a nurse named Slattery.[86] Captain -Lucille C. Slattery, who retired as a Lieutenant Colonel and is now -deceased, was reassigned from Ft. George Wright, Wash. to Roswell AAF -on August 7, 1947.[87] - - [Illustration: Fig. 6. Lt. Col. Lucille C. Slattery, the only Air - Force nurse ever known as “Slatts,” served as a captain at the - Roswell AAF/Walker AFB hospital from August 1947 to September 1950. - Records indicate that Slattery did not arrive at Roswell AAF until - one month _after_ the “Roswell Incident,” in direct contradiction - to statements made by the sole witness to this account. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - -Slattery replaced Goddard as the Chief Nurse and was the only female -captain assigned to the Roswell AAF hospital. Interviews of persons -with longtime professional and personal associations with Slattery, -revealed that she was known by the unusual nickname of Slatts.[88] -Additionally, former associates of Slattery interviewed for this -report, recalled that she was the only Air Force nurse that had ever -been known as Slatts.[89] Persons interviewed were Air Force nurses -who retired in the 1960s, each with more than 20 years of service, -including retired Air Force Col. Ethel Kovatch-Scott, who served as -Chief Nurse of the Air Force from 1963 to 1965. - -Upon review of Slattery’s personnel file it was learned that she was -only 5′3″ tall and therefore was most likely not the 6′2″ or 6′3″ “tall -skinny” nurse described.[90] This discrepancy in physical description -and the fact that she did not arrive at Roswell AAF until nearly one -month _after_ Dennis claims he spoke to her, led to the conclusion that -perhaps he confused Slattery with some other tall thin nurse, possibly -named Wilson, who was stationed at the Roswell AAF or Walker AFB -hospital at some other time. - -Consequently, a comprehensive review of the morning reports and -rosters of the Roswell AAF/Walker AFB hospital revealed that only one -nurse named Wilson had ever served there and she did not arrive until -February 1956.[91][*] Capt. Idabelle Miller, who became Maj. Idabelle -Wilson in 1958 due to marriage and a promotion, was assigned to the -Walker AFB hospital from February 1956 until May 1960.[92] - -[*] Records were also searched for names similar to Wilson. Three -nurses stationed at Roswell AAF/Walker AFB were identified: Martha -Wasem, Carol Williams, and Chalma Walker. None of these nurses physical -descriptions or personal/professional circumstances were similar to the -descriptions of “Captain Wilson” described by the witness. - -Upon review of Maj. Wilson’s personnel file, it was learned that she -was 5′9″ tall and thin. Also, she served as the Head Nurse of the -surgical ward at the Walker AFB hospital.[93] Therefore, Wilson’s -physical attributes, tall and thin, and position as Head Nurse matched -Dennis’ recollections of “Captain Wilson.” When contacted by Air Force -researchers, Wilson stated she had no recollection of Dennis, of ever -having conversations with him, any of the events he described, or of -a nurse that was missing.[94] She also made it abundantly clear that -as an Air Force officer and medical professional she would not spread -a rumor of a plane crash, as Dennis alleged “Captain Wilson” did in -conversations with him.[95] - - - - - Results of Missing Nurse and Pediatrician Research - -Examination of the missing nurse and the pediatrician stories, and -other facts established by research, provide a foundation for further -analysis to determine what actual event(s), if any, were responsible -for these claims. Based on information developed, it appears this -witness may be mistaken in some of his statements, especially regarding -the time frame of these events. - -The following facts have been established: - - =a.= The only physician who ever relocated to Farmington, N.M., - following his military service at Roswell AAF/Walker AFB was the - former Chief of Pediatric Services at the Walker AFB hospital, - the former Capt. Frank B. Nordstrom. Further, he did not arrive - at Walker AFB until June 1951, four years _after_ the purported - Roswell Incident, has no recollection of Dennis, the statements - Dennis attributes to him, or of any actual events that explain his - account. - - =b.= The only nurse ever assigned to the Roswell AAF hospital - (subsequently renamed Walker AFB) named Wilson, was Idabelle - Wilson. She served at the Walker AFB hospital from 1956 until 1960 - and had no recollection of ever meeting or speaking with Dennis or - any of the activities he described. - - =c.= Captain Lucille C. Slattery, the only Air Force nurse ever - known by the distinctive nickname “Slatts,” _was_ stationed at the - Roswell AAF hospital. However, she did not arrive until August 7, - 1947. This was one month _after_ the Roswell Incident, making it - improbable that Dennis spoke with her in early July 1947. - - =d.= There is no record that a nurse named Naomi Maria Selff, was - ever assigned to Roswell AAF, Walker AFB, or was ever a member of - the U.S. military. - - =e.= All nurses assigned to the Roswell AAF hospital in July 1947, - have been accounted for, thereby eliminating any possibility that - there was ever a missing nurse. - -Since actual Air Force members who served at Roswell AAF/Walker AFB -hospital were described in this account, the next step was to determine -if actual events that occurred at the hospital were possibly the source -of this story. As stated earlier in this report, a thorough examination -of both classified and unclassified records from 1947 revealed no Army -Air Forces or U.S. Air Force activities that explained the alleged -events. Therefore records were reviewed from other time periods, based -on personnel records of individuals believed to have been identified. -These persons and the periods when they were assigned to Roswell -AAF/Walker AFB are listed in Table 2.1. - - - Table 2.1 - Persons Described and Periods of Service - at Roswell AAF/Walker AFB - - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - Witness Actual Individual Period of Service at - Description Described Roswell AAF/Walker AFB - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - - the “missing” nurse 1st Lt. Eileen M. Fanton Dec. 1946-Sept. 1947 - - “Capt. ‘Slatts’ Wilson” Capt. Lucille C. Slattery Aug. 1947-Sept. 1950 - (composite of two and - individuals) Maj. Idabelle M. Wilson Feb. 1956-May 1960 - - “the pediatrician” Capt. Frank B. Nordstrom June 1951-June 1953 - - “big redheaded colonel” Col. Lee F. Ferrell Oct. 1954-June 1960 - - -The Research Profile - -With the establishment of a possible time frame, research efforts -paralleled the previous examination in Section One of this report that -determined high altitude balloons with anthropomorphic dummy payloads -were responsible for the reports of aliens at the two rural New Mexico -“crashed saucer” locations. A further review of Air Force activities -was then made to determine if any were significantly similar to the -information provided. Based on the time period established by personnel -records and statements contained in the witness’ own account, the -following profile of possible events was established: - -An event involving the Walker AFB hospital that took place between 1947 -and 1960; - - =a.= that may have resulted in “very mangled,” “black,” “little - bodies,” that had a strong “odor” being placed in “body bags”; - - =b.= that may have resulted in two persons not normally assigned to - the hospital, believed to be doctors, that were “supposedly doing - preliminary autopsies” on the “little bodies”; - - =c.= that may have involved a body with a head that was much larger - than normal which was transported to Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio; - - =d.= that may have involved a redheaded captain or a big redheaded - colonel; - - =e.= that may have resulted in an ambulance parked in the rear - of the hospital containing wreckage with inscriptions, that were - bluish-purplish which looked kind of like the bottom of a canoe; - and, - - =f.= that may have required a heightened state of security. - - - - - 2.2 - - Aircraft Accidents - - -The examination of events that involved the Walker AFB hospital that -may explain reports of bodies was begun by reviewing the most prominent -possible source, which were aircraft accident(s).[*] A review of -aircraft accidents from 1947 to 1960 revealed eight fatal accidents -that involved Walker AFB. - - [*] Other possible explanations such as automobile accidents, - house fires, etc., were also examined. However, none of these were - determined to be responsible for this account of bodies. - - - Table 2.2 - Fatal Aircraft Accidents by Year in the Vicinity of Walker AFB - 1947–1960 - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - Year Aircraft Location of Accident Number of - Type (distance from Walker AFB, N.M.) Fatalities - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - - =1947= - None - - =1948= - 8/12/48 B-29 4 miles South 13 - - =1949= - 5/16/49 C-47 6 miles Northeast 6 - 12/15/49 B-29 2 miles Northwest 7 - - =1950= - 6/1/50 KB-29 12 miles East/Southeast 3 - - =1951= - None - - =1952= - None - - =1953= - None - - =1954= - None - - =1955= - 6/16/55 T-33 On runway 2 - 10/3/55 B-47 34 miles West 2 - - =1956= - 6/26/56 KC-97 8.8 miles South 11 - - =1957= - None - - =1958= - None - - =1959= - None - - =1960= - 2/3/60 KC-135 On runway and ramp 13 - -The following three basic criteria were used to narrow research efforts -to specific accidents for more detailed examinations: were the victims -burned, resulting in possible descriptions of “black” “little bodies”?; -were the victims transported to the Walker AFB hospital?; and, were -the victims autopsied? To facilitate this examination, researchers -reviewed official accident reports, organizational and base histories, -individual personnel records of victims, and contemporary newspaper -accounts of the accidents. Interviews of persons who participated in -the aftermath of these accidents were also conducted. As a result, only -one accident met the three criteria, the June 1956 KC-97 accident. - - - Table 2.3 - Analysis of Air Force Aircraft Accidents - by Year in the Vicinity of Walker AFB - 1947–1960 - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - Date of Aircraft Fatalities - Accident Type - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - Burned? Taken to WAFB Autopsied? - Hospital? - - 8/12/48 B-29 Yes[96] No[97] No[98] - - 5/16/49 C-47 Yes[99] No[100] No[101] - - 12/15/49 B-29 No[102] Yes[103] Yes[104] - - 6/1/50 KB-29 No[105] No[106] No[107] - - 6/16/55 T-33 Yes[108] No[109] Yes[110] - - 10/3/55 B-47 Yes[111] No[112] No[113] - - 6/26/56 KC-97 Yes[114] Yes[115] Yes[116] - - 2/3/60 KC-135 Yes[117] No[118] No[119] - -Upon detailed review of records of the 1956 accident and interviews -with persons who participated in the recovery and identification of the -victims, extensive similarities to the description the witness provided -were apparent. - - -Fatal KC-97 Aircraft Mishap - -In 1956, Walker AFB, N.M. was the home of Strategic Air Command’s 6th -and 509th Bombardment Wings.[120] Additionally, Walker was home of the -509th Aerial Refueling Squadron (509th ARS) equipped with the KC-97G -aircraft. - - [Illustration: Fig. 7. A KC-97 similar to this of the 509th Aerial - Refueling Squadron crashed 8.8 miles south of Walker AFB on June - 26, 1956 with the loss of 11 lives. Descriptions of the aftermath - of this tragedy are believed to be the basis for some of the - reports of “bodies” at the Walker AFB hospital. (_U.S. Air Force - photo_)] - -The accident occurred on June 26, 1956, 8.8 statute miles south of -Walker AFB.[121] A KC-97G aircraft with 11 crewmen on board, while on -a refueling training mission, experienced a propeller failure four -and one half minutes after takeoff.[122] As a result of the propeller -failure, a propeller blade was believed to have punctured the deck fuel -tank of the fully loaded tanker causing an intense cabin fire.[123] The -aircraft was quickly engulfed in flames, spun out of control, and was -completely destroyed. All 11 Air Force members were killed instantly by -the fire and impact explosion.[124] Due to the isolated rural impact -location on property owned by the state of New Mexico, there was -minimal collateral damage and no fatalities or injuries to persons on -the ground.[125] - -The remains of the crewmen were recovered from the crash site and -transported by members of the 4036th USAF Hospital (numerical -designation of the hospital at Walker AFB) to the hospital facility at -Walker AFB for identification.[126] - -On the day following the crash, an identification specialist from -Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio arrived at the hospital to assist in -identifying the remains.[127] Part way through the identification -process, conducted by both the identification specialist and Air -Force members assigned to the Walker AFB hospital, the identification -activities were moved to a refrigerated compartment at the Walker AFB -commissary.[128] This was due to an overpowering odor emitted by the -burned and fuel-soaked bodies and the lack of proper storage facilities -at the small base hospital.[129] Also on the day following the crash, -June 27, 1956, autopsies of three of the victims were accomplished by -a local Roswell pathologist.[130] These examinations were performed -at a local funeral home.[131] Upon completion of the identification -procedures and the postmortem examinations, the remains were shipped to -the next of kin for burial. - - [Illustration: Fig. 8. Main entrance of the 4036th USAF hospital - at Walker AFB, 1956. Initial identification procedures of the - 11 aircrewmen killed in the June 26, 1956 KC-97 accident were - conducted here before being transferred to another facility on the - base with refrigeration capability. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - -Comparison of the Account to the KC-97 Mishap - -This series of actual events contains extensive similarities to the -account provided by Dennis. The numerous and extensive similarities -indicate that some elements of this actual event were most probably -included in Dennis’ account. This aircraft accident provides an -explanation for the following elements of the research profile—the very -mangled, black, little bodies in body bags, the odor, the two strange -doctors, and the report of a redheaded colonel. - - - Aircraft Crashes and UFOs - - Since the first flying saucer story in June 1947, persons have - attempted to exploit actual military aircraft accidents to support - UFO theories and propagate the flying saucer phenomenon. - - One of the first exploitation attempts involved a fatal August 1, - 1947 Army Air Forces B-25 accident near Kelso, Wash. Descriptions - of this accident, which UFO theorists contend was caused because - the aircraft carried parts of a flying saucer, were included in - a poorly executed hoax. Nonetheless, it received a considerable - amount of attention. - - Another incidence was photographs of an “alien,” supposedly from - a 1948 crash of a flying saucer in Mexico. However, when the - photographs were examined by Air Force officials, they noticed - a pair of government issue, aviator style, sunglasses lying - underneath the “alien” body. - - Perhaps the most famous attempt to exploit an actual aircraft - accident involved the fatal January 1948 crash of a Kentucky Air - National Guard F-51 fighter near Franklin, Ky. Theorists contend - the fighter was shot down by a UFO. However, it was determined - that this aircraft most probably crashed while observing a newly - invented high altitude research balloon thought to be a UFO. The - large balloon, which matched eyewitnesses’ descriptions at the - time, was released the previous day, and its ground track placed - it precisely in the area where the unidentified object was sighted - the next day. Regardless, shameless attempts to exploit this - event continued as recently as 1995, when the tabloid TV program, - _Sightings_, aired and published (_Sightings_, Simon & Schuster, - 1996, 170–176) a distorted interpretation of this tragedy. - - -=The “Black” “Little Bodies.”= Review of the autopsy protocols of -the victims of this accident revealed extensive similarities to the -descriptions of the bodies allegedly described by the missing nurse. -Dennis related in various interviews that the missing nurse described, -“... three; very mangled; black; little bodies in body bags.”[132] -Records of this mishap confirmed that the victims suffered “injuries, -extreme, multiple.”[133] According to persons who assisted in the -identification of the remains from this crash, and in compliance with -Air Force directives in effect at that time, human remains pouches, -commonly called body bags, were used to recover and transport victims’ -bodies.[134] - -Statements made by Dennis described bodies that were “three-and-a-half -to four feet tall,” and “black” in color.[135] The autopsy protocols -of two victims described extensive third degree burns and loss of the -lower extremities.[136] Dennis also described a head of one of the -bodies that was not rigid but “flexible” and tissues of a body in -“strings” that looked as if they were “pulled” by predatory animals -after the crash.[137] An autopsy protocol of a victim described -“multiple fractures of all bones of the skull” and “partially cooked -strands of bowel ... over the abdomen and in the chest.”[138] -Additional similarities between the autopsy protocols and Dennis’ -statements were a detached hand and descriptions of the fingers and -arms of the crash victims.[139] - -The autopsy protocol of one victim also described remains with a “face -completely missing.”[140] This description corresponds with Dennis’ -recollections of a body with eyes and nose that were concave. Also, -the drawing of the head of one of the “little bodies” Dennis claims -is representative of a drawing given to him by the missing nurse is -a reasonably accurate representation of a human body with its face -completely missing.[141] - -Another similarity to Dennis’ account is that of the 11 victims of this -accident, only three were autopsied—the same number of bodies that -were allegedly autopsied in the missing nurse’s account.[142] Finally, -records revealed that due to limited facilities at the Walker AFB -hospital, the autopsies were performed at the Ballard Funeral Home in -Roswell.[143] This is the same funeral home where Dennis claimed to be -employed in 1947 until 1962.[144][*] - - [*] It is unclear when Dennis worked at this funeral home since - city and phone directories listed him as co-owning a different - funeral home in Roswell, as vice-president of another funeral home - in Roswell, and as having been employed as a drug store supervisor - and oil field worker during the periods when he claims he worked at - the Ballard Funeral Home. - -=The Odor.= Transportation of remains to a small base hospital was -unusual since the hospital did not have the necessary facilities—a -preparation room, refrigeration equipment or a morgue, to accommodate -multiple deceased persons. Records of other crashes involving Walker -AFB showed that the remains of crash victims were transported either to -another facility on Walker AFB or directly to a local funeral home.[145] - - [Illustration: Fig. 9. Three of the 11 Air Force members killed - in the June 26, 1956 KC-97 accident were autopsied at the Ballard - Funeral Home in Roswell. The actual descriptions of the remains - (only three were autopsied), closely corresponds with Dennis’ - descriptions regarding the “little bodies.” Additionally, this is - the same funeral home where Dennis claimed to be employed from 1947 - until 1962.] - -In fact, the Air Force manual that prescribed the policies, standards -and procedures relating to the care and disposition of deceased Air -Force personnel in effect in 1956, Air Force Manual 143-1, _Mortuary -Affairs_, did not direct that remains be brought to a hospital. It -encouraged the local commander to “improvise facilities” and make -use of “garages, warehouses, large tents, or other facilities for -processing groups of remains.”[146] Nonetheless, records of the June -1956 crash and interviews with the persons who processed the remains -indicated that the victims were brought from the crash site to the -Walker AFB hospital.[147] During the identification procedures, the -odor became too strong and the bodies and the identification activities -were moved to a refrigerated compartment at the base commissary.[148] - -Interviewed for this report were the registrar of the hospital, 1st -Lt. Jack Whenry (now a retired Major) and a medical administration -specialist assigned to the registrar, SSgt. John Walter (now a -retired Master Sergeant), both of whom assisted in the processing and -identification of the deceased aircrewmen. Whenry and Walter both -recalled the strong odor, that some persons became ill during the -procedures (as did the alleged missing nurse), and the unusual transfer -of the remains to the Walker AFB commissary (the nurse also allegedly -described the transfer of remains to another building on the base). -However, neither recalled that a nurse was missing or any of the other -activities as described by Dennis.[149] - -=The “Big Redheaded Colonel.”= The big redheaded colonel is a likely -reference to the hospital commander, Col. Lee F. Ferrell, who was -6′1″ tall and had red hair. Ferrell served at the Walker AFB hospital -from 1954 until 1960.[150] It would not be unusual for the hospital -commander to be present at the hospital following a major aircraft -accident. - -=The Two Mysterious “Doctors.”= The two doctors not assigned to the -Walker AFB hospital who were allegedly observed at the hospital -performing preliminary autopsies have been identified as an Air Force -civilian identification specialist and a local Roswell pathologist. - -=_Identification Specialist._= In an aircraft mishap involving multiple -fatalities, identification of victims can go beyond the capabilities -of a small Air Force hospital such as the one at Walker AFB. Beginning -in July 1951, the Air Force Memorial Affairs Branch, now called Air -Force Mortuary Services, employed full-time civilian morticians and -funeral directors, known as identification specialists, to assist Air -Force installations in the identification of deceased persons.[151] -When requested by the local commander, the identification specialists, -on a 24-hour standby basis, responded from Wright-Patterson AFB to the -location of an incident.[152] Records confirm that Walker AFB only -requested an identification specialist on two occasions, in October -1955 and to identity the victims of the June 1956 crash.[153] For this -accident the identification specialist arrived at Walker AFB on June -27, 1956 and made positive identifications of the 11 crewmen on June -28, 1956.[154] - -When contacted for this report, the retired identification specialist -who responded to this accident, Mr. George Schwaderer, did not have -any recollections of Dennis, the nurse, the pediatrician, or any of -the other unusual activities as alleged.[155] Schwaderer did recall -that on identifications of group remains such as this, it was typical -to wear standard hospital surgical gowns and masks and that he was -often mistaken for a pathologist.[156] - -Due to restrictions on the release of information concerning the -identification process, uninformed individuals who may, by chance, have -witnessed some portions of the identification, were often the source -of a considerable amount of speculation. The identification procedures -employed by the identification specialists were not classified, but -AFM-143-1, _Mortuary Affairs_, directed that “no information will be -divulged concerning identification or shipment of any remains until a -final determination of identity has been resolved for all remains.”[157] - -For this accident, identification took approximately two days and any -releases of information were restricted to individuals with an official -requirement. These restrictions extended, not only to the general -public, but also to Air Force members. - -A possible reference to the identification specialist is found in one -of Dennis’ recitations of the account. Dennis, a mortician who might -possess limited knowledge of Air Force mortuary procedures, stated that -he was told the “doctors” might be pathologists from “Walter Reed Army -Hospital.”[158] Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington D.C. is -a likely location that an unknown pathologist performing an autopsy on -military personnel might have been based. Co-located at Walter Reed is -the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) and beginning in 1955, -AFIP sent pathologists into the field to examine aircraft accidents. A -review of records at AFIP and interviews with persons involved with the -identification procedures at Walker AFB do not indicate AFIP sent any -personnel to assist in this accident.[159] - -=_Pathology Consultant._= In June 1956, the Walker AFB hospital did -not have a pathologist on staff.[160] All autopsies and examinations -of pathological specimens were conducted by a civilian consultant from -Roswell.[161] The autopsy protocols of the deceased crewmen from the -June 1956 crash indicated that Dr. Alfred S. Blauw of Roswell performed -the three autopsies.[162] Obviously, neither the pathologist nor the -identification specialist were normally assigned to the Walker AFB -hospital and would not be expected to be present at the hospital, -especially to an observer with limited knowledge of these activities. - - - Continuing Research - -The focus of research was now shifted to other activities that might -explain the remaining portions of the profile. The unexplained portions -were: - - =a.= the presence of a redheaded captain; - - =b.= the wreckage in the rear of the ambulance outside the Walker - AFB hospital; - - =c.= the heightened state of security at the Walker AFB hospital; - and, - - =d.= the shipment of a body with a large head to Wright-Patterson - AFB. - -Based on previous research, this effort began by examining records of -the other Air Force aerial vehicle known to have operated extensively -in the Roswell area since the late 1940s—high altitude research -balloons. - - - - - 2.3 - - High Altitude Research Projects - - -By 1960, hundreds of high altitude research balloons, some that -carried anthropomorphic dummies, descended and were recovered in areas -surrounding Walker AFB and Roswell. But based on the descriptions of -the bodies and the involvement of a hospital and medical personnel, -it did not seem likely that high altitude research balloons with -scientific instruments or anthropomorphic dummies could possibly -account for this testimony. Therefore, the focal point of the research -shifted to manned high altitude balloon flights conducted by the Air -Force during the mid to late 1950s and early 1960s. - - -Manned Balloon Flights - -Two manned balloon projects, MAN HIGH and EXCELSIOR, were conducted -within the time period targeted for research: MAN HIGH from 1957 to -1958[163] and the manned portion of EXCELSIOR in 1959 and 1960. The -only other manned high altitude balloon project in Air Force history, -STARGAZER, did not fly until 1962. - -It was discovered that only six manned flights were made for MAN -HIGH and EXCELSIOR. These flights were determined unlikely as the -source of the testimony since there were no injuries or deaths, all -six flights had been the subject of intense media coverage, and none -were flown in the vicinity of Roswell. Despite the apparent dead end -these flights presented to explain this account, records were obtained -and persons involved in MAN HIGH and EXCELSIOR were contacted and -interviewed. These records and interviews confirmed that there were, -in fact, only six USAF manned high altitude balloon flights, none -with characteristics similar to the testimony. However, detailed -examinations of the records revealed that, in addition to the six -high altitude balloon flights, there were also numerous low altitude -balloon flights made to train and qualify the high altitude balloon -pilots.[164] Records of the training flights indicated that some -of these were conducted at Holloman AFB, N.M., and several mishaps -occurred resulting in injuries to the pilots.[165] - - [Illustration: Fig. 10. Maj. David G. Simons (MC) (_left_), balloon - designer Otto C. Winzen (_center_) and Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, - Jr., examine a scale model of a low altitude balloon gondola used - to train pilots for high altitude missions. (_photo courtesy of - Mike Smith, Raven Industries_)] - -Further research revealed that one accident had taken place just -northwest of Roswell.[166] The accident occurred on May 21, 1959, 10 -miles northwest of Walker AFB, on a pilot training mission for the -upcoming Project EXCELSIOR and STARGAZER flights scheduled to begin -that fall. Analysis of the accident revealed actual events that closely -resembled the remaining portions of the established profile. - - - U.S. Air Force Manned High Altitude Balloon Projects - - In addition to unmanned high altitude balloon research flights, - from 1957 to 1962 the U.S. Air Force conducted a series of seven - manned high altitude flights. These forward-looking projects - investigated the upper reaches of the earth’s atmosphere and - laid the foundation for manned spaceflight. Most flights were - conducted before rocket booster technology was available to propel - a spacecraft into earth’s orbit. In this interim period, to “bridge - the gap” while awaiting developments in rocket technology, high - altitude balloons were the only vehicles capable of reaching the - altitudes required. All three of the USAF manned high altitude - balloon projects, MAN HIGH, EXCELSIOR, and STARGAZER utilized - Holloman AFB balloons to transport men to the very edge of space, - above approximately 99 per cent of the earth’s atmosphere, a region - known as “near space.” - - =Project MAN HIGH.= In 1955, a combined effort by the U.S. Air - Force Aeromedical Field Laboratory, Winzen Research International, - and the Holloman Balloon Branch resulted in the first Air Force - manned balloon program. Project MAN HIGH, officially known as the - Biodynamics of Space Flight, directed by Lt. Col. David Simons - (MC), was the first of the three widely publicized manned high - altitude balloon programs. The objective of Project MAN HIGH was - to measure the physiological and psychological capabilities of a - human in a space equivalent environment. Many developments of this - successful project were later incorporated into the first phase - of the U.S. Air Force Man in Space Program nicknamed MAN IN SPACE - SOONEST (MISS). Technology developed for MISS was transferred to - NASA in 1959 and became part of Project MERCURY, the initial series - of U.S. space missions.[167] - - [Illustration: Fig. 11. (_Left_) Test pilot Capt. Joseph W. - Kittinger, Jr. just before launch of MAN HIGH I at New Brighton, - Minn. on June 2, 1957. Kittinger flew in all three USAF high - altitude balloon projects and has accumulated more high altitude - balloon flying hours than anyone else in the world. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 12. (_Center_) Lt. Col. David G. Simons (MC), - a physician and pilot of the MAN HIGH II high altitude balloon - mission, is shown here boarding the recovery helicopter near - Frederick, S.D. following the successful flight on August 19, - 1957. This flight lasted 33 hours and 10 minutes attaining a peak - altitude of 101,500 feet. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 13. (_Right_) Holloman AFB Balloon Branch - Meteorologist and Engineer, Bernard D. Gildenberg, instructs high - altitude balloon pilot 1st Lt. Clifton McClure, pilot of MAN HIGH - III, in the operation of a low altitude training balloon on May 12, - 1959 at Holloman AFB, N.M. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 14. Project officer and pilot, Capt. Joseph W. - Kittinger, Jr., standing beside the EXCELSIOR gondola at Holloman - AFB, N.M. On his third and final high altitude parachute jump, from - 102,800 feet, he established world records for highest parachute - jump and length of free-fall which still stand today. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - - =Project EXCELSIOR.= In 1959 and 1960 the U.S. Air Force Aero - Medical Laboratory collaborated with the Holloman Balloon Branch - for Project EXCELSIOR, the second Air Force manned high altitude - balloon program. EXCELSIOR was the dramatic climax of the high - altitude free-fall studies that began as Project HIGH DIVE in 1953 - using anthropomorphic dummies. As the test director for Project - Excelsior, Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. made three parachute - jumps from balloons, EXCELSIOR I, II, and III, from 76,000, - 75,000, and a still standing record altitude of 102,800 feet. - EXCELSIOR’S scientific objective was to develop a parachute system - and techniques required to return a pilot or astronaut to earth - following an emergency high altitude escape. - - =Project STARGAZER.= Project STARGAZER was the third Air Force - manned high altitude balloon program. Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger. - Jr., the veteran high altitude balloon pilot of MAN HIGH and - EXCELSIOR, was both the pilot and project engineer. On December - 13, 1962, Kittinger and U.S. Navy civilian astronomer William C. - White rose to 86,000 feet to make astronomical observations with - a gyro-stabilized telescope. A joint U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy, - Smithsonian Institution, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology - program, STARGAZER made only one of a scheduled four flights due to - budget shortfalls and equipment difficulties. - - [Illustration: Fig. 15. Project STARGAZER pilot and project - engineer, Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. (_left_), after landing - near Lordsburg, N.M. on December 13, 1962 with U.S. Navy civilian - astronomer William C. White. Kittinger and White ascended to 86,000 - feet to make astronomical observations in the seventh, and final, - U.S. Air Force manned high altitude balloon flight. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - - - Table 2.4 - U.S. Air Force Manned High Altitude Balloon Flights - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - Date Project/Flight Altitude (feet) Pilot - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - 6/2/57 MAN HIGH I 96,200 Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. - - 8/19/57 MAN HIGH II 101,500 Lt. Col. David G. Simons (MC) - - 10/8/58 MAN HIGH III 99,700 1st Lt. Clifton McClure - - 11/16/59 EXCELSIOR I 76,400 Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. - - 12/11/59 EXCELSIOR II 74,700 Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger. Jr. - - 8/16/60 EXCELSIOR III 102,800 Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. - - 12/13/62 STARGAZER 86,000 Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. - -With the completion of Project STARGAZER and the success of NASA’s -Project MERCURY space flights, future investigations were accomplished -by space vehicles. This signaled the end of an era of manned high -altitude balloon flight; however, these projects had indeed “bridged -the gap,” and manned space flight was now safely possible. - - -Low Altitude Balloon Training Missions - -=Background.= In April 1958, Col. John P. Stapp, commander of the U.S. -Air Force Aero Medical Laboratory at Wright-Patterson AFB, appointed a -new project officer for Project EXCELSIOR, Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, -Jr. EXCELSIOR was part of an ongoing program to examine high altitude -aircraft escape procedures and equipment.[168] Kittinger was an -experienced fighter test pilot who was the pilot of the first Air Force -manned high altitude balloon project, MAN HIGH I, in June 1957.[169] -In addition to being the EXCELSIOR project officer, Kittinger was -the pilot and project engineer of STARGAZER which also utilized high -altitude balloons. - -By 1959, Kittinger was an integral part of both EXCELSIOR and STARGAZER -and one of only three individuals in the Air Force with high altitude -balloon pilot experience. Due to the hazardous nature of these -important projects, Stapp was concerned that an injury to Kittinger -might result in the cancellation of one or both of them. Therefore, -Stapp determined there was a need for backup pilots. Selected as backup -pilots were Captains Dan D. Fulgham and William C. Kaufman. Both men -were rated aircraft pilots, parachutists, and research and development -officers assigned to the Aero Medical Laboratory at Wright-Patterson -AFB. - -During the third week of May 1959, a series of low altitude manned -balloon flights were flown to train Fulgham and Kaufman.[170] These -flights were launched by the Holloman AFB Balloon Branch. To satisfy -safety requirements, the flights were closely monitored by medical -personnel at all times. A helicopter with medical personnel followed -the flights during daylight hours, a C-131 aircraft followed during -hours of darkness, and at all times medical personnel followed in an -ambulance.[171] Balloon recovery and communications technicians also -followed the missions on the ground in a communications vehicle and a -balloon recovery vehicle.[172] The safety requirements were a result of -several recent balloon mishaps that resulted in serious injuries to the -pilots. - -To meet the training schedule, Kittinger, Kaufman and Fulgham were -assigned temporary duty (TDY) from the Aero Medical Laboratory at -Wright-Patterson AFB to the Balloon Branch at Holloman AFB, N.M. - - [Illustration: Fig. 16. In 1958 while training for the upcoming - U.S. Air Force Aero Medical Laboratory high altitude MAN HIGH III - balloon flight, balloon designer Otto C. Winzen (_right_) and - space physiologist Capt. Grover Schock (_left_), were seriously - injured in a balloon accident near Ashland, Wisc. Additionally, - two training flights at Holloman AFB also resulted in injuries to - pilots. These injuries prompted Air Force officials to require - close medical supervision during future training flights. (_photo - courtesy of Mike Smith, Raven Industries_)] - -The three pilots, Kittinger, Kaufman and Fulgham, flew training -missions together. Kaufman and Fulgham alternately flew the balloon -while Kittinger instructed. The missions were flown at night to take -advantage of light winds and avoid the effects of diurnal heating on -the helium (the lifting gas that filled the balloon). Used for these -missions were 30-foot diameter polyethylene balloons and an aluminum -gondola especially designed for low altitude training. - -The first training mission scheduled for May 19, 1959 was canceled due -to equipment problems.[173] Problems overcome, the next day at 1:30 -a.m. the mission launched from White Sands Proving Ground.[174] The -objective of this flight was to practice gas valving and ballasting -techniques necessary for balloon control and to practice landings. -After a five-hour flight, the balloon landed without incident just -after sunrise northwest of El Paso, Texas.[175] - -The second training flight, launched at 2:41 a.m. on May 21, 1959, from -behind the Balloon Branch building, Bldg. 850 at Holloman AFB.[176] -Near the end of another successful training mission with the same -objectives as the previous flight, a mishap occurred resulting in -injuries to two of the pilots, Fulgham and Kittinger.[177] - - [Illustration: Fig. 17. In May 1959, Capt. Dan D. Fulgham (_left_) - and Capt. William C. Kaufman, pilots and Aero Medical Research - officers from Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio were assigned temporary - duty to Holloman AFB, N.M. to train as high altitude balloon - pilots. Fulgham and Kaufman were trained by Capt. Joseph W. - Kittinger, Jr. (_photo collection of Dan D. Fulgham_)] - -=The Mishap.= Just after sunrise on May 21, 1959, following a -successful low level training flight east of Holloman AFB over the -Sacramento Mountains, Kittinger, the instructor pilot, determined -the balloon should be landed in a small field approximately 10 miles -northwest of Roswell.[178] This was necessary because of approaching -bad weather and the field was the last suitable landing site before -overflying the city of Roswell.[179] When the balloon touched down, -a higher than normal forward velocity for landing caused the gondola -to overturn.[180] The three pilots, Kittinger, Fulgham, and Kaufman, -were spilled from the gondola pinning Fulgham’s head between the edge -of the gondola and the ground.[181] The impact shattered his helmet -and he sustained a head injury.[182] When the three pilots climbed out -from under the gondola, Fulgham noticed that his “head seemed to be -protruding outward from underneath [his] helmet.”[183] Kittinger also -received an injury, a minor facial laceration. The crew of the nearby -chase helicopter and personnel in the ground tracking vehicles rushed -to the scene.[184] For medical treatment, the pilots were transported -by the helicopter to nearby Walker AFB.[185] - -When the helicopter landed at Walker AFB, it was met by armed security -personnel who sought to verify the purpose of the unannounced -arrival.[186] The security personnel escorted the balloon pilots to -the hospital.[187] The balloon recovery and communications crew, after -retrieving the gondola and balloon, drove to Walker AFB to check on the -injured crew and to inform the Balloon Branch at Holloman AFB of the -accident.[188] - -At the Walker AFB hospital, Fulgham and Kittinger received treatment -for their injuries and neither required admission. Meanwhile, the -Walker AFB security officials continued to escort the unannounced -visitors while verifying their identities.[189] The pilot’s identities -and purpose for their visit were confirmed via phone by Colonel Stapp, -Aero Medical Laboratory commander at Wright-Patterson AFB (the pilots -and Project EXCELSIOR were assigned to this organization).[190] - -Kittinger, the EXCELSIOR project officer, wanted to leave the -hospital as quickly as possible after he and Fulgham received medical -attention.[191] The quick departure was to avoid unwanted scrutiny by -Walker AFB flying safety officials.[192] When released by the flight -surgeon, the three pilots boarded the chase helicopter and returned to -Holloman AFB approximately 100 miles to the west. - - [Illustration: Fig. 18. The balloon training missions flown from - Holloman AFB, N.M. in May 1959, were made in an open gondola - suspended beneath a 30-foot diameter polyethylene balloon. This - photo was taken on May 21, 1959 by Balloon Branch communications - technician, A2C Ole Jorgeson just prior to the mishap which - resulted in injuries to two of the pilots. (_photo collection of - Ole Jorgeson_)] - - - - - 2.4 - - Comparison of the Hospital Account to the Balloon Mishap - - -The balloon mishap near Roswell on May 21, 1959 provides the probable -explanation for some of the remaining elements of the incident -profile—the redheaded captain, the unusual security at the hospital, -the wreckage in the rear of an ambulance, and one portion of the -accounts of “aliens” at the Roswell AAF hospital. - - -The “Redheaded Captain” - -It is highly probable that the descriptions of a redheaded captain -are those of Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., now a retired Colonel. -Kittinger, who has red hair, was present at the Walker AFB hospital the -entire time the events involving the balloon mishap took place. This -is the second Roswell account that describes a captain with red hair. -As related in Section One of this report (see page 77 and Appendix -C, page 194), a redheaded captain was also allegedly present at the -“crashed saucer” site on the San Agustin Plains.[193] That account -was consistent with Kittinger’s responsibilities as the EXCELSIOR and -STARGAZER pilot and project officer. As project officer of two research -programs that utilized high altitude balloons and as a chase pilot on -many other high altitude balloon missions, Kittinger often accompanied -balloon launch and recovery crews. He was present both on the ground -and in the air at balloon launch and recovery locations throughout -New Mexico and the Southwest United States to launch and retrieve -anthropomorphic dummies used for Project EXCELSIOR and unmanned test -gondolas used for Project STARGAZER.[194] - -Following the accident, when the balloon pilots were transported to -the Walker AFB hospital for medical treatment, Kittinger wanted to -leave as soon as possible.[195] He recalled in a recent interview that -his desire to quickly leave Walker AFB was to avoid the initiation -of a formal accident investigation. He believed that an accident -investigation might bring unwanted scrutiny to Project EXCELSIOR and -delay or even cancel the controversial project.[196] The controversy -surrounding Project EXCELSIOR was due principally to the hazardous -nature of the high altitude escape research. Some senior research -and development officials within the Air Force were reluctant to -support a project that required a human subject to parachute from -a balloon gondola at over 100,000 feet. An accident investigation -at this juncture would most likely delay the human high altitude -free-fall tests scheduled for the fall of 1959 and may have resulted in -cancellation of the project.[197] - -While at the hospital, Kittinger consulted by phone with his commander, -Colonel Stapp.[198] Stapp agreed with Kittinger’s assessment that -a quick departure from the Walker AFB hospital, after receiving -appropriate medical attention, was in the best interest of the -project.[199] - -The statements attributed to the redheaded captain, “You did not see -anything. There was no crash here. You don’t go into town making any -rumors that you saw anything or that there was any crash,”[200] were -consistent with Kittinger’s desire to avoid an accident investigation. -However, when interviewed for this report, neither Kittinger nor any -of the other persons documented as having been present in the hospital -that day recalled encountering Dennis.[201] - -What may have led an uninformed person, such as Dennis, to believe -they were witnessing, or were told of, an unusual or classified event, -was that when the injured balloon pilots arrived at the Walker AFB -hospital, even though Project EXCELSIOR was unclassified, Kittinger -sought to limit disclosure of negative information and publicity.[202] - -By 1959, having been the subject of intense media scrutiny following -his June 1957 MAN HIGH I high altitude balloon flight, Kittinger -was aware of both the positive and negative aspects of publicity. -In his 1961 book, _The Long, Lonely Leap_, Kittinger described this -self-imposed secrecy regarding Project EXCELSIOR, “The secrecy imposed -upon EXCELSIOR was of our own choosing. We believed ... that any -unnecessary conversation about our activities ... would simply be -premature.”[203] When interviewed for this report, Kittinger further -explained of Project EXCELSIOR and the visit to the hospital at Walker -AFB: “We didn’t want publicity ... about anything we were doing. So it -would have appeared to someone not conversant with the project that we -were ‘hush-hush,’ that we were secretive ... it might look like we were -trying to cover up a classified mission.”[204] - -The allegations that the redheaded captain, an apparent reference to -Kittinger, threatened anyone while he was at the Walker AFB hospital -are untrue. When interviewed for this report and in signed statements -obtained from Kittinger, the two other balloon pilots, the doctor who -treated them, the medic aboard the helicopter, and the Balloon Branch -communications technician who were present at the hospital that day -(see Appendix B), none of them recalled that Kittinger was involved in -an altercation or made threatening remarks to anyone.[205] Involvement -in an altercation with a civilian would have highlighted the presence -of the balloon crew and possibly brought the type of negative -publicity Kittinger sought to avoid. This would not only have violated -Kittinger’s policy of maintaining a low profile in regard to EXCELSIOR, -but would be completely out of character for the seasoned test pilot. - -Throughout his career, Kittinger was renowned for his ability -to maintain his composure in difficult, often life threatening, -situations. He faced these situations as a test pilot, as a combat -pilot and squadron commander in Southeast Asia, and as a Prisoner -of War while subjected to severe torture at the hands of the North -Vietnamese. In _The Pre-Astronauts_, which chronicles many of -Kittinger’s accomplishments in the field of aeronautics, including -Project EXCELSIOR and STARGAZER, the author offered the following -description of him: - - _Kittinger was not Buck Rogers, nor was he a daredevil or - thrill-seeker. He was a modern day test pilot: intense, focused, - usually quiet, and always polite with firm religious convictions - and a powerful sense of loyalty. If he was often stubborn, - uncompromising, and demanding he also dealt fairly and respectfully - with those who came into contact with him. He was a straight arrow - and a straight shooter._[206] - - - [Illustration: Fig. 19. Maj. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. in 1963 as a - member of the 1st Air Commando Wing, Ben Hoa, Republic of Vietnam. - (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - - Colonel Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., USAF (Ret) - - Colonel Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr.’s career in the U.S. Air Force - and in aviation has spanned the spectrum of experiences: test - pilot, balloon pilot, test parachutist, combat fighter pilot, MiG - killer, combat squadron commander, and prisoner of war. He has - demonstrated, during a nearly 30-year military career and beyond, - that he is among the very best in the U.S. Air Force and the field - of aeronautics. - - Kittinger began his career in 1949 as a U.S. Air Force aviation - cadet. After earning his wings at Las Vegas AFB, Nev. in March - 1950, he was assigned to fighter squadrons in Germany and then as - a test pilot for NATO. In 1953, Kittinger received an assignment - as a test pilot to Holloman AFB, N.M. While at Holloman, he began - a many year collaboration with the legendary Air Force scientist - and physician, Col. John P. Stapp. In association with Stapp on - numerous aero medical projects, Kittinger became the first pilot - to fly zero-gravity experiments, now commonly used for astronaut - training. For project MAN HIGH on June 2, 1957, Kittinger piloted a - high altitude balloon to 96,000 feet to examine the physiological - and psychological effects on man in a space equivalent environment. - This flight marked the origins of the manned U.S. space program - with the experience gained from MAN HIGH being incorporated in - NASA’s Project MERCURY. - - After MAN HIGH, and again in association with Stapp, Kittinger - directed Project EXCELSIOR, a study of human free-fall - characteristics following aircraft escape at extremely high - altitudes. After extensive testing with anthropomorphic dummies, - Kittinger made three parachute jumps from high altitude balloons: - 76,400 feet on November 16, 1959; 74,700 feet on December 11, - 1959; and 102,800 feet on August 16, 1960. For these courageous - scientific achievements Kittinger was awarded the Distinguished - Flying Cross, the Harmon Trophy by President Eisenhower, the - still-standing world records for highest parachute jump and length - of a free-fall—and the distinction of being the only living person - to exceed the speed of sound without an aircraft or spacecraft! - - With the completion of EXCELSIOR, Kittinger became the pilot, - project officer, and project engineer for STARGAZER, an - astronomical observation experiment. This was the third and final - Air Force manned high altitude balloon project, Kittinger had flown - in all three. - - In 1963, he was assigned to the Air Commandos (now Special - Operations) and flew two combat tours in Southeast Asia in B-26 - and A-26 aircraft. After a tour in Germany as a liaison officer - with the U.S. Army Special Forces, Kittinger returned to Southeast - Asia in 1971, flying F-4 aircraft and commanding the famous 555th - “Triple Nickel” Tactical Fighter Squadron at Udorn AB, Thailand. On - March 1, 1972 Kittinger engaged and destroyed a MiG-21 over North - Vietnam and is credited with an aerial victory. On May 11, 1972, - after 483 combat missions and more than 1,000 combat flying hours, - Kittinger was shot down over Hanoi and spent 11 months as a POW in - the infamous “Hanoi Hilton.” When placed with other POWs following - solitary confinement and severe torture, Kittinger was moved - repeatedly by his North Vietnamese captors due to his effectiveness - in motivating other prisoners to maintain strong resistance - postures. - - Kittinger retired from the Air Force in 1978 and became involved - in both sport aircraft flying and gas ballooning. He operated - Rosie O’Grady’s Flying Circus in his hometown of Orlando, Fla., - performing skywriting, banner towing, and hot air and helium - balloon demonstrations at nearby Walt Disney World. He also - captured the coveted Gordon Bennett Gas Balloon Championship an - unprecedented four times (three consecutive), entitling him to - retire the trophy. - - In September 1984, Kittinger made history again, when, in the - tradition of Lindbergh, he became the first person to make a solo - crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by balloon. - - Kittinger’s military decorations include the Silver Star with - one oak leaf cluster, Legion of Merit with one oak leaf cluster, - Distinguished Flying Cross with five oak leaf clusters, Bronze Star - Medal with “V” device and two oak leaf clusters, Air Medal with - 23 oak leaf clusters, Purple Heart with one oak leaf cluster, POW - medal, and the Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm. - - Kittinger’s indomitable spirit, personal courage and dedication to - duty are legendary. His ability to achieve seemingly unattainable - objectives while earning the respect and absolute loyalty of those - who served with him defines this rare breed of warrior-leader. - - In October 1995, he received yet another honor and was named a - recipient of the prestigious “Elder Statesman of Aviation” award by - the National Aeronautics Association. This honor is bestowed upon - an individual who over a period of years, has made “significant - contributions to aeronautics” and for “reflecting credit upon - himself and America.” Without a doubt, there are few that exemplify - these virtues more than this truly distinctive American, Joseph W. - Kittinger, Jr. - - -The “Wreckage” in the Rear of the Ambulance - -The various types of wreckage described in the rear of an ambulance at -the Walker AFB hospital also appear to be related to the 1959 balloon -accident. Some of this wreckage allegedly had odd inscriptions, touted -by UFO theorists as “alien” hieroglyphics. - -A requirement of balloon pilot training missions were that they be -closely monitored by balloon recovery and medical personnel.[207] -Ground crews from Holloman AFB followed the balloon flight from -its launch site there to its landing site 10 miles northwest of -Roswell.[208] Two of the vehicles that followed the balloon were Dodge -M-43 ¾-ton field ambulances and a third was an M-37 ¾-ton utility -vehicle or “weapons carrier.”[209] One ambulance was assigned to this -mission for its standard use—a medical response vehicle. The other -ambulance had been converted by the Holloman AFB Balloon Branch and -served as a communications vehicle on balloon recovery missions.[210] -The additional communications equipment, mounted in the rear -compartment of the ambulance, drastically altered what someone expected -to see in an ambulance of this type. - -Dennis related that he was walking fast when he observed what he -thought was wreckage in the rear of an ambulance.[211] This quick -glance apparently resulted in descriptions of two pieces of wreckage -leaning against the interior of the rear compartment of the ambulance -that “was kind of like the bottom of a canoe ... like stainless steel -... with kind of a bluish-purplish tinge to it.”[212] UFO theorists -have suggested that these objects were alien spaceship “escape pods” -recovered by the Army Air Forces. However, this appears to be a -remarkably accurate description of two steel panels painted Air Force -blue on a converted ambulance used by the Balloon Branch for this -mission. - - [Illustration: Fig. 20. Balloon Branch Communications Technician, - A2C Ole Jorgeson, now a retired Master Sergeant, in the rear - compartment of an M-43 ambulance. Ambulances of this type were - converted by the Balloon Branch to communications vehicles in - the late 1950s. It appears the witness described the two panels - painted Air Force blue (_lower right and left of ambulance_) - as “bluish-purplish” “wreckage” that looked “kinda like the - bottom of a canoe” and the stenciled writing above them as - “hieroglyphics”—See figs. 21 and 22 on next page. (_photo - collection of Ole Jorgeson_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 21. (_Above_) Enlargement of stenciled writing - from photograph below. This lettering was apparently later - described as “hieroglyphics.”] - - [Illustration: Fig. 22. (_Below_) Steel panels painted Air Force - blue (_lower right and left_) described as “bluish-purplish” - “wreckage” that looked “kinda like the bottom of a canoe.” (_U.S. - Air Force photo_)] - -The “inscription or something,”[213] the so called “hieroglyphics,” -were a probable reference to the lettering painted on the equipment -support rack above the panels. The lettering on the rack would be -visible, but probably not readable, to an observer that quickly walked -past the ambulance. Other wreckage “all over the floor” that was “like -broken glass,”[214] was a probable reference to the clear plastic -30-foot polyethylene balloon that was recovered following the balloon -training mission and placed in the back of the converted ambulance or -the weapons carrier for later disposal. - -Dennis also recalled that he parked the vehicle he was driving -near three field ambulances and then walked up the ramp into the -hospital.[215] The description of ambulances near a “ramp” is -consistent with the recollections of the Balloon Branch Communication -Technician who drove the converted ambulance to the Walker AFB hospital -following the balloon accident. While waiting for the injured pilots, -A2C Ole Jorgeson, now a retired Master Sergeant, recalled in a recent -interview that he parked the converted ambulance near a ramp at the -hospital.[216] A review of Walker AFB hospital records revealed -that there was only one ramp. The ramp was attached to the hospital -dispensary, Walker AFB Bldg. 317.[217] The other ambulances described -by the witness were either the other ambulance from Holloman AFB that -provided medical support of the balloon flight or the two “standby” -ambulances, that in May 1959, were routinely positioned adjacent to the -ramp behind the dispensary at Walker AFB.[218] - - [Illustration: Fig. 23. “It was all sharp ... like broken glass,” - a witness’ description of debris in the rear of an ambulance at - Walker AFB. The debris described was most probably the remnants - of the polyethylene balloon, similar to the one in this photo, - recovered by Balloon Branch personnel following the mishap in May - 1959. (_U.S. Air Force photo_) ] - - -Additional Security at the Walker AFB Hospital - -The witness described what appeared to be a heightened state of -security at the hospital when he allegedly took the injured airman -there for treatment. UFO theorists contend the heightened security at -the hospital was because alien remains were being autopsied. However, -it appears that the witness described the security measures taken by -Walker AFB personnel due to the unusual circumstances of the arrival of -the balloon crew. - -In 1959, Walker AFB was a part of the 47th Air Division of Strategic -Air Command (SAC). It was home of the 6th Bombardment Wing (6th BW), -equipped with the nuclear capable B-52 Stratofortress bomber (the -509th BW was reassigned to Pease AFB, NH on July 1, 1958).[219] The -mission of the 6th BW, to strike the enemy with nuclear weapons -anywhere in the world at a moment’s notice, demanded a heightened state -of security at all times. One of the methods instituted during this -period to maintain the high standards of security and effectiveness -of SAC units, was unannounced “surprise” visits of Headquarters SAC -inspection teams. A favored method of transportation for these surprise -visits was a helicopter. When a SAC inspection team landed at a base, -often the first evaluation they made was of the security response to -their unannounced arrival. Failure of security personnel to properly -challenge unidentified visitors, regardless of their method of arrival, -was considered a serious breach of security. - -When transported to Walker AFB for medical treatment, unexpected and at -an early hour, the balloon crew, not surprisingly, was met by armed -security personnel.[220] The security personnel escorted them to the -hospital and remained with them until their identities and purpose of -their visit were verified. Kaufman, one of the balloon pilots, recalled -that their presence at Walker AFB was initially met with skepticism. - -“The [helicopter] pilot called the tower and said ... having come from -an experimental base, it was nothing unusual for him to have a balloon -accident. ‘We’ve got an injured pilot on board. There’s been a balloon -accident and we would like the flight surgeon and an ambulance to meet -us at the tower.’ The tower established the fact that yes, we were an -Air Force chopper and that we seemed to have somebody injured and what -had we been doing? We had been shooting touch and go landings in a -balloon?... We got clearance to land ... right in front of the tower, -and we were met by an ambulance and several MPs with machine guns.”[221] - - [Illustration: Fig. 24. Walker AFB Building 317, hospital - dispensary with attached ramp, as it appeared in June 1954. It is - in this building that UFO theorists allege that “alien autopsies” - were accomplished in July 1947. However, this was the same building - that Capt. Fulgham received treatment following the balloon - accident on May 21, 1959. Persons apparently observed him and later - related the unusual circumstances surrounding the balloon mishap as - part of the “Roswell Incident.” (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 25. Main gate at Walker AFB, N.M., formerly - Roswell AAF, as it appeared in 1954. During the 1950s, the highly - secure base was the home of the nuclear capable 509th and 6th - Bombardment Wings of Strategic Air Command. (_U.S. Air Force - photo_)] - -According to the medical technician who arrived on the helicopter -with the pilots, he had difficulty persuading a flight surgeon to -attend to the injured pilots. SSgt. Roland H. “Hap” Lutz, now a -retired Chief Master Sergeant, recalled when he first contacted the -Walker AFB hospital explaining that he had three persons injured in a -“gondola accident,” the flight surgeon told him to “Go home and sleep -it off.”[222] Fulgham, the injured pilot, recalled that when they got -to the hospital, “there was this controversy going on in the hospital -about who in the hell we were ... we weren’t supposed to be there and -nobody knew anything about Air Force officers flying balloons ... we -could have been ... [trying] to penetrate the security.”[223] Walker -AFB security officials were satisfied of the pilots’ identities when -they spoke to Colonel Stapp, commander of the Aero Medical Laboratory -at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. - - [Illustration: Fig. 26. Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. (_right_), - is shown here in 1962 with Dr. J. Allen Hynek while preparing for - the project STARGAZER high altitude balloon flight. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - - - The “Red-headed Captain” and Dr. J. Allen Hynek - - Captain Kittinger, the STARGAZER high altitude balloon pilot and - project engineer, had extensive professional contact with Dr. - J. Allen Hynek, an astronomer and STARGAZER project scientist. - Additionally, Hynek was also one of the scientific consultants in - the Air Force study of UFOs, Project BLUEBOOK. Hynek is best known, - however, for his apparent endorsement of extraterrestrial theories - concerning UFOs after concluding his associations with the Air - Force. - - When asked about his recollections of Hynek, Kittinger stated - that when they were associated, from 1958 to 1963, they discussed - UFOs at length.[224] At that time, Hynek was steadfast in his - opinion that most, if not all, UFO sightings could be resolved by - applying known scientific analysis.[225] Kittinger said he was - “flabbergasted” when, years later, Hynek appeared to reverse his - opinion and endorse extraterrestrial explanations.[226] Hynek’s - reversal in philosophies led to numerous commercial endeavors, most - notably as a technical advisor for the science-fiction film _Close - Encounters of the Third Kind_. - - Also, based on his experience with project STARGAZER, Hynek was - familiar with balloon operations at Holloman AFB, visiting the - Holloman Balloon Branch several times.[227] Interestingly, there - is no record that Hynek, who died in 1986, ever endorsed what is - now presented as the “best evidence” of UFOs, the so-called Roswell - Incident, which was actually a conglomeration of numerous events, - some with origins in Holloman AFB launched balloons. - - -The Alien at the Hospital - -In at least one account of the Roswell Incident, a witness claimed he -observed a “creature” walk under its own power into the hospital.[228] -While the specifics of this particular sighting cannot be verified, -the injury that caused Fulgham’s head to swell, resembling the classic -science-fiction alien head, makes this account (and some others) that -at first appeared to be the work of over-active imaginations, seem -possible. - - [Illustration: Fig. 27. Clinical Record Cover Sheet from medical - records of Capt. Dan D. Fulgham describing injuries he received in - the balloon accident on May 21, 1959. - - CLINICAL RECORD COVER SHEET 8511 - - 1. ADMISSION NOTES - 1045 hrs - A or N: No - - 2. WARD 1 - - 3. TYPE OF CASE - IRJ - - 4. LAST NAME—FIRST NAME—MIDDLE INITIAL - FULGHAM Dan D - - 5. SEX - M - - 6. Religion - P - - 7. PREV. ADM. - NO - - 8. REGISTER NO. - 16059 - - 9. SERVICE NO. - 44734A - - 10. GRADE - Capt - - 11. RATING OR DESIG. - Sr Pilot - - 12. DEPARTMENT - Air Force - - 13. ORGANIZATION AND BRANCH OF SERVICE - ARDC Wright Patterson(a) - - 14. FLYING STATUS - Yes - - 15. NAME AND ADDRESS OF EMERGENCY ADDRESSEE - Joyce Fulgham (W) - 5540 Gross Drive Dayton Ohio - - 16. AGE - 31 - - 17. RACE - Cau - - 18. LENGTH OF SERVICE - 12 yrs - - 19. DATE OF ADMISSION - 12 May 59 - - 20. SOURCE OF ADMISSION - From duty - - 21. ADMITTING OFFICER - L. E. Eason Capt USAF MC - - 22. CONTINUATION OF ITEMS 12 AND 20. - (a) AFB, Ohio - - 23. DIAGNOSES - 8715 Hematoma, traumatic, n.e.c. forehead LD: Pending AF Form 348 - - AI: Approximately 0600 hours, 21 May 1959, North of Roswell, New - Mexico, patient states he was taking part in a military project - involving balloon testing. When he and two others landed in the - balloon the “gondola” upset, and hit him in the head causing injury. - - 24. OPERATIONS AND SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES - None - - 25. SELECTED ADMINISTRATIVE DATA - None - - 26. PHYSICAL PROFILE - - 27. DATE DURATION THIS FACILITY - - ALL 3 IN HOSPITAL OR INFIRMARY 3 - - 28. NATURE OF DISPOSITION - Duty - - 29. DATE OF DISPOSITION - 24 May 59 - - 30. SIGNATURE OF ATTENDING PHYSICIAN - LESLIE E EASON CAPT USAF HC - - 31. SIGNATURE OF REGISTRAR OR RECORDS OFFICER - ROLAND E DOZOIS CWD W-3 USAF - - 32. NAME AND LOCATION OF MEDICAL TREATMENT FACILITY - 6580TH USAF HOSPITAL HOLLOMAN AFB NM - - 33. REGISTER NUMBER - 16059 -] - -When the balloon gondola struck Fulgham’s head, he received, according -to his clinical record from May 21, 1959, an “Extensive hematoma -forehead and ant [anterior] scalp.”[229] A hematoma is a localized -blood-filled swelling, that in this instance was on the forehead. The -hematoma resulted in immediate facial swelling, two black eyes and -later caused his skin to turn yellow.[230] - -The rapid onset of the swelling caused both of Fulgham’s eyes to -close. As it progressed, according to Kittinger who accompanied -Fulgham at the hospital, “His whole face had swollen up and his -nose barely protruded.”[231] This appearance lead Kittinger to -characterize Fulgham’s appearance at the time as “just a big blob” and -“grotesque.”[232] - -When interviewed, Fulgham remembered that even though he didn’t feel -bad, “I didn’t know how bad I looked.” There was no attempt to hide -or limit Fulgham’s exposure to persons in the hospital that day. In -fact, when he arrived at the hospital Fulgham recalled that he stopped -outside the building to smoke a cigarette. Kaufman also recalled that -the injured pilots, Fulgham and Kittinger, waited for treatment on a -bench in the hallway of the hospital. Kaufman added that a number of -military wives were present in the hospital that day for prenatal care, -and there was no effort to keep Fulgham from their view.[233] - - [Illustration: Fig 28. Capt. Dan D. Fulgham at Wright-Patterson - AFB, Ohio several days after the balloon accident with a “traumatic - hematoma” on his forehead. This photo shows Fulgham after blood - had been aspirated from under his scalp and a substantial amount - of swelling had dissipated. Concerns that Fulgham’s odd appearance - might startle uninformed persons was why he was returned to - Wright-Patterson AFB aboard a specially arranged flight from - Holloman AFB, N.M. (_photo collection of Dan D. Fulgham_)] - - -=“Bodies” with Large Heads and Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio= - -UFO theorists contend that the U.S. Army Air Forces secretly shipped -the alien bodies with large heads to Wright-Patterson AFB for further -processing and deep-freeze storage. However, it is likely that, in this -account, this is a reference to Fulgham’s return to Wright-Patterson -AFB following the balloon mishap. - -Although Fulgham did not require hospitalization at Walker AFB, upon -his return to Holloman AFB he was admitted to the base hospital for -observation. Three days later on May 24, 1959, the balloon pilots were -flown from Holloman to Wright-Patterson AFB on a specially arranged -flight aboard a C-131 hospital aircraft.[234] - -The return to Wright-Patterson AFB was directed by Stapp and -coordinated by Kittinger.[235] The preliminary arrangements for this -flight were made by Kittinger while at the Walker AFB hospital.[236] -Kittinger recalled that conversations with Stapp regarding their -return to Wright-Patterson AFB were made by phone in busy areas of the -hospital and these conversations could have been overheard by nearly -anyone present.[237] - -Upon their arrival at Wright-Patterson, Fulgham, who Kittinger did not -want to transport on a commercial flight due to his odd appearance, -still could not open his eyes and had to be led down the steps of the -aircraft. Kittinger recalled that Fulgham’s wife was waiting at the -bottom of the aircraft steps when they arrived. - -“They dropped the ramp and I looked down at the bottom and there was -Dan Fulgham’s wife,” Kittinger said. “Dan couldn’t see ... so I grabbed -him by the arm ... Dan’s wife sees me leading this blob down the -staircase ... and she looks right at me and says, ‘Where’s my husband?’ -I said, ‘Ma’am, this is your husband’. I presented her this blob that I -was leading down the ramp. And she let out this scream you could hear a -mile away. He was such a horrendous looking thing that she had no idea -that the thing I was leading down that ramp was her husband.”[238] - - [Illustration: Fig. 29. As a physiologist for the space program, - Fulgham (_third from left_) discusses Project GEMINI emergency - escape systems at the U.S. Navy Aerospace Recovery facility at - El Centro, Calif. on January 28, 1965. Shown with Fulgham (_from - left_) are NASA astronaut Jim Lovell, NASA project engineer Hilary - Ray, and NASA astronaut Alan Bean. (_U.S. Navy photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 30. A veteran of 100 combat missions during the - Korean conflict, Fulgham flew 133 combat missions in F-4 aircraft - (shown here) in 1966–67 as a member of the 555th “Triple Nickel” - Tactical Fighter Squadron at Ubon Air Base, Thailand. (_photo - collection of Dan D. Fulgham_)] - -Fulgham recalled that upon his return to work at the Aero Medical -Laboratory he received reactions of “immediate compassionate sympathy” -from persons he encountered, including his secretary, who cried when -she saw him.[239] Within several weeks, Fulgham returned to flying -status with no permanent effects. Fulgham went on to complete a -distinguished career in the Air Force and retired as a colonel in 1978. -Fulgham’s assignments included combat tours in fighter aircraft in -both Korea and Vietnam, as well as an assignment as an experimental -parachutist and physiologist for the space program. - - - Summary - -In this section, documented research revealed that the reports of -“bodies” at the Roswell AAF hospital were grossly inaccurate and most -probably had origins in actual Air Force mishaps. Examinations of -official records of the alleged primary witnesses revealed that the -“missing nurse” was never missing, and the pediatrician did not arrive -at the Walker AFB hospital until 1951—four years _after_ the alleged -incident. The many fundamental errors in the story, combined with the -substantial similarities to the actual mishaps, show that the most -credible account associated with the “Roswell Incident” is certainly -not extraterrestrial and is unrelated to any events that occurred in -July 1947. - - - - - Conclusion - - -When critically examined, the claims that the U.S. Army Air Forces -recovered a flying saucer and alien crew in 1947, were found to be -a compilation of many verifiable events. For the most part, the -descriptions collected by UFO theorists were of actual operations and -tests carried out by the U.S. Air Force in the 1950s. Despite the -usual unsavory accusations by UFO proponents of cover-up, conspiracy, -intimidation, etc., documented research revealed that many of the -activities were actually historic scientific achievements of which the -Air Force is very proud. However, other descriptions are believed to be -distorted references to Air Force members who were killed or injured in -the line of duty. The incomplete and inaccurate intermingling of these -actual events were grounded in just enough fact to weave a sensational -story, but cannot withstand close scrutiny when compared to official -records. - -To analyze reports of alien bodies that at first appeared to be so -offbeat as to not be remotely based in fact, it was necessary to -evaluate a wide range of books, interviews, videos, etc., that a -less objective review might have rejected out of hand. Only through -an inclusive evaluation of these sources were Air Force researchers -able to understand the interconnectivity of the widely separated -events believed responsible for this “incident.” And, in opposition -to critics who believe Air Force research involving this subject is -anything but objective, this research relied almost exclusively on -the descriptions _=provided by the UFO proponents themselves=_. When -collected and examined, the actual statements of the witnesses—not -the extraterrestrial interpretations of UFO proponents—indicated that -something was very wrong. When these descriptions were compared to -documented Air Force activities, they were much too similar to be a -coincidence. Soon, it became apparent that the witnesses or the UFO -proponents who liberally interpreted their statements were either 1) -confused, or 2) attempting to perpetrate a hoax, believing that no -serious efforts would ever be taken to verify their stories. - -In preparing this report, attempts were made not to only explain -_what_ conclusions were reached, but _how_ they were reached. This -undertaking was to try to de-mystify the research process by outlining -the simple and logical research techniques that identified the -underlying actual events. In regard to statements of witnesses that -were clearly descriptions of Air Force activities, such as those -that described anthropomorphic dummies, these could be generously -viewed as situational misunderstandings or even honest mistakes. -Other descriptions, particularly those believed to be thinly veiled -references to deceased or injured Air Force members, are difficult -to view as naive misunderstandings. Any attempt to misrepresent or -capitalize on tragic incidents in which Air Force members died or were -injured in service to their country significantly alters what would -otherwise be viewed as simple misinterpretations or honest mistakes. - - [Illustration: Fig. 31. Plaque placed at Holloman AFB honoring - three Balloon Branch members killed during a high altitude balloon - recovery when their L-20 balloon chase plane crashed in the rugged - Gila Mountains near Stafford, Ariz. (_U.S. Air Force photo_) - - IN MEMORIAM - - WIRED P. CHAMPLAIN, 1ST LT. U.S.A.F. RONALD J. NIELSEN, AIRMAN 1/C - - U.S.A.F. - - ROBERT W. MITCHELL - - WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN THE RECOVERY OF INSTRUMENTS FROM THE - STRATOSPHERE 25 AUGUST 1955] - - [Illustration: Fig. 32. (_Left_) The balloon launch facility at - Holloman AFB, N.M. was named in honor of Maj. Richard L. Nenninger - who died of injuries received in an aircraft crash during a balloon - recovery mission on April 7, 1970 in the Sacramento Mountains near - Ruidoso, N.M. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 33. (_Right_) A semiconscious Capt. Joseph - W. Kittinger, Jr., following the EXCELSIOR I parachute jump from - 76,000 feet. With his parachute wrapped around his neck and body - and hopelessly out of control, his life was saved by an ingeniously - designed reserve parachute system that opened just moments before - contacting the desert floor; White Sands Proving Ground, November - 16, 1959. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - -Finally, after reviewing this report, some persons may legitimately ask -why the Air Force expended time and effort to respond to mythical, if -not comedic, allegations of recoveries of “flying saucers” and “space -aliens.” The answer to those persons is: - - • Initially the Air Force was required to respond to an official - request from the General Accounting Office. - - • High altitude balloon research, aircraft escape systems, and - other technologies that were misrepresented as part of the Roswell - Incident, accounted for significant contributions to the knowledge - of the atmosphere, to the quest for space flight, and to the - defense of this nation. The U.S. Air Force is exceedingly proud of - these accomplishments. Distorted and incomplete descriptions of - these activities do not pay tribute to these important exploits - or to the individuals who, often at great personal risk, boldly - carried them out. - - • A sobering reality of the mission of the U.S. Air Force, as - evidenced by the aircraft mishaps described in this report, is - that defending this nation is a dangerous profession. On a daily - basis, members of the U.S. Air Force perform hazardous missions in - many locations throughout the world. Unfortunately, these missions - sometimes result in injuries or deaths. It is the right—and indeed - the duty—of the Air Force to challenge those who attempt to exploit - these human tragedies wherever, and whenever, they are discovered. - - • The misrepresentations of Air Force activities as an - extraterrestrial “incident” is misleading to the public and is - simply an affront to the truth. - -This comprehensive further examination of the so-called “Roswell -Incident” found no evidence whatsoever of flying saucers, space aliens, -or sinister government cover-ups. But, even if unintentionally, it did -serve to highlight a series of events that embody the proud history of -the finest air force in the world—the U.S. Air Force. The actual events -examined here, rich in human and scientific triumph, tempered by the -stark realities of the dangers of the Air Force mission, are but one -small portion of that history. The many Air Force activities cobbled -together in the ever changing collage that has become the “Roswell -Incident,” when examined in the clear light of historical research, -revealed a remarkable chapter of the Air Force story. In the final -analysis, this examination simply illustrates once again, that fact is -indeed stranger, and often much more fascinating, than fiction. - - - - - Notes - Section One - - -[1] Headquarters United States Air Force, _The Roswell Report: Fact vs. -Fiction in the New Mexico Desert_ (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government -Printing Office, 1995), 20–22. - -[2] ibid. - -[3] Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, _Crash at Corona_ (New York: -Paragon House, 1992), 14. - -[4] Headquarters United States Air Force, _The Roswell Report: Fact vs. -Fiction in the New Mexico Desert_ (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government -Printing Office, 1995), 20–22. - -[5] Ted Bloecher, _Report of the UFO Wave of 1947_ (Washington D.C.: -author, 1967), I-13-14. - -[6] Combined History, 509th Bomb Group and Roswell Army Airfield, 1 -July-31 July 1947, 39, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell -AFB, AL. - -[7] _Roswell Daily Record_, July 9, 1947, 1. - -[8] _Socorro_ (N.M.) _Defensor Chieftain_, November 4, 1992. - -[9] Don Berliner, _A Rebuttal of the Air Force Project Mogul -Explanation for the 1947 Roswell, New Mexico, UFO Crash_ (Mount Ranier, -Md.: The Fund for UFO Research, 1995), 2. - -[10] Headquarters United States Air Force, _The Roswell Report: Fact -vs. Fiction in the New Mexico Desert_ (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government -Printing Office, 1995), Attachment 32, _Synopsis of Balloon Research -Findings_, by 1st Lt. James McAndrew, 9. - -[11] Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, _Crash at Corona_ (New York: -Paragon House, 1992), 14. - -[12] Video, _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Gerald Anderson -interview (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO Research, 1993) (hereafter -_Recollections of Roswell, Part II_). - -[13] James Ragsdale, transcript of interview with Donald R. Schmitt, -January 26, 1994. - -[14] Frank J. Kaufman, interview with Kevin Randle and Donald Schmitt, -January 27, 1990. - -[15] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Maltais interview. - -[16] ibid., Anderson interview. - -[17] ibid. - -[18] ibid., Maltais interview. - -[19] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[20] Charles Berlitz and William L. Moore, _The Roswell Incident_ (New -York: Berkley, 1980), 61. - -[21] ibid. - -[22] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Alice Knight interview. - -[23] Ragsdale and _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson -interview. - -[24] ibid. - -[25] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[26] Ragsdale. - -[27] James M. Grimwood, _Project Mercury: A Chronology_, Report No. -SP4001 (Wash. D.C.: NASA, 1963) 2–3, and Lloyd Mallan, _Men, Rockets -and Space Rats_, (New York: Julian Messier Inc., 1955) 84–98. - -[28] Research Division, College of Engineering, New York University, -_Technical Report No. 93.02, Constant Level Balloons_, Section 3, -_Summary of Flights_, July 15, 1949. - -[29] Capt. Vincent Mazza and Capt. Richard V. Wheeler, _High Altitude -Bailouts_, MCREXD-695-66M (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: USAF Air Materiel -Command, September 18, 1950), 10–11. - -[30] A. M. Jacobs, “The Flier’s SOS,” _St. Nicholas Magazine_, Vol. -LII, No. 10 (August 1925), 1034–1039. - -[31] ibid. - -[32] Memo, Major H.H. Arnold, Chief Field Service Section, to -Commanding Officer, San Antonio Air Depot, subj: Drop Testing of -Parachutes, November 2, 1929. National Air and Space Museum Archives, -Paul E. Garber Facility, Silver Hill, Md., file no. 452.031, -Parachutes-(Dummies) 1927–1929. - -[33] J. Allen Neal, _History: Development of Methods for Escape from -High Speed Aircraft, Vol. 1_, (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: Air Research -and Development Command, 1958), U.S. Air Force Museum Archives, -Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. - -[34] Memo, Ted Smith, to W.A. Daler, subj: Bid for Purchase Request -No. 301200, September 17, 1954, National Archives and Records -Administration, Accession No. 342-67E-2954, box 5/15, file 28. - -[35] H.T.E. Hertzberg, _Anthropology of Anthropomorphic Dummies_, Air -Force Medical Research Laboratory, AMRL-TR-69-61, February 1970, 3. - -[36] Maj. John P. Stapp, _Human Tolerance to Linear Deceleration, -Part I. Preliminary Survey of the Aft Facing Seated Position_, Air -Force Technical Report 5915, (Wright Patterson AFB, OH: Wright Air -Development Center, 1949) and Maj. John P. Stapp, _Part II. The Aft -Facing Position and the Development of a Crash Harness_, Air Force -Technical Report 5915 (Wright Patterson AFB, OH: Wright Air Development -Center, 1951). - -[37] H.T.E. Hertzberg, _Anthropology of Anthropomorphic Dummies_, Air -Force Medical Research Laboratory, AMRL-TR-69-61, February 1970, 3. - -[38] ibid. - -[39] ltr., H.L. Daulton, Vice President and Secretary-Treasurer, -Sierra Engineering Company, to W.A. Daler, Headquarters Air Materiel -Command, subject: Proposal, Purchase Request No. 301200, September -16, 1954, National Archives and Records Administration, Accession No. -342-67E-2954, box 5/15, file 28. - -[40] Joseph Smreka, Senior Design Engineer, First Technology Safety -Systems, “Dummies—Past and Present,” 2 (unpublished manuscript). - -[41] Sierra Engineering Co., “Sierra Sam,” 1955, National Archives and -Records Administration, Accession No. 342-67E-2954, box 5/15, file 28. - -[42] 1st Lt. Raymond A. Madson, _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, -Part I. The Unstabilized Dummy Drops_, WADC Technical Report 57-477, -(Wright Patterson AFB, OH: Wright Air Development Center, Oct 1957) -(hereafter _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I_), 27, and 1st -Lt. Raymond A. Madson, _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, II. The -Stabilized Dummy Drops_, WADC Technical Report 57-477 (II) (Wright -Patterson AFB, OH: Aeronautical Systems Division, Air Force Systems -Command, August 1961) (hereafter _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops -Part II_), 18. - -[43] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I_, 1. - -[44] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I_, and _High Altitude -Balloon Dummy Drops Part II_, and Holloman Air Development Center, -Weekly Test Status Reports, Project MX-1450B (Manned Balloon), National -Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, -St. Louis, MO, Accession No. 342-62A-A-641, box 115/248, folder; -R-695-61D, “High Altitude Escape Studies, Gen B-1, Manned Balloon -Flights.” - -[45] ibid. - -[46] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I_, 1, and _High Altitude -Balloon Dummy Drops Part II_, 18. - -[47] Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., _The Long, Lonely Leap_, -(New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1961), and Lt. Col. David G. -Simons, _Man High_, (New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1960), and -Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., “The Long, Lonely Leap,” _National -Geographic_ 118, no. 6 (December 1960): 854-873, “Fantastic Catch -in the Sky, Record Leap towards Earth,” _Life_ 49, no. 9 (August -29, 1960): 20–25, _Popular Mechanics Magazine_, January 1951: 118, -_Collier’s_, June 25, 1954, _Time_, September 12, 1955, “The Fastest -Man on Earth”. - -[48] Don Reilly, “MAD Salutes an Unsung Hero,” _MAD_, no. 61, (March -1961), 46. - -[49] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I_, and _High Altitude -Balloon Dummy Drops Part II_. - -[50] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part II_, 11–12. - -[51] Signed, sworn statement of Raymond A. Madson, Lt. Col., USAF (Ret) -and _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, 16. - -[52] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, 5. - -[53] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, 17. - -[54] ibid., and Memorandum, subj: Balloon Tracking and Recovery -Equipment, n.d., National Archives and Records Administration, -Accession No. 342-67B-2133, box 65/249, file 2, “Biophysics -Branch-Escape Section, High Altitude Escape Studies, 7218-71719,” -and Robert Blankenship, retired Balloon Branch Recovery Supervisor, -telephone interview with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, July 14, 1995. - -[55] Signed, sworn statement of Raymond A. Madson, Lt. Col., USAF (Ret). - -[56] Blankenship, and Balloon Tracking and Recovery Equipment, n.d., -and Bernard D. Gildenberg, _Meteorological Aspects of Constant-Level -Balloon Operations in the Southwestern United States_ (hereafter -_Meteorological Aspects of Constant-Level Balloon Operations in the -Southwestern United States_), AFCRL-66-706 (L.G. Hanscom Field, -Bedford, MA: Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, October 1966), -27. - -[57] Historical Branch, Office of Information Services, Air Force -Missile Development Center, _Contributions of Balloon Operations to -Research and Development at the Air Force Missile Development Center -Holloman AFB, N. Mex. 1947–1958_ (Holloman AFB, NM: Air Research -and Development Command, 1958) (hereafter _Contributions of Balloon -Operations to Research and Development at the Air Force Missile -Development Center, 1947–1958_), 90. - -[58] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, 16. - -[59] ibid., 17. - -[60] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, 17. - -[61] Maj. John P. Stapp, _Human Tolerance to Linear Deceleration, -Part I. Preliminary Survey of the Aft Facing Seated Position_, Air -Force Technical Report 5915, (Wright Patterson AFB, OH: Wright Air -Development Center, 1949) and Maj. John P. Stapp, _Part II. The Aft -Facing Position and the Development of a Crash Harness_, Air Force -Technical Report 5915 (Wright Patterson AFB, OH: Wright Air Development -Center, 1951). - -[62] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part II_, 6. - -[63] Signed, sworn statement of Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., Col., USAF -(Ret). - -[64] ibid. - -[65] Alderson Research Laboratories, Inc., “Instructions for Operation -and Maintenance, Model F-95 Anthropomorphic Test Dummies,” May 3, -1956, 1, and Glenn Richards, retired Balloon Branch Instrumentation -Specialist, telephone interview with Capt. James McAndrew, September 5, -1995. - -[66] Alderson Research Laboratories, Inc., “Instructions for Operation -and Maintenance, Model F-95 Anthropomorphic Test Dummies,” May 3, -1956, 1, and Ronald G. Hansen, Lt. Col. USAR, (Ret), Balloon Recovery -Helicopter Pilot, telephone interview with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, May -1, 1995. - -[67] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, 7–8. - -[68] Blankenship. - -[69] ibid. - -[70] _The Beverly Hills Citizen_, March 12, 1956, 7. - -[71] Research Division, College of Engineering, New York University, -_Special Report No. 1, Constant Level Balloon_, May 1947, 20–22. - -[72] Research Division, College of Engineering, New York University, -Technical Report No. 93.03, _Constant Level Balloons, Operations_, -March 1, 1951, 105. - -[73] U.S. Air Force Phillips Laboratory, “Phillips Laboratory Space -Experiments Directorate, Balloon, Rocket, and Satellite Capabilities,” -n.d., 33. - -[74] Bernard D. Gildenberg, Balloon Branch Meteorologist and Engineer, -interviewed by 1st Lt. James McAndrew, May 28, 1995, and _Contributions -of Balloon Operations 1947–1958_, 73. - -[75] ibid. - -[76] ibid. - -[77] _Contributions of Balloon Operations 1947–1958_, 73. - -[78] “Flight Summary, Non-Extensible Balloon Operations, 6580th Test -Squadron (Special), June 1950 to October 1954,” 22–24. - -[79] _Contributions of Balloon Operations 1947–1958_, 73–74. - -[80] Lt. Col. David G. Simons (MC), _Stratosphere Balloon Techniques -for Exposing Living Specimens to Primary Cosmic Ray Particles_, -Holloman Air Development Center TR 54-16, November 1954, 10–11. - -[81] “Flight Summary Non-Extensible Balloon Operations 6580th -Test Squadron (Special), June 1950 to October 1954,” 1–31, and -_Contributions of Balloon Operations 1947–1958_, 24. - -[82] “Flight Summary Non-Extensible Balloon Operations 6580th Test -Squadron (Special), June 1950 to October 1954,” 4. - -[83] Research Division, College of Engineering, New York University, -_Technical Report No. 93.02, Constant Level Balloons_, Section 3, -_Summary of Flights_, July 15, 1949, 32, in Headquarters United States -Air Force, _The Roswell Report: Fact vs. Fiction in the New Mexico -Desert_ (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995), -Appendix 12. - -[84] Holloman Air Development Center, “Test Report on Radar Target -Balloons”, October 31, 1955, Air Force Historical Research Agency, -Maxwell, AFB, AL, Reel # 31811, Frame 1139, and _Contributions of -Balloon Operations 1947–1958_, 40–45. - -[85] Kevin C. Ruffner, ed., _Corona: America’s First Satellite Program_ -(Washington, D.C.: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central -Intelligence Agency, 1995), 22. - -[86] ibid., 21–22. - -[87] Air Force Missile Development Center, “Chronology of Events,” -Sept. 1, 1957-Aug 10, 1962, Air Force Historical Research Agency, -Maxwell, AFB, AL, Reel # 31731, Frame 561, and Flight Records of -Bernard D. Gildenberg, Meteorologist, Holloman AFB Balloon Branch, -October 12, 1956-March 14, 1961. - -[88] Flight Summary, DISCOVERER Balloon Flights, March 31, 1960-April -22, 1960, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell, AFB, AL, Reel# -31811, frame 569. - -[89] ibid. - -[90] ibid. - -[91] Kevin C. Ruffner, ed., _Corona: America’s First Satellite Program_ -(Washington, D.C.: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central -Intelligence Agency, 1995), 21–22. - -[92] ibid. - -[93] ibid. - -[94] Martin Marietta Corporation, “Viking '75, Balloon Launched -Decelerator Test Program Post Flight Report, BLDT Vehicle AV-3,” TR -3720293, 1972, IV-I and Edward J. Kirschner, _Aerospace Balloons; From -Montgolfiere to Space_ (Blue Ridge Summit, Pa.: Aero Publishers, 1985), -64–66. - -[95] Martin Marietta Corporation, “Viking '75, Balloon Launched -Decelerator Test Program Post Flight Report, BLDT Vehicle AV-3,” TR -3720293, 1972, IV-I. - -[96] Kevin D. Randle and Donald R. Schmitt, _The Truth About the UFO -Crash at Roswell_ (New York: Avon Books, 1994), photograph section. - -[97] Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, “Report on Research, -for the Period July 1965-June 1967”, AFCRL TR-68-0039, November 1967, -150–151. - -[98] Gildenberg. - -[99] Database of high altitude balloon operations on file at SAF/AAZD -compiled from the following sources: Research Division, College of -Engineering, New York University, _Technical Report No. 93.02, Constant -Level Balloons_, Section 3, _Summary of Flights_, July 15, 1949; -“Flight Summary Non-Extensible Balloon Operations 6580th Test Squadron -(Special), June 1950 to October 1954,” National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., -Accession No. 342-62A-181, box 14/18; Flight Records of Bernard D. -Gildenberg, Meteorologist, Holloman AFB Balloon Branch, October 12, -1956-March 14, 1961; “Summary of Balloon Flights Launched from Holloman -AFB, N.M., 1962 thru 1987”, Space and Missile Command, Test and -Evaluation Unit (SMC/TE, OL-AC) files, Holloman AFB, N.M. Additional -flight data on file (microfilm), U.S. Air Force Phillips Laboratory, -Geophysics Directorate, Hanscom AFB, Mass. - -[100] Bernard D. Gildenberg, _Meteorological Aspects of Constant-Level -Balloon Operations in the Southwestern United States_, AFCRL-66-706 -(L.G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, MA: Air Force Cambridge Research -Laboratories, October 1966), and Bernard D. Gildenberg, _General -Philosophy and Techniques of Balloon Control_, in Lewis A. Grass, ed., -_Proceedings, Sixth AFCRL Scientific Balloon Symposium_, AFCRL-70-0543, -(L.G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Mass.: Air Force Cambridge Research -Laboratories, October 1970). - -[101] Blankenship. - -[102] ibid. - -[103] ibid. - -[104] ibid. - -[105] ibid. - -[106] Joseph Longshore, Balloon Branch Supervisor, telephone interview -with Capt. James McAndrew, August 16, 1995. - -[107] Signed sworn statement of James Ragsdale in Ragsdale Productions -Inc., _The Jim Ragsdale Story: A Closer Look at the Roswell Incident_ -(Hall Poorbough Press, Inc., 1996), 10–11, and signed sworn statement -of James Ragsdale in Karl T. Pflock, _Roswell in Perspective_ -(Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO Research, 1994), 167. - -[108] James Ragsdale, interview with Donald R. Schmitt, January 26, -1993. - -[109] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part II_, 17. - -[110] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I_, 27–30 and _High -Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part II_, 6, 10–12, 17. - -[111] Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., Col., USAF (Ret), interview with 1st -Lt. James McAndrew, June 23, 1995. - -[112] _Contributions of Balloon Operations to Research and Development -at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1947–1958_, 90, and -_Meteorological Aspects of Constant-Level Balloon Operations in the -Southwestern United States_, 1. - -[113] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I_, 24. - -[114] Blankenship and Kittinger. - -[115] ibid. - -[116] Memorandum, subj: Balloon Tracking and Recovery Equipment, n.d., -National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., Accession No. 342-67B-2133, box 65/249, -file 2, “Biophysics Branch-Escape Section, High Altitude Escape -Studies, 7218-71719.” - -[117] ibid., and Blankenship. - -[118] Charles Berlitz and William L. Moore, _The Roswell Incident_ (New -York: Berkley, 1980), 64, and Don Berliner and Stanton Friedman, _Crash -at Corona_ (New York: Paragon House, 1992), 88. - -[119] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Knight interview. - -[120] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Maltais interview. - -[121] Charles Berlitz and William L. Moore, _The Roswell Incident_ (New -York: Berkley, 1980), 64, and Don Berliner and Stanton Friedman, _Crash -at Corona_ (New York: Paragon House, 1992), 88. - -[122] Berliner and Friedman, 89. - -[123] Mark Rodeghier and Fred Whiting, _The Plains of San Agustin -Controversy, July, 1947: Gerald Anderson, Barney Barnett, and the -Archaeologists_, Introduction (Chicago, IL, Washington, D.C.: J. Allen -Hynek Center for UFO Studies and The Fund for UFO Research, June 1992), -2. - -[124] ibid. - -[125] Kevin D. Randle, Donald R. Schmitt, and Thomas J. Carey, _Gerald -Anderson and the Plains of San Agustin, in The Plains of San Agustin -Controversy, July, 1947: Gerald Anderson, Barney Barnett, and the -Archaeologists_ (Chicago, IL, Washington, D.C.: J. Allen Hynek Center -for UFO Studies, and The Fund for UFO Research, June 1992), 19. - -[126] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[127] Berliner and Friedman, 90. - -[128] ibid., 91. - -[129] Gerald F. Anderson, interview with Kevin D. Randle, February 4, -1990, in _The Plains of San Agustin Controversy, July, 1947: Gerald -Anderson, Barney Barnett, and the Archaeologists_ (Chicago, IL, -Washington, D.C.: J. Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies and The Fund -for UFO Research, June 1992), 59. - -[130] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[131] ibid. - -[132] ibid. - -[133] ibid. - -[134] ibid. - -[135] Blankenship and Kittinger. - -[136] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[137] “Sierra Sam: Scientific Whipping Boy,” _Machine Design_, December -22, 1960 and “Dummy Takes a Beating for Science’s Sake,” _Aviation -Week_, January 12, 1953. - -[138] Ragsdale. - -[139] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[140] Alderson Research Laboratories Inc., “Modular Series -Anthropomorphic Test Dummies,” Alderson Research Laboratories Inc., -June 1955), 5. - -[141] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[142] ibid. - -[143] Signed, sworn statement of Raymond A. Madson, Lt. Col., USAF -(Ret). - -[144] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[145] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, 22. - -[146] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[147] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, 9, and _High -Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part II_, 8. - -[148] Berliner and Friedman, 91. - -[149] ibid., 92–94. - -[150] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[151] ibid. - -[152] Memorandum, subject: Balloon Tracking and Recovery Equipment, -n.d., National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., Accession No. 342-67B-2133, box 65/249, -file 2, “Biophysics Branch-Escape Section, High Altitude Escape -Studies, 7218-71719,” and _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, -17, and “Weekly Test Status Report on Project 7218, Manned Balloon -Flights, (MX-1450B)”, for Week Ending 28 February 1955, National -Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, -St. Louis, Mo., Accession No. 342-66A-181, Box 14/18. - -[153] Kittinger and Historical Branch, Office of Information Services, -Air Research and Development Command, _History of Flight Support -Holloman Air Development Center 1946–1957_ (Holloman AFB, N.M.: -Holloman Air Development Center, 1957), 101. - -[154] Blankenship. - -[155] Berliner and Friedman, 106. - -[156] Bernard D. Gildenberg, _Techniques Developed for Heavy Load -Non-Extensible Balloon Flights_, Report No. HADC-TN-54-3 (Holloman AFB, -NM: Holloman Air Development Center, March 1954), 7. - -[157] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[158] Blankenship and Ole Jorgeson, MSgt., USAF, (Ret), Balloon Branch -Communications Supervisor, interview with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, May -28, 1995. - -[159] ibid. - -[160] Berliner and Friedman, 107. - -[161] ibid. - -[162] Blankenship. - -[163] Berliner and Friedman, 106. - -[164] Blankenship. - -[165] Signed sworn statement of James Ragsdale in, Ragsdale Productions -Inc., _The Jim Ragsdale Story: A Closer Look at the Roswell Incident_ -(Hall Poorbough Press, Inc., 1996), 10–11, and signed sworn statement -of James Ragsdale in Karl T. Pflock, _Roswell in Perspective_ -(Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO Research, 1994), 167. - -[166] Ragsdale. - -[167] Frank J. Kaufman, interview with Kevin Randle and Donald Schmitt, -January 27, 1990. - -[168] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[169] Ragsdale. - -[170] ibid. - -[171] Berliner and Friedman, 92. - -[172] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Maltais interview. - -[173] ibid., Knight interview. - -[174] ibid., Anderson interview. - -[175] ibid., Maltais interview. - -[176] ibid. - -[177] ibid., Anderson interview. - -[178] Ragsdale. - -[179] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[180] ibid., Maltais interview. - -[181] ibid., Anderson interview. - -[182] ibid. - -[183] ibid., Maltais interview. - -[184] ibid., Anderson interview. - -[185] Charles Berlitz and William L. Moore, _The Roswell Incident_ (New -York: Berkley, 1980), 61. - -[186] Berliner and Friedman, 92. - -[187] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[188] Berliner and Friedman, 91. - -[189] ibid. - -[190] ibid., 92. - -[191] ibid., 91. - -[192] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Maltais interview. - -[193] Berliner and Friedman, 93. - -[194] ibid., 93–94. - -[195] ibid., 92. - -[196] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[197] Berliner and Friedman, 106. - -[198] Ragsdale. - -[199] ibid. - -[200] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[201] ibid. - -[202] Ragsdale. - -[203] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[204] ibid. - -[205] ibid. - -[206] Berliner and Friedman, 106. - -[207] Ragsdale. - -[208] Berliner and Friedman, 107. - -[209] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[210] ibid. - -[211] Ragsdale. - -[212] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[213] Ragsdale. - -[214] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[215] Ragsdale. - -[216] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[217] ibid. - -[218] Berliner and Friedman, 107. - - - - - Notes - Section Two - - -[1] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks His -Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 103. - -[2] Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, _Crash at Corona_ (New York: -Paragon House, 1992), 117, 120, and W. Glenn Dennis, interview with -Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992, 18–19. - -[3] Video, _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis -interview (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO Research, 1993) (hereafter -_Recollections of Roswell, Part II_). - -[4] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[5] ibid. - -[6] ibid. - -[7] ibid. - -[8] ibid., and W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November -2, 1992, and Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell -Breaks His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 103. - -[9] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks His -Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 103. - -[10] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[11] ibid. - -[12] ibid. - -[13] Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, _Crash at Corona_ (New York: -Paragon House, 1992), 120, and W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. -Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[14] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks His -Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 103. - -[15] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[16] Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, _Crash at Corona_ (New York: -Paragon House, 1992), 117. - -[17] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[18] ibid. - -[19] ibid. - -[20] ibid. - -[21] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Stanton T. Friedman, August 5, -1989. - -[22] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[23] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[24] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[25] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[26] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[27] ibid. - -[28] ibid. - -[29] Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, _Crash at Corona_ (New York: -Paragon House, 1992), 119, and Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The -Mortician of Roswell Breaks His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, -105. - -[30] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[31] ibid. - -[32] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[33] ibid. - -[34] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks -His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 105, and W. Glenn Dennis, -interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[35] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks His -Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 105. - -[36] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Stanton T. Friedman, August 5, -1989. - -[37] ibid. - -[38] Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, _Crash at Corona_ (New York: -Paragon House, 1992), 119. - -[39] Headquarters United States Air Force, _The Roswell Report: -Fact vs. Fiction in the New Mexico Desert_ (Washington, D.C.: U.S. -Government Printing Office, 1995), Attachment 32, “Synopsis of Balloon -Research Findings by 1st Lt. James McAndrew”. - -[40] 427th AAFBU Sq “M” Morning Reports, July 8–9, 1947, National -Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, -St. Louis, Mo. - -[41] Personnel record of 1st Lt. Angele A. (LaRue) Thessing, National -Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, -St. Louis, Mo. - -[42] ibid. - -[43] Personnel records of Capt. Joyce Goddard, 1st Lt. Rosemary J. -Brown, 1st Lt. Eileen M. Fanton, 1st Lt. Angele A. LaRue, 1st Lt. -Claudia Uebele, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[44] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks -His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 132, and W. Glenn Dennis, -interview with Stanton T. Friedman, August 5, 1989. - -[45] Paul McCarthy, “The Case of the Vanishing Nurses,” _Omni_, Fall -1995, 107–114. - -[46] WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” Personnel -Record of Capt. Eileen M. Fanton, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[47] DD Form 214, “Armed Forces of the United States Report of -Transfer or Discharge”, April 30, 1958, Personnel file of Capt. Eileen -M. Fanton, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[48] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks His -Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 132. - -[49] WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” and WD AGO FORM -66-3, “AAF Medical Dep’t Officer’s Qualification Record,” Personnel -Record of Capt. Eileen M. Fanton, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[50] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[51] WD AGO FORM 66-3, “AAF Medical Dep’t Officer’s Qualification -Record,” Personnel Record of Capt. Eileen M. Fanton, National Archives -and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. -Louis, Mo. - -[52] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks His -Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 104 and W. Glenn Dennis, interview -with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992, 11, 15. - -[53] WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” Personnel -Record of Capt. Eileen M. Fanton, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[54] ibid. - -[55] WD MD FORM 55A, “Clinical Record Brief,” September 5, 1947, and WD -AGO FORM 8-38, “Special Examination or Additional Data,” September 11, -1947, Personnel Record of Capt. Eileen M. Fanton, National Archives and -Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, -Mo. - -[56] ibid, and Physical Examination Board Proceedings, Capt. Eileen M. -Fanton, August 24, 1955, Personnel Record of Capt. Eileen M. Fanton, -National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[57] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Stanton T. Friedman, August 5, -1989, and W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, -1992. - -[58] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Stanton T. Friedman, August 5, -1989. - -[59] ibid. - -[60] Roster of Officers, 6th Bomb Wing, Walker AFB, N.M., December -30, 1952, “History of the 6th Bomb Wing, December 1952,” Air Force -Historical Research Center, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[61] ibid. - -[62] Dr. Frank B. Nordstrom, interview with Capt. James McAndrew, April -25, 1996, and Dr. Frank B. Nordstrom, Signed Sworn Statement, April 25, -1996. - -[63] Charles E. Clouthier, Signed Sworn Statement, April 26, 1996. - -[64] ibid. - -[65] J.P. Cahn, “Flying Saucers and the Mysterious Little Green Men,” -_True_ 31, No. 184, (September 1952), 19. - -[66] ibid., 103. - -[67] ibid., 19. - -[68] J.P. Cahn, “Flying Saucer Swindlers,” _True_ 36, No. 231, (August -1956), 36. - -[69] ibid., 36. - -[70] J.P. Cahn, “Flying Saucers and the Mysterious Little Green Men,” -_True_ 31, No. 184, (September 1952), 110. - -[71] ibid. - -[72] “4 Rank Titles Change,” _Air Force Times_, March 29, 1952, 1, 22. - -[73] Alan L. Gropman, _The Air Force Integrates, 1945–1964_ -(Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1985), 243. - -[74] Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, _Crash at Corona_ (New York: -Paragon House, 1992), 117. - -[75] WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” and AF FORM 11, -“Officer Military Record,” Personnel Record of Col. Lee F. Ferrell, -National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[76] ibid. - -[77] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks -His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 105, and W. Glenn Dennis, -interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[78] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks His -Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 105. - -[79] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks -His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 105, and W. Glenn Dennis, -interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[80] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[81] ibid. - -[82] ibid. - -[83] 427th AAFBU Sq. “M” Morning Reports, July 1–31, 1947, National -Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, -St. Louis, Mo. - -[84] WD AGO FORM 1, “Morning Report,” 427th AAFBU Sq. “M,” April -1, 1947 through October 1, 1947, and WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s -Qualification Record,” Personnel Record of Capt. Joyce Goddard, -National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[85] WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” Personnel Record -of Capt. Joyce Goddard, National Archives and Records Administration, -National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[86] WD AGO FORM 1, “Morning Report,” 427th AAFBU, Sq. “M,” August 7, -1947, National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[87] ibid., and WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” -Personnel Record of Capt. Lucille C. Slattery, National Archives and -Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, -Mo. - -[88] Ethel Kovatch-Scott, Col., USAF (Ret), telephone interview with -Capt. James McAndrew, May 5, 1995 and July 3, 1996, and Mary Hoadley, -Lt. Col., USAF (Ret), telephone interview with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, -May 5, 1995, and Mary L. Wiggins, Maj., USAF (Ret), telephone interview -with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, May 5, 1995. - -[89] ibid. - -[90] WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” Personnel -Record of Capt. Lucille C. Slattery, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[91] WD AGO FORM 1, “Morning Report,” 427th AAFBU, Sq. “M,” 509th -Station Medical Group, 509th Medical Group, 509th Medical Squadron, -January 1947 through February 1952, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. -and Rosters of Officers, 509th Bomb Wing- February 1952 through July -1958, 6th Bomb Wing- February 1952 through March 1967, and AF FORM 11, -“Officer Military Record,” Personnel Record of Maj. Idabelle M. Wilson, -National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[92] AF FORM 11, “Officer Military Record,” Personnel Record of Maj. -Idabelle M. Wilson, National Archives and Records Administration, -National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[93] ibid. - -[94] Idabelle M. Wilson, Maj., USAF, (Ret), telephone interview with -1st Lt. James McAndrew, April 28, 1995. - -[95] ibid. - -[96] Memo: Jack A. Comstock, Maj. (MC), Surgeon, 509th Station Medical -Group, to Major Robert W. Schick, Investigating Officer, Headquarters, -USAF, subj: Investigation of B-29 Crash, 18 August 1948, Aircraft -Accident No. 48-8-12, Aircraft #44-86383, Air Force Historical Research -Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. and WD AGO Form 8-33, “Clinical Record Brief,” -12 August 1948, Personnel records of Air Force members, service -numbers AF 18041408 and AF 16191866, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[97] ibid. - -[98] ibid. - -[99] WD AGO Form 8-33, “Clinical Record Brief,” 16 May 1949, Personnel -records of Air Force members, service numbers AO 827137 and AF -42050093, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[100] WD AGO Form 5-4, “Individual Crash Fire Report,” 20 May 1949, -Aircraft Accident No. 49-5-16, Aircraft #43-48401, Air Force Historical -Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[101] WD AGO Form 8-33, “Clinical Record Brief,” 16 May 1949, -Personnel records of Air Force members, service numbers AO 827137 and -AF 42050093, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[102] WD AGO Form 5-4, “Individual Crash Fire Report,” 19 December -1949, Aircraft Accident No. 49-12-15-2, Air Force Historical Research -Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[103] WD AGO Form 8-33, “Clinical Record Brief,” 19 December 1949, -and “Autopsy Report,” Personnel records of Air Force members, service -numbers 17343A, AF 11101085, and 15239923, National Archives and -Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, -Mo. - -[104] ibid. - -[105] WD AGO Form 8-33, “Clinical Record Brief,” 1 June 1950, -Personnel records of Air Force members, service numbers AO 685565 and -AF 32668639, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[106] ibid. - -[107] ibid. - -[108] Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 16, 1955 of Air Force -members, service numbers AO 3006516 and AO 3004607, Aircraft Accident -No. 55-6-16-6, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[109] DD Form 481-3, “Clinical Record Cover Sheet,” June 16, 1955, -Personnel Records of Air Force members, service numbers AO 3006516 and -AO 3004607, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[110] Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 16, 1955, of Air -Force members, service numbers AO 3006516 and AO 3004607, Aircraft -Accident No. 55-6-16-6, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell -AFB, AL. - -[111] Air Force Form 14b, “Medical Report of an Individual Involved in -AF Aircraft Accident,” 3 October 1955, Aircraft Accident No. 55-10-3-6, -Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[112] Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. October 4, thru October -7, 1955, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to MCTSG, -October 12, 1955, Accession No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip -Rpts., Search & Ident: Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National -Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records -Center, St. Louis, Mo., and AF Form 715, “Preparation Room History,” -4 October 1955, Personnel Record of Air Force member, service number -1521B/2009467, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[113] Air Force Form 14b, “Medical Report of an Individual Involved in -AF Aircraft Accident,” 3 October 1955, Aircraft Accident No. 55-10-3-6, -Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[114] Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, Personnel -Record of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 and AF -37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[115] Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through 30 June -1956, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to Thomas W. Toy, -Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, Air Force Services Division, Accession -No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., Search & Ident: -Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[116] Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, Personnel -Record of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 and AF -37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., and Air Force Form 14b, -“Medical Report of an Individual Involved in AF Aircraft Accident,” -June 26, 1956, Headquarters Air Force Safety Agency, Kirtland AFB, N.M. - -[117] AF Form 697, “Identification Findings and Conclusions,” 3 Feb -1960, Personnel Records of Air Force members, service numbers AO 794152 -and 1046844, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[118] ibid. - -[119] ibid. - -[120] Charles A. Ravenstein, _Air Force Combat Wings; Lineage and -Honors Histories, 1947–1977_ (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing -Office, 1984), 16, 275–276. - -[121] Air Force Form 14, “Report of Air Force Aircraft Accident,” June -26, 1956, Headquarters Air Force Safety Agency, Kirtland AFB, N.M. - -[122] ibid. - -[123] ibid. - -[124] ibid. - -[125] ibid. - -[126] Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through 30 June -1956, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to Thomas W. Toy, -Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, Air Force Services Division, Accession -No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., Search & Ident: -Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[127] ibid. - -[128] Jack L. Whenry, Maj., USAF, (Ret), telephone interview with 1st -Lt. James McAndrew, January 26, 1995, and John C. Walter, MSgt., USAF -(Ret), telephone interview with Capt. James McAndrew, June 29, 1995 and -July 12, 1996. - -[129] ibid. - -[130] Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through 30 June -1956, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to Thomas W. Toy, -Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, Air Force Services Division, Accession -No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., Search & Ident: -Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[131] ibid. - -[132] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview, -and Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks His -Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 104. - -[133] DD Form 481-3, “Clinical Record Cover Sheet,” June 26, 1956, -Personnel Record of AF 37578524, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[134] Whenry, Walters, and Air Force Manual 143-1, 1 November 1953, -“Mortuary Affairs,” 28, Record Group 341, Entry 36, Box 13, Microfilm -Reel 167, National Archives and Record Administration, College Park, Md. - -[135] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[136] Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, Personnel -Record of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 and AF -37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[137] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[138] Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, Personnel -Record of Air Force member, service number AF 37578524, National -Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, -St. Louis, Mo. - -[139] ibid. - -[140] ibid. - -[141] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[142] Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, Personnel -Record of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 and AF -37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., and Air Force Form 14b, -“Medical Report of an Individual Involved in AF Aircraft Accident,” -June 26, 1956, Headquarters Air Force Safety Agency, Kirtland AFB, N.M. - -[143] DD Form 481-3, “Clinical Record Cover Sheet,” June 26, 1956, -Personnel Record of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 and -AF 37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[144] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks -His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 108. - -[145] Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. October 4, thru October 7, -1955, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to MCTSG, October -12, 1955, Accession No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., -Search & Ident: Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives -and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. -Louis, Mo., and AF Form 697, “Identification Findings and Conclusions,” -3 Feb 1960, Personnel Records of Air Force members, service numbers -AO 794152 and 1046844, National Archives and Records Administration, -National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[146] Air Force Manual 143-1, 1 November 1953, “Mortuary Affairs,” -28–29, Accession No. 341, Entry 36, Box 13, Microfilm Reel 167, -National Archives and Record Administration, College Park, Md. - -[147] Official Trip Report—Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through 30 June -1956, George J. Schwaderer, Identification Specialist, to Thomas -W. Toy, Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, July 5, 1956, Accession No. -342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., Search & Ident: Mar 56 to -Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives and Records Administration, -National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., and Jack L. Whenry, -Maj., USAF, (Ret), telephone interview with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, -January 26, 1995, and John C. Walter, MSgt., USAF (Ret), telephone -interview with Capt. James McAndrew, June 29, 1995 and July 12, 1996. - -[148] Walter and Whenry. - -[149] ibid. - -[150] WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” and AF FORM 11, -“Officer Military Record,” Personnel Record of Col. Lee F. Ferrell, -National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[151] “Air Force Care of Deceased Personnel (1951–1959), Volume -1: Text”, Historical Study No. 236, Call No. K 201-326, Air Force -Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[152] Air Force Manual 143-1, 1 November 1953, “Mortuary Affairs,” -27, Accession No. 341, Entry 36, Box 13, Microfilm Reel 167, National -Archives and Record Administration, College Park, Md. - -[153] Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through 30 June -1956, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to Thomas W. Toy, -Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, Air Force Services Division, July 5, -1956 and Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. October 4, thru October -7, 1955, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to MCTSG, October -12, 1955, Accession No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., -Search & Ident: Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives -and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. -Louis, Mo. - -[154] Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through 30 June -1956, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to Thomas W. Toy, -Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, Air Force Services Division, July 5, -1956, Accession No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., Search -& Ident: Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives and -Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, -Mo. - -[155] George J. Schwaderer, telephone interview with Capt. James -McAndrew, June 28, 1996. - -[156] ibid. - -[157] Air Force Manual 143-1, 1 November 1953, “Mortuary Affairs,” -27, Accession No. 341, Entry 36, Box 13, Microfilm Reel 167, National -Archives and Record Administration, College Park, Md. - -[158] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks -His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 104. - -[159] Memo, Charles J. Stahl, M.D., Armed Forces Medical Examiner, -to Capt. James McAndrew, SAF/AAZD, subj: Request for Information on -Aircraft Crash Fatalities, October 13, 1995. - -[160] Unit history, 4036 USAF Hospital, Walker AFB, N.M., June 1956, 6, -Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[161] ibid. - -[162] Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, Personnel -Record of of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 and AF -37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[163] Air Force Missile Development Center, _MAN-HIGH I_, MDC-TR-59-24, -1959, and Lt. Col. David G. Simons, _MAN HIGH II_, Air Force Missile -Development Center, Holloman AFB, N.M., AFMDC-TR-59-28, June 1959, 1, -and Air Force Missile Development Center, _MAN HIGH III_, MDC-TR-60-16, -1961. - -[164] Historical Branch, Office of Information Services, Air Force -Missile Development Center, Air Research and Development Command, -Holloman AFB, N.M., _Contributions of Balloon Operations to Research -and Development at the Air Force Missile Development Center Holloman -Air Force Base, N. Mex. 1947–1958_ (hereafter _Contributions of Balloon -Operations 1947–1958_), 11. - -[165] ibid., and Air Force Missile Development Center FORM 597, -Schedule Request- Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola Flight,” May 19, -20, 22, 1959, Accession No. 342-65B-3185, Box 4/22, National Archives -and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. -Louis, Mo. - -[166] DD FORM 481-3, “Clinical Record Cover Sheet,” May 21, 1959, -Personnel Record of Capt. Dan D. Fulgham, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., -and Air Force Missile Development Center FORM 597, Schedule Request- -Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola Flight,” May 20, 1959, Accession No. -342-65B-3185, Box 4/22, National Archives and Records Administration, -National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[167] DD Form 613, R&D Progress Card, Project 7164, “Physiology of -Flight,” Task 71840, “Life Supporting Systems for Advanced Vehicles,” -February 24, 1959, 30–31, National Archives and Record Administration -Accession No. 342-75-095, Box 93/100, folder 1, and Technical “R&D” -Record Book, Aeromedical Laboratory, Physiology Branch, “Life Support -System for Orbital Flight,” Project 7164, Task 71840, 13–16, National -Archives and Record Administration, National Personnel Records Center, -St. Louis, Mo. Accession No. 342-75-095, Box 93/100, folder 2. - -[168] Air Force Form 77, “USAF Officer Effectiveness Report, 1 Feb -58 to 31 Jan 59, Personnel Record of Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., -National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., and Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., -_The Long, Lonely Leap_, (New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1961) 131. - -[169] Air Force Missile Development Center, _Man-High I_, MDC-TR-59-24, -1959. - -[170] Schedule Request- Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola Flight,” -May 19, 20, 22, 1959, Accession No. 342-65B-3185, Box 4/22, National -Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, -St. Louis, Mo. - -[171] ibid. - -[172] Ole Jorgeson, MSgt., USAF, (Ret), interview with 1st Lt. James -McAndrew, May 28, 1995. - -[173] Air Force Missile Development Center FORM 597, Schedule -Request- Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola Flight,” May 19, 1959, -Accession No. 342-65B-3185, Box 4/22, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[174] Air Force Missile Development Center FORM 597, Schedule -Request- Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola Flight,” May 20, 1959, -Accession No. 342-65B-3185, Box 4/22. - -[175] ibid. - -[176] ibid. - -[177] ibid., and Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., Col., USAF (Ret), interview -with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, June 23, 1995. - -[178] Kittinger. - -[179] ibid. - -[180] ibid. - -[181] Dan D. Fulgham, Col., USAF, (Ret), interview with 1st Lt. James -McAndrew, May 26, 1995. - -[182] ibid. and Standard Form 539, “Abbreviated Clinical Record,” May -21, 1959, Personnel Record of Col. Dan D. Fulgham, National Archives -and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. -Louis, Mo. - -[183] ibid. - -[184] Jorgeson and Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt., USAF (Ret), interview with -1st Lt. James McAndrew, May 31, 1995. - -[185] ibid. - -[186] Fulgham and William C. Kaufman, Lt. Col., USAF, (Ret), interview -with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, May 24, 1995. - -[187] ibid. - -[188] Jorgeson. - -[189] Kaufman. - -[190] Signed, sworn statement of Dan D. Fulgham, Col., USAF, (Ret), May -25, 1995. - -[191] Kittinger. - -[192] ibid. - -[193] Video, _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Gerald Anderson -interview, (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO Research, 1993). - -[194] Kittinger and Air Force Form 77, “USAF Officer Effectiveness -Report,” 1 Feb 58 to 31 Jan 59, Personnel Record of Col. Joseph W. -Kittinger, Jr., National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[195] Kittinger. - -[196] ibid., and Kaufman. - -[197] Kittinger. - -[198] ibid. - -[199] ibid. - -[200] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[201] Signed, sworn statements of Charles A. Coltman, Col. (MC), USAF, -(Ret), Dan D. Fulgham, Col., USAF, (Ret), Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., -Col., USAF, (Ret), Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt., USAF, (Ret), Ole Jorgeson, -MSgt., USAF, (Ret), and statement of William C. Kaufman, Lt. Col., -USAF, (Ret). - -[202] Kittinger. - -[203] Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., _The Long, Lonely Leap_, (New -York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1961) 130. - -[204] Kittinger. - -[205] Signed, sworn statements of Charles A. Coltman, Col. (MC), USAF, -(Ret), Dan D. Fulgham, Col., USAF, (Ret), Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., -Col., USAF, (Ret), Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt., USAF, (Ret), Ole Jorgeson, -MSgt., USAF, (Ret), and statement of William C. Kaufman, Lt. Col., -USAF, (Ret). - -[206] Craig D. Ryan, _The Pre-Astronauts_, (Annapolis: Naval Institute -Press, 1995), 200. - -[207] Air Force Missile Development Center FORM 597, Schedule -Request- Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola Flight,” May 19, 1959, -Accession No. 342-65B-3185, Box 4/22, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., and -Memo: Maj. Lawrence M. Bogard, Chief, Balloon Branch, to MDWXB, subj: -Project 7222, 8 May 1959. - -[208] ibid., and Jorgeson. - -[209] Jorgeson. - -[210] ibid. - -[211] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[212] ibid. - -[213] ibid. - -[214] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks -His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 103. - -[215] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[216] Jorgeson. - -[217] Unit History, 47th Air Division, June 1954, photo section, Air -Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[218] Unit History, 6th Bomb Wing, June 1959, Annex “N,” “Base Support -Plan, Medical,” June 1, 1959. - -[219] Charles A. Ravenstein, _Air Force Combat Wings; Lineage and -Honors Histories, 1947–1977_ (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing -Office, 1984), 16. - -[220] Kaufman. - -[221] ibid. - -[222] Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt., USAF, (Ret), interview with 1st Lt. James -McAndrew, May 31, 1995. - -[223] Fulgham. - -[224] Kittinger. - -[225] ibid. - -[226] ibid. - -[227] ibid., and ltr., Dr. J. Allen Hynek, Director, Dearborn -Observatory, Northwestern University, to Maj. Hector Quintanilla, Chief -Aerial Phenomena Branch, December 6, 1965, National Air Intelligence -Center historical files, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. - -[228] Kevin D. Randle and Donald R. Schmitt, _The Truth About the UFO -Crash at Roswell_ (New York: Avon Books, 1994), 22. - -[229] Standard Form 539, “Abbreviated Clinical Record,” May 21, 1959, -Personnel Record of Col. Dan D. Fulgham, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[230] Fulgham. - -[231] Kittinger. - -[232] ibid. - -[233] Kaufman. - -[234] DD Form 640, “Nursing Notes,” May 24, 1959, and DD Form 728, -“Doctor’s Orders,” May 22, 1959, Personnel Record of Col. Dan D. -Fulgham, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[235] Kittinger, Kaufman, and DD Form 728 “Doctor’s Orders,” May 22, -1959, Personnel Record of Col. Dan D. Fulgham, National Archives and -Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, -Mo. - -[236] ibid. - -[237] Kittinger. - -[238] ibid. - -[239] Fulgham. - - - - - Appendix A - - [Illustration: Anthropomorphic Dummy Launch and Landing Locations - - Source: Test records of U.S. Air Force aeromedical project no. - 7218, task 71719 (HIGH DIVE) and project no. 7222, task 71748 - (EXCELSIOR).] - - - High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - Number Date Launch Site Landing Site - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - 1 6/23/54 Holloman AFB, N.M. Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 2 6/28/54 Holloman AFB, N.M. Dunkin, N.M. - - 3 6/30/54 Holloman AFB, N.M. 10 miles Southwest of - Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 4 12/1/54 Holloman AFB, N.M. Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 5 12/2/54 Holloman AFB, N.M. 12 miles South of Artesia, N.M. - - 6 12/6/54 Holloman AFB, N.M. Near Twin Buttes, N.M. - - 7 12/9/54 Holloman AFB, N.M. 3 miles West of Twin - Buttes, N.M. - - 8 2/23/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 28 miles East of Roswell, N.M. - - 9 3/1/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 25 miles South of Caprock, N.M. - - 10 3/3/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 25 miles East/Northeast of - Roswell, N.M. - - 11 6/15/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 5 miles Northwest of - Dunkin, N.M. - - 12 6/23/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 35 miles Southwest of - Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 13 6/29/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 25 miles West of Three - Rivers, N.M. - - 14 7/7/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 13 miles West of Tularosa - Peak, N.M. - - 15 7/15/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 15 miles Northeast of - Hatch, N.M. - - 16 11/17/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 8 miles Northwest - of Roswell, N.M. - - 17 11/21/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 18 1/25/56 Holloman AFB, N.M. Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 19 2/8/56 Holloman AFB, N.M. 20 miles South of - Roswell, N.M. - - 20 2/21/56 Holloman AFB, N.M. 20 miles East of Dunkin, N.M. - - 21 2/21/56 Holloman AFB, N.M. Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 22 5/18/56 Holloman AFB, N.M. Data Not Available - - 23 5/22/56 Holloman AFB, N.M. Data Not Available - - 24 8/21/56 Holloman AFB, N.M. Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 25 5/16/57 Truth or White Sands Proving - - Consequences, N.M. Ground, N.M. - - 26 5/29/57 Hatch, N.M. 25 miles Northwest of - Las Cruces, N.M. - - 27 6/4/57 Holloman AFB, N.M. 11 miles North of - Las Cruces, N.M. - - 28 6/6/57 Holloman AFB, N.M. 17 miles South of - Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 29 6/7/57 Holloman AFB, N.M. Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 30 6/11/57 Hatch, N.M. West of San Agustin Pass, N.M. - - 31 6/13/57 Holloman AFB, N.M. Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 32 9/27/57 White Sands Natl - Monument - Picnic Area Orogrande, N.M. - - 33 10/8/57 White Sands Proving 10 miles East of Picacho, N.M. - Ground - - 34 1/29/58 Data Not Available 20 miles South of - Alamogordo, N.M. - - 35 1/9/59 Holloman AFB, N.M. White Sands Proving - Ground, N.M. - - 36 1/14/59 Las Palomas, N.M. 30 miles East/Southeast of - Roswell, N.M. - - 37 1/30/59 Nutt, N.M. White Sands Proving - Ground, N.M. - - 38 2/4/59 Holloman AFB, N.M. 1 mile North of Bent, N.M. - - 39 2/6/59 Lake Valley, N.M. Data Not Available - - 40 2/10/59 Caballo Dam, N.M. White Sands Proving - Ground, N.M. - - 41 2/11/59 Hatch, N.M. Data Not Available - - 42 2/14/59 Data Not Available 30 miles West of - Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 43 2/16/59 Ft. Craig, N.M. Mescalero Apache Reservation - (N.M.) - - - - - Appendix B - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Date: 26 April 1996 Place: Farmington, NM - - I Charles E. Clouthier, hereby state that James McAndrew, was - identified as a Captain, USAFR on this date at my place of - employment do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free will, make the - following statement. This was done without having been subjected to - any coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful inducement. - - I was on active duty in the US Air Force and stationed at Walker - AFB, Roswell, NM, from February 1955 until October 1956. During that - time I was a pharmacist assigned to the base hospital. Following - my tour of duty with the Air Force, I returned to my hometown, - Farmington, NM, where I became an employee and eventually a - co-owner of Farmington Drug. - - With the exception of the two years in the US Air Force, I have - been a resident of Farmington, NM since 1934. It is my recollection - that Dr Frank B. Nordstrom was the first pediatrician to practice - in the Farmington area and he remained the only pediatrician in - Farmington until approximately 1970. I base these recollections on - extensive professional and personal contacts with physicians in the - Farmington area and as a father of two children who were patients - of Dr Nordstrom’s. - - Also based on nearly 40 years of contact with physicians in the - Farmington area, I believe that Dr Nordstrom is the only physician - who served a tour of duty at Walker AFB. During the 1960s, I - became aware that Dr Nordstrom had also served at the Walker AFB - hospital. At various times in the ensuing years. Dr Nordstrom - and I reminisced about our service at Walker AFB. During these - conversations Dr Nordstrom never mentioned any activities during - his tour of duty I considered unusual or that might explain reports - of bodies or aliens. During the time I was stationed at Walker AFB, - I did not witness, nor did I hear rumors, of anything that involved - flying saucers, aliens, or anything else of an extraterrestrial - nature. - - I am not part of a conspiracy to withhold information from either - the US government or the American public. There is no classified - information that I am withholding related to this inquiry, and I - have not been threatened by US government persons concerning not - talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Subscribed and sworn before a - person authorized to administer oaths - this 26th day of April 1996 at - Farmington, NM - - [Signature] [Signature] - Charles E. Clouthier James McAndrew, Capt, USAFR - - WITNESS: - [Signature] - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Place Date: 25 May 95 - - I, Charles A. Coltman, Jr., Col, USAF, MC (Ret), hereby state that - James McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR, on this date - at my place of employment and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own - free will, make the following statement. This was done without - having been subjected to any coercion, unlawful influence or - unlawful inducement. - - I entered the U.S. Air Force in 1957 as a flight surgeon and was - assigned to Walker AFB, NM, in 1958. Following a residency at Ohio - State University from 1959 to 1963, I was assigned to Wilford Hall - USAF Medical Center, Lackland AFB, TX, where I eventually became - the Chairman of the Department of Medicine. I retired from the Air - Force in 1977. I am presently a Professor at The University of - Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, and Chief Executive - Officer of the Cancer Therapy and Research Foundation of South - Texas. - - I remember a balloon crash that happened north of Roswell, NM, in - May, 1959. I received a phone call from the NCOIC of the Flight - Surgeon’s office, who informed me of the crash. The NCOIC, Earl - Wormwood, came to my quarters and we drove, in an old blue Air - Force “crackerbox” ambulance, to the crash site. I remember the - gondola laying on its side and the deflated balloon on the ground. - The crew members were sitting next to the gondola. I examined the - pilots and determined they were not seriously injured. They told me - they were practicing touch-and-go’s and a gust of wind had dumped - them on the ground, and the gondola had struck one of the pilots - in the head. Also present were Air Force technicians in trucks who - tracked the balloon. The injured pilots were transported to the - Flight Surgeon’s office at the hospital at Walker AFB. - - The injury sustained by the crew member was a head - abrasion/contusion and a hemotoma. The hemotoma caused the - patient’s head to swell, however, it was not serious enough for - him to be admitted. I remember receiving a call from Col (Dr.) - John Stapp. He was in charge of the balloon project and was quite - famous. Dr Stapp inquired about the injuries to the pilots and he - wanted them returned to Holloman AFB as quickly as possible. - - The hospital was an old World War II cantonment-type building with - long corridors and a capacity of fifty beds. I do not recall a - nurse assisting me in the treatment of the patient, although a - nurse may have been on duty and observed the patient. I was the - only doctor in the hospital that morning. There were no visiting - doctors from other bases or facilities. I do not remember any - altercations or arguments that day. During my time at Walker, I do - not recall that any autopsies were performed at the hospital, since - we did not have a pathologist on staff. I do not recall any remains - brought to the hospital in body bags, or wreckage transported in - the back of an ambulance. There may have been remains brought to - the hospital in body bags after a KC-97 crash, but that was before - I arrived at Walker. Dr Ed Bradley was involved in the recovery of - the remains. - - At no time was there ever any involvement of the Walker hospital - with UFO’s or “space aliens” I know this to be true because the - hospital was very small and had a small staff. If any activity, - other than normal hospital functions, had occurred, I would have - known about it. - - I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Sworn to and subscribed before me, - an individual authorized to administer - oaths, this 25th day of May, 1995, - at - - [Signature] [Signature] - Charles A. Coltman, Jr., M.D. James McAndrew, 1st Lt, USAFR - - WITNESS(s): - [Signature] - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Place Date: 25 May 95 - - I, Dan D. Fulgham, Col, USAF (Ret), hereby state that James - McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this date at my - place of employment and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free - will, make the following statement. This was done without having - been subjected to any coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful - inducement. - - I entered the U.S. Air Force in 1952 as an aviation cadet. I flew - F-84s on 100 combat missions during the Korean war. After a tour as - a flight instructor I was assigned to the Aero Medical Laboratory - at Wright Patterson. I participated in both the Air Force Man in - Space program and Project Mercury. I also participated in the X-15 - and X-20 programs and worked as a bioastronautics officer with NASA - on Gemini. During my Air Force career, I earned both a Master’s and - Doctorate degree from Purdue University. I flew a combat tour in - Southeast Asia in F-4s as a member of the 555th Tactical Fighter - Squadron and flew 133 combat missions. I retired from the Air Force - in 1978 as the Commander of the Human Resources Laboratory at - Brooks AFB, TX. I am presently the Director Of Biosciences for a - research organization in San Antonio, TX. - - In 1959 I volunteered for training to become a back up pilot for - Capt Joe Kittenger in his high altitude balloon projects. I flew - two missions for training purposes with Capt Kittenger and Capt - Bill Kaufman from Holloman AFB, NM in May, 1959. On the second - flight we were practicing touch and go landings north of Roswell, - NM when we “crashed” on one of the landings. The gondola flipped - over and my head was pinned to the ground by the lip of the - gondola. We managed to lift the gondola off of my head and looked - it over for damage. Capt Kittenger was bleeding from a cut on his - face and I noticed that my head seemed to be protruding outward - from underneath my helmet. Realizing I was injured, I sat down and - feared I might go into shock. I was not in pain but my entire head - was throbbing and began to swell. - - I then remember boarding the “chase” helicopter that was following - us and flying a short distance to Walker AFB for medical treatment. - I recall walking into the hospital and also stopping on the - front step to smoke a cigarette. I remember security personnel - escorting and questioning us to determine who we were. Security - was very tight at Strategic Air Command bases such as Walker. On - occasion surprise inspection teams from SAC headquarters arrived - in helicopters just as we did. In addition, a story of three Air - Force officers crashing in a balloon was somewhat far fetched. The - security people were convinced of our identities when they spoke - with Col John P. Stapp, the Aero Medical Laboratory Commander. - - While I was at Walker my head had swelled considerably and both - eyes were turning black. Later the skin on my face turned yellow. - I remember being seen by one doctor and I do not believe any other - doctors participated in my treatment. I do not recall any nurses - attending to me. I also do not recall that a black NCO was present - nor do I recall any civilian men in the hospital. I do not recall - that Capt Kittenger was involved in an altercation of any kind - while we were there. After I was treated and released we all flew - back to Holloman on the helicopter. - - At Holloman I was admitted to the hospital and had blood aspirated - from under my scalp. I remember my forehead drooping down, I had - to use my fingers to open my eyelids, and I had to sleep sitting - up. Several days later I returned to Wright Patterson with Capt - Kittenger and Capt Kaufman. My wife met the airplane and when she - saw me, she burst into tears due to the swelling of my head, the - two black eyes, and the yellow color of my skin. When I returned to - my office at Wright Patterson, my secretary also began to cry when - she saw me. After some weeks my head returned to normal size and I - was returned to flying status. - - During my Air Force career I was involved in many different - scientific research projects including the space program. I can - state with certainty that none of them, including the incident - described here, had anything to do with UFOs or “space aliens”. - - I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Subscribed and sworn before me, an - individual authorized to administer - oaths, this 25th day of May, 1995, - at - - [Signature] [Signature] - Dan D. Fulgham, Col, USAF (Ret) James McAndrew, 1st Lt, USAFR - - WITNESS(s): - [Signature] - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Place Date: 28 May 95 - - I, Bernard D. Gildenberg, GS-14, (Ret), hereby state that James - McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this date at my - home and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free will, make the - following statement. This was done without having been subjected to - any coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful inducement. - - I became involved in high altitude balloon development while an - undergraduate student at New York University (NYU). Following - graduation I was hired by the Air Force at Holloman AFB and worked - continuously as both a meteorologist and aerospace engineer at - the Balloon Branch from 1951 until my retirement in 1981. My job - responsibilities were to forecast the weather and fly by remote - control, high altitude balloons for many different scientific - projects. During this time. I became internationally recognized as - an authority on high altitude balloon trajectory forecasting. I - have published numerous technical reports and articles. - - The first project in which I was involved, while still an - undergraduate student at NYU, was the acoustical detection of - nuclear explosions. The name of the project, Mogul, was classified - and I didn’t know this name until several years ago. Based on - my experience with this project I am certain project Mogul was - responsible for some portions of what has become to be known as the - “Roswell Incident”. - - Following project Mogul I was involved in perfecting high - altitude balloon technology and made many test flights with large - polyethylene balloons from Holloman AFB. I worked extensively on - atmospheric sampling projects and biological flights in which - the balloons lifted small animals to altitude for cosmic ray - experiments. I also worked on the Moby Dick Project that collected - meteorological data and the classified Gopher (119L) reconnaissance - project. - - I was relied upon to forecast the weather, conduct climatological - studies, predict balloon trajectories, and to hit with precision, - ground targets both on and off the White Sands Missile Range. - Balloon trajectories in New Mexico below the tropopause, are - predominantly towards the east-northeast, when launched from - Holloman AFB with the exception of July and August when balloons - remained over the Holloman area. At high altitude, above the - tropopause, trajectories are generally westerly during the summer - and easterly during the spring, fall, and winter. As a result - these winds, the Holloman balloon branch recovered many, probably - hundreds, of balloons and scientific payloads from the Roswell, NM - area over the years. - - During the time of the year when trajectories were to the east I - attempted to drop the equipment near accessible non mountainous - areas and paved roads. The main target area was the first large - north-south road on the other side of the Sacramento Mountains - from Holloman AFB, Highway 285. This road goes north and south - through Roswell. The standard procedure was to preposition military - recovery crews near the projected point of payload impact. The - crews consisted primarily of Air Force members in uniform and - they operated military vehicles. I often directed these crews to - “standby” along the shoulder of Highway 285, both north and south - of Roswell until the balloon was in position. The recovery crews - received detailed instructions from the tracking aircraft that led - them to the exact location of the payload. The recovery vehicle - included, depending on the mission, a crane, weapons carriers, - communications van, and occasionally tanker trucks to refuel the - aircraft that would sometimes land on nearby roads. - - During the time of the year when balloon trajectories were to the - west, I attempted to drop the payloads in the Rio Grande Valley. - I also aimed for another valley, the flat area north of Truth or - Consequences that includes the Plains of San Augustin. In addition, - many remote balloon launch sites were located throughout the Rio - Grande Valley west of the White Sands Proving Grounds. Launch crews - were also mostly military and used much of the same equipment as - the recovery crews. - - I had extensive involvement with Project 7218 that later became - Project 7222. This project studied the free-fall characteristics - of anthropomorphic dummies dropped from balloons from altitudes - up to 100,000 feet. The missions usually consisted of two dummies - attached to a suspension rack that I directed to be released at - altitude. Depending on the wind conditions and time of year, the - dummies, on many occasions, landed in the Roswell area. I recall - some difficulties in the release mechanisms of the dummies that - resulted in some of them free-falling to the ground while they were - still attached to the rack. Someone without a good vantage point - or not associated with the project might mistake these dummies for - “aliens” due to their odd flesh tones and abstract human features. - - I also recall an accident involving a manned balloon flight. I - remember this event clearly because I am also a balloon pilot - and had an accident approximately two years before. The accident - occurred on a flight that Capt Joe Kittenger was “checking out” - two back up pilots for his high altitude missions. The balloon was - launched around midnight from behind the Balloon Branch at Holloman - AFB. I remember that some of the steel ballast used by the balloon - caused a “fireworks” display when it contacted some nearby power - lines during the launch. I was operating the control center for - this flight and I received notification from the communications - vehicle that was following the balloon that there had been an - accident north of Roswell. I later learned that the gondola had - rolled over during a practice touch and go landing and one of the - pilots had been struck in the head and injured. I recall speaking - to Capt Kittinger about the accident and I saw the injured pilot. - Although his injury was not serious, his head had considerable - swelling and he looked very odd. - - I also worked with Capt Kittinger on Project Stargazer. I also had - met several times the civilian scientific advisor Dr. J. Allen - Hynek. Dr Hynek was thoroughly familiar with the balloon operations - at Holloman and visited the Balloon Branch numerous times. This - project experienced some difficulties and only one manned flight - was conducted. - - Another project I was involved with was the Air Force - investigations of UFOs. Project Bluebook. Since I was a - meteorologist and amateur astronomer I evaluated, starting in 1951, - local sightings of UFOs. New Mexico had alot of sightings because - of the good visibility and the many experimental projects of the - White Sands Proving Grounds. During my time on Project Bluebook - there wasn’t any sightings that we could not explain. Nevertheless - popular literature still refers to some of these sightings as - unexplained. - - Another project with which I was involved, was the NASA Voyager - and Viking Projects. These space vehicles were tested by launching - them from our balloons at extremely high altitude to simulate the - atmosphere of Venus and Mars. To utilize the instrumentation on - the White Sands Missile Range I elected to launch the balloons and - attached space vehicles from the Roswell Industrial Air Center, - formerly the Roswell Army Airfield. The Holloman Balloon Branch - made approximately eight launches of these two vehicles from - Roswell. In appearance the Viking and Voyager probes could be - mistaken for a flying saucer. They were both unclassified highly - publicized projects and I do not recall getting any UFO reports for - these flights. I believe one of these probes is on display at White - Sands Missile Range and its known as the “flying saucer”. - - I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Subscribed and sworn before me, an - individual authorized to administer - oaths, this 25th day of May, 1995, - at - - [Signature] [Signature] - Bernard D. Gildenberg, GS-14 (Ret) James McAndrew, 1st Lt. USAFR - - WITNESS(s): - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Place Date: 28 May 95 - - I, Ole Jorgeson, MSgt. USAF, (Ret), hereby state that James - McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this date at my - home and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free will, make the - following statement. This was done without having been subjected to - any coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful inducement. - - I enlisted in the U.S. Air Force in 1957 and became a Ground - Communications and Electronic Repairman. I remained in this career - field throughout my career. I completed three tours at the Balloon - Branch at Holloman AFB, NM. I retired from the Air Force in 1977 as - the NCOIC of the Communication and Instrumentation Section of the - Balloon Branch at Holloman AFB. - - I recall an overnight balloon training mission that was conducted - in May, 1959. Capt Joe Kittinger was training back up pilots - for one of his upcoming projects. I was an airman assigned to - coordinate communications and to assist in the recovery of the - balloon upon completion of the mission. I followed the balloon in - an old Korean War vintage “crackerbox” ambulance that had been - converted into a communications van. Another airman and I followed - the balloon throughout the night on an easterly trajectory over the - Sacramento Mountains to an area north of Roswell. Also following - the balloon were recovery technicians in a weapons carrier. We - stayed in contact with the balloon crew by radio and also observed - flares the crew would light at various intervals so we could - visually track them. Just after sunrise I recall the balloon - landing north of Roswell and Capt Kittinger offered me some coffee - and told me he was going to make one more touch and go landing to - complete the mission. I remember that I took some photographs of - the balloon and waited for the last landing. Several minutes later - I remember hearing a “bang”, this was the squib that fired to - release the gondola from the balloon. We immediately went to where - the gondola landed and saw the gondola laying on its side and saw - two of the pilots standing and one lying down. Lying on the ground - was a shattered helmet that was worn by one of the pilots. Capt - Kittinger told me they were attempting to land to avoid some power - lines and a row of trees. - - Soon after I arrived at the crash site, a helicopter that was also - following the flight landed and transported the three aircrew - members to Walker AFB for medical attention. I recall I assisted - the recovery technicians load the balloon and the gondola on the - weapons carrier and then drove 15 to 20 minutes to the hospital - at Walker AFB. When I arrived at Walker, we parked the converted - ambulance near the hospital and either the other airman with me - or the recovery technicians called the balloon control center to - notify them of the accident. I recall waiting near the hospital - for a short period of time and then returning to Holloman AFB. - During the time I was waiting at the hospital I did not observe - any arguments or altercations. I did not observe Capt Kittinger - speaking disrespectfully to anyone. I also do not recall any male - civilians or any vehicles that belonged to a mortuary. - - I participated in many, probably more than 100, balloon recoveries. - I often recovered payloads and balloons from the area surrounding - Roswell, NM. It was routine to be directed by the balloon control - center to an area near Roswell to wait to recover a balloon. We - would wait along the side of the road, at small airports, or at - the armory in Roswell. It would not be uncommon for our recovery - vehicles to be seen waiting to recover balloons throughout New - Mexico, Arizona, and West Texas. When we recovered the balloons - and payloads sometimes civilians would be in the area and make - inquires. We would tell them what we were doing and provide them - with a telephone number at Holloman AFB if they wanted to report - any damages. We were required to clean up the area and remove all - debris before we left. In addition to the recoveries, I recall - making balloon launches from sites up and down the Rio Grande - Valley. I remember that some of these launches were made from an - area west of Soccoro, NM. - - Another project I participated in was the testing of the Viking - space probe in 1972. These four launches were all made from the - Roswell Industrial Air Center, the former Roswell Army Airfield. - Approximately twenty Air Force personnel were on temporary duty to - Roswell throughout the summer of 1972 to support this project. NASA - personnel prepared the spacecraft for launch from the old hangers - of the former Air Force base. This project was not classified and - was covered by the news media. - - I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Subscribed and sworn before me, an - individual authorized to administer - oaths, this 25th day of May, 1995, - at - - [Signature] [Signature] - Ole Jorgesen, MSgt, USAF, (Ret) James McAndrew, 1st Lt, USAFR - - WITNESS(s): - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Place Date: 28 October 1996 - - I, William C. Kaufman, Lt. Col., USAF (Ret), hereby voluntarily and - of my own free will, make the following statement. This was done - without coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful inducement. - - I was drafted into the Army of the United States in 1943, - transferred to the Army Air Forces, and was commissioned as a pilot - in 1944. From 1950 until 1967, with a break for training for a - combat tour in Korea and for educational assignments to AFIT, I was - assigned to the Aero Medical Laboratory at Wright Patterson AFB, - OH. During that time I was a physiological training officer and - worked in the development of early pressure suits. I tested many - high altitude pilots and also the first group of astronauts. Later - during my Air Force career, in 1961, I earned a Ph.D. in Physiology - and Biophysics. I was assigned to the Aero Medical Laboratory for - three tours and retired in 1968 as the Chief of the Biodynamics - Branch of the Aero Medical Field Laboratory at Holloman AFB, NM. - - During my third assignment at Wright Patterson, I volunteered, - along with Capt Dan Fulgham, to be a backup pilot for Capt Joe - Kittinger for his high altitude balloon project, Project Excelsior. - Capt Kittinger instructed Capt Fulgham and me in ballooning in May - 1959. At the end of an overnight training flight, on the morning - of May 21, 1959, northwest of Roswell, NM, we (Kittinger, Fulgham - and I) had an accident with the balloon. We were practicing touch - and go landings when a severe gust of wind overturned the gondola, - dumping all of us to the ground with the gondola on top of us. - The accident occurred in a small pasture where a pony was grazing - next to a small cottage. For safety, we were followed during hours - of darkness by a C-131 aircraft and during the day by a H-21 - helicopter. We were followed the entire time by technicians in a - truck for communications and for the recovery of the balloon and - gondola. Seeing the accident, the crews of the helicopter and the - recovery trucks came to our assistance, much to the dismay of the - farmer who owned the pony, which had run away when the truck broke - down the fence to reach the crash site. I recall that a member of - the helicopter crew attempted to calm the farmer. - - Capt Fulgham sustained an injury to the forehead when the lip of - the gondola struck him. Capt Fulgham thought he had fractured - his skull but the experimental helmet he was wearing apparently - protected him. Capt Kittinger was bleeding from a cut on the face. - I was beneath Fulgham and Kittinger and unhurt. Fulgham was loaded - into the helicopter and we were taken to the nearest hospital, - at Walker AFB, in Roswell. I recall the helicopter pilot called - the air traffic control tower at Walker and informed them we were - inbound with an injured pilot from a balloon accident. This was - quite unusual and I believe the tower personnel might have thought - we were a surprise Strategic Air Command inspection team that at - the direction of the SAC Commander, Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, sometimes - made unannounced visits by helicopter. We landed in front of the - tower and were met by an ambulance along with a detail of military - police with machine guns. The military police escorted us to the - hospital for treatment and to verify our story of the balloon crash. - - While Capt Fulgham and Capt Kittinger were being treated I was - asked to explain to the Walker AFB Base Commander what had - happened. After Capt Kittinger was treated he called Col Stapp from - a phone adjacent to the waiting room were numerous military wives - were waiting for pre-natal care. Capt Kittinger, as the project - officer, was concerned what effect this accident might have on the - future of his program. As we waited for Fulgham, Kittinger paced up - and down the hall concerned about Fulgham and getting out of the - hospital before Walker AFB officials might complicate matters. I - do not recall any male civilians in the hospital, nor do I recall - Capt Kittinger being involved in an altercation of any kind. Capt - Kittinger did not shout or use obscene language, he was simply - interested in getting medical attention for Fulgham and leaving as - soon as possible. I do recall that one or two nurses were present. - I do not recall a black NCO accompanying Kittinger while we were in - the hospital. - - When the medical personnel were finished treating Fulgham, all - three of us returned to Holloman AFB by helicopter about noon the - same day. The following day I took my FAA exam and was awarded a - balloon pilot license. Three days later, on Sunday, Kittinger, - Fulgham and I returned to Wright Patterson via a special C-131 - flight. Fulgham looked very odd with two black eyes and protruding - forehead; his head was so swollen he could not wear his uniform hat - for some time. I later worked with Capt Kittinger on the Stargazer - project and and occasionally flew aircraft with him. - - During my entire time at the Aero Medical Laboratory I neither - saw nor heard anything that would lead me to believe that the Air - Force was keeping “aliens” at Wright Patterson. I knew there was a - project on UFOs called Bluebook, at the base, but to my knowledge - the Aero Medical Laboratory was not involved. Many scientific - accomplishments came out of the various laboratories at Wright - Patterson but I am unaware of any that might have involved aliens - or UFOs. - - I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter. - - This is as I recollect those events. - - SIGNED: - - [Signature] - William C. Kaufman, LtCol. USAFC (Ret) - - WITNESS(s): - [Signature: Patricia A. Kaufman] - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Place Date: 24 June 95 - - I, Joseph W. Kittinger. Jr., Col. USAF (Ret), hereby state that - James McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this - date at my home and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free - will, make the following statement. This was done without having - been subjected to any coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful - inducement. - - I entered the U.S. Air Force in 1949 as an Aviation Cadet. From - 1950 to 1953 I flew fighters in Europe before being assigned to the - Fighter Test Section at Holloman AFB, NM in July, 1953. During my - tour as a test pilot I conducted the first zero gravity tests and - was the balloon pilot of the first Project Man High high altitude - research mission. In 1958 I was assigned to the Escape Section of - the Aero Medical laboratory at Wright Patterson AFB, OH. During - this tour I was the Project Officer of Project Excelsior and made - three high altitude parachute jumps, the highest from 102,800 feet, - which today remains a world record. For these jumps I was awarded - the Hannon Trophy for 1960 by President Eisenhower. Following - Excelsior, I was the Project Officer of Stargazer, a project that - made astronomical observations from a high altitude balloon. I - flew two combat tours in Southeast Asia with the Air Commandos. I - later flew a tour in F-4s and was the Squadron Commander of the 555 - Tactical Fighter Squadron. I accumulated over 1,000 combat flying - hours and I am credited with one aerial victory. I spent ten months - as a POW in Hanoi. Upon my return I attended Air War College, flew - F-4s and retired from the Air Force in 1978. In 1984 I became the - first person to make a solo crossing of the Atlantic by balloon. - - In 1958 I was made the Project Officer of Excelsior by Col John - Paul Stapp, the Aero Medical Laboratory Commander. I supervised - and was actively involved in the dropping and recovery of - anthropomorphic dummies from high altitude balloons at Holloman - AFB, NM for this project. We also dropped dummies, from aircraft - only, at Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. The object of the Holloman tests - were to study the free fall characteristics of dummies dropped from - balloons at altitudes of 50,000 to 100,000 feet. Based on this data - we designed a parachute that stabilized the dummies and I later - used this parachute on my three high altitude jumps. - - The balloons carrying the dummies were launched from various - locations in New Mexico and often impacted off of the White Sands - Proving Ground depending on the wind conditions. The dummies were - outfitted with clothing and equipment of an Air Force pilot. The - facial features of the dummies were not as pronounced as a human. - The ears and noses did not protrude. I do not recall any dummies - with ears or noses. Some of the dummies were not complete; they - sometimes did not have arms or legs. To someone not associated with - the project or who viewed the dummies from a distance, they could - appear to be human or with some imagination a space “alien.” In - fact, I recall one incident at Wright-Patterson where one of our - dummies landed near the backyard of Gen. Rawlings, Commander of - the Air Research and Development Command. Gen. Rawling’s wife was - entertaining officer’s wives that afternoon when one of our dummy’s - parachute failed to deploy and impacted the ground in full view of - the ladies at Gen. Rawling’s home. I acted quickly to retrieve the - dummy and went to the impact site and recovered it by throwing it - in the back of a pickup truck and quickly driving away. Later that - day I received a call from Col Stapp who informed me that some of - the women at the party believed that the dummy was a human and they - were appalled to see the careless nature in which the obviously - dead or injured “parachutist” was hauled away. - - At Holloman AFB recoveries of the dummies were handled by the - Balloon Branch but members of my project team, including myself, - often assisted. The standard procedure was to track the dummy - both from the ground and air to attempt to recover the dummies - in a timely manner. On the ground we used an assortment of Air - Force vehicles to track and recover not only the dummies but also - other scientific balloon payloads. We used trucks, communications - vans, converted field ambulances, cranes, and trailers. In the - air we used helicopters, C-47s transports, and L-19 and L-20 - light observation aircraft. On occasion civilians would observe - our recovery operations. We often attracted a crowd due to the - odd appearance of the balloon payloads and dummies and also the - aircraft that circled overhead or landed on nearby roads. We also - used many of the same procedures and equipment to launch from off - range locations. During the recoveries weapons were not carried - because there was no classified information or equipment. I do not - recall any altercations of any kind. At no time did I or any of the - personnel makes threats against civilians. We always attempted to - maintain good relations with the local civilians and explained the - purpose of the project to them if they asked. We were directed to - remove as much of the material dropped by the balloon as possible. - Sometimes this was difficult because the balloon and pay load would - break apart and cover a large area. We collected the debris in - these cases by “fanning out” across a field until we had collected - even very small portions of the payload and balloon. We were - particularly careful to recover the large plastic balloons because - cattle would ingest the material and the ranchers would file claims - against the government. Additionally, there were reward notices - that offered twenty five dollars for the return of the equipment - attached to each of the balloons. I wrote a book, _The Long, Lonely - Leap_ (E. P. Dutton & Co., 1961), that completely describes Project - Excelsior and my participation. - - Also as a part of the high altitude balloon projects, I trained - balloon pilots in May 1959 at the request of Col Stapp. Col Stapp - was concerned that I might be injured as a result of the hazardous - nature of the projects and he wanted backup pilots to be trained. - The backup pilots, Capt Dan Fulgham and Capt Bill Kaufman were - volunteers from the Aero Medical Laboratory and they were sent to - Holloman from Wright-Patterson for training on a temporary duty - basis. On our second training flight, Fulgham, Kaufman and I, flew - an overnight mission that was launched at Holloman and ended with - a crash northwest of Roswell, NM. We were followed on this mission - by an aircraft at night, a helicopter during the day, and a ground - crew in trucks at all times. - - I recall that just after sunrise the weather had deteriorated and I - directed Fulgham to land the balloon in a small field. This was the - last suitable field before we would overfly the City of Roswell. I - remember approaching the field just over the trees and I recall our - forward velocity was about 10–12 knots, a little fast for landing. - When we touched down Fulgham cut the balloon away and due to the - forward velocity the gondola flipped over spilling all three of us - on the ground. While lying on the ground I realized that Fulgham - was injured and Kaufman and I raised the gondola. Fulgham had been - struck in the head by the edge of the gondola and I could see the - blood rapidly accumulating under his scalp in the forehead area. We - treated him for shock and soon the recovery vehicles and the chase - helicopter arrived. I decided to transport Fulgham by helicopter to - the hospital at nearby Walker AFB. - - When we arrived at Walker I remember that security was tight, as - it was at all Strategic Air Command bases, and we were closely - scrutinized by security personnel due to the unusual circumstances - and early hour of our arrival. I had two concerns once we arrived - at the hospital, first to get treatment for Fulgham and second - to leave as soon as possible. After I was assured that Fulgham’s - injuries were not serious I wanted to quickly leave the base before - the Walker AFB Flying Safety Officer arrived to fill out an - accident report. I didn’t want a report filed because an accident - investigation would bring unwanted scrutiny to the project. Even - though the project was unclassified I did not want any publicity or - premature releases of information. - - Although Fulgham’s injuries were not serious, his head had swollen - considerably—both eyes were black and his face had swollen so - much you could barely see his nose. I believe that if someone saw - him while we were at Walker they would have been startled. When - his treatment was completed we all three returned to Holloman on - the helicopter. At Holloman, Fulgham was admitted to the hospital - and I made preparations for him to return to his duty station at - Wright-Patterson AFB. Due to his grotesque appearance, I did not - want Fulgham to fly on a commercial airline. I made arrangements - for all of us to fly to Wright-Patterson on a C-131 a few days - later. When we arrived at Wright-Patterson, I assisted Fulgham down - the steps of the aircraft because his eyes were swollen shut and - he could not see. His wife was waiting at the bottom of the steps - of the aircraft and she asked me where her husband was. I replied - “this is your husband” and she screamed and began to cry. - - While I was at the Walker AFB hospital, I do not recall any contact - with a male civilian. I certainly did not call anyone an “SOB” - or speak to anyone in a disrespectful manner. I did not make any - threats or instruct anyone else to make threats. I recall nurses - in the hospital but I am not certain if they participated in the - treatment of Capt Fulgham. I was not accompanied by a black NCO at - the hospital, but there may have been a black NCO on the balloon - recovery team. I recall no body bags in the hospital and I am sure - there were no “aliens” at the hospital, just Dan Fulgham with a - very odd looking head injury. - - I was also involved in the joint Air Force, Navy, and Massachusetts - Institute of Technology astronomical observation project, Project - Stargazer. The object of this project was to make observations via - a stabilized telescope mounted atop of a gondola suspended from - a high altitude balloon. I was the USAF project officer and Dr - J. Allen Hynek was the scientific advisor. I worked very closely - with Dr Hynek over a period of five years from 1958 to 1963. Dr - Hynek would typically spend a half day working on Stargazer and - then the rest of the day participating as one of the consultants - on the UFO study, Project Bluebook, that was also conducted at - Wright-Patterson AFB. Dr Hynek, as the scientific advisor to - Stargazer, was very familiar with the techniques and capabilities - of the Air Force high altitude balloon program. Dr Hynek once - approached me and we discussed at length, the possibility that - Air Force high altitude balloons were responsible for many UFO - sightings. We ended the conversation in agreement that the - balloons probably accounted for many of the UFO sightings. In - other conversations Dr Hynek always gave me the impression that - there were very few UFO sightings that could not be explained by - good scientific investigation. At no time did Dr Hynek mention - or discuss the alleged “Roswell Incident”. I was therefore - “flabbergasted” when Dr Hynek appeared to believe that some of - these sightings were of an extraterrestrial origin. - - I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Sworn to and subscribed before me, - an individual authorized to administer - oaths, this 25th day of May, 1995, - at - - [Signature] [Signature] - Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., Col, USAF (Ret) James McAndrew, 1st Lt. USAFR - - WITNESS(s): - - [Signature: Sherry Kittinger] - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Place Date: 31 May 95 - - I, Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt, USAF, (Ret), hereby state that James - McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this date at my - home and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free will, make the - following statement. This was done without having been subjected to - any coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful inducement. - - I enlisted in the U.S. Navy in 1947 and transferred to the U.S. Air - Force in 1958. In June, 1958 I was assigned to the flight surgeon’s - office at Holloman AFB, NM as an Aero Medical Technician. I served - several tours in Southeast Asia and retired from the Air Force in - 1974 as an Aero Medical Superintendent. - - On May 20–21, 1959 I was assigned to provide medical coverage for a - balloon training mission that took off from Holloman AFB and ended - with a crash near Roswell, NM. Capt Joe Kittinger was training - two other pilots, Capt Fulgham and Capt Kaufman. I followed the - balloon in an ambulance during the night and at daybreak I followed - the balloon in an H-21 helicopter. Just after daybreak I saw the - balloon crash and the three pilots were dumped form the gondola. - I immediately informed the helicopter pilot and we landed in a - field on which cattle were grazing. I recall the rancher was upset - because the helicopter was frightening his cattle and some cattle - had gotten out of the field. - - I assesed the injuries to the pilots and recommended they be taken - immediately to the closest hospital which was at Walker AFB, - apprximately 5 to 10 minutes away by helicopter. Capt Fulgham’s - head was swelling due to a hemotoma he received when the gondola - struck him. Capt Kittinger was cut on the face and was bleeding. - Capt Kaufman was uninjured. At Walker I remember a telephone - conversation with a flight surgeon who told me to “go home and - sleep it off”. He apparently did not believe my story of three - Air Force pilots that were victims of a balloon crash. However, - I was able to convince him and he treated Capt Fulgham and Capt - Kittinger. While at the hospital Capt Fulgham’s head had swelled - enormously and his eyes were beginning to turn black. - - I do not recall that anything unusual occurred at the hospital - at Walker. I remember the three pilots sitting on a bench in - the hallway waiting to be treated. I do not remember that Capt - Kittinger was involved in an altercation with anyone while at the - hospital, if he had, I would have known about it. Capt Kittinger - was concerned with getting medical treatment for his injured crew - member, Capt Fulgham, and returning to Holloman. I also do not - recall a black NCO accompanying Capt Kittinger while we were at - the hospital. I do not remember a nurse assisting in the treatment - of Capt Fulgham or Capt Kittinger. I also do not remember a male - civilian or any personnel or vehicles from a mortuary, and I do not - recall any remains in body bags in the hospital. - - I was present the entire time when the events described here took - place. I am certain that this event had nothing to do with “space - aliens” or any other irregular activity that would require a cover - up. It was a balloon crash and nothing else. - - I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Subscribed and sworn before me, an - individual authorized to administer - oaths, this 25th day of May, 1995, - at - - [Signature] [Signature] - Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt, USAF, James McAndrew, 1st Lt, USAFR - (Ret) - - WITNESS(s): - - [Signature] - Harry C. Aderholt, Brig. Gen., USAF (Ret) - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Place Date: 20 June 95 - - I, Raymond A. Madson, Lt Col, USAF (Ret), hereby state that James - McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this date at my - place of employment and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free - will, make the following statement. This was done without having - been subjected to any coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful - inducement. - - I was born, raised, and presently reside in New Mexico. I graduated - from New Mexico A&M College in 1954. I entered the Air Force in - 1955 and was assigned a short time later to the Aero Medical - Laboratory at Wright Patterson AFB, OH. At the Aero Medical - Laboratory I was assigned to the Escape Section as a project - officer and test parachutist. During this time I also had extensive - participation in various aspects of the space program and worked - on the highly classified U-2 project. I served a tour of duty in - Alaska and at the School of Aerospace Medicine at Brooks AFB, - TX, before being reassigned to the Aero Medical Laboratory at - Wright Patterson. I retired in from the Air Force in 1979 and I am - currently and Environmental Specialist for the State of New Mexico. - - The first project that I was assigned at Wright Patterson was - Project 7218, later changed to Project 7222. This project was first - known by the name High Dive and then was known as Excelsior. The - object of this project was to study the free fall characteristics - of anthropomorphic dummies from balloons at altitudes of 50,000 - to 100,000 feet. Following satisfactory dummy drops, Capt Joe - Kittinger made a series of high altitude parachute jumps that - culminated with a jump from 102,800 feet. - - I assumed the duties of Project Officer for the dummy drops in the - spring of 1956. I made numerous trips to Holloman AFB, NM, the - site of the drops, from 1956 until the end of the project in 1959 - (dummies were also dropped for this project at Wright Patterson - AFB by personnel from the Parachute Branch). I wrote two technical - reports that described the project in considerable detail. The - type of anthropomorphic dummy used primarily was manufactured by - Alderson Laboratories but we also used Sierra Manufacturing type - dummies. Both of these dummies are shown in the technical reports. - The Alderson dummy had facial features that were not life-like - and ears that were not well defined. The dummies were outfitted - with flight suits of various colors, fuchsia, olive drab, and sage - green (a shade of gray). We chose the Alderson dummy because it was - relatively inexpensive as compared to the Sierra dummy. - - We encountered considerable difficulty dropping the dummies from - the balloons. I designed the rack that suspended the dummies, two - at a time, from the balloon. On numerous occasions the dummies were - fouled during the release sequence and the dummy rode a “streamer” - all the way to the ground. Other times malfunctions occurred that - caused the two dummies and the entire rack assembly to descend to - the ground as one package. Both of these instances are described in - the technical reports. - - I participated in at least two dummy recoveries. The meteorologist - from the Balloon Branch, Duke Gildenberg, would determine the best - place to launch the balloons depending on the prevailing weather - conditions. Duke also predicted, with considerable accuracy, - where the dummies would impact. I specifically recall a dummy I - recovered near the Jornada test range, between Leasburg and Organ, - NM. During this recovery I drove a weapons carrier and I was only - able to locate one of the dummies. I never found out what happened - to the other one. The next recovery I remember was on a ranch just - southwest of Roswell. We were given directions to the area by the - balloon branch personnel who had been contacted by a rancher. The - equipment had reward notices taped to them to aid in recovery. We - went to the Smith ranch. I remember the name because I went to New - Mexico A&M with the rancher. I knew him as Smitty. We searched that - day from horseback and could not find the dummies. The following - day we resumed our search from horseback and again could not - find the dummies. I also recall that Smitty asked us for some of - the parachute material so he could make a shirt. We dropped many - dummies from the balloons and I know many were not immediately - recovered, but most were. - - I served for twenty five years in the Air Force and most of those - years were in the aero medical field. I participated in the space - program and the highly classified early stages of U-2 program. - Never during this time were “aliens” or “flying saucers” a part of - any project. There were, however, countless achievements by the - Air Force in aerospace medicine that were the result of dedicated - scientific research. It seems likely to me that someone could have - mistaken our anthropomorphic dummies for something that they were - not. - - I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Sworn to and subscribed before me, - an individual authorized to administer - oaths, this 25th day of May, 1995, - at - - [Signature] [Signature] - Raymond A. Madson, Lt Col, James McAndrew, 1st Lt, USAFR - USAF (Ret) - - WITNESS(s): - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Date: 25 April 1996 Place: Aztec, NM - - I Frank B. Nordstrom, M. D., hereby state that James McAndrew, - was identified as a Captain, USAFR on this date at my home and do - hereby, voluntarily and of my own free will, make the following - statement. This was done without having been subjected to any - coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful inducement. - - I was on active duty in the US Air Force and stationed at Walker - AFB, Roswell, NM from July 1951 until June 1953. During that time I - was a pediatrician assigned to the base hospital. Following my tour - of duty with the Air Force I attended the University of Colorado as - a resident in pediatrics. In July 1954 I relocated to Farmington, - NM and began a private pediatric practice. I retired from private - practice in 1987 and became the Medical Director of the San Juan - Regional Medical Center, which is also located in Farmington, NM. - In 1989 I retired from that position and presently reside in Aztec, - NM. - - I have been shown two transcripts of interviews where an individual - named Glenn Dennis described conversations and visits he claims - he had with a pediatrician in the late 1940s or early 1950s in - Farmington, NM. According to these interviews, Mr Dennis also - claims that this pediatrician had previously served at the hospital - at Walker AFB/Roswell AAF. Since I am the only physician in - Farmington, NM who previously served at the Walker AFB/Roswell - AAF hospital, I believe I am the person he is referring to in - these interviews. I am confident of this because I know I was the - first pediatrician to practice in Farmington, which when I arrived - in 1954, was a small community of approximately 8,000 people. I - remained the sole pediatrician there for approximately 20 years and - I know most, if not all, of the physicians in the area. - - Even though I believe I am the person Mr Dennis referred to in the - interviews, I do not remember him. I can state with reasonable - certainty that I cannot recall any conversations with him, and he, - to my knowledge, never visited me in Farmington, NM, in Colorado, - or anyplace else. I have been told, however, that a person named - Glenn Dennis operated a drugstore in the late 1950s-early 1960s, - just outside Farmington, in Aztec, NM. But I do not recall any - contact with him there either. - - While I was stationed at Walker AFB, I do not recall any incidents - that may explain the information Mr Dennis provided in the - interviews. To my knowledge there was only one fatal aircraft - accident during my tour of duty and that accident involved a Walker - AFB based aircraft in the United Kingdom. I was not involved in any - aspect of that accident. I also do not recall any other incidents - such as automobile accidents or house fires that may be the source - of this information. Nor do I recall a nurse named Lt Naiomi Selff - or a nurse named Capt “Slats” Wilson. While at Walker AFB I did not - witness or hear rumors of anything that involved flying saucers, - aliens, or anything else of an extraterrestrial nature. - - I am not part of a conspiracy to withhold information from either - the US government or the American public, there is no classified - information that I am withholding related to this inquiry and I - have not been threatened by US government persons concerning not - talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Sworn to and subscribed before me, - an individual authorized to administer - oaths, this 25th day of April 1996 at - Aztec, NM - - [Signature] [Signature] - Frank B. Nordstrom, M.D. James McAndrew, Capt, USAFR - - WITNESS: - - - - - Appendix C - - - Transcript of Interview with - Gerald Anderson[*] - Alleged firsthand witness to - “Crash Site” Two - (allegedly 175 miles northwest of Roswell) - - [*] Excerpted from raw footage used to prepare the video, - _Recollections of Roswell Part II_, (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO - Research, 1993). - -A: We drove down to the Plains of San Agustin which is west of Socorro, -New Mexico in the Magdalena, Datil, area. We were down there looking -for banded and moss agate, which according to my uncle Ted and my -cousin Victor was prevalent in the area. My brother being an amateur -rock hound had wanted to get some of this. That was a way of showing us -around the area. They had relatives down in Magdalena that they wanted -to introduce us to. - -So we had gone down there and we got down in the Horse Springs area and -had driven off onto the plains down an old rutted road for, oh, a mile -or so and it seemed like a long ways. We parked the car, got out of the -car and walked down a hillside. - -There’s a semi-forest, I guess you could say. It had pinon trees and -scrub oak and stuff like that on it and we walked—well, not scrub oak, -but cedar—and walked down the hillside into an arroyo, a dry wash, and -then walked south down a dry wash toward where the agates were supposed -to be at. - -As we came around a bend in the arroyo that had pinon and cedar -trees growing, we were able to see farther ahead down the arroyo and -on the next ridge line there was a large silver disc shaped object -was embedded in this side of the ridge line ... there was debris -and wreckage strewn about the area mainly this thing was intact. I -would estimate its size from an adult perspective to something like -35 feet in diameter. I’ve heard other people who were there say they -thought it was like 50 feet. But as an adult, I would say about 35 -feet in diameter, quite large. When we got up to it there were four -bodies there ... not human, there was two of them that were obviously -dead, one of them was obviously very badly injured, and one of them -apparently suffered no ill effects ... or it didn’t appear to be -injured and was ambulatory, was mobile. It was just setting there next -to the one... - -Q: Were they right next to the vehicle? - -A: Right next to it. Right under the edge of it. And this craft had -apparently come in from the east and bounced off one ridge line, -plowing through this arroyo area and then crashed into the ridge line -and embedded itself. They were sitting back under the edge, it was kind -of tilted up like this and they were sitting back under the edge here. -And I’m assuming that this one creature that was all right had laid -this material on the ground but it looked like unrolled tinfoil that -these other three creatures were laying on. Like it was trying—like -you do a person in shock, you know, a put him on a blanket, that kind -of thing. And apparently it had some boxes there around it and had -apparently been trying to give first aid or help these other creatures -when we first got there. - -As we approached, the creature drew back like this, like it was in -fear, like we were going to hurt it. And it wasn’t very long, you know, -we were trying to communicate with it, the adults were. It seemed -to calm down and just sat there and kind of looked back and forth, -watching them, apparently trying to figure out what was going on... - -Q: What did it look like, a little bit more. - -A: These creatures, all of them, were, oh, about four foot tall, four -and a half feet tall. They had very large heads that were shaped larger -on the top and they kind of tapered down, not to a real sharp point -but just tapered down where they were thin. And they had very large, -very large, oval shaped or almond shaped, I guess you could say, black -eyes. The head... They were so shiny, they had almost a bluish tint to -them when the light reflected off of them. Their skin coloration, the -best way that I could describe that is it was kind of a bluish tinted -milky-white. It looked like someone in shock. And the ones that were -laying on the ground were really—really looked more that way, more blue -in the light, you know... - -Q: How about ears, nose, mouth? - -A: No, there were no visible ears on the creatures except like—if you -was just to cover your ear like this to where there was just a rise -there and then a hole without, you know, your ear lobe and the rest of -the area... - -Q: How about nose? - -A: It was—the nose was very, very small, almost imperceptible. It’s -like two holes, straight in; and the lips were just a straight line. It -was like a cut and you couldn’t see, just the lips like we have, it was -just a slit. And... - -Q: What hair color? Sound? - -A: Pardon? - -Q: What hair color? - -A: There was no hair. They were completely bald. - -Q: And no sounds? - -A: I never heard a sound one, not out of any of the creatures including -the one that was... - -Q: Did you see fingers? - -A: Yes, they had fingers like this. They didn’t have a little finger. -They just had the thumb and three extra digits except the center digit -was longer and the other two were about the same size. They were very -long and slender and looked very delicate and I made the statement -before and I’ll make it again, I think he would have made an excellent -violinist because of the structure of their hands. - -They were wearing one piece suits. All of them were dressed exactly the -same. It was sort of a real shiny silverish gray color. - -Q: No zippers, buttons? - -A: No, I saw no zippers, no buttons. - -Q: Insignias? - -A: No, no insignias. The only thing that was different, you know, and -they all had this, but the only that was different from the silvery -gray thing, the suit, was that down like a seam line, like there was -a seam on his shoulder and around the collar it was trimmed in what -appeared to be maroon, like cording. - -Then the suits were continuous with their footwear. We could see right -this area down, it seemed to be less pliable then it was up here, like -this was a stiffer area, like they were boots or shoes or something. -But they were all dressed exactly the same. - -Q: Okay. So you and your family are talking back and forth, wondering -what was going on, what did your family say? I mean... - -A: Well... - -Q: ...did they say anything? - -A: Yes, my brother, one of his first remarks I heard him say him say, -“That’s a god damn spaceship.” You know there were bodies up there and, -you know, I was told not to go up there, which I didn’t. And... - -Q: How old was your brother at the time? - -A: He was in his early twenties, I think, 20, 21, something like that. - -Q: He was a lot older than you were? - -A: Oh, yes, considerably. - -When we got up there I kind of meandered off to one side. This thing -was cocked up and I was standing here, the bodies were here, and -everybody else was kind of down here except my cousin Victor was over -here playing and looking in this gaping hole on the side of this disk. -And it was shaped just like a discus except for a round dome was up on -top and there was this big gaping gash in there. We could see inside -and it looked like a double hull. - -Q: How big—explain it? The gash. - -A: The dome? - -Q: No, the gash. - -A: Well, it covered the greater majority from the center of the craft -out. It was just like a gaping hole in there. I mean I’m thinking, you -know, it’s like about 32, 35 feet in diameter so we’re talking about 17 -feet maybe. Most of that one side was ripped open like that. You could -see inside and you could see another double hull, like—in there. And -there were just rows of components that was on there. - -And there were lights that flashed on and off. Some of them were steady -and some were flashing. There was a lot of debris and stuff hanging out -of the hole. There was evidence that there apparently had been fire. It -looked like it had been burned along the edge there. The gash... - -Q: Now this wasn’t a gash that could have been caused by the thing -coming in for the ground? It wasn’t at the leading edge of the vehicle? - -A: No, no. This was in the side like—it almost appeared it was -elliptical. It almost appeared as if something the same shape as the -disk we were looking at had hit that same—you know, like it hit the -disk and left an imprint that pretty closely approximated the outside -diameter of the disk itself. And it appeared to be caved in looking, -kind of like it hit them like this and it just crumpled and caved in -and ripped it open. - -Q: Okay, so you’re there, you take all this in, everybody is mystified. -What were the circumstances outside? Hot, cold? - -A: Very, very hot. Incredible to me, being the first time in New Mexico -and coming from back east. I had dry heaves. It was like the inside of -an oven. It was unbelievable to me. You know, the odd part about this -was that the closer you got to it, the cooler it was. And standing -under it in the shade there next to these creatures’ bodies, it was -like refrigerated air conditioning. And... - -Q: Did you feel air coming out of this thing? - -A: No, it was just like it was (inaudible). - -And I remember reaching up and putting my hand on the side of it but I -think I was afraid I was going to hit my head because there was enough -room for me as small child, you know, I was approximately the same size -as these creatures, to walk up under there and stand there but I kind -of did like that, put my hand up against this thing. - -Q: What did it feel like? - -A: It was ice cold. It felt like it just came out of a freezer. - -Q: Was it smooth? Was it rough? - -A: It was very smooth. It had a very smooth texture to it. It was -obviously made out of metal. It was very solid and it was very cold, -ice cold. - -And there was a smell in the area. It smelled volatile, acrid, like -acetone. And that seemed to be coming out of that gash, that smell. But -the closer you got to this thing, the cooler it was so, you know, I -kind of remained there. - -And I guess that while they were over here, my father and my uncle Ted -and my brother. Uncle Ted was trying to talk to this thing in Spanish -and of course it didn’t understand a word he said. And dad tried to -talk to it and then they tried, you know, sign language and that didn’t -work. - -And I don’t know, for some reason, I just—I reached down and touched -it, this one that was laying next to me. When I touched it I realized -and I jumped back. It scared me. It startled me because I suddenly -realized that these weren’t dolls. I thought they were plastic dolls. -And I—you know, it was still in my mind that these were dolls until I -touched it and then I realized, you know, this was a dead thing. - -I’d seen dead relatives before and unfortunately made a mistake one -time in touching a relative that was in a casket and I just knew this -was a dead thing and it scared me, and I ran around behind my father -and my uncle and this thing was sitting there on the ground and it kept -looking back and forth. And it just had its hands like this in its lap, -and just kept looking back and forth between the three of them and—like -it was trying to understand. - -And all of a sudden it just turned and looked right straight at me -between my uncle Ted and myself. And this is when—it was just like an -explosion of things in my head, things... I started, you know, feeling, -just terrible depression and loneliness and fear and just, you know, -awful, awful feelings that just suddenly burst in to my mind there. I -don’t know if that meant that it was communicating with me and I was -the only one there that it could communicate with because I was a kid. -I don’t know. - -I turned and ran and I ran across the arroyo and up on the area that it -had bounced off of during the crash. I was just standing there looking -down at this scene, you know, at my family, and off in the distance I -could see cattle grazing. I could see a windmill and could see dust -trails out on the plains out there. - -And, oh, I was there for a while and then I came back down. I guess we -were there—Victor was, when I got back down there Victor was up in the -craft and Ted yelled at him to get out of there and Glen went over and -grabbed him by the belt and jerked him around... - -Q: That’s your brother? - -A: Yes. - -And jerked him off, says, “Get out because this thing may explode and -kill us all,” you know, and then of course he went prowling around in -there. - -I was kind of standing off to one side looking. That’s why I knew that -there was—I can look off these rocks that I was standing on and look -right into this thing. That’s why I knew, you know, about the lights -and the components and stuff. - -And then I heard other people talking. I turned and there was a group -of people coming up the arroyo from out on the plains from the south. -They had come up there and of course they walked up and was talking. - -Q: How many? - -A: There was an older man and five younger students. - -Q: Boys, girls? - -A: Three boys and two girls. And they were all, you know, introducing, -talking to my father and my uncle and my brother... - -Q: What did the older one look like? - -A: He was a very tall man, a very big man. He was wearing a pith helmet -when he first came up, one of those kind of explorer helmets. And he -was bald and I know that because he had taken it off and he had, you -know, wiped it with a handkerchief and put it back on. He was a balding -man. And he had a round face. He was very ruddy complected. A big man, -and he apparently was a doctor because they kept calling him doctor and -it was my understanding that it was an archeological group that was out -there on some kind of summer thing. And they talked and he apparently -was able to speak several foreign languages and he tried to talk to -this creature several times in different languages, again to no avail. - -Q: How did they happen to be there? Had he seen the thing... - -A: Well, they claim that they saw—they said they saw this thing come -down the night before in flight, you know, and they thought it was a -meteorite and they had talked about well, early in the morning, you -know, we’ll go over and see this, where this meteor came down, because -that’s what they thought it was. - -And when the sun came up the next morning, you know, and they got -about their business, got up and somebody looked over and said, you -know, they saw this shiny metal and stuff across the plains there and -they realized it wasn’t a meteorite, it may have been an airplane that -had crashed so they all decided to go over there and see if there was -anybody left alive, you know, that was hurt that needed help. - -Q: They had driven over? - -A: No, they walked over apparently, the way I understand it. And it’s -quite a ways across that plain so it had to take a very long time -to do this or they may have had a vehicle, I don’t know. That’s an -assumption, I think, on my part, where they walked. - -Q: Okay. So they’re around... - -A: But they came across... - -Q: ...with the family... - -A: ...the plains. I don’t know why I said that. I’m not sure if they -drove or not. I didn’t hear any cars. - -Q: And then somebody else shows up? - -A: Yes, they were down just, oh, 15 maybe 20 minutes tops, you know. -And they were picking up things, some of the students. And this Dr. -Buskirk, that they called him, this one girl went up and said, “Look, -doctor, wouldn’t this make a beautiful ring?” And she was holding what -looked like a red rod, a red tube that was some kind of silvery-red. - -And he kind of snapped at her, you know, “Put that down because you -don’t know what that thing is. That thing could hurt you. Don’t pick -this stuff up.” - -And she kind of said, “Well, yes, okay, doctor.” And then he went back -to what he was doing and she walked away and put it in her pocket. - -And a lot of them were doing this, sort of picking up things and -feeling things. I was picking up things and feeling things. It was all -kinds of material and metal, stuff like that. I heard it, well, we all -heard it, the sound of a motor coming, like a truck. And I went back up -the incline area to the ridge line and I could see out there, there was -a truck coming up. It was an old pick-up truck. It was sort of a beige -color, a tan colored van with an antenna on it. And it stopped and this -guy got out and he’s wearing brown clothes. He’s got boots on and he’s -wearing a straw hat, just like the kind that Harry Truman always wore, -and he had wire rimmed glasses. He was a big man and he looked exactly -like Harry Truman to me. You know, I’d seen him in the Movietone News... - -Q: He was president then. - -A: Yes, I was well aware who Harry Truman was. Everybody was. He was -kind of a hero, you know, and he just kind of looked like him except -bigger, bigger. You know, I don’t think he—and he didn’t look as old -either. His hair was kind of light gray. - -And he walked over there and they got to talking, you know, with -everybody and he told them that he worked out on the plains out there -and that he made maps and that he had seen the wreckage from out there -on the plains and he saw the people and he thought it was a plane wreck -and, you know, that something was going on and he came over to see. - -And he hadn’t been there but just a very, very few minutes when we -heard all kinds of motors and engines straining and stuff. And here -comes a military car with a big white star on the side of it followed -by a six-by which is a military truck with a kind of canvas wagon, kind -of a canvas thing over it and it’s full of soldiers. They’ve got guns. -And right behind them is what we call a four-by which is like a medium -sized jeep/truck situation and it had two big high whip antennas, all -kinds of radio gear in the back and a guy back there with ear phones -and stuff on and he’s, you know, working these radios. And they all -pulled up and stopped. - -Q: Which direction did they come from, do you know? - -A: They came from the north, from the Horse Springs area, right... - -Q: So they could have come off the highway there... - -A: Oh, yes. I’m sure that’s exactly how they got there. They come off -the highway, the same way we did. Well, in the meantime, when they -stopped, this black soldier, this sergeant, the reason I know he was -a sergeant, my brother told me he was, and he got out of this car and -then a guy got out on the other side and he was a, Glen said he was a -captain, he told me later he was a captain and this guy had orange and -red hair. So all the soldiers and them came running over there pointing -guns at people, telling them, “Get away, get away, get away,” you know? -And when this creature saw these people, the military, he went nuts. He -went into an absolute panic, worse than what he did when he saw us. - -Q: Did he move around or just his eyes or... - -A: He just, he just... - -Q: Oh, okay. - -A: ...went crazy. And it was like... - -Q: Like he was scared? - -A: Yes, like he was looking for a place to run and hide. - -Q: But he never got up? - -A: He never got up. He never left the beings that were next to him. - -And this red headed officer, this guy was a real butt hole. He made all -the threats. He threatened to have people shot. - -Q: Everybody? - -A: He went, “Get away, get away,” you know, “We’ll shoot. Get away -from there. This is a military secret.” You know, just screaming and -hollering. He told my uncle and my father that if they didn’t want to -spend the rest of their life in prison they would never say anything -about what they saw there, if they ever wanted to see us kids again, -they’d take the kids away. They’d never see the kids, you know, meaning -me and Victor. That we’d better keep our mouths shut because if we did -not, this is what was going to happen. They were threatening people and -pushing people... - -Q: The students as well and Dr. Buskirk? - -A: Oh, yes. They were hustling everybody. And one of the soldiers -pushed my uncle. He had a rifle like this and he shoved him back like -that. Well, that was something you didn’t do to my uncle Ted. Ted had -a violent temper. And he grabbed the rifle and reached over top and -smacked this guy and dropped him right there. And Ted would go out and -fight, heck, this guy’s a cowboy. He’ll hit you in a minute. - -And of course when he did that there was bolts opened and I guess -cocking, they were cocking their rifles. They were pointing guns at -people and everybody Buskirk and Glen and dad grabbed him, you know, -pulled him back and got him away. “No, don’t, Ted, they’re going to -shoot. Don’t do that.” You know, trying to stop this. And I think we -came very close to having someone shot. - -Then they really started threatening, you know, and they... - -Q: Did the redhead do all the talking, pretty much? - -A: Pretty much. Except once in a while the sergeant would, you know, -chime in and make statements like that to other people in response to -the redhead. But mainly it was the redhead... - -Q: Was there a name tag? - -A: Yes, sir, there was. His name was Armstrong. And I’m not sure if I -know that from having read it or know that from remembering it and now -being able to read it in my memory, or if someone said that to me. But -his name was Armstrong, it was right here on his uniform. - -Q: But he chased you guys away pretty quick? - -A: Yes, yes, he did. - -And they herded us up like cattle and we were just up the arroyo, back -in the direction we came from, over the protest of this Dr. Buskirk who -said, “No, no, we’ve got to go the other way. We came from over there.” - -“I don’t care where you came from, get your ass up the arroyo.” - -And they ran us up the arroyo and... - -Q: So you get to your car again? - -A: Oh, right. - -Now they took us up the arroyo and just over the hill we came down, -they broke us off and moved us up the hill. - -Now this whole time, no one has ever frisked us down, no one has ever -checked our pockets to see if we picked up any of this material and -this girl, Agnes, still had that stuff in her pocket and some of the -other students had stuff. To my knowledge, up to that point, they had -not been searched. Whether they did so afterward, I don’t know. They -never searched us, ever. They ran us back up the hill and when we got -to where the car was parked, where dad had parked the car up there, -there’s a jeep with a guy sitting in the back and there is a mounted -machine gun in the back of this jeep and all of these soldiers. - -The jeep pulls out, we’re told to get in the car, we follow the jeep, -and the soldiers go with us all the way back out to the highway. When -we get back out to the highway, they set us right there. They wouldn’t -let us out of the car. They wouldn’t let us move forward. I don’t know -whether they were making a decision or what. - -When we got out to the highway, this place was absolutely full of -military personnel, military equipment. There was airplanes sitting out -there that they had landed on the highway. - -Q: Did you see any airplanes when you were back at the site? - -A: Yes, there was airplanes in the sky but nobody thought much about. -You know, I didn’t think anything about it. I was used to airplanes -being in the sky, having been raised in Indianapolis, Indiana, the home -of the Norden bombsight, you know, the sky was always full of military -aircraft at night. - -And when we get back on to the highway, there’s observation aircraft, -you know, high winged aircraft, and there’s one, of what I know now to -be a C-47 setting there. And how we didn’t hear that land is beyond me -and how he landed—well, of course, I guess you could land it if you’re -a good pilot out there as there were no poles or anything. - -And it was—they had torn the fence down on the north side of the highway -and all this equipment was setting back up there. The plane was up -there and they were taking stuff out of the plane. There was military -ambulances and there were trucks with—like wreckers, cranes on them. -And there was tankers, like maybe had fuel or water in them. There was -just—everywhere you looked there was military. - -Q: A major recovery operation? - -A: Yes, it looked like an invasion force. It really did. - -And they were all wearing these light khaki uniforms. They didn’t look -like, you know, olive drabs. They were light khaki and they all had the -same patch over their—that kind of blue funny patch with the circles on -it, was on his shoulder. - -And a lot... - -Q: Do you have a clue as to where they came from? Did your brother or -your uncle? - -A: No. I don’t know where they came from. No, I don’t think anybody -ever ascertained that. - -There were a lot of MP patches and some of them were wearing -nightsticks off of these webbed utility belts. They had night sticks -and they had .45’s in holsters, you know, the automatics, full -holsters. And these were the people that were giving most of the orders. - -They had the road barricaded off out there and we sat there for a very -long time and, you know, we were getting thirsty and everything and we -asked if we could go back to Horse Springs to get some water. - -“Oh, no, no. You can’t through there.” - -And right after that, they said, “Now you just turn around and you head -out of here now and you go to Socorro,” and this is the redhead again, -“Keep your mouths shut. Just keep going and don’t look back.” - -Well, as we drove away, you know, dad, “The hell with it, we’ll go to -Magdalena. We’ll get water in Magdalena.” You know, because that’s -where John Trujillo lived, a relative of Ted’s. - -And so as we drove away, I was looking out the back window and I could -see Dr. Buskirk and these kids and that guy, the guy in the pick-up was -standing there and this Dr. Buskirk was doing just like this in this -redheaded officer’s face and he kept pointing back behind him and I -guess that meant, you know, we’ve got to go back that way and he was -fed up with this guy or something and he was shaking his finger in his -face when they were yelling at each other and that’s pretty much the -last I saw of the whole situation. I don’t know what happened after -that because we just kept going. - - (END) - - - Transcript of Interview with - W. Glenn Dennis[*] - (Alleged firsthand witness to - events at the Roswell AAF hospital) - - [*] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, - 1992. - -Q: You started getting calls from the base mortuary officer is that -right, some time in the afternoon on some day in July [1947]. - -A: Right after noon, yeah. - -Q: Do you recall, was that before the story appeared in the [Roswell -Daily] Record? - -A: I don’t know. I’m sure it was. I can’t honestly say, but I don’t -think the paper came out until the next day, I don’t think. I’m just -assuming that. - -Q: I understand. When things like that happen to me way after the fact -I try to remember, and I wasn’t sure if you had any recollection or -not. It was the base mortuary officer who called you, not any of the -MDs out there. - -A: No. - -Q: He was just, the mortuary officer was just the guy... - -A: We used to have a standing joke. What did you do that was so bad -they made you the mortuary officer. - -Q: Exactly. - -A: He wasn’t a doctor or anything, but he was an officer and he was -probably some old boy they was trying to figure out something to do -with. - -We used to all have them come in, even the officer himself, say, “God, -I didn’t know I screwed up that bad.” - -Q: Was this a guy you’d worked with before? Somebody you knew real well? - -A: No. Those guys come and go. - -Q: I realize that. You don’t remember what his name was or anything -like that? - -A: No. I’m like Bob [Shirkey]. I think if I would see it or heard it -or something I might. Those guys, they were in and out. The mortuary -officer, usually they would appoint some sergeant or somebody. The -only time the doctors were involved is when you’d have an embalming -inspection or dress inspection where the doctors came in and examined -the body to make sure everything was right. You had another inspection -to make sure their dog tags, make sure all the medals and everything... - -They always had two crews of inspectors. The doctors were only involved -in the cause of death or the autopsies or identification process, -dental charts and all that. After they did their work, then a doctor -would always come in and make sure the body was embalmed because [they] -know more about it than the other people. But they were involved -before. You know. - -Q: The reason they contacted you was because Burt Ballard’s funeral -home up here had a contract with the base, right? - -A: Yeah. - -Q: You worked for Burt for a lot of years, didn’t you? - -A: Yeah, a long time. - -Q: When did you first go to work for him? - -A: I went to work for him, I was hanging around the funeral home when -I was like a freshman in high school. I’d want to make some extra -money. “I’ll give you 50 cents to wash the hearse.” I knew his daughter -real well. We were all in school together. That’s where I really got -involved in the funeral home. I just kind of worked my way in it. - -Q: He basically taught you the trade and all that. - -A: Oh, yeah. My folks weren’t in the funeral business. - -Q: The reason I was curious about it was because when I went back... -I’m one of these guys that goes to Washington and then gets fed up -and leaves and swears I’m never going to go back, and then I go -back anyway. But the last time I went back and did that, I shared a -townhouse with a guy for awhile who was a mortician from Michigan. But -he had to go through all this formal training and all this rigmarole... - -A: No. That started in (inaudible). Maybe you don’t want to hear -this, but I was in the 9th grade, and this teacher was going around -and wanted us to write a composition on what we wanted to be when we -graduated from school. What were our future plans. I was kind of a wise -guy, I guess I must have been, but I said undertaker, and I don’t even -know why. All the girls squealed, so I got a little attention. Then -she said okay, if that’s what you want to do then you’ve got a week, -you bring me your composition. I want to know why you want to be an -undertaker. - -So I went to the funeral home. They didn’t have any books in those days -or anything, but that’s where I went. That’s why I got involved in it, -started. - -Q: How long were you in that business before you... I know you ran the -Wortley Hotel up in Lincoln [N.M.]. - -A: Oh, that was after I retired. - -Q: Oh, I see, you retired from the mortuary business... - -A: Oh, yeah. I was in the funeral business 33 years. - -Q: All the time with Ballard? - -A: Oh no, I had my own funeral home over in Las Cruces [N.M.], and one -in Socorro [N.M.]. - -Q: Oh, okay. - -Speaking of that, do you know Norman Todd or his family? - -A: His dad and I took the state board together. He was at Clovis -[N.M.]. Norman’s his son isn’t it? - -Q: Yeah. He’s a lawyer over in Las Cruces [N.M.]. His... - -A: Wasn’t his dad the funeral director in Clovis [N.M.]? - -Q: I think so. The reason I know him is because Mike Cook, who is Steve -Schiff’s press secretary, and he have been friends ever since they were -in kindergarten together. It turns out that Iris Todd, I guess his -stepmother, is the niece of Loretta Proctor. So talk about small world. - -You got these calls from the mortuary officer who was asking you all -these questions. We don’t have to go back through all of this. Then at -some point you decided to go out to the base. What took you to the base? - -A: At some point I didn’t decide, that’s not correct. Somebody wrote -that, but I don’t think it’s right. The way I ended up out at the base -later, we had the ambulance service. The way I got it, the ambulance -service, I got a call, was an airman that was hurt. I took him to the -base. The best I remember, he wasn’t on a stretcher or anything because -we walked up the ramp and he sat up in the front seat with me. So he -weren’t real bad and weren’t dying. Anyway... This guy walked in, I -walked him in. Where I usually park the ambulance, there was a field -ambulance there. I had to go back up to the front. The airman and I -walked up the ramps. That’s why I went to the base. - -Q: The hospital in those days was apparently a complex of buildings, -right? - -A: Yeah. Kind of like Bob [Shirkey] said, like the officer’s club. -They’re all wooden barrack types. - -Q: So the building that’s out there now, the rehab center is a -completely new building and had nothing to do with that. - -A2 [Bob Shirkey]: No. Think of a long walkway, like a tunnel, attached -to the front of a series of... - -Q: I know just what you’re talking about. - -A: ...with a little of breezeway between each building, the best I -remember it. Isn’t that right. Bob? - -A2 [Bob Shirkey]: Yeah. Here was the building and you came out the -front door and you went down this walkway, which I just said, like a -tunnel. You could see from one end to the other, but all these separate -buildings which were different wings of the hospital. - -Q: This was the infirmary where you took the airman, right? - -A: There were some ramps there, I think the old ramp’s still there. It -was. Anyway, that’s the kind of buildings they were. You don’t see it -today, no. - -Q: I knew that the building, most of it, was new, but I wasn’t sure if -they’d built onto it... - -A: That had been worked over two or three times. - -Q: When you look at it looks like it’s been one of these things where -they’ve added things to it. - -So you pulled around behind the infirmary, basically. - -A: It was a pretty tight squeeze in there. You couldn’t get very many -cars in there. - -Q: How many of those ambulances were back there? - -A: There were three old box ambulances. I call them box ambulance. I -guess you call them... I wasn’t in the military so I don’t know what -all the terms were. - -Q: Like these old field ambulances. - -A: They’ve got the old square field ambulances, you know. - -Q: The airman walked up that ramp with you. Both of you guys went -into... - -A: The airman and I both went in. - -Q: Did he see that stuff in... - -A: He wasn’t paying any attention because he had, I had a tourniquet -and towel over his busted nose, and he went right on in. - -Q: Got himself into a little trouble in town, did he? - -A: Rode an old motorcycle. The reason I remember it is because he had -an old Indian motorcycle, and I’d just bought one. I paid $40 for one -and he [rode] one, and I didn’t have any fenders, and I was thinking of -maybe of... - -Q: So you took him in there, and then basically after you got him taken -care of you figured you’d go look up your friend, the nurse. - -Let’s get that straight. - -A: Stan Friedman, I think, somebody thought that I was having a -relationship with this nurse. I was not. This girl wouldn’t even think -about going with me, and she was going strictly, when she got her -time paid back to the service she was going into an order of the nuns, -sisters, and she was going to be in education and later on she changed -to the nursing deal. The only reason she was in it, because her folks -were in debt and she went in the service to get her education. She got -her education and then she was going to pay back the church what they -owed her. Her whole thing in life was, from the day she was born, her -life was planned that she was going to be in an order. - -Q: Did she ever tell you which order that was? - -A: It was in St. Paul, Minnesota. That’s all I know. - -Q: That’s where she was from. - -A: That’s where she was born and raised. She never went out of the city -until she went to... My understanding was she never went anywhere and -she never lived anywhere. She was raised up from the time... Strictly -raised by the church. That was the only life she ever planned. She -wouldn’t date a man if her life depended on it. She’d get around and -talk and everything, but there was no way. But everybody said I was -going to marry her and... That’s bull shit. - -Q: The implication was that she was cute and... - -A: She was cute. I could have been interested. If I wouldn’t have -played second fiddle to the Catholic church, because that’s what she -would have been. - -Q: How did you get to know her, just being out there on the base? - -A: The ambulance service. You go out there, and you’ve got your splints -on a guy, you’ve got first aid, whatever, you can’t just throw them off -of your stretcher. You maybe help them... Sometimes you’re out there -two hours or three. Then while you’re waiting to get your equipment -back you sit in the coat room with the doctors and with the nurse’s -quarters. That’s where we always had our cokes and stuff. - -Q: So you’d just shoot the breeze with whoever’s around. - -A: You get to know these people. That’s the only way. See, she’d only -been there less than three months. Of course, I’m a crazy son of a -gun... Nearly everybody remembered her. She was a good looking little -thing, a beautiful little girl. We thought she was kind of lonely. - -Q: As you well know, there’s been a major effort to try to find her. - -[Skip in tape] - -A: She was out here less than three months. - -Q: So you went back there. Tell me what happened. - -A: I started back there, and that’s when I got in trouble. I saw this -officer standing there, and I saw this debris in the back of the -ambulance. Two of them was full of debris. Like Bob [Shirkey] saw a -bunch little stuff, and there was a couple of pretty good sized. - -Q: Two of the three ambulances had stuff... - -A: One of them’s door was closed, but the other two... There was two -MPs standing right out, kind of just leaning up against the back of -those. I remember. - -Q: Did they challenge you when you tried to go in? - -A: No... Evidently because I drove up with that airman, and they just -figured whatever. - -Another thing, when I was there, all the people that was there, that -nurse was the only person I saw that was permanent station. Everybody -else was all new in that whole hospital operation. Even in the coke -room, there wasn’t anybody in there that I knew. I started back and got -to the door, and I saw this... - -(Pause) - -We’ve been friends for years, but I don’t want to talk with him around. - -Q: So the stuff you saw, you said it was not aluminum... - -A: ...looked like hot stainless steel when it got hot. When you put -flame on stainless, see, I do sculpture work and all that, and I know -what the stuff looks like. - -Q: Oh, you’re a sculpture? I didn’t know that? - -A: Yeah, I’ve been doing it for years. I had my own foundry... I did. I -don’t do it any more. I have my stuff done. But anyway, this stuff was -a blue purplish, it looked like hot stainless steel, is what it looked -like. Steel that got hot. It didn’t look like aluminum, it wasn’t even -melted like aluminum. I don’t even think it was melted, just like a -bunch of fragments. - -Q: But there were some bigger things in there besides the fragments, -right? - -A: Yeah. There were was two pieces. - -Anyway, do you want to go back to the nurse? - -Q: Yes, please. - -A: I started back, see, and this captain was standing there, and -naturally, I just thought we had a plane crash. When we had that, -we used to fill up the ambulances and everything else. It would -(inaudible) for you to have a hand here or an arm or a foot or -something. You know what I’m talking about. Then you’ve got to get -in and take all that stuff and separate it and put those bodies back -together with identification. That’s what you’ve got to do. I thought -we had a crash. - -I saw this guy, I didn’t know him. He was standing there at the door. - -Q: Just inside? - -A: Just kind of standing like in between the door of this room up -there. I was going down the hall. I said, “Sir, it looks like we had a -plane crash. Do I need to go in and get ready for it?” - -Q: This was an officer? - -A: Yeah, he was a captain. I remember the bars on his [inaudible]. He -said, “Who are you?” I told him I was from the funeral home, and he -said, “Wait right there, don’t move.” - -Then he came back, that’s when the two MPs came up. When the nurse came -out, we started down the hall and that’s when somebody in the back of -us said, “Bring that son of a bitch back.” That’s when the redheaded -captain asked where the sergeant came in right there. Then they took me -on out. As I was going down the hall, she came out of, like Bob said, -out of this room, and there was two guys in back of her, and they all -had towels over their face. - -She saw me and she said, “Glenn, what are you doing here? Get out of -here, you’re going to get in a lot of trouble. How did you get in -here?” She said that two or three times. She was sick. - -Q: This is when you were talking to that first officer? - -A: Yeah. He just told the MPs to take me back to the funeral home. - -Q: He had just told them that, and then she appeared at that point? - -A: He told them to take me to the funeral home, and we started down the -hall, back out the hall, and that’s when she came out of another room -with these other two guys. What happened, she told me the next day, -they were all sick because those little bodies were in those sacks, and -two of them were very mangled and the smell was horrible and one was -whole and two of them were very badly mangled. - -Q: Did you get a whiff of that stuff yourself? - -A: No, evidently not. If I would have, I would have known what it was. -I worked on a hell of a lot of stuff. - -Q: In that tape you talked about working on floaters and all that kind -of stuff. - -A: You know. - -Q: I haven’t had professional experience in it, but I’ve been involved -in it. - -A: In New Mexico you’ve got this hot 100 degree stuff, and you’ve got -bodies out there two or three days, and (inaudible). - -Q: This red headed guy, what was his rank, do you remember? - -A: I think he was a captain. It seemed to me like he had on some bars. - -Q: When he first appeared and started getting, essentially, pretty -rough, was the sergeant around at that time, or did he show up... - -A: He was kind of beside of him. I think they were standing there.... -Yeah, they were definitely standing there together. I don’t know if -they walked in together, because I didn’t see them until they turned me -around. - -Q: Was there a lot of activity at that time? Were there people... - -A: People were [fastened] everywhere. And the odd part of it was, there -wasn’t anybody, wasn’t any of our regular people. These were all people -that I’d never seen before. That’s why I got in so much trouble. I’d -never seen these guys. - -Q: These were not any of the guys that would ordinarily recognize you -as somebody who would... - -A: And they sure as hell didn’t want me there, you know that. - -Q: When he says, “Get him out of there,” the redhead, did he make any -threats to you himself? Did he say, “Don’t say anything about this, -forget it...” - -A: He said, just like that. He says, “Now listen, Mister, you don’t -go back into town starting a bunch of damn rumors.” This guy swore as -much as I do. Anyway, he said, “Don’t start a bunch of damn rumors, -because nothing happened out here. There’s no plane crashes. Nothing’s -happened. You don’t go in and start.” Then he told the MPs, “Get the -son of a bitch out of here.” - -That’s when I said, right then, I said, “Look, Mister, I’m a civilian, -and you can’t do a damn thing to me, you go to hell.” That’s when he -said, “Listen, Mister, somebody will be picking your bones out of the -sand.” - -Then the black sergeant said, “Sir, he would make good dog food,” or -something like that. I remember the dog food. - -The next morning at 6:00 o’clock the sheriff was out at my dad’s house -and told my dad, “Glenn may be in a lot of trouble with the base, and -tell him to keep his mouth shut.” - -I never told my story to anybody, but my dad came up, I was living in a -room at the funeral home. He came up and got me out of bed and wanted -to know what I’d done. He was a very patriotic old man, and he said, -“If you done anything against our government, I’ll take care of it.” - -Q: When was this? - -A: The next morning. - -Q: You were saying what the heck? What’s going on? - -A: Yeah. I said, well hey... He said, George Wilcox—the sheriff and my -dad were real good friends, and he said George tells me you’re in a lot -of trouble out there. He wasn’t going to leave, and I told my dad the -story. He got all upset because they threatened me and all this kind of -stuff. - -I didn’t see the nurse, then, until the next day. After I saw her, then -I kept calling. When I got back to the funeral home I started calling, -because she was in trouble and so was I. - -Q: It was the next morning after you’d been hustled out of there that -your dad came by to see you. - -A: Yeah, 6:00 o’clock in the morning. - -Q: He’d been called by the sheriff... - -A: The sheriff went to my mother and dad’s house, and at 6:00 -o’clock... My dad always got up early, sat and had coffee. He was an -old carpenter and building contractor. He and George were old friends -because he used to go hunting, and dad was making gun stocks, so they -were good friends. They used to play some kind of domino games or 42, -whatever you call it. They were good friends. - -Q: So the sheriff went by to see your dad... - -A: Dad said he was there at 6:00 o’clock. - -Q: The sheriff came by early in the morning and then your dad -immediately came from home and came to see you. - -A: After George Wilcox left, my dad came up to the funeral home and -wanted to know what I did. - -Q: Did your dad say why the sheriff... Had the sheriff been contacted -by the base, or... - -A: No, he just said, he was concerned about what I’d done, how I’d got -in trouble. - -Q: Do you remember what he told you about what Wilcox told him? - -A: He just said George said I was in trouble at the base, and what did -I do. - -Q: Then after having this rude awakening, you then... Did you call the -nurse? - -A: Well, yeah, this was in mid-morning. I remember I finally, I waited -until kind of, well, it must have been 9:00 o’clock or so, and I -called. I knew the work station that she always worked at. She was a -general nurse. They didn’t specialize. Just orderlies and everybody was -on general duty in those days. I was informed that she wasn’t there, -she wasn’t working. She wasn’t working that day. - -Q: It was one of the other nurses that you talked to? - -A: Yeah, it was an old girl by the name of Wilson, Captain Wilson. I -asked her, I said “what happened?” She said, “Glenn, I don’t know what -happened, but she’s not on duty. I’ll try to get the word to her that -you want to talk to her.” She was wanting to talk to me, but she was -sick. She was in total shock. - -Q: Did she tell you that later, that she was sick? - -A: I knew she was sick. She came out with that towel. She said, she and -the two doctors were sick. Then at the Officers’ Club, she said I want -to know what happened to you, and I’ll tell you what happened to me. -The only way we ever got to the Officers’ Club, the old regular group -said you don’t go anywhere, you keep your mouth shut, [inaudible] said -that. The old group, they would have known us. It probably wouldn’t -have mattered. But these people, hell, these people didn’t know us. -And of course I had a pass, and I had an associate membership to the -Officers’ Club, the funeral home did, so I could go as I pleased. I had -free access to the base. - -Q: Did you meet her at the club? - -A: She said she’d meet me over there. She was sick. She said I’ll meet -you there. - -Q: When you got there, she was at the club? - -A: She was walking up when I drove up. She walked over. It wasn’t very -far from the hospital. - -Q: She walked from the hospital or... - -A: From the nurse’s quarters. - -Q: Let me back up to the event with the MPs. They physically hustled -you out of the hospital... - -A: Well, they didn’t carry me out, they said, “Come on, we’re taking -you back,” one on each side. They didn’t have their hands on me or -forcing me. - -Q: I’ve forgotten which one of the accounts has them lifting you right -off your feet and all that kind of stuff. - -A: No. They may have got me by the elbow, but that was that. They were -nice guys. They were doing what they were told to do. - -Q: They got you to the ambulance. Did they follow you back to the -funeral home? - -A: One followed me in a pickup and the other one sat in the seat with -me. - -Q: Oh, I see, he actually rode with you in the ambulance. - -A: He rode with me, and the other one drove a pickup and picked him up. -They had a pickup. - -Q: Did the guy riding with you say anything about what was going on? - -A: He said he didn’t know what was going on. That was the first thing I -said, “What in the hell’s going on?” You know. He said, “You know more -about it than we do,” something similar to that. I don’t know the exact -words, but he didn’t know anything. - -Q: Now we’re back to the Officers’ Club and you met her there. When you -saw her, how did she look? - -A: Like a nervous wreck. Her hair wasn’t combed or nothing. She said -she’d been sick all night crying and everything else, and she was still -crying. She was hysterical. She put her hands over her face and said -I can’t believe it. The most horrible thing she’d ever seen. She was -really in bad shape. - -Q: You called her and wanted to get in touch with her to talk with her -about what happened. - -A: I was curious. - -Q: Did she seem reluctant at first to talk to you about it? - -A: No, she said I’ve got to talk to you. I want to know what happened -to you. She said I’ve got to talk to somebody, and that was it. You -know, I’d see her a lot. I knew all those old girls out there, you know. - -Q: Did she give you any indication or any reason to believe that she -had been told to keep her mouth shut about it, or... - -A: Well, yeah, because I’ll tell you what. She had this drawing on the -back of a prescription pad, these little bodies, it was on the back, -a little small thing on the back of a prescription pad. She said, -“I’m going to show you something, and you have to give me your sacred -oath that you won’t tell anybody when you got this and you won’t ever -mention my name, because I will get in a lot of trouble.” That’s what -she said. “I will get in a lot of trouble.” - -Q: She didn’t say specifically that somebody had... - -A: No, she just said, “I will get in a lot of trouble.” She said, “Will -you do that?” I said, “Sure.” - -She showed me that. And she had it written on the back like I had it on -the back of that, you have my drawing, where I said note, and all that. -That’s what she said. - -Q: She let you keep that, she gave it to you? - -A: Yeah, she said you look at it and you throw it away. I never did. I -went and took it back and put it in my personal file. - -Q: Which subsequently got tossed, apparently. - -A: Well, all the files got tossed. - -Q: What happened? - -A: Well, the funeral home, I hired some guys, the manager up there -now [was there] before I left, and Raymond said that he doesn’t know, -because when he was working up there was another manager, and he -said he thought Joe [Lucas] told (inaudible). Of course Joe and I -weren’t very good friends and we’d had some problems over the funeral -business, and he said Joe found my files. He said I know he went -through everything you had. - -He and I had a partnership in a business, and I put up all the money -and it went sour and so we had problems. - -Q: You and Stan Friedman actually made an effort to try and find that, -didn’t you? - -A: We went down there. The old file was right where I said it was, it -was still there. But it was, Stan will tell you, we went down in this -old basement, and I knew exactly... See, I kept files on every case -that I was involved in, murders, anything that I went to court on, that -I was a witness on, I kept all that. I called those my personal files. -If I ever had to go back with the insurance companies or anything, I -had it all right there. That’s why I had those. - -Q: You found the filing cabinet but there was nothing in it? - -A: No. We went through it. There wasn’t a thing in it. Stan and I both. - -Q: They’d stripped it out, or was there other stuff in there... - -A: There wasn’t anything in there. - -Q: After all of that excitement, then what? Did it just kind of -evaporate? - -A: It just kind of evaporated. Then of course two or three days later, -I was concerned about her because she was sick. I took her back to the -nurse’s quarters and let her out. I called back the next day and they -said she wasn’t on duty, and I called the next day and they said she -wasn’t on duty. Then I went out there, for some reason, I don’t recall. -I went out there and I asked about the lieutenant, and they said she’d -been transferred out. They said, “She was transferred out yesterday.” -Well, that was the day after I saw her. They got her out the next day. - -Q: Who told you she’d been transferred out? - -A: I don’t know. Some nurses... - -Q: It wasn’t anybody that you remember? - -A: No. - -Q: Did they tell you where she’d been shipped to? - -A: They didn’t know. They said she had been transferred, and that’s all -they knew. - -Q: But then you heard from her subsequently. - -A: About three or four weeks later. I got a card addressed to Ballard -Funeral Home. It was from her, and inside it just said, just a short -note, she said we will correspond later to see what happened to each -other, something similar to those words. She said the only way you can -contact me is through this APO number, and there was an APO number. It -was a New York APO number. - -Q: So she’d gone to Europe or some place. - -A: Then right on the bottom she says, “I’m in London.” That was it. I -wrote a note, just a note, that said if you feel like it and you get -time, then I would love to know and we’ll correspond. Mine came back. -That was about three or four weeks later. Mine came back. - -Q: That was the one that was marked deceased? - -A: Yes. It said return to sender, [addressee] deceased. - -Q: Then what did you do? - -A: (inaudible) - -Q: You didn’t try to follow up or see if there was any possible... - -A: No. I asked (inaudible), at the time we called her Slatts Wilson, -a big tall nurse, 6′2″, 6′3″, big tall skinny girl. We called her -Slatts. Everybody called her Slatts. She’s the one that told me she’d -heard that there was a plane crash and she was the nurse that went down -on a training mission. She said that’s strictly rumor, I don’t know -anything about it. That’s what I... - -Q: No one’s been able to turn that one up at all. - -A: I guess maybe I should never even mention this. I know no one -believes this damn story. Nobody believes this story. - -Q: I don’t know if that’s true. - -A: Anyway, it was a hell of a story. I told (inaudible). I said I told -the woman, I don’t want to give you her name, because I told the lady -I’d give a sacred oath and I didn’t want to get involved. Well, it’s -been 45 years, almost 40 years, and I haven’t heard anything. He said -I will do it confidentially and nobody else will have this name. Well, -that’s where he broke his promise after that. I got all over him about -it. I called him and I was madder than hell. He said well, Bob Shirkey -was the one that told everybody, that he was sitting in the back of -us. Bob brought Stan [Friedman] up there when he interviewed me. He -said, Bob Shirkey was the one that let out her name. To this day, Stan -Friedman (inaudible) still says he did not put her name out. I’ve been -on several shows, not several, but two or three interviews, and I’m not -going to mention her name. If somebody says is this her name? I’m not -going to say it is or it isn’t. I told Stan ... I was madder than hell -about it, because I did give my word. - -Q: There’s another side to that, too, from the standpoint of those -who are trying to get some answers. By not having her name around, -it makes it easier to cross-check the stories that you get from -people. You have... It’s a question of honor, and that’s very sound. I -applaud you for that. There’s not too many people around these days -that are concerned about that kind of thing. And it’s also, from an -investigator’s point of view, an advantage, too. - -A: I’ve never read this stuff, I’ve never watched the videos, I’ve -never read any books, I haven’t even read Stan’s books, I haven’t even -read [Kevin] Randle’s only what they say about me. Friedman is a lot -more accurate, but see... - -Q: You mean about... - -A: About me. I’ve read that. That’s the only thing I’ve read. I’m -not a UFO guy. I’ve got another life besides UFOs. But anyway, Stan -Friedman’s story is pretty well right. But Randle and them was always -said I got curious. I didn’t get curious. I went out there on a call, -just like I told you. - -Q: The section of their book that refers to you is really kind of -cryptic, anyway. - -A: They said the book was already published. Now they had a copy... -Friedman sent them a copy of my tape. They had the (inaudible). Hell, -they had my tape. They just made that up. Somebody did. - -Q: I was puzzled by it when I read their book. That whole section where -they refer to you, and it’s all very mysterious, and your name is not -referred to in the table of contents, but you’re in the list of people -that’s been interviewed, but you’re not one of the key people lists... - -A: They never did interview me. - -Q: They never talk to you at all? - -A: Not personally. They didn’t interview me until a long time later, a -year or so later. They only had Stan’s tape. - -Q: So when they were actually writing their book... - -A: The book was already published. - -Q: When they were doing the writing, they were working from Stan’s tape. - -A: Evidently. - -Q: Who was actually the first UFO investigator to get in touch with you? - -A: Stan Friedman. When they had Unsolved Mysteries here and different -ones. There was a lot of people... I’d get different ones. I had -different people come and say we want to talk to you about the UFOs, -and I said I don’t have anything to say, I don’t want to talk about it, -and I never did. I’ve talked to very few people since. - -Q: How did Stan come to find you? - -A: One of the guys that I went to school with, high school, and Captain -Harry Blake, he’s a general now, (inaudible). - -Q: Is he still on active duty? - -A: No, he’s retired. He was just a general in the military school, -National Guard, I don’t know. He never was really a good friend of -mine. We lived across the street from each other when we were kids. - -Q: So that’s how Stan found you. He was the first guy to talk to you. - -A: Bob Shirkey brought him up there to see me. - -(Pause) - -Q: There’s a reference in here to you having some years later, I think, -talked to a pediatrician that you knew? A guy that was stationed... - -A: I can’t find his picture, and I don’t remember his name. I ran into -him when I was fishing up in Colorado and we ran into each other. - -Q: This was a guy who was at that time stationed here? - -A: He was here, and they called him in. He said that was out of his -field and he didn’t want anything to do with it. - -Q: They actually called him in and asked him to take a look at what had -been retrieved or... - -A: He said they called him in. I don’t know. He said, “But I said that -was out of my field and I didn’t want anything to do with it.” That’s -what he told me, now. - -Q: Did you get the sense that he knew more than he was telling? - -A: I would say so, yeah. I’m sure they did. A lot of those guys out -there did. - -Q: You don’t remember his name? - -A: I don’t remember it. But I did run into him. Somewhere I’ve got his -name. - -Q: Have you talked with anyone else? Had you during that time before -you got into all this... - -A: No, I wouldn’t have even talked to him about it. He brought it up -and wanted to know whatever happened on the UFO business. - -Q: It was at his initiative. - -A: I didn’t bring it up. I told him I didn’t know any more about it -than he did. He said well that was strictly out of my field, and I -didn’t want to get involved in it. That was about it. But he brought it -up. I didn’t ask him. - -Q: He was just curious about what happened. - -A: Wanted to know whatever happened to it. - -Q: That’s about all I’ve got. - - (END) - - - Transcript of Interview with Alice Knight[*] - (Alleged secondhand witness to - “crash site” - 175 miles northwest of Roswell) - - [*] Excerpted from raw footage used to prepare the video, - _Recollections of Roswell Part II_, (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO - Research, 1993). - -A: I remember that he saw—one time I went to visit—and I don’t remember -whether it was before my husband and I married or after, I don’t recall -the date. But he said that he saw a UFO fall. He was out working in the -field and I understood that he was out on the St. Agustin Plains and he -went over that way and it fell and he got nearly to the site and there -was a group of people on a geological—archeological hunt and they were -over there. I don’t remember how many people he said. - -But they got nearly up to the UFO but it was close enough that you -could see some creatures. He said they didn’t look like human beings -out there. - -And along came government cars and trucks... - -Q: Now, by government you mean... - -A: I guess it was government. You know, as I said it was a long time -ago. And someone came along and I understood it, I don’t know whether -it was army or what. I think he just termed it government trucks and -they told him to go on back and forget they ever saw anything, and -that’s all I recall. - - (END) - - - Transcript of Interview with Vern Maltais[*] - (Alleged secondhand witness to - “crash site” - 175 miles northwest of Roswell) - - [*] Excerpted from raw footage used to prepare the video. - _Recollections of Roswell Part II_, (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO - Research, 1993). - -A: ...he [the eyewitness] had been coming back from one of his field -trips, he’d run onto a flying saucer that had burst open and there -were four beings on the ground and that he was surveying the site, -archeological group from the University of Pennsylvania, telling us -that there were about four or five people with this group. - -As they were just starting to look things over really closely, the -military moved in and gave them a briefing not to say anything about it -and keep quiet and it was in the national interest to get out of there. - -Q: What was his feeling about what it was that he had experienced? - -A: He had no qualms about what it was. He said it was a vehicle from -outer space. There wasn’t any question. The beings on there were -nothing like, not exactly like human beings.... - -Q: How did you... - -A: ...similar but not exactly. - -Q: How did he describe them? - -A: He described them being about three and a half to four feet tall, -very slim in stature, and with—their heads were hairless, with no -eyebrows, no eyelashes, no hair. Sort of a pear-shaped head with the -top of the head being smaller—larger, I mean. - -Q: Any other characteristics about their appearance? - -A: Only one thing that he mentioned. The hands were not covered, they -had four fingers. - - (END) - - - Transcript of Interview with - James Ragsdale[*] - (Alleged firsthand witness to - “crash site” north of Roswell) - - [*] James Ragsdale, interview with Donald R. Schmitt, January 26, - 1993. - - RAGSDALE, JAMES EYEWITNESS Transcript - 26 JANUARY 1993 - -DS: So you were actually out there. - -JR: Yeah. - -DS: Do you remember the name of the ranch it was on?” - -JR: It was on ... Fisher? - -DS: Was it north of here. - -JR: Yes ... back out here. - -DS: Northwest ... Just take your time. - -JR: It was Foster. (Some discussion with his wife about who owned the -ranch) ... Let me see what you’ve got (referring to the photographs). -That’s the place right there (identifying the location from the -pictures). - -DS: What area? - -JR: It seemed to me that that place belonged to ... Fisher, but it sold -to somebody else ... somebody else bought that... That’s how come I was -out in that area. And we was out there and she’s dead and all the guys -I showed the stuff are all dead. It’s amazing what all went on... - -Discuss our book and the Museum. - -DS: showing one of the pictures ... so you think this looks like - -JR: That looks like the place. - -DS: As far as the ranches go, driving around at that time, it could -have been most any ranch, right? This would have been in '47 ... You -were with this woman? - -JR: Yeah. We were camped out out there. - -DS: You were camping? - -JR: Yeah... I would say half of it ... I would say that only about -half of it ... just half of a ... you really couldn’t tell what it -was ... what you could still see, where it hit ... I think it was two -spaceships flying together and one them came down and the other one -picked up what they could and got out of there. - -DS: Is it possible that because it was hit by lightning that it broke -up and part of it went down ... (discussion of the Mac Brazel sighting) - -JR: ... but it was either dummies or bodies or something laying there. -They looked like bodies. They weren’t very long ... over four or five -foot long at the most. We didn’t see their faces or nothing like that -but we had just got to the site and heard the army, the sirens, all -coming and we got into a damned jeep to take off. We had to hold a -fence up to go onto another ranch to come out from there. - -DS: How far would you say this from town here? - -JR: Thirty miles ... forty miles. - -DS: In a northwesterly direction? - -JR: Right up here. (Discuss the pictures again.) - -DS: Were there any buildings? - -JR: No. You couldn’t see nothing. You go up on top of the hill. It was -a hill ... (referring to the pictures) you could see the stuff right -here. - -DS: The object ... the craft ... what was left of it ... in these -photos ... where was the object? - -JR: Along this right here ... It looked to be about half of around (?) -because around the edges ... I had two great big pieces. That’s what -they got when they stole the car ... you could take that stuff and wad -it up and it would straighten itself out. I never seen anything like -it. Looked like something between a plastic ... looked like carbon -paper... - -DS: That was the color of it? - -JR: Yeah. Carbons. That was the color of it. Sure was ... between -plastic and ... hell I don’t know ... let’s see how to describe. One -piece we had you could take it and put it in any form you wanted and it -would stay there ... you could bend it in any form and it would stay -... it wouldn’t straighten back out. - -DS: You picked those up from the ground? - -JR: Yeah. - -DS: You threw them in the jeep ... stuffed them in your clothes...? - -JR: Yeah and then we heard all of them coming... - -DS: How many vehicles ... how much commotion did you hear as they came -in? - -JR: Oh my God it must have been ... it was two or three six by six -army trucks, a wrecker and everything ... and leading the pack was a -'47 Ford car with guys in it ... MPs and stuff in it ... we had the -windshield down on the jeep and we stayed in the weeds and stuff ... -and we came on back down to where we was camped at. - -DS: So you watched for a while? - -JR: Yeah. Sure did. - -DS: What was their... - -JR: They cleaned everything all up. I mean cleaned it. They raked the -ground and everything. I mean they cleaned everything. - -DS: You didn’t stay there that long? - -JR: No, but they had a truck. I would say it was six or eight big -trucks besides the pick up, weapons carriers and stuff like that. - -DS: What kind of guard did they have. Did they surround certain areas... - -JR: They had MPs all ... they got way out in the field. They had people -all along this ridge ... they drove up in here. We was back over here. -This grass here... - -DS: So if you were back here, could you see the activity down here? - -JR: You couldn’t see too much of what they ... you could tell ... As -soon as they got there they began gathering the stuff up ... we were -hidden in what you call buffalo grass... - -DS: Did you see any behavior around the bodies. - -JR: Huh-uh. - -DS: You couldn’t see down to that level? - -JR: Yeah. - -DS: Did you see any activity near the craft? - -JR: No. - -DS: The angle of the craft ... was it flat was tipped... - -JR: One part was kind of buried in the ground ... and part of it was -sticking out of the ground ... about like that (DS: about a 30 degree -angle?) Yeah ... and I’m sure that was bodies ... either bodies or -dummies... - -DS: Why do you say “dummies?” - -JR: The federal government could have been doing something because they -didn’t want anyone to know what this was ... they was using dummies in -those damned things ... they could use remote control. - -DS: So you thought that it could have been an experimental craft? - -JR: After I came to town showed Frank Willis and his son (he’s dead) -... the Blue Moon beer joint over on the old Dexter highway. We was -there until two o’clock in the morning ... I had the jeep behind my car. - -DS: Did you still have the scrap in the jeep? - -JR: Yeah. I showed it to him. He said I would just keep my mouth shut -... he said hell there is no telling where that come from. - -DS: So you didn’t think it was from outer space? - -JR: No. We didn’t even think about outer space back then... - -DS: When was the first time that you thought that maybe this was -something more? - -JR: It was about three weeks ... it came out that a spaceship had -crashed at Roswell ... about three weeks. But it could have been out -longer than that there but see I worked in Carlsbad... - -DS: But you first saw there had been a newspaper article about three -weeks after... - -JR: Oh hell it was two or three weeks before I caught up on it ... a -spaceship ... what I hear is they guarded that place for a long time -out there ... because me and another fellow went out there and you -couldn’t get ... they had the roads sealed off ... it was a month or so -after... - -DS: And they still had it cordoned off. - -JR: The MPs and stuff were still on the road. They wouldn’t let nobody -go out there... - -DS: If a person were to drive out there today ... going north out of -town ... are we talking 285? - -JR: No. Highway 48. You go out 48. You go out here to the truck route, -hit 48 and ... and it’s about forty some miles out in there ... (And no -talks about the car being stolen in 1951 when the car with the debris -was stolen...) ...I would say 18 inches and 30 inches long ... strips -off the edge of it ... it was a heavy material but it didn’t have no -ridges ... it was put together with some kind of solder like stuff ... -no bumps, no nothing in it ... it wasn’t ... it was about as heavy as -duraluminum ... it wasn’t as brittle ... you could take a small piece -and it was flexible ... (then discuss the stealing of the car with a -wrecker and the material was locked in the trunk of the car. And then -discuss the break in of the house where the last of the pieces were -stolen about eight years ago ... 1985). - -DS: Was there a storm that night?” - -JR: Yeah. There sure was. It was a whale of a storm. - -DS: Did you hear anything unusual? Did you hear ... between the cracks -of thunder... - -JR: Well, it lit up the sky when it came down. It lit up the damned ... -we thought at first that it was falling star or something. And electric -lightning ... man it was something. - -DS: You heard something and you saw something... - -JR: Yeah, sure did ... because we were laying there in the back of the -pick up ... the whole sky lit up ... we thought it was a star falling. - -DS: Did you then go to check it out... - -JR: Sure did. The next day, sure did. We drove right up on it. She -picked up a piece of it and we had the jeep parked a little ways away -from there and throwed a piece of it up there somewhere and I have -tried and tried to find where she had throwed that piece ... she had a -piece but when she saw the army coming she throwed it out ... she saw -them a coming and she throwed it out ... I doubt that I could even go -back to the place it’s been so long. (Now begin to talk about the car -wreck that nearly killed him.) - -Remainder of the tape is discussion about the car wreck, the ranchers -in the area, and the murder of Mrs. Ragsdale’s brother. - - (END) - - - - - Selected Bibliography of Technical Reports - - -The technical reports listed below are available for sale by contacting: - National Technical Information Service (NTIS) - 5285 Port Royal Rd - Springfield, VA 22161 - (703) 487-4650 - http://www.orders@ntis.fedworld.gov - - Publication NTIS Report Number - - Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories. - “Report on Research, for the Period July - 1965-June 1967”, AFCRL TR-68-0039, 1968. AD 666484 - - Air Force Missile Development Center. - _MAN HIGH III_, MDC-TR-60-16, 1960. AD 259635 - - ——. _MAN-HIGH I_, MDC-TR-59-24, 1959. ADA 215867 - - Air Research and Development Command. - _History of Flight Support Holloman Air - Development Center, 1946–1957_, 1957. ADA 323526 - - Bartol, Aileen M., et al.. _Advanced Dynamic - Anthropomorphic Manikin (ADAM) Final - Design Report_, AAMRL TR-90-023, 1990. AD 234761 - - Bushnell, David. _Contributions of Balloon - Operations to Research and Development - at the Air Force Missile Development Center - Holloman AFB, N. Mex. 1947–1958_, 1958. ADA 323109 - - ——. _History of Research in Space Biology - and Biodynamics at the Air Force Missile - Development Center, Holloman AFB, - New Mexico, 1946–1958_, 1958. ADA 323170 - - ——. _History of Research in Subgravity and - Zero-G at the Air Force Missile Development - Center, Holloman AFB, New Mexico, - 1948–1958_, 1958. ADA 323144 - - ——. _Major Achievements in Biodynamics: - Escape Physiology at the Air Force Missile - Development Center, Holloman AFB, - New Mexico, 1953–1958_, 1958. ADA 323127 - - ——. _Origin and Operation of the First - Holloman Track, 1949–1956_, 1956. ADA 323573 - - ——. _Research Accomplishments in Biodynamics: - Deceleration and Impact at the Air Force - Missile Development Center, Holloman AFB, - New Mexico, 1955–1958_, 1958. ADA 323097 - - ——. _The Aeromedical Field Laboratory: Mission, - Organization, and Track Test Programs, - 1958–1960_, 1960. ADA 323166 - - ——. _The Beginnings of Research in Space Biology - at the Air Force Missile Development Center, - Holloman AFB, New Mexico, 1946–1952_, 1958. ADA 323167 - - Cobb, D. B. and Waters, M.H.L. Royal Aircraft - Establishment Farnborough. _The Behavior - of Dummy Men During Long Free Falls_, - Mechanical Engineering Note 179, 1954. AD 060052 - - Firestone, James R. and Patterson, Jack H. - _Recovery of Parachute-Borne Packages - by Helicopter_, TDR 62-6, 1962. AD 276477 - - Flight Summary, Non-Extensible Balloon - Operations, 6580th Test Squadron (Special), - June 1950 to October 1954. ADA 323108 - - Gildenberg, Bernard G. “General Philosophy and - Techniques of Balloon Control”, in Lewis A. - Grass, ed., _Proceedings, Sixth AFCRL Scientific - Balloon Symposium_, AFCRL-70-0543, 1970. AD 717149 - - ——. _Capacity and Fatigue Tests on Three Mil - Polyethylene Balloons_, HADC TN-55-4, 1955. AD 066092 - - ——. _Crane Launch Techniques for Polyethylene - Balloons_, HADC TN 57-3, 1957. AD 123732 - - ——. _Development of Shroud Inflation Techniques - for Plastic Balloons_, HADC TN-54-4, 1954. AD 039440 - - ——. _Investigation of Inflation Techniques for - Nonextensible Balloons_, HADC TN 54-7, 1954. AD 067595 - - ——. _Meteorological Aspects of Constant-Level - Balloon Operations in the Southwestern - United States_, AFCRL-66-706, 1966. AD 644895 - - ——. _Summary Report Project Moby Dick: Covered - Wagon Balloon Launcher Development and Test - Results_, HDT-21, 1952. AD 001124 - - ——. _Techniques Developed for Heavy Load - Non-Extensible Balloon Flights_, Report No. - HADC-TN-54-3, 1954. ADA 030902 - - Greer, R.J., et al. _Development of a Balloon-Borne - Manned Vehicle_, WADC TR-59-226, 1959. AD 227244 - - Hertzberg, H.T.E. _The Anthropology of - Anthropomorphic Dummies_, - AMRL TR-69-61, 1969. AD 706411 - - Hess, Joseph. _Determination of Parachute Descent - Times and Impact Locations for High Altitude - Balloon Payloads_, AFCRL 63-885, 1963. AD 421021 - - Holloman Air Development Center, Weekly Test - Status Reports, Project MX-1450B/7218 - (HIGH DIVE), June 1954 to January 1956. ADA 323823 - - Madson, Raymond A., 1st Lt. _High Altitude Balloon - Dummy Drops, II. The Stabilized Dummy - Drops_, WADC TR 57-477 (II), 1961. AD 270880 - - ——. _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, - Part I. The Unstabilized Dummy Drops_, - WADC TR 57-477, 1957. AD 130965 - - Mazza, Vincent and Wheeler, R.V. _High Altitude - Bailouts_, MCREXD-695-66M, 1950. ADA 323449 - - Nolan, George F. _Balloon Ascent Trajectory - Dispersion Over the United States at 60,000 - and 100,000 ft_, AFCRL-66-98, 1966. AD 631502 - - Redmond, Kent C. _Integration of the Holloman-White - Sands Ranges, 1947–1952_, 1957. ADA 323574 - - Ruffner, Kevin C. (ed). _Corona: America’s First - Satellite Program_, 1995. PB 95928007 - - Simons, David G., Lt. Col., (MC) _Stratosphere - Balloon Techniques for Exposing Living - Specimens to Primary Cosmic Ray Particles_, - MDC TR 54-16, 1954. AD 075812 - - ——. MAN HIGH II, MDC TR 59-28, 1959. ADA 230805 - - Stapp, John P., Maj., (MC) _Human Tolerance to Linear - Deceleration, Part I. Preliminary Survey of - the Aft Facing Seated Position_, Air Force - Technical Report 5915, 1949. PB 100871[*] - - ——. _Part II. The Aft Facing Position and the - Development of a Crash Harness_, Air Force - Technical Report 5915, 1951. PB 106572[*] - - [*] Available from: - Library of Congress - Photoduplicating Service - Washington, D.C. 20540 - (202) 707-5640 - - - - - Index - - - A - - accelerometers, 21, 30 - - Aero Medical Laboratory, USAF 20–21, 23, 32, 104–105, 107, 117, 121 - - Aeromedical Field Laboratory, USAF 32 - - AFM-143-1, _Mortuary Affairs_, 99 - - agents, federal, 50 - - agents, government, 78 - - Air Force, 1–3, 5, 8–10, 13, 21, 26, 28, 31, 35, 37–38, 41–42, 44, - 46, 48, 51–53, 55, 57, 61–62, 68, 75–76, 79, 86, 89–91, 95–101, - 103, 105, 109, 111–113, 116–117, 121, 123, 125. - _See also_ U.S. Air Force - - Air Force Letter 35-3, 86 - - Air Force, Secretary of the 1–2, 13 - - Air Materiel Command (AMC), 19–20 - - air samples, 42 - - aircraft - A-26, 112 - B-25, 96 - B-26, 112 - B-29, 93–94 - B-47, 93–94 - B-52, 115 - C-131, 105, 120 - C-47, 30, 64, 93–94 - F-4, 112, 121 - F-51, 96 - KB-29, 93–94 - KC-97, 3, 93–97 - KC-135, 93–94 - L-20, 30, 64, 124 - T-33, 93–94 - X-15, 32 - - airman, 76, 86 - - Alamogordo Army Airfield, N.M., 37 - - Alamogordo, N.M., 32 - - Alaska, 47 - - Alderson Research Laboratories, Inc., 21, 34, 59–61 - - alien(s), 1–3, 5, 11–12, 15, 17, 21, 23, 25, 28–29, 33, 36–39, 46–47, - 55, 61, 75, 78, 96, 109, 113, 118, 123, 125 - - ambulance, 76–78, 99, 105, 109, 113–116 - - Anderson, Gerald, 14, 60–61, 67. - _See also_ interview in Appendix C - - Antarctica, 47 - - APO (Air Post Office), 82 - - APOLLO, 32, 59 - - Arizona, 47 - - Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), 99 - - arms, 62, 97 - - Army Air Forces, 1, 13, 76, 81, 90, 96, 113. - _See also_ U.S. Army Air Forces - - Army Nurse Corps (ANC), 81 - - Artesia, N.M., 67 - - Ashland, Wisc., 105 - - Atlantic Ocean, 112 - - autopsies, preliminary, 77, 91, 98 - - autopsy, alien, 1 - - autopsy protocol, 96–97, 99 - - autopsy; ies; ied, 1, 12, 77–78, 94–95, 97, 99 - - _Aztec_ (N.M.) _Independent Review_, 84 - - Aztec, N.M., 83–85 - - - B - - Ball, Guy, 19 - - Ballard Funeral Home, 76, 97 - - ballast, 57 - - Balloon Branch, 30, 37, 43–51, 57–58, 61, 65, 102–103, 105–107, 110, - 113–115, 124 - - balloon control package, 57, 64 - - balloon controllers, 47, 57 - - balloon drops, 28 - - balloon failure, 58 - - balloon, high altitude, 3, 9, 15, 17, 19, 23, 25, 28, 32, 36–38, 43, - 45–49, 52–53, 55, 57–58, 61, 64, 66–67, 91, 96, 100–104, 109, 117, 125, 157 - - balloon, polyethylene, 40–42, 58, 66, 106–107, 114–115 - - balloon, tethered, 45–46 - - balloon train, 5–6, 11–13 - - balloon, “Vee”, 47 - - balloon, weather, 5, 40 - - balsa wood, 6 - - bandages, 62, 64 - - Barnett, Grady L. “Barney”, 58, 67 - - base histories, 94 - - Baylor University, 31 - - Bean, Alan, 120 - - _Behind the Flying Saucers_, 84 - - Berliner, Don 8, 60 - - Biodynamics of Space Flight, 102. - _See_ MAN HIGH - - “black sergeant”, 86 - - Blankenship, Robert, 49 - - Blauw, Alfred S., M.D., 99 - - blimp, 60–61, 64, 67 - - body bags, 35–36, 91, 96 - - Bravest Man, The. _See_ Stapp, John P., Col. (MC), USAF (Ret) - - Britain, 41 - - Brooke General Hospital, Ft. Sam Houston, Tex., 83 - - Buck Rogers, 111 - - Bush, George H. W., President, 32 - - - C - - Cahn, J. P., 85 - - Cambridge, England, 83 - - camera(s), 30–31 - - canoe, 76, 78, 91, 113, 115 - - cargo trailer, 1½-ton, 65 - - Carlsbad, N.M., 67 - - Carswell AFB, Tex., 81 - - caskets, 35, 76 - - Chavez, Dennis, Sen. (N.M.), 87 - - Cheney Award, 31–32 - - _Close Encounters of the Third Kind_, 118 - - Clouthier, Charles E., 83. - _See also_ Signed sworn statement in Appendix B - - cold soaking, 64 - - _Collier’s_, 26–27 - - Coltman, Charles A., Jr., Col. (MC), USAF (Ret). _See_ Signed sworn - statement in Appendix B - - commissary, 95, 98 - - community relations, 58 - - con-men, 85 - - _Contributions of Balloon Operations to Research and Development at - the Air Force Missile Development Center, Holloman AFB, N.Mex., 1947–1958_, 41 - - cooperating witnesses, 6 - - CORONA, 43 - - cosmic ray particles, 42 - - cover-up, 8–9, 26, 83, 110, 123, 125 - - _Crash at Corona_, 8 - - - D - - debris, 1, 6, 57 - - debris field, 11–12 - - Dennis, W. Glenn, 75–78, 81–86, 88–90, 96–97, 99, 110, 114, 197 - - Denver, Colo., 44 - - Department of Defense, 46 - - DISCOVERER XI, 43 - - DISCOVERER XII, 43 - - DISCOVERER XIII, 43–44 - - dispensary, 114–116 - - doctor(s), 76–78, 91, 96, 98–99, 110 - - dog food, 77 - - doll(s), 16, 61 - - dolls, plastic, 14, 60–61 - - “Dr. Gee”, 85 - - drones, remotely-piloted, 15 - - drug smuggling, 50 - - drug store supervisor, 97 - - dummies, anthropomorphic, 3, 9, 14, 16–17, 19–21, 23–26, 28, 32, - 34–36, 38–39, 41, 47, 55–62, 64–65, 67–68, 91, 101, 103, 109, 112, - 123, 156 - - dummies, crash test, 17 - - dummies, parachute drop, 19–20 - - dummy drop, 23, 28, 35, 57, 157 - - “Dummy Joe”, 19 - - - E - - ear, 61 - - Earth, 5, 41, 44, 46, 102 - - Edwards AFB, Calif., 21, 31 - - Eisenhower, Dwight D., President, 112 - - ejection, 32 - - ejection seat, 20, 21 - - El Centro, Calif., 120 - - El Paso, Texas, 106 - - Elder Statesman of Aviation, 112 - - England, 82 - - entry vehicles, atmospheric, 42 - - escape pods, 78, 113 - - EXCELSIOR, 23, 25–26, 32, 38, 55–56, 59, 67–68, 101–105, 107, - 109–110, 112, 124 - - Executive Order 11652, 1 - - eyes, 77 - - - F - - Fanton, Eileen M., 1st Lt., USAF, 82–83, 91 - - Farmington Drug, 83 - - Farmington, N.M., 78, 83–84, 90 - - Ferrell, Lee F., Col., USAF, 87, 91, 98 - - finger(s), 15, 33, 55, 59–61, 97 - - flight surgeon, 31, 107, 116 - - flightsuit, 28–29, 63 - - flying disc, 5–6, 78. - _See also_ flying saucer - - flying saucer, 1–3, 5, 29, 36–37, 41, 44, 47, 56, 58–59, 64, 67, 78, - 85, 96, 123, 125 - - flying saucer wave [of 1947], 5 - - Foster Ranch, 11 - - Four Corners [region], 83 - - Franklin, Ky., 96 - - Frederick, S.D., 102 - - Friedman, Stanton T., 8, 60, 76 - - Ft. George Wright, Wash., 88 - - Ft. Worth AAF, Tex., 81 - - Fulgham, Dan D., Col., USAF (Ret), 106–107, 116, 121. - _See also_ Signed sworn statement in Appendix B - - Fund for UFO Research, The, 58, 60, 186, 213, 215 - - funeral home, 77, 95, 97. - _See also_ Ballard Funeral Home - - - G - - GALILEO, 44 - - gamma rays, 46 - - GAO, 1. - _See also_ General Accounting Office - - gauges, strain, 21 - - GEMINI, 32 - - General Accounting Office (GAO), 1, 125 - - _General Philosophy and Techniques of Balloon Control_, 48 - - generator, MB-19, 65 - - Gila Mountains, 124 - - Gildenberg, Bernard D. “Duke”, 8–9, 48, 102. - _See also_ Signed sworn statement in Appendix B - - glass, broken, 76, 114 - - Goddard, Joyce, Capt., USAF, 88–89 - - Gordon Bennett Gas Balloon Championship, 112 - - gowns, surgical, 99 - - gurneys, hospital, 35 - - gyros, rate, 21 - - - H - - hands, 15, 33, 59–60, 97 - - Harmon Trophy, 112 - - Hawaii, 43 - - head(s), 15, 59, 61, 77, 97, 100, 107, 118–120 - - helicopter, 107, 110, 116–117 - - helmet, 107 - - helmets, pith, 60, 63 - - hematoma, 119 - - Hepburn, Audrey, 82 - - hieroglyphics, 113–114 - - Higgins, J.J., 19 - - HIGH DIVE, 23, 26, 29–30, 34, 38, 55–56, 59, 63, 67–68, 103 - - high-speed track, 17, 21, 38 - - hoax, 96, 123 - - Hodiak, John, 38 - - Holloman AFB, N.M., 8–10, 16–17, 26–27, 30–32, 35, 37–38, 41, 43–44, - 46–47, 49, 52–53, 59, 63–65, 102–103, 105–107, 111, 113–114, 118–120, 124 - - Hollywood, 38 - - horseback, 30 - - human remains pouches, 96. - _See also_ body bags - - Hynek, J. Allan, 117–118 - - - I - - identification specialist, 95, 98–99 - - instrumentation kit, 30 - - insulation bags, 35–36 - - intimidation, 61 - - irregular [research] methods, 8 - - - J - - Jagger, Dean, 38–39 - - jeep, 15, 56, 65 - - Johns Hopkins University, The, 53 - - Jorgeson, Ole, A2C, USAF, 107, 113–114. - _See also_ Signed sworn statement in Appendix B - - Jornada Test Range, 67 - - Jupiter, 44 - - - K - - Kaufman, William C., Capt., USAF, 105–107, 116, 119. - _See also_ statement in Appendix B - - Kelso, Wash., 96 - - Kentucky Air National Guard, 96 - - Kittinger, Joseph W., Jr., Capt., USAF, 25–26, 48, 101–107, 109–112, - 117–120, 124. - _See also_ Signed sworn statement in Appendix B - - Knight, Alice, 15, 58, 67, 213. - _See also_ interview in Appendix C - - Korea, 88, 121 - - Kovatch-Scott, Ethel, Col., USAF (Ret), 89 - - - L - - Las Vegas AFB, Nev., 111 - - legal claims, 58 - - _Life_ magazine, 26–27 - - lights, strobe, 41 - - “little men”, 84–85 - - livestock, 58 - - London, England, 41, 78, 82 - - _Long, Lonely Leap, The_, 26, 110 - - Lordsburg, N.M., 104 - - Lovell, Jim, 120 - - Luftwaffe, 20 - - Lutz, Roland H. “Hap”, SSgt., USAF, 117. - _See also_ Signed sworn statement in Appendix B - - - M - - M-342 5-ton wrecker, 29, 58. - _See also_ wrecker - - M-35 2½-ton cargo truck, 30, 58. - _See also_ six by six - - M-37 ¾-ton utility truck, 30, 58, 65, 113. - _See also_ weapons carrier - - M-43 ¾-ton ambulance, 65, 113. - _See also_ ambulance - - _MAD_ [magazine], 26 - - Madison, Guy, 38–39 - - Madson, Raymond A., 1st Lt., USAF, 29–30, 63. - _See also_ Signed sworn statement in Appendix B - - Maltais, Vern, 15, 58–59, 67, 214. - _See also_ interview in Appendix C - - MAN HIGH, 26, 32, 48, 101–104, 110–112 - - MAN IN SPACE SOONEST (MISS), 103 - - Marcel, Jesse, Maj., USAF, 6 - - Mars, 44 - - Martin Marietta Corporation, 44 - - masks, surgical, 99 - - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 103 - - McClure, Clifton. 1st Lt., USAF, 102, 104 - - McCook Field, Ohio, 19 - - MERCURY, 32, 103–104 - - “MERCURY Seven”, 32 - - meteorological data, 42 - - Mexico, 96 - - MiG-21, 112 - - Military Police, 76 - - Milner, Martin, 38 - - Minnesota, University of, 31 - - missile, ballistic, 5 - - missile, intercontinental ballistic (ICBM), Atlas F, 17 - - missiles, 5, 13, 16 - - missing nurse, 78, 81–83, 87–90, 96–98, 121. - _See also_ Fanton, Eileen M., 1st Lt., USAF - - Mitchell, Cameron, 39 - - ML-307B/AP. _See_ radar targets - - MOGUL, 1–2, 5–6, 9, 11–13, 40, 42, 78 - - monkeys, 16 - - Moon, 44 - - Moore, Charles B., 8–9, 40 - - morgue, 97 - - morning reports, 81, 88, 89 - - mortician, 76, 98–99 - - mortuary, 76 - - MPs, 77, 116. - _See also_ Military Police - - Muroc AAF, Calif., 21, 31. - _See also_ Edwards AFB, Calif. - - museum, 3, 75 - - mystery witness, 75 - - - N - - NASA, 37, 41, 44–46, 59, 103, 111, 120 - - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 19 - - National Aeronautics Association, 112 - - National Archives and Record Administration, 81 - - National Aviation Hall of Fame, 32 - - _National Geographic_, 26 - - National Medal of Technology, 32 - - National Personnel Records Center (NPRC), 81 - - NATO, 111 - - NCO [Non-Commissioned Officer], 86 - - Nenninger, Richard L., Maj., USAF, 124 - - New Brighton, Minn., 102 - - New Mexico, 1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 14–15, 17, 19, 23, 30, 34, 36–37, 41–42, - 46–48, 55, 58, 60, 64, 67, 84, 91, 95, 109 - - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 9 - - New York, N.Y., 21, 82 - - New York University, 9, 40 - - newspaper accounts, 41, 94 - - newspaper announcements, 8 - - newspapers, 31 - - Newton, Silas M., 85 - - Nixon, Richard M., President, 1 - - nondisclosure agreements, 13 - - Nordstrom, Frank B., Capt. (MC), USAF, 83, 89. - _See also_ Signed sworn statement in Appendix B - - nosecone, 43 - - nuclear accidents, 13 - - nuclear weapon, 5 - - - O - - oscillograph, 30 - - odor, 77, 91, 95–97 - - officers’ club, 77. - _See also_ Roswell AAF Officers’ Club - - oil field worker, 97. - _See also_ Dennis, W. Glenn - - _Omni_ magazine, 83 - - _On the Threshold of Space_, 26, 38–39, 63 - - Orlando, Fla., 112 - - “Oscar Eightball”, 21 - - - P - - Panama, 47 - - paper, 5, 8 - - paper, aluminized, 6 - - parachute, 19, 23, 25–26, 28, 31, 49, 57, 62, 64, 103, 124 - - pathologist, 95, 98–99 - - pay load, 17, 40–44, 46–48, 53, 57, 61, 64, 66–67, 91 - - Pease AFB, N.H., 115 - - pediatrician, 76, 78, 81, 83–84, 86, 89–91, 99, 121 - - pharmacist, 83 - - phone directories, 97 - - PIONEER, 44 - - police, 49 - - polyethylene, 40. - _See also_ balloon, polyethylene - - polygraph examination, 60 - - _Popular Mechanics Magazine_, 26–27 - - POW, 112. - _See also_ Prisoner of War - - _Pre-Astronauts, The_, 110 - - predatory animals, 97 - - preparation room, 97 - - Prisoner of War, 110 - - Project 119L, 42 - - Project BLUEBOOK, 117 - - Project GEMINI, 120 - - Project MERCURY, 111 - - Project MOGUL. See MOGUL - - property damage, 58, 66 - - - R - - radar, 6, 41 - - radar guided missiles, 42 - - radar targets, 6 - - radio stations, 31 - - Ragsdale, James, 14, 56, 67, 214. - _See also_ interview in Appendix C - - ramp, 114, 120 - - rancher, 5, 37 - - Ray, Hilary, 120 - - _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, 58, 60, 186, 213, 215 - - reconnaissance, photographic, 42 - - redheaded captain, 60, 77, 91, 100, 109–110, 117 - - redheaded colonel, 77, 87, 91, 96, 98 - - redheaded officer, 77–78, 86 - - remote control, 56–57 - - research methodology, 11 - - reward, 66 - - rocket sled, 32, 39 - - Rosie O’Grady’s Flying Circus, 112 - - Roswell AAF, 6, 12, 15, 37, 45, 75–78, 81–83, 88–91, 116, 121, 197 - - Roswell AAF hospital, 12–13, 75–78, 81–83, 86–90, 97, 109 - - Roswell AAF Officers’ Club, 81, 87 - - Roswell Army Air Field, 3, 5, 12–13, 45, 68. - _See also_ Roswell AAF - - _Roswell Daily Record_, 8 - - Roswell Incident, 1, 3, 5–6, 9, 11–12, 16–17, 21, 37–38, 42, 44–45, - 60, 75, 78, 84–85, 88, 90, 116, 118, 121, 125 - - Roswell Industrial Air Center, 37, 44 - - Roswell, N.M., 1, 3, 5–6, 8–13, 15, 23, 30, 33–34, 36–37, 44, 47, 49, - 51, 56, 58, 61, 65, 67–68, 76, 78, 83, 95, 97–102, 106, 109, 113, - 187, 215 - - _Roswell Report: Fact vs. Fiction in the New Mexico Desert_, 2 - - rubber, 5, 8 - - Ruidoso, N.M., 124 - - - S - - SAC. _See_ Strategic Air Command - - Sacramento Mountains, 106, 124 - - safety belts, 19, 32 - - San Agustin Mountains, 67 - - San Agustin Pass, 67 - - San Agustin Peak, 67 - - San Agustin Plains, 11–12, 58, 67, 109 - - _San Francisco Chronicle_, 85 - - satellite, 41–44 - - saucer, 30. - _See also_ flying saucer - - Schiff, Steven, Rep. (N.M.), 1 - - Schmitt, Donald, 56, 214 - - Schock, Grover, Capt., USAF, 105 - - Schwaderer, George, 98 - - Schwartz, Eugene M., 1st Lt., USAF, 29 - - scientists, civilian contract, 13 - - Scully, Frank, 84–85 - - Selff, Naomi Maria, 81, 88, 90 - - sensors, 1 - - sensors, acoustical, 5 - - sheriff, 5, 49–50 - - Sierra Engineering Company, 21, 60 - - Sierra Madre, Calif., 21 - - “Sierra Sam”, 21, 29 - - _Sightings_, 96 - - Silver City, N.M., 50 - - Simons, David G., Lt. Col. (MC), USAF (Ret), 26, 48, 101–102, 104 - - six-by-six, 15, 30, 55–56, 58, 65. - _See also_ M-35 2½ ton cargo truck - - Slattery, Lucille C., Capt., USAF, 88–89 - - Smithsonian Institution, 103 - - Society of Automotive Engineers, 32 - - _Socorro_ (N.M.) _Defensor Chieftain_, 6, 9 - - Socorro, N.M., 8 - - Sonic Wind Nᵒ 1, 31 - - Southeast Asia, 110, 112 - - Soviet, 5 - - Soviet Union, 43 - - space, 42–44, 46, 102–104, 121 - - Space and Missile Command, Test and Evaluation Unit, 46 - - space probe, 37, 42, 44 - GALILEO, 44 - PIONEER, 44 - SURVEYOR, 44 - VIKING, 37, 44 - VOYAGER-MARS, 45 - - spacecraft, 44, 47 - - spaceship, 6, 12, 38, 46, 67 - - SPUTNIK I, 43 - - St. Catherine’s Academy, Springfield, Ky., 82 - - St. Mary Elizabeth’s Hospital, Louisville, Ky., 82 - - Stack, Robert, 38 - - Stafford, Ariz., 124 - - Stapp Car Crash Conferences, 32 - - Stapp, John P., Col. (MC), USAF (Ret), 20–21, 31–32, 38–39, 104–105, - 107, 109, 111–112, 117, 120 - - star witness, 75 - - STARGAZER, 49, 101–105, 109–110, 112, 117–118 - - statement, signed sworn, 56, 84 - - sticks, 5, 8 - - Strategic Air Command (SAC), 94, 115–116 - - stretcher, military, 35 - - sunglasses, 96 - - SURVEYOR, 44 - - symbols, 76 - - - T - - tanker, 95 - - tape, 5, 8, 62 - - tape, red [duct-type], 29, 62 - - targets, missile, 42 - - Ted Smith Company, 20–21 - - Texas, University of, 31 - - Texas, West, 47 - - threats, 61 - - _Time_, 26–27, 32 - - tinfoil, 5, 8 - - transducers, 21 - - transducers, pressure, 30 - - transmitters, radio, 41 - - transponders, 41 - - truck, pickup, 56, 58 - - _True_ magazine, 84–85 - - Tularosa Valley [N.M.], 23 - - Twentieth Century Fox, 26, 38 - - - U - - U.S. Air Force, 1, 3, 14, 17, 19, 23, 37, 41, 43, 45–49, 55, 64, 67, - 76, 82, 85–86, 90, 102–105, 111, 123, 125 - - U.S. Army, 53, 86, 112 - - U.S. Army Air Forces, 1, 5, 8–9, 12, 20, 31, 40, 75–76, 86, 120, 123 - - U.S. Army Special Forces, 112 - - U.S. Government, 1, 14, 42, 67 - - U.S. Government Printing Office, 2 - - U.S. Navy, 43, 103–104 - - U.S. Navy Aerospace Recovery Facility, 120 - - Ubon Air Base, Thailand, 121 - - Udorn Air Base, Thailand, 112 - - UFO, 2, 5, 9, 12, 37, 41, 44, 47–48, 58–59, 96, 117–118 - _UFO Crash at Roswell, The Truth About the_, 46–47 - UFO enthusiasts, 60 - UFO Museum and Research Center, The International, 3, 75 - UFO organizations, 60 - UFO proponents, 123 - UFO researchers, 81 - UFO theorists, 10, 47–48, 60, 67, 75, 78, 82–83, 85, 96, 113–116, - 120, 123 - - unidentified flying object, 41 - - Units - 1st Air Commando Wing, 111 - 6th Bombardment Wing, 94, 115–116 - 47th Air Division, 115 - 427th Army Air Forces Base Unit, 81 - Squadron “M”, 81 - 509th Aerial Refueling Squadron, 94 - 509th Bombardment Wing, 94, 115–116 - 555th Tactical Fighter Squadron (“Triple Nickel”), 112, 121 - 579th Strategic Missile Squadron, 17 - 4036th USAF hospital, 95 - 7510th USAF Hospital, 82 - - unrecorded interviews, 8 - - _Unsolved Mysteries_, 38, 60 - - Upper Darby, Pa., 20 - - USS Haiti Victory, 43 - - - V - - Vandenberg AFB, Calif., 43 - - _Variety_, 84 - - Venus, 44 - - Vietnam, Hanoi, 112 - - Vietnam, North, 112 - - Vietnam, Republic of, 111, 121 - - Vietnamese, North, 110 - - VIKING, 37, 45 - - “Vince and Larry”, 19 - - VOYAGER-MARS, 44 - - - W - - Walker AFB, N.M., 15, 17, 45, 83, 86–89, 91, 93–95, 97–102, 107, - 109–110, 113–117, 120–121 - - Walker, Chalma, 89 - - Walt Disney World, 112 - - Walter, John. SSgt., USAF, 98 - - Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 99 - - Wasem, Martha, 89 - - Washington, D.C., 99 - - weapons carrier, 15, 30, 55–56, 58, 65, 113–114. - _See also_ M-37 ¾-ton utility truck - - weather equipment, 5 - - Whenry, Jack, 1st Lt., USAF, 98 - - White House, The, 32 - - White Sands Missile Range, N.M., 16, 42–43, 45, 67. - _See also_ White Sands Proving Ground, N.M. - - White Sands National Monument, N.M., 29 - - White Sands Proving Ground, N.M., 23, 25, 42, 106, 124 - - White, William C., 103–104 - - Wickenburg, Ariz., 50 - - Williams, Carol, 89 - - Wilson, Capt., 77–78, 87, 89 - - Wilson, Idabelle M., Maj., USAF (Ret), 90 - - Wilson, “Slatts”, 77–78, 87–91 - - Wimpole Park, Cambridge, England, 83 - - Winzen, Otto C., 101, 105 - - Winzen Research International, 102 - - World War I, 19 - - World War II, 19–20 - - wreckage, 76–77, 91, 99, 109, 113–114 - - wreckage, bluish-purplish, 76, 78, 91, 113, 115 - - wrecker, 15, 29–30, 55–56, 58, 65. - _See also_ M-342 5-ton wrecker - - Wright Field, Ohio, 19, 21, 77 - - Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 12, 77–78, 91, 95, 98, 100, 104–105, 107, - 117, 119–120 - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - Text enclosed by equals is in bold font (=bold=). - - Blank pages have been removed. - - Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. - - There are two types of footnotes: numbered footnotes are listed - in the “Notes” sections, and starred footnotes appear immediately - following the paragraph they refer to. - - Text transcribed from images or documents has been left as is. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Roswell Report: Case Closed, by James McAndrew - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ROSWELL REPORT: CASE CLOSED *** - -***** This file should be named 63659-0.txt or 63659-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/6/5/63659/ - -Produced by Tim Lindell, Robert Tonsing and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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